O retorno do Cinema 3D: uma análise do cinema em 3 dimensões pelas revistas Veja e Info Exame

8/7/2019 O retorno do Cinema 3D: uma análise do cinema em 3 dimensões pelas revistas Veja e Info Exame

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/o-retorno-do-cinema-3d-uma-analise-do-cinema-em-3-dimensoes-pelas-revistas 1/74

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pykbfkyo mklbf xvf wf zfb cozkgkh fb 7J mok lhcîhjo cow kckgko jow hcow 8;60, pflo jkyfzoy

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gobpoyzhbfczo ozkbkwzh jh bâjkh woiyf o gkcfbh 7J hzyh}ëw jhw yf}kwzhw ]fah f Kcmo Fthbf fjf opkcköfw jf fwpfgkhlkwzhw# Hlëb jf goczykivky phyh vb fczfcjkbfczo jo aoychlkwbo

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8#8 Aoychlkwbo Gvlzvyhl

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Hbfykghch f Myhcgfwh jo wëgvlo T]KKK, phwwov poy pyonyfwwow jh flfzykgkjhjf, jo zflënyhmo,

jh zflfmockh f jh mozonyhmkh# Cfwwh ëpogh mok powwâ}fl }fcjfy fwphîow jf wvhw pènkchw phyh ow

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zoychwwf bhkw hgfwwâ}fl# $ZFKTFKYH, 9009+

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wëgvlo TT# O aoychlkwzh zhbiëb wf wfphyh poy jfphyzhbfczow1 zoych"wf yfp÷yzfy, yfjhzoy,

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xvfykjhw f lkjhw jo lfkzoy# Pkqh hgyfjkzh xvf ow lfkzoyfw wkbphzkqhb gob vb ghjfyco xvf mhlf

jf hwwvczow gobo lk}yow, ftpowkîöfw, mklbfw f jkwgow# Pkqh gdhbh hzfcîço fb wfv lk}yo phyh o



80

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jh yfjhîço gvlzvyhl# Gobojkwbo poy cço mhqfy chjh moyh jo yozfkyo, f gkckwbo jf cço jhy

kbpoyzécgkh ho py÷pyko zyhihldo f pfcwhy xvf hbhcdh o aoychl aè fwzhyè fbihlhcjo vb pfktf#

Aè phyh Zfktfkyh $9009+, o bhkoy pyoilfbh hgoczfgf xvhcjo o aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl ghk ch gklhjh

jf pykoykjhjfw jf phvzhw#

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Zfktfkyh gobfczh xvf hw phvzhw jo aoychlkwbo gvlzvyhl, hpfwhy jf kcëjkzhw, wço pyf}kwâ}fkw

gobo, poy ftfbplo, vbh ghph xvf zojo ghjfyco jf gvlzvyh kyè pvilkghy poy oghwkço jf vb

wdo~ jo bobfczo ov jf vbh fwzyëkh doll{~oojkhch# Hw bhzëykhw woiyf mklbfw fb 7

jkbfcwöfw zhbiëb wf zoychyhb ihchkw, nhcdhcjo ghjh }fq bhkw fwphîo chw ghphw jf gvlzvyh f

jf yf}kwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw fb gkcfbh# Pkqh zhbiëb gobfczh woiyf fwwh ihchlkqhîço jf phvzhw#

Phyh flf, o aoychlkwzh jf gvlzvyh jf}f kcwzknhy o lfkzoy, fwzkbvlhcjo"o h zfy opkckço, wfcjo fwwf

o ñckgo bfko jf }fcgfy ow pyfgocgfkzow xvf h gdhbhjh ¶kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl½ pyophnh, wfah h

wfy}kîo jf vbh kjfolonkh ov myvzo jh ftpyfwwço jkyfzh jo nowzo jh bhkoykh# Pkqh $9008+,ftplkgh xvf, bvkzhw }fqfw, ë bhkw gúbojo phyh o aoychlkwzh zyhzhy jf boyzfw f hck}fywèykow jf

hyzkwzhw, fb }fq jf pfwxvkwhy hwwvczow co}ow woiyf fwwfw cobfw ov hzë bfwbo yfh}hlkè"low#

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wf zoychyhb bhckh chw yfjhîöfw, wfb, bvkzhw }fqfw, }kyfb hgobphcdhjhw jf hcèlkwfw gyâzkghw

woiyf hw oiyhw#

8#9 O gkcfbh co aoychlkwbo

H yflhîço jo gkcfbh gob o aoychlkwbo ë hczknh# Jf hgoyjo gob Phk}h, o pojfy jf kcmlvácgkh

jow pyomkwwkochkw jf kbpyfcwh co gkcfbh ë moyzf# Phk}h xvfwzkoch h bhcfkyh gobo ow

aoychlkwzhw vwhb f hivwhb jfwwh kcmlvácgkh ch zyhbh jhw wvhw yflhîöfw wogkhkw# Fwzf hvzoy

hjbkzf co fczhczo, xvf ow aoychlkwzhw wço hpfchw vb gobpocfczf jf vb ghbpo bvkzo bhkw



88

gobplfto, hiyhcnfcjo o yèjko, h zflf}kwço f hw ovzyhw bâjkhw xvf wço yfnkjhw poy vb ·fzdow

bkjkèzkgoº#

Ifynfy $9009+ ghpzh h kcwfyîço jo aoychlkwbo ch goypoyfkjhjf mkggkochl jo gkcfbh f wvnfyf

ghbkcdow phyh vb fczfcjkbfczo jh chzvyfqh gobplfth jhw yflhîöfw fczyf h wëzkbh hyzf f hw

}èykhw bkjkolonkhw#

O gkcfbh ë zobhjo gobo oiafzo jf gocdfgkbfczo, hzyh}ëw jo xvhl zhczo h moybh goboo goczfñjo moycfgf yf}flhîöfw woiyf h gocwzyvîço jo vck}fywo jh kcmoybhîço,bhzfykhlkqhjhw chw mhgfzhw jo pfywochnfb aoychlkwzh, ch gokcgkjácgkh jh chyyhzk}h jhhîço gkcfbhzonyèmkgh f aoychlâwzkgh, cow jyhbhw jo goclvko jh kbpyfcwh f ftfygâgko jopojfy, chw yfpoyzhnfcw jh }kjh yfhl f ch zyhcwmoybhîço jh cozâgkh fb bfyo fwpfzègvlojf }hykfjhjfw# $IFYNFY, 9006, p#86+

Phk}h $900=+, gocwkjfyh o fwzvjo jf Ifynfy $9006+ yflf}hczf, poy kcwzknhy h yfmlftço woiyf ow

zfybow jf vbh hvzogyâzkgh vbh }fq xvf h bâjkh ë gologhjh co mogo jh py÷pykh bâjkh# Phk}h

$900=+ gdhbh hzfcîço phyh vb fthbf jh yfpyfwfczhîço jow pyomkwwkochkw jf gobvckghîço co

gkcfbh, phyh fwglhyfgfy gobo ow py÷pykow jkwpowkzk}ow bkjkèzkgo"pvilkgkzèykow lfnkzkbhb hw

wvhw pyèzkghw gobo o ftfygâgko jf vb xvhyzo pojfy#

Jf hgoyjo gob Hjoyco $9000+, ch Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl o kcjk}âjvo ë klvw÷yko cço w÷ pflh

fwzhcjhyjkqhîço jhw zëgckghw jf pyojvîço# Flf w÷ ë zolfyhjo à bfjkjh xvf wvh kjfczkjhjf wfb

yfwfy}hw gob o vck}fywhl pfybhcfgf moyh jf goczfwzhîço# Aè doaf, hw oiyhw jf hyzf gobo

phlh}yhw jf oyjfb polâzkgh wço opoyzvchbfczf hjhpzhjhw pflh Kcjñwzykh Gvlzvyhl, lf}hjhw h

pyfîow yfjvqkjow h vb pñilkgo yflvzhczf, f o wfv vwo wf zoych hgfwwâ}fl h zojow gobo o vwo jf

phyxvfw# $HJOYCO, 9000+

Nvllhy $8;;>+ yhzkmkgh xvf h oiyh jf hyzf wvibfzf"wf à gocjkîço jf bfyghjoykh jfwjf h

kcwzhvyhîço jo ghpkzhlkwbo, o xvf mhq xvf h bfwbh pfygh vb povgo jf wvh fwwácgkh f wf zoycf

hpfchw bhkw vbh bfyghjoykh fb bfko h zhczhw ovzyhw# O hyzkwzh zfb opîço jf wfnvky h bojh

ov cço wf wvibfzfy h flh# Mhqfcjo kwwo, flf goyyf o ykwgo jf wfy kncoyhjo pflh gyâzkgh f pflo

bfyghjo# Nvllhy gobpyffcjf f hgfkzh xvhlxvfy zkpo jf hyzf, jfwjf xvf ihwfhjh ch kc}fcîço f

co zhlfczo#



89

8#7 Aoychlkwbo Oclkcf

H zfgcolonkh f h ftphcwço jo mlvto jf kcmoybhîöfw fwzè zyhcwmoybhcjo h wogkfjhjf f wfvw

dèikzow# BgHjhbw $9009+ jfwzhgh xvf ow pykb÷yjkow jo Aoychlkwbo Oclkcf gobfîov fb 8;;6

gob pvilkghîço oclkcf, hzyh}ëw jf jkèykow f gobfygkhkw# O cñbfyo jfwwfw aoychkw phwwov jf 90

fb 8;;:, phyh :>8 fb 8;;6, hco fb xvf BgHjhbw pvilkgov vb hyzkno xvf doaf pojf wfy

gocwkjfyhjo vb bhygo jh lkzfyhzvyh woiyf o Aoychlkwbo ch Kczfycfz1 Kc}fcz kcn hc oclkcf

cf~wphpfy , ch xvhl flh gobphyzkldh f jkwgvzf wvh ftpfykácgkh jf gykhîço jh }fywço oclkcf jo

^hwdkcnzoc Powz # H kjëkh jf )aoychl gobo bfzèmoyh), hioyjhjh f jkwgvzkjh poy BgHjhbw

cfwwf zyhihldo, moycfgf vbh jhw powwâ}fkw pkwzhw phyh ftplkghy hw fwpfgkmkgkjhjfw jo

jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo moybhzo aoychlâwzkgo cow ñlzkbow jfq hcow#

Jf hgoyjo gob Goyyáh $9004+ h wkbplfw zyhcwpowkîço jf goczfñjow kbpyfwwow phyh o oclkcf,

wfb zyhzhbfczo fjkzoykhl f bfyghjol÷nkgo, cço gocmfyf à fbpyfwh wzhzvw jf aoychlkwbo oclkcf#

Phyh Goyyáh, fwwh ë vbh mvcîço xvf ë kcfyfczf f kczyhcwmfyâ}fl jo aoychlkwbo, wfah xvhl moy à

bâjkh ov wvpoyzf jf xvf flf wf vzklkqf#

Zkyhcjo hw yf}kwzhw xvf hpfchw phwwhb wfv goczfñjo phyh h yfjf, ftkwzfb wkzfw fwpfgkhlkqhjow

fb bhzëykhw mfkzhw fwpfgkhlbfczf phyh kczfycfz, ë o ghwo jo wkzf Vck}fywo Oclkcf $VOL+# H

jkyfzoyh jf pyojvzow jo wkzf, Bèykoc Wzyfgefy $9004+, jkwgoyyf woiyf hlnvbhw pyoilfbhw

fcmyfczhjow pflow aoychlkwzhw1

Cço hjkhczh vbh pènkch bhyh}kldowhbfczf lkcjh wf flh }hk jfboyhy gkcgo bkcvzowphyh ghyyfnhy ch zflh jo gobpvzhjoy, poyxvf h fwwhw hlzvyhw o pñilkgo aè mok fbioyh#Poy kwwo, h fjkîço zfb xvf wfy ènkl, poyxvf o pñilkgo fwpfyh kwwo jf vb pyojvzoflfzyúckgo, hzyhfczf nyhmkghbfczf, poyxvf o pñilkgo zhbiëb }hk ftknky kwwo, pyfgkwh wfy lf}f jf bojo h pojfy wf moybhy yhpkjhbfczf ch zflh f pyfgkwh wfy pyomvcjh f ftployhy h powwkiklkjhjf jf fwzhy jhcjo kcmoybhîöfw jf ihgenyovcj, poyxvf h kczfycfz pfybkzfkwwo f, xvfb cço o mkqfy, }hk mkghy phyh zyèw cfwwf zkpo jf bfko# $WZYFGEFY, 9004, cowkzf VOL+»

Phyh Phlhgkow $9008+, o aoychlkwbo Oclkcf pojf wfy yfwvbkjo fb wfkw poczow pykcgkphkw1 8+

dkpfyzftzvhl5 9+ bvlzkbkjkèzkgo/goc}fynfczf5 7+ phwwâ}fl jf hzvhlkqhîço goczâcvh5 :+

pfywochlkqè}fl5 6+ kczfyhzk}o f =+phwwâ}fl jf kcgoypoyhy bfb÷ykh#

^ole $900=+ wkbplkmkgh fwwf goczftzo hzyh}ëw jo ftfbplo jf wf goczhy fb chyyhzk}h jkyfzh vbh

dkwz÷ykh bvlzkbâjkh# O hvzoy yf}flh xvf fwzh pyèzkgh ë jkmfyfczf jf zvjo hxvklo xvf wf fjkzh chw



87

bâjkhw zyhjkgkochkw, poyxvf h dkwz÷ykh ë gocwzyvâjh jf jk}fywhw bhcfkyhw f gocwkjfyh jkmfyfczfw

poczow jf }kwzh# Pfygfif"wf, hwwkb, xvf bhkw jkmfyfczf hkcjh ë goczhy, poy bfko jf vbh

chyyhzk}h hvjko}kwvhl cço"lkcfhy f kczfyhzk}h, vbh dkwz÷ykh fb dkpfybâjkh, xvf ë }kwzh gobo vb

bfko, vbh lkcnvhnfb f vb pyojvzo hvjko}kwvhl, o xvf wknckmkgh xvf h gocgfpîço jh bhzykq jh

dkpfybâjkh ë o hvjko}kwvhl f cço o dkpfyzftzo, hpfwhy jf jfwfc}ol}fy h l÷nkgh gykhjh cfwwf

bfko#

8#: Yf}kwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw fb zfgcolonkh

Hw yf}kwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw fb zfgcolonkh nhcdhb ghjh }fq bhkw fwphîow chw ihcghw# Ow

ghjfycow woiyf o zfbh zhbiëb hvbfczhyhb# Hkcjh cço ftkwzfb fwzvjow woiyf o gyfwgkbfczo

jhw yf}kwzhw xvf zyhzhb fwpfgkmkghbfczf woiyf zfgcolonkh# Hzvhlbfczf flhw wço ghzfnoykqhjhw

co aoychlkwbo gkfczâmkgo# Jf hgoyjo gob ]onz $9004+, hpfwhy jh phyzf zfgcol÷nkgh nhcdhy

fwphîo, o iyhwklfkyo zfb povgo kczfyfwwf fb gkácgkh f zfgcolonkh# ]onz jfwzhgh fb wfv fwzvjo

xvf h mhlzh jf kczfyfwwf jo pñilkgo pflh gkácgkh ov h mhlzh jf gocmkhcîh ch gkácgkh f ch

zfgcolonkh, ov cow gkfczkwzhw, fwzço kcwfykjhw fb vb goczftzo bhkw hbplo, xvf fc}ol}f ovzyhw

}hykè}fkw hlëb jo fcwkco moybhl f jo hbikfczf, gobo h gvlzvyh nfyhl jo kcjk}âjvo f ow

fwzâbvlow xvf yfgfif, poy ftfbplo, pflow bfkow jf gobvckghîço $]ONZ, 9004+#

Ovzyo poczo kczfyfwwhczf cozhjo poy ]onz $9004+, mok h jkmfyfcîh jhw pfwxvkwhw jf pfygfpîço

pñilkgh woiyf gkácgkh f zfgcolonkh jow phâwfw jfwfc}ol}kjow $8;>0+ phyh ow wvijfwfc}ol}kjow

$8;4>+# Co Iyhwkl, moyhb yfhlkqhjhw hpfchw bhkw jvhw pfwxvkwhw1 vbh fb 8;;9 f, bhkw

yfgfczfbfczf, fb 900=#

Hzvhlbfczf, ow fwpfgkhlkwzhw jkwgvzfb h cfgfwwkjhjf jf wf moybvlhy kcwzyvbfczow jf hcèlkwf

hjfxvhjow f, bhkw jo xvf kwwo, bfzojolonkghbfczf kczfnyhjow phyh pfybkzky vbh hcèlkwf bhkw

pyomvcjh, xvf kcglvh gobphyhîöfw fb câ}fl chgkochl f kczfychgkochl, gocmoybf jfwzhgov ]onz$9004+#

» dzzp1//iy#boconyhmkhw#gob/zyhihldow9/aoychlkwbo"kbpyfwwo/aoychlkwbo"kbpyfwwo9#wdzbl



8:

Hw pykcgkphkw yf}kwzhw xvf zyhzhb jf zfgcolonkh co Iyhwkl wço1 Kwzo ë j kn kzhl , Kcmo Fthbf,

Cftvw G kácgkh f zfgcol on kh, Yf}kwzhOc, W gkfcz km kg Hbfy kghc Iyhwkl f Z fg Doaf#

8#6 Co}hw bâjkhw

O yozfkyo jf vb mklbf ov jf vb wfykhjo jf Z] zfb vbh xvhlkjhjf xvf hw }fqfw ë jfkthjh fb

wfnvcjo plhco xvhcjo vbh co}h zëgckgh ov vbh co}h zfgcolonkh wvynf# Co gobfîo jo

gkcfbh, hw dkwz÷ykhw fyhb bvkzo bhkw wkbplfw f yvjkbfczhyfw hzë wf gobphyhjhw àw dkwz÷ykhw

hpyfwfczhjhw pflh lkzfyhzvyh jh bfwbh ëpogh# Jf hgoyjo gob Nowgkolh $9007+, o gkcfbh hzvhl

powwvk ftfbplow jf yfxvkczhjh gobplftkjhjf fb wvhw gocwkjfyhjhw ·oiyhw"pykbhwº, gobo h

}olzh yfczè}fl jo gkcfbh fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw# Nowgkolh $9007+ hchlkwh h jkmfyfcîh jf gobo hw

dkwzoykhw wço goczhjhw jf bhcfkyh gobplfth, nyhîhw how yfgvywow jhw co}hw bâjkhw# Fwwhwbâjkhw pojfb wfy hpyfwfczhjhw poy jk}fywow poczow jf }kwzh, gob dkwz÷ykhw phyhlflhw, gob

powwkiklkjhjfw jf kczfymfyácgkh ch chyyhzk}h, gob opîöfw jf goczkcvkjhjf ov jfwgoczkcvkjhjf

jh chyyhzk}h# $NOWGKOLH, 9007+

Phyh Ifzzfzkck $900=+, hvzoy jo lk}yo Kczyojvgz koc zo Oclkcf Aovychlkwb, h zfcjácgkh ë xvf

co}hw zfgcolonkhw fwzfahb ghjh }fq bhkw pyfwfczfw chw bâjkhw, gobo h bâjkh hvjko}kwvhl#

H bâjkh hvjko}kwvhl ë vb pyojvzo oiafzo ov pyogfwwo xvf, gob o pyop÷wkzo jf zyoghgobvckghgkochl, zyhihldh gob ow fwzâbvlow wfcwoykhkw jh hvjkîço f jh }kwço#Jkmfyfczfbfczf jh fwgvlzvyh, jh pkczvyh, jh mozonyhmkh, jo gkcfbh bvjo f jf ovzyhwmoybhw jf ftpyfwwço f gobvckghîço xvf mhqfb yfmfyácgkh h vb w÷ wfczkjo, ohvjko}kwvhl wf fcgoczyh fb bfkow gobo h zflf}kwço, o gkcfbh wocoyo, o }âjfo, hbvlzkbâjkh, h gobpvzhîço nyèmkgh, o dkpfyzftzo, h dkpfybâjkh f h yfhlkjhjf }kyzvhl#$IFZZFCCK, 900=, p#9:+

Ifzzfzkck $900=+ hmkybh xvf ow cñbfyow jf ghchkw jf gobvckghîço kyço gyfwgfy ho wf

hgyfwgfczhy o phlhjhy, o olmhzo, o zhzo f o wfczkjo jo goypo# Aè ftkwzfb jfwfc}ol}kbfczow jf

pfykmëykgow xvf opfyhb gob kcmoybhîöfw wkbvlhjhw jf whioy, hyobh, pyfwwço, zfbpfyhzvyhzèzkl f fwghcfhbfczo jf bo}kbfczow goypoyhkw# Vbh fwpëgkf jf zflf}kwço gob gdfkyo#

H dkpfybâjkh ë hchlkwhjh poy Nowgkolh $9007+ gobo vbh bhzfykhlkqhîço jo vwo xvf jflh wf

mhq poy kczfybëjko jf wfv vwvèyko, hnfczf kbpyfwgkcjâ}fl jf wfv jfwfc}ol}kbfczo# Vbh

fwpfgkmkgkjhjf jo yozfkyo jf dkpfybâjkh ë zyhîhjh, f Nowgkolh fwzhiflfgf f pöf flh fb

jkwgvwwço1



8=

Ghpâzvlo 9 ¸ PHCOYHBH JO GKCFBH F ZFGCOLONKH 7J

9#8 Oynhckqhîço zfgcol÷nkgh f kcjvwzykhl jo gkcfbh

O gkcfbh ë vbh zfgcolonkh xvf yf}olvgkocov o wëgvlo phwwhjo# Jf hgoyjo gob Hvnvwzo

$9004+ o gkcfbh gobo gocdfgfbow doaf ë o yfwvlzhjo jf vbh f}olvîço ho locno jow wëgvlow,

f jè gyëjkzo how kybçow Lovkw f Hvnvwzf Lvbkäyf pflh gykhîço jo gkcfbhz÷nyhmo# Fwzf

hphyfldo vzklkqh}h }èykow cfnhzk}ow jf mozow pfymvyhjow xvf fyhb bo}kbfczhjow poy vbh

bhck}flh f hwwkb jh}hb bo}kbfczo hw kbhnfcw# Hvnvwzo ftplkgh xvf hzyh}ëw jfwzf hphyfldo

mok powwâ}fl gykhy ow pykbfkyow mklbfw h wfyfb ftkikjow phyh pfxvfcow pñilkgow# Ogkcfbhz÷nyhmo jfv cobf h co}h hyzf, ocjf, co kcâgko, o gkcfbh fyh }kwzo wkbplfwbfczf gobo

vbh hzyhîço jf mfkyh, f co wëgvlo TT wf zoycov vbh nyhcjf kcjñwzykh jf gobvckghîço jf

bhwwh# Hvnvwzo yf}flh gobo fwwh kcjñwzykh jo gkcfbh yf}olvgkocov o bvcjo f ow gocgfkzow

jf hyzf# Pojf"wf jkqfy zhbiëb xvf o gkcfbh mok o pyfgvywoy jh nloihlkqhîço, pokw hzyh}ëw jflf

gvlzvyhw jkmfyfczfw moyhb gocdfgkjhw f yfgocdfgkjhw# O gkcfbh }fcgfv ihyyfkyhw f myoczfkyhw,

lf}hcjo hw pfwwohw h gocdfgfyfb bhkw woiyf ow ovzyow po}ow f ovzyhw oynhckqhîöfw wogkhkw,

gvlzvyh yflknkowh, fzg#

Hvnvwzo $9004+ ftplkgh hkcjh h f}olvîço jo gkcfbh, jfwjf o hco jf 8;07, gob o pykbfkyo

mklbf jf mhyofwzf O nyhcjf yovio jo zyfb, kczyojvqkcjo h boczhnfb chyyhzk}h ch kcjñwzykh jo

gkcfbh zfcjo wfv èpkgf fb Doll{~ooj, ocjf fwzço gocgfczyhjhw hw pyojvzoyhw bhkw lvgyhzk}hw

jf gkcfbh jo bvcjo# H wëzkbh hyzf f}olvk f nhcdov wob f goy, kco}ov fb zfgcolonkh f fmfkzow

fwpfgkhkw xvf yf}olvgkochyhb h gykhîço gkcfbhzonyèmkgh jo bvcjo# Ghpvqqo, poy wvh }fq,

ftplkgh h dkwz÷ykh jo gkcfbh1

O gkcfbh cço pojfykh ftkwzky gobo o gocdfgfbow doaf, wfb o hj}fczo jh kcjñwzykh#Wfv hlzo gvwzo, wvh zfgcolonkh jf pyfgkwço, zyhcwmoybhîço xvâbkgh jf bhzëykh"pykbh,gocgfczyhîço jf ghpkzhkw f hyyfnkbfczhîço jf bço"jf"oiyh fb nyhcjf cñbfyo f gobfwpfgkhlkqhîço zëgckgh w÷ wço }kè}fkw cvbh fwzyvzvyh jf pyojvîço fb wëykf# Jhâ hfzfych jkgozobkh fczyf oiyh jf hyzf f ifb jf gocwvbo, cvbh gocmvwço jknch jhjkcébkgh jow co}ow zfbpow# $GHPVQQO# 8;4=# p# 4=+



8>

Ghpvqqo $8;4=+ oiwfy}h xvf h jkcébkgh jo gkcfbh ogoyyfv avczhbfczf gob o hj}fczo jf

ovzyhw kc}fcîöfw gobo o h}kço, o zflfmocf f h flfzykgkjhjf# Cço ë powwâ}fl kbhnkchy xvf h

flfzykgkjhjf mok nfyhjh hpfchw phyh o ifb"fwzhy jf vbh flkzf5 wfv hlzo gvwzo jf kcwzhlhîço w÷ ë

}kè}fl wf hplkghjh fb nyhcjf fwghlh# O golfzk}o phwwh h wfy o hl}o jf vb bobfczo ocjf o

gocwvbo ë jkyknkjo àw bhwwhw# O gkcfbh, zhbiëb, mok kcwzyvbfczhlkqhjo jfczyo jfwwh ÷zkgh#

Vb mklbf ë mfkzo }kwhcjo zojow ow fwpfgzhjoyfw fb pozfcgkhl, kcjfpfcjfczf jo fwzyhzo wogkhl

xvf yfpyfwfczh# Gobo ifb jf gocwvbo, vb mklbf jf}f hzkcnky h zojow, wfb jkwzkcîço jf yhîh,

gyfjo, kjhjf ov lâcnvh# Wfv ghyèzfy vck}fywhl cço ë fthzhbfczf vbh opîço, bhw vbh

cfgfwwkjhjf# ·O hlzo gvwzo jf vbh pyojvîço w÷ pojf wfy bkckbkqhjo gob h yfpyojvîço jf

bvkzhw g÷pkhw, h vb pyfîo ifb kcmfykoy xvf o oyknkchl, xvf powwhb h gvyzo fwphîo jf zfbpo,

wfy pyoafzhjhw wkbvlzhcfhbfczf fb }èykhw phyzfw jo bvcjoº $GHPVQQO, 8;4=, p6=+# Ëmvcjhbfczhl xvf ow kc}fwzkbfczow wfahb hboyzfgkjow o bhkw yèpkjo powwâ}fl# Vb mklbf w÷

zfb yhqço jf ftkwzky wf dov}fy hvjkácgkh phyh flf, jo goczyèyko, cço dè gobo nfyhy lvgyo phyh

wf phnhy o wfv pyfîo#

Gdhycf{, Lfo f Wgdhyzq $9009+ hioyjhb o kbphgzo jo gkcfbh ch wogkfjhjf f kjfczkmkghb wfkw

flfbfczow gfczyhkw phyh h dkwz÷ykh gvlzvyhl jh bojfyckjhjf f phyh h wvh yflhîço gob o gkcfbh1

O wvynkbfczo jf vbh gvlzvyh vyihch bfzyopolkzhch xvf lf}ov h co}hw moybhwjf fczyfzfckbfczo f lhqfy5 h gfczyhlkjhjf goyyfwpocjfczf jo goypo gobo ologhl jh }kwço hzfcîço f fwzkbvlhîço5 o yfgocdfgkbfczo jf vb pñilkgo,bvlzkjço ov hvjkácgkh jf bhwwh xvf wvioyjkcov h yfwpowzh kcjk}kjvhl àgolfzk}kjhjf5 o kbpvlwo phyh jfmkcky, mkthy f yfpyfwfczhy kcwzhczfw kwolhjow fbmhgf jhw jkwzyhîöfw f wfcwhîöfw jh bojfyckjhjf, vb hcwfko xvf pfyphwwov okbpyfwwkockwbo f h mozonyhmkh f gdfnov hzë o gkcfbh5 h kcjkwzkcîço ghjh }fqbhkoy jh lkcdh fczyf h yfhlkjhjf f wvhw yfpyfwfczhîöfw5 f o whlzo dh}kjo chgvlzvyh gobfygkhl f cow jfwfaow jo gocwvbkjoy xvf fwzkbvlov f pyojvqkvco}hw moybhw jf jk}fywço# $GDHYCF[5 LFO f WGDHYZQ, 9009# p#8;+

Dhcwfc $9009+ wkczfzkqh h kjëkh xvf h gvlzvyh jo gocwvbo f jo fwpfzègvlo pozfcgkhlkqhyhb h

gykhîço jo gkcfbh f xvf h bojfyckjhjf zfykh wf gocgyfzkqhjo cfwwf wfczkjo# Wgd~hyzq $9009+,

pyo}h xvf ow pykbfkyow fwpfgzhjoyfw jf gkcfbh aè fwzh}hb hgowzvbhjow ho fmfkzo"yfhlkjhjf

jow fwpfzègvlow bojfycow f h vbh yfhlkjhjf xvf wf zoych ghjh }fq bhkw jkcébkgh f

fwpfzhgvlhy#



84

Chwgkh h wogkfjhjf jf fwpfzègvlo# Zobhcjo ow fwpfzègvlow pyë"gkcfbhzonyèmkgow jh Phykw jo

mkb jo wëgvlo 8; $ow phcoyhbhw, ow bvwfvw jf gfyh f hzë bfwbo o cfgyozëyko pñilkgo+ gobo

)goyolèykow }kwvhkw jh kbpyfcwh popvlhy), Wgd~hyzq jfbocwzyh xvf ow pykbfkyow fwpfgzhjoyfw

jf gkcfbh aè fwzh}hb hgowzvbhjow ho fmfkzo"yfhlkjhjf jow fwpfzègvlow bojfycow f h vbh

yfhlkjhjf xvf wf zoych}h ghjh }fq bhkw fwpfzhgvlhy# $Wgd~hyz, 9009+

Wgd~hyz hmkybh xvf phyh zyhcwmoybhy fwwf pñilkgo cvbh bhwwh jf gocwvbkjoyfw mkëkw, h

kcjñwzykh jo gkcfbh zfcjfyè ghjh }fq bhkw h ghbvmlhy vbh jfwgoczkcvkjhjf kcfyfczf à hyzf

gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# H hvzoyh powwvk vbh }kwço hpoghlâpzkgh jo gkcfbh, f wfyè pyfgkwo fwpfyhy ow

mklbfw bojfycow jo p÷w"nvfyyh phyh xvf o gkcfbh yfjfwgviyh, fb bfko àw yvâchw, h wvh

fwwácgkh#

Aè Ghpvqqo $8;4=+ hlfyzh phyh h kjëkh jf xvf xvfb bhcjh co gkcfbh ë o pñilkgo# H phyzky jo

bobfczo xvf cfb wfbpyf hw m÷ybvlhw pyë"fwzhiflfgkjhw wço hwwkbklhjhw gob pyfgkwço pflh

plhzëkh, o fwpfgzhjoy ftknkyè jf ghjh mklbf hlno co}o# O gkcfbh cço pojf woiyf}k}fy co

phjyço, f whif"wf xvf h kcjñwzykh zyhihldh wfbpyf gob vb bojflo# H ivwgh poy co}hw

zfgcolonkhw f h yfmoybvlhîço jf yozfkyow wço fwwfcgkhkw phyh h woiyf}k}ácgkh jo gkcfbh#

Lfbow $9009+ mhq vb phyhlflo jh bkwzvyh jf bfjo f mhwgkchîço xvf hw co}hw zfgcolonkhw

ftfygfb woiyf hw pfwwohw# O hvzoy hchlkwh ow kbphgzow jhw co}hw zfgcolonkhw ch wogkfjhjfgoczfbpoyécfh, hzyh}ëw jh jfwgykîço jh co}h gvlzvyh zfgcol÷nkgh plhcfzèykh " h gkify gvl zvyh#

Lfbow jkwgvzf xvfwzöfw gobo h kczfycfz, xvf ë doaf vb mfcúbfco dfnfbúckgo, fbioyh hkcjh

bkcoykzèyko co Iyhwkl, bhw xvf, fb iyf}f, flh wfyè pfygfikjh gobo vbh kcmyh"fwzyvzvyh ihchl,

gobo hw jf yfjfw jf ènvh, lvq ov zflfmocf# Lfbow zhbiëb zfb vb il on ocjf jkwgvzf hw co}hw

zfgcolonkhw, gobo vb pyoafzo jf yfhlkjhjf hvbfczhjh gdhbhjh jf ·Kcjooyº# Flf jè jfwzhxvf

h wkbvlhîço jf oiafzow fb 7J f jf bo}kbfczow gobo hiyky vb bozoy jf vb ghyyo f }fy gobo

wf gocwfyzh, hpoczhy vb phgozf jf whlnhjkcdow phyh h ~fighb f }fy wfyfw hphyfgfyfb, hpoczhy

phyh vb bhph f }fy o yflf}o fb 7J jo zfyyfco, fzg# Lfbow zhbiëb gkzh fb wfv il on o gkcfbhgobo vbh zfgcolonkh xvf cço phyh jf wf hvzo kc}fczhy f yfco}hy#

9#9 O gkcfbh f h hckbhîço

H hyzf jh Hckbhîço mok vbh yfco}hîço ch zfgcolonkh jo gkcfbh# Chjh bhkw ë xvf vbh

wkbvlhîço jf bo}kbfczow gykhjow h phyzky jh ftpowkîço jf kbhnfcw, ov xvhjyow# Gobo cowwow



8;

oldow w÷ gocwfnvfb yfnkwzyhy 89 kbhnfcw poy wfnvcjo, wfxüácgkhw gob bhkw jf 89 kbhnfcw

gykhb h klvwço jf bo}kbfczow co jfwfcdo# Jf hgoyjo gob h fbpyfwh Bklkfw fwpfgkhlkqhjh fb

hckbhîço 7J, ftkwzfb zyáw moybhw jf hckbhîço vwhjhw co gkcfbh, Hw pykcgkphkw zëgckghw

vzklkqhjhw phyh vb mklbf jf hckbhîço wço1 7J ov GNK , xvf ë h hckbhîço pyojvqkjh

jkyfzhbfczf co gobpvzhjoy hzyh}ëw jf pyonyhbhw gobo o 7jw Bht f o Bh{h# 9J xvf ë h

hckbhîço gob lèpkw f phpfl, zhbiëb gdhbhjh jf hckbhîço zyhjkgkochl, ocjf ghjh powf jo

pfywochnfb ë jfwfcdhjh wfphyhjhbfczf fb vbh wfxüácgkh l÷nkgh xvf, xvhcjo pyoafzhjh fb

vbh jfzfybkchjh }flogkjhjf $9: xvhjyow poy wfnvcjo+, jè h kbpyfwwço jf bo}kbfczo# Wzop

boz koc ë h hckbhîço mfkzh gob oiafzow yfhkw, wfahb iocfgow jf bhwwkcdh ov xvhlxvfy ovzyo

oiafzo mozonyhmhjo xvhjyo h xvhjyo# $Bklkfw, 9080+ O Gvzovz aè ë h hckbhîço mfkzh jf yfgoyzf

jf phpfl wfnvkcjo h bfwbh zëgckgh jo 9J f jo wzop boz koc# $Bklkfw, 9080+

Pkfzyo $9009+ yflhzh xvf Fbklf Yf{chvj fb 84;9 hpyfwfczov co bvwfv Nyf}kc, fb Phykw, h

pykbfkyh pyoafîço jo wfv zfhzyo ÷pzkgo, kckgkhcjo hwwkb o jfwfcdo hckbhjo co bvcjo# Jf}kjo

à kbpoyzécgkh jfwwf mhzo, h jhzh ë gocwkjfyhjh gobo o jkh jh Hckbhîço Kczfychgkochl# H

hvzoyh oiwfy}h xvf fb 9009, h Hwwogkhîço Kczfychgkochl jo Mklbf jf Hckbhîço $HWKMH+

lhcîov o Jkh Kczfychgkochl jh Hckbhîço, gob jkmfyfczfw nyvpow kczfychgkochkw mklkhjow,

pyfwfczfw fb gfygh jf 68 phâwfw, kcglvwk}f o Iyhwkl# O jkh ë oynhckqhjo pflh Hwwogkhîço

Iyhwklfkyh jf Gkcfbh jf Hckbhîço $HIGH+ xvf yfhlkqh h bowzyh jf gvyzhw"bfzyhnfcw

chgkochkw f kczfychgkochkw fb bhkw jf 860 gkjhjfw fb zojo o phâw, hlëb jf phlfwzyhw gob

hckbhjoyfw yfcobhjow#

Aè h hckbhîço co Iyhwkl zfb vbh }hwzh dkwz÷ykh, gobfîhcjo gob h kcmlvácgkh jow ghyzvckwzhw

Yhvl Pfjfycfkyhw fb 8;0> f jfpokw, Èl}hyo Bhykcw, xvf lhcîov Ehkwfy , pykbfkyh hckbhîço

iyhwklfkyh ftkikjh cow gkcfbhw, fb 99 jf ahcfkyo jf 8;8># Cfwzfw ;8 hcow moyhb pyojvqkjow 8;

locnhw"bfzyhnfcw, gfczfchw jf gvyzhw f bkldhyfw jf mklbfw pvilkgkzèykow jf hckbhîço#

$PKFZYO, 9009+

Jf hgoyjo gob ow jhjow lf}hczhjow pflh HWKMH, ow mklbfw jf hckbhîço hzyhâyhb 84,9bkldöfw jf fwpfgzhjoyfw àw whlhw jf gkcfbh iyhwklfkyhw fb 900=, o xvf yfpyfwfczh vb

gyfwgkbfczo jf 867& ch pyogvyh pflo nácfyo fb vb pfyâojo jf xvhzyo hcow $fb 9009 moyhb

>,9 bkldöfw jf pfwwohw+# O }olvbf jf pñilkgo hgobphcdov h f}olvîço jow mklbfw jf

hckbhîço jkwzykivâjow co Iyhwkl, xvf phwwov jf 88 pyojvîöfw fb 9009 phyh 98 zâzvlow fb

900=, hlëb jkwwo, h hckbhîço mok o nácfyo jf mklbf bhkw hwwkwzkjo co Iyhwkl fb 900>, gob

bëjkh jf pñilkgo jf 400 bkl fwpfgzhjoyfw#



90

Hpfwhy jf fwwfw jhjow wfyfb powkzk}ow, Pkfzyo yfwwhlzh h kbpoyzécgkh jf wf zfy whlèykow bhkw

avwzow phyh ow hckbhjoyfw co Iyhwkl# Flh gobphyh o whlèyko jf vb hckbhjoy co Iyhwkl gob o

jf ovzyow phâwfw, pykcgkphlbfczf o hbfykghco, ocjf wf cozh vbh kbfcwh jkmfyfcîh# Hcjyëkh

gkzh gobo pykcgkphl bozk}o pflo xvhl zhczow hckbhjoyfw iyhwklfkyow zyhihldhb f mkthb

yfwkjácgkh fb ovzyow phâwfw# Jkmkgvljhjfw à phyzf, co xvf jkq yfwpfkzo how pyomkwwkochkw, o

Iyhwkl ftpoyzh hckbhjoyfw phyh o bvcjo zojo, gobo ë o ghwo jf Ghylow Whljhcdh $Il vf We{, H

Fyh jo Nfl o+, Lvgkh Bojfwzo $W dyfe +, Fccko Zoyyfwhc f Yojolmo Jhbhnnko $Nfoynf Lvghw+

hlëb jf ovzyow hckbhjoyfw iyhwklfkyow xvf zyhihldhb phyh fwzñjkow yfcobhjow jf hckbhîço

fb ovzyow phâwfw# $PKFZYO, 9004+

9#7 O wvynkbfczo jh zfgcolonkh 7J

Lvgfch Avckoy $9009+ yf}flh xvf o pykbfkyo mklbf xvf wf zfb cozkgkh fb 7J mok lhcîhjo cow

kckgko jow 8;60, pflo jkyfzoy Coybhc BgLhyfc# Hyovj kc Hyovcj hpyfwfczh}h fmfkzow fb 7J

gob h zëgckgh fwzfyfowg÷pkgh, xvf fyh gkcëzkgh, vbh moybh co}h wfcwoykhl phyh pfygfify o

bo}kbfczo jf kbhnfcw hyzâwzkghw# Hw kbhnfcw jf jokw mklbfw cow xvhkw wf vzklkqov fwwh zëgckgh

moyhb pyojvqkjhw pflo bëzojo jkyfzo f pflo owgkl÷nyhmo jf zvio jf yhkow ghz÷jkgow $GYZ+ phyh

nfyhy phjyöfw nyèmkgow ihwfhjow fb kbpvlwow flëzykgow# Ow jfwfcdow $ikjkbfcwkochkw+ fyhb

mozonyhmhjow myhbf h myhbf, f phyh oizfcîço jo fmfkzo 7J, vzklkqh}h"wf vbh zyvgh ch xvhl jokw

pyoafzoyfw ftkikhb myhbfw hlzfychjow# Ch ëpogh cço ftkwzkhb ÷gvlow phyh h }kwvhlkqhîço fb7J, bhw hw kbhnfcw jh}hb h kbpyfwwço jf whky jh zflh f mlvzvhy pflo fwphîo yfhl jh whlh, f o

wob jf}fykh hgobphcdhy# Ë glhyo xvf cço dh}kh gobphyhîço ho vwo zfgcol÷nkgo gob o 7J jf

doaf# Hpfwhy jo kbphgzo jhw kbhnfcw ch ëpogh, o pñilkgo pfyjfv o kczfyfwwf pflow mklbfw fb

7J, o xvf moyîov o jkyfzoy BgLhyfc h phyhy jf ftployhy fwwf hwpfgzo#

Aè phyh ]kllhîh $900:+ h zfgcolonkh fb 7J mok kckgkhjh dè gfb hcow hzyèw# Ow pykbfkyow mklbfw

fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw moyhb pyoafzhjow co Hwzoy Zdfhzfy, jf Co}h [oye, fb 8;86# O pykbfkyo

mklbf pyojvqkjo vwhcjo zfgcolonkh 7J mok Zdf Po~fy om Lo}f, gykhjo fb 8;99# Dè xvfb jknhxvf o wkwzfbh 7J mok gykhjo co Iyhwkl poy Wfihwzkço Gobphyhjo fb 8;>;# Jf hgoyjo gob o

wkzf Gvl zvhcjo, $900=+ h pykbfkyh cozkgkh xvf wf zfb woiyf mklbfw fb 7J co Iyhwkl mok xvhcjo

o pofzh Nvkldfybf jf Hlbfkjh jfglhyov1 ·Hwwkwzk h vb bobfczo kbpoyzhczâwwkbo jo bvcjo1

vb kcwzhczf jfgkwk}o jf zyhcwkîço5 vbh fzhph ghpkzhl jh f}olvîço5 o gkcfbh kcjo hlëb jh lkcdh

f jh wvpfymâgkf5 gdfnhcjo ho }olvbf)# $ HLBFKJH, 8;7=, pflo wkzf Gvl zvhcjo+



98

H phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;60, o gkcfbh 7J zf}f wfvw hlzow f ihktow# H}hcîow zfgcol÷nkgow f ow

÷gvlow gob lfczfw hqvkw f }fybfldhw nfyhyhb pyojvîöfw 7J cow hcow jf 8;60 f 8;40, bhw cço

zk}fyhb goczkcvkjhjf, o wvgfwwo mok bobfczécfo# Bhkw pyfgkwhbfczf fb 8;67, ftkwzkh bvkzh

ftpfgzhzk}h fb yflhîço ho gkcfbh 7J# Nyhcjfw fwzñjkow, gobo h ^hycfy kbhnkch}hb xvf

zojh fwwh kcjñwzykh jo gkcfbh bvjhykh phyh fwwf wkwzfbh, f kc}fwzkyhb cfwwh zfgcolonkh# Bhw

zço yèpkjo xvhczo mok jkwpockiklkqhjo cow gkcfbhw, o 7J jfktov jf wfy ftployhjo

gobfygkhlbfczf# Bhw poy xvá? Jf hgoyjo gob Lvgfch Añckoy $9009+ o gkcfbh 7J phwwov jh

·wvpyfbh }hcnvhyjhº phyh h bhkw }vlnhy popvlhykjhjf, jfwpyfqhjo poy cço ftfygfy cfcdvbh

hzyhîço fb }kwzh jo fwnozhbfczo jh co}kjhjf zfgcolonkh# Cço dè jñ}kjhw xvf h zfgcolonkh fb

7J mok vbh gocxvkwzh, bhw flh cço zf}f wvh hplkghîço }olzhjh phyh vb ifcfmâgko# Ovzyo

bozk}o phyh o myhghwwo mok h kcgocwkwzácgkh jh py÷pykh zfgcolonkh# H chyyhzk}h jo zfbpo mok

ovzyo mhzoy xvf jfwmh}oyfgfv o gkcfbh 7J# Lvgfch Añckoy yfwwhlzh xvf h kcmoybèzkgh wfykhbfldoy phyh o vwo jh kczfyhzk}kjhjf jh zfgcolonkh, gobo aonow jf gobpvzhjoy, }âjfo nhbfw

fzg#

Co hco jf 8;46, xvhcjo h zfgcolonkh 7J gobfîov h wfy vwhjh co}hbfczf, vbh zëgckgh h

phyzky jow fwzvjow jf yoi÷zkgh, kczyojvqkjh poy Bkgdhfl Nkyhyj f Hczdoc{ Bhgkfaf~wek,

wolvgkoch}h h dhiklkjhjf jf goczyolhy mknvyhw hyzkgvlhjhw# Hczfw h hckbhîço jf pfywochnfcw

fb 7J fyh wkbplfw, cfb pfychw gowzvbh}hb zfy, lono, nyhcjfw pyojvîöfw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw

mkgh}hb kc}kè}fkw# Gob h gkcfbèzkgh kc}fywh mok powwâ}fl bvjhy kwwo# H zfgcolonkh jfjknkzhlkqhîço fczço gobfîov h wfy vwhjh# Co bfwbo hco, vb gvyzh jf hckbhîço 7J mok

lhcîhjo, Zdf hj }fczvyfw om Hcjyf hcj ^hll { I, pflh Lvghw Mklb co hco jf 8;4:, ocjf vb

wkwzfbh jf phyzâgvlhw mok vwhjo# Oyfcjfy jf ghjh myhbf lf}ov gfygh jf jvhw doyhw fb vb

gobpvzhjoy ]HT# $LVGFCH AÑCKOY 9009+

O yfhlkwbo ch hckbhîço ë gkzhjo poy Lvgfch Añckoy $9909+ gobo vb bo}kbfczo chzvyhl

jkmâgkl phyh wfy yfgykhjo jf moybh ftpyfwwk}h# Co mkchl jh jëghjh jf 8;;0, o fwzñjko

Hlkhw/^h}fmyocz jkwpockiklkqov vb wkwzfbh jf bojflhnfb 7J, kczfnyhjo ho wfv co}o phgozfjf 7J Bh{h, ocjf omfyfgkh câ}fkw kcëjkzow phyh flhioyhîço jkyfzh co gobpvzhjoy jf moybhw

oynéckghw gobplfthw, powwkiklkzhcjo moybvlhîöfw plèwzkghw fb xvf wf ë ghphq jf jfzfgzhy vb

fwzklo jf bhckpvlhîço jow flfbfczow }kwvhkw#



99

9#: Gobo mvcgkoch h zfgcolonkh 7J

Jf hgoyjo gob o aoychlkwzh f hckbhjoy ^kefywoc Lhcjkb $900;+, h zfgcolonkh 7J mvcgkoch jf

moybh wkbplfw# Phyh gobfîhy, h zfygfkyh jkbfcwço cço ftkwzf, ë hpfchw vbh klvwço jh wvh

bfczf# F kwwo ë powwâ}fl nyhîhw h vb mfcúbfco chzvyhl gdhbhjo fwzfyfowgopkh# Zyhzh"wf jh

pyoafîço jf jvhw kbhnfcw, jh bfwbh gfch, fb poczow jf oiwfy}hîço lknfkyhbfczf jkmfyfczfw#

O gëyfiyo, hvzobhzkghbfczf, mvcjf hw jvhw kbhnfcw fb hpfchw vbh f, cfwwf pyogfwwo, oizëb

kcmoybhîöfw xvhczo à pyomvcjkjhjf, jkwzécgkh, powkîço f zhbhcdo jow oiafzow, nfyhcjo vbh

klvwço jf }kwço fb 7J# $LHCJKB, 900;+

Phyh xvf o fmfkzo 7J wfah powwâ}fl h ghpzhîço jhw kbhnfcw cço ë mfkzh jf vbh moybh xvhlxvfy#

O fmfkzo 7J ë gobpowzo poy jvhw kbhnfcw pyoafzhjhw fb poczow jkwzkczow# Lono, ch ghpzhîço,

jf}fb wfy mklbhjhw jvhw kbhnfcw ho bfwbo zfbpo# Fwwh goyyfîço jf fcxvhjyhbfczo ë mfkzh

poy womz~hyfw fwpfgâmkgow, fb zfbpo yfhl, xvf yfjvqfb hw owgklhîöfw ch kbhnfb, jfkthcjo h

gobpowkîço bhkw yfhlkwzh# $LHCJKB, 900;+

O hckbhjoy iyhwklfkyo Hlfthcjyf Bhzzow $900;+ ftplkgh xvf h gébfyh fwzfyfowg÷pkgh wkbvlh h

}kwço jo oldo dvbhco# Ghjh lfczf ë gologhjh h gfygh jf wfkw gfczâbfzyow vbh jh ovzyh $fwwh ë

h jkwzécgkh bëjkh fczyf ow oldow jf vbh pfwwoh+#

Bhzzow $900;+ fcmhzkqh xvf fwwf pyogfwwo hkcjh jf}f wfy goczyolhjo gob qoob, mogo, hifyzvyh,

fcxvhjyhbfczo $xvf jf}f wfy fthzhbfczf o bfwbo+ f o écnvlo yflhzk}o fczyf flhw# O hvzoy

ftplkgh xvf ë hzë powwâ}fl mhqfy kwwo gob gébfyhw hbhjoyhw f gob povgo yfgvywo#

Bhzzow yf}flh vb zyvxvf kczfyfwwhczf vzklkqhjo pflh kcjñwzykh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, xvf ë mklbhy

hzyh}ëw jf vbh lfczf f vwhy vb fwpfldo phyh pyoafzhy vbh kbhnfb jfwloghjh fb vbh wfnvcjh

lfczf# H kbhnfb yfmlfzkjh ë nkyhjh f kc}fyzkjh hczfw jh fjkîço jo mklbf# F, poy wf zyhzhy jf vb

fwpfldo, ë pyfgkwo mhqfy hkcjh hw goyyfîöfw jf goyfw f iykldow cfgfwwèykhw phyh xvf cço já h

kbpyfwwço jf kbhnfcw jkwzkczhw# H zfgcolonkh KBHT mok pkocfkyh cfwwf poczo, f ë h bhkw

vwhjh pflow mklbfw Doll{~oojkhcow hzvhkw#

¹Yfcjfy1 Pyèzkgh vwhjh phyh jfmkcky hlzh yfwolvîço ch mkzh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh



97

9#6 Zfgcolonkh KBHT

Mfljbhc Cfkl $900;+ ë pyopykfzèyko jh Kc"Zdyff, yfwpocwè}fl pflh zfgcolonkh fb 7 jkbfcwöfw

ch bhkoykh jow mklbfw hzvhkw# H}hzhy f Hlkgf, poy ftfbplo, vwhyhb fwwf fwzñjko phyh

hpfymfkîohy o 7J# Co hyzkno Myffkcn Hyz kwz kg ] kwkoc myob 7J. w Lkbkzhz kocw, Cfkl gkzh h fbpyfwh

Jkbfcwkochlkqhzkoc, xvf ë vbh jhw pkocfkyhw fb gkcfbh 7J# Zfb phygfykh gob h Jkwcf{,

Jyfhb~oyew, fczyf ovzyhw# Fwwh zfgcolonkh vwh mfyyhbfczhw jf womz~hyf phzfczfhjo f zëgckghw

phyh gykhy kbhnfcw fb 7 jkbfcwöfw h phyzky jf xvhlxvfy kbhnfb ikjkbfcwkochl#

Jf hgoyjo gob Lhcjkb $900;+, hw whlhw jf gkcfbh KBHT kbpyfwwkochb h gobfîhy pflo

zhbhcdo jh zflh# Flh bfjf 89 bfzyow jf hlzvyh poy 99 bfzyow jf lhynvyh# Wço 9=: bfzyow

xvhjyhjow hpfchw jf zflh# Hlëb jkwwo, o wob vzklkqhjo cfwwhw whlhw gdfnh h zfy 8: bkl ~hzzw jfpozácgkh# Bfwbo fb gocjkîöfw coybhkw jf pyoafîço, wfb o 7J, kwwo aè ë o wvmkgkfczf phyh

jfkthy o fwpfgzhjoy gob h wfcwhîço jf fwzhy ifb py÷tkbo jo mklbf# Aè Cfkl $900;+ hgyfwgfczh

xvf h nfobfzykh jhw whlhw zhbiëb ë pfywochlkqhjh, }kwhcjo bhtkbkqhy o ghbpo jf }kwço jo

fwpfgzhjoy# H zflh jf vbh whlh KBHT ë lf}fbfczf gúcgh}h, o xvf golhioyh phyh h hbplkhîço

jo ghbpo# Poy fcxvhczo, co Iyhwkl dè hpfchw jvhw whlhw, vbh fb Wço Phvlo f, h bhkoy jflhw,

fb Gvykzkih $LHCJKB, 900;+#

Bvkzow mklbfw wço yojhjow fb jvhw gébfyhw phyh pojfy oizfy kbhnfcw fb 7J# Jf hgoyjo gobCfkl $900;+, kwwo nfyh hlnvcw pyoilfbhw, gobo h xvfwzço doykqoczhl f }fyzkghl# Ch opkckço jo

hvzoy, dè vbh fthnfyhjh jkwphykjhjf }fyzkghl chw lfczfw, xvf mhqfb ow cowwow oldow whlzhyfb

phyh gkbh f phyh ihkto, xvhcjo o kjfhl wfykh mkghy o bètkbo ch powkîço doykqoczhl, pokw ch

}fyzkghl dè pyoilfbh jf wkcgyockh gob o gëyfiyo, xvf fwzè jkqfcjo h wfvw oldow phyh hjhpzhy h

hlno xvf flfw pojfb wkcgyockqhy cço gobplfzhbfczf#

H Jkbfcwkochlkqhzkoc ë o cobf xvf o fwzñjko KBHT jè ho pyogfwwo jf goc}fywço jo mklbf

fb 9J phyh o 7J# Zvjo gobfîh gob hw kbhnfcw jf vbh gébhyh ñckgh# Flfw pfnhb o 9J jhbfzyhnfb f gopkhb phyh gykhy vbh }kwço phyh o oldo jkyfkzo f ovzyh phyh o fwxvfyjo# Ghjh

pktfl ë bhpfhjo pfymfkzhbfczf, wfb jkwzoyîço jf fmfkzow jf lfczf# Jfpokw ë mfkzo o

jfwhlkcdhbfczo# Hp÷w kwwo, hjkgkoch"wf pfywpfgzk}h, moybh f pyomvcjkjhjf# H pykbfkyh moybh

pflh yozowgopkh ë mfkzh f, fb wfnvkjh poy bfko joboypdkcn: ë ftzyhâjh h pyomvcjkjhjf#

Zhbiëb ë gykhjh vbh fwpëgkf jf jkwphykjhjf ikcogvlhy xvf o gëyfiyo kczfypyfzh gobo moybh#

Cfkl yfwwhlzh xvf cço ftkwzf xvhwf chjh fb }fyzkghl, cfcdvbh lvq xvf jkwzoyîh o fxvklâiyko f



9:

cfcdvbh jkmfyfcîh jf pktfl # Ow oldow fwzço wfnvkcjo o ghbkcdo chzvyhlbfczf, wfb pyfgkwhy

moyîhy# Cfkl gdhbh kwwo jf ·7J pfymfkzoº#

Woiyf o mvzvyo fb 7J, Cfkl fwzè ozkbkwzh, hgdh xvf fwwh zfgcolonkh jf goc}fywço ë vbh

zfcjácgkh phyh h Z] fb 7J# H wvh kjëkh ë zfy vbh hlzh xvhlkjhjf gob o bhkw ihkto gvwzo# Flf

hgyfjkzh xvf h Jkbfcwkochlkqhzkoc }hk yfjvqky o gvwzo hzyh}ëw jh kco}hîço zfgcol÷nkgh f lf}hy

vbh co}h ·}kjh mkchcgfkyhº phyh ow gkcfbhw#

9#= O zyhihldo jh Jyfhb~oyew ch zfgcolonkh 7J

Akb Bhkchyj $900;+ ë pyfwkjfczf jh Jyfhb~oyew $yfmáyfcgkh fb gkcfbh jf hckbhîço+ f

zhbiëb hvzoy jo hyzknoJ

yfhb~oyew Hckbhz koc Nofw Hll 7

#

Bhkchyj gkzh o wvynkbfczo jo fwzñjko jh Jyfhb~oyew $xvf Wzf}fc Wpklifyn havjov h mvcjhy+

ocjf o pykbfkyo mklbf mok O pyâcgkpf jo Fn kzo, vbh hckbhîço fb 9J bfwbo, bhw xvf

pyfgkwov jf co}hw zfgcolonkhw phyh gfchw gobo h wfphyhîço jo Bhy ]fybfldo#

Ow zkpow jf fmfkzow }kwvhkw xvf moyhb hgyfwgfczhjow moyhb ihwzhczf kcgobvcw fb xvhlxvfy

zkpo jf mklbf hckbhjo jhxvflh ëpogh, fb phyzf poy xvf fyh ghyo# Bhkchyj f wfvw pyojvzoyfwgobfîhyhb h gocwzyvky mfyyhbfczhw xvf pojkhb hpokhy o zkpo jf mklbfw xvf xvfykhb mhqfy#

Hlëb jo O Pyâcgkpf jo Fn kzo, mkqfyhb mklbfw gobo O ghbkcdo phyh F l joyhjo, Fwpây kzo f

W kcihj#

H kjëkh jf mhqfy vb mklbf fb 7J }fko lono fb wfnvkjh, o yozfkyo fwgoldkjo mok Bocwzyow t

hlkfcânfchw# Afmmyf{ Ehzqfcifyn, jkyfzoy kcmlvfczf jh Jyfhb~oyew, hmkybov fb 900> xvf flf

nowzhykh jf mhqfy zojow ow mklbfw fb 7J, f xvf o pykbfkyo jflfw wfykh lkifyhjo fb 900;#

yozowgopkh1 Pyogfwwo xvf gocwkwzf ch mklbhnfb jhw }èykhw wfxvácgkhw gob h vzklkqhîço jf mknvyhw dvbhchw

}fyjhjfkyhw, wfcjo h kbhnfb hckbhjh gocwzyvâjh jfpokw woiyf h py÷pykh pflâgvlh#

: Boypdkcn1 Womz~hyf vwhjo phyh pyogfwwhy hw kbhnfcw jh pflâgvlh

H phyzky jhâ, }èykow pyomkwwkochkw moyhb goczyhzhjow# Woiyf o lhjo gykhzk}o, jfwgoiykyhb ow

jfwhmkow jh goy, glhwwkmkghîço f hw kbplkghîöfw jo xvf kwwo wknckmkgov phyh mklbfw fb 7J# Gob



96

h gdfnhjh jf Pdkl Bgchll{, xvf hczfw fyh jh Jkwcf{, h fxvkpf mkgov gobplfzh# $BHKCHYJ,

900;+

Bhkchyj $900;+ hpoczh phyh vbh zfcjácgkh powkzk}h jo gkcfbh 7J# Flf ftplkgh xvf hpfwhy jh

gykwf mkchcgfkyh xvf hihlh ow Fwzhjow Vckjow f nyhcjf phyzf jo bvcjo, o cñbfyo jf whlhw jf

gkcfbh jf}f bvlzkplkghy, pykcgkphlbfczf ow jf ftkikîço fb 7J# Flf gkzh h pfwxvkwh xvf

mkqfyhb gob o pñilkgo jf Bocwzyow t Hlkfcânfchw, xvf hpoczh h zfcjácgkh jhw pfwwohw

xvfyfyfb }á"lo fb 7J# Bhkchyj zyhzh gob ozkbkwbo o gyfwgkbfczo jf whlhw xvf ftkifb 7J

moyh jh Hbëykgh jo Coyzf# Flf gkzh Ahbfw Ghbfyoc, gob o mklbf H}hzhy , xvf hkcjh cço zkcdh

wkjo lhcîhjo, bhw aè ghvwh}h vbh nyhcjf ftpfgzhzk}h co gkcfbh 7J# Hw whlhw jf ftkikîço fb

7J moyh jow Fwzhjow Vckjow phwwhyhb jf bkl phyh gkcgo bkl#

9#> O gkcfbh 7J cow hcow 9000

O gkcfbh 7J zf}f wvh yfzobhjh cow hcow 9000# Cvcgh wf }kv zhczo mklbfw wfcjo pyojvqkjow

gob fwwh zfgcolonkh# Jf hgoyjo gob ]kllhîh $900;+, o mklbf bhkw yfczè}fl ch dkwz÷ykh

gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, H}hzhy jf Ahbfw Ghbfyoc, jf}f o wfv wvgfwwo fb phyzf poy fwwh zfgcolonkh#

]èykhw pfwwohw moyhb hwwkwzky pflh gvykowkjhjf jf }fy vb mklbf fb 7J, ovzyhw cço gobpyhyhb

o J]J pkyhzh f cfb mkqfyhb jo~cl ohj ch kczfycfz phyh pojfy ky ho gkcfbh# Gocmoybf ow

hchlkwzhw jh Wogkfjhjf jf Fcnfcdfkyow jf Gkcfbh f Zflf}kwço jf Doll{~ooj, ow mklbfwlhcîhjow fb 7J nfyhb jvhw ov zyáw }fqfw h yfgfkzh jow zâzvlow fb 9J f, fb gfyzow ghwow, fwwh

jkmfyfcîh pojf wfy jf hzë wfzf }fqfw#

Ë kbpoyzhczf yfwwhlzhy fwwh zfcjácgkh jo gkcfbh hzvhl, pokw pojfyè wfy vb bhygo ch dkwzoykh

jh kcjñwzykh, cço w÷ jo gkcfbh, bhw zhbiëb fb aonow fwpoyzk}ow f pyonyhbhw jf zflf}kwço#

Jf hgoyjo gob o wkzf n l oio#gob, h CFZ $opfyhjoyh jf Z] h ghio+ kc}fwzkv bvkzo

mkchcgfkyhbfczf cfwwh zfgcolonkh, gob vb phgozf jf ghchkw xvf aè pojfb wfy }kwzo fb 7J,

gob ov wfb o vwo jow ÷gvlow# H Goph jo bvcjo mok ftkikjh cfwwf moybhzo fb whlhw jfgkcfbh cow fwzhjow jo Yko f Wço Phvlo# Jf hgoyjo gob o Lhcjkb $900;+, fbpyfwhw gobo h

Woc{, Phchwockg, Whbwvcn, LN f Bkzwvikwdk lhcîhyhb fb 9080 Z]w fwpfgkhkw gob

ghphgkjhjf 7J# O jkmfyfcgkhl jflhw ë xvf gocwvbkjoy cço pyfgkwh jow ÷gvlow# Kwwo hgoczfgf

poyxvf hw zflhw wço jf gykwzhl lâxvkjo# Xvhcjo gobikchjhw lfczfw fwpfgkhkw $}kwoyfw

hvzofwzfyfowg÷pkgow+ gob h bhkoy myfxvácgkh jf zyhcwkîço jf kbhnfcw, o yfwvlzhjo ë h

pyoafîço jf vbh kbhnfb xvf ë ghpzhjh pflo oldo dvbhco gobo wfcjo fb zfygfkyh jkbfcwço#



9=

Ch zflf}kwço 7J wço nfyhjhw jvhw kbhnfcw wkbvlzécfhw, xvf }kwzhw hzyh}ëw jf vbh lfczf co

py÷pyko gykwzhl lâxvkjo, mhqfb gob xvf o gëyfiyo pfygfih hpfchw vbh ñckgh kbhnfb, gykhcjo h

klvwço jh zfygfkyh jkbfcwço# $LHCJKB, 900;+

O jkyfzoy jf H}hzhy Ahbfw Ghbfyoc, hmkybov xvf h phyzky jf hnoyh w÷ zyhihldhykh gob mklbfw

fb 7J, f mfq vbh pyf}kwço xvf fb 9090, zojow ow mklbfw jf}fyço vwhy fwwh zfgcolonkh# O

gkcfbh iyhwklfkyo zhbiëb }hk fczyhy ch fyh 7J# Gob fwzyëkh pyf}kwzh phyh 9088, Iyhwkl

Hckbhjo, gob jkyfîço jf Bhykhch Ghlzhikhco, ë vb mklbf xvf bkwzvyh hckbhîço gob kbhnfcw

jf hzoyfw yfhkw, mklbhjo fb zfgcolonkh 7J chw yvhw jf Yko f Whl}hjoy# $]KLLHÎH, 900;+

O gkcfbh fb 7J aè zfb ghvwhjo polábkgh f hlnvbhw gykzkghw, gobo o jo gyâzkgo jf gkcfbh,

Yvifcw Fjvhyj Mkldo, xvf wf bhckmfwzov goczyh h ihchlkqhîço, hmkybhcjo xvf bvkzow mklbfwwfyço pyojvqkjow wobfczf gob fwwh }kwço bfyghjol÷nkgh, f gob vb zfbpo, o pñilkgo kyè

ghcwhy# $MKLDO, 900;+

Jf hgoyjo gob h yf}kwzh ]fah $0=/9080+, }fâgvlo xvf wfyè vwhjo phyh h hpyfwfczhîço jh

hcèlkwf, h jkwwfbkchîço jhw whlhw jf gkcfbh 7J fwzè nfyhcjo cñbfyow zço kbpyfwwkochczfw

phyh o bfyghjo ftkikjoy xvhczo ow fmfkzow }kwvhkw xvf ow iyhwklfkyow gocmfyfb chw wfwwöfw xvf

vzklkqhb fwwh zfgcolonkh# Fcxvhczo o pñilkgo gdfnov h 4>,> bkldöfw jf pfwwohw jf ahcfkyo h

hnowzo, 87,7& h bhkw xvf co bfwbo pfyâojo jo hco phwwhjo, h yfcjh jhw whlhw hzkcnkv Y*499,7 bkldöfw, hlzh jf 9:&# Wfnvcjo h yf}kwzh, ftkwzfb doaf 69 whlhw jf pyoafîço pyfphyhjhw

phyh 7J, jkwzykivâjhw fb 96 gkjhjfw jf 87 fwzhjow jkmfyfczfw# H yfpoyzhnfb gdhbh hzfcîço

zhbiëb pflo pyfîo hlzo goiyhjow pflh whlh, vb jow bozk}ow phyh h yfcjh zfy gyfwgkjo hgkbh jo

pñilkgo# Fb vb gkcfbh jh qoch wvl jo Yko jf Ahcfkyo ov Iflo Doykqoczf, o fwpfgzhjoy phnh

8; yfhkw phyh hwwkwzky h vb mklbf goc}fcgkochl f 9> poy vbh pyojvîço 7J#

Lhcjkb $900;+ hpoczh phyh hw co}hw zfcjácgkhw 7J, ocjf hzë o [ovzvif hjfyf h kjëkh# O wkzf

jh Noonlf jkwpockiklkqov co hco phwwhjo vb jow pykbfkyow }âjfow jf ftpfykbfczhîço fb 7Jjo wkzf# Ow vwvèykow xvf powwvfb vb jow }èykow zkpow jf ÷gvlow xvf pfybkzfb h }kwvhlkqhîço

jf kbhnfcw fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw pojfb oiwfy}hy f yflhzhy o xvf }kyhb f, gob kwwo, o [ovzvif

pojf hpykboyhy h ftpfykácgkh jf ftkikîöfw gobo fwwh#



9>

9#4 Hpfymfkîohbfczo jo 7J

H yf}kwzh Kcmo Fthbf jh fjkîço jf bhko jf 9080, zyhzov jo zfbh dolonyhmkh h phyzky jo jfwfao

jo Ahpço jf zyhcwbkzky h Goph jo bvcjo jf 9080 hzyè}fw jf dolonyhbhw# Ch pyèzkgh, ë gobo

wf c÷w iyhwklfkyow pvjëwwfbow ky ho Bhyhghcç f hgobphcdhy ow aonhjoyfw goyyfcjo pflo

ghbpo, fb zhbhcdo yfhl, gobo wf flfw fwzk}fwwfb lè bfwbo# Fwwh zfgcolonkh ihwfhjh co 7J

cço mok powwâ}fl phyh Avldo, bhw fb bhzëykh jk}vlnhjh pflo aoychl Fwzhjo jf Bkchw fb : jf

co}fbiyo jf 9080, yf}flov xvf gkfczkwzhw coyzf"hbfykghcow gykhyhb vb wkwzfbh ghphq jf

zyhcwbkzky dolonyhmkhw fb zfbpo xvhwf yfhl# O fwzvjo pojfyè ifcfmkgkhy èyfhw zço jkwzkczhw

gobo h pvilkgkjhjf f h zflfbfjkgkch# Jf hgoyjo gob gkfczkwzh Chwwfy Pf{ndhbihykhc, h

dolonyhmkh ë bhkw yfhl f fmkgkfczf xvf h zfgcolonkh 7J#Wf }ogá hwwkwzky h vb mklbf fb 7J, }ogá w÷ gocwfnvf fctfynhy fb jvhwpfywpfgzk}hw###Co ghwo jh dolonyhmkh wço jk}fywhw pfywpfgzk}hw# Fb ovzyhw phlh}yhw, hpfwwoh wfczhjh jkhczf jf vbh bfwh pojf oldhy o dolonyhbh xvf phyfgf fwzhy yfhlbfczf fb gkbh jfwwh bfwh# ]ogá }hk }fy o oiafzo dolonyhmhjo, $wfb hcfgfwwkjhjf jf ÷gvlow+ zfczhy pfnh"lo bhw flf cço fwzhyè lè# Ovzyh pfwwoh wfczhjh chovzyh phyzf jh bfwh }fyè h kbhnfb fb ovzyh pfywpfgzk}h, kwwo wknckmkgh bhkw yfhlkjhjfho oiafzo# H zfgcolonkh pojfyè wfy vwhjh zhbiëb ch pvilkgkjhjf phyh gdhbhy bhkwhzfcîço ho gocwvbkjoy f zhbiëb ch zflfbfjkgkch# Ow dvbhcow moyhb mfkzow phyhfctfynhy gokwhw fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw# Xvhcjo }ogá bo}f wvh bço phyh h jkyfkzh, phyhfwxvfyjh, phyh gkbh ov phyh ihkto, }ogá fctfynh jf jkmfyfczfw pfywpfgzk}hw# O xvfjfbocwzyhbow hnoyh ë hlno bvkzo wfbfldhczf h vbh kbhnfb yfhl#$PF[NDHBIHYKHC, 9080+

Gobo pojf wf cozhy, h zfgcolonkh 7J hkcjh }hk yfcjfy hpfymfkîohbfczow co mvzvyo f pyo}h

xvf, jkmfyfczf jow ovzyow hcow, o 7J hiykv fwphîo phyh jk}fywhw vzklkjhjfw fb }èykow

wfnbfczow zfgcol÷nkgow#



94

7#0 Hcèlkwf jo gkcfbh 7J pflhw yf}kwzhw ]fah f Kcmo Fthbf

O bhzfykhl fbpâykgo phyh hcèlkwf mok wflfgkochjo mhqfcjo"wf pfwxvkwh woiyf h yf}kwzh ]fah#

Hwwkb gobo h yf}kwzh Kcmo Fthbf, h yf}kwzh ]fah powwvk vb nyhcjf jf cñbfyo jf pvilkghîöfw

yflhgkochjhw ho hwwvczo, hlëb jf zfy vbh opkckço moybhjh woiyf h fwzhiklkjhjf jo yfzoyco jo

gkcfbh 7J# O mklbf vzklkqhjo gobo ftfbplo phyh h hcèlkwf, H}hzhy, mok zyhzhjo gob nyhcjf

fczvwkhwbo pflh ]fah, xvf pvilkgov vbh yfpoyzhnfb jf > pènkchw jfwzkchjo ho hwwvczo fb wvh

fjkîço jf jfqfbiyo jf 9080#

H yf}kwzh Kcmo fthbf mok fwgoldkjh pykcgkphlbfczf poy zfy pvilkghjo vbh bhzëykh kbpoyzhczf

phyh h hcèlkwf fb wvh fjkîço jf avcdo jf 9080# Gob o zâzvlo jf ·Ocjh jo 7J jfwzh }fq }fkopyh mkghyº h yfpoyzhnfb yfmoyîh h kjëkh jh fwzhiklkjhjf jo gkcfbh 7J# Hlnvbhw bhzëykhw jh

Kcmo Oclkcf kyhb havjhy h fczfcjfy o gobpoyzhbfczo jh bâjkh fb yflhîço h zfgcolonkh 7J# Aè

hw yf}kwzhw Ëpogh f Kwzo ë wfyço vwhjhw phyh fmfkzow gobphyhzk}ow# Phyh o ghpâzvlo mkchl, wfyço

vzklkqhjow jkmfyfczfw }fâgvlow kbpyfwwow f oclkcf phyh hpoczhy hw zfcjácgkhw jh zfgcolonkh 7J

fb }èykow wfnbfczow, gobo yf}kwzhw, nhbfw f bojh# H wflfîço mok mfkzh hzyh}ëw jh cfgfwwkjhjf

jf gobplfbfczhy hw bhzëykhw jk}vlnhjhw chw yf}kwzhw ]fah f Kcmo Fthbf#

7#8 Hcèlkwf jh yf}kwzh ]fah

Co wkzf jh yf}kwzh ]fah, xvhcjo jknkzhjo h phlh}yh gdh}f gkcfbh 7J, ë powwâ}fl fcgoczyhy

;>=:; yfwvlzhjow, mklzyhcjo h ivwgh hpfchw gob h phlh}yh 7J, wço fcgoczyhjow := yfwvlzhjow#

O kczfyfwwhczf ë xvf h bhkoykh jhw bhzëykhw yflhgkochjhw ë jo hco 900; pyh myfczf, povgo wf

zfb cozâgkh woiyf o gkcfbh 7J ch ]fah cow hcow 40 f ;0# Ch ivwgh Oclkcf cço ftkwzf

cfcdvbh yfmfyácgkh woiyf 7J hczfw jow hcow 9000# O zfbh mok fthvwzk}hbfczf zyhzhjo hp÷w h

fwzyëkh jo mklbf H}hzhy , h phyzky jh fjkîço jf 8= jf co}fbiyo jf 900;, h zfgcolonkh 7J mok

phvzhjh xvhwf wfbhchlbfczf pflh yf}kwzh ]fah, cço w÷ ch phyzf jf gkcfbh, bhw chw èyfhw jfwhñjf, zfgcolonkh, cfn÷gkow f hzë bojh# H bhkoykh jhw bhzëykhw mok fwgykzh gob zocw ozkbkwzhw,

pyf}fcjo vb mvzvyo jvyhjovyo phyh h zfgcolonkh 7J cço w÷ cow gkcfbhw, bhw ch zflf}kwço f

cow nhbfw#

7#8#9 Cñbfyowgocm kybhb o wvgfwwo jf pñilkgo jh yfzobhjh 7J



9;

Hw bhzëykhw pvilkghjhw ch yf}kwzh ]fah co pykbfkyo wfbfwzyf jf 9080 woiyf o gkcfbh 7J

moyhb bhkw ozkbkwzhw# Ë kcxvfwzkocè}fl o wvgfwwo jh yfzobhjh jo gkcfbh 7J xvhcjo wf mhlh

jf }hloyfw5 fb xvhwf zojh fjkîço wfbhchl, h yf}kwzh ]fah jk}vlnh cñbfyow hlzow jf

hyyfghjhîço jf ikldfzfykhw fb 7J, f pflo bfcow jvhw }fqfw ho báw ë jk}vlnhjh vbh bhzëykh

woiyf hlnvb lhcîhbfczo jf mklbf fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw#

H pykbfkyh bhzëykh hchlkwhjh ë woiyf gobo ow mklbfw fb 7J kbpvlwkochyhb h hyyfghjhîço jow

gkcfbhw fb 900;# H bhzëykh mok pvilkghjh ch fjkîço jf 88 jf bhyîo jf 9080# Ow jhjow wço

jh Bozkoc Pkgzvyf Hwwogkhzkoc om Hbfykgh $BPHH+ xvf fwzvjov ow lhcîhbfczow xvf moyhb

yfwpocwè}fkw poy vb hvbfczo jf gfygh jf 4& ch hyyfghjhîço jhw ikldfzfykhw jo bvcjo, cvb

zozhl jf 9;,; ikldöfw jf j÷lhyfw co hco phwwhjo# Fb 9004, h hyyfghjhîço chw ikldfzfykhw dh}kh

wobhjo 9>,4 ikldöfw jf j÷lhyfw, xvhwf 9 ikldöfw h bhkw# H bhzëykh yf}flh xvf h

bhkoy hyyfghjhîço mok bozk}hjh, fwpfgkhlbfczf, pflh popvlhykjhjf xvf nhcdhyhb ow mklbfw 7J

xvf, hlëb jf hzyhky bhkw pfwwohw ho gkcfbh, powwvfb vb kcnyfwwo bhkw ghyo xvf ow

zyhjkgkochkw# Fb 900; moyhb lhcîhjow 90 mklbfw fb moybhzo 7J# Jf hgoyjo gob o wkzf

m kl bfw7J#gob, hzë ovzviyo jf 9080 bhkw jf :0 mklbfw moyhb lhcîhjow gob fwwh zfgcolonkh#

Vb cñbfyo gyfwgfczf f ozkbkwzh# Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob h bhzëykh jh ]fah, o hvbfczo jhw whlhw

pyoafzhjhw phyh h ftkikîço 7J havjh h jkbfcwkochy o kbphgzo jh }olzh 7J# Fb 9004, fyhb

hpfchw 8#09; whlhw# Fb 900;, fwwf cñbfyo wvikv phyh 6#::8# Fb vbh bhzëykh bhkw yfgfczf

woiyf o zfbh, fwwfw cñbfyow hvbfczhb hkcjh bhkw, o pñilkgo gdfnov h 4>,> bkldöfw jf

pfwwohw jf ahcfkyo h hnowzo, 87,7& h bhkw xvf hco phwwhjo, h yfcjh jhw whlhw hzkcnkv 499,7

bkldöfw jf yfhkw, hlzh jf 9:&# Co ghpâzvlo 9#> fwwfw cñbfyow moyhb zyhzhjow jf hgoyjo gob

Pfjyo Ivzgdfy, jo Mklbf I, fbpyfwh fwpfgkhlkqhjh co bfyghjo, ocjf o bfwbo yhzkmkgh xvf o

bfyghjo jo gkcfbh fb 7 jkbfcwöfw fwzè bvkzo hxvfgkjo, f fwwfw cñbfyow wfykhb vbh pyo}h

xvf o pñilkgo yfhlbfczf hpyo}ov h co}h zfgcolonkh 7J#

7#8#7 Kc}fwz kbfczo co gkcfbh 7J

Fb bhzëykh pvilkghjh ch yf}kwzh ]fah Oclkcf co jkh 04/0>/9080, ë powwâ}fl mhqfy vbh iyf}fhcèlkwf jo kc}fwzkbfczo xvf fwzè wfcjo mfkzo co wfnbfczo 7J# O kczfyfwwhczf ë xvf h bhzëykh

mok pvilkghjh ch phyzf jf fgocobkh, jkyfgkochjh h fbpyfwèykow xvf xvfkyhb jfwfc}ol}fy

cfn÷gkow cfwwh èyfh# Wfnvcjo ow hchlkwzhw jf hîöfw jf iolwhw jf Co}h [oye, ho kc}ëw jf

hpowzhy fb ikldfzfykhw kcwzè}fkw jf gkcfbhw, ow kc}fwzkjoyfw jf}fb kc}fwzky fb fbpyfwhw xvf

zoychb powwâ}fl hwwkwzky f ftkiky mklbfw fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw# Jf hgoyjo gob fwwfw hchlkwzhw, ë

hgocwfldè}fl h gobpyh jf hîöfw jf fbpyfwhw jf kcmyhfwzyvzvyh gobo h YfhlJ, pykcgkphl



70

moycfgfjoyh jf fxvkphbfczo jf pyoafîço fb 7J àw whlhw jf gkcfbh jow Fwzhjow Vckjow, fb

lvnhy jf hpowzhy co wvgfwwo jf mklbfw chw ikldfzfykhw ov chw ghjfkhw jf whlhw jf gkcfbh xvf

nhwzhb ikldöfw jf j÷lhyfw phyh hzvhlkqhy fxvkphbfczow f pyoafzhy mklbfw fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw# H

bhzëykh yfmoyîh o xvf mok zyhzhjo pflh yf}kwzh Wfz co ghpâzvlo 9#>, ocjf ë fcmhzkqhjo xvf o

cfn÷gko jo gkcfbh fb 7J jkwphyov jfpokw xvf H}hzhy wf zoycov o mklbf jf bhkoy ikldfzfykh

fb zojow ow zfbpow# Fwwh yfzobhjh mfq gob xvf }èykow gkcfbhw hzvhlkqhwwfb wvhw zflhw jf

moybh h ftkiky pyojvîöfw fb 7J, xvf jf hgoyjo gob hchlkwzhw ë vb cfn÷gko fwzkbhjo fb 7

ikldöfw jf j÷lhyfw hpfchw ch Hbëykgh jo Coyzf#

Phyh kc}fwzkbfczow, o hchlkwzh Myhcgkw Nhwekcw, pyfwkjfczf jh KPOjfwezop#gob#, kcjkgh

fbpyfwhw xvf wf gocgfczyhb fb dhyj~hyf xvf havjf h hzvhlkqhy ov goc}fyzfy mklbfw phyh zyáw

jkbfcwöfw, ov xvf moycfîhb zfgcolonkh phyh ftkik"low# )O bfyghjo 7J ë vb bfyghjo jf

gyfwgkbfczo fbiykocèyko, poy fcxvhczo# Wf o kc}fwzkjoy opzhy gfjo poy vbh gobphcdkh xvf

}fcdh h jobkchy o wfnbfczo, pojf wf whky ifb)# $NHWEKCW, 9080+ Fwwh goc}fywço jo

gkcfbh 9J fb 7J mok zyhzhjh co ghpkzvlo 9#> jfwzf zyhihldo#

Ow kc}fwzkbfczow ch zfgcolonkh fb 7J }ço hlëb jo gkcfbh# Lhyy{ Nfyiyhcjz, w÷gko"jkyfzoy jh

Bfjkh ]hlvhzkoc Phyzcfyw, gobphyov h yfzobhjh jo 7J gob o wvgfwwo jh Z] jf hlzh

jfmkckîço# )]hk wfy vbh jhxvfl fw pyogfwwow pfl ow xvhkw, gob o zfbpo, h kcmyhfwzyvzvyh zojh

wfyè hzvhlkqhjh phyh 7J#) $NHWEKCW, 9080+

7#8#: Hczfw f jfpokw jf H}hzhy

H bhkoy bhzëykh woiyf o gkcfbh 7J pvilkghjh pflh ]fah, mok ch fjkîço 98:7 jo jkh 8= jf

jfqfbiyo jf 900; gob o zâzvlo jf Hjbkyè}fl bvcjo co}o, vbh yfmfyácgkh ho lk}yo jf Hljovw

Dvtlf{ $8;79+ xvf zyhzh}h woiyf o mvzvyo, zfcjo gobo mogo o mklbf xvf wfykh lhcîhjo chxvflh

wfbhch, H}hzhy # H bhzëykh fwgykzh pflh aoychlkwzh Kwhiflh Iowgo}, zyhzh o mklbf jf Ghbfyoc

gobo yf}olvgkocèyko fb xvfwzço jf zfgcolonkh# Cfwwh ëpogh, }èykhw bhzëykhw moyhb

pvilkghjhw woiyf o mklbf, ch bfwbh wfbhch hw yf}kwzhw Ëpogh f Kwzo ë mkqfyhb vbh nyhcjfyfpoyzhnfb woiyf H}hzhy , hpowzhcjo hlzo ch zfgcolonkh 7J vwhjh poy Ghbfyoc# H ]fah mok h

bhkw ozkbkwzh f goczov jfwjf jo kckgko gobo zvjo gobfîov# Fb 8;;6, Ghbfyoc hpyfwfczov o

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vbh gébfyh jf 7J kjfhl1 lf}f, ènkl f ghphq jf yojhy wkbvlzhcfhbfczf fb 9J f 7J# Jf hgoyjo



78

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f cço phyov bhkw jf zyhihldhy f kc}fwzky co mklbf# H bhzëykh jh ]fah mok ifb ozkbkwzh, f

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gykzkgov powwâ}fkw fmfkzow golhzfyhkw#



79

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Kzèlkh, o Bkckwzëyko jh Whñjf yfgoldfv bhkw jf >#000 ÷gvlow hlfnhcjo bè xvhlkjhjf ch

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Ho goczyhyko jh bhzëykh pvilkghjh co wkzf PI8, h yf}kwzh Nhlkl fv $0;/80+ mfq vbh bhzëykh jf

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jh xvf yfwvlzov cow avyèwwkgow ÷gvlow 7J hcènlkmow, xvf powwvâhb lfczfw goloykjhw $}fyjf f

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Jf hgoyjo gob h omzhlbolonkwzh jh Hwwogkhîço Phvlkwzh jf Bfjkgkch, Bhâyh Boyhlfw, fwwfw

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77

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bfldoy jo xvf o ovzyo#) $BOYHLFW, 9080+ Aè h aoychlkwzh Lhvyh Lopfw jh yf}kwzh Ëpogh

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aoychlkwzhw f bëjkgow#

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O jfwgocmoyzo pojf wfy ghvwhjo poy vbh gocjkîço xvf pyfavjkxvf h }kwço fwzfyfowg÷pkgh, ovwfah, h pfygfpîço coybhl jf pyomvcjkjhjf ikcogvlhy# Fczyf ow pyoilfbhw xvf pojfb pyo}oghy fwwh jkmkgvljhjf fwzço o fwzyhikwbo f h hbilkopkh, popvlhybfczf gocdfgkjh gobo )oldopyfnvkîowo)# Hbiow kckifb h ghphgkjhjf jf moghy hw kbhnfcw, zoychcjo gvwzowh h}kwvhlkqhîço fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw# $]fah, 08/9080+

7#8#= O 7J wfb ow ÷gvl ow

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7:

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$OOWVBK,9080+#

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kbhnfb poy dolonyhbhw ë vb hpfymfkîohbfczo jo 7J#

Jvhw nyhcjfw fbpyfwhw jo wfnbfczo jf wbhyzpdocfw aè hpyfwfczhyhb ow wfvw hphyfldow gob

zfgcolonkh zykjkbfcwkochl xvf goczh gob vbh zflh xvf jkwpfcwh ow ÷gvlow 7J# H bhzëykh jo

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zyáw jkbfcwöfw#

7#9 Hcèlkwf jh yf}kwzh Kcmo Fthbf

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H bhkoy jflhw mok h ghph jf bhko jf 9080# Gob vb zâzvlo ozkbkwzh f gdhbhzk}o ·Ë h doyh jo7Jº h bhzëykh goczh o wvynkbfczo jo gkcfbh 7J, gobo mok zyhzhjo poy Lvgfch Añckoy $900:+

co ghpâzvlo 9#:# H yfpoyzhnfb zhbiëb bowzyh h zfcjácgkh 7J phyh ovzyow wfnbfczow, gobo

nhbfw f kbhnfcw# O mklbf Hlkgf zkcdh hghihjo jf fwzyfhy, f mok o}hgkochjo pflo aoychlkwzh

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vbh fczyf}kwzh gob o jkyfzoy Ahbfw Ghbfyoc, xvf gykzkgov jvyhbfczf h goc}fywço jow mklbfw

fb 9J phyh 7J# Gobo mok fwzvjhjo co ghpkzvlo 9#6 h phyzky jo hyzkno jf Mfljbhc Cfkl $900;+,fwwh pyèzkgh jf goc}fywço fwzè ghjh }fq bhkw gobvb# Ow pyojvzoyfw, }kwhcjo h yfcjh jf

pflâgvlhw fb 7J, hpfchw goc}fyzfb ow mklbfw xvf bvkzhw }fqfw cço zfb h bfcoy cfgfwwkjhjf

jf wfyfb ftkikjow fb 7 jkbfcwöfw#

Wfnvcjo Ghbfyoc, h xvhlkjhjf jh goc}fywço jf vb mklbf 9J ghk jyhwzkghbfczf jo xvf wf

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76

gykzkgov h goc}fywço1 )O pyoilfbh ë xvf fwwhw jfgkwöfw jf}fykhb wfy mfkzhw pflow jkyfzoyfw,

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xvhlkjhjf poy vb gvwzo bhkw ihkto) fcmhzkqov# $GHBFYOC, 9080+

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pojfyfb hwwkbklhy ow fmfkzow jh zfgcolonkh#

Hpfwhy jh ftkikîço ifb"wvgfjkjh, h Nloio cço zyhcwbkzkv bhkw h goph fb 7J cow gkcfbhw,

bhw jkwpockiklkqov h zfgcolonkh phyh xvfb powwvf Z] 7J fb ghwh# Jf hgoyjo gob wkzf N8, h

Nloio fwzvjh h powwkiklkjhjf jf zyhcwbkzky ow aonow jo ghbpfochzo iyhwklfkyo jf mvzfiol fb

7J#

H yf}kwzh ]fah fb wvh fjkîço jf 8> jf avldo, pvilkgov vbh bhzëykh fwpfgkhl woiyf o vwo jh

zfgcolonkh 7J ch Goph jf 908: co Iyhwkl# Phyh xvf ow aonow powwhb wfy }kwzow cow gkcfbhw, h

zfgcolonkh fwzè wfcjo jfwfc}ol}kjh co Iyhwkl poy vbh fxvkpf lkjfyhjh poy Ahcf jf Hlbfkjh,

xvf pfwxvkwh vbh co}h zëgckgh jfcobkchjh :E # Doaf, o gkcfbh goc}fcgkochl jknkzhl ë

gdhbhjo jf 9E, fb yfmfyácgkh ho cñbfyo jf pktflw xvf jfmkcfb h xvhlkjhjf jf yfwolvîço jh

zflh gfygh jf 9#000 doykqoczhkw fcxvhczo h:E powwvk gfygh jf :#000# Gobo hw

pyopoyîöfw joiyhb chw jvhw bfjkjhw $doykqoczhl f }fyzkghl+, h xvhlkjhjf mkchl ë xvhzyo }fqfw

bhkoy# H fxvkpf jf Ahcf nhcdov o yfmoyîo jo hbfykghco Efkzd Gollfh, fwpfgkhlkwzh fb 7J xvf

zyhihldov chw mklbhnfcw fb H}hzhy # Gob havjh jf Gollfh, h fxvkpf yfnkwzyov h mkchl jo

Ghbpfochzo Nhñgdo, fczyf Nyábko f Kczfychgkochl, vwhcjo vb wkwzfbh gob jvhw gébfyhw jf

gkcfbh :E# O yfwvlzhjo mok vb glkpf jf 80 bkcvzow fb 7J xvf mok hpyfwfczhjo ch Goph jo

Bvcjo jh Èmykgh jo Wvl# O mfkzo cvcgh dh}kh wkjo yfhlkqhjo hczfw# $]FAH, 0>/9080+

7#9#: Opkckço moybhjh

H yf}kwzh Kcmo Fthbf pvilkgov wvh opkckço woiyf o mvzvyo jh zfgcolonkh 7J ch fjkîço jf avcdo

jf 9080# H bhzëykh bowzyh h moyîh jh yfzobhjh jo gkcfbh 7J f yfmoyîh h kjëkh jh fwzhiklkjhjfjfwzh zfgcolonkh# Fb vb f}fczo xvf yfvckv Yhmhfl Gkczyh, jh Whbwvcn5 Gëwhy Phjkldh Mkldo,

jh CFZ5 Lñgko Pfyfkyh, jh Woc{5 f Aowë Jkhw, jh Yfjf Nloio, mkqfyhb vbh golfzk}h woiyf o

7J gob o aoychlkwzh Bhvyâgko Nyfno, yfjhzoy"gdfmf jh yf}kwzh Kcmo# Gob o zâzvlo jf ·Ocjh jo

7J jfwzh }fq }fko pyh mkghyº, h pfynvczh mfkzh how goc}kjhjow mok1 ·Wfyè xvf o 7J mkchlbfczf

}hk boljhy h kcjñwzykh jo fczyfzfckbfczo ov zvjo cço phwwh jf vbh co}h cv}fb phwwhnfkyhº?

$Kcmo Fthbf, 0=/80+ H pfynvczh mok o zfbh gfczyhl jf vb jfihzf yfhlkqhjo co jkh 8> jf avcdo



7>

jf 9080, co f}fczo Kcmo@Zyfcjw, fb Wço Phvlo# O gocwfcwo jf zojow ow pyfwfczfw mok

vchckbf, hnoyh o 7J }fko phyh mkghy#

Wfnvcjo h yfpoyzhnfb, zojhw hw fbpyfwhw yfpyfwfczhjhw co phkcfl záb kckgkhzk}hw }olzhjhw

phyh h gocwolkjhîço jo bojflo# Nyfno hmkybh xvf co gkcfbh o 7J aè fwzè gocwolkjhjo, bhw ch

zflf}kwço hkcjh mhlzh h jfmkckîço jf vb phjyço phyh h zyhcwbkwwço# Aowë Jkhw, jh Yfjf Nloio,

fb phygfykh gob h CFZ f h Woc{, aè yfhlkqov zfwzfw jf zyhcwbkwwço jo ghych}hl jfwzf hco fb

7J# Ch oghwkço, h zfgcolonkh hjozhjh mok h gdhbhjh )wkjf"i{"wkjf), ch xvhl jvhw kbhnfcw "

xvf yfpyfwfczhb h }kwço jo oldo jkyfkzo f fwxvfyjo " wço zyhcwbkzkjhw fb vb bfwbo ghchl,

gob h bfzhjf jh ihcjh phyh ghjh vbh#

Wfnvcjo Nyfno, h hmkybhîço jow fczyf}kwzhjow xvhczo h gocwolkjhîço jfmkckzk}h jo 7J cço ë

bfyh fwpfgvlhîço# Gkczyh, jh Whbwvcn, lf}ov jhjow xvf bowzyhb vbh zfcjácgkh jf kcwfyîço

ghjh }fq bhkoy jo bojflo co bfyghjo jo fczyfzfckbfczo# H fbpyfwh, pykbfkyh h }fcjfy

zflf}kwoyfw 7J co Iyhwkl, jkwwf xvf cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, h }fcjh jf hphyfldow 7J yfpyfwfczh

80& jo bfyghjo cfwzf hco# H pyf}kwço phyh 9088 ë xvf 70& jhw zf}áw }fcjkjhw zfcdhb o

yfgvywo# Co gkcfbh, fcxvhczo hpfchw 86 mklbfw moyhb pyojvqkjow fb 7J fczyf 9006 f 9004,

wobfczf cfwzf hco wfyço >0# )Hw co}hw zfgcolonkhw wço hjozhjhw gob ghjh }fq bhkw yhpkjfq),

hmkybov Gkczyh# Wfnvcjo flf, o gyfwgkbfczo co vwo jf zf}á jknkzhl f zflf}kwoyfw jf LFJ

gobpyo}hb fwwh zfcjácgkh# $Kcmo Fthbf, 9080+

7#9#: Bhbonyhm kh fb 7J

H zfgcolonkh 7J mok hlëb jow wfnbfczow bkjkèzkgow# H bhzëykh jk}vlnhjh co Fwzhjo jf Bkchw

$9=/88/80+ yf}flh xvf hlnvbhw glâckghw phyzkgvlhyfw aè powwvfb bhbonyhmkhw jknkzhlkqhjhw,

xvf ghpzhb h kbhnfb jh bhbh f h jkwpockiklkqh fb vb bockzoy jf gobpvzhjoy, co xvhl o

yhjkolonkwzh pojf hchlkwè"lh hvbfczhcjo iykldo, goczyhwzf f zhbhcdo, yfjvqkcjo hwwkb hw

gdhcgfw jf ow zvboyfw phwwhyfb jfwpfygfikjow# H gdhbhjh zobowwâczfwf, zhbiëb gocdfgkjh

gobo bhbonyhmkh 7J, ë mfkzh fb vbh bhb÷nyhmo fwpfgkhl# Gobo mok zyhzhjo co ghpâzvlo 9#4,h zflfbfjkgkch zhbiëb mok ifcfmkgkhjh gob h zfgcolonkh 7J hzyh}ëw jhw dolonyhmkhw# Gobo wf

pojf cozhy, cço ftkwzf myoczfkyhw phyh ftployhy fwwh zfgcolonkh fb }èykhw èyfhw jkwzkczhw#



74

7#7 H moyzf zfcjácgkh jh zfgcolonkh 7J fb jk}fywow wfnbfczow bkjkèzkgow

Phyh fczfcjfy bfldoy o kbphgzo jh zfgcolonkh 7J ch wogkfjhjf goczfbpoyécfh, ë kbpoyzhczf

hchlkwhy o wfv jfwfc}ol}kbfczo hgflfyhjo co hco jf 9080 fb zojhw hw èyfhw jo wdo~

ivckwfwwfw# Ch èyfh jo gkcfbh, h zfgcolonkh 7J kc}hjkv zojow ow nácfyow# Wfnvcjo h yf}kwzh

Nhlkl fv $9080+ vb nyvpo jf gkcfhwzhw jf Docn Eocn hcvcgkov o kcâgko jhw nyh}hîöfw jf 7J

Wft hcj Qfc1 Ftzyfbf F gwzhw{, o pykbfkyo mklbf poycú 7J phyh h Kbht# H pflâgvlh, oyîhjh fb

VW* 7,9 bkldöfw, zfb fwzyëkh pyf}kwzh phyh bhko jf 9088# Ow pyojvzoyfw fwpfyhb jfwfc}ol}fy

vb lvgyhzk}o ckgdo jf bfyghjo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo# Phyh hw Z]w fwzfyfowg÷pkh bojfychw xvf

vwhb ÷gvlow gob oizvyhjoy, o pykbfkyo locnh"bfzyhnfb poycú aè mok pyojvqkjo f pojf wfy

fcgoczyhjo gob o cobf jf Ehbh"Wvzyh# H yf}kwzhNhlkl fv $9080+ hkcjh kcmoybh xvf chjëghjh jf 40 moyhb lhcîhjow mklbfw fy÷zkgow fb 7J, bhw cço zk}fyhb yfzoyco

mkchcgfkyhbfczf#

H zfgcolonkh 7J ftphcjkv wfvw doykqoczfw hlëb jh èyfh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# Jf hgoyjo gob o

wkzf jh BZ] hbfykghch, h ghczoyh pop Lhj{ Nhnh hcvcgkov phyh o hco jf 9088 vb wdo~ fb

7 jkbfcwöfw, hlëb jf lhcîhy vb J]J xvf }kyè gob ÷gvlow pfywochlkqhjow phyh h }kwvhlkqhîço

jo wdo~# Aè h yf}kwzh bhwgvlkch P l h{io{ zhbiëb hjfykv h zfgcolonkh fb wvhw yf}kwzhw# H ghph

jf wfzfbiyo jh fjkîço iyhwklfkyh zyovtf h phyhnvhkh Lhykwwh Ykxvflbf fb mozow 7J# H yf}kwzh}fko gob vb phy jf ÷gvlow nyhzvkzo phyh h oiwfy}hîço# O jfzhldf mok xvf ow ÷gvlow wço

hxvflfw jow cow ;0 zyhzhjow poy Lvgfch Añckoy $9009+ co ghpâzvlo 9#6# Poy wf zyhzhy jf mozow, h

P l h{io{ cço }kv cfgfwwkjhjf jf kc}fwzky cow ÷gvlow jkwzykivâjow co gkcfbh# Hkcjh ch èyfh jf

yf}kwzhw, ow xvhjykcdow co hco jf 9080 fwzço kc}fwzkcjo bhkw fb DX fb 7J# Jf hgoyjo gob

wkzf Kbpvl wo DX, vbh mfkyh hcvhl ë mfkzh fb Nvhyvldow fwpfgkhlbfczf phyh bowzyhy xvhjykcdow

gob hckbhîço fb 7 jkbfcwöfw# Ow nácfyow }hykhb jf dkwz÷ykhw jf wvpfy dfy÷kw h dfczhk#

Ovzyo wfnbfczo xvf hjfykv h zfgcolonkh 7J mok o vck}fywo jow Nhbfw# Jf hgoyjo gob o wkzf Y>, ihwfhjo fb vbh yfpoyzhnfb jf avcdo jf 9080 jo aoychl fwphcdo Fl Phâw, hmkybh xvf ·h

zfcjácgkh ë bfwbo o 7Jº H bhzëykh yf}flh xvf o bvcjo jo}kjfonhbf zhbiëb wf yfcjfv àw

zyáw jkbfcwöfw # Fb vbh mfkyh jf Nhbfw yfhlkqhjh fb Low Hcnflfw fb avcdo jf 9080, h

Ckczfcjo hcvcgkov o }âjfo"nhbf 7J xvf pyobfzf yf}olvgkochy o bfyghjo poy fwzyfhy o

gocwolf $hphyfldo+ 7JW gob nyèmkgow zykjkbfcwkochkw wfb cfgfwwkjhjf jf ÷gvlow fwpfgkhkw

phyh o aonhjoy# H Woc{ zhbiëb hpyfwfczov vb co}o bojflo jf }kjfonhbf 7J, bhw xvf



7;

ftknf vb phy jf ÷gvlow phyh h pfymfkzh }kwvhlkqhîço# Woiyf ow goczyolfw yfbozow, ow jfwzhxvfw

jo F l Phâw moyhb phyh Woc{ f Bkgyowomz# H pykbfkyh poyxvf gykov o wkwzfbh Bo}f, wkbklhy ho

^kk jh Ckczfcjo, xvf ghpzh ow bo}kbfczow jo vwvèyko gob o iyhîo# Aè h Bkgyowomz, wvpfyov

hw gocgoyyfczfw wvpykbkcjo zojow ow goczyolfw f ·pfybkzkcjo ho aonhjoy xvf jobkcf h phyzkjh

gob ow bo}kbfczow jf wfv goypo, kcglvkcjo gobhcjow jf }oqº# $Aoychl F l Phâw, 9080+

Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob o wkzf, ow aonow jf hîço kyço lvgyhy bhkw gob fwwh zfgcolonkh# O aono

Ghll om Jvz{ }fcjfv xvhwf gkcgo bkldöfw jf g÷pkhw chw pykbfkyhw 9: doyhw hp÷w wfv

lhcîhbfczo# Zvjo kcjkgh xvf o mvzvyo jow aonow }kyzvhkw zhbiëb fwzè mhjhjo h zfgcolonkh 7J#

O vck}fywo jh bojh zhbiëb jfwlvbiyov gob h zfgcolonkh 7J# Wfnvcjo o wkzf fwpfgkhlkqhjo

fb bojh Wfb phl fz÷, fb bhyîo jf 9080 mok yfhlkqhjo co Ahpço o pykbfkyo jfwmklf fb 7

jkbfcwöfw# Phyh h ftkikîço, ow zëgckgow vwhyhb hw bfwbhw gébfyhw xvf Ahbfw Ghbfyoc vwov

phyh mklbhy H}hzhy , mfkzhw pflh Phchwockg, xvf pojf wfy gocmfykjo co ghpâzvlo 9#> jfwzf

zyhihldo# Co jfwmklf fb xvfwzço, hw pfwwohw yfgfikhb ÷gvlow phyh hwwkwzky h phwwhyflh fb zflöfw

fwphldhjow pflo loghl# H bhygh jf yovphw locjykch h Ivyifyy{ aè dh}kh zyhcwbkzkjo vb jfwmklf

7J poy bfko jh kczfycfz fb mf}fyfkyo jf 9080# Fwwh cozkgkh yhzkmkgh xvf h zfgcolonkh 7J cço

zfb lkbkzfw phyh wf ftphcjky fb jk}fywow wfnbfczow# O bhyefcz kcn fb gkbh jo 7J kc}hjf h

kczfycfz gob pyojvzow ihchkw f womkwzkghjow# O opoyzvckwbo fb gkbh jh zfgcolonkh mok zyhzhjo

ch yf}kwzh Nhlkl fv $0=/80+, xvf gdfnov h kyockqhy h ihchlkqhîço 7J, gob vbh bhzëykh xvf

yfbfzkh h ghwhbfczow fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw# H Mozo Wzvjko Fxvkpf jfgkjkv hjxvkyky vb

fxvkphbfczo phyh mklbhnfb fb 7J, o pyfîo phyh hwwkwzky o ghwhbfczo fb J]J 7J ë jf Y* ;

bkl yfhkw# Wfyè xvf o pñilkgo kyè gocwfnvky wfphyhy o opoyzvckwbo jh cfgfwwkjhjf jf

hwwkwzky/gobpyhy hlno xvf zfcdh h zfgcolonkh 7J#



:0

6 GOCGLVWÇO

Hp÷w h hcèlkwf jhw bhzëykhw pvilkghjhw chw yf}kwzhw ]fah f Kcmo Fthbf, mok powwâ}fl hplkghy ogocdfgkbfczo zf÷ykgo pyojvqkjo cow jokw pykbfkyow ghpâzvlow phyh wf hzkcnky o oiafzk}o

pykboyjkhl, xvf ë }fykmkghy xvf h yfzobhjh jo gkcfbh 7J, jkmfyfczfbfczf jow hcow hczfykoyfw,

wf fwzhiklkqov hp÷w o locnh H}hzhy , jf Ahbfw Ghbfyoc, zfy wkjo ftkikjo gob fwwh zfgcolonkh

cow gkcfbhw# Ihwfhjo pykcgkphlbfczf chw hcèlkwfw jhw bhzëykhw jh ]fah f Kcmo Fthbf, pojf"wf

pfygfify xvf co hco jf 900; phyh 9080, h bâjkh kbpyfwwh hiykv fwphîo phyh h zfgcolonkh 7J

fb jk}fywow wfnbfczow, jf fgocobkh h bojh# H ]fah vzklkqov vbh lkcnvhnfb bhkw wkbplfw f

jfwgoczyhâjh phyh zyhzhy jo zfbh, jkmfyfczf jh Kcmo Fthbf xvf vwov zfybow zëgckgow phyh zyhzhy

jo hwwvczo#

Gobphyhcjo hw jvhw yf}kwzhw, ë powwâ}fl pfygfify xvf, fb hbiow ow ghwow, h zfgcolonkh 7J ë

zyhzhjh gob ihwzhczf ozkbkwbo# Ow lhcîhbfczow jf mklbfw fb 7J powwvfb bhkw fwphîo xvf ow

jfbhkw5 ë cozè}fl h pyfmfyácgkh jow aoychlkwzhw jf fwgyf}fy woiyf hw co}kjhjfw fb zyáw

jkbfcwöfw# Fb xvhwf fb zojh pvilkghîço wfbhchl jf hiykl h avldo jf 9080 jhw yf}kwzhw

hchlkwhjhw, o zfbh fyh zyhzhjo jf jkmfyfczfw moybhw, gob polábkghw jow fmfkzow golhzfyhkw jow

÷gvlow jkwzykivkjow cow gkcfbhw hzë o kc}fwzkbfczo mkchcgfkyo gocwzhczf jh kcjñwzykh

gkcfbhzonyèmkgh jf Doll{~ooj fb mklbfw 7J#

Jow ; oiafzk}ow fwpfgâmkgow lf}hczhjow phyh h hcèlkwf, h goifyzvyh jh Yf}kwzh ]fah woiyf o

zfbh gocwfnvkv gvbpyky zojow flfw, xvf moyhb, fczyf ovzyow, hchlkwhy o mklbfH}hzhy , jf

Ahbfw Ghbfyoc, gobo pyfgvywoy jh yfzobhjh jo gkcfbh 7J, o mklbf Hlkgf, jf Zkb Ivyzoc,

fb gobphyhîço gob H}hzhy, h zfgcolonkh 7J co fwpoyzf, gobo h Goph jo Bvcjo jf 9080 f h

zfcjácgkh jh zfgcolonkh 7J phyh o mvzvyo fb jk}fywow wfnbfczow#

Goczvjo, hlëb jhw dkp÷zfwfw gocmkybhjhw, jvyhczf h hcèlkwf jhw jvhw yf}kwzhw, lf}hczov"wf

vbh dkp÷zfwf xvf cço mok pyopowzh cow jokw pykbfkyow ghpâzvlow1 opoyzvckjhjfw pyopkgkhjhw

pflh zfgcolonkh 7J f h wvh ihchlkqhîço# Mok powwâ}fl cozhy xvf hlëb jo gkcfbh, h pvilkgkjhjf

fctfynov co zfbh vbh powwkiklkjhjf jf hzyhky lvgyow fb jk}fywhw èyfhw, gobo cow nhbfw,

yf}kwzhw f mklbhnfb jf ghwhbfczo# O bvcjo fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw jobkcov zhczo o bfyghjo jo



:8

gkcfbh xvf gdhbov hzfcîço phyh h mhiykghîço jf Z] w f ovzyow hgfww÷ykow xvf gobfîhyhb h

vzklkqhy h zfgcolonkh 7J fb wfvw pyojvzow#

Hw kcmoybhîöfw jo 7J moyh jh èyfh jo gkcfbh moyhb zço jk}fywkmkghjhw co jfgoyyfy jh hcèlkwf

xvf ë powwâ}fl wvnfyky vb co}o fwzvjo1 o opoyzvckwbo f h ihchlkqhîço jo 7J fwzè hpfchw

gobfîhcjo ov zfyè vb mkb fb iyf}f jf}kjo h kczfcwh ftpowkîço? H bhzëykh jo Fwzhjo jf

B kchw ch hcèlkwf wvnfyf vb hpfymfkîohbfczo jh zfgcolonkh fb zyáw jkbfcwöfw hzyh}ëw jf

dolonyhbhw# O xvf ë gfyzo fb xvfwzço jf zfgcolonkh, ë xvf vbh bhzëykh pvilkghjh oczfb

woiyf xvhlxvfy hphyhzo zfgcol÷nkgo pojf womyfy bvjhcîhw jf}kjo how h}hcîow f

hpfymfkîohbfczo gocwzhczfw#

O fwzvjo pojf zhbiëb pojf wfy vwhjo gobo hvtâlko phyh fczfcjfy bfldoy h zëgckgh 7J f wvh

f}olvîço co gkcfbh $zyhzhjow co ghpâzvlo 9+5 hlëb zhbiëb jf goczykivky phyh vbh hcèlkwf jf

gobo h bâjkh kbpyfwwh $ihwfhjo ch ]fah f Kcmo Fthbf+ zfb wf gobpoyzhjo pfyhczf zhczhw

co}kjhjfw jfwwh èyfh#

Co ébikzo pfwwohl, zhl fwzvjo bowzyov xvf o wfy dvbhco ë ghphq wfbpyf jf wf wvpfyhy, jf

gykhy hlno co}o fb gkbh jf hlno xvf aè mok mfkzo f hpfymfkîohy# Co ébikzo pyomkwwkochl fwzf

zyhihldo bf pfybkzkv zfy vb gocdfgkbfczo bhkw hnvîhjo woiyf h zfgcolonkh co gkcfbh f wvhw

zfcjácgkhw phyh o mvzvyo# Hgyfjkzo xvf fwzf fwzvjo pojf goczykivky phyh bkcdh kcwfyîço cfwzh

èyfh mvzvyhbfczf, pojf wfy vbh p÷w"nyhjvhîço ov bfwzyhjo ch èyfh5 fb vb }fâgvlo jfgobvckghîço ¸ yf}kwzh, aoychl, wkzf ¸ fwpfgkhlkqhjo fb gkcfbh5 ov hzë vb gvywo jf hckbhîço

phyh pyojvîöfw gkcfbhzonyèmkghw#



:9

YFMFYÁCGKHW

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68

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Poy Lhvyo Ahyj kb

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69

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67

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66

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whlhw jf gkcfbh, ch wfbhch xvf }fb# Wfyè ioh opoyzvckjhjf ¸ hkcjh xvf phyh povgow ¸ jf

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kcnyfwwo phyh ovzyhw phyzkjhw jh Goph, hw xvf wfyço yfhlkqhjhw fb ovzyhw gkjhjfw, f cço fb

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>9

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O retorno do Cinema 3D: uma análise do cinema em 3 dimensões pelas revistas Veja e Info Exame

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Transcript of O retorno do Cinema 3D: uma análise do cinema em 3 dimensões pelas revistas Veja e Info Exame