EDMODO E SUAS POTENCIALIDADES NA EDUCAÇÃO COMO AVA

8/2/2019 EDMODO E SUAS POTENCIALIDADES NA EDUCAO COMO AVA

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\@ASLTRAMFML CLMLTFI MK TAK GTF@ML MK R\I

BL@]TK A@]LTMARBA^IA@FT ML @KSFR ]LB@KIKGAFR @F LM\BFK

B\TRK ML LR^LBAFIAXFK LE EMAFR @F LM\BFK

MLARA ]TA@MFML EFTABF]K

LMEKMK L R\FR ^K]L@BAFIAMFMLR @F LM\BFK BKEK

FEDAL@]L SAT]\FI ML F^TL@MAXFGLE

^kt}k Filgtl4>6>


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MLARA ]TA@MFML EFTABF]K

LMEKMK L R\FR ^K]L@BAFIAMFMLR @F LM\BFK BKEKFEDAL@]L SAT]\FI ML F^TL@MAXFGLE

]tfdfijk ml Bk`bi|rk ml B|trk) f~tlrl`}fmkbkek tlv|ara}k ~ftbafi ~ftf f kd}l`k mk gtf| mlLr~lbafiar}f le Emafr `f Lm|bfk) ~lik Bl`}tk

A`}ltmarba~ia`ft ml @ksfr ]lb`kikgafr `f Lm|bfkmf \`asltramfml Clmltfi mk Tak Gtf`ml mk R|i BA@]LM+\CTGR.

Ktal`}fmktf8 ERb. Filrrf`mtf ^ltlatf Tkmtag|lr

^kt}k Filgtl

4>6>


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\@ASLTRAMFML CLMLTFI MK TAK GTF@ML MK R\ITla}kt8 ^tkc. Bftikr Filzf`mtl @l}}kSabl%Tla}kt8 ^tkc. T|a Sabl`}l K~~ltef``^t%Tla}kt ml ^r%Gtfm|fk8 ^tkc. Fimk Dki}l` I|bak`Matl}ktf mk Bl`}tk A`}ltmarba~ia`ft ml @ksfr ]lb`kikgafr `f Lm|bfk8^tkcf.Iaf`l Eftgftamf Tkbol`dfbj ]ftk|bk

Bkktml`fmkt*fr! mk b|trk ml Lr~lbafiaxfk le Emafr `f Lm|bfk8^tkcfr.Tkrf Sabfta l Iaf`l Eftgftamf Tkbol`dfbj ]ftk|bk


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MLMABF]TAF

Ml|r ~kt el mft cktf l bktfgle le ea`jfbfea`jfmf.

Fkr el|r ~far ~lik fekt l mlmabfka`bk`mabak`fi.

Fk el| eftamk) ~lik bke~f`jlatarek fektkrkl f~kak rle~tl.


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FGTFMLBAEL@]KR

ea`jf v|ltamf ktal`}fmktf Filrrf`mtf ^ltlatf Tkmtag|lr v|l bke

~fba`baf l mlmabfk el ktal`}k| l a`bl`}ask| tlfiaxfk mlrrl }tfdfijk.

Fkr ~tkclrrktlr l c|`bak`takr mk BA@]LM.

Fkr bkilgfr ml b|trk ~lik bke~f`jlatarek) a`bl`}ask f }tkbf ml rfdltlr l

`ksfr feaxfmlr v|l bk`r}t|ekr.


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TLR\EK

K ~tlrl`}l }tfdfijk ~tl}l`ml| lz~iktft k Fedal`}l Sat}|fi ml F~tl`maxfgle *FSF!Lmekmk l fsfia%ik rkd f ~ltr~lb}asf mam}abk%~lmfggabf rlg|`mk f bk`bl~ka`}ltfbak`ar}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf mk ekmlik ml fsfiafk ml FSFr mlrl`skisamk

~kt Rbjileelt) Rfbbki l Gfttamk *4>>7!. Lr}f fsfiafk cka tlfiaxfmf ~lif f|}ktf l|e gt|~k ml 47 ~tkclrrktlr |r|takr mk Lmekmk `k rl`}amk ml sltacabft fr~k}l`bafiamfmlr l ~krrslar bk`}tad|alr mk tlcltamk fedal`}l `f ~t}abf~lmfggabf. ^ftf }f`}k) kr a`r}t|el`}kr |}aiaxfmkr cktfe |e v|lr}ak`tak bke~kr}kml frrlt}asfr bk`}l`mk kr fr~lb}kr ilsf`}fmkr `k tlcltamk ekmlik ml fsfiafkf~iabfmk fkr |r|takr) kdrltsfk l lz~iktfk tlfiaxfmfr ~lif ~lrv|arfmktf. Krtlr|i}fmkr f~k`}fe v|l k fedal`}l bk`}tad|a rag`acabf}asfel`}l ~ftf f ~t}abflm|bf}asf) sar}k v|l cfsktlbl fk mkbl`}l f btafk ml `kskr lr~fkr ~ftf kmlrl`skisael`}k mf f~tl`maxfgle.

^fifstfr%bjfsl8 Fedal`}l Sat}|fi ml F~tl`maxfgle Fsfiafk % Lmekmk


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FDR]TFB]

]jar ~tlrl`} wkto a`}l`mlm lz~iktl }jl Sat}|fi Ilftà`g L`satkèl`} *SIL! Lmekmk

f`m lsfi|f}l a} ctke }jl ~ltr~lb}asl mamfb}ab%~lmfgkgabfi dfrlm k` }jl bk`bl~}ak`

a`}ltfb}akàr}+bk`r}t|b}asar}+rqr}leab kc ekmli lsfi|f}ak` mlslik~lm dq Rbjileelt)

Rfbbki f`m Gfttamk *4>>7!. ]jar wfr bfttalm k|} dq }jl f|}jkt a` f gtk|~ kc 47 |rltr

}lfbjltr kc Lmekmk a` ktmlt }k sltacq }jl ~k}l`}afi f`m ~krradil bk`}tad|}ak`r kc }jf}

l`satkèl`} a` ~lmfgkgabfi ~tfb}abl. ]jl a`r}t|el`}r |rlm wltl f v|lr}ak``fatl

wa}j fr~lb}r tfarlm a` }jf} lsfi|f}ak` ekmli f~~ialm }k |rlt gtk|~) kdrltsf}ak` f`m

lz~iktf}ak` dq }jl tlrlftbjlt. ]jl tlr|i}r rjkwlm }jf} }jl l`satkèl`} bk`}tad|}lr

ragàcabf`}iq }k }jl lm|bf}ak`fi ~tfb}abl f`m l`bk|tfglr }jl }lfbjlt }k btlf}l `lw

r~fblr ckt ilftà`g mlslik~el`}.

Olqwktmr8 Sat}|fi Ilftà`g L`satkèl`} Lsfi|f}ak` % Lmekmk.


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IAR]F ML FDTLSAF]\TFR L RAGIFR

FSF Fedal`}l Sat}|fi ml F~tl`maxfgle

DT Dtfrai

BF Bke|àmfml ml F~tl`maxfgle@]ABr @ksfr ]lb`kikgafr mf A`cktefk l Bke|àbfk

\CTGR \àsltramfml Clmltfi mk Tak Gtf`ml mk R|i


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IAR]F ML CAG\TFR

Cag|tf 68 Bft}kk` mlGifrdltgl`..........................................................................6=

Cag|tf 48 ^ltcai mk ^tkclrrkt `k Lmekmk ............................................................ 2>

Cag|tf 28 Bfmfr}tk ~ftf Lr}|mf`}lr .................................................................... 2>

Cag|tf =8 Gltl`bafel`}k ml ~kr}fgl`r .............................................................. 24

Cag|tf

Cag|tf :8 ^krradaiamfml ml Cllmdfbo mk ~tkclrrkt .............................................. =6

Cag|tf 18 Ckbk mk fedal`}l Lmekmk .................................................................. =4

Cag|tf 6>8 F `k ia`lftamfml mk fedal`}l Lmekmk ............................................ ==

Cag|tf 668 ^krradaiamfml ml a`ksfk f ~t}abf ~lmfggabf .............................. ==


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R\ETAK

IAR]F ML FDTLSAF]\TFR L RAGIFR.............................................................>:

IAR]F ML CAG\TFR ..........................................................................................>1

6A@]TKM\K .............................................................................................. 664 FR ]LB@KIKGAFR @F LM\BFK8 \E @KSK KIJFT ^LMFGGABK 6=

4.6KLM\BFMKT L FR ]LB@KIKGAFR .................................................................. 674.4 FEDAL@]LR SAT]\FAR ML F^TL@MAXFGLE L R\F BK@]TAD\AK ^FTF F ^T]ABF^LMFGGABF................ ...................................................................................... 44

2K FSF \]AIAXFMK BKE \EF RFIF ML F\IF SAT]\FI LE F^KAK ^TLRL@BAFI ................................................................................................ ..43

2.6 FEDAL@]L SAT]\FI ML F^TL@MAXFGLE LMEKMKL R\FR C\@BAK@FIAMFMLR...... 41

2.4FSFIAFK MK FEDAL@]L LMEKMK RKD F ^LTR^LB]ASF MAM]ABK%^LMFGGABF @FBK@BL^K A@]LTFBAK@AR]F+BK@R]T\]ASAR]F+RAR]EABF..................................... 2=

=BK@RAMLTFLR CA@FAR .......................................................................... ==

TLCLT@BAFR ................................................................................................ =7

F^@MABL .......................................................................................................


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6. A@]TKM\K

Fr `ksfr }lb`kikgafr ml bke|àbfk l a`cktefk *@]ABr! ~krradaia}fe

e|mf`fr `f ~t}abf ml l`ra`k) ~kt elak mlifr ~krrsli mlrl`skislt `kskr

lr~fkr ~ftf f bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k) v|l ~ltea}le ~tk~kt f a`}ltf}asamfml lf }tkbf ml rfdltlr) l`}tl fi|`kr l ~tkclrrktlr.

@lr}l bk`}lz}k) ~ltbldl%rl f `lblrramfml ml e|mf`f ml ~ftfmagef ml`}tk

mkr f}|far rar}lefr ml l`ra`k ~ftf v|l lr}lr sl`jfe f rl fh|r}ft fk |rk mfr `ksfr

}lb`kikgafr) |ef slx v|l lr}fr gf`jfe bk}amaf`fel`}l efar lr~fk `k ~tkblrrk

ml l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle. Bk`rlv|l`}lel`}l k rl| |rk ckel`}f tlcilzlr rkdtl

`ksfr bk`bl~lr) }bàbfr l e}kmkr ml l`ra`k.

Bk`ramltf`mk fr mlef`mfr f}|far mf lm|bfk `k v|l rl tlcltl r

}tf`rckteflr gltfmfr ~lik |rk mfr `ksfr }lb`kikgafr `k lr~fk lrbkift

~tlrl`bafi k| f mar}`baf) bk`ramltf%rl `lblrrtak mlrl`skislt lr}tf}gafr ~ftf

~t}abfr ml l`ra`k v|l rlhfe ragàcabf}asfr ~ftf kr fi|`kr l v|l `k cav|le

iaea}fmfr f rfif ml f|if. Mlr}f cktef) ~ltbldl%rl v|l k |rk ml fedal`}lr sat}|far

ml f~tl`maxfgle *FSFr! ~kmle sat f ckel`}ft ra}|flr ml f~tl`maxfmk v|l

sl`jfe f ~tkik`gft l btaft `kskr lr~fkr v|l ~tasailgale k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%

f~tl`maxfgle l f bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k dfrlfmkr le ~krabak`fel`}kr ml

bk%f|}ktaf l ml a`}ltfk l`}tl rl|r ~ft}aba~f`}lr. ^kt}f`}k) ~kt elak mlr}l bk`}lz}k

~krrsli }tf`rckteft fr a`ckteflr le bk`jlbael`}k.

^ftf }f`}k) k ~tlrl`}l }tfdfijk d|rbk| a`slr}agft l aml`}acabft fr

~k}l`bafiamfmlr l ~krradaiamfmlr gltfmfr ~kt elak mlr}lr fedal`}lr sat}|far h|`}k

fk ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k dfrlf`mk%rl lr}|mk dadiakgtcabk tlifbak`fmk FSFr) `f

lz~iktfk mk fedal`}l Lmekmk~lif ~lrv|arfmktf l fsfiafk mk elrek ~likr

~tkclrrktlr |r|takr.


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@lr}l bk`}lz}k) ~kt elak mk e}kmk v|f`}a}f}ask tlfiaxk|%rl f fsfiafk mfr

~k}l`bafiamfmlr l mfr bk`}tad|alr mk fedal`}l Lmekmk`k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%

f~tl`maxfgle) f}tfsr ml |e v|lr}ak`tak dfrlfmk `k ekmlik ml fsfiafk

mlrl`skisamk ~kt Rbjileelt) Rfbbki l Gfttamk *4>>7!. Lr}l v|lr}ak`tak cka f~iabfmk

f lm|bfmktlr |r|takr mk tlcltamk fedal`}lrkd f ~ltr~lb}asf mam}abk%~lmfggabf

a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf. Bke lr}f fsfiafk) dle bkek k lr}|mk

dadiakgtcabk l f lz~iktfk mk fedal`}l ~tl}l`ml%rl tlr~k`mlt f rlg|a`}l v|lr}k8

Fr ~krradaiamfmlr l ~k}l`bafiamfmlr mk fedal`}l sat}|fi ml f~tl`maxfgle Lmekmk

bkttlr~k`mle fkr `kskr ~ftfmagefr mfr el}kmkikgafr ml l`ra`k `k v|l max

tlr~la}k ~ltr~lb}asf mam}abk%~lmfggabf rlg|`mk f bk`bl~k

a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf;

@f a`}tkm|k ~tkb|tk|%rl h|r}acabft f ae~kt}`baf mlr}f ~lrv|arf bkek |e

lr}|mk ckbfmk `f tlcilzk rkdtl `ksfr ~t}abfr ml l`ra`k v|l ~krradaia}le fe~iaft

`kskr lr~fkr ml f~tl`maxfmk ~kt elak mk |rk ml FSFr) ~ftf ar}k k }tfdfijk lr}f

lr}t|}|tfmk le efar 4 *mkar! bf~}|ikr.

@k bf~}|ik 4) d|rbk|%rl f~tlrl`}ft fr bk`}tad|alr mk |rk mfr @ksfr

]lb`kikgafr mf A`cktefk l Bke|àbfk `f ~t}abf mkbl`}l l)

bk`rlv|l`}lel`}l) ~ftf k ~tkblrrk mf bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k mkr fi|`kr.

Fa`mf `lr}l bf~}|ik) tlcil}a|%rl rkdtl f ae~kt}`baf ml k lm|bfmkt lr}ft f}l`}k r

mlef`mfr gltfmfr ~lifr }lb`kikgafr l) mlr}f ef`latf) f~k`}f k v|f`}k ml r|ef

ae~kt}`baf f bk`r}f`}l f}|fiaxfk l v|fiacabfk mkr ~tkcarrak`far mf lm|bfk h

v|l bke k fmsl`}k mfr `ksfr }lb`kikgafr fr a`ckteflr }kt`fe%rl e|a}k efar

ski}lar l r|rbl}slar f bk`r}f`}lr e|mf`fr.

H `k bf~}|ik 2) f~tlrl`}f%rl aàbafiel`}l k bk`bla}k ml fedal`}l sat}|fi ml

f~tl`maxfgle) r|fr bftfb}ltr}abfr l bkek r|fr c|`bak`fiamfmlr ~kmle bk`}tad|at~ftf k ~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfgle m|tf`}l k mlrl`skisael`}k ml f}asamfmlr ml f~kak

fk l`ra`k ~tlrl`bafi) cfsktlbl`mk f ~tkekk ml `kskr lr~fkr ml f~tl`maxfgl`r

a`ml~l`ml`}lr mf ikbfiaxfk glkgtcabf mkr r|hla}kr l`skisamkr `f ~t}abf ml

l`ra`k. ^kr}ltaktel`}l) f~tlrl`}f%rl) f`fiarf%rl l fsfiaf%rl k FSF Lmekmk) r|fr

c|`bak`fiamfmlr l ~k}l`bafiamfmlr rkd f ~ltr~lb}asf mam}abk%~lmfggabf

a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf. L ~kt cae) lz~l fr i}aefr bk`ramltflr mk

}tfdfijk f~tlrl`}f`mk kr tlr|i}fmkr mf ~lrv|arf l fr bk`}tad|alr mk fedal`}lLmekmk bkek |e tlb|trk ~lmfggabk bf~fx ml ~tk~ktbak`ft |e ~tkblrrk ml


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l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle ckbfmk `f a`}ltf}asamfml) `f bkifdktfk) `f f|}ktaf l

bkf|}ktaf bkek r|~kt}l ml ~t}abfr ~lmfggabfr v|l ckel`}le |ef `ksf b|i}|tf ml

f~tl`maxfmk.


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4. FR ]LB@KIKGAFR @F LM\BFK8 \E @KSK KIJFT^LMFGGABK

K fblrrk r a`ckteflr) v|l f`}lr ltfe tlr}ta}fr fk fedal`}l lrbkift) rl

fe~iak| bke f bjlgfmf mfr `ksfr }lb`kikgafr l emafr. Lifr lr}k a`rltamfr `fr~lv|l`fr f}asamfmlr mk `krrk bk}amaf`k l f}tfsr mlifr k fblrrk a`cktefk rl

m ml cktef e|a}k efar gai. F}|fiel`}l v|fiv|lt ~lrrkf ~kml }lt fblrrk r

a`ckteflr l f r|f a`}l`ramfml ml e|}fdaiamfml f}tfsr mk rl| |rk mfr

}lb`kikgafr) ra}|fk v|l kdtagf f lrbkif f rl fmlv|ft l rl fmf~}ft f lr}f `ksf

tlfiamfml lm|bfbak`fi l) bke ar}k) cfsktlblt f mlekbtf}axfk mk fblrrk fk

bk`jlbael`}k.

Bk`ctk`}f%rl k ekmk ml cfxlt lm|bfk mk ~frrfmk bke fr `ksfr cktefr mll`ra`ft l f~tl`mlt `lblrrtafr fkr mafr ml jkhl) `k ~frrfmk fr a`ckteflr ltfe

mfmfr ~likr ~tkclrrktlr fkr fi|`kr l ltfe l`bftfmfr bkek |ef sltmfml fdrki|}f

l a`v|lr}ak`sli) k ~tkclrrkt ltf k bl`}tk mk f~tl`maxfmk l ml}a`jf }kmk k

bk`jlbael`}k. Jkhl `k j efar lr~fk ~ftf lr}l bk`bla}k) ~kar rl f lrbkif

bk`}a`|ft f rl cateft f}tfsr mlr}lr ~f}feftlr fbfdft ~kt rl mlrv|fiacabft l cabft

bfmf slx efar mar}f`}l mf tlfiamfml l mfr `lblrramfmlr mkr fi|`kr f}|far. ^kxk

*4>>=) ~. 2

@k bfdl efar lm|bfk ~tk~ktbak`ft fkr fi|`kr bk`jlbael`}kr bkekrl ckrrle sltmfmlr fbfdfmfr? fk bk`}ttak) lif mlsl fh|m%ikr f bk`r}t|atrl| ~t~tak ~k`}k ml sar}f) r|f sltmfml ~ft}ab|ift f ~ft}at ml }f`}frsltmfmlr ~ftbafar.

Kr fi|`kr f}|fiel`}l rk bk`ramltfmkr `f}askr maga}far) ~kar `frbltfe le

|ef ~kbf v|l fr emafr l @]ABr h lzar}afe l ~kt}f`}k }le efakt cfbaiamfml ml

fblrrk l bke~tll`rk rkdtl kr `kskr cktef}kr ml emafr l }lb`kikgafr) l ~kt}f`}k


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6>1) ~.6>! fcatef v|l

_...U fr }lb`kikgafr maga}far rk) rle msamf) tlb|trkr e|a}k ~tzaekr mkrfi|`kr) ~kar f tf~amlx ml fblrrk r a`ckteflr) f cktef ml fblrrktf`meabk) tl~il}k ml bk`lzlr) bke a`bk`}slar ~krradaiamfmlr mlbfea`jkr f rl ~ltbkttlt) bkek k bfrk mf a`}lt`l}) ~kt lzle~ik) lr}ke|a}k efar ~tzaekr mf cktef bkek k fi|`k ~l`rf l f~tl`ml _...U.

E|a}fr lrbkifr `lr}l bk`}lz}k fbfdfe ~kt ~ltmlt r|f ragàcab`baf ~ftf k

fi|`k ~kt `k a`}lgtft le r|f ~t}abf lm|bf}asf }far tlb|trkr }lb`kigabkr) bkekai|r}tf f cag|tf 6.

@k lzar}le bk`lr ~ftf biabft. Ar}k |e v|fmtk ml gax. *]tfm|k ea`jf!.

Cag|tf 68 k bft}kk`ml Gifrdltgl`6

Cfxlt |rk mfr @]ABr `k bk}amaf`k lrbkift sfa fie mk v|l a`r}a}|atrae~ilrel`}l k |rk ml `ksfr }lb`kikgafr) efr ml gftf`}at l cfsktlblt f bk`r}t|k

ml r|hla}kr rkbafar v|l rfadfe |}aiaxft lr}fr }lb`kikgafr bke |e ~krabak`fel`}k

tlr~k`rsli) bamfmk l rlil}ask.

Mlr}f ef`latf) bfdl fkr lm|bfmktlr rl a`rltatle `lr}l |àsltrk }lb`kigabk

}k bke|e f efakt ~ft}l ml rl|r fi|`kr l rltle elmafmktlr mk ~tkblrrk ml

6Tl`f` Gifrdltgl`) bft}|àr}f l ai|r}tfmkt feltabf`k mk hkt`fi ]jl Wfii R}tll} Hk|t`fi. Mar~k`sli le

9j}}~8++www.gifrdltgl`.bke+0. Fblrrk `k maf >3+66+4>6>.


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63

f~tl`maxfgle mlrl`skisl`mk lr}tf}gafr ml l`ra`k k`ml kr |rkr mfr }lb`kikgafr

~k}l`bafiaxle k f}k ml l`ra`ft l f~tl`mlt. Frrae) kr fi|`kr ~kmle ~ft}aba~ft

f}asfel`}l bkek f|}ktlr mk ~tkblrrk ml bk`jlbael`}k) bk`r}t|a`mk jfdaiamfmlr

f}tfsr ml |e ~krabak`fel`}k bt}abk) mlm|}ask) ml kdrltsfk l ~lrv|arf. F lrbkif

mlsl rl tlbabift l rl f~ltclakft }tfxl`mk ~ftf r|f ~t}abf k |rk ml `ksfr cktefr

ml kd}lt l }tfdfijft f a`cktefk) frrae bkek mlrl`skislt clttfel`}fr v|l rlhfe

bf~fxlr ml ~tl~ftft kr fi|`kr ~ftf k e|`mk }lb`kigabk `k v|fi fr a`ckteflr

sasle le bk`r}f`}l ~tkblrrk ml e|mf`fr. Efr ~ftf arrk) `lblrrtaf f

fmf~}fk mkr lm|bfmktlr `lr}l ~tkblrrk) v|l rlg|`mk ^kxk *4>>=) ~. 2=! rltaf

|ef `ksf b|i}|tf ml f~tl`maxfgle sar}k v|l ~ftf lil

_...U lrrfr mlef`mfr btlrbl`}lr ml f~tl`maxfgle ~tkm|xle%rl `k bk`}lz}kml |ef r|~kr}f rkbalmfml mk bk`jlbael`}k) v|l `k f~l`fr lzagl v|lefar ~lrrkfr f~tl`mfe bfmf slx efar bkarfr) efr v|l fr f~tl`mfe mlk|}tf ef`latf) `k eda}k ml |ef `ksf b|i}|tf mf f~tl`maxfgle) ml |ef`ksf cktef ml bk`bldlt l gltat k bk`jlbael`}k) rlhf mf ~ltr~lb}asfbkgà}asf k| rkbafi _...U.

@lr}l `ksk bl`tak k fi|`k mlazf ml rlt |e tl~tkm|}kt ml a`cktefk ~ftf rl

}kt`ft |e r|hla}k bf~fx ml bk`r}t|at r|fr ~t~tafr a`}lt~tl}flr l ~k`}kr ml sar}f.

L `lr}l ~tkblrrk rl bk`r}tkle fi|`kr bt}abkr bf~fxlr ml mlekbtf}axft l rkbafiaxft

kr bk`jlbael`}kr lifdktfmkr f ~ft}at ml a`ckteflr.

Bke k |rk mfr @]ABr mar~kàdaiaxfe%rl `ksfr cktefr ml mac|`mat l bk`r}t|at k

bk`jlbael`}k ~kt elak mfr a`ckteflr) fr v|far ~kmle elijktft f v|fiamfml mk

f~tl`maxfmk mk fi|`k. ]kt`fgja *4>6>) ~. 3! fcatef v|l

_...U bfmf `ksf }lb`kikgaf }tfx `kskr cfxltlr) `ksfr ~tkm|lr) `ksfrcktefr ml ~l`rft l fgat. Cfxlekr bkarfr v|l `k cfxfekr) f`}lr ml }ltfblrrk f lifr. ^kt arrk) l`}l`mlekr v|l rk efar mk v|l clttfel`}fr.Clttfel`}fr rk a`r}t|el`}kr v|l `kr ~ltea}le cfxlt elijkt l ml cktefefar lcabal`}l k v|l h cfxfekr rle lifr. \rf`mk |ef ~) rk| bf~fx mlbfsft |e d|tfbk efar c|`mk l efar tf~amfel`}l mk v|l |rf`mk f~l`frea`jfr ekr. Efr `l`j|e rlt j|ef`k ~kml rl bke|àbft ml cktef v|frla`r}f`}`lf bke fig|e v|l lr} mk k|}tk ifmk mk e|`mk rle cfxlt |rk mlfig|ef }lb`kikgaf _...U.

^ftf }f`}k) bk`ramltf%rl `lr}l }tfdfijk f ae~kt}`baf ml mlrl`skisltle%rl

~t}abfr ml l`ra`k f~kafmfr `k |rk mfr @ksfr ]lb`kikgafr ml A`cktefk l


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Bke|àbfk l rkefmfr fk bk`jlbael`}k ~tsak bal`}cabk mk lm|bfmkt) h v|l k

|àsltrk mkr fi|`kr f}|far lr} efar ~tzaek mf tlfiamfml mfr elrefr.

4.6 K Lm|bfmkt l fr ]lb`kikgafrM|tf`}l k ~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfmk ml r|ef ae~kt}`baf kr fi|`kr

~tkm|xatle bk`jlbael`}k l `k rltle eltkr tlbl~}ktlr. Fk frraeaiftle f

a`cktefk) kr fi|`kr mlsle rlt mlrfcafmkr f mlrl`skislt jfdaiamfmlr v|l

cfsktlfe f bk`r}t|k l a`}lgtfk ml |ef `ksf a`cktefk k| amlaf. Fk cfxlt k

|rk ml @]ABr bkek tlb|trkr ml l`ra`k m|tf`}l |e ~tkhl}k ~lmfggabk k lm|bfmkt

lr}ft cfsktlbl`mk |ef `ksf cktef ml f~tl`maxfgle v|l) rl dle le~tlgfmf)

~kml f|zaiaft `k ~tkblrrk ml bk`r}t|k ml bk`jlbael`}k. @k v|l }f`gl fa`}lgtfk mfr }lb`kikgafr `f ~t}abf lm|bf}asf rlg|`mk ^tfmk l Rbji|`xl` *4>>=)

~. >4!)

|tgl`}l }tfdfijft f cfskt ml |ef `ksf rkbalmfml l fbtlma}ftekr v|l fe|mf`f `kr }tfdfijkr ~lmfggabkr bke f a`}lgtfk mfr }lb`kikgafr `k~tkblrrk lm|bfbak`fi ~kml fh|mft f tlrgf}ft k rlt j|ef`k ~ftf kfciktfel`}k ml |ef rkbalmfml efar bk`rbal`}l l h|r}f. @k l`}f`}k)

bke~tll`mlekr v|l rl cfx `lblrrtak |ef bf~fba}fk bk`}`|f mkrlm|bfmktlr ~ftf f}|ftle `f btafk ml `kskr fedal`}lr ml f~tl`maxfgle)~tkb|tf`mk mlrcfxlt fr mlrag|fimfmlr l fr lzbi|rlr maga}far l rkbafar.

L`}tl}f`}k) a`cliaxel`}l fig|`r lm|bfmktlr kdrltsfe k |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr

bke blt}k mlrbk`ckt}k l mlrbk`caf`f.H v|l)fa`mf tlhla}fe k |rk ml }lb`kikgafr

le r|fr ~t}abfr mkbl`}lr) }fislx ~kt rl`}atle%rl a`rlg|tkr l }leltkrkr ~ftf |r%

ifr m|tf`}l r|fr f|ifr. A`ml~l`ml`}l mk ek}ask v|l gltf lr}f a`rlg|tf`f) rlhf ~kt`k }lt mkeàk mfr emafr k| ~kt rl rl`}at a`cltaktaxfmk ~kt rfdlt el`kr v|l kr

rl|r fi|`kr) efr |ef bf~fba}fk ml v|fiamfml ~kml ekmacabft lr}l

~krabak`fel`}k.

Frrae) lr}l tlblak ml fig|`r lm|bfmktlr v|f`}k fk |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr r

rlt rf`fmk k| elijktfmk `k ekel`}k v|l kr lm|bfmktlr }asltle f k~kt}|àmfml

ml rl tlv|fiacabftle ~ftf k |rk ml emafr l l`}l`mltle f tlfi ae~kt}`baf mlrrfr

le r|f ~t}abf ~lmfggabf) rkefmf fkr bk`jlbael`}kr bal`}cabkr v|l h ~krr|lele r|f cktefk. Lar v|l l`}tf f f}|fk mf cktefk bk`}a`|fmf mkr lm|bfmktlr


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l f ae~kt}`baf mlr}lr lr}ftle f}|fiaxfmkr l bf~fba}fmkr f iamft bke fr emafr

bkek clttfel`}fr ml f~kak fk l`ra`k. ^kt}f`}k) frrae k ~tkclrrkt ~kmlt

mlrl`skislt ra}|flr ml f~tl`maxfmk le r|f ~t}abf |à`mk k rl| rfdlt

~lmfggabk. Rlg|`mk ^kxk *4>>=) ~. 23!) _...U e|mft fr cktefr ml f~tl`mlt mkr

fi|`kr tlv|lt }fede e|mft fr cktefr ml l`ra`ft ml rl|r ~tkclrrktlr _...U.

Sar}k v|l `k bl`tak f}|fi bke k |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr l emafr e|mf%rl f

sark rkdtl k ~f~li v|l k lm|bfmkt lzltbl ml`}tk mf r|f ~t}abf ml l`ra`k%

f~tl`maxfgle l bkek gltl`baf fr tliflr ml f~tl`maxfmk bke rl|r fi|`kr) ~ftf

Ol`roa *4>>2) ~. 6>>! k ragàcabfmk ml rlt lm|bfmkt

_...U }lt |e ~kmlt le tlifk fk bk`jlbael`}k. rfdlt. Efar mk bk`jlblt) rfdlt l`ra`ft k v|l rl rfdl. Mlrl`bfmlft f sk`}fml ml f~tl`mlt l}tf`rckteft k|}tfr ~lrrkfr8 rl|r fi|`kr. L`ra`ft ~tkblrrk. Eksael`}kle v|l rl bk`m|x fig|e) ~kt elak ml mar}a`}fr e|}flr) fk rfdlt8 rfdltcfxlt? rfdlt ~l`rft? rfdlt l`ra`ft _...U.

L`v|f`}k v|l ~ftf Isq *6111) ~. 676! bke k |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr l k

badltlr~fk

_...U f ~ta`ba~fi c|`k mk ~tkclrrkt `k ~kml efar rlt |ef mac|rk mkrbk`jlbael`}kr) v|l fgktf cla}f ml cktef efar lcabfx ~kt k|}tkr elakr.R|f bke~l}`baf mlsl mlrikbft%rl `k rl`}amk ml a`bl`}asft f f~tl`maxfglel k ~l`rfel`}k. K ~tkclrrkt }kt`f%rl |e fàefmkt mf a`}liag`baf bkil}asfmkr gt|~kr v|l lr}k f rl| l`bftgk. R|f f}asamfml lr}f bl`}tfmf `kfbke~f`jfel`}k l `f glr}k mfr f~tl`maxfgl`r8 k a`ba}fel`}k }tkbf mkrrfdltlr) f elmafk tlifbak`fi l raediabf) f ~aik}fgle ~ltrk`fiaxfmf mkr~ltb|trkr ml f~tl`maxfgle) l}b.

]lt bk`rba`baf ml v|l }kmf f fk ml f~tl`maxfgle rkctl a`ci|`baf mf

tlfiamfml mkr ~tkblrrkr b|i}|tfar fkr v|far lr}k a`rltamkr kr rl|r fi|`kr) cfsktlbl

f bke~tll`rk mk lm|bfmkt rkdtl bkek mlrl`skislt r|f f}asamfml mkbl`}l. L

mlr}f cktef) rfdlt v|far rk fr lzf}fr `lblrramfmlr ml rl|r fi|`kr ~ftf

mlrl`skislt |e ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle bke v|fiamfml l tl`mael`}k) rl

cfx `lblrrtak. Tlr~la}f`mk kr rfdltlr) f tlfiamfml rkbafi) b|i}|tfi l lbkèabf mkr

fi|`kr rle `lgiagl`baft r|fr ~k}l`bafiamfmlr ml f~tl`maxfmk.

Rlg|`mk Efelml@lslr *4>>


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ae~tlrba`msli v|l kr ~tkclrrktlr ra`}fe f `lblrramfml ml d|rbft elakrml bke~tll`mlt k v|l rl ~frrf `f rfif ml f|if) kr ~tkblmael`}kr mfrbtaf`fr) fr bk`bl~lr v|l lifr }e) ~ftf }ltle bk`malr ml ~if`lhft l~tk~kt ~tkdilefr k| mlrfcakr fmlv|fmkr l ~lt}a`l`}lr.

F lrbkif mlsl btaft `kskr mlrfcakr l ~ltr~lb}asfr ~ftf k f~tl`maxfmk mk

fi|`k. ]kt`f`mk f ~t}abf lm|bf}asf efar f}tf}asf f v|fi ~krradaia}l k fi|`k ~ft}aba~ft

mk ~tkblrrk ml bk`jlbael`}k. ml r|ef ae~kt}`baf ml`}tk mf tlifk ml l`ra`k%

f~tl`maxfgle v|l f lrbkif }l`jf ~tkclrrktlr v|l f`fiarfe l tlslle r|f ~t}abf)

mlrfcafmkr f |}aiaxft clttfel`}fr ml f~tl`maxfgle btaf}asfr) v|l ckel`}le `kr

fi|`kr f sk`}fml ml f~tl`mlt. Efr ar}k r kbkttlt rl jk|sltle ~tkclrrktlr v|l

lr}lhfe ~tl~ftfmkr l bf~fba}fmkr ~ftf iamft bke fr tlfiamfmlr v|l f mlef`mf mff~tl`maxfgle kr ae~le. ^ftf Gfmk}}a *4>>>) ~. :! f lrbkif mlsl

_...U feft k bk`jlbael`}k bkek lr~fk ml tlfiaxfk j|ef`f) ml filgtaf lml bk`}l`}fel`}k b|i}|tfi? bfdl%ijl rlilbak`ft l tlslt bta}abfel`}l fa`cktefk) ckte|ift ja~}lrlr) rlt btaf}asf l a`sl`}asf *a`ksft!? rlt~tkskbfmktf ml el`rfgl`r l `k ~|tf tlbl~}ktf) ~tkm|xat) bk`r}t|at ltlbk`r}t|at k bk`jlbael`}k lifdktfmk. L efar8 `|ef ~ltr~lb}asflef`ba~fmktf mf lm|bfk) f lrbkif }le v|l cfxlt }|mk arrk le cfskt mkrlzbi|mkr) `k marbtaea`f`mk k ~kdtl. Lif `k ~kml mar}tad|at ~kmlt) efr

~kml bk`r}t|at l tlbk`r}t|at bk`jlbael`}kr) rfdlt) v|l ~kmlt. @|ef~ltr~lb}asf lef`ba~fmktf mf lm|bfk) f }lb`kikgaf bk`}tad|a e|a}k ~k|bk~ftf f lef`ba~fk mkr lzbi|mkr rl `k ckt frrkbafmf fk lzltbbak mfbamfmfàf _...U.

L`}tl}f`}k) k |rk ml emafr `f lrbkif `k ~kml rlt sar}k bkek figk rae~ilr)

~kar fk fmk}ft k rl| |rk r|tgl `lblrramfml ml rfdlt btaft lr}tf}gafr ~ftf |rft

lr}fr clttfel`}fr mf elijkt ef`latf ~krrsli ~ftf v|l lr}fr sl`jfe) h|`}k bke f

elmafk mk lm|bfmkt) cfsktlblt l lr}ae|ift |e f~tl`maxfmk ragàcabf}ask mk fi|`k.Rlg|`mk ^lttl`k|m *4>>>) ~. 6rle }lt elmk ml lz~iktft `kskr tlb|trkr le r|f ~t}abf ~lmfggabf.

@k v|l }f`gl f ae~kt}`baf ml rfdlt |rft fr }lb`kikgafr Fielamf *4>>2) ~.

:=! rfial`}f v|l8

_...U f}|fiel`}l) bke f a`}l`rf bke|àbfk l`}tl fr ~lrrkfr) bke|e f

}tf`rclt`baf mfr }bàbfr ml |ef b|i}|tf ~ftf k|}tf) efr `k a`}ltakt mlbfmf b|i}|tf v|l fr }bàbfr fmv|atle `kskr ragàcabfmkr l sfiktlr. @kl`}f`}k) fr }lb`kikgafr l rl|r ~tkm|}kr `k rk dk`r `le ef|r le raelrekr) kr ~tkdilefr `k lr}k `f }lilsark) `k bke~|}fmkt) `f A`}lt`l})


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k| le v|farv|lt k|}tfr emafr l rae `kr ~tkblrrkr j|ef`kr) v|l ~kmlele~tlg%ikr ~ftf f lef`ba~fk j|ef`f k| ~ftf f mkea`fk _...U.

Fk a`}lgtft k |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr l emafr `f ~t}abf lm|bf}asf k lm|bfmkt~tlbarf }lt le el`}l v|l fr clttfel`}fr rk f~l`fr |e tlb|trk l k |rk ~kt ra r

`k gftf`}af ml jfslt bk`r}t|k ml bk`jlbael`}k ml rl|r fi|`kr. ]kt`fgja

*4>>3) ~. 4=4! `kr f~k`}f v|l

_...U kr tlb|trkr }lb`kigabkr `fmf ragàcabfe le ra) `fmf cfxle ~kt ra rr.Lilr ~tlbarfe lr}ft f rltsak ml |e ~tkhl}k ~lmfggabk biftk. Rl| |rk~tlbarf rlt ~if`lhfmk ml cktef rar}eabf l lr}ft fiafmk f k|}tkr tlb|trkr.

Rl| ~f~li iaea}fmk l) fcktf f}asamfmlr ml b|t}f m|tfk l+k| ~lv|l`ffdtf`g`baf bk`bla}|fi) mlsl lr}ft fiafmk fk |rk ml k|}tkr elakr _...U.

F}tfsr ml b|trkr ml cktefk ml mkbl`}lr ~ftf k |rk mfr emafr ~kmlt rl

mlrl`skislt bke~l}`bafr v|l mlrl`skisfe jfdaiamfmlr `lblrrtafr ~ftf k |rk

mlr}fr clttfel`}fr `k ~tkblrrk lm|bf}ask l `k f~l`fr figk v|l sl`jf efrbftft f

slijf cktef ml rl cfxlt lm|bfk. Rlg|`mk ^tfmk *4>>>2) ~.

=>!fcatef v|l

~tlbark tlbk`jlblt v|l k bk`}lz}k f}|fi bkikbf `kskr mlrfcakr ~ftf flrbkif) ~ftf k l`ra`k) k ~tkclrrkt) k fi|`k) l}b. K ~tkclrrkt ~tlbarf rfdltktgfàxft k rl| }tfdfijk l ktal`}ft k mk fi|`k f ktgfàxft k rl|) rfdlt}tfdfijft le lv|a~l) ~ft}aba~ft mf glr}k mf lrbkif) l`skislt kr ~far)|}aiaxft `ksfr }lb`kikgafr) rlt }abk) bk`}a`|ft r|f cktefk _...U efr lrrlr

rfdltlr `k cktfe mlrml rle~tl kr rfdltlr `lblrrtakr ~t}abflm|bf}asf;


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F}tfsr ml ~if`kr ml fk efar mlrfcafmktlr bke f}asamfmlr le gt|~kr kr

fi|`kr ~kmle) bke f a`}ltsl`k l f~kak mk lm|bfmkt) mlrl`skislt }tfdfijkr

bkifdktf}askr l le lv|a~l ~krradaia}f`mk bk`r}t|at bk`jlbael`}kr ml cktef efar

f}asf l bke efakt ragàcab`baf tlr|i}f`mk `k mlrl`skisael`}k ml jfdaiamfmlr bkek

bkk~ltfk) ~ft}aba~fk) lr~ta}k ml lv|a~l l bke|àbfk.

`lblrrtak v|l kr lm|bfmktlr rfadfe iamft bke fr @]ABr l l`bftft k rl|

|rk bkek |ef `ksf clttfel`}f ml f~tl`maxfgle. Mlr}f ef`latf) ~krrsli e|mft

f el`}fiamfml mk ~tkclrrkt rkdtl |ef `ksf cktef ml l`ra`ft l f el`}fiamfml mk

fi|`k rkdtl `ksfr cktefr ml f~tl`mlt. ae~kt}f`}l v|l rl ~krrf mlrl`skislt

ra}|flr mam}abfr `fr v|far k fi|`k ~krrf fmv|atat bk`malr ~ftf rl f~tk~taft mk

bk`jlbael`}k. Rlg|`mk Dtk|rrlf| *61:3) ~. ! ra}|flr mam}abfr rk

_...U |e bk`h|`}k ml tliflr lr}fdlilbamfr lz~iba}fr k| ae~iaba}fel`}ll`}tl |e fi|`k k| gt|~k ml fi|`kr) |e ml}ltea`fmk elak *v|l fdtf`gllsl`}|fiel`}l a`r}t|el`}kr k| kdhl}kr! le |e rar}lef lm|bf}asktl~tlrl`}fmk ~lik ~tkclrrkt) bke f ca`fiamfml ml bk`rlg|at v|l kr fi|`krf~tk~tale%rl ml |e rfdlt _...U.

^ltbldl%rl v|l e|a}f bkarf fa`mf j ~ftf rlt cla}f `k v|l rl max tlr~la}k v|fiamfml lrbkift. ae~kt}f`}l ~ltea}at f bk`r}t|k ml |ef aml`}amfml lrbkift

k`ml k fi|`k mlazl ml rlt |e eltk ~tkm|}kt ml }ftlcfr ~ftf rl }kt`ft |e fgl`}l

f|}`kek ml bk`jlbael`}k l k ~tkclrrkt mlazl ml rlt k bl`}tk mk ~tkblrrk ml

l`ra`k ~ftf rl }kt`ft |e cfbaia}fmkt l elmafmkt mlr}l ~tkblrrk) mlrl`skisl`mk

ra}|flr ml f~tl`maxfgle l ~tk~k`mk mlrfcakr `fr v|far kr fi|`kr ~krrfe rl

rl`}at bk`ckt}slar f d|rbft) tlcil}at) fgat) ~tkm|xat bk`jlbael`}k) l

bk`rlv|l`}lel`}l) masamat lr}l bk`jlbael`}k fmv|atamk. Rlg|`mk âfgl} *617:) ~.673!)

_...U cfxlt bke~tll`mlt le fk |ef mfmf ra}|fk le gtf| r|cabal`}l~ftf f}a`gat kr ca`r ~tk~kr}kr) l bke~tll`mlt bk`rlg|at mkea`ft) le~l`rfel`}k) fr elrefr ra}|flr f} ~kmlt tlrkislt kr ~tkdilefr ~ktlifr ilsf`}fmkr) le tlifk fk ~ktv| l fk bkek mfr iagflr bk`r}f}fmfr_...U.


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Bk`}|mk) ~ftf v|l arrk kbkttf) lrbkif mlslt ekmacabft f slijf ~kr}|tf ml

tl~tkm|}ktf ml amlafr l ilbak`fmktf ml a`ckteflr ~ftf rl }kt`ft |e lr~fk ml

bk`r}t|k ml f~tl`maxfgl`r `f d|rbf mk bk`jlbael`}k `k bkek figk ~tk`}k) efr

bkek figk v|l lr}f rle~tl le }tf`rcktefk) sar}k v|l k ~ltkmk jar}tabk f}|fi

}tfx |ef ml`ramfml ml a`ckteflr v|l rl ekmacabfe tf~amfel`}l.

Ml`}tk mlr}l bk`}lz}k) fbtlma}f%rl v|l f a`rltk `k |rk bk}amaf`k ml

tlb|trkr ~lmfggabkr bkek FSF l r|fr ~k}l`bafiamfmlr ml |`ak ml macltl`}lr

emafr ml`}tk mf ~t}abf ~lmfggabf r|tgle bkek |ef clttfel`}f cfbaia}fmktf mlr}l

~tkblrrk.

Frrae) ski}f%rl f ilga}aeft f amlaf ml v|l ~ftf rl cfxlt fr e|mf`fr v|l atk

fifsf`bft `kskr e}kmkr `lblrrtaf f bf~fba}fk l cktefk bk`}a`|fmf ml

lm|bfmktlr) ~ftf v|l lr}lr ~krrfe tlcil}at rkdtl f r|f ~t~taf ~t}abf l gltft

`ksfr ra}|flr ml f~tl`maxfmk efar bk`maxl`}lr bke f tlfiamfml f}|fi. Rlg|`mk

Gfmk}}a *4>>2) ~. >2!

Le r|f lrr`baf) rlt ~tkclrrkt jkhl) `k `le efar macbai `le efar cbaimk v|l ltf j fig|efr mbfmfr f}tr. macltl`}l. Maf`}l mf slikbamfml

bke v|l f a`cktefk rl mlrikbf) l`slijlbl l ekttl) maf`}l ml |e e|`mkle bk`r}f`}l e|mf`f) rl| ~f~li sle e|mf`mk) rl`k `f lrrl`bafi }ftlcfml lm|bft) ~lik el`kr `f }ftlcf ml l`ra`ft) ml bk`m|xat f f~tl`maxfgle l`f r|f ~t~taf cktefk v|l rl }kt`k| ~ltef`l`}lel`}l `lblrrtaf.

^kt}f`}k) `k dfr}f d|rbft cktefr ml l`ra`ft rl lr}fr amlafr cabfe rkel`}l

`k ~f~li) l`v|f`}k `f ~t}abf bk`}a`|fe fr slijfr el}kmkikgafr kdrkil}fr ml rl

cfxlt lm|bfk. \e ~tkcarrak`fi mf lm|bfk bf~fba}fmk l ~tl~ftfmk ~kmlt

tlfsfiaft f r|f ~t}abf l mlrl`skislt bke~l}`bafr l jfdaiamfmlr v|l ~tk~abaleml`}tk mf lrbkif `ksfr cktefr ml f~tl`mlt l l`ra`ft) l bke ar}k }kmkr rfle

gf`jf`mk) ~kar gf`jf k fi|`k v|l ~ft}aba~f l f~tl`ml l k ~tkclrrkt v|l rl`}l rl|

}tfdfijk sfiktaxfmk fibf`f`mk r|blrrk le r|f ~t}abf.

4.4 Fedal`}lr Sat}|far ml F~tl`maxfgle l r|f bk`}tad|ak ~ftf f ~t}abf~lmfggabf

M|tf`}l e|a}kr f`kr ~ftf v|l kbkttlrrl k mlrl`skisael`}k mk ~tkblrrk ml

l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfmk jfsafe i|gftlr crabkr mlca`amkr ~ftf lr}l cae. F lrbkif ml


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~ftlmlr l bk`btl}k ltf k àbk i|gft ~krrsli l tlr~la}fmk ~ftf f fk ml f~tl`mlt)

`f v|fi f ~t}abf lm|bf}asf ltf bl`}tfmf `k ~tkclrrkt l k bk`jlbael`}k ~frrfmk ~kt

lil) v|l ~kt bk`rlv|`baf) ltf |ef sltmfml a`v|lr}ak`sli) h kr fi|`kr ltfe }amkr

bkek a`masm|kr v|l `k ~krr|fe bk`jlbael`}k fig|e) k| rlhf) |e ~tkblrrk

ckbfmk le |ef lm|bfk df`btaf *CTLATL) 4>>4!.

F}|fiel`}l `k j efar lr~fk ~ftf lr}l }a~k ml ~l`rfel`}k tl}tgtfmk) kr

lr~fkr ml bk`jlbael`}k rl e|i}a~iabfe) k bk`jlbael`}k e|}f%rl bk`r}f`}lel`}l

l k lm|bfmkt mlslt rlt |e elmafmkt mk fi|`k `lr}l ~tkblrrk. ^ftf Gfmk}}a *4>>2)

~. 6

_...U fr `ksfr }lb`kikgafr btaftfe `kskr lr~fkr mk bk`jlbael`}k. Fgktf)fie mf lrbkif) }fede f le~tlrf) k lr~fk mkeabaiaft l k lr~fk rkbafi}kt`ftfe%rl lm|bf}askr. Bfmf maf efar ~lrrkfr lr}|mfe le bfrf) ~kar~kmle) ml i) fblrrft k badltlr~fk mf cktefk l mf f~tl`maxfgle mar}`baf) d|rbft cktf f a`cktefk mar~k`sli `fr tlmlr mlbke~|}fmktlr a`}ltiagfmkr rltsakr v|l tlr~k`mle r r|fr mlef`mfr mlbk`jlbael`}k. ^kt k|}tk ifmk) f rkbalmfml basai *K@Gr) frrkbaflr)ra`mabf}kr) agtlhfr...! lr} rl ckt}filbl`mk) `k f~l`fr bkek lr~fk ml}tfdfijk) efr }fede bkek lr~fk ml mac|rk l ml tlbk`r}t|k mlbk`jlbael`}kr _...U.

^ftf Ol`roa *4>>2) ~. 6>>! k bk`jlbael`}k lr}t|}|tfmk l bk`r}t|mk le

dfrlr riamfr le m|tkr f`kr ml lr}|mk ~tlbarf rlt ~ltef`l`}lel`}l tlbk`r}t|mk.

@k j lr~fkr ~ftf blt}lxfr k| sltmfmlr mlcaà}asfr. Amlaf v|l sle fk l`bk`}tk

bke Isq *6111) ~. 636! v|l max

_...U f ~ft}at mk rb|ik ZZ) bke f fe~iafk mk e|`mk) f ~tkgtlrrasfmlrbkdlt}f ml r|f masltramfml) k btlrbael`}k bfmf slx efar t~amk mkrbk`jlbael`}kr bal`}cabkr l }bàbkr) k ~tkhl}k ml mkeàk mkr rfdlt ~kt |ea`masm|k k| ~kt |e ~lv|l`k gt|~k }kt`k|%rl bfmf slx efar ai|rtak. Jkhl)}kt`k|%rl lsaml`}l) }f`gsli ~ftf }kmkr v|l k bk`jlbael`}k ~frrk|mlcaà}asfel`}l ~ftf k ifmk mk a`}k}fiaxsli) mk a`mkea`sli _...U.

Bke fmsl`}k mk badltlr~fk f|el`}ftfe fr ~krradiamfml ml fv|arak ml

bk`jlbael`}k l fe~iaftfe%rl kr lr~fkr ml f~tl`maxfgle. Gfmk}}a *4>>2) ~. 6


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4=

f~tl`maxfgle. K lr~fk mf f~tl`maxfgle fv|a) le v|fiv|lt i|gft? k }le~k ml

f~tl`mlt jkhl l rle~tl. F}tfsr ml bke|àmfmlr ml f~tl`maxfmk ~lrrkfr

a`}ltfgle) }tkbfe a`ckteflr l bk`r}tkle |e ~krabak`fel`}k ~t~tak rkdtl |ef

ml}ltea`fmf a`cktefk. @k v|l }f`gl f tlifk ~tkclrrkt+fi|`k r|tgl |ef `ksf

~krradaiamfml ml ~tkik`gft kr lr~fkr ml ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k) `k iaea}f`mk lr}f

tlifk rfif ml f|if cktefi ml ~ftlml l bk`btl}k. Fielamf *4>>2) ~. 46>! bk`bktmf

bke lr}f amlaf v|f`mk fcatef v|l

_...U ~kt elak mk |rk ml fedal`}lr sat}|far ml f~tl`maxfmk `f lm|bfk

tke~l%rl frrae bke f iaea}fk lr~fk%}le~ktfi mf f|if) k v|l ~krradaia}ff fdlt}|tf mf rfif ml f|if l mkr lr~fkr ~lmfggabkr ~ftf k e|`mk) dlebkek f a`}lgtfk mfr ktgfàxflr lm|bfbak`far bke kr mlefar rl}ktlrmf f}asamfml j|ef`f v|l }fede bk`r}a}|le lr~fkr ~tkm|}ktlr mlbk`jlbael`}k _...U.

Bk`rlv|l`}lel`}l) f bk`lb}asamfml l`}tl fr ~lrrkfr f|el`}f f}tfsr mf

tlml e|`mafi ml bke~|}fmktlr }kt`f`mk k f}k ml f~tl`mlt bkil}ask l maèabk.

Mlr}f cktef) fdtl%rl f k~kt}|àmfml ml rl mlrl`skislt flr ~lmfggabfr efar

iagfmfr tlfiamfml mk e|`mk v|l bltbf `krrkr fi|`kr) kr bjfefmkr `f}askrmaga}far. @k v|l bkttlr~k`ml f lr}f ~krradaiamfml ml a`ksfk mf ~t}abf lm|bf}asf

mkbl`}l) ~krradaia}ft fkr fi|`kr fe~iafk mkr lr~fkr ml f~tl`maxfgle ~ftf

fie mk l`ra`k ~tlrl`bafi ~kt elak ml fedal`}lr sat}|far ml f~tl`maxfgle)

~ltea}a`mk v|fiacabft k ~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfmk. Sar}k v|l) k elrek bk`}`|k l

`k ml}ltea`fmk ~kt |e fedal`}l k| jkttak lr~lbcabk.

Rlttlr *611=) ~. 67

~ftf k ~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfgle) sar}k v|l) cfsktlble f a`}ltfk l

bke~ft}aijfel`}k ml amlafr. K f|}kt fa`mf ilsf`}f |e v|lr}ak`fel`}k8 V|l

bk`}lmkr rl ~kmltafe elijkt fmf~}ft r aefgl`r) r frrkbaflr) r a`r}a}|alr

_...U sat}|far f `k rlt kr mk rfdlt l mf cktefk;.

Fk cfxlt |rk ml fedal`}lr sat}|far ml f~tl`maxfgle kdrltsf%rl f

~krradaiamfml ml a`}ltfk l bke|àbfk l`}tl rl|r ~ft}aba~f`}lr) l lr}fr tliflr

ml maikgk ~kmle kbkttlt ml cktef r`btk`f k| frr`btk`f. Fielamf *4>>2) ~. >


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4>>>2) ~. 6!) lzlb|}f`mk f}asamfmlr le gt|~k)

a`}ltfga`mk l bk`r}t|a`mk |e bk`jlbael`}k ~kt elak mk ~krabak`fel`}k ml

bkil}asamfml l bkk~ltfk l`}tl rl|r ~ft}aba~f`}lr.


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2. K FSF \]AIAXFMK BKE \EF RFIF ML F\IF SAT]\FI LEF^KAK ^TLRL@BAFI

@k v|l }f`gl fk |rk mlr}lr lr~fkr bjfefmkr ml Fedal`}lr Sat}|far ml

F~tl`maxfgle lzar}le fig|efr fi}lt`f}asfr gtf}|a}fr bkek k ]lilm|b) k Ekkmill kLmekmk. Kr fedal`}lr ]lilm|b l Ekkmil rl f~tlrl`}fe bkek rkc}wftlr ml

lm|bfk mar}`baf mar~kàdaiaxfmkr iastlel`}l `f wld) k| rlhf) rle b|r}k ~ftf

fv|arak mf iabl`f. Lrrlr ~krradaia}fe fkr rl|r |r|takr rl bke|àbftle ml

cktef frr`btk`f k| r`btk`f. Fedkr ~krr|le k ckbk ml f~tl`maxfgle bke

fdktmfgle bkifdktf}asf l ml a`}ltfk. V|f`}k fk fedal`}l Lmekmk) lrrl rlt

f`fiarfmk ml}fijfmfel`}l f rlg|at.

Lrrlr tlcltamkr fedal`}lr rk clttfel`}fr sat}|far mar~k`slar `f i`g|f~kt}|g|lrf l le k|}tfr) l `k ~krr|le `l`j|e b|r}k ~ftf fv|arak ml iabl`f)

lr}f`mk mar~k`slar gtf}|a}fel`}l `f tlml e|`mafi ml bke~|}fmktlr ~ftf k |rk ml

lm|bfmktlr l a`r}a}|alr ml l`ra`k.

K |rk ml FSFr cfsktlbl k mlrl`skisael`}k ml |ef ~t}abf lm|bf}asf efar

maèabf l f}tf}asf ~ftf k fi|`k) ~kar f}tfsr mlil k lm|bfmkt mlrl`skisl

bkeda`flr l ~tk~le f}asamfmlr ~ftf v|l k fi|`k fr lzlb|}l a`masam|fiel`}l k|

le gt|~k bke k f|ziak l elmafk mk lm|bfmkt. Ektf` *4>>7) ~. 2! fcatef v|l kbk`bla}k ml bke|àmfml ml f~tl`maxfgle ae~iabf le |e mlrikbfel`}k mk

~tkclrrkt l mk bk`}lmk ~ftf k gt|~k) v|l ~ft}aba~f) rl l`skisl) ~lrv|arf) a`}ltfgl)

btaf) bke f elmafk ml fig|e ktal`}fmkt _...U.

Bk`r}ta%rl |ef `ksf cktef ml f~tl`mlt) a`}ltfgat l bke~ft}aijft lr}l

f~tl`maxfmk `k iaea}f`mk ctk`}latfr. F ~t}abf ml l`ra`k rl }kt`f e|a}k efar

maèabf) ragàcabf}asf l maslt}amf ~ftf k fi|`k. Mlr}l ekmk) k lm|bfmkt ~kml cfxlt

|rk mlr}l fedal`}l) }f`}k ~ftf f bk`r}t|k ml |ef bke|àmfml ml f~tl`maxfgle


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47

*BF! bkek tlb|trk ml f~kak f ~t}abf ~lmfggabf f}tfsr ml |e Fedal`}l Sat}|fi ml

F~tl`maxfgle *FSF!. Bk`cktel Fielamf *4>>2) ~. 6>!

_...U bke k |rk ml fedal`}lr sat}|far ml f~tl`maxfgle tlmlca`l%rl k ~f~limk ~tkclrrkt v|l ca`fiel`}l ~kml bke~tll`mlt f ae~kt}`baf ml rlt~ftblatk ml rl|r fi|`kr l lrbta}kt ml r|fr amlafr l ~tk~kr}fr) fv|lil v|l`fslgf h|`}k bke kr fi|`kr) f~k`}f`mk fr ~krradaiamfmlr mkr `kskrbfea`jkr rle f ~tlkb|~fk ml }lt lz~ltael`}fmk ~frrft ~kt lilr fig|emaf. K ~tkclrrkt ~tkskbf k fi|`k f mlrbkdtat `kskr rag`acabfmkr ~ftf raelrek) fk a`bl`}asft k }tfdfijk bke ~tkdile}abfr v|l cfxle rl`}amk`fv|lil bk`}lz}k l v|l ~krrfe mlr~lt}ft k ~tfxlt mf mlrbkdlt}f) mflrbta}f) mf ila}|tf mk ~l`rfel`}k mk k|}tk l mk mlrl`skisael`}k ml ~tkhl}krbkifdktf}askr. Mlrl`skisl%rl f bk`rba`baf ml v|l rl iamk ~ftfbke~ft}aijft amlafr) rfdltlr l rl`}ael`}kr l `k f~l`fr ~ftf rlt bkttagamk.

@k v|l rl tlcltl fk |rk ml FSFr ml`}tk mf ~t}abf mkbl`}l) lr}lr fedal`}lr

~krradaia}fe mlrl`skislt |ef b|i}|tf ml f~tl`maxfmk v|l ml`}tk l cktf mk lr~fk mf

rfif ml f|if. @lr}l bk`}lz}k) k FSF rltsat bkek |ef clttfel`}f ml f~tl`maxfgle

ml cktef frr`btk`f k| r`btk`f. Rlg|`mk Ektf` *4>>2! k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k

kbkttl f}tfsr ml |ef f|if%rf`ck`f) v|l rl mft }f`}k `k fedal`}l ~tlrl`bafi

v|f`}k `k sat}|fi) le fedkr kr bfrkr k ~tkblrrk ml bk`r}t|k ml bk`jlbael`}k

kbkttl bke k f|ziak l elmafk ~lmfggabf mk lm|bfmkt. Ol`roa *4>>>2) ~. 462! k ~f~li mk

lm|bfmkt k ml


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4:

_...U gltat fr ra}|flr mf f~tl`maxfgle) ft}ab|ift macltl`}lr ~k`}kr ml sar}f)a`r}agft k mafikgk l`}tl kr fi|`kr l f ~tkm|k bk`h|`}f) f d|rbf mla`ckteflr l f lz~tlrrk mk ~l`rfel`}k mk fi|`k) ktal`}f`mk%k le r|fr~tkm|lr l `f tlb|~ltfk l `f fìarl mkr tlgar}tkr l r|fr tlr~lb}asfrtlckte|iflr. K ~tkclrrkt fbke~f`jf k eksael`}k mkr fi|`kr `kfedal`}l sat}|fi l rl|r tlr~lb}askr l`gfhfel`}kr `fr f}asamfmlr) f`fiarf frlr}tf}gafr le~tlgfmfr `f d|rbf ml rki|lr ~ftf kr ~tkdilefrl`bk`}tfmkr) ~tkb|tf tlfiaxft a`}ltsl`lr ~ftf mlrl`bfmlft tlcilzlr)bt}abfr) `kskr v|lr}ak`fel`}kr mk fi|`k l tlbk`r}t|lr ml bk`jlbael`}k_...U.

Btaf%rl |ef ra}|fk ml f~tl`maxfmk k`ml f lrbkif l f ~t}abf mkbl`}l rl

f~tkzaefe e|a}k efar mfr mlef`mfr mf rkbalmfml f}|fi) btaf`mk bk`malr ~ftf

v|l kbkttf |ef tlfi a`bi|rk l a`}lgtfk mkr fi|`kr fr `ksfr }lb`kikgafr. Dliikà

*4>>1) ~. =6! fcatef v|l

_...U kr rar}lefr lm|bfbak`far }ltk v|l l`ctl`}ft fr `ksfr mlef`mfr mfmlbkttl`}lr) l l`}k rlt lrrl`bafi bk`jlblt fr lz~lb}f}asfr l`lblrramfmlr mkr lr}|mf`}lr l bk`bldlt b|trkr) lr}tf}gafr lel}kmkikgafr v|l fr a`}lgtle lcl}asfel`}l _...U.

K| rlhf) k |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr bkek tlb|trkr ml f~tl`maxfgle |ef

`lblrramfml tlifbak`fmf r mlef`mfr f}|far) f lrbkif mlsl rl fmf~}ft l tlr~k`mlt

f lr}fr mlef`mfr. Isq *6111) ~. 674! fcatef v|l8

_...U k |rk btlrbl`}l mfr }lb`kikgafr maga}far l mfr tlmlr ml bke|àbfka`}ltf}asf fbke~f`jf l fe~iacabf |ef ~tkc|`mf e|}fk `f tlifk bke krfdlt _...U. Fk ~tkik`gft ml}ltea`fmfr bf~fbamfmlr bkgà}asfr j|ef`fr*eletaf) aefga`fk) ~ltbl~k!) fr }lb`kikgafr a`}lilb}|far bke r|~kt}l

maga}fi tlmlca`le rl| fibf`bl) rl| ragàcabfmk) l fig|efr slxlr f} elrekr|f `f}|tlxf. Fr `ksfr ~krradaiamfmlr ml btafk bkil}asf mar}tad|mf)f~tl`maxfgle bkk~ltf}asf l bkifdktfk le tlml kcltlbamfr ~likbadltlr~fk bkikbfe `ksfel`}l le v|lr}k k c|`bak`fel`}k mfra`r}a}|alr l kr ekmkr jfda}|far ml masark mk }tfdfijk) }f`}k `frle~tlrfr bkek `fr lrbkifr _...U.

@lr}l bk`}lz}k) ~ltbldl%rl f ~krradaiamfml ml mlrl`skislt bke~l}`bafr l

jfdaiamfmlr v|l fdtfble fr mlef`mfr l `lblrramfmlr mk }le~k jar}tabk mkr

fi|`kr) dle bkek ~tkeksfe |e ~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfgle v|l rlhf ragàcabf}ask~ftf kr elrekr l v|l rl fe~iale ~ftf fie mkr e|tkr mf lrbkif.


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41

2.6 Fedal`}l Sat}|fi ml F~tl`maxfgle Lmekmkl r|fr c|`bak`fiamfmlr

F ~ft}at ml ~lrv|arfr tlfiaxfmfr rkdtl k fedal`}l ml f~tl`maxfgle Lmekmk

~ltbldl|%rl v|l k elrek ~ltea}l fk lm|bfmkt btaft |e fedal`}l sat}|fi tlr}ta}k

gtf}|a}k bke f `lblrramfml ml rl`jf l ikga`~ftf fblrrk) mlr}f cktef) `k jfsl`mk

`lblrramfml ml ~fgft iabl`f k| r|~kt}l }bàbk mk fedal`}l. @k v|l rl tlcltl fk

r|~kt}l) lrrl f~l`fr kr lm|bfmktlr ~krr|le fblrrk. Mlr}f cktef) kr fi|`kr

~tlbarfe tlif}ft fk lm|bfmkt r|fr macab|imfmlr l msamfr rkdtl k fedal`}l Lmekmk

l k lm|bfmkt mlslt a`ckteft l li|bamft) ~krrslar msamfr) h|`}k fk r|~kt}l ~kt

elak ml el`rfgl`r. Lr}fr el`rfgl`r fk rltle li|bamfmfr cabfe mar~k`slar ~ftf

sar|fiaxfk ml }kmkr kr lm|bfmktlr |r|takr `k lr~fk ml r|~kt}l. L`}tl}f`}k) k

r|~kt}l f~tlrl`}f |e fr~lb}k `lgf}ask ~ftf |r|takr mf i`g|f ~kt}|g|lrf sar}k

v|l f~l`fr lr} mar~kàdaiaxfmk `f i`g|f a`gilrf. K fedal`}l ~krradaia}f f

ja~lt}lz}|fiamfml k`ml kr fi|`kr l lm|bfmktlr ~kmle a`}ltfgat l bke~ft}aijft

tlb|trkr lm|bfbak`far bkek ck}kr) erabfr) }lz}kr l smlkr. Mlr}f cktef) ~kml

cfsktlblt k mlrl`skisael`}k mk ~tkblrrk ml ~tkm|k ml bk`jlbael`}k maèabk l

f}tf}ask ~ftf kr fi|`kr.

^ltbldl%rl v|l lr}l fedal`}l fie ml ~ltea}at k mlrl`skisael`}k ml |e

lr~fk ml f~tl`maxfmk ml f~kak ~ftf f ~t}abf lm|bf}asf ~tlrl`bafi) ~krradaia}f k

|rk ml tlb|trkr gtf}|a}kr ~ftf f a`}ltfk l`}tl lm|bfmktlr |r|takr mk Lmekmk

elmaf`}l f~tksfk ml bk`sa}l l) ~ftf lrbkifr) |e bk`h|`}k ml c|`bak`fiamfmlr

~ltrk`fiaxslar. Mlr}f cktef) cfsktlbl`mk |ef tlml ml f~kak matagamk f}tfsr mf

bkifdktfk l elmafk) `k bfrk mf tlifk lm|bfmkt%fi|`k.

K fedal`}l sat}|fi lr} dfrlfmk `f }lb`kikgaf mf Wld 4.>) v|l ~krradaia}f k

|rk ml macltl`}lr cktef}kr ml clttfel`}fr rkbafar *dikgr) ck}kr) smlkr) l}b.! v|l

cfsktlble f ~ft}aba~fk) bke|àbfk) bke~ft}aijfel`}k l bkifdktfk l`}tl

|r|takr. Kr ef}ltafar ~tkm|xamkr ~likr fi|`kr cfxle ~ft}l ml f}asamfmlr

lm|bfbak`far ~tk~kr}fr ~lik lm|bfmkt) l kr elrekr ~kmle f}tfsr mlr}fr

f}asamfmlr lz~kt l lzltba}ft r|f f|}k`keaf. K fedal`}l `k ckbfmk ~ftf |ef tlf

lr~lbcabf ml bk`jlbael`}k. Rl`mk frrae) ~krradaia}f f bk`lzk l`}tl macltl`}lr

marba~ia`fr l rfdltlr.

K a`gtlrrk fk fedal`}l ~ftf k fi|`k btafmk ~lik lm|bfmkt) v|l f}tfsr mkfblrrk fk rl| ~ltcai) bk`cktel cag|tf 4) btaf |e gt|~k ml lr}|mkr l tlbldl |e


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bmagk ml fblrrk ~ftf lrrl gt|~k. K lm|bfmkt) l`}k) tl~frrf k bmagk fkr fi|`kr

l) lrrlr ~kt r|f slx) bke k |rk mk bmagk lzlb|}fe k rl| bfmfr}tk `k fedal`}l

~ftf ~kmlt fblrr%ik) bk`cktel cag|tf 2) k| rlhf) rle lr}l bmagk k lr}|mf`}l cabf

ae~krradaia}fmk ml btaft |ef bk`}f ~t~taf ~ftf l`}tft `k fedal`}l.

Cag|tf 48 ^ltcai mk ^tkclrrkt `k Lmekmk

Cag|tf 28 Bfmfr}tk ~ftf Lr}|mf`}l

Fr f}asamfmlr v|l rltk tlfiaxfmfr `k fedal`}l sat}|fi ~kmle kbkttlt }f`}k

ml cktef a`masam|fi bkek bkil}asf) sar}k v|l k lr~fk ~tk~ktbak`f f a`}ltfk l`}tl


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26

rl|r ~ft}aba~f`}lr. L`}tl}f`}k) k ~tkhl}k lm|bfbak`fi at ml~l`mlt mfr

lr~lbacabamfmlr mk ~if`lhfel`}k mk lm|bfmkt.

Fk cfxlt |rk mk fedal`}l sat}|fi Lmekmk lr}l }le f ~krradaiamfml ml

gltl`baft k ef}ltafi ~tkm|xamk ~lik fi|`k f}tfsr ml bk`lrml fblrrk *F`k}flr)

Filt}f) ]ftlcf l L`v|l}l! v|l ml}ltea`fe k }a~k ml ~kr}fgle) bk`cktel cag|tf =) mf

f}asamfml l) mlr}f cktef) cfsktlble f elmafk ~kt ~ft}l mk lm|bfmkt. Lrrl

}fede ~kml bke k |rk mk Bfil`mtak fgl`mft f}asamfmlr v|l rltk sar}fr ~likr

fi|`kr `k rl| ~ltcai) bkek ekr}tf f cag|tf


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24

H kr lr}|mf`}lr mk fedal`}l ~kmle bke~ft}aijft kr ef}ltafar ~tkm|xamkr l

bkel`}ft kr v|l rk ~tkm|xamkr ~likr rl|r bkilgfr. Rlg|`mk Ektf` *6117) ~. 6=3!

_...U f lm|bfk ~tlrl`bafi ~kml ekmacabft%rl ragàcabf}asfel`}l bke frtlmlr lil}tàbfr. Fr ~ftlmlr mfr lrbkifr l mfr |àsltramfmlr rl fdtle)fr ~lrrkfr rl a`}ltbke|àbfe) }tkbfe a`ckteflr) mfmkr) ~lrv|arfr. Flm|bfk bk`}a`|fmf cfbaia}fmf ~lif ~krradaiamfml ml a`}lgtfk ml stafremafr) fblrrf`mk%fr }f`}k le }le~k tlfi bkek frra`btk`fel`}l) ar}k )`k jkttak cfsktsli f bfmf a`masm|k l cfbaia}fmf }fede ~lif cfbaiamfmlml ~kt le bk`}f}k lm|bfmktlr l lm|bf`mkr _...U.

^ltbldl%rl v|l k |rk mlr}l fedal`}l sat}|fi ~krradaia}f }tfxlt k ~tkblrrk mll`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle f i|x ml |ef `ksf tlfiamfml lrbkift) `f v|fi f bk`r}t|k ml

bk`jlbael`}k kbkttl ml cktef bk`}`|f `k rl iaea}f`mk f bk`mak ml

lr~fk+}le~k mf rfif ml f|if ~tlrl`bafi. Fielamf *4>>2) ~. 226! fcatef v|l

Fedal`}lr maga}far ml f~tl`maxfgle rk rar}lefr bke~|}fbak`farmar~k`slar `f a`}lt`l}) mlr}a`fmkr fk r|~kt}l ml f}asamfmlr elmafmfr ~lifr}lb`kikgafr ml a`cktefk l bke|àbfk. ^ltea}le a`}lgtft ei}a~ifr

emafr) ia`g|fgl`r l tlb|trkr) f~tlrl`}ft a`ckteflr ml ef`latfktgfàxfmf) mlrl`skislt a`}ltflr l`}tl ~lrrkfr l kdhl}kr mlbk`jlbael`}k) lifdktft l rkbafiaxft ~tkm|lr }l`mk le sar}f f}a`gatml}ltea`fmkr kdhl}askr. Fr f}asamfmlr rl mlrl`skisle `k }le~k) ta}ek ml}tfdfijk l lr~fk le v|l bfmf ~ft}aba~f`}l rl ikbfiaxf) ml fbktmk bke |efa`}l`bak`fiamfml lz~iba}f l |e ~if`lhfel`}k ~tsak ml`kea`fmk mlrag`lm|bfbak`fi.

^kt}f`}k) k fedal`}l Lmekmk~krradaia}f fk fi|`k a`}ltfgat ml cktef maèabf

l bk`r}t|at |e lr~fk sat}|fi bke a`ckteflr l ~krabak`fel`}kr tlcilzaskr rkdtl

bk`jlbael`}kr v|l rk ~lt}a`l`}lr f lilr. Kr fi|`kr ~kmle rlilbak`ft k v|l

fbtlma}fe rlt ae~kt}f`}l rkdtl |e mfmk bk`}lmk l f ~ft}at mlr}l ekel`}k)

lr}fdlilble tliflr bke k|}tfr a`ckteflr f bltbf mk frr|`}k) ai|r}tf`mk r|fr

k~aàlr l bk`r}t|lr ml bk`jlbael`}k f}tfsr ml r|fr ~|diabflr l`skisl`mk

}lz}k) aefgle k| smlk.

^kt elak mk fedal`}l sat}|fi Lmekmkk fi|`k mlrfcafmk ~kt elak mk rl|

~ltcai) bkek ekr}tf f cag|tf 3) f mlrl`skislt |e ~krabak`fel`}k ml glr}k rkdtl k

rl| lr~fk ml`}tk mf bke|àmfml ml f~tl`maxfmk) sar}k v|l k elrek ~kml

gltl`baft ml cktef f|}`kef r|f a`}ltfk bke k fedal`}l f ~ft}at mfr f}asamfmlr


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22

~tk~kr}fr ~lik lm|bfmkt) dle bkek r|f bke|àbfk bke lil l bke kr mlefar

bkilgfr. K fedal`}l mar~kàdaiaxf k lr~fk @k}fr `k v|fi k fi|`k }le fblrrk f

fsfiafk mar~kàdaiaxfmf ~lik lm|bfmkt.

Cag|tf 38 ^ltcai mk Fi|`k `k Lmekmk

Mlr}l ekmk) k fedal`}l ~krradaia}f fe~iaft lr~fkr ml f~tl`maxfmk ~ftf

fie mk l`ra`k ~tlrl`bafi. F mar~kàdaiamfml ml lr~fkr v|l ~tk~ktbak`fe f

a`}ltf}asamfml l bk`lzk l`}tl kr |r|takr mk FSF ckel`}f |e f~tl`maxfmk

bkifdktf}ask k`ml f mar}`baf f~l`fr crabf l glkgtcabf) |ef slx v|l f }tkbf ml

a`ckteflr l rfdltlr ~kml ~tkekslt ml`}tk mk fedal`}l k lr}ft h|`}k sat}|fi

*SFIL@]L) 4>>2) ~. 6!. Lr}f a`}ltfk ~kt elak mlr}l lr~fk sle fk l`bk`}tk bke

k ~l`rfel`}k ml Ol`roa *4>>2) ~. _...U ikbfi le v|l rl ~ft}aijfe ci|zkr l el`rfgl`r ~ftf f mac|rk mkrrfdltlr) k fedal`}l sat}|fi ml f~tl`maxfgle rl bk`r}ta bke dfrlr `klr}e|ik tlfiaxfk ml f}asamfmlr bkifdktf}asfr) le v|l k fi|`k `k rlra`}f r) arkifmk) mafikgf`mk f~l`fr bke f ev|a`f k| bke |e a`r}t|}kt)}fede sat}|fi. Fk bk`}ttak) bk`r}t|a`mk `ksfr cktefr ml bke|àbfk) klr~fk mf lrbkif sat}|fi rl f~tl`rl`}f ~lif lr}t|}|tfk ml bke|àmfmlr

k`%ia`l le v|l fi|`kr l ~tkclrrktlr mafikgfe ~ltef`l`}lel`}l) elmafmkr~likr bk`jlbael`}kr _...U.


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2=

2.4 Fsfiafk mk Fedal`}l Lmekmk rkd f ~ltr~lb}asf mam}abk%~lmfggabf `fbk`bl~k a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf

K fedal`}l sat}|fi cka fsfiafmk ~kt elak mf f~iabfk mkr rlg|a`}lr e}kmkr

ml fsfiafk8 lz~iktfk mk fedal`}l l v|lr}ak`tak fsfiaf}ask v|l }asltfe bkek

kdhl}ask sltacabft fr ~k}l`bafiamfmlr l c|`bak`fiamfmlr mk fedal`}l sat}|fi ml

f~tl`maxfgle Lmekmk f ~ft}at mf }abf mkr lm|bfmktlr |r|takr mk tlcltamk

fedal`}l. D|rbk|%rl ilsft le bk`ramltfk m|tf`}l k lr}|mk fr~lb}kr bkek

bkifdktf}asamfml) f|}k`keaf) f|}ktaf) a`}ltfk) tlcilzk l bke~ft}aijfel`}k.@k v|l }f`gl k ekmlik ml fsfiafk |}aiaxfmk h|`}k fk fedal`}l Lmekmklr}l

cka mlrl`skisamk ~kt Rbjileelt) Rfbbki l Gfttamk *4>>7!) k ekmlik |ef lz~f`rk

bk`r}t|mf f ~ft}at mf ~tk~kr}f mk ekmlik ml Rbjileelt l Cfg|`mlr *4>>6! l

Rbjileelt *4>>4! ~ftf f fsfiafk ml FSFr.

Rbjileelt) Rfbbki l Gfttamk *4>>7! fbtlma}fe v|l fr bk`r}f`}lr e|mf`fr

gltfmfr ~lik mlrl`skisael`}k }lb`kigabk l ~lif maèabf mk ~tkblrrk mfr

a`ckteflr `kr _...U f~k`}f ~ftf k r|tgael`}k ml |e `ksk ~ftfmagef) |ef `ksf

ef`latf ml ~l`rft l bke~tll`mlt f tlfiamfml) k| rlhf) fr f|}ktfr ~ft}le mfr

amlafr ml Ekta` *6111! l Ektflr *4>>2! rkdtl k ^ftfmagef mf Bke~ilzamfml l

fsfiafe bke |e ~tkblrrk `k v|fi _...U f }lb`kikgaf mf a`cktefk `k lski|a ~ftf

rl| clbjfel`}k bkek |e rar}lef) efr t|ek r|f fdlt}|tf bkek |ef tlml ml

fblrrkr ei}a~ikr) b|hkr ~ta`ba~far f}tad|}kr rk f fdtf`g`baf) f bke~ilzamfml l f

mar~krak le cktef ml tlml.

Mlr}f cktef) fr f|}ktfr fbtlma}fe v|l lr}l ~ftfmagef sle fk l`bk`}tk bke

f tlfiamfml gltfmf ~likr FSFr) sar}k v|l kr elrekr ~krradaia}fe k

bke~ft}aijfel`}k) f a`}ltfk ~kt elak mf elmafk mk lm|bfmkt l |rk ml

macltl`}lr cktef}kr ml emaf. Frrae) mlrl`skisltfe |e ekmlik ml fsfiafk ml

FSFr c|`mfel`}fmk `k ^ftfmagef mf Bke~ilzamfml l `f bk`bl~k

a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf. Lrrf bk`bl~k }le ~kt dfrl k lr}|mk mf

a`}ltf}asamfml bke|àbfbak`fi ml |e fedal`}l sat}|fi) dle bkek r|fr

c|`bak`fiamfmlr ~ftf f bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k m|tf`}l k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%


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2>1) ~. 2! fcatefe v|l

@lrrf fdktmfgle k bl`}tk mk ~tkblrrk lm|bfbak`fi lr} `f a`}ltfkbf~fx ml ~tkekslt f f~tl`maxfgle) `f bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k) v|lkbkttl `|e ~tkblrrk ml fk+a`}ltfk l`}tl r|hla}k l kdhl}k. K ckbk `klr} efar `k ~tkclrrkt l `f ktmle mkr bk`}lmkr) efr `krv|lr}ak`fel`}kr l ~tkdilef}axflr v|l ~ft}le mkr ~t~takr r|hla}kr mff~tl`maxfgle) ae~|irak`f`mk f ~lrv|arf l f d|rbf ml rki|k ml~tkdilefr) tlifbak`f`mk%kr bke fr r|fr sas`bafr.

Fr f|}ktfr Dfbolr l Rbjileelt *4>>7) ~.62>%626! fa`mf f~k`}fe v|l

F bk`bl~k a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f rl m ~kt elak mf a`}ltfk l`}tlkr ~ft}aba~f`}lr l ~ft}aba~f`}l%}lb`kikgaf) ~tk~abaf`mk f bk`r}t|k mkbk`jlbael`}k `k bkil}ask. F bk`bl~k rar}eabf rl lsaml`baf `frtliflr) ft}ab|iflr l bkktml`flr mk saslt l bk`saslt _...U.

K| rlhf) `f fk mkbl`}l lr}ae|if`mk ~tkblrrkr ml a`}ltfk v|l kbkttl k

mlrl`skisael`}k mfr ~t}abfr lm|bf}asfr f~kafmfr ~lik |rk ml FSFr k`ml k f}k ml

f~tl`mlt kbkttl ml cktef bk`}a`|f l bkk~ltf}asf. }fede) ~kt elak) mf sas`baf

el}kmkigabf mk lm|bfmkt l mk mkeàk mlil rkdtl f clttfel`}f) v|l f bk`bl~k

a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf rl mlrl`skisl) sar}k v|l `k j ~frrkr ~t%

lr}fdlilbamkr ~ftf rlg|at) efr) f~l`fr kr ~t~takr bk`bla}kr lr}fdlilbamkr ~lik

lm|bfmkt bke kdhl}ask ml ~tkskbft ra}|flr ml f~tl`maxfgle v|l ~ltea}fe

~krabak`fel`}kr ml f|}k`keaf) f|}ktaf l a`}ltf}asamfml ~ftf f bk`r}t|k mk

bk`jlbael`}k.

^ftf }f`}k) fr f|}ktfr Rbjileelt) Rfbbki l Gfttamk *4>>7! ~tk~|rltfe |e

ekmlik ml fsfiafk *v|l rlt f~tlrl`}fmk f rlg|at! v|l kdhl}asf bk`ramltft fr

`ksfr mlef`mfr gltfmfr ~lifr @]ABr) f cae ml ~krradaia}ft |ef efakt v|fiamfml

`kr ~tkblrrkr lm|bfbak`far v|l sl`jfe f rlt f~kafmkr ~kt FSFr. Rlg|`mk fr

f|}ktfr `k dfr}f f~l`fr rfdlt v|far rk fr bftfb}ltr}abfr ~ta`ba~far ml |e

rar}lef) ~tlbark }fede bk`jlblt bkek lifr rk a`}lgtfmfr ~ftf cfbaia}ft f

f~tl`maxfgle _...U. *4>>7) ~.7:!

K tlcltamk ekmlik rl f~tlrl`}f rkd fr rlg|a`}lr ~ltr~lb}asfr8 mam}abk%

~lmfggabf) }lb`kigabf) bke|àbfbak`fi%rkbafi l ml glr}k. Efr) ~ftf li|bamft fr


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23

v|lr}lr ml ~lrv|arf mlr}l }tfdfijk bk`sl`bak`k|%rl |}aiaxft f~l`fr f ~ltr~lb}asf

Mam}abk%~lmfggabf mk ekmlik ml fsfiafk mlrl`skisamk ~lifr tlcltamfr f|}ktfr)

bk`cktel }fdlif 6) sar}k v|l k elrek f`fiarf fr v|lr}lr l~ar}lekigabfr l kr

~ftfmagefr lm|bfbak`far v|l c|`mfel`}fe f btafk ml |e FSF *Rbjileelt)

4>>4 ~. :>!. Kr mkbl`}lr ~ft}aba~f`}lr mf ~lrv|arf cktfe rlilbak`fmkr f ~ft}at mk

èltk ml gt|~kr lr}|mkr l ml fi|`kr v|l ~krr|f) sar}k v|l f ~lrv|arfmktf

bk`ramltk| lr}fr bftfb}ltr}abfr bkek ra`far ml lilel`}kr ml a`}ltfk l ml

mkeàk mfr ~k}l`bafiamfmlr mk fedal`}l.

K ilsf`}fel`}k ml mfmkr cka tlfiaxfmk ~kt elak mf fdktmfgle v|f`}a}f}asf

tlfiaxfmf bke k |rk ml |e v|lr}ak`tak f~iabfmk f ~tkclrrktlr |r|takr mk

Lmekmk) k v|fi f~tlrl`}f 24 v|lr}lr lifdktfmfr ~lif ~lrv|arfmktf bke dfrl `f

mlrbtak mkr fr~lb}kr mf ~ltr~lb}asf mam}abk%~lmfggabf

a`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf mk tlcltamk ekmlik ml fsfiafk) bkek ~kml

rlt kdrltsfmk `f }fdlif 6) lbk`r}a}|a%rl ml v|lr}lr kdhl}asfr ml lrbkijf rae~ilr

rkdtl k fedal`}l rlg|a`mk f ~t~taf lrbfif ml ~lrv|arf mlrl`skisamf ~lifr

f|}ktfr) k`ml fr tlr~kr}fr ~kmltafe rlt8 Rae) @k k| Le ~ft}l) frrae bkek |e

lr~fk ~ftf kdrltsflr v|l kr l`}tlsar}fmkr bk`ramltfrrle `lblrrtak ~k`}|ft.

Kr lm|bfmktlr l`}tlsar}fmkr mlsltafe eftbft f~l`fr |ef tlr~kr}f ~ftf bfmf

~ltg|`}f.

]fdlif 68 Fsfiafk mk FSF rkd f ~ltr~lb}asf mam}abk%~lmfggabfa`}ltfbakàr}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f+rar}eabf

Fr~lb}kr Mlrbtak mkr Fr~lb}kr

Ckbk mk

rar}lef

K ckbk mk rar}lef lr} `f f~tl`maxfgle) `f bk`r}t|k mkbk`jlbael`}k) `f bkifdktfk) `f bkk~ltfk) `f f|}k`keaf)`k mlrl`skisael`}k ml bke~l}`bafr l jfdaiamfmlr) `ktlr~la}k fk ta}ek ml mlrl`skisael`}k ml bfmf a`masm|k k|gt|~k.

Sark rkdtl kFi|`k

K fi|`k sar}k bkek bk%f|}kt mf bke|àmfml) fgl`}l mk~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfgle) r|hla}k bke bk`jlbael`}kr~tsakr) ~lrv|arfmkt) f|}`kek) ~ft}aba~f}ask) bkk~ltf}ask lbt}abk.

Sark rkdtl k^tkclrrkt

K ~tkclrrkt sar}k bkek elmafmkt) bk%~ft}aba~f`}l)lz~iktfmkt) a`slr}agfmkt) cfbaia}fmkt) a`r}agfmkt)~tkdilef}axfmkt) ktal`}fmkt) ft}ab|ifmkt mk ~tkblrrk mlf~tl`maxfgle. F~tlrl`}f bke~kt}fel`}k a`}ltf}ask) |e

lm|bfmkt) fàefmkt mf a`}liag`baf) mf f~tl`maxfgle.


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27

Fedal`}l mlF~tl`maxfgle

K fedal`}l ml f~tl`maxfgle jl}lttv|abk) cilzsli)~ft}aba~f}ask) bl`}tfmk `f a`}ltfk. ~k`}k ml l`bk`}tk ~ftf}tkbfr) bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k) }tfdfijk bkk~ltf}ask.Bk`}tad|a ~ftf ckel`}ft |e fedal`}l ml tlr~la}k e}|k l

rkiamftalmfml a`}lt`f. Cfsktlbl k }tfdfijk a`}ltmarba~ia`ft.

El}kmkikgaf

K rar}lef ~ltea}l k mlrl`skisael`}k ml ~t}abfr ~lmfggabfra`}ltfbakàr}fr) ~tkdilef}axfmktfr) bl`}tfmfr `f ~lrv|arf lefà~|ifk) `k f~tl`mlt f ~l`rft aml`}acabft l tlrkislt~tkdilefr) f~tl`mlt f cfxlt ~ltg|`}fr) f }tfdfijftbkk~ltf}asfel`}l.

Fsfiafk

K rar}lef ~ltea}l |ef fsfiafk bke ckbk `k ~tkblrrk) `fkdrltsfk) `k mlrl`skisael`}k) a`}ltfk) f~tkc|`mfel`}k lfe~iafk ml bk`bla}kr) l`skisl`mk k mlrl`skisael`}k ml~tkhl}kr) rki|k ~ftf mlrfcakr+~tkdilefr+bfrkr) f}|fk `krlr~fkr ml a`}ltfk l `fr ~tkm|lr mar~kàdaiaxfmfr `kr

wldckiakr.

Fv|arak mlBk`jlbael`}k

^ltea}l f fv|arak ml bk`jlbael`}k le v|fiv|lt i|gft) fv|fiv|lt jktf. @k ia`lft) `le ~tlsarsli. V|ldtf f amaf mlbfea`jft mk efar cbai ~ftf k efar macbai.

F~tl`maxfgleF|}`kef

^krradaia}f fkr fi|`kr l`bk`}tft r|fr ~t~tafr ck`}lr ~ftffe~iaft r|f f~tl`maxfgle a`ml~l`ml`}lel`}l ml k|}tfr~lrrkfr l bk`}tad|at bke k gt|~k bke r|fr mlrbkdlt}fr.

J lr~fkr l bk`malr ~ftf v|l v|fiv|lt v|lr}k ~krrf rltbkikbfmf l fr tlr~kr}fr ~krrfe rlt bk`r}t|mfr.

Tlcilzk

^krradaia}f fk ~tkclrrkt f|zaiaft kr lr}|mf`}lr `k ~tkblrrk ml

lr}fdlilbael`}k ml tliflr l`}tl k cllmdfboml r|fr flr lkr kdhl}askr.

F|}ktaf bkil}asfml

Fsfiaflr

^ltea}l gltl`baft *mlcaàt bkil}asfel`}l) a`rltat) bk`r|i}ft)fi}ltft l lzbi|at! ekmfiamfmlr) a`r}t|el`}kr l bta}takr mlfsfiafk.

F|}k%fsfiafk^ltea}l tlgar}tft l bk`r|i}ft tlif}kr rkdtl k ~tkblrrk mlf~tl`maxfgle a`masam|fi rlg|`mk bta}takr ~tllr}fdlilbamkr.

^ltea}l v|l k ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt tlfiaxl bkel`}takr lebfmf |e mkr bta}takr l m tl}kt`k fk ~ft}aba~f`}l.

^ltea}l fk ~ft}aba~f`}l bke~ilel`}ft |ef fsfiafk) f cae mflrbiftlblt fr r|fr bkikbflr bke tlifk f |e ml}ltea`fmkbta}tak k| f cae ml tlr~k`mlt fkr bkel`}takr mk~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt.

Fsfiafk leGt|~k

^ltea}l tlgar}tft l bk`r|i}ft tlif}kr rkdtl k ~tkblrrk mlf~tl`maxfgle ml |e gt|~k rlg|`mk bta}takr~tllr}fdlilbamkr.

^ltea}l v|l k ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt tlfiaxl bkel`}takr lebfmf |e mkr bta}takr l m tl}kt`k fk gt|~k.

^ltea}l fk gt|~k bke~ilel`}ft |ef fsfiafk) f cae mflrbiftlblt fr r|fr bkikbflr bke tlifk f |e ml}ltea`fmk

bta}tak k| f cae ml tlr~k`mlt fkr bkel`}takr mk~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt.


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2:

Fsfiafk ~lik^tkclrrkt+Ktal`}fmkt

^ltea}l tlgar}tft l bk`r|i}ft f fsfiafk mk ~tkblrrk mlf~tl`maxfgle a`masam|fi ~lik ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt rlg|`mkbta}takr ~tllr}fdlilbamkr.

^ltea}l v|l k ~ft}aba~f`}l tlfiaxl bkel`}takr le bfmf |e

mkr bta}takr fsfiafmkr ~lik ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt.K ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt ~kml bke~ilel`}ft |ef fsfiafk fcae ml lrbiftlblt fr r|fr bkikbflr bke tlifk f |eml}ltea`fmk bta}tak k| f cae ml tlr~k`mlt fkr bkel`}takr mk~ft}aba~f`}l.

Fsfiafk mfBke|àmfml

^ltea}l tlgar}tft l bk`r|i}ft tlif}kr rkdtl k ~tkblrrk mlf~tl`maxfgle mf bke|àmfml bkek |e }kmk) rlg|`mkbta}takr ~tllr}fdlilbamkr.

^ltea}l v|l k ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt tlfiaxl bkel`}takr lebfmf |e mkr bta}takr l m tl}kt`k bke|àmfml.

Kr eledtkr mf bke|àmfml ~kmle bke~ilel`}ft |effsfiafk) f cae mf lrbiftlblt fr r|fr bkikbflr bke tlifkf |e ml}ltea`fmk bta}tak k| f cae ml tlr~k`mlt fkrbkel`}takr mk ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt k| f k|}tkr eledtkr mfbke|àmfml.

Clttfel`}f mlbtafk ml

}lr}lr l~tksfr

^ltea}l f btafk ml }lr}lr l ~tksfr bke v|lr}lr mlmasltrfr f}|tlxfr *clbjfmfr) fdlt}fr) ei}a~if lrbkijf) l}b.!.

^ltea}l f btafk ml |e df`bk ml mfmkr ml v|lr}lr ~ftfgltfk f|}ke}abf ml ~tksfr l }lr}lr.

^ltea}l v|l f bkttlk ml ~tksfr l }lr}lr ~krrf rlt cla}f lftefxl`fmf ml`}tk mk ~t~tak fedal`}l mk b|trk.

Kcltlbl f ~krradaiamfml ml }lr}lr `kr v|far fr tlr~kr}fr~krrslar ~kmle rlt sar|fiaxfmfr ~lik fi|`k) ~ltea}a`mkcllmdfbof|}ke}abk *f|}k%a`r}t|bak`fi!.

Clttfel`}f mltlgar}tk cktefi

mlfsfiaflr

^ltea}l fk ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt tlgar}tft fsfiaflr ~ftfc|}|tf bke~tksfk mfr f}asamfmlr l learrk ml ma~ikefr.

Clttfel`}f mltlgar}tk mlctlv|`baf

^ltea}l fk ~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt tlgar}tft f ctlv`baf `frf}asamfmlr ~ftf c|}|tf bke~tksfk l learrk ml ma~ikefr.

Jar}tabkV|fia}f}ask

^ltea}l bk`r|i}ft l fbke~f`jft fr f}asamfmlr mlrl`skisamfr~kt bfmf |e mkr ~ft}aba~f`}lr.

Jar}tabkV|f`}a}f}ask

^ltea}l fblrrft mfmkr lr}f}r}abkr mfr f}asamfmlrmlrl`skisamfr.

^ltrk`fiaxfkml

tlif}takr mlfsfiafk

Kr tlif}takr ml fsfiafk ~kmle rlt ~ltrk`fiaxfmkr mlfbktmk bke kr a`}ltlrrlr l `lblrramfmlr mk~tkclrrkt+ktal`}fmkt.

Ck`}l8 Tlsar}f ml Glr}k \R^) Rk ^f|ik) s. 6=) `. 6) ~. 77%1) hf`latk+eftk 4>>7.


39/58

21

^kt}f`}k) fsfiak|%rl f ~krradaiamfml ml ~ft}aba~fk l a`}ltfk cfsktlbamfr

~lik fedal`}l. Rlg|`mk kr mfmkr bkil}fmkr bke kr lm|bfmktlr l`}tlsar}fmkr) k

fedal`}l Lmekmk f~tlrl`}f c|`bak`fiamfmlr ~ftf bke|àbfk l a`}ltfk l`}tl

rl|r ~ft}aba~f`}lr sar}k v|l ~ltea}l gltl`baft a`ckteflr ~kr}fmfr `k fedal`}l.

Rbjileelt) Rfbbki l Gfttamk *4>>7) ~. 71! f~k`}fe v|l

\ef LfM lcabfx) ml fbktmk bke k ~ftfmagef le v|lr}k) mlsl ~tk~abaft)c|`mfel`}fiel`}l) a`}ltfk+a`}ltf}asamfml bk`r}f`}l l`}tl kr r|hla}kr) fr}lb`kikgafr l f a`cktefk) |ef slx v|l rl a`rltl le |e `ksk bk`}lz}k mlf~tl`maxfgle) bke macltl`}lr elakr) el}kmkikgafr) ~k}l`bafiaxf`mk `kskr~tkblrrkr bkgà}askr. bke lrrf sark ml LfM v|l rl ~tk~l |e ekmlikml fsfiafk ml FSFr v|l bk`ramltl lrrfr `ksfr `lblrramfmlr l

k~kt}|àmfmlr ml |rk mfr ]ABr) sarf`mk f}a`gat `kskr ~f}feftlr mlv|fiamfml `k ~tkblrrk lm|bfbak`fi.

F ~ft}at mf fìarl mkr tlr|i}fmkr mf bkil}f ml mfmkr tlfiaxfmf ~lik |rk mk

tlcltamk v|lr}ak`tak h|`}k fkr mkbl`}lr |r|takr mk fedal`}l Lmekmkbk`r}f}k|%rl

v|l) k elrek bk`}tad|a ~ftf k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle |ef slx v|l

~ltea}l) rlg|`mk f ~lrv|arf) fkr lm|bfmktlr mlrl`skislt ra}|flr ml

f~tl`maxfgle v|l ~krradaia}fe f bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k dfrlfmf `f ~kr}|tf

ml a`}ltfk l ml bkk~ltfk l`}tl kr ~ft}aba~f`}lr) ckel`}fmfr ~kt elak mf

elmafk mk lm|bfmkt) sar}k v|l) k elrek rl f~tlrl`}f `lr}l ~tkblrrk bkek |e

cfbaia}fmkt k| bk%~ft}aba~f`}l mk ~tkblrrk lm|bf}ask) bkek ekr}tf cag|tf >7.

Cag|tf >78 Sark rkdtl k ~tkclrrkt le tlifk f r|f ~ft}aba~fk `k fedal`}l


40/58

=>

Bke tlifk ~krradaiamfml mk lm|bfmkt lzlb|}ft bkel`}takr l bk`r|i}ft k

~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfmk mkr fi|`kr) ml cktef a`masam|fi k| le gt|~k) `f tlfiaxfk

ml }ftlcfr l bk`}tad|alr) bk`cktel cag|tf >:) 13, mkr l`}tlsar}fmkr bk`ramltf

~krrsli) dle bkek fkr fi|`kr }fede satle f tlr~k`mlt f lr}lr bkel`}takr. K

fedal`}l ~ltea}l k cllmdfbomk lm|bfmkt l f bke~ilel`}fk ml }ftlcfr ~kt ~ft}l

mkr fi|`kr.

Cag|tf >:8 ^krradaiamfml ml Cllmdfbomk ~tkclrrkt

^ltbldl%rl v|l fr c|`bak`fiamfmlr mk fedal`}l Lmekmk safdaiaxfe k

gltl`bafel`}k mk ~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfgle) |ef slx v|l k fedal`}l mar~kàdaiaxf

fk lm|bfmkt bk`lr ml fblrrk v|l f~tlrl`}fe filt}fr ml `ksfr a`ckteflr `f

a`}ltcfbl l }fede ~ftf fr `ksfr bk`}tad|alr v|l k fi|`k ckt`lbl ml`}tk mk

fedal`}l.

K bk`h|`}k ml c|`bak`fiamfmlr mar~k`slar `k fedal`}l cfsktlble fa`}ltfk) bke|àbfk l mlrl`skisael`}k mk ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k ~kt elak mf

ja~lt}lz}|fiamfml h v|l f a`}ltcfblkcltlbl fk |r|tak f ~krradaiamfml ml fblrrft

k|}tkr lr~fkr ml`}tk mk fedal`}l.

^kt elak ml |e bfil`mtak k lm|bfmkt ~kml fgl`mft }ftlcfr l bke~tkearrkr

v|l rltk l`safmkr ~ftf k bfil`mtak mkr fi|`kr ~lt}l`bl`}lr fk gt|~k. F

bke|àbfk kbkttl ml cktef frr`btk`f ~krradaia}fmf ~kt el`rfgl`r) `f btafk

ml marb|rrk rkdtl |e ml}ltea`fmk }lef l `f }tkbf ml ftv|askr l`}tl kr |r|takr.K fedal`}l `k mar~kàdaiaxf tlb|trkr ml bke|àbfk r`btk`f bkek bjf}r le


41/58

=6

}le~k tlfi) iaòr~ftf bjf}rk| bk`sltrfk l sar|fiaxfk ml ~ft}aba~f`}lr bke k

|rk ml wldbfe.

K fedal`}l sat}|fi Lmekmk kcltlbl fa`mf |ef dadiak}lbf k`ml ~krrsli k

lm|bfmkt mar~kàdaiaxft ef}ltafar v|l rlhfe bk`ramltfmkr tlilsf`}lr ~ftf v|l k

fi|`k fblrrl ~kt elak ml tlclt`bafr lil}tàbfr.

K lm|bfmkt ~kml fsfiaft rl|r fi|`kr fbke~f`jf`mk k mlrl`skisael`}k mkr

elrekr ml`}tk mk fedal`}l) ~kt elak mfr ~kr}fgl`r v|l lrrlr tlfiaxfe le

ct|`r) `f tlfiaxfk l l`}tlgf ml }ftlcfr ~tk~kr}fr) `f ~ft}aba~fk ml l`v|l}lr) l

`fr bk`}tad|alr v|l lr}lr tlfiaxfe fk }tfxlt `ksfr ck`}lr ~ftf bke~ft}aijft bke k

gt|~k f ~ft}at ml r|fr ~t~tafr mlrbkdlt}fr.

K Lmekmk bftfb}ltaxf%rl bkek |e fedal`}l a`}ltf}ask ckbfmk `f

bke|àbfk l`}tl kr rl|r |r|takr) cfsktlbl`mk frrae ra}|flr ml f~tl`maxfmk

v|l rlhfe mlrl`skisamfr ml cktef bkifdktf}asf l le bkk~ltfk l`}tl kr

~ft}aba~f`}lr) ~krradaia}f`mk) frrae) k mlrl`skisael`}k ml bke~l}`bafr l

jfdaiamfml) bk`cktel cag|tf >1.

Cag|tf >18 Ckbk mk fedal`}l Lmekmk

K fedal`}l Lmekmk}fede ~ltea}l fk lm|bfmkt gltl`baft) fbke~f`jft l

tlgar}tft fr f}asamfmlr l }ftlcfr mlrl`skisamfr ~likr fi|`kr) l lrrlr ~kmle fblrrft

k tlr|i}fmk ml r|f fsfiafk ml`}tk mk rl| ~t~tak ~ltcai.


42/58

=4

@lr}lr gt|~kr k |rk mf lrbta}f dle |}aiaxfmk sar}k v|l j f `lblrramfml ml

v|l kr ~ft}aba~f`}lr bkel`}le l lrbtlsfe rkdtl kr frr|`}kr r|gltamkr `k

fedal`}l cfsktlbl`mk k ~tkblrrk ml f|}ktaf. Lr}fr ~kr}fgl`r ~kmle rlt

gltl`bafmfr ~lik |r|tak) |ef slx v|l) k elrek ~kml lma}%ifr k| lzbi|%ifr. K

fedal`}l ~krradaia}f cfxlt |rk ml k|}tkr tlb|trkr eama}abkr bkek ck}kr l smlkr.

Kr tlb|trkr a`}ltf}askr mf a`}ltcfbl cfbaia}fe f `fslgfk mk |r|tak ml`}tk

mk fedal`}l l f r|f ~ft}aba~fk le f}asamfmlr ~tk~kr}fr ml`}tk mk elrek)

cfsktlbl`mk frrae fr lr}tf}gafr ml f~tl`maxfmk ~if`lhfmfr ~lik lm|bfmkt.

^kt rlt |e tlb|trk fblrrsli) a`ml~l`ml`}l ml i|gft l jktf cfsktlbl f

bk`r}t|k l bk`jlbael`}k a`ml~l`ml`}l mf mar}`baf crabf k| glkgtcabf ~kt ~ft}l

mk fi|`k dle bkek fe~iaf f ~krradaiamfml mk fi|`k lz~f`mat rl|r bk`jlbael`}kr l

bke~ft}aij%ikr bke kr mlefar |r|takr mk fedal`}l. Cfsktlbl }fede fk

lm|bfmkt f|zaiaft k ~tkblrrk ml bk`r}t|k l bk`jlbael`}k ~kt elak mk cllmdfbo

rkdtl fr bk`}tad|alr mar~k`adaiaxfmfr ~likr fi|`kr) l lrrlr ~kmle tlfiaxft

bkel`}takr rkdtl k tl}kt`k mk lm|bfmkt.

Mlr}f ef`latf) `k v|l rl tlcltl cfbaiamfml ml rl| |rk `k ~tkblrrk ml

l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle k Lmekmkcfsktlbl f}asamfmlr ml f~kak f lm|bfk ~tlrl`bafi`f v|fi k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle ~kml bkttlt ml cktef `k ia`lft) bkek

ekr}tf cag|tf 6>) ~kml`mk rlt fblrrfmk f v|fiv|lt jktf k| i|gft. Frrae) f ~ft}at mf

bk`bl~k a`}ltfbak`ar}f+bk`r}t|}asar}f k lm|bfmkt fk cfxlt |rk mk fedal`}l sat}|fi

~krradaia}f f fe~iafk mkr lr~fkr ml f~tl`maxfgle l fv|arak ml bk`jlbael`}k

~kt elak ml ~t}abfr a`ksfmktfr l ~tkdilef}axfmktfr) bk`cktel ~kml rlt sltacabfmk

`f cag|tf 66.


43/58

=2

Cag|tf 6>8F `k ia`lftamfml mk fedal`}l Lmekmk

Cag|tf 668 ^krradaiamfml ml a`ksfk `f ~t}abf ~lmfggabf

Bk`r}f}k|%rl) ~kt}f`}k) v|l k fedal`}l Lmekmk`k v|l }f`gl f ~ltr~lb}asf

mam}abf%~lmfggabf bk`}tad|a ~ftf k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k f~tl`maxfgle l ~tk~abaf

|ef ~t}abf ~lmfggabf ma`eabf ckbfmf le |ef bk`r}t|k mk bk`jlbael`}k

a`}ltf}asf) bkifdktf}asf) bkk~ltf}asf l ml f|}ktaf l`}tl rl|r ~ft}aba~f`}lr.


44/58

==

=. BK@RAMLTFLR CA@FAR

Kr fedal`}lr a`}ltf}askr ml f~tl`maxfgle ckt`lble f ~krradaiamfml ml

mlrl`skislt k rfdlt cfxlt `k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfgle maèabk) bke

v|fiamfml l f}tf}ask ~ftf k fi|`k. K v|l bk`rlv|l`}lel`}l sle f ckel`}ft |e

efakt a`}ltlrrl le ~ft}aba~ft mk ~tkblrrk ml bk`r}t|k ml bk`jlbael`}k ~kt ~ft}l

mk fi|`k) ~kar k f}k ml f~tl`mlt rl }kt`f ragàcabf}ask ~ftf k elrek.

^kt elak mf a`}lgtfk ml masltrkr cktef}kr ml emafr f}tfsr mk fedal`}l

Lmekmk}kt`f%rl ~krrsli f tlbk`r}t|k mf ~t}abf mlcl`mamf ~kt ^tfmk *4>>_...U c|`mfel`}fi ~ftf v|l k |rk mf emaf ~krrf rlt a`}lgtfmk rf}asamfmlr ~lmfggabfr) ml ekmk f ~tk~abaft fkr fi|`kr `ksfr cktefr mld|rbft) a`}lt~tl}ft) tl~tlrl`}ft l bke~tll`mlt kr bk`}lmkr b|ttab|iftlr`|e lrbk~k fe~iafmk ml tlrragàcabflr _...U.

K|}tk ~k`}k ~kra}ask `k |rk mlr}fr ~if}fcktefr f ~krradaiamfml ml mlskislt

|ef bk`r}t|k bkil}asf mk rfdlt *Cftaf) 4>>6!) ~ktv|l m|tf`}l lr}l }a~k ml

f}asamfml kr fi|`kr rk ~tk}fgkàr}fr mk ~tkblrrk ml lm|bfk l ~ft}aba~fe

f}|f`mk ml cktef bkifdktf}asf l f|}`kef. Mlr}f cktef) `k j bk`}lmkr v|l rk

el`kr k| efar fmlv|fmkr ~ftf rltle lr}|mfmkr f}tfsr mlr}fr clttfel`}fr) ~kar

v|le ~kml btaft |ef ra}|fk ml f~tl`maxfmk k ~t~tak lm|bfmkt v|l cfsktlblt

k |rk mlr}fr clttfel`}fr f}tfsr mf ~tk~krak ml ra}|flr l mlrfcakr elmafmkr

~kt lil ~t~tak) f ~ft}at ml |e ~if`lhfel`}k fmlv|fmk fkr kdhl}askr l fk gt|~k.

^kar rlg|`mk Isq *6111! fr }lb`kikgafr f~l`fr bk`mabak`fe e|mf`fr) `k fr

tlfiaxfe.


45/58

=>2! f~k`}f v|l k mkeàk ~lmfggabk l gltl`bafi mfr `ksfr

}lb`kikgafr ~kml cfbaia}ft k ~tkblrrk ml f~tl`maxfgle. L) fie mar}k) ~tk~ktbak`ft

rki|lr a`ksfmktfr v|l rltafe ae~krrslar rle k |rk mlrrfr `ksfr }lb`kikgafr)

bkek f bk`lzk le tlml l cfbaiamfml ml fblrrk f a`ckteflr tlcltl`}lr lrbkif.

ae~kt}f`}l ctarft v|l ~tk~kr}fr mkbl`}lr f~kafmfr ~kt lr}lr fedal`}lr

ae~|irak`fe f f|}k`keaf mkr fi|`kr) sar}k v|l fkr elrekr ~krradaia}f%rl a`}ltfgat

bke f a`}ltcfbl mk fedal`}l l rl|r matl}takr. L tlb|trkr ~lmfggabkr ~kmle rlt

mar~kàdaiaxfmkr ~lik lm|bfmkt ~ftf mlrl`skislt k ~tkblrrk ml l`ra`k%f~tl`maxfmk.

Fie mar}k) lr}l lr~fk sat}|fi cfsktlbl f mlekbtf}axfk mf a`cktefk fk

k~kt}|àxft fk fi|`k f mlbark rkdtl k v|l bk`ramltf efar ae~kt}f`}l ~ftf k rl|

f~tl`maxfmk) k| rlhf) bk`cltl fk ~t~tak fi|`k rlilbak`ft f a`cktefk v|l

bk`ramltf `lblrrtaf ~ftf l`tav|lblt k rl| f~tl`maxfmk. Frrae) k FSF Lmekmk

~krr|a |e gtf`ml ~k}l`bafi rlhfe le f}asamfmlr lz}tfbifrrlr mar}`baf v|f`}k

f}asamfmlr ~tlrl`bafar mf lm|bfk cktefi.

Efelml%@lslr l M|ft}l rfial`}fe *4>>:) ~. 7:=! v|l

_...U fr }lb`kikgafr maga}far ~kmle bk`}tad|at bke f }ftlcf ml l`ra`ft)rkdtl}|mk `k v|l rl tlcltl fk fblrrk) ktgfàxfk l glr}k mkr bk`}lmkrf rltle l`ra`fmkr+f~tl`mamkr. \ef mfr ~krradaiamfmlr rltaf) ~kt lzle~ik)k bke~ft}aijfel`}k ~kt ~tkclrrktlr l lr}|mf`}lr ml fedal`}lr ml btafkbkifdktf}asf *mar~k`slar `f a`}lt`l}) gtf}|a}fel`}l!) `kr v|far ~kmle rltftv|asfmkr macltl`}lr }a~kr ml mkb|el`}kr *}lz}kr) smlkr) tlgar}tkr mlf|ifr) ~tlsark mkr bk`}lmkr f rltle }tfdfijfmkr l frrae ~kt maf`}l! lk`ml ~kmle rlt mlrl`skisamkr macltl`}lr }a~kr ml f}asamfmlr l`skisl`mk f~tkm|k l k bke~ft}aijfel`}k ml bk`jlbael`}kr _...U.

^kte) ~ftf v|l jfhf |ef tlfi glr}k }lb`kigabf `f lrbkif

ae~kt}f`}l ctarft v|l) `lblrrtak v|l f glr}k matl}asf bke~tll`mf fr~k}l`bafiamfmlr mfr }lb`kikgafr l k~kt}|àxl k rl| |rk ml cktef bk}amaf`f. Fielamf

*4>>l ft}ab|ift m|fr bk`bl~lr lrrl`bafar f lrrl ~tkblrrk8 glr}k l }lb`kikgaf) b|hf

bk`lzk rl safdaiaxf `fr ~t}abfr lrbkiftlr bke k |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr _...U.

Fk cfxlt |rk ml |e fedal`}l sat}|fi bkifdktf}ask ~kml%rl ckel`}ft l`}tl kr

fi|`kr k f~tl`mlt f f~tl`mlt l k f~tl`mlt f rlt) sar}k v|l) fk mlrl`skislt

f}asamfmlr bkifdktf}asfr l f|}`kefr k fi|`k ~kmlt }lt |e ~krabak`fel`}k bt}abk

l }abk ctl`}l f |ef ra}|fk ml f~tl`maxfgle) l lr}l ~tkblrrk }l`ml f a`ci|l`baft


46/58

=3

matl}fel`}l f r|f cktefk bkek |e a`masm|k le rkbalmfml. Rlg|`mk Mlek

*4>>:) ~. 3!) _...U le lr~lbafi) ~le%rl f lz~lb}f}asf mk dke ef`lhk mf a`cktefk

l bke|àbfk e|a}k fie mf ~kr}|tf ml eltk |r|tak _...U. K f|}kt f~k`}f ~ftf

jfdaiamfmlr v|l ~ftf lil rk ml r|ef ae~kt}`baf `lr}f `ksf tlfiamfml) bkek f

f|}ktaf) f f|}kbt}abf l f bkil}asamfml.

^kt}f`}k) k v|l rl ~tl}l`ml v|l rl lzltba}l `k fi|`k |e ~krabak`fel`}k

f|}`kek bf~fx ml ~lrv|arft) tlcil}at rkdtl f a`cktefk fmv|atamf l ef`lh%if f

cae ml v|l lr}f sl`jf f bk`}tad|at bke f ~tkm|k ml bk`jlbael`}k) l `k rlt |e

r|hla}k v|l f~l`fr tl~tkm|x k| ~ifgaf |ef a`cktefk }tfxamf ~kt k|}tle. F}tfsr

mk fedal`}l Lmekmk ~krrsli ~tk~kt f}asamfmlr v|l cffe |rk mfr clttfel`}fr

sat}|far mar~k`slar v|l ~k}l`bafiaxfe k lzltbbak ml ~krabak`fel`}k f|}`kek l

bt}abk ctl`}l r a`ckteflr. K |rk mlr}l lr~fk sat}|fi ~tk~ktbak`f f

mlekbtf}axfk mf a`cktefk l k~kt}|àxf fk fi|`k ml}ltea`ft k v|l ~ftf lil

siamk bkek a`cktefk) k| rlhf) fe~iaf`mk jktaxk`}lr v|l f`}lr ltfe f~l`fr

mar~kàdaiaxfmk ~lif ]S. ^ftf Fielamf *4>>6) ~. 76!)

_...U k |rk mf ]AB bke sar}fr btafk ml |ef tlml ml bk`jlbael`}krcfsktlbl f mlekbtf}axfk mk fblrrk a`cktefk) f }tkbf ml a`ckteflrl lz~lta`bafr) f bke~tll`rk bt}abf mf tlfiamfml l k mlrl`skisael`}kj|ef`k) rkbafi) b|i}|tfi l lm|bfbak`fi. ]|mk arrk ~kmlt ilsft btafk ml|ef rkbalmfml efar h|r}f l ag|fia}taf _...U.

]kmfsaf) bfdl fcateft v|l) lr}fr e|mf`fr lr}t|}|tfar rkd |ef `ksf cktef

ml rl cfxlt lm|bfk bke k |rk mfr @]ABr `k f`mfe rkxa`jfr) efr ~frrfe

matl}fel`}l ~lifr ekr jfdaiamkrfr mk lm|bfmkt. L ~ftf arrk) rl cfx `lblrrtak le

bft}lt leltgl`bafi) mar~kàdaiaxft fk lm|bfmkt fr clttfel`}fr ml f~ftf}k}lb`kigabk `lblrrtak l f v|fiacabfk v|l fe~ial bke~l}`bafr v|l kr

~krradaia}le a`rltatle k |rk mfr }lb`kikgafr `f r|f ~t}abf ~lmfggabf) ~kar |e

lm|bfmkt f|}kt ckel`}ft l bk`rlv|l`}lel`}l) bk`}fgaft rl|r fi|`kr ~ftf v|l

rlhfe }fede f|}ktlr. ^ftf Mlek *4>>:) ~. 62!) f`}lr ml v|fiv|lt bkarf le |ef

lrbkif _...U f elijkt }lb`kikgaf `f lrbkif fa`mf k ~tkclrrkt _...U.


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TLCLT@BAFR

FIELAMF) E. L D. ]lb`kikgaf `f lrbkif8 btafk ml tlmlr ml bk`jlbael`}kr)Dkil}ae Rfi}k ^ftf k C|}|tk8 A`ckte}abf `f Lm|bfk. Rtal8 ]lb`kikgaf `f lrbkifDtfriaf) ELB) RLLM) 4>>6. ^.. 7>%72

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[ Lm|bfk) fedal`}lr sat}|far l a`}ltf}asamfml. Le8 Raisf) E.*ktg.!. Lm|bfk kìa`l8 }lktafr) ~t}abfr) ilgarifk l cktefk ml ~tkclrrktlr. Rk^f|ik8 Ikqkif) 4>>2.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[]lb`kikgafr l lm|bfk mar}`baf8 fdktmfgl`r lbk`}tad|alr mkr fedal`}lr maga}far l a`}ltf}askr ml f~tl`maxfgle. 4>>2.Mar~k`sli le89j}}~8++www.f`~lm.ktg.dt+tl|àklr+43+}tfdfijkr+eftafliaxfdl}jfielamf.t}c0. Fblrrkle8 47+>1+4>6>.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Glr}k ml }lb`kikgafr `f lrbkif8 ~krradaiamfml ml |ef ~t}abfmlekbt}abf) ]lef mldf}amk `f rtal A`}lgtfk ml }lb`kikgafr) ia`g|fgl`r ltl~tlrl`}flr) f~tlrl`}fmk `k ~tkgtfef Rfi}k ~ftf k C|}|tk+]S Lrbkif) Efak4>>< *^tkgtfef 4!.

DFBOLR) I.? RBJILEELT) L. K f~tl`mlt l k l`ra`ft `f cktefk mk lm|bfmktle e|`mkr sat}|far) Lm|bftl l} Lm|bftl Tlsar}f ml Lm|bfk) Ski. 4 ` =h|i.+mlx. 4>>7. ^g. 641%6=>.

DLIIK@A) E. I. Lm|bfk mar}`baf) Bfe~a`fr) R^8 F|}ktlr Frrkbafmkr) 4>>1.

DTKRRLF\) G. Ck`mlel`}r l} e}jkmr ml if mamfb}av|l mlr ef}jlef}av|lr.A`8 Tlbjltbjlr le Mamfb}av|l mlr Ef}jef}av|lr) s. 7+4. Gtl`kdil) 61:3.

MLEK) ^. Jfdaiamfmlr mk Rb|ik ZZA) Dkil}ae ]bàbk mk RL@FB) Tak ml Hf`latk)s. 2=) `.4) 4>>:. Mar~k`sli le8 9j}}~8++www.rl`fb.dt+D]R+2=4+ft}agk%6.~mc0. Fblrrkle8 >4+6>+4>6>.

CFTAF) L. ]. *Ktg! Lm|bfk ~tlrl`bafi l sat}|fi8 lr~fkr bke~ilel`}ftlrlrrl`bafar `f lrbkif l `f le~tlrf. 4 Lm. ^kt}k Filgtl8 LMA^\BTR) 4>>4.

CTLATL) ^. ^lmfgkgaf mk K~taeamk. 24. Lm. Tak ml Hf`latk8 ^fx l ]lttf) 4>>4.

GFMK]]A) E. Dkà}lxf ml |e rk`jk8 l`ra`ft%l%f~tl`mlt bke rl`}amk. @ksk

Jfed|tgk8 Cllsfil) 4>>2.


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[[[[[[[[[[[[[[^ltr~lb}asfr f}|far mf lm|bfk. Rk ^f|ik le ^ltr~lb}asf)4>>> Mar~k`sli le8 9j}}~8++www.rbalik.dt+~mc+r~~+s6=`4+17:4.~mc0. Fblrrk le841+6>.

OL@ROA) S. E. ]lb`kikgafr l l`ra`k ~tlrl`bafi l f mar}`baf. Bfe~a`fr) R^8^f~at|r) 4>>2. *Rtal ^t}abf ^lmfggabf!.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Mfr rfifr ml f|if fkr fedal`}lr sat}|far ml f~tl`maxfgle.CL+\R^ % RA]L Lm|bfbak`fi) 4>>>2>}bb+4>6>.

ISQ) ^. Badltb|i}|tf) Rk ^f|ik8 Lm. 2=) 6111.

EFELML%@LSLR) E. F. B. F~tl`maxfgle l mlrl`skisael`}k8 k v|l sle

~taelatk;. 4>>6>.

EKTFLR) E. B. Lm|bft `f Dakikgaf mk Fekt l mf Rkiamftalmfml. ^l}t~kiar) Th8Skxlr) 4>>2.

EKTF@) H. E. Kr ekmlikr lm|bfbak`far `f f~tl`maxfgle k`%ia`l. 4>>7.Mar~k`sli le8 9j}}~8++www.lbf.|r~.dt+~tkc+ektf`+ekmlikr.j}e0. Fblrrk le866+6>+4>6>.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Bkek \}aiaxft f A`}lt`l} `f Lm|bfk. mf Ba`baf mfA`cktefk) Ski. 43 `. 4) 6117. ^g. 6=3%6+4>6>.

[[[[[[[[[[[[[[Glr}k a`ksfmktf mf lrbkif bke }lb`kikgafr) ]lz}k ~|diabfmkle SALATF) Filzf`mtl *ktg.!. Glr}k lm|bfbak`fi l }lb`kikgaf. Rk ^f|ik)Fsltbfe~) 4>>2. ^ga`fr 6+66+4>>1.

EKTA@) L. Kr rl}l rfdltlr `lblrrtakr lm|bfk mk c|}|tk. 6>. lm. Rk^f|ik8 Bkt}lx) 6111.

^LTTL@K\M) ^. Mlx `ksfr bke~l}`bafr ~ftf l`ra`ft. ]tfm. ^f}tbaf Bja}}k`aTfekr. ^kt}k Filgtl8 Ft}lr Emabfr R|i) 4>>>.

^AFGL]) H. Cfxlt l bke~tll`mlt. 6. lm. Rk ^f|ik8 Elijktfel`}kr) 617:.

^KXK) H. A. F rkbalmfml mf f~tl`maxfgle l k mlrfcak ml bk`slt}lt a`cktefkle bk`jlbael`}k. Tlsar}f ^}ak) F`k : fgk.+k|}. 4>>=. ^g. 2=%23. Mar~k`sli le89j}}~8++|mlek.ktg.dt+F,4>Rkbalmfml.~mc.0. Fblrrk le8 4>+66+4>>1.

^TFMK) E. l RBJI\@XL@) O. A`}lgtfk ml emafr maga}far `f lm|bfk) ^\B%

R^) 4>>=. Mar~k`sli le89j}}~8++www.lfmbk`r|i}ktaf.bke.dt+ef}f~kak+dadiak}lbf+}lz}kr[~mc+}lz}k6=+6>+4>6>.


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^TFMK) E. L. D. D. % A`}lgtfk ml emafr l f tlbk`r}t|k mf ~t}abf~lmfggabf. ^tkgtfef ml ^r%Gtfm|fk le Lm|bfk. Rk ^f|ik8 ^k`}acbaf

\àsltramfml Bf}iabf) 4>>72.~mc0. Fblrrk le8 >=+6>+4>6>.

RBJILEELT) L. FSF8 \e fedal`}l sat}|fi ml bk`sas`baf a`}ltfbakàr}frar}eabk ~ftf bke|àmfmlr sat}|far `f b|i}|tf mf f~tl`maxfgle. ]lrl*Mk|}ktfmk le A`ckte}abf `f Lm|bfk! ^tkgtfef ml ^r%Gtfm|fk leA`ckte}abf `f Lm|bfk. ^kt}k Filgtl8 \CTGR) 4>>4.

RBJILEELT) L.? CFG\@MLR) I. B. \ef ^tk~kr}f ~ftf Fsfiafk mlFedal`}lr Sat}|far ml F~tl`maxfgle `f Rkbalmfml le Tlml. A`ckte}abf `f

Lm|bfk8 ]lktaf l ^t}abf) ^kt}k Filgtl) \CTGR) Cfb|imfml ml Lm|bfk) ^r%Gtfm|fk le A`ckte}abf `f Lm|bfk) s.=) `.4. 4>>6.

RBJILEELT) L.? RFBBKI) F.? GFTTAMK) R. \e Ekmlik Rar}eabk mlFsfiafk ml Rkc}wftlr ~ftf Lm|bfk f Mar}`baf bkek f~kak Glr}k mlLFM. Ft}agk ]lb`kikgaf mf A`cktefk)Tlsar}f ml Glr}k \R^) R^) s. 6=) `. 6)~. 77%16) hf`latk+eftk 4>>7.

]TLA@) M? RBJILEELT) L. ^tkhl}kr ml f~tl`maxfgle dfrlfmkr le ~tkdilef`k bk`}lz}k mf wld 4.>8 ~krradaiamfmlr ~ftf f ~t}abf ~lmfggabf. Tlsar}f L%B|ttab|i|e) Rk ^f|ik) s. =) `. 4) H|`. 4>>1

]KT@FGJA) F. Bke~|}fmktlr) A`}lt`l} l lm|bfk f mar}`baf. A`8 B|i}|tf maga}fil lrbkif. Rfi}k ~ftf k C|}|tk. F`k ZZ dkil}ae 6>. Dtfriaf8 ELB) 4>6>. Mar~k`slile8 9j}}~8++www.}sdtfrai.ktg.dt+ck}kr+rfi}k+rltalr+4>>2=+6>+4>6>.

SFIL@]L) H.F. Btaf`mk fedal`}lr ml f~tl`maxfgle saf tlml }lile}abf8lz~lta`bafr `f cktefk ml ~tkclrrktlr ~ftf k |rk mf A`ckte}abf `fLm|bfk. A`8 SFIL@]L) H.F. *Ktg.!. Cktefk ml lm|bfmktlr ~ftf k |rk mfa`ckte}abf `f lrbkif. Bfe~a`fr) R^8 \@ABFE^+@ALM) 4>>2.


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F^@MABL % V\LR]AK@TAK ML FSFIAFK MKFEDAL@]L SAT]\FI ML F^TL@MAXFGLELMEKMK


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EDMODO E SUAS POTENCIALIDADES NA EDUCAÇÃO COMO AVA

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