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BapJw

Ggp teJ\ßfpw ]Xnhp ]w‡nIfpaSßp∂XmWp Xm]kØns‚ Cu e°w. teJ\ßfn¬ \mseÆw X¿Pasb kw_‘n®p≈hbmWv. hnh¿Ø\sØ kw_‘n® hyXykvXßfmb \ne]mSpIfpwssk≤m¥nIkao£Ifpw Cu teJ\߃ apt∂m´pshbv°p∂p. `mj,\mtSmSnaXw, apkncnkv F∂nßs\ hyXncn‡ßfmb hnjbßfmWpa‰p aq∂p teJ\ßfnep≈Xv.

apkncnkv F∂ {]mNo\ XpdapJ]´WØns‚ Ncn{Xw At\zjn°p∂XmWp kn.BZ¿ins‚ apkncnkns‚ h¿Øam\w F∂ teJ\w.e`yamb Ncn{XtcJIfneqsS k©cn®p apkncnkns‚ ÿm\hpw{]m[m\yhpw I≠dnbm\p≈ {iaanhnsSbp≠v. tIcf Iu¨kn¬ t^m¿lntÃmdn°¬ dnk¿®ns‚ (KCHR) ta¬t\m´Øn¬ \S°p∂ ]´WwDXvJ\\Øns‚ `mKambn e`n® DƒsØfn®ßfpw ]camh[n{]tbmP\s∏SpØp∂p. tIcfk¿°mcns‚ kwcw`amb apkncnkvss]XrI]≤Xn P\{i≤bmI¿jn®phcp∂ kmlNcyØn¬,apkncnkns\∏‰nbp≈ ASnÿm\hnhc߃°p khntij{]m[m\ywe`n°p∂p.

X¿Pamkw_‘nbmb teJ\ßfnsem∂mWp sI.hn.iinbpsS`mjmIuSeobw: AhXmc߃, ]p\¿P∑߃. IuS-eo-b-Ø-n\p G.Un.]Xn-aq∂mw iX-I-Øn-ep-≠mb `mjm-Iu-S-eo-bsa∂ hymJym-\m-flIX¿Pa ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnepw kw-kvIm-cØnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw\n¿an® khn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-c-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m\p≈ {iaamWv CuteJ\w. X¿P-asb∂Xp tIh-e-sam-gn-am-‰as√∂pw bmYm¿Yy-ßsf \n¿an-°p∂ kmaq-ly-{]-tbm-K-am-sW∂pw AXpsIm≠pXs∂ X¿P-a-]-T\wkwkvIm-c-]T-\-am-bn-Øocp∂psh∂pw teJI≥ Xncn®dnbp∂p. tIc-fob-hy-h-lm-cßsf Bcyhy-h-lm-c߃sIm≠p ]p\x-kr„n°pIbmWp`mjm-Iu-S-eo-b-sa∂p \nco£n°p∂p. F≥.APbIpamdnt‚XmWp as‰mcpX¿Pamkw_‘nbmb teJ\w ˛ NߺpgbpsS IhnXmhnh¿Ø\߃.

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B-[p-\n-I-k-µ¿`-Ønse {][m\-s∏´ Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ an°-hcpw kz¥wcN-\-Iƒs°-∂-t]mse hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\pw {]m[m\yw \evIn-bn-́ p-≠v. Nß-ºp-g-bpw CXn\v A]-hm-Z-a-√. hnh¿Ø-\-߃ kmln-Xy-Øns‚ HmP- p-Iq-´p-sa-∂-Xn¬ At±lØn\p kwi-bap≠mbncp∂n√. bmYm-ÿn-XnIat\m`m-h-Øns‚ \io-I-cWw ASn-b-¥n-cm-h-iy-ambn I≠ Nß-ºpg-]g-bXpw ]pXn-b-Xp-amb IrXn-Iƒ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn\p sXc-s™-Sp-ØXvAh-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ bmYm-ÿn-Xn-I-[m-c-W-Iƒ XI¿°p-I-sb∂ hy‡-ambe£y-tØm-sS-bm-sW∂p teJI≥ \nco£n°p∂p. Nß-ºpgbpsS tZh-Ko-X, Znhy-KoXw F∂n-hsb Bkv]-Z-am°n At±-l-Øns‚ hnh¿Ø-\coXn-I-sf-°p-dn®p khntijamb Nne \nco£Wßfpw AhXcn∏n°p∂p. IqSmsX, Nß-ºp-g-bpsS ImeØp as‰mcp Ihnbpw C{X hn]p-e-amb hn-h¿Ø-\kmlnXyw (sshhn-[y-ap≈ Imhy-kw-kvIm-c-ß-fpsS hn-h¿Ø-\hpw) ae-bm-f-Øn\p kw`m-h\ sNbvXn-́ ns√∂p ka¿∞n°pIbpwsNøp∂p.

X¿Pasb tI{µam°nb as‰mcp ]T\teJ\amWv CjypFUn‰dpw sNdntP°_pw tN¿∂v FgpXnb Translation as Hegemony– Initial Thoughts on the (re)presentation of Subaltern/Regional

Writings in(to) English . Fkv.tPmk^ns‚ CSw F∂ IhnX_ncpZhnZym¿∞nIƒ°p ]Tn°m\mbn Cw•njnte°p hnh¿Ø\wsNbvXt∏mƒ kw`hn® ]mI∏ngIsf hna¿i\_p≤ym t\m°n°mWp∂p.X¿PaIƒ AhXmcßfmsW∂p IcpXs∏Sp∂ DØcm[p\nIkµ¿`Ønepw hnh¿ØI≥/hnh¿ØI ]pe¿tØ≠p∂ Nnecm{„obPm{KXIfnte°p hnc¬ Nq≠p∂p. CØcw cm{„obPm{KXIfn√mØXn\memWp IogmfI¿Ørÿm\Øp\n∂v FgpXs∏´ IhnXX¿Pa sNbvXph∂t∏mƒ taemfI¿ØrXzßfpsS Dev]mZ\tI{µambnØo¿∂Xv. X¿Pabpambn _‘s∏´ as‰mcp teJ\amWpsI.]n.{]aofbpsS X¿Pabpw kv{XohmZhpw. X¿P-abpw kv{Xohm-ZhpwXΩn-¬ cq]Im-fl-I-_‘aps≠∂pw kv{Xohm-ZwXs∂ Hcp X¿P-abmsW∂pw \nco£n°s∏Sp∂p. X¿P-aIfn-e-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p∂ hymI-c-W-]-c-amb enwK-N¿®-b√ ChnsS \SØp∂Xv. hnh¿Ø\sØbpwkv{Xosbbpw XΩn¬ tN¿Øpsh®v CXnt\mSIw AhXcn∏n°s∏´GXm≠v F√m ssk≤m¥nI\nco£WßfpsSbpw Npcps°gpØv CuteJ\Øn¬ ImWmw. ]pXp-ku-µ-cy-Z¿i-\-Øn-ep≈ ]p\¿\n¿am-W-Øn¬]¶m-fn-bm-hp∂ hnh¿ØI Xs‚ cN-\-bn¬ kzmX-{¥y-a-\p-`-hn-°p-Ibpw

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AXhƒ kmap-Z-m-bn-tIm-∑p-J-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-- tºm-gmWpkv{Xo]£ hnh¿Øn-X]mTw Dcp-Øn-cn-bp-∂-Xv F∂ teJnIbpsS\nco£Ww {it≤bamWv. CØhWsØ ]pkvXI]qcW]w‡nbpwhnh¿Ø\kw_‘nbmb Hcp ]pkvXIsØbmWp ]cnNbs∏SpØp∂Xv.PbmkpIpamc≥ cNn® _wKmfn t\mh-ep-Iƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬: hnh¿Ø-\-] -T -\ -Øns‚ kn≤m -¥hpw {]tbmKhpw F∂ {KŸØns‚{]tXyIXbpw {]m[m\yhpw G.hn.Bfl≥ AhXcn∏n°p∂p. _wKmfnt\mhepIfpsS aebmfhnh¿Ø\ßsf°pdn®p≈ anIhp≈ ]T\wF∂Xn\p ]pdsa hnh¿Ø\]T\Øns‚ ]pXnb aebmfamXrI F∂\nebn¬ {it≤bamhpIbmWv Cu ]pkvXIw.

t{]mt´m Xangv aebmfsØ kw_‘n®v sF.Fkv.Un.F¬.kwLSn∏n® tZiob skan\mdn¬ Sn._n.thWptKm]me∏Wn°¿AhXcn∏n® {]_‘amWv Old Tamil Retensions in Malayalam.{]mNo\Xangns‚ Fs¥√mw khntijXIƒ aebmfw \ne\n¿Øp∂psh∂ At\zjWw apt∂m´psIm≠pt]mIm≥ sshbmIcW\mbteJI\p Ign™n´p≠v. AXnhmZ߃ Hgnhm°n XØz\njvTambnXang v˛aebmf_‘hpw Xang v˛aebmfßfpsS ]q¿hcq]hpwAt\zjn°p∂ Cu teJ\w aebmfhnZym¿∞nIƒ°pw {ZmhnU`mjm]finX¿°pw Gsd D]Icn°pw.

Cu e°Øn¬ Dƒt®¿Øncn°p∂Xn¬ G‰hpw Zo¿LambteJ\amWp cmLh≥ ]ø\mSns‚ tIcfobamb \mtSmSnaX]mcºcyw.hnjbØns‚ hym]vXnbpw Kl\Xbpw sIm≠p khntijamb CuteJ\w CXphsc Bcpw \oco£n°mØ Nne Imcyßfnte°p{i≤bq∂p∂p. tIc-f-Ønse kaq-l-߃ ]pe¿Øn-h-cp∂ ]mc-º-cy-a-X-hn-izm-k-Øns‚ Xmsg-Ø-´nse AS-cp-Iƒ I≠dnbm\p≈ {iaamWpteJ\Øns‚ BZy`mKw. Cu ]mcºcyaXhnizm-k-߃°p {]Jym-]n-X-a-X-ß-fpsS AXn¿h-c-ºp-Iƒ _m[-I-a-√. Pohn-X-Øn¬ Ah-sbm∂pwA\p-jvTn-°p-∂n-s√-¶n¬t]mepw Hcp t_m[-ambn AXp P\-a-\- n¬ \ne-\n-ev°p∂-p-s≠∂p cmLh≥ ]ø\mSv \nco£n°p∂p. teJ\Øns‚c≠mw `mKw ImfntZhXmk¶ev]Øns‚ N¿®bmWv. PmXn-t{i-Wn-bn¬a[y-h¿§-Øn¬s]-Sp--∂h-cn¬ G‰hpw i‡-ambn \ne-\n-ev°p∂ tZh-Xm-k-¶-ev]-amWp Imfn.- tIc-fo-b-cmb F√m-h-cnepw -Hcp-t]mse thcp-d® aXwImfn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´Xm-sW∂p hmZn°p∂p. tZi-]-c-ambpw PmXn-t{i-Wn-bn¬ ew_-am-\-ambpw tIc-f-Øn-ep-S-\ofw Imfn B-cm-[n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p≠v.

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F∂m¬ tIcfØnse Imfn Hdo- -bnepw _wKm-fn-ep-ap≈ Imfn-bn¬\n∂phyXy-kvX-am-Wv. Zmcn-I-h[w IY X\n tIc-fo-b-ambXn\memWp X{¥-hn[n {]Imcw {]XnjvT km[y-amb tZh-X-I-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Imfn- Dƒs∏SmXncn°p∂Xv. {ItaW, tIc-f-Ønt‚-Xmb Imfnsb "X{¥hnZy' kzoI-cn®p. lnµp, {InkvXy≥, C…mw aX-ß-fn¬s∏´h-sc√mw sIm≠m-Sn-bn-cp∂tIc-fo-b-amb Hcp \mtSmSn-a-X-]m-c-ºcyw ChnsS D≠m-bn-cp∂p. F∂m¬,ÿm]-\-h-Xv°-cn-°-s∏´ aX-ß-fpsS ]nSn-ap-dp-°-Øn¬ B ]mcºcyaX-t_m[w ]pXnb aX-t_m-[-Øn¬ kzbw hne-bn-®p-sIm-≠n-cn-°p∂sh∂bmYm¿∞ysØ Xpdp∂pIm´p∂p Cu teJ\w.

tcJmtiJcØn¬\n∂v F∂ ]w‡nbn¬ F¬.hn.cmakzman Aø¿ssIcfn amknIbn¬ FgpXn {]kn≤s∏SpØnb PKZoiN{µZ¿i\wF∂ teJ\Øns‚ ]I¿∏v Dƒt®¿Øncn°p∂p. KthjWcwKØn¬kpa kndnbIv Xs‚ ]n.F®v.Un.{]_‘Øns‚ kw{Klw AhXcn∏n°p∂p. F√m teJI¿°w \µn.

tUm. APp sI. \mcmbW≥Cjyq FUn‰¿

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apkn-cnkns‚ h¿Ø-am\w

kn. BZ¿iv

{]mNo\tIc-f-Ønse {]i-kvX-amb Xpd-apJ\K-c-am-bn-cp∂p apkn-cn-kv. {Ko°p-Im-cp-sSbpw tdma-°m-cp-sSbpw hnh-c-W-ß-fn-emWp apkn-cnkvF∂ hm°p ImWp-∂-Xv. {]mNo\ Xan-gvIm-hy-ß-fn¬ ImWp∂ "apNndn'bmWv hntZ-io-b-cpsS apkn-cn-kv. C¥y-bnseXs∂ {][m-\-s∏´ Xpdap-J-ßfnsem-∂mb apkn-cnkv C∂sØ sImSp-ß-√q¿ {]tZ-i-amWv F∂psXfn-bn-°p∂ [mcmfw tcJ-Iƒ D≠v. {InkvXp-h¿jm-cw-`-Øn\papt∂Xs∂ XpSßn \q‰m-≠p-I-tfmfw {]mNo\ tIc-f-Ønse {][m\ I®-hSXpd-ap-J-ambn apkn-cnkv \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂p. Ime-h¿j-°m-‰ns\ Ipdn-®p≈Adn-hmWp ]Sn-™m-dp\n∂p≈ I®-h-S-°msc Ffp-∏-Øn¬ apkn-cn-kn-seØnt®cm≥ klm-bn-®-Xv. AtXm-Sp-IqSn apkn-cnkv h≥tXm-Xn¬ I∏-ep-Iƒ hcp∂ henb Xpd-apJw Xs∂-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p. A°m-esØ ]e{Ko°v, tdma≥ tcJI-fn¬\n∂pw k©m-cn-I-fpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬\n∂pwkmlnXyIrXn-I-fn¬\n∂pw I∏-ep-Iƒ ChnsS hcp-∂-Xns‚ _mlp-eysØ-°p-dn®v Adn-bm≥ km[n-°pw. ]n∂oSv Hcp L´-Øn¬ apkn-cnkvNcn-{X-Øn¬\n∂pw C√m-Xm-hp-I-bmWp sNøp-∂-Xv.

\q‰m-≠p-IƒsIm≠p-≠mb `qan-im-kv{X-hyXn-bm-\-ß-fmWp apkncnkns‚ I®-hS{]m[m\yw C√m-Xm-°n-bXv F∂p Icp-Xmw. 1341-̨ ¬ D≠mbsh≈-s∏m°amWp Imb¬ hgn-am-dn-sbm-gp-Im\pw apkn-cn-kns‚ Xpd-ap-J-{]m-[m\yw \„-s∏-Sm\pw CS-bm°nbXv F∂p Icp-Xs∏Sp-∂p.(1) t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im-cpsS Ime-L´whtcbv°pw sImSp-ß-√q¿ hmWnPy{]m[m\yw\ne\n¿Øn-bn-cp∂p F∂p sXfn-bn-°p∂ PqX, {InkvXo-b, Ad_v tcJm-ti-J-c߃ D≠v. AXn\ptijamWv sIm®n°v Xpd-apJw F∂- \n-e-bn¬{]m[m\yw ssIh-∂Xv. ]≠sØ apkn-cnkv Fhn-sS-bmWv F∂-Xns\

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kw_-‘n-®p IrXy-amb sXfn-hp-Xcp∂ `qan-im-kv{X-]-ctam ÿe-\m-a-]-ctam Bb kqN-\-Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂n-√. apkn-cnkv Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp∂pF∂p a\- n-em-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kqN-\-Iƒ \ap°p In´p-∂Xp {]mNo\k©m-cn-I-fpsS hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂m-Wv. apkn-cn-kns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ÿm\w \n¿W-bn-°m≥ klm-bn-°p∂ Hcp {]mNo\IrXn F.-Un.H∂mw \q‰m-≠n-teXv F∂p Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Fdn-{Xn-b≥ IS-en-eqsSbp≈I∏¬ bm{X (Periplus Maris Erythraei)bmWv. ]yq´nwK¿ tS_n-fn¬ apkn-cn-kn-s‚bpw Np‰p-{]-tZ-i-ß-fp-sSbpw ÿm\w AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.πn\n-bpsSbpw tSmf-an-bp-sSbpw hnh-c-W-ß-fnepw apkn-cn-kns\°pdn-®p≈]cm-a¿i-߃ D≠v. {]mNo\ XangvIrXn-I-fn¬ apNn-cn-bpsS kar-≤nsbkw_-‘n® hnh-c-W-ß-fp-≠v. CØcw hnh-c-W-ß-sfbpw ]n¬°me tIc-f-N-cn{XL´-ßsfbpw ASn-ÿm-\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bmWv apkn-cnkv C∂sØsImSp-ß-√q¿ {]tZ-i-ØmWv F∂p a\ nem-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂Xv.

apkn-cn-kns‚ ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn®v Adn-bm≥ \ap-°p-≠m-bn-cp∂apJy Ncn{Xkma-{Kn-Iƒ ta¬∏-d™ IrXn-I-fm-Wv. CXn¬\n∂mWp a‰pkml-NcysXfn-hp-I-fn-te°p Ncn{XcN\ \ofp-∂-Xv. C{Xbpw ]d-™Xv2004-˛¬ ]d-hq-cn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ]´Ww F∂ ÿeØp \S∂ J\\Kth-j-W-ß-fn¬ tdma≥_‘-ßsf sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xpw F.-Un. BZy \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-se hmk-ÿm-\sØ Ipdn-°p-∂-Xp-amb ]pcm-h-kvXp- sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-bXp apkn-cn-kns‚ ÿm\w kw_-‘n® Nne ho≠phnNm-c-߃ D≠m°nF∂-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv. apºp sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ \S-Ønb J\-\-ß-fn¬\n∂papkn-cn-kns‚ {]Xm-]-Imew F∂p IW-°m-°p∂ _n.-kn. A-h-km\hpwF.-Un. BZy\q‰m-≠p-I-fn-te-Xp-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ H∂pw In´n-bn´pan-√.Cusbmcp ]›m-ØeØn¬ apkn-cn-kns\°pdn®p≈ Ncn-{X-km-a-{Kn-IƒDƒs∏-sS-bp≈ hnh-c-W-ß-sfbpw [mc-W-I-sfbpw ho≠pw hni-I-e\wsNtø-≠n-h-cpw.

tdma-°msc kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw C¥y-bnse BZysØ henbI®-hStI{µ-amWp apkn-cn-kv.(2) apkn-cn-kns‚ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb InS-∏v hnh-cn-°p∂ {]mNo-\hpw {][m-\-hp-amb IrXn-bmWv Hcp {Ko°v \mhn-I≥ Fgp-Xnb s]cn-πkv ˛ Fdn-{Xn-b≥ IS-en-eqsS Hcp I∏¬bm{X (F.-Un. 60). \mhn-I¿°p th≠n-bp≈ ssI∏p-kvX-I-amWv CXv. AXpsIm≠p-Xs∂ A°m-esØ IrXy-amb `qan-imkv{Xhnh-cWw Cu IrXn-bn¬ D≠v.CXns‚ I¿Ømhp t\cn´p kµ¿in®p Xøm-dm-°nb ÿe-hn-h-c-W-߃Xs∂-bm-bn-cn°pw CXv.

apkn-cnkns‚ h¿Ø-am\w

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""\udbpw Xn≠nkpw Ua-cn-°-bnse BZysØ I®-h-S-ÿ-e-ß-fm-Wv. AXp- IS∂v FØp-∂Xp hfsc {][m-\-s∏´ apkn-cnkpw s\¬In-≠-bp-am-Wv. IS¬h-°-Øp≈ ÿe-ambXn≠nkv tIc-s_m-{Xm-kns‚ cmPyØp ÿnXnsNøp-∂p. apkn-cnkpw CtX cmPyØpXs∂-bm-Wv. Atd-_y-bn¬\n∂pw{Ko°n¬\n∂pap≈ Nc-°p-I-∏-ep-I-fm¬ kar-≤-amWv Ahn-Sw.Xn≠n --kn¬\n∂v apkn -cn -kn -te°v IS¬hgnZqcw 500tÃUnbbmWv. IS¬Øo-c-Øp-\n∂v 20 tÃUnb D≈n-emWvapkn-cn-kv. apkn-cn-kn¬\n∂pw IS¬hgn 500 tÃUn-b-bn-e-[n-I-ap≠p s\¬In-≠-bn-te-°v. s\¬In≠ ]mfiys‚ cmPy-ØmWp ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Cu ÿehpw ]pg-tbm-c-Øm-Wv.IS¬°-c-bn¬\n∂pw 120 tÃUnb D≈n-emWp s\¬°n≠ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Cu \ZoapJØp _°sc F∂ {KmawÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-p'' (Schoff, W.F, 1912:44, Passages 53, 54, 55).

`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-ambpw ÿe-\m-a-]-c-ambpw Hcp]mSp hyXym-k-߃ h∂-Xp-sIm≠v C∂sØ GtXXp ÿe-\m-a-ß-fmWv s]cn-π-kn¬ ]d-bp-∂ÿe-߃ F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®v Dulw am{X-am-Wp-≈-Xv.

apkn-cn-kn\p hS-°p≈ Xn≠nknte°pw sX°p≈ s\¬In-≠-bn-te°pw A™q-dp-tÃ-Unb (92 -In.-an) hoXw Zqcw F∂mWv s]cn-π-kn¬\n∂-dn-bp-∂-Xv. Xn≠n-kns‚ (Xp-≠n, IS-ep≠n, ]¥-em-bn-\n-s°m-√w...?)ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn-®pw s\¬In-≠-bpsS ÿm\-sØ-°p-dn®pw IrXy-ambn ]d-bm≥ km[n-®n-́ n-√. apkn-cnkv sImSp-ß-√q¿ BsW∂ [mc-W-bn¬\n∂mWpa‰p c≠p Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpsS ÿm\sØ Ipdn-®p≈ [mcW cq]o-I-cn-°m≥Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ {ian-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. IS¬ + Xp≠n ˛ IS-ep-≠n-bmWpXn≠nkv F∂v temK≥ (2004: 71) ]d-bp-∂p. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬\n∂v 578tÃUnb Zqc-ØmWv IS-ep-≠n. (G-Xm≠v 117 In.ao ̨ Gurukkal, Whittaker,2001: 348) AI-\m-\q-dnepw (AIw 10, AIw 60) ]pd-\m-\q-dnepw (]pdw 17)Ipdp-s¥mssI-bnepw (200) a‰pw sXm≠n-bpsS kar-≤nsb°pdn®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. apkn-cn-kn¬\n∂pw 500 tÃUnb Zqc-Øp ]mfiycmPy-Øp≈s\¬°n≠ GXmWv F∂p a\- n-em-°m≥ Hcphgn-bp-an-√ F∂mWvCfwIpfw (2005: 71) ]d-bp-∂-Xv. cmP≥ Kpcp-°fpw UnIv hn‰m-°dpw tN¿s∂-gp-Xnb ]T-\-Øn¬ CXns‚ ÿm\sØ°pdn®v Cßs\ ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p:"s\¬°n≠ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ \Zn-bpsS apJØv _°sc F∂ {Kma-ap-≠v.Ch XΩn-ep≈ Zqcw 120 tÃUnb F∂mWv s]cn-π-kn¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv. AXp-

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sIm≠v apkn-cn-kn¬\n∂pw _°-sc-bn-te-°p≈ Zqcw 320 tÃUnb F∂vDuln°mw. (500-¬ \n∂v 120 Ipd-™Xv). AXm-bXv GXm≠v 70 In.-an.tIm´-bØp\n∂p ]pd-°m-Sn-te-°p≈ Zqcw 22 In.-an. BWv. sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬\n∂pw ]pd-°m-t´°v Zqcw 96 In.an BWv. AXp-sIm≠v ]pd-°m-Sn\vIpd-®p-IqSn hS°p`mK-Øm-bn-́ m-bn-cn°pw _°-sc-bpsS ÿm\w. 17-̨ mw \q‰m-≠nse U®p am∏p-I-fnse Xoc-tZiNn{Xo-I-c-W-Øn¬ thº-\mSv Imb-en\pIpsd-b-[nIw Agn-ap-J-߃ D≈-Xmbn ImWn-®n-´p-≠v.(3) IqSmsX sIm®n(Cotchyn)°pw sIm√-Øn\pw(Coulan) CS-bv°p≈ {][m-\-s∏´ Xpd-ap-J-ambn s]m¿°sb (Porca ˛ ]pd-°m-Sv) AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-ap≠v' (2001:348-˛9). "sImSp-ß-√q¿ Xs∂-bmWv apkn-cnkv F∂p Icp-Xp-I-bm-sW-¶n¬'F∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠mWp ta¬]T-\-Øn¬ a‰p Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpsS ÿm\sØ°pdn-®-t\z-jn-°p-∂-Xv. apkn-cnkv sImSp-ß-√q¿Xs∂ F∂ [mcWbmWp hneyw temKs‚ (2004: 71-˛2) hnh-c-W-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xv. Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n≈bpw (2005: 25) apkn-cnkv sImSp-ß-√q¿ Xs∂-bmWvF∂p ]d-bp-∂p. PqX-s®-t∏-Snse "apbn-cn-t°mSv' F∂ {]tbmKw H∂mw\q‰m-≠n-s\bpw ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n-s\bpw _‘n-∏n-°m≥ Cfw-Ip-fsØklm-bn-°p-∂p-≠v.(4) Npcp-°-Øn¬, apkn-cn-kn-s\-°p-dn®pw tIc-f-Ønsea‰p {]mNo-\-Xp-d-ap-J-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p-ap≈ GI-tZi [mcW CsX√mam-Wv.]t£ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fpsS hnkvXr-Xnsb kw_-‘n®p ]T-\-ß-fn¬ Imcy-amb ]cm-a¿i-߃ C√.

s]cn-π-kn¬\n∂p Nne hyXym-k-߃ πn\n-bpsS hnh-c-W-Øn-ep-≠v. F.-Un. 77 ¬ {]kn-≤o-I-cn® πn\n-bpsS \m®p-d¬ lnÃ-dn-bn¬ C¥y-bnse Xpd-ap-J-ßsf∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-≠v:

""]ns∂ Ipsd-°mew Ign-™-tijw Atd-_n-b-bn¬ knb-{KkvF∂ ÿeØp\n∂v ln∏m-ekv F∂p hnfn®phcp∂ ]Sn-™m-d≥ Im‰ns‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn 1335 ssa¬ (2136 In.-an) Zqsc-°n-S-°p∂ ]Xmsebnte°v t\cn´p I∏-tem-Sn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-sW∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. Cu I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-tØm-Sp-IqSn hfscZo¿Lw Ipd-™Xpw kpc-£n-X-hp-amb Hcp hgn-bpsS Ime-L´wXs∂ Xpd-°-s∏-́ p. t\csØ ]d™ knbm-{K-kn¬\n∂pt\cn´v C¥y-bnse Hcp lm¿_-dmb knk-dkv (Zizerus) \Zn-bn-te°v FØm≥ km[n-°pw. Cu I∏¬∏mX Hcp I®-h-S-°m-c≥ (ln-∏m-ekv?) I≠p-]n-Sn-°p-∂-Xn\p apºp-Xs∂ bYm¿∞-Øn¬ Cu IS¬am¿§w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Cu I≠p-]n-Sp-Ø-tØm-

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Sp-IqSn C¥y FØn-t®-cm≥ Ffp-∏-ap≈ Hcp ÿe-am-bn. CuIS-ep-I-fn¬ IS¬sIm-≈-°m¿ [mcm-f-ap-≈-Xp-sIm≠v I∏-ep-I-fn¬ hn√m-fn-I-fpsS Hcp ]S-tbm-Sp-IqSn F√m sIm√hpwCt∏mƒ kap-{Z-bm{X sNbvXphcp-∂p-≠v. Cu hI bm{X-bv°p≈icn-bmb am¿§w Ct∏mƒ BZy-ambn Adn-b-s∏-´n-cn-°p-I-bm-W-t√m. Cu kwKXn \ap°v {]tXyIw Btem-Nn-t°≠ hnj-b-am-Wv. sIm√w-tXmdpw 50 aney≥ sktÿkp-Iƒ C¥y-bn¬\n∂p hcp∂ km[-\-߃°mbn \mw sImSp-°p-∂p. BhIkm[-\-ß-fpsS kztX-bp≈ hne-bpsS \qdn-c-´n-bmWv \ΩƒsImSp-t°≠n hcp-∂-Xv. ...Hmk-enkv (Ocelis) F∂ Xpd-ap-JØp\n∂v C¥y-bn-te°p t]mIp∂XmWv G‰hpw \√-Xv. ]Sn-™m-d≥ Im‰mb ln∏m-e-kns‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqSn \mev]XpZnh-ksØ bm{XsIm≠v C¥y-bnse BZysØ Xpd-ap-J-]-´-W-amb apkn-cn-kn¬ FØp-∂p.(5) Cu Xpd-apJw kml-k-Øn\p\√-X-√, ImcWw ASp-Øp≈ \n{Sn-bkv F∂(6) {]tZiØvIS¬sIm-≈-°m¿ D≠v. AhnsS I®-h-S-N-c-°p-Iƒ th≠{Xkar-≤-a-√. IqSmsX I∏-ep-Iƒ \n¿Øp-∂n-SØp\n∂v Ic-bn-te°v Ipsd Zqc-ap-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v I®-h-S-km-[-\-߃, AXn-\p-th-≠nØs∂-bp≈ sNdnb h≈-ß-fn-em°n sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-I-bmWv sNøm-dv. CXv Fgp-Xp∂ ka-bØv Ahn-SsØ cmPmhvtIsem-s_m-{Xmkv (Celebothras) BWv. [mcmfw Nc-°p-I-fp≈as‰mcp Xpd-apJw D≠v, s_°sc (Becare) F∂p hnfn-°p∂B Xpd-apJw \n°m-\n-tUm¨ (Necanidon) F∂ cmPy-ØmWvÿnXn-sN-øp-∂-Xv. Cu ka-bØv ]mfiy-\mWv (Pandion) Chn-SsØ cmPm-hv. At±lw Cu Xpd-ap-JØp\n∂v hfscbI∂vsamUpk (Modusa) (a-[p-c) F∂ \K-c-Øn-emWp Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv. s_°-c-bn-te°v Ipcp-ap-fIp sIm≠phcp-∂Xv sIm -́\m(c)(Cotona) F∂ ÿeØp\n∂v H‰-acw Ipgn-®p-≠m-°nb sNdnbtXmWn-I-fn-emWv. Cu ]d™ cmPy-ßtfm Xpd-ap-J-ßtfmH∂pw apºp≈ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ ]d-™-Xmbn I≠n-´n√'' (Pliny:Book VI, Chapter XXIII, 1847˛--- 48: 134˛136, Nilakanta Sastri,2001: 52˛53).

I®-h-S-°m-cn¬\n∂p In´nb hnh-c-ß-fp-]-tbm-Kn-®mWp πn\n tIc-f-sØ-°p-dn®v Fgp-Xp-∂-Xv (them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn, 2001:34). s]cn-π-kn¬]dbp∂ apkn-cn-knse Nc°p kma-{Kn-I-fp-sSbpw I∏-ep-I-fp-sSbpw kar≤n

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πn\n-bpsS hnh-c-W-Øn-en-√. C¥y-bnse BZysØ I®-hS\Kcw F∂mWpapkn-cn-kns\ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. IS¬sIm-≈-°m¿ D≈-Xp-sIm≠pw I∏-ep-Iƒ XocØp\n∂pw hfsc Zqsc InS-t°≠nhcp-∂-Xp-sIm≠pw _°scF∂ as‰mcp Xpd-apJ\Kcw apkn-cn-kn-s\-°mƒ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xmbn πn\n]d-bp-∂p. _°sc F∂Xp ]mfiys‚ cmPy-Øm-sW∂pw ]mfiy≥ Xma-kn-°p-∂Xv Zqsc-bp≈ a[p-c-bn-em-sW∂pw \m®p-d¬ lnÃ-dn-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ]t£ apkn-cn-knse cmPmhv tIscm-s_m-{Xmkv Fhn-sS-bmWvF∂p ]d-bp-∂n-√. s]cn-π-kn¬ c≠p cmPm-°-∑mcpw Dƒ{]tZ-i-ØmWvXma-kn-°p-∂Xv F∂pam{Xta ]d-bp-∂p-≈q.(7) s]cn-π-kn¬ ]d-bp∂tIscm-s_m{Xbpw (Cerabothra) πn\n ]d-bp∂ tIe-s_m-{Xmkpw(Celebothras) Atim-Is‚ c≠mw inem-im-k-\-Øn¬ (_n.-kn. 256) ]d-bp∂ "tIc-f-]ptXm'bpw H∂pX-s∂-bm-bn-cn-°-Ww. tIc-f-]p-{X≥ F∂A¿∞-Øn-ep≈ Cu hm°p Xs∂-bm-hWw tNc-a-I≥ ˛ tNc-am≥ Bb-Xpw. cmP-Io-b-amb GsX-¶nepw CS-s]-SepIƒ I®-h-SsØ kzm[o-\n-°p-∂-Xmbn cs≠gp-Øp-Imcpw Icp-Xp-∂-Xmbn Ah-cpsS hnh-c-W-Øn¬\n∂pa\- n-em°mw.

F.-Un. c≠mw \q‰m-≠nse tSmf-an-bpsS (Klaudious Ptolemaios)`qan-im-kv{X-Ønepw tIcfØnse {][m\ Xpd-ap-J-ßsf°pdn®p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Xn≠n-kn\pw apkn-cn-kn\pw CS-bn¬ {_“-Kmc (Bramagara), Isse-°-cn-bmkv (Kalaikariyas) F∂o c≠p ÿe-ßsf°pdn-®p-IqSn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. tSmfan ]d-bp∂ kptZ-kvtXm-tamkv (kyp-tSm-tXm-tamkv F∂pwPseudostomos), Icud (Koreoura) F∂n-hbpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ N¿®-sN-bvXn´p≈ ÿe-\m-a-ß-fm-Wv (McCrindle, 1885:48). tSmf-an-bpsS tPym{K-^n-bnse C¥y-≥ ̀ q]-S-Øn¬ ÿe-߃ XΩn-ep≈ Zqc-Øns‚ IW-°n¬[mcmfw sX‰p-Iƒ D≈-Xmbn \nco-£n-°s∏´n-́ p-≠v.(8) apkn-cn-kn\p sXm -́Sp-Øm-bmWp kptZmkvtXm-tamkv F∂ Agn-apJsØ tSmfan ÿm\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Dƒ\m´p\K-c-amb Icu-d-bn-emWp tIscm-s_m-{Xm-kns‚ Xe-ÿm\w F∂p tSmfan ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. AXn-\-SpØmbmWp ac-XIw In´p∂ ]u\m´.(9) Icud Icq-cmWv F∂v Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Xan-gv\m-´nse Icq-cmWv Cu Icp¿ F∂v hymJym\w D≠v. sImSp-ß-√q-cn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Icq-]-S-∂-bmWv F∂pw Icp-X-s∏-Sp-∂p (C-fw-Ipfw, 2005:171).10 AtX-k-abw, Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b≥ I®-h-S-°m¿°v apkn-cn-kp-am-bp≈I®-hS_‘w sXfn-bn-°p∂ hnb∂ ]m∏n-d-kp-Iƒ tSmf-an-bpsS ]cm-a¿i-ßfpsS {]m[m\yw Iq´p-∂-Xmbn cmP≥ Kpcp-°fpw UnIv hn‰m-°dpw (2001:336) ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. ""hnb∂m If-£-\nse Hcp IØv, sN¶-S¬Xoc-Øp≈

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Xpd-ap-JØp\n∂pw Ae-Ivkm-{≠n-b-bnse Hcp kw -̀c-W-im-e-bn-te°p I®-h-SNc-°p-Iƒ sIm≠pt]mIp-∂Xp kw_‘n® DS-º-Sn-bm-Wv. apkn-cn-kn¬sh®v D≠m-°nb DS-º-Sn-bm-bn-cn°pw CXv F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p''.(11) F¥m-bmepw F.-Un. c≠mw \q‰m-≠nepw AXn\p tijhpw {Ko°n-t\mSpwtdmant\mSpw apkn-cnkn\p≠m-bn-cp∂ I®-h-S-Øns‚ i‡-amb sXfnhvhnb∂m ]m∏n-d-kp-Iƒ Xcp-∂p-≠v. IqSmsX Bdmw \q‰m-≠phsc tdma≥\mW-b-߃ tIc-f-Øn¬ Atßm-f-an-tßm-f-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂p In´n-bn-´p-ap≠v (C-fw-Ip-fw, 2005: 46). \o≠-Imew tdma≥ I®-hS_‘-߃ChnsS XpS¿∂-Xmbpw apkn-cnkv {][m\ I®-h-S-tI-{µ-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbpw CXn¬ \ns∂√mw sXfn-bp-∂p-≠v. AXp-t]mse anem-\nseHcp _nj-∏ns‚ sse{_-dn-bn¬ (Library of Ambrose, Bishop of Milanin the later 4th c.)\n∂pw {_m“-Wsc°pdn®p≈ \memw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xmb Hcp A]q¿∆ ]pkvXIw Is≠-Ønbn-´p-≠v. em‰n-\nte°p X¿PasNbvXn´p≈ B ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ apgp-h≥ C¥y-bn-sebpw I®-h-S-tI-{µ-ambn apkn-cn-kns\bmWp ]d-bp-∂Xv.(12) CXns‚ bYm¿∞ {Ko°v Bth-Z-I≥ apkn-cn-kns\°pdn®p ]d-bp-∂n-√. "Ipcp-ap-fIp tiJ-cn-°p∂ P\-߃' F∂- {]tbmKw, apkn-cn-kn-s\ kw_-‘n-®Xm-bn-cn°pw F∂v X¿P-

a-°m-c≥ kzm`m-hn-I-ambn Duln-s®-Sp-°p-I-bmWv sNbvXX v F∂p Kpcp-°fpw hn‰m-°dpw (Gurukkal, Whittaker, 2001: 338) ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. AXm-bXv A°m-eØv (\memw \q‰m-≠n¬) C¥ysb kw_-‘n® GsXmcp]cm-a¿i-hpw apkn-cnknte°mWv \ofp-∂-Xv. apkn-cn-kn\v Ah¿°n-S-bn-ep-≠m-bn-cp∂ {]map-JysØ-bmWv CXp sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv.

hnb∂ kam-lm-c-߃°p ]pdsa {Ko°p tdma≥_‘sØ sXfn-bn-°p∂ as‰mcp {]mNo\tcJbmWp ]yq´nw-K¿ tS_nƒ. tdma≥ I®-h-S-°m¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ tdmUv am∏v BWp ]yq´nw-K¿ tS_nƒ. G.-Un.\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ \n¿Ωn°s∏´ CXn¬ c≠mw \q‰m-≠n-teXp apX-ep≈hnh-c-߃ AS-ßn-bn-´p≠v F∂mWp Icp-Xp-∂-Xv.(13) {Ko°p-Imcpw tdma-°mcpw tIc-f-Øn¬ ÿnc-ambn Xma-kn-®n-cp∂p F∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp∂kqN-\-Iƒ ]yq´nw-K¿ tS_nfn-ep-≠v. Xp≠nkv (Tundis), apkn-cnkv (Muziris)F∂o ÿe-\m-a-߃°p ]pdsa ªn≥I (Blinca), sIm´n-bmc (Cotiara)(πn\n ]d-bp∂ sIm -́\m-c-bm-Imw) F∂n-ßs\ Nne ÿe-߃IqSn CXn¬ImWn-®n-´p-≠v. Unan-cnsI (Damirice) Fs∂-gp-Xnb henb ̀ mK-Øn-emWvCh-sb-√mw. apkn-cnkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xn\p sXm´papI-fn-embn MUZIRISLACUS Fs∂-gp-Xnb Hcp XSmIw ImWp∂p≠v. AXn\p sXm´-Sp-ØmbnHcp sI´n-S-Øns‚ Nn{Xhpw AXn-t\m-sSm∏w 'tempt. August' (templ(um)

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Augusti) F∂v Fgp-Xp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p≠v. AK-Ã-kns‚ Bcm-[-\m-ebw\ne-\n-∂n-cp∂p F∂ kqN\-bmWv CXp \¬Ip-∂Xv.(14) Cusbmcp kqN-\-b-√msX AØcw Hcp Bcm-[-\m-ebw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xn\v ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb sXfnthm Xe-ap-d-I-fmbn ssIam-dn-h-cp∂ sFXn-lym-flI IY-Itfm C√. tdma≥ N{I-h¿Øn-am-cpsS t]cn-ep≈ CØcw Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃ km[m-c-W-bmbn tdma-°m-cmb Bfp-Iƒ Xma-kn-°p-∂n-SØv D≠m-Im-dp-≠v (Gurukkal, Whittaker, 2001: 337). \memw \q‰m≠p hsc-sb-¶nepwtdmam-°m¿ ChnsS ÿnc-hm-k-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. 6˛mw \q‰m-≠n\ptijhpw CuPn-]vXns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw C¥y-bn¬\n∂pw Ipcp-ap-fIp Ib‰nt∏mIp∂ I∏-ep-Iƒ FØp-∂-Xmbn hnh-c-߃ D≠v F∂pwCuPn-]vjy≥ Xoc-amb s_¿Wn-sI-bn¬ \S∂ J\-\-ß-fn¬ [mcmfw Ipcp-ap-f-Ip-Iƒ I≠pIn´p-∂p≠v F∂pw(15) Kpcp-°fpw hn‰m-°dpw (Gurukkal,Whittaker, 2001: 338) ]d-bp-∂p. Cu Ipcp-ap-f-Ip-Iƒ t]mbn-cn-°p-∂XvtIc-f-Xo-cØp\n∂mWv F¶nepw ]n∂oSp ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp∂ tIc-f-Ønse Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ apkn-cnkv F∂ t]cp hcp-∂n√. Hcp]t£ a‰pt]cp-I-fnemhpw AXv ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-´n-´p≠m-hp-I.

t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-Im¿ FØp-∂Xphsc Cu {Ko°p˛tdm-a≥ I®-hS_‘w XpS¿∂n-cp∂p. PqX¿°pw {InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°pw Chn-SsØ I®-h-S-Øn¬ {][m\ ]¶p-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂p sXfn-bn-°p-∂-XmWp Xcn-km-∏≈n imk-\-ßfpw (F.-Un. 9˛mw \q‰m≠v) PqX-sN-t∏Spw (F.-Un. 1000)hoc-cm-L-h-]-´-bhpw (F.-Un. 1225). PqX-sN-t∏-Snse "apbn-cn-t°mSv' F∂]cm-a¿iw apkn-cn-kp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠-t√m. hoc-cm-L-h-]-́ -b-ØnsesImSp-t¶m-fq¿ Agn A∂sØ sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ I®-hS˛Xpd-apJ {]m[m-\ysØ ImWn-°p-∂-Xm-Wv. ]n∂oSv PqXtcJI-fn¬ "jv¶vfn' F∂ hm°psImSp-ß-√q-cp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p-≠v. F.-Un. 1510˛se"As -am-\n-bpsS hnh-c-W'-Øn¬ ""jvKvfnb F∂Xv t{Im¶-tem-dn-\p≈as‰mcp t]cm-Wv, ae-_m-dnse, {Im¶-∂q¿P-\-X-bpsS kz¥w \Kcw F∂v\mw hnfn-°p-∂Xv CXns\ Xs∂-bmWv'' F∂p ImWp-∂p-≠v.(16) ]Ømw\q‰m-≠n-\p-tijw D≠m-bn-́ p≈ ]e hntZ-io-b-cpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fnepw jn¶vfnF∂ t]cp ]e -cq-]-Ønepw hcp-∂p-≠v. Pmßvfn (A¬_n-dq-\n-˛F.-Un.970), Pn¶vfn (s_≥P-an≥ XpUne ˛ 1167), kn¶vfn≥ ({^-b¿ tPm¿Um-\qkv ̨ 1328), sj¶e (A-_pƒ^oU ̨ 1330) F∂n-ßs\ sNdnb hyXym-k-ß-tfmSpIqSn Cu t]cp {]tbm-Kn-®-Xmbn ImWmw (hm-eØv, 2003: 115).

hntZ-io-b-cpsS Ipdn-∏p-I-fn¬sh®p {Kot°m-tdm-a≥ hnh-c-W-ß-fn-emWp apkn-cnkv ]cm-a¿i߃ A[n-I-ap-≈-Xv. ]ns∂-bp≈ apJy D]-

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eœn kwLwIrXn-I-fm-Wv. sshtZ-inI hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬\n∂p hyXy-kvX-ambn kz¥w \mSv F∂ A\p-̀ -hØns‚ ̀ mK-ambn´mbn-cn°mw apkn-cn-kns\kwLwIrXn-Iƒ hyh-l-cn-°p-∂-Xv. DØ-tc-¥y-bnse kwkvIrX IrXn-Iƒ, {]mNo\ Xangv IrXn-Iƒ F∂nh Dƒs∏-Sp∂ kmlnXy]mT-ß-fn¬apc-No-]-Øcw, apNn-dn, apbncn F∂o t]cp-I-fn-se√mw Cu {]mNo\ Xpd-apJw ]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-́ n-́ p-≠v. hmevaoIn cmam-b-W-Øn-epw alm-̀ m-c-X-ØnepwImfn-Zm-ks‚ cLp-hw-i-Ønepw "apc-No-]-Ø-\'sØ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v.(17){]mNo\ XangvIrXn-I-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ apNn-dn/apbncn Xs∂-bm-bn-cn-°WwkwkvIrXImhy-ß-fn¬ ]d-bp∂ apc-No-]-Ø-\w. kwLwIrXn-Iƒ F∂phnfn-°-s∏-Sp∂ {]mNo\ Xangv Ihn-X-I-fpsS Imew IrXy-ambn \n¿W-bn-°m≥ km[n-®n-́ n-√. _n.kn. aq∂p apX¬ F.-Un. Bdmw \q‰m≠p hscbp≈Ime-L-´-Øn-\n-S-bv°mWv Chsb s]mXpth ÿm\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv (Narayanan, 2008).

AI-\m-\qdv, ]pd-\m-\q-dv, Ien-sØm-ssI, Ipdp-s¥m-ssI F∂nßs\-bp≈ kwLwIrXn-I-fn¬ hntZicmPy-ß-fp-ambn kap-{Z-am¿Kw \S-Øn-bn-cp∂ I®-h-S-ßsf°p-dn®pw bh\I∏-ep-Iƒ, I®-hS hn -̀h-߃, Xpd-apJ\K-c-ß-ƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw hni-Zhpw {][m-\-s∏-́ -Xp-amb h¿Æ-\-IƒImWmw. sshhn[yw \nd-™Xpw Nne-t∏m-sgms° ]c-kv]chncp-≤-ß-fp-amb Ch-bnse h¿Æ-\-Iƒ aptºXs∂ ]fin-X¿ Ncn-{X-]-c-ambn hni-Zo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. tIc-f-Øns‚ {]mNo\Ncn-{Xhpambn _‘-s∏-SpØnhymJym-\n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-́ p-≠v. {Kot°m tdma≥ tcJ-Ifn¬ apkn-cnkv{][m-\-s∏´ Xpd-apJ]´-W-am-Ip-∂Xpt]mse apNndn kwLwIrXn-I-fn¬{][m-\-s∏´Xpw tNc-cm-Py-hp-w s]cn-bm-dp-ambn _‘-s∏-´n-´p-≈Xpamb]´WamIp-∂p.

kwLwIrXn-I-fn¬ apNn-dnsb°pdn-®p≈ c≠p {][m\ ]cm-a¿i-ß-fn¬ H∂v AI-\m-\q-dnse Fcp-°m-´q¿ ØmbMv-I-Æ-\m-cpsS ]msse-]m-´n-te-Xm-Wv (AIw. 149).

... hmgnsb s\RvtNtNce¿Np≈n-bav t]cn-bm‰p shÆpssc IeMvIbh-\¿ X¥ hnss\-am-W≥I-eavs]ms∂mSp h¥p Idn-sbmSp s]b-cpavhf-MvsIgp apNn-dn-bm¿s∏g hssfCbcp-RvN-aMv IS¥p ]Sn-aav h∆nbs\Sp-\ev bmss\ bSp-t]m¿ s®gn-b≥sImSn-\p-SMvIp adp-Indv IqS¿ IqSm... (18)

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"]Snaw h∆nb' F∂-Xn\v Cfw-Ipfw (2005: 225) "tZh-{]-Xn-asb A]-l-cn-®-h≥' F∂pw s\∑md ]n.-hn-iz-\m-Y≥\m-b¿ (1983: 121) "ssZh-Øns‚{]Xn-asb ssI∏-‰n-s°m-≠p-h∂' F∂pw F≥.-hn.- Ir-jvW-hm-cn-b¿ (1981:78)"{]Xn-asb Ih¿∂' F∂pw ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. bp≤-Øn¬ Pbn®]mfiys‚ `mKØp\n∂p≈ hnh-c-W-am-b-Xn-\m¬ ssI°-em°n F∂-Xn\v KpWm-fl-I-amb A¿∞-am-bn-cn°pw D≠m-hp-I. ]Snaw F∂-Xn\p{]Xna F∂mWv A¿∞-sa-¶nepw (i-–-Xm-cm-h-en) ChnsS hn{Klw,{]XnjvT F∂o A¿∞-Øn-em-bn-cn°pw {]tbm-Kn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv F∂phymJym\ß-fn¬\n∂v a\- n-em-°mw. Np≈n F∂p s]cn-bm-dns\bmWp]d-bp-∂-Xv. Nq¿Æn F∂p kwkvIr-X-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂Xpw CXp-X-s∂.Nq¿Æn°c Fs∂mcp ÿew Bep-h-bv°-SpØv C∂p≠v.

bh-\-cp-am-bp≈ I®-h-S-amWv apNn-dn-bpsS kº¬kar-≤n°p≈ HcpImcWw F∂v ChnsS hy‡-am-Ip∂p≠v. ""apNn-dn-bnse ssPh-tZ-hm-e-b-Øn-tetbm _p≤-tZ-hm-e-b-Øn-setbm hn{K-l-am-bn-cn-°Ww ]mfiy≥A]-l-cn-®Xv, As√-¶n¬ AXn\v At±-lsØ Cßs\ Io¿Øn-°m-\n-S-bn√'' F∂v Cfw-Ipfw (2005: 225) Duln-°p-∂p-≠v. P\-߃ hf-sc-b-[nIw CS-s]-Sp-∂Xpw {][m-\-s∏-´-Xp-amb Bcm-[-\m-ebw \ne-\n¬°p∂ÿeamWv ChnSw F∂pw CXn¬ \n-∂qln°mw. apNn-dnsb°pdn-®p≈c≠m-asØ {][m\ ]cm-a¿iw ]c-W-¿ Fgp-Xnb Hcp ]pdw Ihn-XbnemWv(]pdw 343).

""ao≥ hn‰p ]Icw t\Snb s\¬Iq-ºmcw sIm≠v, hoSpw Db¿∂tXmWn-Ifpw Xncn-®-dn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø-Xm-bn, A{]-Imcw ImWn-Isf sX‰n≤-cn-∏n-°p∂ ho´n¬ Ipan-®n-´n-cn-°p∂ apf-Ip-Nm-°p-Iƒ i–m-b-am-\-amb Ic-bn¬\n∂pw th¿Xn-cn-®-dn-bm≥ Ign-bmsX ImWp∂ Bfp-Iƒ hnj-an°pw; I∏-ep-Iƒ sIm≠p-h∂kz¿Æw tXmWn-Iƒhgn Ic-bn-se-Øp-∂p. ae-bn¬\n∂p In´p∂hn`-h-ßfpw Ic-bn¬\n∂p In´p∂ hn`-h-ßfpw tN¿ØpA¿∞n-Iƒ°p sImSp-°p-∂p, ]®-sh≈w t]mse [mcm-f-ap≈aZy-Øm¬ s]m≥am-e-b-Wn™ Ip´p-hs‚ (tN-c-s‚), angmhpt]mse apg-ßp∂ IS-en-c-º-ap≈ apNn-dn-bn-te-Xn\p Xpey-ambt{ib-kvI-c-amb ]Zm¿∞-߃ sIm≠ph∂p kt¥m-j-]q¿hwsImSp-Øm-epw, Chƒ°p- Xp-eycpw Db¿∂-hcpw A√m-Ø-hschnhm-lm¿∞w ssIs°m-≈p-I-bn√ F∂mWv ]nXm-hns‚\n¿_-‘w. CXp t\m°p-tºmƒ, hnhm-l-Øn\p h∂-h¿ ]cp¥phn{i-an-°p∂ CS-a-Xn-temSpIqSnb h≥aXnepw Bbp-[-]m-Wn-

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I-fmb ad-h¿ Imh¬\n¬°p∂ Zp¿L-S-h-gn-Ifp≈ hºn®ÿeØv tIm -́ssI-°-em-°p-hm≥ Ib-dp-∂-Xn\p th≠n ̀ nØn-I-fn¬ Nmcnb GWn-Iƒt]mepw (bp-≤-`btØmsS) ZpxJn-°p-I-bm-sW∂p hnNm-cn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p.''

(]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-≈, 1997: 445)

""kpµ-cn-bmb ]p{Xnsb hnhmlw Ign-°m≥ FØp-∂-h¿ kº¬ kar-≤-amb apNn-dn-s°m-°p∂ kΩm-\-߃ sImSp-°m-sa∂p ]d-™mepw...'' F∂p]d-bp-∂n-SØv kpµ-cn-bmb Hcp h[p-hns\ In´m≥ hc≥ sImSp-t°-≠-Xn¬/ D≠m-tI-≠-Xn¬sh®v G‰hpw anI-®Xv / kam-\-am-bXv F∂ \ne-bn¬ D≈ H∂mbmWp- apNn-dn-bnse {Zhy-ßsf/ kar-≤nsb ImWp-∂-XvF∂mWv hy‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv. as‰mcp LSIw CXnse `qan-im-kv{X-kq-N-\IfmWv. I∏-ep-I-fn¬\n∂p kz¿Æw Ic-bn-te°p- sNdp-h-©n-I-fn-emWv(Ip-gn-tØm-Wn) sIm≠phcp-∂-Xv. πn\n-bpsS hnh-c-Whpw CXn\p kam-\-am-Wv. tXmSp-I-fn-eqsS sNdp-h-©n-I-fn-emWp- I®-h-S-km-[-\-߃sIm≠pt]mbn-cp-∂Xv F∂p- πn\nbpw ]d-bp-∂p-≠-t√m. AXp-t]mse I®-h-S-Øn\p th≠n-bp≈ Nc-°p-Iƒ Ic-bnepw hoSp-I-fnepw Iqºm-c-ambnC´p-sh-®n-cn-°p-∂Xmbpw ImWmw. A∂sØ kw`-c-W-Øns‚ coXnsb°pdn®p- IqSp-X¬ Btem-Nn-t°-≠n-bn-cn-°p-∂p. sa®-s∏´ kw -̀c-W-im-e-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂pthm F∂p hy‡-a-√.

tNmfs‚ apNn-dn B{I-a-WsØ°pdn®v AI-\m-\qdnse as‰mcp]m´n¬ (AIw 57 ˛\-°o-c≥) ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

""IØn-cn-sIm≠v sh´n \nc-∏m-°-s∏´ Ip©n-tcm-a-tØmSp IqSnbIpXn-c-Ifpw a’y-s°m-Sn-bpw D≈ tXtcm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]mfiy¿,IS-en¬ t{ijvT-amb Xpd-ap-J-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snb apNn-dnsb B{I-an®v B\-∏-Ssb \in-∏n® I¬ F∂ Bc-hm-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-Snbt]m¿°-f-Øn¬ sh®p sht´‰ cW-iq-c-∑m-sc-t∏mse........''

acpXw ]mSnb Cfw-t¶m-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ as‰mcp AIw Ihn-X-bn¬(AIw 96) CtX t]mse tNmgs‚ B{I-a-WsØbpw B\-∏-Ssb X´n-sb-Sp-Ø-Xns\bpw h¿Æn°p∂p-≠v. ]cp-hq-¿ F∂ ÿeØpsh®mWp- bp≤w\S-∂-Xv.

""sNsºm∂p sIm≠p-≠m-°nb Nne-sºmSpw ASp-∏n®p sI´nb]qam-e-tbmSpw Ag-sIm-gp-Ip∂ am¥-fn¿ \nd-tØmSpw IqSnb"AssØ' (tXm-gn- Xs‚ bP-am-\-Ønsb hnfn-°p-∂-Xv)-bpsSA—≥ anI® B\-∏-S-tbmSp IqSnb tNmf≥ hoc≥ sh¨ s\¬

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hnf-bp∂ ]cp-hq¿ ]S-\n-e-Øn¬ c≠p cmPm-°-∑m-scbpw (C-cp-s]¿ th¥¿ ˛ tNc\pw ]mfiy\pw BImw) t\cn´p sN∂pXnf-ßp∂ hmfn-\m¬ t]mcn´p sh´n h[n®v B\-∏-S-Isf ssIb-S-°n, At∏m-gp-≠mb s]cn-tbm-cm¿∏phnfn t]mse-b-√mhmCt∏mƒ \ns‚ t]cn-ep≈ A]-hm-Z-tLmjw''(19)

ChnsS ]d-bp∂ c≠p- cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ tNc\pw ]mfiy\pw BsW∂phymJym-\-w. (-hn-iz-\m-Y≥ \mb¿, 1981: 328) ]cp-hq¿ GXmWp ÿewF∂v Adn-bn-√. ]d-hq¿ BImw (Nn-e-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ ]d-bq¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xp- ]d-hq-cmWv F∂p \nco-£n-°-s∏-´n-´p-≠v). F¥mbmepw "B\-∏S'F∂Xp- tIa-Ø-Øns‚ Hcp LS-I-ambpw AXv D≠m-hpI F∂Xp- ta∑-bmbpw Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. ]pd-\m-\q-dnse ]e- ]m-´p-I-fnepw tNc\pt\¿°pwh©n-\-K-c-Øn\pt\¿°p-ap≈ tNmfs‚ B{I-a-W-ßsf∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

""Aa-cm-hXo XocsØ(20)(B≥s]m-cp-∂) sh¨a-W¬ Ip∂n-\-cn-sI-bp≈, Imhp-Iƒ tXmdp-ap≈ Imh¬ ac-ßsf Aß-bpsS `S-∑m¿ apdn®p hogvØn sh¨a-W¬ NnX-dp-∂p. kuµ-cy-hm-ln-bmb ]q°-fp≈ Cu sImºp-Iƒ sh´n \ne-Øp-ho-gp∂ i–w \K-c-Øn¬ Imh-ep≈ s\Snb tIm´-bn¬ sNs∂-Øn-bn´pw AXv tI´v am\w sI´v an≠m-Xn-cp∂ cmPm-hp-ambn(tN-c≥ F∂v hymJym\w) bp≤w sNbvXp F∂Xv tIƒ°p-∂-h¿°p t]mepw e÷-bp-≠m-°p∂ Imcy-amWv.'' (]pdw 36)

\∏-N-sse-bm¿ F∂ Ih-bn-{Xn, ""cmP-Xzhpw ]g-abpw B\-∏-Sbpw D≈]gb \K-csØ \√-Xm-sW∂p IcpXn \in-∏n-°mtam'' F∂v tNmfs‚bp≤-co-Xnsb \nµm-]-c-ambn ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p-≠v (]pdw 37). \∏-N-sse-bm-dns‚ as‰mcp hcn-bn¬ (]pdw 39) hm\-hs\ (tN-cs\) sIm∂v h©nsb\in-∏n-®-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.(21) Cß-s\-bp≈ \nc-h-[n- hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬apNn-dnbpw tNc\pw s]cn-bmdpw bh-\-°-∏-ep-Ifpw I®-h-S-N-c-°p-IfpwtNmf, ]mfiy B{I-a-W-ßfpw B\-∏-Sbpw ]c-kv]cw IÆntNcp∂p-≠v. ]g-bXpw {]Xm-]-ap-≈Xpamb \Kcw F∂ coXn-bn¬ Cu \mSns\ImWp-∂-Xmbn hnh-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂v a\- n-em-°m≥ km[n-°p-∂p-≠v.

A©pw Bdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse hmWn-Py-sØ-bmWp- ]pd-\m-\q-dnepw AI-\m-\q-dnepw a‰pw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-sX∂v Cfw-Ipfw (2005:32) ]d-bp∂p≠v. ]n∂o-Sp-h-cp∂ Nne-∏-Xn-Imcw, aWn-ta-Je F∂n-h-bn¬ apNndnF∂ {]tbmKw ImWp-∂n√, Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ h©n hcp-∂p-s≠-¶nepw.7˛mw \q‰m-≠n\ptijw F∂p- s]mXpth Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-bpsS Ime-

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am-hptºmtg°pw apNn-dn-bpsS {]Xm]w Ipd-bp-Itbm C√m-Xm-hp-ItbmsNbvXncn°mw. F.-Un. 1000˛mw B≠n¬ D≠m-bXv F∂p Icp-Xp∂ ̀ mkvI-c-c-hn-h¿Ωs‚ PqX-sN-t∏-Sn¬ "apbn-cn-t°m´v Ccp-¥-cp-fnb' F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. apbn-cn-t°m´psh®mWp- tPmk^v d∫m≥ F∂ PqX-I-®-hS{]am-Wn°v Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-߃ A\p-h-Zn®p sImSp-Ø-Xv. Cu "apbn-cn-t°mSv'"apNn-dn-'bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠m-bncn-°Ww. apNn-dn°v ̀ c-W-tI-{µ-hp-ambn_‘-ap-≠v F∂pw CXn¬\n∂p a\- nem°mw. ]t£ apbn-cn-t°m-Sns‚`qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb ÿm\\n¿W-b-\-Øn\pXIp∂ sXfn-hp-I-sfm∂pwImWp-∂n-√.

1225-˛se hoc-c-mL-h-]-´-b-Øn¬ (C-c-hn-sIm¿Ø≥ sNt∏Sv) hoc-cm-Lh N{I-h¿Øn Cc-hn-sIm¿Ø≥ F∂ {InkvXy≥ I®-h-S-{]am-Wn°phnti-jm-[n-Im-c-߃ A\p-h-Zn®psIm≠v aWn-{Km-a-∏´w \¬Ip-∂p-≠-t√m."atIm-ssXb¿ ]´n-W'Øp≈ "s]cpw-tIm-bn-e-I'Øpsh®mWv CusNt∏Sp- \¬In-b-Xv. CXn≥ {]Imcw Ah-Im-im-[n-Im-c-߃ A\p-h-Zn®Hcp ̀ qan-imkv{XtaJ-esb°qSn ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. AXv, ""sImSp-¶qeq¿ Agn-bn-tbmSp tIm]p-ctØmSp hnti-jm¬ \mep Xfnbpw Xfn-°-SpØ Incm-a-tØm-Sn-S-bn¬ \o¿apX-embn sNt∏Sp FgpXn IpSptØmw'' (C-fw-Ip-fw,2005: 749) F∂m-Wv. sImSp-ß-√q¿ F∂ t]cns‚ {]mKvcq]w BWpsImSp-¶qeq¿. Agn, Agn-apJw Xs∂. AXv ]Sn-™mtd AXn-cv. ta¬∏-d™ \mep Xfn-Ifpw sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hnhn[ `mK-ß-fn¬ t]cn¬A¬]kzev]w hyXym-k-tØmsS C∂pap≠v. tKm]pcw GXmWv F∂p -hy‡-a-√.(22) {Kma-߃ F∂Xv, Hmtcm Xfnbp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn tIc-tfm¬]-Øn-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂- ̀ c-Wm-[n-Im-c-ap≈ kan-Xn-I-fm-Wv. CXp{]Imcwta¬Øfn aqgn-°pfw {Kma-°m-cp-tSbpw IogvØfn sFcm-Wn-°pfw {Kma-°m-cp-tSbpw s\Sn-b-Xfn ]d-hq¿ {Kma-°m-cp-tSbpw Nnß-]p-cØp XfnCcn-ßm-e-°pS {Kma-°m-cp-tS-Xp-am-Wv. Ccn-ßm-e-°pS, sFcm-Wn-°pfw,aqgn-°p-fw, ]d-hq¿ F∂Xp IrXy-amb Hcp ̀ q`m-K-Øns‚ AXn-cp-I-fmWv.CXv C∂sØ `qan-im-kv{X-tØmSv tbmPn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v.

F.-Un. 1000-̨ se apbn-cn-t°m-Sp ]cm-a¿ihpw F.-Un. 1225 ̨ se atIm-ssX¿]-́ n-WØns‚ ̀ qan-imkv{Xhnh-c-Whpw XΩn¬ tN¿Øp-sh-°p-I-bm-Wn-hnsS sNbvX-Xv. Aßs\ apNn-dn-bpsS `qan-im-kv{X-sØ-°p-dn®p [mc-W-bp-≠m-°m-\mWp {ian-®-Xv. PqX-sN-t∏Sp \¬InbXp tNc-cm-Pm-hm-sW-¶nepw hoc-cm-LhN{I-h¿Øn tNc-cm-Pm-h-√, s]cp-º-S∏p kzcq-]-ØnseHcp cmPm-hm-Wv. F.-Un. 1102 hsc tNc-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ atlm-Z-b-]p-cØphmWn-cp-∂-Xmbn imk-\-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-. AXn-\p-tijw s]cp-º-S∏p

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-cm-Pm-°-∑m¿ atlm-Z-b-]pcØp hmWn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]n¬°me kmln-Xy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂p-≠v. AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ Cu c≠p cmPm-°-∑mcptSbpwcmP-[m\n atlm-Z-b-]pcw Bbn-cn-°m≥ CS-bp-≠v. AX-\p-k-cn®vapbncnt°m´pw atIm-X-ssb¿ ]´n-Whpw XΩn¬ ]c-kv]cw hf-sc-b-[nIw_‘-s∏-́ n-cn-°-Ww. atIm-ssX¿]-́ n-W-Øns‚ ̀ uXnI Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ apbn-cn-t°m-´n\pw _m[-I-am-Wv. AXm-bXp atIm-ssX¿]-´n-Whpw apbn-cn-t°mSpw apbn-cnbpw sImSp-t¶m-fq¿ Agnbpw Hcp {]tZ-i-Øns‚ hnhn[ `mKß-fmWv.

apkn-cn-kn-s\-°p-dn®pw apNn-dn-sb-°p-dn®pw D≈ kmln-Xy-]-chpwtcJm-]-c-hp-amb sXfn-hp-IfmWp ta¬∏-d-™h. F.-Un. 8˛mw \q‰m-≠n\pw12˛mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-an-S-bv°p≈ imk-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw atlm-Z-b-]cw Bÿm-\-am°n tNc-cmPyw hmWn-cp∂ s]cp-am-°-∑msc°pdn®pw {_m“-Wm-[n-]-XysØ Ipdn-°p∂ Xfn-Isf°pdn-®pw a\- n-em-°mw. AXv C∂sØ sImSp-ß-√q¿ {]tZ-i-amWv F∂p-≈ hy‡-amb [mc-W-Iƒ D≠v (Narayanan,1996). c≠mw tNc-`-c-W-Imew AYhm Ipe-ti-J-c-∑m-cpsS Imew F∂phnfn-°p∂ Cu L´-Øn\papºp h©n tI{µ-am°n hmWn-cp∂ "H∂mwtNc-L-´-'Ønse {][m\ Xpd-apJ]´-W-am-bn-cp-∂p apNn-dn. h©n Fhn-sS-bmWv F∂-Xn-s\-°p-dn®p Ncn-{X-K-th-j-I-cpsS CS-bn¬ X¿°-߃ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p-sh-¶nepw kml-N-cy-sØ-fn-hp-IƒsIm≠v apNndn C∂sØ sImSp-ß-√q¿ {]tZiw Bbn-cn°pw F∂v Dd-∏n°s∏-´p. `uXn-I-amb Np‰p-]m-Sp-Iƒ CXns\ A\p-Iq-en-°p-∂-Xp-am-bn-cp-∂p. IS-temc{]tZ-i-Øp≈ {]mNo\\Kcw, Ncn-{X-kvarXn D≠m-°p-∂ ÿe-\m-a-߃, kvamc-I-߃, {]mNo\Bcm-[-\m-e-b-߃, hnhn[ BNm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-߃, \mtSmSn ]mc-º-cy-߃Ch-sb√mw sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ khn-ti-j-X-bm-Wt√m. F∂n-cn-°nepw apNn-dnsb kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ H∂pwXs∂ sImSp-ß-√q-cnepw kao-]-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw \S∂ J\\Kth-j-W-ß-fn¬\n∂pI≠p-In-´n-bn√ F∂Xp hfsc {][m-\-hp-am-Wv; {]tXy-In®p apkncn-kn\phntZ-i-cm-Py-ß-fp-am-bp≈ I®-h-S-_-‘-Øns‚ kar-≤nbpw ssh]p-eyhpwsXfn-bn-°p∂ sshtZ-inItcJ-I-fpsS (ap-kn-cnkv ]m∏n-d-kv) ]pXnb Is≠-Ø-ep-I-fpsS ]cn-k-c-Øn¬.

c≠p L -́ß-fn-em-bmWp sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ J\\Kth-j-W-߃ \S-∂-Xv. 1945-̨ 46 h¿j-ß-fn-embn A∂sØ sIm®ncmPy-Ønse ]pcm-hkvXphn`m-K-Ønse B¿°n-tbmPnÃmb ]n.-A-\p-P-\-®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tNc-am≥ ]d-ºnepw Xncp-h-©n-°p-fØpw \S∂ J\-\-amWv BZy-tØ-Xv. 14˛mw\q‰m≠n\p apºp≈ ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ (60-˛70 hyXy-kvX-ß-fmb Xcw)

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a¨]m-{X-I-j-W-ßfpw Nn√p-sIm≠pw I√p-sIm-≠p-ap≈ apØp-Ifpw ]e-\n-d-Øn-ep≈ Nn√pw hf-I-fpsS Ij-W-ßfpw sNºn-s‚bpw Ccp-ºn-s‚bpwIj-W-ßfpw AS-ßp∂ hkvXp-°-fmWp In´n-b-Xv. A\p-P-\-®s‚ A`n-{]m-b-Øn¬ CXv 1341 ̨ ¬ D≠mb sh≈s∏m°-Øn\p apºp≈ ImesØhkvXp-°ƒ F∂m-Wv (Anujanachan, 1945-˛46). c≠m-a-tØXv C¥y≥]pcm-h-kvXp-h-Ip∏pw (ASI, South Circle) tIcf kwÿm\ ]pcm-h-kvXp-h-Ip∏pw kwbp-‡-ambn 1969-˛70 h¿j-ß-fnembn \S-Ønb J\-\-am-Wv.tNc-am≥ ]d-ºv, Xr°p-e-ti-J-c-]p-cw, _me-K-tW-iz-cw, aXn-eIw, Icq-]-S∂ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-emWv A∂p J\\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. 7˛8 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse{]tXyI Xc-Øn-ep≈ Nph∂ Ifn-a¨ ]m{X-°j-W-߃ (Red-SlipedPotwares), ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xmb Cfw ]® \nd-Øn-ep≈ ssN\ ]m{X-°j-W-߃ F∂nh tNc-am≥]d-ºnepw ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw \n∂v[mcm-f-ambn In´n-bn-´p-≠v. Cu No\-∏m-{X-°j-W-߃ Xan-g-I-Ønse a‰p{]tZ-i-ß-fmb Acn-°-taSv, Imth-cn-∏q-º-´Ww (tNm-f-cm-Pyw) Imb¬]´nWw (]m-fiy-\m-Sv) F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw In´n-bn-´p-≠v (Raman,1976: 8).(23) a‰p {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ \n∂p In´nb hkvXp-°fpw 10-˛11 \q‰m-≠p-Ifnse Ah-ti-jn-∏p-I-fm-Wv. tNc-am≥]≈n°p kao-]Øp Ipgn-®t∏mgpw, hf-sc-tbsd {]Xo-£-tbmsS Icq-]-S-∂-bn¬ Ipgn-®-t∏mgpwbmsXmcp sXfn-hp-w In´n-bn-√ (Raman, 1976: 9).(24) am{X-a√ Z£n-tW-¥y-bnse a‰p {]mNo\ \K-c-ß-fmb Imth-cn-]qw-º-´-Ww, Dssd-bq¿, Icq-cv, Im©n F∂n-hn-S-ßfn¬ sh®p \S∂ J\-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂p In´nb,{]mNo\ Ime-Øns‚ Ah-ti-jn-∏p-I-fmbn JymXn t\Snb, Idp∏pw Nph∏pwIe¿∂ Ifn-a¨]m{X-°j-W-߃ (Rouletted Ware) Chn-sS-\n∂p XoscIn´n-bn√ F∂Xpw A∂pXs∂ {]tXyIw {i≤n-°-s∏-´n-cp∂p (Raman,1976: 10). Npcp-°-Øn¬ FgpØp ]mc-º-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂v \ap°v Adn-bp∂apNn-dnsb/ap-kn-cn-kns\ Ipdn-°p∂ ]pcm-hkvXp]c-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬\n∂p In´n-bn´n-√.

apkn-cn-kns\bpw sImSp-ß-√q-cn-s\bpw _‘n-∏n-°m-hp∂ tcJm-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ hni-I-e\w sNøp∂ A\p-P-\-®≥ (1946: 3) apkn-cn-kns\ kw_-‘n-°p∂ ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬\n∂v e`n-®n-´n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Bi-¶-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v. apkn-cnkns\°pdn®p≈tcJ-]-c-ambn e`n-®n-´p≈ [mc-W-Iƒ Dd-∏n-°-W-sa-¶n¬ IrXy-amb ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´ntb aXn-bmhq F∂pw AXn\pth≠n sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hnhn[ ̀ mK-ß-fnepw Ab¬{]tZ-i-ß-fnepw J\\w \S-tØ-≠XvBh-iy-amWv F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.(25) Cusbmcp L´-Øn-emWp sImSp-

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ß-√q-cn\v 6˛7 Intem-ao-‰¿ sX°p-am-dn-bp≈ ]´-WØp 2004 ¬ \S∂J\\Kth-j-W-ß-fnse Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ {]k-‡-am-Ip-∂-Xv.(26)

Fd-Wm-Ipfw Pn√-bnse, ]d-hq¿ Xmeq-°n¬, Nn‰m-‰p-Ic ]©m-b-Ønse Hcp ÿe-amWp ]´-Ww. ]d-hq¿ \K-c-Øn¬\n∂pw H∂-c-In-tem-ao-‰¿ hS°p ]Sn-™mdmbpw C∂sØ s]cn-bm¿ \Zo-ap-J-Øp\n∂v 3.5In.-ao. sX°pIng°m-bp-amWp ]´-W-Øns‚ ÿm\w. AXm-bXv tNc-am≥]dºpw Xncp-h-©n-°pfhpw Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬\n∂v GXm≠vBdv Intem-ao-‰¿ sX°p amdn-bmWp ]´Ww InS-°p-∂-Xv. kwLwIrXn-I-fnepw a‰pw s]cn-bm-dns‚ hS-°p-h-i-Øp≈ \K-c-am-bmWp apNn-dnsb hnti-jn-∏n-®-Xv. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ s]cn-bm-dns‚ sX°p-hitØ°v At\z-jWw t]mb-Xp-an-√. ]´-WØp \S∂ J\\Kth-j-W-Øn¬\n∂pwtdma≥_‘-ß-fp≈ a‰p ÿe-ß-fmb Imth-cn-∏qw-]-´-Ww, Acn-°-ta-SvF∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂pw dqe-‰Uv shb¿, tdma≥ Bwt^md F∂nh In´nbXvB¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-Ãp-I-sfbpw Ncn-{X-Im-c-∑m-scbpw Htct]mse BI¿jn-°m≥ CS-bm-°n.

inem-bp-K-Øn-sebpw Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn-sebpw ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ tIc-f-Øn¬ Atßm-f-an-tßmfap≈ ÿe-ß-fn¬\n∂p I≠p-In-´n-bn-´p-≠v. sImSp-ß-√q¿ Xmeq-°nse ]p√q-‰n -\SpØp\n∂pw aXn-e-IØp\n∂pw {]mNo-\-in-em-bp-KØn-sebpw (sXm∏n-°-√v, IpS-°-√v, \∂-ßm-Sn-Iƒ); tNc-am≥ ]d-ºv, aXn-e-Iw F∂n-hnS-ß-fn¬\n∂p a[yIme-N-cn{XL´-Øn-tebpw ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n®n-´p-≠v. F∂m¬ Cu{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂pw Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Ønse Imcy-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-an-√. sImSp-ß-√q-cnse J\-\-Øn¬\n∂p In´n-b-sX√mw a[y-Im-e-L-́ -Øn-te-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. am{X-a√ tNc-am≥ ]≈n, Xncp-h-©n-°pfw t£{Xw F∂n-h-bpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ a[y-Ime kvamc-I-ßfpw ChnsS \ne\n¬°p-∂p-≠v.{]mNo\ Ncn{XL´-ØnteXmbn In´n-bXp tdma≥ \mW-b-ß-fpsS Iqºm-c-ß-fm-Wv. Ip∂-¶p-f-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Føm¬, sImSp-ß-√q-cn-\-Sp-Øp≈ ]\-ßmSv (Ip-º-fw), ]d-hq-cn-\-Sp-Øp≈ h≈p-h≈n F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬\n∂p[mcmfw tdma≥ kz¿Æ-\m-W-b-߃ In´n-bn-´p-≠v (Gurukkal, Whittaker,2001: 316). tdma≥ \mW-b-ß-fn¬ NneXp N{I-h¿Øn-am-cpsS Xe Bte-J\w sNbvXn-´p-≈-hbpamWv (Punch Marked Coins).(27) F∂n-cp-∂mepwB Ime-L-́ -Ønse hmk-ÿm-\-ß-fp-tS-Xmb sXfn-hp-Iƒ Hcn-SØp\n∂pwIn´n-bn-cp-∂n-√. F∂m¬ hmk-ÿm-\-ßsf kw_-‘n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-I-fmWv]´-W-Øn¬\n∂p In´n-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv.

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{]mNo\Ncn-{X-L-́ -Ønse (Z-£n-tW-¥ysb kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw_n.-kn. 300 apX¬ G.-Un. 500 hsc) \mK-cn-I-amb hmk-ÿm\Ønt‚-Xmb sXfnhpIƒ ] -́WØp\n∂p In´n-bn-́ p-≠v. dqe-‰Uv shb¿ (Roulettedware), tdma≥ Bwt^md(28) (Roman Amphora), aq∂p- s]m-gn-I-fp-≈- ta-®n-tem-Sp-Iƒ (Tripple Grooved Roof Tile), ]nSn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb ]m{X-߃,\ofw IqSnb ]m{X-ß-fpsS ]nSn, henb Xcw Np´ C„n-I-Iƒ, AXp-]-tbm-Kn®p \n¿Ωn® sI´n-S-ß-fpsS Npa-cpw, ASn-Ø-dbpw, h´-°n-W¿, apØp-Iƒ, I¬ap-Øp-Iƒ F∂n-h- Cu J\-\-Øn¬\n∂p In´nb {][m\ hkvXp-°-fm-Wv. CXpIqSmsX tNc-Im-e-L-́ -Øn-te-Xmb Hcp sNºp\mWbw In´n-bn-´p-≠v. Imcqcn¬\n∂p In´nb tNc-\m-Wbwt]mse -Xs∂bmWn-Xpw.\mW-b-Øns‚ HcphiØv B\bpw tXm´nbpw adp-h-iØv Ipe® Aºpwhn√pw tXm´n-bpw ImWp-∂ps≠∂Xv CXp tNc-∑m-cpsS \mW-b-amWv F∂psXfn-bn-°p-∂p.(29) IqSmsX Ae-¶m-c-∏Wn-Iƒ sNbvXn-´p≈ tamXncwF∂p Icp-Xm-hp∂ kz¿Æm-`-cWw ChnsS\n∂p In´p-I-bp-≠m-bn. Ccp-ºns‚ BWn, a‰p-]-I-c-W-߃ F∂n-hbpw In´n-bn-´p-≠v. Ib-‰n-d°pIShvF∂p Icp-Xm-hp∂ sI´n-bp-≠m-°nb I¬∏-S-hp-Ifpw AtXm-S-\p-_-‘n®vH‰ac-Øn-ep≈ Hcp sNdph©nbpw (Canoe) h≈w sI´n-bn-Sm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xv F∂p Icp-Xm-hp∂ ac-°p-‰nbpw Is≠-Øn-b-h-bn¬ {][m-\-s∏-´-Xm-Ip-∂p. 6 ao‰-tdmfw \of-ap≈ Cu h©n B™n-en-sIm≠v D≠m-°n-b-Xm-Wv.(30) Npcp-°-Øn¬, tIc-f-Øn¬ apsºßpw -In´nbn´n-√mØ Ccp-ºp-bp-K-Øn-t‚-Xm-b sXfn-hp-I-fmWv ]´-W-Øp-\n∂pw Is≠-Øn-b-Xv.

a‰pNne Is≠-Ø-ep-Iƒ a¨]m-{X-ß-fn-ep≈ Nne ap{Z-Ifpw(Graffitti) {]mNo\ enJn-X-ß-fp-am-Wv. c≠p ap{Z-I-fn¬ H∂p I√p NpSp-∂-Xn\p apº≈ ap{Z-W-am-sW-¶n¬, a‰Xp Np´-Xn\p tijap≈ ap{Z-W-am-Wv.Xangv\m-´nse k\q¿ (Sanur) F∂ ÿeØp\n∂p In´nb Ifn-a¨]m{X-°-j-W-Ønse ap{Z-bp-ambpw Imen-_w-Km\n¬ (Kalibangan) \n∂p In´nbap{Z-bp-ambpw CXn\p kmay-ap-≠v. c≠pw Htc-X-c-Øn-ep≈ ap{Z-I-fm-Wv—H∂p hf-™Xpw (Curvical) a‰Xv t\¿h-c-sIm-≠p-≈-Xp-am-Wv (Selvakumar,V, K.P. Shajan, I. Mahadevan, 2006: 117-124).

]m{X-°-j-W-ß-fn¬ D≈ enJn-X-ß-fn¬ HscÆw Xangv {_m“nenJn-X-am-Wv. ""Du¿ ]mh Hm'' F∂v AXns\ hmbn-®n-´p-≠v. as‰m∂p\mKcnen]n-bn-ep≈ hep-Xmbn Fgp-Xn-bn-́ p≈ Hcp A£-c-am-Wv. sI (Ke)F∂mWv hmbn-°p∂-Xv. GXp `mj-bmWv F∂p hy‡-a-√. Xangv {]tZ-i-ß-fn¬\n∂p In´n-bn-´p≈ a¨]m-{X-°-j-W-ß-fnep≈ GI \mK-cn-en-]n-

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bmWv CXv. CXn-\p-apºp e`n-®n-´p≈ \mKcnen]n ]√-h-Im-e-L-´-ØnseHcp ine-bn-¬ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-́ p-≈-Xm-Wv. (Selvakumar, et.al., 2006: 117-124). as‰m∂p {_m“n en]n-bn-ep≈ "I' F∂ A£cw sImØnb Hcpa¨]m-{X-°-j-W-am-Wv (amXr-`qan Zn\]{Xw, sIm®n FUn-j≥, 5.4.2007,]p.3).

C{X-bp-amWv ]´-W-Ønse J\\Kth-j-W-Øn¬\n∂pw I≠p-In-´nb {][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw sXfn-hp-Ifpw. Cu `mKØv FhnsS Ipgn-®mepw CØcw {]mNo\ Ah-in-„-߃ In´p-∂p-≠v. CsXmcp hmk-ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p F∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ ]cym-]vX-amb sI´n-Smhin-„-߃ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. ]´-WØp\n∂p In´nb sXfn-hp-Iƒ `qcn-`m-Khpw Ccpºpbp-K-Øn-t‚-Xmb sXfn-hp-I-fmWv F∂p Kth-j-I¿ ]d-bp-∂p.(31) tIc-f-Øns‚{]mNo\L´w as‰-hn-sSbpw D≈Xpt]mse ]cn-jvIrX \mK-cnIkaq-l-Øn-t‚Xmbncp-∂n√ (Urban Society) Fs∂mcp [mc-W-bp-≠v. Chn-sS-\n∂p In´nb sXfn-hp-Iƒ B [mc-Wsb am‰p-∂-Xm-Wv. Cu ÿew apkn-cn-kp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-XmsW∂v Dd-∏n-°p-∂-Xn-\mbn ]´-WØp J\\w\S-Ønb Kth-j-I¿ `qK¿`-im-kv{XØns‚ (Geology) Is≠-Ø-ep-I-sfbpw ̀ qan-imkv{X]c-amb (Geographical) {]tXy-I-X-Isfbpw CXns‚sXfn-hn-te-°mbn hni-Zo-I-cn°p∂p-≠v. AXv Cßs\ kw{K-ln°mw(Shajan,K.P, et.al. 2004).

hf-sc- ImesØ sIm≠p IS-ens‚ Ib-‰n-d-°-ß-fpsS ̂ e-ambn cq]-s∏-´n -´p -≈-Xm-Wv C∂sØ tIc-f-Øns‚ IS-temc߃. 8000˛6000 _n.]n h¿j-߃°n-S-bn¬ tIc-f-Xo-cØv Hcp IS-te‰w D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. CXp-t]mse 5000-˛3000_n.kn h¿j-߃°n-S-bn¬ Hcp IS-en-d-°hpw D≠m-bn-´p-≠v.ssh∏n≥ Zzo]v {]tZ-i-߃ Dƒs∏-Sp∂ aW¬Øn´bpw CuaW¬Øn-́ bv°p ]pd-In-embn ]p√q‰v Imb¬, XØ-∏n-≈n ]pg,thº-\mSv \Zo-ap-J-Øns‚ hS°p ̀ mK-߃ F∂nhbpw D≠m-bXv Cu IS-en-d-°-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. AXm-bXv, C∂sØIS¬Øocw cq]-s∏-Sp-∂Xn\p Imc-W-amb ̀ qhy-Xn-bm-\-߃,apkn-cn-kns‚ Imew F∂p IW-°m-°-s∏-Sp∂ Ime-Øn\pwaptº-Xs∂ kw`-hn®p Ign™p F∂v. sImSp-ß-√q¿ {]tZ-isØ aÆns‚ ]cn-tim-[-\-bn¬ B `mKØv 7000 apX¬2000 _n.-kn.- h¿j-߃°n-S-bn¬ Xs∂ F√m `qhy-Xn-bm-\-ßfpw kw`-hn®p Ign-™n-´p-≠v.(32)

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C∂sØ s]cn-bm-dn\p sX°p-h-iØn\pw ]d-hq-cn\pwCS-bn¬ Hcp {]mNo\ sU¬‰ (Palaeo Delta) (50 Km2) D≠v.AXp ImWn-°p-∂Xv, ]d-hq-cn\p hS°p ]Sn-™mdp `mK-Øm-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp \Zo-{]-hmlw Ct∏m-gsØ s]cn-bm¿ Hgp-°n-te°v am‰-s∏-´n-´p-≠v F∂m-Wv. Ct∏m-gsØ s]cn-bm-dn\phS°phiØv am‰-߃ kw`-hn-®n-´p-an-√.(33) am{X-a√ ]d-hq-cn-\pw C∂sØ s]cn-bm-dn\pw CS-bn¬ s]cn-bm-dn\p kam-¥-c-ambn [mcmfw tXmSp-Iƒ ImWp-∂p-ap-≠v. s]cn-bm-dns‚ {]mNo\Hgp-°p-ambn _‘-ap-≈-Xm-hWw CsX-√mw. s]cn-bm¿ hS-t°m v́amdn Hgp-In-b-Xns‚ hy‡-amb kqN-\-bm-Wn-Xv.

{]mNo\ sU¬‰-bpsS sX°p-hiw ]d-hq¿tXmSv F∂vC∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp tXmSm-Wv. D]-{KlNn{X-Øn¬ Cu{]mNo\ sU¬‰-bn¬ apºp-≠m-bn-cp∂ Hcp {]mNo\ \Zo-{]-hm-l-Øns‚ kqN\ ]d-hq¿ tXmSp-ambn _‘-s∏´v ImWp-∂p-≠v. 2000 h¿jw aptº s]cn-bm¿ Hgp-In-bn-cp-∂Xv Cu hgn-bm-bn-cn-°Ww F∂mWv CXp sXfn-bn-°p-∂Xv. D]-{K-l-Nn-{X-Øn¬sImSp-ß-√q-cnse hS-°≥ ̀ mK-ß-fn¬ CØcw Hcp sU¬‰-bpsSkm∂n[yw ImWp-∂p-an-√. apkn-cnkv Fhn-sS-bm-bn-cp-∂mepwAXns‚ Ah-ti-jn-∏p-Iƒ ̀ qan-bn¬ ImtW-≠-Xp-X-s∂-bmWv.ImcWw 2000 h¿jw aptºXs∂ `qan-im-kv{X-]-c-amb hyXym-k-߃ h∂ps]´n-´p-≠v. apkn-cn-kns‚ {]Xm-]-Imew _n.-kn.Ah-km-\hpw F.-Un. BZy \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-ep-am-Wv. 3000 apX¬2000 hsc h¿jwaptº CXphgn ]pg Hgp-In-bn-cn-°Ww.At∏mƒ AXn\p hS°phi-ap≈ ]´Ww apkn-cn-kp-ambn _‘-ap-≈-Xm-I-Ww. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂ {]mNo-\ tcJ-Iƒ {]ImcwAd-nbp∂ Imcy-߃ ]´-W-Øns‚ Imcy-Øn-em-bmepw icn-bmIpw.

]´-W-Ønse {][m\ J\\hkvXp-°fn¬\n∂pw `qK¿`-im-kv{X-Øns‚ sXfn-®-ßfn¬\n∂pw hfsc hy‡-amb Hcp hmZ-K-XnbmWv ]´WwKth-j-I¿ apt∂m´p sh®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ÿe-\m-a-]-c-amb {]tXy-I-X-IƒIqSn ChnsS Ah¿ At\z-jn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]´Ww F∂-Xn\v I®-h-S-\-KcwF∂mWv kwkvIr-X-Ønepw ae-bm-f-Ønepap≈ \nL-≠p-°-fn-se A¿∞w.]men `mj-bn¬ ]´-W-Øn\v Xpd-ap-Jw F∂m-Wv A¿∞w (Shajan, K.P,et.al. 2004:318). apcNo]Ø\w F∂v hmevaoIncmam-b-W-Øn¬ ]d-bp-

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∂Xns\ CXpambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øp∂pap-≠v. a‰p IrXn-I-fn¬ apcNn F∂-Xn-t\mSv ]´Ww tN¿Øp ]d-bp-∂n-√.(34)

]t£ Cu {]mNo\ sU¬‰ GXp-Im-eØp≠mb-XmWv F∂pw ]pghgn-am-dn-sbm-gp-In-bXv F∂mWv F∂pw ]pg- hgn-am-dm\pw sU¬‰ D≠m-Im-\p-ap≈ Imc-W-߃ H∂mtWm F∂p-ap≈ Imcy-߃ ]´Ww Kth-j-IcpsS teJ-\-Øn¬ ImWp-∂n-√. ]pg hgn-am-dn-sbm-gp-Im≥ i‡-amb HcpIS-em-{I-a-Wtam sh≈-s∏m-°tam th≠n-hcpat√m. Aß-s\-sb-¶n¬F¥p-sIm≠mWv C∂sØ s]cn-bm-dn\p hS°p `mKØv am‰-߃ kw`-hn-°m-Xn-cp-∂-Xv? F.-Un. 1341 se sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn-em-bn-cn-°ptam ]pg hgn-am-dn-sbm-gp-In-bXv? 8˛mw \q‰m-≠n\p tij-ap≈ ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-IƒsImSp-ß-√q-cn¬\n∂p In´p-∂p-ap-≠v. C°mcy-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠-Xp-≠v.

F.-Un.- c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tdmap-ambn apkn-cn- n\v D≠m-bn-cp∂hfsc i‡-amb hmWnPy_‘w sXfn-bn-°p∂ tcJIƒ D≠v. 6˛mw\q‰m≠p hsc-bp≈ tdma≥ \mW-b-߃ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e ̀ mKØp\n∂pwI≠p-In-́ n-bn-́ p-≠v. tdma≥ I®-hSw GXp Ime-L´whsc XpS¿∂p Ft∂mapkn-cn- ns‚ Xpd-apJ{]m[m\yw GXp L´whsc \o≠psht∂m Adn-bm\p≈ am¿§-an-√. 10-̨ mw \q‰m-≠n\p aptºXs∂ PqXcpw {InkvXym-\nIfpwI®-h-S-Øns‚ ta¬t\m´Ønepw \S-Øn-∏nepw {][m-\n-I-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂pimk-\-ß-ƒ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠-t√m. PqX-cp-sSbpw {InkvXym-\n-I-fp-sSbpw]mc-ºcyhnizm-k-ß-fnepw IY-I-fnepw sImSp-ß-√q¿ \nd™p\n¬°p∂p-≠v. t]m¿®p-Ko-kp-ImcpsS Imew hscbpw PqX¿ sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂mWp Icp-Xp-∂-Xv. AXn\ptij-ambncn°Ww amf, ]d-hq¿,tNµ-aw-K-ew, a´m-t©cn, sIm®n F∂n-hnS-ß-fn-te°p PqX¿ ]em-b\wsNbvX-Xv. PqXtcJ-I-fn¬ jv¶vfn F∂ t]cn¬ D≠m-bn-cp∂ \Kcw sImSp-ß-√q-cmWv F∂p apt∂ ]d-™p-h-t√m. hoc-cm-L-h-]-´-b-Øn¬ sImSp-t¶m-fq-¿ F∂p ]d-bp-∂XpsIm≠v AXn\p hfsc apt∂Xs∂ (12-̨ mw \q‰m-≠n\p apºv) sImSp-ß-√q¿ I®-h-S-Øn¬ {]m[m-\y-ap≈ ÿe-am-bn-cp∂pF∂p hy‡-am-Ip-∂p. 11-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ipI-k-tµ-i-Ønse ̀ qan-im-kv{X-{]-Imcw sX°p-\n∂p hSt°m´p t]mIp∂ ipIw BZyw ImWp-∂Xv s]cn-bm¿ ]ns∂ cmP-[m-\n, Xfn-Iƒ, atlm-Z-b-]pcw, Pb-cm-tX-iz-cw t£{Xw(?),Ipcpw-_-°mhv, aXn-eIw F∂n-ß-s\-bm-Wv (]q¿∆-̀ mKw 66-̨ 72 t«mI-߃).14-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse tImI-k-tµiØnse tImIw hS-°p-\n∂p sXt°m´pt]mIp-∂p. BZyw aXn-e-Iw, tImX-]-d-ºv, Ipcpw-_-°m-hv, Nnß-]pcwt£{Xw (X-fn), Ac-b-Ipfw (B-cm-Ip-fw), amS-`q-]s‚ Xncp-h-©n-°pfw,

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_me-{Io-tU-iz-cw, s]cn-bm¿ (t«mIw 46-˛79) F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv Cu`mKsØ hgn-bpsS {Iaw. CXv C∂sØ `qan-im-kv{X-hp-ambn tbmPn-°p-∂p-ap-≠v. CXp-sIm-s≠√mwXs∂ ]pg hgnamdnsbmgp-In-bn-cp-s∂-¶n¬ AXv]Ømw \q‰m-≠n\p apºm-h-Ww. A°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ I®-h-S-Øn-\pth≠Xmb `qan-imkv{XkuI-cy-ßfpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-cn-°-Ww. atlm-Z-b-]pcØn\-Sp-Øp≈ Nq¿Æn-bn¬ [mcmfw sI´p-h-≈-߃ D≈-Xmbn ipI-k-tµ-i-Øn¬ (t«mIw 66) ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

a[y-Im-e-L-́ -Øn\p aptº Xs∂ ssP\-∑m-cpsS {][m\tI{µ-ambnIpWI AYhm Xr°-Wm-a-Xn-eIw \ne-\n-∂n-cp-∂-Xmbn kqN-\-bp-≠v.ssP\¿ I®-h-S-Øn¬ {][m-\n-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. ssP\-∑m¿ hfsc apt∂Xs∂ tIc-f-Øns‚ ]e `mK-ß-fnepw D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xmbn ]gb Kplm-t£-{X-߃ sXfn-bn-°p-∂p-≠v. ]t£ aXn-e-IØp\n∂pw In´nb ]pcm-h-kvXp-sX-fn-hp-Ifpw aXn-e-I-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ tcJm-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-Ifpw a[y-Im-e-L -́Øn-te-Xm-Wv. F¶nepw {]mNo\L -́Øn-te°p \ofp∂ At\IwkqN\-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cnepw ]cn-k-c-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw D≠v. AXp-sIm≠pXs∂-bmWv apNndn/apkn-cn v sImSp-ß-√q-cm-bn-cn°pw F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-Xv.bYm¿∞-Øn¬ ]´-WØp\n∂p Is≠-SpØ ]pcm-h-kvXp-]-c-amb sXfn-hp-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q¿{]tZiw Xs∂-bmWp apkn-cnkv F∂v Dd-∏n-°p-I-bm-Wp sNøp-∂-Xv. ]´-W-Øp-\n∂p ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n F∂XvbYm¿∞-Øn¬ Hcp sshcp-≤y-a-√. ]pg hgn-amdn Hgp-In-bn-́ p-s≠-¶n¬ AXn-\p-apt∂ Cu `mKw H‰ Ic-bmbn \ne-\n-∂n-cn-°Ww. sImSp-ß-√qcpw ]´-Whpw XΩn-ep≈ sNdnb Zqcw ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ AXm-bn-cn-°m≥ Xs∂-bmWp km[y-X. aXn-eIw apX¬ ]d-hq¿ hsc-bp≈ `mK-߃ H‰ LS-I-ambn \ne-\n-∂n-cp∂ncn-°-Ww. F¶nepw F¥p-sIm≠p hmk-ÿm-\-ß-fp-tS-Xmb (settlements) ]pcm-hkvXp sXfn-hp-Iƒ sImSp-ß-√q-cns‚ hS-°≥`mK-ß-fn¬\n∂p In´n-bn√ F∂ tNmZyw \ne-\n¬°p-∂p-≠v. Hcp]t£IqSp-X¬ J\\Kth-j-W-߃ Cu taJ-e-sb IqSp-X¬ kphy-‡-am-°m≥

klm-bn-t®°mw.

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1. sI.-]n.-]-fl-\m-`-ta-t\m≥ (1996: 2˛3) Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: ""h¿j-Im-e-ß-fn¬, ]›n-a-L-́ -ß-fn¬\n∂v D¤-hn®v AXn-i-‡n-tbm-Sp-IqSn {]h-ln-®p-h-cp-∂-Xmb s]cn-bm-‰nse Pew kap-{Z-Øn¬ sN∂v Hgn-bp-∂-Xn\papºp sImSp-ß-√q¿ Agn-ap-J-Øp-IqSn A√msX thsd Hcpam¿§hpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-√. {InkvXz–w 1341-̨ -am-≠p-≠mb AXn-h¿j-

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Øns‚ i‡n-sIm≠p s]cn-bm-‰nse Pe-{]-hm-lsØ Xmßp-hm≥kap-{Z-Øn\pw Imbev°pw at[y-bp≈ aW¬∏p-d-߃°p i‡n-t]m-cmsX h∂-Xn-\m¬ sIm®n°p t\sc-bp≈ Agn-ap-dn™p. Ime-{I-a-Øn¬ AhnsS AXn-hn-ti-j-amb Hcp Xpd-ap-J-ap-≠m-bn. AXn-\p-apºv tIc-f-Øn-se-∂√ ]›n-a-Xo-c-Øn-ep≈ Xpd-ap-J-ß-fn¬ apJy-amb Xpd-apJw sImSp-ß-√qcv Bbn-cp∂p.''

2. tdma-≥ \mhnI DtZym-K-ÿ-\mb πn\n "Muziris, the first Town of Mer-chandise in India' F∂mWv apkn-cn-kns\ Ipdn®p ]d-bp-∂-Xv (Pliny,Natural History, Book VI, P.135).

3. thº-\m´p Imb-en-\-Sp-Øp≈ IS-°-c-∏-≈n-bn¬\n∂p Xpd-ap-J-{]m-[m-\ysØ kqNn-∏n-°p∂ sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-bn-́ p-≠v. 2002 -̨2003 h¿j-ß-fn-¬ c≠p L´-ß-fmbn \S∂ J\-\-Øn¬ Be-∏pg Pn√-bnseIS-°-c-∏≈n˛Xbv°¬ {]tZ-iØp\n∂v Bbncw h¿j-tØmfw ]g-°-ap≈ h≈-Øns‚ Ah-in-„-߃ GXm≠v ]q¿Æ-LS-\-tbm-Sp-IqSn Xs∂ Is≠-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. B™nen acwsIm≠p \n¿Ωn-®Xpw21 ao‰¿ \ofap≈-Xp-amb Cu h≈-Øns‚ Ime-\n¿W-b-\-Øn¬ F.-Un. 920-˛1160 Ime-L-´-Øn-te-XmWv F∂v Xo¿®-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.(Tomalin et al, 2004).

4. apbn-cn-t°mSv apNn-dn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-hmw. ]Ømw \q‰m-≠nseapbn-cn-t°mSv ]cm-a¿iw AXp-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ H∂mw \q‰m-≠nse apNn-dn-bp-ambn _‘-s∏-Spat√m.

5. ...the first Town of Merchandise in India, CXp-X-s∂-bmWv Nne X¿÷-a-I-fn-ep≈ the first Emporium of India F∂-Xpw.

6. Hydrae F∂v Wernerian Club ]Xn-∏n¬, Nitrias F∂v McCrindle s‚Ancient India as Described in Classical Literature ˛¬ (Nilakanta Sastri,2001: 53).

7. "The Kings of both these market towns live in the interior'' (Schoff, W.F,1912:44)

8. tSmf-an-bpsS tPym{K-^n-bn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ `q]-S-ß-fn¬ D≈ÿe-]-c-amb ]ni-Ip-Iƒ ImcWw hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-sW∂pw AXp-sIm≠v Xs‚ Foreign Notices of South India, fromMegasthenes to Mahuan F∂ kam-lm-c-Øn¬\n∂v Hgn-hm-°p-I-bm-sW∂pw sI.-F≥. \o-e-I-WvT-imkv{Xn (Nilakanta Sastri, 2001: 8) ]d-bp-∂p≠v. Ipdn∏v 10 t\m°p-I.

9. Kourellour 119° 17° 30'Pounnata, where is beryl... 121° 20' 17° 30^

Karoura, Royal seat of Kerobothros, 119° 16° 20^ (McCrindle, 1885:118)

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10. ap-kn-cn-kn-\-Sp-Øp-ff IS¬s°m-≈-°m-cpsS ÿe-ambn πn\n- ]d-bp∂ \n{Sn-bkns\ tSmfan Xn≠n-kn\p hS°p `mK-Øm-bmWpÿm\-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. CXp a‰p hnh-c-ß-fp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip-∂n-√.

11. Iq-Sp-X¬ hnh-c-߃°v Gurukkal, Whittaker, 2001: 335-6. B DSºSn{]Imcw C{]-Imcw ]d-bp∂p: "when the time falls due for the repay-ment of the loan in the agreement(s) reffering to Musiris'.

12. 'Muziris, the emporium of the whole India this side of Ganges' (Gurukkal,Whittaker, 2001: 338)

13. ]yq-´nw-K¿ tS_nƒ (Tabula Peutingeriana) hnb-∂-bnse \mj-W¬ayqkn-b-Øn-em-Wp-≈-Xv. 2˛mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ CXp bm{Xm-k-lm-b-]p-kvX-I-߃s°m∏w {]N-cn-®n-cp-∂n-cn°mw F∂p Icp-Xp-∂p.bqtdm∏v, Gjy, B{^n-°-bpsS hS-°≥ {]tZ-i-߃ F∂o `q`m-K-ßfpsS hnh-c-߃ CXn-ep-≠v. 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIm¨dmUvsk¬s‰kv (Conrad Celtes) BWv CXp Is≠-Sp-Ø-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ac-W-tijw 16˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIm¨dmUv ]yq´nw-K¿ (ConradPeutinger) F∂ ]pcm-hkvXp ]fin-X\mWv CXv {]kn≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

14. AK-Ã-kns‚ Bcm-[-\m-e-bØns‚ kqN-\-bmWv CXp Xcp-∂XvF¶nepw apkn-cn-kn-emWv Cu t£{Xw \n¬°p-∂Xv F∂p ]d-bm≥`q]-S -Øn¬ ÿe-߃ AS-bm-f -s∏-Sp -Øp∂Xnse IrXyX°pdhpaqew km[n-°n-√ (Gurukkal, Whittaker, 2001: 337)

15. A-hn-SsØ Cu¿∏w Ipd-™Xpw NqSp-≈-Xp-amb Imem-hÿ ImcWwhfsc \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign-™n´pw Ipcp-ap-f-Ip tISm-ImsX Xs∂ In´p-∂p-≠v.

16. In the 16th c., Assemani's Dissertation on the Syrian Nestoriand Stated that'Sciglia is another name for Chrongalor, the city which we say belongs to

the people of Cranganore in Malabar' Gurukkal, Whittaker, 2001: 345)

17. hmevaoIn cmam-b-W-Øn¬ InjvIn-‘m-Im-fi-Øn¬ kp{Ko-h≥ ]›n-a-Zn-°n-te°p hm\-c-∑msc ]d-™p-hn-Sm-\mbn \n¿tZ-i-߃ sImSp-°p∂ `mKØv ˛

I]n-Iƒ°p Ifn-®oSmw sXßn≥ tXm´-Øn-\p-≈nepwAß-t\z-jn-°p-hn≥ koX-tbbpw cmh-W-hm-k-hpw,IS-ens‚ Ic-bv°p≈ ssiem-c-Wy-ÿ-e-ß-fn¬apcNo]Ø\w, `wKn XS-hp∂ PSo(-tSm)]pcw,

(In-jv.-Im-fiw, k¿§w 42, t«mIw, 12,13)(h-≈-tØmƒ X¿÷-a)

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hmevaoIncmam-bWw aqew

I]tbm hnlcnjy¥n \mcn-tI-e-h-t\jp NX{X koXmw N am¿KZzw \nebw cmh-Wky Naco-Nn-]-Ø\w ssNh cayw ssNh PUo-]pcw

(Injv.Im-fiw, k¿Kw 41, t«mIw 9,10)

aqe-Øn¬ acoNn]Ø\w F∂m-sW-¶n¬ (Vedic Litterature Collec-tion, Maharshi University of Management) h≈-tØmƒ X¿÷-a-bn¬ (kp-e` _pIvkv, Xr»q¿) apcNo]Ø\w F∂m-Wv.

Imfn-Zm-ks‚ cLp-hw-i-Øn¬ (Ip´n-Ir-jvW-am-cm¿, amXr-̀ qan, tImgn-t°m-Sv, 1973, ]p. 114,)

`tbm-’r-„-hn-`q-jmWmw tI\ tIc-f-tbm-jnXmwAf-tIjp Naq-tc-Wp-›q¿Æ-{]Xn-\n-[o-IrXxapc-No-am-cp-tXm-≤q-X-a-K-a¬ ssIXIw cPxXtZym-[-hm-c-hm-Wm-\m-a-b-Xv\-]-S-hm-k-Xmw.

(\memw k¿Kw, t«mIw 51, 52)

Ipcp-ap-fIph≈nbpw Gehpw bh-\-kv{Xobpw F√mw Cu `mKØp]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-≠v.

18. ""tNc-∑m-cm¬ ]cn-]m-en-°-s∏´ Ag-Im¿∂ Np≈n-bm-Ip∂ s]cn-bm-‰n¬ sh¨\p-c-Iƒ Ie-ßth, IS¬ bm{X-°-Xy-¥-ap-X-Ip-∂Xpw ̀ wKn-bp-≈-Xp-amb bh-\-I-∏-ep-Iƒ s]m∂p-am-bn-tßm-s´Øn (Ipcp)-ap-fIpwtI‰n aS-ßm-dp≈ kº¬kar-≤-amb apNn-dnsb B¿Øv hf™pt]mcmSn Pbn®v Ahn-sS-bp≈ tZh{]Xn-asb ssI∏‰n sIm≠p-h∂,s\Snb B\-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snbh\pw, bp≤-I-e-bn¬ ]mcw-K-X-\mb]mfiys‚ sImSn-Iƒ ]mdp∂ sXcphpI-tfm-Sp-Iq-Snb IqS¿\-Kcw(a-[p-c)...''

19. Im-ap-I≥ Hcp thiysb hnhmlw sNbvX-X-dn™p ImapIn tIm]mthinX-bm-Ip-∂p. Ahsf A\p-\-bn-∏n-°m≥ tXmgn-bpsS klmbwtXSp∂ Imap-I-t\mSv Ahs‚ t]cn-ep≈ A]-hmZw A∂p tNmfs‚hnP-b-Øn-ep≈ B¿∏pt]mse s]m¥n ]S¿∂-Xp-Im-cWw Imap-In-bpsS tIm]w Xo¿°p-∂-Xn\v km[y-a√ F∂p tXmgn ]d-bp-∂p.CXmWv Cu Ihn-X-bpsS kmcw.

20. B≥s]m-cp∂ Aa-cm-h-Xn-bmWv F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Aa-cm-hXn Xan-gv\m-́ n-em-Wv. AtX-k-abw Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øn¬ (A-≤ymbw 29, hmgvØv14) B≥s]m-cp∂ Nqgp∂ h©n F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. (...-hm-gn-btcmhmgn hcp-]-\\o cm≥s]m-cpss\/ Nqgpw h©nbm¬ tImam‚s‚m¬Ip-e-ta). Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Ønse 29-˛mw A≤ym-b-Øn¬ XpS°w

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Xs∂ (D-ssc-]m´p assS) t]cm-‰n≥ Ic-bnse h©n (t]¿bm-‰p-°ssct]mInb sN¶p-́ p-h≥ Nn\w/ sNcp°n h©n-bpƒ h¥n-cp-¥-Im-sse)F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Htc kabw Aa-cm-h-Xn-bpsS XocØpw s]cn-bm-dns‚ XocØpw h©n D≈-Xmbn ]d-bp-∂p. Htc ImeØpXs∂H∂n-e-[nIw h©n-bp-≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂pw ̀ c-W-\n¿∆-lWtI{µ-ßsfh©n F∂p hnfn-®n-cp∂p F∂pw \nco-£-W-ß-fp-≠v (tI-k-cn, 1995:184-˛5). B≥s]mcp∂sb Xm{a-]¿Æn F∂p Nne-∏-Xn-Im-c-Øns‚hymJm-\-Øn¬ s\∑md ]n. -hn-iz-\m-Y≥ \mb¿ (]p.653) ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

21. CXp c≠pw \nµm-kvXpXn t]mse-bmWv tXm∂p-∂-Xv. c≠nepw ]q¿∆n-I-\mb in_n-bpsS Zm\-[¿ΩsØ ]d-™p-sIm≠v AXn-s\m∏wCt∏m-gsØ tNmfs‚ bp≤-Øn-eq-sS-bp≈ \in-∏n-°-ens\bmWp"hmgvØm≥ hm°p-I-fn√' F∂ a´n¬ ]d-bp-∂-Xv.

22. tKm]pcw F∂Xp `K-h-Xn-°m-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-bn-cn°pw F∂vFw.-Pn.-F-kv.-\m-cm-b-W≥ (1996: 75) ]d-bp-∂p≠v.

23. It is well known that the unpainted Celedon Ware was extensively importedinto different parts of Asia during Sung and Yuan dynasties, i.e, between

A.D. 960 and 1368 when its manufacture centred round Lung and later at

other areas. The archaeological evidence is supported by historical notices.

Alberuni (A.D. 973-1048) refers to the export of Celedon pottery to India,

Celyon and Persia. Marco Polo (A.D.1288) alsp refers to this. In South India

all along the east coast it has been found in places like Arikamedu,

Kaveripumpattinam (in Cola contry) and Kayalpattinam in (Pandiya nadu)

At Kaveripumpattinam, they were found in the excavation along with the

coins of Raja Raja (A.D. 985-1014), a clear evidence of the 10th -11th Century

A.D context. Now the precence of this pottery at Cheraman Parambu,

Thrikkulashekarapuram and Mathilakam clearly establish its link with the

Cera country. This is further conclusively proved by the occurrence of the

two Cola coins of the time of Rajaraja I in the Mathilakam excavation.

24. bYm¿∞-Øn¬ h©n°p th≠n-bp≈ At\z-j-W-Øns‚ `mK-am-bn-cp∂p Cu J\\ Kth-j-W-߃. Icq¿ h©n Icq-]-S-∂-bmWvF∂ ]cn-I-ev]\ CXn\p ]pd-In-ep-≠v. IqSp-X¬ hnh-c-߃°v̨ Indu-choodan, 1970: 185 esp.

25. {]mNo-\-bm-{Xm-hn-h-c-W-ßfn¬ \n∂p a\- n-em-°m-hp∂ Imcy-ßsfhni-I-e\w sNbvX-Xn-\p-tijw A\p-P-\-®≥ (Anujan Achan, 1946:3)Cßs\ ]d-bp∂p: The above evidences may unhesitatingly indicatethat the Muziris of Greek Geographers is to be located somewhere about

the present Kodunkolur or Cranganur. But in the absence of the direct

archaeological proof any such contention may still be found untenable.

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Archaeological evidences can be had only through the excavation, carried

out with meticulous care and scientific attention to details in different parts

of Cranganur and its neigbhourhood. 1944-˛45 h¿jw \S-Ønb J\-\-sØ°p-dn-®mWv Cu dnt∏m¿´n-¬(1947) ]d-bp-∂-Xv. 1945-˛46 h¿j-Ønepw sImSp-ß-√q-cn¬ DXvJ-\\w A\p-P-\-®s‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬Xs∂ \S-Øp-∂p-≠v. AXnepw {]mNo\ sXfn-hp-Iƒ In´n-bn-´n-√.ChnsS\n∂p In´nb a¨]m-{X-I-j-W-ßsf -aq∂p hn`m-K-ambn Xncn®vIme-\n¿Æ-b\w sNøp-∂p-≠v. Hcp sNdnb hn`mKw a¨]m-{X-I-j-W-߃ G.-Un.1350 \p apºp-≈Xv (1341 se sh≈-s∏m-°-Øn\papºv) F∂p ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. NneXv 14-˛mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn-ep-≈Xpw a‰p NneXv 15-˛mw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xp-am-Wv (Anujan Achan,1947).

26. 1993-̨ 97 h¿j-ß-fn-embn jmP≥ sI.-]n, Xs‚ Kth-j-W-Øns‚ ̀ mK-ambn tIc-f-Ønse Xoc-{]-tZ-i-ß-fnse aÆns‚ ASn-™p-Iq-S-ens\kw_-‘n®pw IS¬ Ib-‰n-d-°-ßsf kw_-‘n®pw \S-Ønb At\z-j-W-ßfmWv (Studies in Late Quaternary sediments and sea level changesof the central Kerala coast, India, Ph.D.diss. Cochin University of Science

and Technology) ]n∂oSp hn]p-e-amb J\-\-K-th-j-W-ß-fn-te°p\oßn-b-Xv. 2003˛¬ \S∂ J\-\-w, XpS¿∂v 2004 G{]n¬˛sabv amk-ß-fn¬ Xr∏q-Wn-Øp-d-bnse sk‚¿ t^m¿ sldn-t‰Pv ÃUo-kns‚t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ \S∂ hn]p-e-amb Kth-jWw F∂nhbneqsSbmWpapkn-cn-kns\ kw_-‘n® \nK-a-\-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n°-s∏-´-Xv. Cuhnjbw ]n∂oSv skan-\m-dpI-fneqsSbpw B\p-Im-en-I-ß-fneqsSbpwhn]p-e-ambn N¿®sNø-s∏´p.

27. Xn-cp-h-©n-°p-fØp\n∂p kz¿Æ\mWbw In´n-bn-´p-≈-Xmbpw AXvA[n-Im-c-s∏´ k¿°mcptZym-K-ÿ¿ sIm≠p-t]m-bn-́ p-≈-Xmbpw Xs‚sNdp-∏-Im-esØ Hm¿Ω-bmbn {]mb-ap≈ Hcmƒ ]d-™n-´p-≈-XmbncmP≥ Kpcp-°ƒ Fgp-Xnbn´p-≠v (Gurukkal, Whittaker, 2001: 343).

28. Bwt^md ̨ ho™pw Hen-sh-Æbpw kq£n-°m\pw Ib-‰n-b-b-°m\pwtdma-°m¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp∂ henb a¨Iq-P-I-fm-Wv Bwt^m-d-Iƒ.C‰-en-bnse "shkp-hn-bkv' A·n-]¿∆-X-Øn¬\n∂p hcp∂ emhBwt^md D≠m-°p-∂-Xn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. G.-Un. 79-̨ ¬ Cu A·n-]¿∆Xw \n¿Po-h-ambn. AXn\p tijw Bwt^m-d-bpsS \n¿ΩmWwD≠m-bn-´n-√. AXpsIm≠pXs∂ Bwt^m-d-I-ƒ \¬Ip∂ Ime-kq-N-\- Cu Ime-L-´Øn¬\n∂p hf-sc-sbm∂pw apt∂m´p hcn-√.

29. 2004 Pqembv 11 ˛\p tIcf lntÃm-dn-°¬ dnk¿®v skmssk‰n,Xr»q¿, kmlnXy A°m-Zan lmfn¬ kwL-Sn-∏n® skan-\m-dn¬ Fw.-Pn.-Fkv.-\m-cm-b-W≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n® {]_-‘-Øn¬ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v.

apkn-cnkns‚ h¿Ø-am\w

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30. h©n B™n-en-sIm≠pw ac-°p-‰n- tX°p-sIm≠pw D≠m°nbh-bmWv. tIcf t^mdÃv dnk¿®v C≥Ãn-‰yq-´nse imkv{X-⁄¿CXns‚ kmºn-fp-Isf G.-Fw.-F-kv. tdUntbm Im¿_¨ (A.M.S.Radio Carbon) Ime-\n¿W-b-\-Øn\v hnt[-b-am-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn. AXp-{]-Imcw Chbv°v Dt±iw 2500 h¿jw ]g-°-ap-≠∂p ImWp-∂p. Chkw_-‘n® [mc-W-Iƒ°v IrXy-X-bp-≠m-Im≥ IqSp-X¬ kmºn-fp-IfpsS ]T-\-^e߃ hcWw F∂v CXp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p-≠v. Hcp kw`-c-W-im-etbm at‰m Bbn-cn-°m-hp∂ sI´n-S-Øn-t‚Xv F∂p IcpXmhp∂ Nne Ah-in-„-ßfpw Ch-tbmSp tN¿∂p≈{S©p-I-fn¬ ImW-s∏-́ p. (Muziris Heritage Project - Pattanam Excavation2008 - Booklet, KCHR, 2008; "Study Points to 500 B.C Kerala Maritime

Activity" F∂ Xe-s°t´mSp IqSn kn.-Ku-co-Zm-k≥ \mb¿ 'The Hindu'(January 9th 2008, Kochi Edition) ]{X-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v).

31. 17-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse ssN\okv ]m{X-°j-W-߃ ChnsS\n∂p In´n-bn-´p-≠v. P∏m-\okv B¿°n-tbm-f-Pn-Ãmb s\mt_mdp Icm-jna(Noboru Karashima) CXns‚ Imew 17-̨ 18 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-te-XmWv F∂p]d-™n-cn-°p-∂-p. AXp-sIm≠v ChnsS \n∂p In´nb ]pcm-h-kvXp-sX-fn-hp-I-fn¬ Hcp ImehnShv Ds≠∂p Nq≠n-°m-Wn°p-∂p-≠v. TheNew Indian Express, Kochi Edition, Sunday, July, 22nd 2007, P.17

32. C-h¿ Cu hnh-c-߃ kzoI-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv

Hashimi,N.H, R.Nigam and G.Rajagopalan 1995. "Holocene sea level fluc-

tuations on the western Indian continental margin: an update", J.Geological

Soc. India 46, 157-62

Rajendran,C.P., G.Rajagopalan and Narayanaswamy 1989. "Quarternary

Geology of Kerala. Evidence from Radiocarbon dates", J.Geological Soc.

India 33, 216-22

Mathai, T and S.B.Nair. 1988. "Stages in the Emergence of the Cochin-

Kodungallur Coast - Evidence for the interaction of Marine and Fluvial Proc-

esses", Proc. Indian Nat.Science Acad. 54A(3), 439-47 F∂o {]_-‘-ß-fn¬ \n∂m-Wv.

33. Cu hnh-c-߃ Narayana, A.C., C.P.Priju and A.Chakrabarti. 2001."Identification of a Palaeodelta near the mouth of Periyar river inCentral Kerala", J.Geological Soc. India 57, 545-47 ¬ \n∂mWvkzoI-cn-®n-́ p-≈-Xv.

34. ]-́ -W-Øn\p I®-h-S-\-Kcw F∂p Xs∂-bmWv A¿∞-sa-¶nepw ]men-bn¬ am{X-amWp Xpd-apJw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xmbn ImWp-∂-Xv.bYm¿∞-Øn¬ apNn-dnsb Xan-gvIr-Xn-I-fn¬ ]´Ww Ft∂m apNndn]´Ww Ft∂m ]d-bp-∂n-√. apcNo]Ø\w F∂ hmevaoIn cmam-b-

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W-]-cm-a¿i-amWp ]´Ww tN¿∂phcp∂ ]cm-a¿iw. a‰p IrXn-I-fn¬apcNn F∂-Xn-t\mSv ]´Ww tN¿Øp ]d-bp-∂n-√. Aßs\ ]d-bp-∂n√ F∂-Xp-sIm≠v ]´Ww apNn-dn-bm-hm-\p≈ km[y-X-bn√ F∂√.CØcw ÿe-\ma\nco-£-W-߃ Cu Ime-L-́ sØ°pdn-®-dn-bm≥klm-bn-°ptam F∂p kwi-b-ap-≠v. Su¨ F∂p apkn-cn-kns\ hntZ-i-Ip-dn-∏p-I-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂p--≠v. Imth-cn-]qw-]-́ Ww, a®n-en-]-́ -Ww F∂n-ßs\ Ing-°≥ taJ-e-bnse Xpd-ap-J-ßsf ]´-Ww tN¿Øp ]d-bp-∂pap-≠v. ]t£ ̀ mjm-]-c-amb Hcp]mSp hyXym-k-߃ ]n¬°m-eØvkw -̀hn-®n-́ p-≠-t√m. ]d-hq-cn¬ \S∂ apkn-cnkv Ncn{X skan-\m-dn¬(2004 Pqembv 28) Fw.-B¿.cm-L-h-hm-cn-b¿ ÿe-\m-a-]-c-amb Nne\nco-£-W-߃ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. ]d-hq¿ ˛ aqØ-Ip∂w taJ-e-bn¬ Ddp-an-]-d-ºn¬ F∂ ho´p-t]¿ hym]-I-am-Wv. tdma-]-d-ºn¬F∂m-bn-cn°mw CXv. Ddp-an-bp-ambn _‘w hcm≥ km[y-X-bn-√.A°m-eØp tdma-°m¿ ChnsS Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂-Xns\ Ipdn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cn°mw CXv. tdmkv F∂Xv HtdmXbmb-t]mse tdma, ap≥]n¬kzcw tN¿Øv ({]m-Kvkz-c-{]-tbm-Kw) Ddpan Bbn amdn-b-Xm-bn-cn-°mwF∂mWv At±lw ]d-bp-∂-Xv. ÿe-\m-a-߃ ho´pt]cp-Iƒ Bhp-∂p≠t√m. ]t£ `mjm-]-chpw Ime-]-chpw Bb Ahy-h-ÿnXn

Cßs\ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-tºmgpw XpS-cp-∂p≠v

{KŸ-kqNn

B‚-Wn, kn.-F¬. 2000(58) `mjm-K-Zyw, kmln-Xy-N-cn{Xw{]ÿm\-ß-fn-eqsS,

Fkv.-]n.-kn.-F-kv, tIm´bw.

Cfw-Ipfw ]n.-F≥.- 2005 Cfw-Ipfw Ip™≥]n-≈-bpsS Xnc--Ip™≥]n≈ s™-SpØ IrXn-Iƒ, A¥m-cmjv{S

]T\tI{µw, tIcf k¿∆-I-em-ime,Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw.

IrjvW-hm-cn-b¿, F≥.-hn, 1981, AIw Ihn-X-Iƒ, tIcf kmlnXyA°m-Z-an, Xriq¿.

]fl-\m`tat\m≥, sI.-]n, 1996, sIm®ncmPyNcn{Xw, amXr-`qan,tImgn-t°mSv.

]c-ta-iz-c≥]n-≈, hn.-B¿. 1963 {]mNo\ enJn-X-߃, \mj-W¬_p°v Ãmƒ, tIm´-bw.

1997 ]pd-\m-dqdv, tIc-f-km-lnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿.

apkn-cnkns‚ h¿Ø-am\w

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temK≥, hneyw 2004 ae-_m¿ am\z¬, amXr-`qan, tImgn-t°mSv.

hniz-\m-Y≥\mb¿, 1981 AI-\m-\qdv 1, tIc-f-km-lnXy -s\∑md ]n. A°mZ-an, Xr»q¿.

1983 AI-\m-\qdv 2, tIc-f-km-lnXyA°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿.

1984 AI-\m-\qdv 3, tIc-f-km-lnXyA°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿.

1997 Nne-∏-Xn-Im-cw, (CfwtIm ASn-Iƒ)tIcf kmlnXy A°m-Z-an, Xr»q¿.

them-bp-[≥ ]Wn-°-t»-cn,2001, k©m-cn-Iƒ I≠ tIc-fw, Un.-kn.-_p-Ivkv, tIm´-bw.

Anujan Achan P, 1947 Annual Report of the Archaeological

Department of Cochin State for the year

1120 M.E. (1944-45 A.D.), Thrissur

(Printed at Eranakulam).

1949 Annual Report of the Archaeological

Department of Cochin State for the year

1121 M.E. (1945-46 A.D.), Thrissur

(Printed at Ernakulam).

1949 Annual Report of the Archaeological

Department of Cochin State for the year

1123 M.E. (1947-48 A.D.), Thrissur

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apkn-cnkns‚ h¿Ø-am\w

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`mjm-Iu-S-eobwAh-Xm-c-߃, ]p\¿P-∑-߃

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tImf-Wn-{]-`p-hns‚ aX-Ip-- e-Nn-”-ß-tf-¥nb ka-aq-ey-Xm-kn-≤m-¥-Øn-\m-bn-cp∂p X¿P-a-bpsS temIØp kpZo¿L-Imew cmPy-`m-cw. AXvBN-{µ-Xmcw \n-e-\n¬°p∂ {]]-©-k-Xy-sa∂v \mw [cn-®pw-t]mbn. LS-\-\m-¥-c-Nn-¥-I-fpsS Bi-b-{]-fbw CXns‚ ASn XI¿Øp-I-f-™p.kwkvIm-c-]-T\w F∂ A¥¿ssh-⁄m-\nI hn-a¿i-]-≤-Xn-bpsS hc-thmsSCu kn≤m-¥-Ønse bqtdm-tI-{µnXcmjv{So-b-Øns‚ Hfn-bn-S-߃ B{I-an-°-∏-´p. "X¿P-am-]-T-\-Ønse sk]vXw-_¿ ]Xn-s\m∂v' F∂v Cu B-{I-a-WsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°mw. ka-aq-ey-Xm-hmZw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ bqtdm-tI-{µnXtImf-Wn-B-[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmkm-bp-[-am-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂v C∂p sXfn-hm¿∂p-h-cp-∂p-≠v. tImf-Wn-b-[n-Imcw C¥y≥`m-j-I-fn¬ \n¿an-s®-SpØ{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-ta-J-e-bpsS kuµ-cy-\m-a-am-W-Xv. C¥y-bnse X¿P-am-]m-c-ºcyw XnI®pw ̀ n∂-am-bn-cp∂p; tImfWnk-ao-]-\-߃°p Xo¿Øpw hncp-≤-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. kq£vam¿Y-Øn¬ AXv X¿P-a-°m-cs‚ _p≤n-hn-kvXm-c-Øn\v CSw \¬Ip∂ ]p\¿\n¿amWw Xs∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p. bqtdm-tI-{µnXsImtfm-Wn-b¬ X¿P-am-hy-h-lm-c-ß-fpsS Cu ambm-_-‘-Øn¬s]-´mWvF.-Bdpw amcmcpw Xp©≥, Ip©-∑m¿s°-Xnsc hna¿i-\-Øns‚ \nd-sbm-gn-®-Xv.(1) F.-B¿, amcm¿ {]`r-Xn-I-fpsS ̀ mc-Xo-bX bYm¿Y-Øn¬ thjwamdnb ]m›m-Xy-X-bm-bn-cp∂p--sh∂v CXp sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. tcmKw hmkvX-h-Øn¬ sshZy-∑m¿°p-X-s∂-bm-bn-cp-∂p-sh∂p Npcp°w. `mj-bpsS CS-\m-gn-I-fn¬ A[n-Imcw ]Xpßn-\n-ev°p∂p-sh∂v A∂p ImWm≥ Ign-™n-cp-∂n-s√-∂p am{Xw. sa°m-f-bpsS hnZym-̀ ym-k-tcJ Hm¿an-°p-I.(2) A⁄m-X-]fin-X¿ Na® ̀ mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw, {_“m-fi-]p-cm-Ww, ZqX-hm-Iyw XpS-ßnb KZy-{K-Ÿ-߃, Nocm-as‚ cma-N-cn-Xw, \nc-Ww-I-hn-I-fpsS ̀ K-h-ZvKo-

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X-bpw cmam-b-Whpw, Fgp-Ø-—s‚ cmam-b-Ww, alm`m-cXw XpS-ßnb CXn-lm-k-]m-T--߃, h≈-tØm-fns‚ hmevao-In-cm-am-b-Ww, EtKz-Zw, ]Zvam-Zn-]pcm-W-߃ F∂n-ßs\ kpZo¿L-hn-kvXr-X-amb C¥y≥ X¿P-am-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ Po\n-bkpw hgnbpw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ alm-ti-Jcw ae-bm-f-Øn-ep-≠v. aqe-Ir-Xn-tbm-Sp≈ hn-iz-kvXX AhnsS ]cn-K-W-\m-hn-j-b-ta-b-√. aqe-Ir-Xnsb B[m-c-am°n `mh-\-bpsS bmYm¿Yy-߃ s]cp-Ip∂]pXnb BIm-i-Kw-KIƒ Xo¿°p-I-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah. aqehpw X¿P-abpwHtc alm-`m-j-bpsS Ah-Xm-c-t`-Z-ß-fm-W-hn-sS. X¿P-a-Iƒ ]p\¿P-∑-ß-fm-sW∂v (U’ber laben) hmƒ´¿ _≥b-an≥ Fgp-Xn-bXv ]ns∂bpw \q-‰m-≠p-Iƒ Ign-™m-Wv. A\p-K-X-ßtf-°mƒ ]p\¿P-∑-ß-fmWv ̀ mj-bnepwkmln-Xy-Ønepw Bfl-ssN-X-\y-Øns‚ ]pjv]-hn-am-\-ßfpw ]mXm-f-∏-S-hp-Ifpw Na-®v, _e-ku-µ-cy-߃sIm≠p krjvSy-p∑p-J-am-°p-∂-sX∂v ta¬kqNn-∏n® A⁄m-X-\m-acpw Nocm-a\pw IÆ-»-∑mcpw sNdp-t»-cn-bpwXp©\pw Ip©\pw h≈-tØmfpw sXfn-bn-°p-∂p. Imfn-Zm-k-ta-L-Øn¬{]£n-]vX-߃ Is≠Øn Hgn-hm°n ]cn-`mj Xøm-dm-°p-tºmgpw `‡n-{]ÿm\w cma-\p-ta¬ sNmcn™ Cuiz-cIf-¶ƒ IgpIn shSn-∏m°n"hmevao-In-bpsS cma≥'(3) Fgp-Xptºmgpw amcm¿ kz¥w kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsSLmX-I-\mbn amdp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p; Hcp-Xcw ssk≤m-¥nI Bfl-l-Xy.C¥y≥ X¿P-am-]m-c-º-cy-Øns‚ Du¿Pn-X-am-Xr-I-I-fmbn Cu hymJym-\-߃ ]cn-K-Wn-°mw. ]pXp-Im-eØp Nß-ºp-gbpw F≥. sI. Zmtam-Z-c\pwAø-∏-∏-Wn-°cpw k®n-Zm-\-µ\pw _me-N-{µ≥ Np≈n-°mSpw hn\-b-N-{µ\pwFw.-]n. kZm-in-h\pw Aßs\ F{-Xtbm Zo¿L-amWv Cu kwLw. auen-IX F∂ Bi-bw-Xs∂ apX-em-fnØw \n¿an-®-Xm-sW-t∂m¿an-°p-I.

X¿Pa F∂ kmwkvIm-cnI-{]-tbmKw

`mj Nn”-ß-fpsS tkm]m-[n-I-hy-h-ÿ-bm-sW∂ skmkyq-dns‚Is≠-ج ka-kvX-⁄m\-ta-J-e-I-fnepw A·n-]¿h-X-hn-kvt^m-S-\-߃Xs∂ krjvSn-®p. ̀ mj, Bi-b-ßsf tIhew {]Xn-̂ -en-∏n-°p-ItbmIb-‰n-bn-d-°p-Itbm sNøp-∂ \njv{In-b-afi-e-a-√. bmYm¿Yy-ß-fpsS\n¿an-Xn-bn¬ k{In-b-ambn CS-s]-Sp∂ {]Xy-bim-kv{X-{]-h¿Ø-\-am-Wv.AXv bmYm¿Yy-ßsf Agn-®p-S-bv°p∂p; ]pXp-°n-∏-Wn-bp-∂p. kmwkvIm-cn-I-L-S-\-bpsS km[q-I-cWw km[y-am-°p∂ bp‡n-sb∂ \nebn-¬ ̀ mj{]Xy-b-im-kv{X-]-cw-X-s∂-bm-sW∂p sl_¿amkv \nco-£n-®n-́ p-≠v. ⁄m\-kw-kvIm-c-ßsf km[y-am-°p∂ \nbm-a-I-ß-fpsS afi-e-ambn—hyh-lm-c-ambn—`mj {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p-sh∂ Cu Bi-b-temIw {ItaW hnI-

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kn-®p-h-∂p. AXp-sIm≠p `mjm-]-T-\w, kw-kvIm-c]T-\-Øns‚ kµ¿`-Øn¬ kw-kvIm-csØ \n¿an-°p∂ bp‡n-I-fpsS A]-{K-Y-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-∂p. kwkvIm-cw ChnsS ]t£ \n›-e-a-fie-a√; {Inbm-fl-I-a-fi-e-am-Wv. `mj kw-kvIm-csØbpw kw-kvIm-cw `mj-sbbpw ]c-kv]cw \n¿an-°p-∂p-sh-∂¿Yw. AXpsIm≠v CXns\ D -̀b-Zn-im-{]-h¿Ø\w F∂p hnfn-°mw. X¿P-a, AtXmsS tIh-e-sam-gn-am-‰-sa∂ \ne-bn¬ Akm-[y-am-sW∂pw ]pXnb bmYm¿Yy-ßsf \n¿an-°p∂ kmaq-ly-{]-tbm-K-am-sW∂pwh∂p. X¿P-a-]-T\w AXp-hgn kw-kvIm-c-]T-\-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. X¿P-asb\n¿an-°p-∂Xpw X¿P-abneqsS \n¿an-°-s∏-Sp-∂p-amb I¿Ør-Xz-ß-sf-°p-dn-®p≈ At\z-jWw X¿P-am]-T-\-Øns‚ [¿a-ambn hnI-kn-®p. `mj-bn-eqsS CS-s]-Sp∂ kq£vam-[n-Im-c-_-e-X-{¥-߃ X¿P-am]-T-\-Øns‚tI{µm-i-b-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. hniz-kvX-X, ka-aq-eyX XpS-ßnb ]cn-I¬]-\-Iƒ khn-tij ta¬Io-gv_-‘-ßsf cq]-s∏-SpØn \ne-\n¿Øp∂ B A-[n-Im-c-{]-tbm-K-am-sW∂p ]pXp-]-T\w hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. Cu k-µ¿ -̀Øn¬ IuS-eo-b -Ø-n\v {In.-h. ]Xn-aq∂mw iX-I-Øn-ep-≠mb `mjm-Iu-S-eo-bsa∂hymJym-\m-flI X¿Pa ae-bm-f-`m-j-bnepw kw-kvIm-cØnepw kmln-Xy-Ønepw \n¿an® khn-ti-j-hy-h-lm-c-߃ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m≥ Ign-bpw. ae-bm-f-̀ m-j, kwkvIm-cw, kmlnXyw F∂n--h-bpsS D¬]-Øn, hnIm-kw, km[q-I-cWw F∂n-h-bn¬ ̀ mjm-Iu-S-eo-bØns‚ [¿aw A]-{KYn-°m-\mWv Cu{]_-‘-Øn¬ {ian-°p-∂-Xv.

hyh-lm-c-am-Xr-Im-]-{K-Y\w

LS-\m-\¥-c-hm-Z-Nn-¥-bpsS Dƒ°m-gvN-I-fn-sem∂mWp kwkvIm-c-hn-a¿i-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ hyh-lm-c(discourse) -sa∂ ]cn-I¬]-\.⁄m\-Øns‚ hwim-h-eo-imkv{Xw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-tºmƒ antj¬^pt°m-bmWp hyh-lm-c-sa∂ ]cn-I¬]-\ cq]-s∏-Sp-Øn-b-Xv. ⁄mt\m-ev]m-Z\w km[y-am-°p∂ bp‡n-I-fpsS afiesØ At±lw hyh-lm-c-sa∂p hnfn®p. A¬Øq-tk-dn-b-≥ {]Xy-b-imkv{Xwt]mse hyh-lm-chpwI¿Ør-Xz-cq-]o-I-c-W-Øns‚ afi-esØ A¿Y-am-°p-∂p. kmaq-ln-I-ambn\n¿W-bn-°-s∏-Sp∂ ̀ mjm-{]-tbm-K-ß-fn-eq-sS-bmWp hyh-lm-cw {]h¿Øn-°p-I. Cu bp‡n-Isf hyh-lm-c-amXr-I-Iƒ (discourse models) F∂phnfn-°mw.

Hmtcm IrXnbpw AXn¬Øs∂ Hmtcm Jfihpw {]I-c-W-\n-jvT-ambn hne-bn-cp-Øp-I-bmWp hyh-lm-camXr-Im-]-{K-Y-\w. Bcv, Btcm-Sv,F¥v, F¥n-\v, Ft∏mƒ, Fßs\ F∂n-h-bmWv ASn-ÿm\ hyh-lm-c-

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amXr-I-Iƒ. hyh-lm-c-amXr-I-Ifnep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰w ̀ mj-bnepw kwkvIm-c-Ønepw am‰-ap-≠m-°pw. At∏mƒ Ime,-tZ-i-t`-Z-ßsf am{Xw Bkv]-Zn-®p≈ {]mNo-\-K-Zy-hn-i-I-e\w Aim-kv{Xo-b-am-bn-Øo-cpw. AhnsS hyh-lm-c-amXr-I-Iƒ ]cn-K-Wn-®p≈ ]T\w IqSp-X¬ imkv{Xob-ambnØocp-∂p. AXp-sIm-≠v, IrXn-bpsS AYhm X¿P-a-bpsS e£yw, ̀ mj, ssien,I¿Ør-Xzw F∂n-h-sb√mw hyh-lm-c-]-T-\-Øn¬ hni-Zo-I-cn-°m-\m-hpw.`mjm-Iu-S-eo-bØn¬ k¿h{X ImWp∂ "`mjm-]-c-am-b Ir{Xn-a-Xz-hpw,hymI-c-W-]-c-amb XnI™ Ahy-h-ÿbpw Acm-P-IXzhpw' (kn.-F¬.B‚Wn 2000:615) F¥p-sIm-s≠∂p sXfn-™p-h-cpw. ZqX-hm-Iy-Øn¬kwkvIr-X-k-a-kvX-]-Z-߃ Gdn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw B -́{]-Im-c-ß-fnepw{Ia-Zo-]n-I -I-fnepw Ah Ipd™n-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw Imc-W-ßfpw kµ¿`-ßfpw shfn-s∏-Spw. Npcp-°-Øn¬, IrXn-bp-sSbpw X¿P-a-bp-sSbpw B`y-¥-c-ssh-cp-[y-ß-fpw, hymJym-\-ß-fn-eqsS ]p\¿\n¿an-t°≠ cmjv{So-b-A--t_m-[hpw (political unconcious) hyh-lm-c-]-T\w A]-{K-Yn-°p-∂p. ̀ mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw \n¿an-°p-∂Xpw `mjm-Iu-S-eo-bsa∂ X¿P-asb km[y-am-°n-b-Xp-amb kmwkvImcn-I-bp-‡n-Iƒ Aßs\ A]-{K-Yn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p.

IuS-eobw Hcp [¿a-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-k-ap-®bw

`mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw D¬]m-Zn-∏n-°p∂ kwkvIm-c-bp-‡n-Iƒ Fs¥-∂-dn-bp-hm≥ Iu-S-eo-bw Fs¥-∂-dn-b-Ww. {InkvXp-hn-\p-apºv 321-̨ 298 ImeØp-NmW-Iy≥ cNn® cmjv{S-ao-amw-km-{K-Ÿ-amWv A¿Y-imkv{Xw AYhm IuS-eo-bw. Bcym-h¿Øw ̀ cn® N{µ-Kp-]vX-au-cys‚ a{¥n-bm-bn-cp∂p NmW-Iy≥. hnjvW-p-Kp-]vX≥, IuS-ey≥ F∂o t]cp-I-fnepw At±lw Adn-bs∏´n-cp∂p. Aßs\ IuSeyN-cn-X-sa∂ A¿Y-Øn-em-Wp- Iu-S-eo-bwF∂v Cu {KŸ-Øn\p t]¿ h∂-Xv. cmjv{S-Øns‚ `c-W-]-chpw kmº-Øn-Ihpw kmwkvIm-cn-I-hp-amb kwLm-S-\-{]-iv\-ß-fm-Wn-Xnse N¿®.Hcp P\-X-bpsS kwkvIm-c-L-S-\sb \n¿W-bn-°p∂ ss\bm-an-I-bp-‡n-bmWv Iu-S-eo-bsa∂p kmcw.

[¿-aw, A¿Yw, Imaw, F∂o ]pcp-jm¿Y-ßfpw Ah-bpsS km[-\m-am¿K-ß-fp-amWv bYm-{Iaw [¿a-im-kv{Xw, A¿Y-im-kv{Xw, Ima-imkv{Xw F∂o imkv{X-ß-fp-sS N¿®m-hn-j-bw. a\p-jy≥ A\p-io-e-\-Øn-eqsS FØn-t®-tc≠ kmwkvIm-cn-I-k-µ¿`-amWp- ]pcp-jm¿Y-sa∂p]d-bmw. a\- v, cmjv{Sw, icocw F∂n-ßs\ khn-ti-j-C-S-ß-fn¬\n∂p-sIm≠p- kwkvIm-csØ \n¿h-Nn-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-bp-‡n-I-fmWp-[¿am¿Y-Im-a-im-kv{X-߃. Bi-b-߃sIm≠p a\- n-s\-bpw, kº-Øp-

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sIm≠p cmjv{S-sØ-bpw ssewKn-I-X-sIm-≠p ico-c-sØbpw sacp°nkhn-tijkwkvIm-csØ \n¿h-Nn-°pIbm-Wn-Xns‚ coXn. A[n-Im-c-Øns‚ kq£va-_-e-X{¥-߃°p-≈n-emWv Cu sacp-°¬. Aßs\ [¿a-im-kv{X߃ khn-tij I¿Xr-Xz-ßsf cq]-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. h¿Ww, enwKw,h¿Kw, hwiw F∂o hn`n∂ afi-e-ß-fn-em-bmWv Cu {]h¿Ø-\w. [¿a-im-kv{XßfpsS Cu s]mXp-coXn]≤-Xn-X-s∂-bmWv A¿Y-im-kv{XhpwkzoI-cn®p ImWp-I. AXp-sIm≠p- hwi,- h¿W,- enwK `c-W-Iq-Sm-[n-Im-c-ß-fpsS kq£va-bp-‡n-Iƒ Htc-k-abw H‰bv°pw Hcp-an®pw {]h¿Øn-°p∂, kwkvIm-c-Ønse coXn-]-≤-Xn-bmWv A¿Y-imkv{Xw AYhm IuS-eo-bw. hwio-b-ambn Bcym-[n-Im-c-Øn-s‚bpw h¿W-]-c-ambn {_m“Wm[n]-Xy-Øn-s‚bpw `c-W-Iq-S-kw-_-‘n-bmbn N{µ-Kp-]vX-au--cys‚(cm--Pm-hns‚)bpw enwK-]-c-ambn ]pcp-j-s‚bpw ImgvNbpw {]am-W-kw-ln-X-bp-amWv IuS-eo-bw.

"{]Yz-n-bpsS e_v[n-°p-th-≠nbpw ]cn-]m-e-\Øn--\p-th-≠nbpwGsX√mw A¿Y-im-kv{X-߃ ]q¿hm-Nm-cy-∑m¿ \n¿an-®n-́ pt≠m an°-hmdpwAhsb F√mw Np-cp-°n-sb-Sp-Øn-́ mWv Cu A¿Y-im-kv{Xw \n¿an-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv' (sI.hn.-Fw., 1998:27)(2) F∂v A¿Y-im-kv{XØns‚ e£yw NmW-Iy≥ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Cu B-ibw kq£va-ambn 15-̨ mw A[n-I-cWw X{¥-bp-‡n F∂ H∂m-a-[ym-b-Øn¬ Cßs\ Ipdn-°p∂p:

"A¿Y-sa-∂m¬ a\p-jy-cpsS hrØn; a\p-jy-hXn-bmb ̀ qan F∂¿Yw.Aß-s\-bp≈ {]Yz-n-bpsS e_v[n°pw ]me-\-Øn\pw D]m-b-am-bp≈ -im-kv{Xw A¿Y-im-kv{Xw' (sI.hn.-Fw., 1998:467). NmW-Iy-c-Nn-X-sa-¶nepwA¿Y-im-kv{Xw H‰-s∏´ {KŸ-a-s√-∂¿Yw. "IuS-eobw Hcp {KŸ-a√; {]mNo-\-̀ m-c-X-Ønse {KŸ-k-aq-l-am-sW'∂v D≈q¿ (1953:315) Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p∂p-≠v. At±lw hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p:

"A¿Y-im-kv{XØn¬ At\Iw ]q¿h-kq-cn-I-fsS (C-{µ≥, {_l-kv]-Xn, ip{I≥, \mc-Z≥, ]cm-i-c≥, `ojva¿, t{ZmW¿, hnZp-c¿ XpS-ßn-b-h¿)aX-ßsf ̀ mjy-Im-cy-∑m¿ {]]-©\w sNbvX-t∏mƒ ]e ]c-kv]c ssh]-co-Xy-ßfpw Ah-cpsS IrXn--I-fn¬ IS-∂p-IqSn F∂pw AXp-sIm≠v F√m-h¿°pw a\- n-em-I-Ø-°-hn[w henb hnkvXm-c-sam∂pw IqSmsX kq{Xhpw`mjy-hp-a-S-ßnb Hcp ]pXnb {KŸw Xm≥ \n¿an®p F∂pw IuS-ey≥Xs∂ hy‡-ambn {KŸm-¥-Øn¬ DZo-cWw sNbvXn-́ p-≠v' (ibid:315). Npcp-°-Øn¬, hyh-lm-c-ß-fpsS {Iao-I-c-W-Øn-eqsS, kwkvIm-c-Ønse icn-sX-‰p-Iƒ Is≠Øn, hyh-t—-Zn-®v, hymJym-\n-®v, hni-Zo-I-cn-®v, kwkvIm-

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csØ \n¿h-Nn-°p∂ km[q-I-c-W-bp-‡n-bmbn A¿Y-im-kv{Xw AYhmIuS-eobw {]h¿Øn-°p-∂p. CXns‚ hymJym\m-flI X¿P-a-bmWv ̀ mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw.

`mjmIuS-eobw F¥n\v?

Iu-S-eo-bw t]msemcp cmjv-{S-ao-amw-km-{KŸw F¥n\p ae-bm-f-Øn¬ X¿Pa sNø-s∏´p? GsXmcp KŸhpw khn-tij kmwkvIm-cn-I-k-µ¿ -̀ß-fpsS hymJym-\w, hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, \n¿h-N-\w, km[q-I-cWw F∂n-ßs\ GsX-¶nepw [¿a-߃ \n¿h-ln-°p∂ bp‡n-I-fm-Wv. Cub¿Y-Øn¬ `mjm-Iu-S-eo-bsØ km[yam-°p∂ kmwkvIm-cn-I-k-µ¿`wGXmWv? GXp kmwkvIm-cn-I-k-µ¿`Øns‚ hymJym-\hpw km[q-I-cWhpamWv Cu {KŸw \n¿h-ln-°pI? CX-dn-bm≥ IuS-eo-b-Øns‚ D≈-S-°-sa-s¥-∂-dn-b-Ww. IuS-eobw ta¬ kqNn-∏-n®-hn[w cmjv{S{I-ao-IcWwe£y-an-´p-ff [¿a-im-kv{X-{K-Ÿ-am-Wv. `mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw CXn¬\n∂pe£yw-sIm-≠pw D≈-S-°w-sIm≠pw `n∂a√. AXp-sIm≠v `mjm-Iu-S-eo-bsas¥-∂-dn-bm≥ IuS-eo-b-sa-s¥-t∂m¿an-°-Ww. t\csØ kqNn-∏n-®-Xp-t]mse h¿Wm-{i-a-[¿a-tI-{µn-X-amb Bcy-kw-kvIm-c-km-[q-I-c-W-amWpIuS-eo-b-e-£yw.

Iu-S-eo-bw Bsc kwt_m-[\ sNøp∂p? CX-dn-bm≥ D≈-S-°-sa-s¥-∂t\zjn°-Ww. Iu-S-eo-bØns‚ D≈-S-°-sa¥v? N¿®m-hn-j-b-sa¥v?h¿W-m-{i-a-kw-kvIm-c-Øns‚ {Iao-I-c-Whpw kwc-£-W-hp-amWp N¿®m-hn-j-bw. {]Yvho-]m-e-\hpw e_v[n-bp-amWv A¿Y-imkv-{X-e-£y-sa∂ apJ-hpc(sI.hn.-Fw., 1998:26)bpsS A¿Y-an-Xm-Wv. CXn-\p≈ D]m-b-ßfpw \nb-a-ß-fp-amWp ]Xn-\©v A[n-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ \n¿h-ln-°p-∂-Xv. F≥. hn.IrjvW-hm-cnb¿ IuSeys‚ A¿Y-imkv{Xw Ah-Xm-cn-I-bn¬ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂-Xp-t]mse "{]mNo-\-̀ m-c-Xo-b-cpsS cmjv{S-X-{¥-Øn-te°v k¿hmw-K-Wo-b-amb {]Imiw sNmcn-bp∂, kwkvIr-X-k-m-ln-Xy-Øn-emsI t\m°n-bm¬ G‰hpw Aaq-ey-amb Cu {KŸw' ]Xn-\©v A[n-I-c-W-ß-fn¬ \q‰-ºXv A[ym-b-ßfpw \q‰n-sb-¨-]Xp {]I-c-W-ß-fp-ap≈XmWv. Cu aqe-{K-Ÿ-Øns‚ hymJym-\m-fl-I-X¿P-a-bmWv `mjm-Iu-S-eo-bw AYhm -IuS-eo-bw`mj. H∂p-ap-X¬ Ggp-hsc A[n-I-c-W-ß-fpsS X¿Pa {]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-́ p-≠v. hymJymXXr-X¿P-a-Im-c�