giorgi gogsaZe

mosaxleobis geografia(saxelmZRvanelo)

gamomcemloba “saari”Tbilisi

2008

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giorgi gogsaZe

mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo)

saxelmZRvaneloSi ganxilulia mosaxleobis geografiis ZiriTadi sakiTxebi –mosaxleobis dinamika, struqtura, xarisxi, migraciebi, gansaxleba dateritoriuli ganlageba. naSromSi gamoyenebulia msoflios regionebisa daqveynebis mosaxleobis dinamikis, struqturis, gadaadgilebis da ganlagebisamsaxveli uaxlesi statistikuri monacemebi.

wigni gankuTvnilia umaRlesi saswavleblebis bakalavriatis geografiuli damomijnave specialobebis studentebisaTvis da mosaxleobis geografiissakiTxebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisaTvis.

samecniero redaqtori

zurab daviTaSvilipolitikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

recenzentebi

ioseb saluqvaZegeografiul mecnierebaTa kandidati

giorgi melaZeekonomikur mecnierebaTa kandidati

saavtoro uflebebi © 2008 giorgi gogsaZe

pirveli gamocema 2008

gamomcemloba “saari”

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wigni eZRvneba Cems maswavlebels vaJa gujabiZes, SesaniSnav qarTvelmecniers da pedagogs, romelTanac Cemi TanamSromloba dRemdegrZeldeba.

madlobas vuZRvni amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis saelCos saqarTveloSiam saxelmZRvanelos gamocemis da misi kartografiuli masalismomzadebis dafinansebisaTvis.

avtori

I would like to extend my acknowledgements to the Embassy of the United States of America inGeorgia for financing the development of cartographic materials and publication of the giventextbook.

The author

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S i n a a r s i

winasityvaoba

1. mosaxleobis geografiis zogad-Teoriuli sakiTxebi1.1 mosaxleobis geografiis cneba, kvlevis sagani, Tematuri

mimarTulebebi, kvlevis meTodebi1.2 mosaxleobis geografiis Camoyalibebis istoria1.3 mosaxleobis geografiis kavSiri geografiul da sxva

mecnierebebTan

2. mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika da bunebrivi moZraoba2.1 ZiriTadi cnebebi2.2 msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamikis istoriuli

mimoxilva da Tanamedrove tendenciebi2.3 bunebriv moZraobaze moqmedi faqtorebi2.4 bunebrivi moZraobis regionuli aspeqtebi2.5 demografiuli politika2.6 mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba

3. mosaxleobis struqturisa da xarisxis regionuli Taviseburebebi3.1 mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura3.2 mosaxleobis xarisxis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi3.3 mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqtura3.4 mosaxleobis rasobrivi Semadgenloba3.5 lingvisturi geografia da msoflios mosaxleobis enobrivi

Semadgenloba3.6 religiebi da msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba

4. migraciebi, gansaxleba, urbanizacia da msoflios mosaxleobis teritoriuliganlageba

4.1 mosaxleobis migracia, rogorc sazogadoebriv-geografiulimovlena. migraciis saxeebi. Sida migraciebi

4.2 saerTaSoriso migraciebis istoriuli mimoxilva4.3 Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migraciebi; iZulebiTi xasiaTis

saerTaSoriso migraciebi; trefikingi4.4 SromiTi migraciebi4.5 gansaxleba4.6 urbanizacia4.7 msoflios mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba

gamoyenebuli literatura

danarTi

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winasityvaoba

mosaxleobis geografia erT-erTi yvelaze aqtualuri sferoa ara martosazogadoebriv geografiul disciplinebs Soris, aramed mTel geografiulmecnierebaTa sistemaSi da zogadad sazogadoebriv mecnierebebSi. es aqtualobagamowveulia mosaxleobis problemebis globaluri xasiaTiT da maTigansakuTrebuli simwvaviT. demografiuli problemebi globalur problemebsSoris gamoirCeva, rogorc gansakuTrebiT Znelad gadasaWreli problemebi damaTi warmatebiT gadawyveta mTeli kacobriobis did Zalisxmevas moiTxovs.aqedan gamomdinare mosaxleobis Rrma da mravalmxrivi Seswavla Zalze saWiroda aucilebeli amocanaa, rogorc momavali geografebisTvis, ise socialur-politikuri da humanitaruli mimarTulebis mTeli rigi mimarTulebisstudentebisTvis.

mosaxleobis geografiis sauniversiteto kursis swavlebas saqarTvelosumaRles saswavleblebSi xangrZlivi da mdidari tradicia gaaCnia, magram didixnis manZilze seriozul siZneled rCeboda qarTul enaze saxelmZRvanelosararseboba. 1983 wels gamovida prof. vaxtang jaoSvilis "mosaxleobisgeografia", romelic am dargSi erT-erT saukeTeso saxelmZRvanelod iqnaaRiarebuli mTeli sabWoTa kavSiris masStabiT. am wigniT qarTvel geografTaara erTi Taoba aRizarda da mas Tavis mniSvneloba dRemde ar daukargavs.magram, bunebrivia, dRevandel moTxovnebs igi veRar akmayofilebs damosaxleobis geografiis axali saxelmZRanelos Seqmna da gamocema didi xaniadRis wesrigSi dadga.

prof. giorgi gogsaZis "mosaxleobis geografia" swored is sauniversitetosaxelmZRvaneloa, romelmac arsebuli xarvezi unda Seavsos da geografiulimecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebisa da uaxlesi faqtobrivi masalissafuZvelze students Rrma da mravalmxrivi codna misces mosaxleobisgeografiis yvela sakvanZo da problemur sakiTxze.

saxelmZRvanelos pirveli Tavi mosaxleobis geografiis Teoriul sakiTxebsexeba. mokled, magram amomwuravad aris ganxiluli mosaxleobis geografiiscneba, kvlevis sagani da meTodebi, Tematuri mimarTulebebi, istoria da kavSirisxva geografiul da sazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. aRniSnuli sakiTxebigansakuTrebiT aqtualuria, radgan mosaxleobis geografiisadmi miZRvnilisaxelmZRvaneloebi Tu monografiebi xSirad mxolod faqtobrivi masalisaRwerilobiT Semoifargleba da Teoriul analizs naklebi yuradReba eqceva.winamdebare saxelmZRvanelo am calmxrivobisgan dazRveulia, rac mis udavoddadebiT Rirsebad unda CaiTvalos.

Tanamedrove msoflios erT-erTi umTavresi globaluri problema mosaxleobiszrda da dedamiwis gadametsaxlebis safrTxea. es sakiTxebi ganxiluliasaxelmZRvanelos meore TavSi, romelic mosaxleobis dinamikasa da bunebrivmoZraobas exeba. am TavSi ganxilulia msoflio mosaxleobis raodenobisdinamikis istoriuli mimoxilva da Tanamedrove mdgomareoba, bunebrivmoZraobaze moqmedi faqtorebi, bunebrivi moZraobis geografiuliTaviseburebani da momavlis prognozi. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba eqcevademografiul politikas da im gansxvavebebs, romelic sxvadasxva regionisa dagansxvavebuli demografiuli qcevis qveynebisTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

mosaxleobis geografiis erT-erTi saintereso da mniSvnelovani nawili _mosaxleobis struqturis geografiuli aspeqtebi ganxilulia saxelmZRvanelos

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mesame TavSi. kerZod, mkiTxveli ecnoba msoflio mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobriv, eTnikur da religiur Semadgenlobas da im gansxvavebebis mizezebs,rac damaxasiaTebelia sxvadasxva qveynebisa da regionebisTvis. calkeaganxiluli SromiTi resursebisa da dasaqmebis struqturis problemebi. ZalzemniSvnelovania, rom am TavSi avtors ganxiluli aqvs Cveni mecnierebisTvisSedarebiT axali sakiTxi – cxovrebis xarisxi. naSromSi sainteresod ariswarmodgenili cxovrebis xarisxis ZiriTadi socialur-demografiulimaxasiaTeblebis geografiuli analizi.

aranaklebi mniSvnelobiTa da seriozulobiT gamoirCeva mosaxleobis migraciisproblemebi. es fenomeni gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda globalizaciis eraSi,roca migraciam masiuri xasiaTi miiRo da mTeli rigi safrTxeebi Seqmna,rogorc emigraciis, ise imigraciis qveynebisaTvis. saxelmZRvaneloSi calkeTavi eZRvneba migraciis geografias, sadac ganxilulia migraciebisistoriuliis ZiriTadi etapebi, Sida da sagareo migraciebis saxeebi, tipebi daformebi, Tanamedrove migraciebis Taviseburebebi da momavlis savaraudoprognozi.

saxelmZRvanelos bolo nawili exeba mosaxleobis gansaxlebas, anudemografiuli problemebis yvelaze ufro "geografiul" mxares. uaxlesimonacemebis safuZvelze ganxilulia mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlagebisa dasimWidrovis sakvanZo sakiTxebi, gansaxlebis tipebi, qalaqebis geografiisa daurbanizaciis aqtualuri problemebi, sasoflo gansaxlebis geografiuliTaviseburebebi da gansaxlebisa da geografiuli garemosurTierTdamokidebuleba.

saxelmZRvaneloSi didi raodenobiTaa mocemuli statistikuri dakartografiuli masala. misasalmebelia, rom rukebis SedgenaSi aqtiurimonawileoba miiRes Tbilisis iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis saxelmwifouniversitetis socialur-politikuri mecnierebebis fakultetis sazogadoebrivigeografiis mimarTulebis studentebma.

gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos, rom mosaxleobis geografiis TiTqmis yvelaproblema Tu aqtualuri sakiTxi ganxilulia saqarTvelosTan kavSirSi dasaqarTvelos magaliTze, rac udavod zrdis aRniSnuli kursis praqtikul dagamoyenebiT mniSvnelobas.

mimaCnia, rom giorgi gogsaZis "mosaxleobis geografia" uaRresad saWiro damniSvnelovani saxelmZRvaneloa saqarTvelos umaRlesi skolebisstudentebisTvis. imavdroulad igi did daxmarebas gauwevs praqtikosspecialistebs da saerTod, mosaxleobis problemebiT dainteresebulmkiTxvelTa farTo wres.

zurab daviTaSvilipolitikis mecnierebaTa doqtori, geografiul mecnierebaTa kandidati,Tsu socialur-politikur mecnierebaTa fakultetis sruli profesori

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1. mosaxleobis geografiis zogad-Teoriuli sakiTxebi

1.1 mosaxleobis geografiis cneba, kvlevis sagani, Tematuri mimarTulebebi,meTodebi

mosaxleobis geografiis amosaval cnebad unda CaiTvalos TviT mosaxleoba.mosaxleoba1 geografiuli mecnierebis poziciidan aris mocemul teritoriazemudmivad mcxovrebi an saxeze myofi adamianebis erToblioba.

teritoriaSi igulisxmeba mTeli msoflio, kontinenti, msoflios msxviliregioni, qveyana, qveynis mxare an raioni, qalaqi, sofeli. ama Tu im saxelmwifosteritoriaze mudmivad mcxovrebi adamianebi SeiZleba iyvnen am saxelmwifosmoqalaqeebi da imigrantebi (mocemul qveyanaSi mudmivad mcxovrebi sxvasaxelmwifos moqalaqeebi), xolo saxeze myofi mosaxleoba Sedgeba imadamianebisgan, romlebic mocemul momentSi am saxelmwifos teritoriazeimyofebian (e.i. moqalaqeebi da droebiT Camosuli pirebi: migrantebi,ltolvilebi da turistebi2).

mosaxleoba mTlianobaSi an calkeuli jgufebis saxiT warmoadgensmosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis sagans (obieqts). mosaxleobis calkeuljgufSi unda vigulisxmoT adamianTa jgufi, romelic gaerTianebuliateritoriuli, demografiuli, eTnikuri, religiuri, profesiuli an raime sxvasocialur-kulturuli niSniT. aqedan gamomdinare mosaxleobis geografiiskvlevis obieqts SeiZleba warmoadgendes:

– teritoriuli niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – romelime soflis,qalaqis, regionis, qveynis an kontinentis mosaxleoba;

– profesiuli niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – maswavleblebi,eqimebi, maRaroelebi, fermerebi, studentebi, saxelmwifo moxeleebi;

– eTnikuri niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – eTnikuri qarTvelebi,norvegielebi, brazilielebi, Cinelebi, Turqebi;

– religiuri niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – qristianebi,muslimebi, budistebi;

– demografiuli niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – qalebi da kacebian Sromis da sapensio asakis adamianebi;

– socialuri niSniT gaerTianebul adamianTa jgufi – diasaxlisebi,umuSevrebi, invalidebi da a.S.

mosaxleobis geografia ar Seiswavlis adamianTa iseT gaerTianebebs, romelTaSoris ar arsebobs teritoriuli, ekonomikuri, kulturuli an socialurikavSirebi.

mosaxleobis geografia Camoyalibda da didi xnis ganmavlobaSi viTardeboda,rogorc zogadi geografiis qvedargi. me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli, rodesacmoxda sazogadoebrivi (ekonomikuri, socialuri da politikuri) geografiis,

1 sabWoTa periodSi aRmocenda termini “xalxTmosaxleoba”, romelic dRemde gamoiyeneba.1960-70-ian wlebSi mTeli rigi sabWoTa mecnier-demografebisa Seecada erTmaneTisagangaemijna cnebebi “mosaxleoba” (“Население”) da “xalxTmosaxleoba” (“Народонаселение”). maTimcdeloba uSedegod damTavrda. enaTmecnierebis poziciidan damtkicda, romxalxTmosaxleoba igivea, rac mosaxleoba.2turistebi ar warmoadgenen mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis uSualo sagans, radganmaTi Seswavla Sedis turizmis geografiis kompetenciaSi.

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rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis formireba, mosaxleobis geografiawarmoadgens mis ganuyofel nawils da erT-erT qvedargs, disciplinas.mosaxleobis geografia, iseve, rogorc mTlianobaSi sazogadoebrivi geografiawarmoadgens sazogadoebriv-geografiul samecniero disciplinas.

mosaxleobis geografia aris samecniero disciplina mosaxleobis gansaxlebis,moZraobis da struqturis geografiuli (teritoriuli, sivrciTi) aspeqtebisSesaxeb. rogorc ganmartebidan Cans mosaxleobis geografiis ZiriTadi amocanaaSeiswavlos mosaxleobis gansaxleba da mosaxleobis ori mniSvnelovaniatributi – moZraoba da struqtura da gamoavlinos maTi geografiuliTaviseburebebi da kanonzomierebebi. mosaxleobis geografia, aseve Seiswavlismosaxleobis sam sxva atributs: mosaxleobis qcevas, mosaxleobis saqmianobasda mosaxleobis xarisxs. magram, maTi Seswavla ar warmoadgens mosaxleobisgeografiis ZiriTad daniSnulebas. aRniSnuli atributebis SeswavliT uSualodarian dakavebuli ekologiis, meurneobis geografiis, kulturis geografiis,biheviorizmis geografiis da politikuri, kerZod eleqtoraluri geografiiswarmomadgenlebi. ama Tu im sakiTxis Seswavlisas rTuli dasadgenia, Tu sadgadis zRvari mosaxleobis geografiasa da sxva geografiul disciplinebsSoris.

mosaxleobis geografias, rogorc samecniero disciplinas gaaCnia sakuTariTematuri mimarTulebebi. pirobiTad, SeiZleba Camoyalibdes mosaxleobisgeografiis kvlevis Semdegi ZiriTadi Tematuri mimarTulebebi:

1. mosaxleobis geografiis Teoriuli sakiTxebi. es mimarTuleba moicavsmosaxleobis geografiis cnebis, kvlevis sagnis, kvlevis meTodebis daTematuri mimarTulebebis gansazRvras; mis kavSirs sxva mecnierebebTan dageografiul disciplinebTan; misi, rogorc mecnierebis disciplinisistoriuli ganviTarebis daxasiaTebas da analizs.

2. demogeografia Seiswavlis mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis (mosaxleobisbunebrivi moZraoba da sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis formireba)teritoriul sakiTxebs.

3. migraciebis geografia swavlobs adamianebis gadaadgilebas sivrcesa dadroSi.

4. gansaxlebis geografia ikvlevs mosaxleobis teritoriuli organizaciis,kerZod gansaxlebis sistemis da misi Semadgeneli nawilebis formirebisda ganviTarebis teritoriul aspeqtebs da maT funqcionalur dastruqturul aspeqtebs.

5. mosaxleobis struqturis geografia Seiswavlis socialuri jgufebisstruqturis geografiul Taviseburebebs da kanonzomierebebs.mosaxleobis geografiis am mimarTulebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaeTnogeografias, lingvogeografias da konfesiaTa geografias,mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqturis geografias.

6. ukanasknel periodSi izrdeba geografTa daintereseba mosaxleobisxarisxis SeswavliT. mosaxleobis xarisxis sakiTxebis geografiulikvleva Sedis zogadad socialuri geografiis, aseve mosaxleobisgeografiis kompetenciaSi.

arsebobs mosazreba, rom mosaxleobis geografiis kidev erTi TematurimimarTulebaa mosaxleobis kartografia. mosaxleobis geografia farTodiyenebs kartografirebas, rogorc kvlevis meTods. mosaxleobis kartografiasgaaCnia sakuTari amocanebi, magram es amocanebi wminda kartografiuli da arasazogadoebriv-geografiuli xasiaTisaa. aqedan gamomdinare, Cveni azriTmosaxleobis kartografia unda miviCnioT kartografiis da ara mosaxleobisgeografiis erT-erT Tematur mimarTulebad.

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mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevis calkeuli mimarTulebebi mWidrod arianurTierTdakavSirebuli da garkveulwilad erTmaneTs faraven. migraciebisgeografiis sakiTxebis Seswavlas logikurad mivyavarT gansaxlebis geografiisaspeqtebamde da piriqiT. mosaxleobis demografiuli an eTnikuri struqturiskvleva pirdapir kavSirSia migraciul procesebTan. mosaxleobis dasaqmebisstruqturis sakiTxebis Seswavla SeuZlebelia bunebrivi moZraobis aspeqtebisgaTvaliswinebis gareSe da a.S.

qorologiuri3 TvalsazrisiT mosaxleobis geografiis TematurimimarTulebebis Seswavla mimdinareobs samive geografiul doneze.makrogeografiuli done moicavs mTel msoflios, calkeul kontinentebs anqveynis nawilebs (evropa, azia, da a.S.). mezogeografiuli done – kontinentebismsxvil regionebs da calkeul qveynebs. mikrogeografiuli done – qveyniscalkeul regionebs, raionebs, qalaqebs da soflebs. samive doneze adgili aqvsmosaxleobis geografiis rogorc kompleqsur, aseve misi calkeuli TematurisakiTxebis Seswavlas. mosaxleobis geografiis kompleqsur sakiTxebSi SeiZlebagaerTiandes yvela an ramdenime ZiriTadi Tematuri sakiTxi. kompleqsuriSeswavlis Tema SeiZleba iyos zogadi mag., msoflios (safrangeTis,saqarTvelos da a.S.) mosaxleobis geografia an ufro konkretuli mag., SromiTiimigracia dasavleT evropaSi da misi zegavlena saqalaqo gansaxlebaze.calkeuli Tematuri sakiTxebis Seswavlis dros yuradReba eTmoba romelimeerT konkretul sakiTxs. mag., msoflios religiebis geografia an saqarTvelosgansaxlebis geografia an italiis qalaqebis geografia.

qronologiuri4 TvalsazrisiT mosaxleobis geografiis TematurimimarTulebebis Seswavla xdeba or doneze: statikaSi da dinamikaSi.statikuri midgoma gulisxmobs gansaxlebis an adamianebis konkretuli jgufismoZraobis, struqturis da xarisxis geografiuli aspeqtebis Seswavlas droismocemul momentSi, xolo Tu igive amocana ganixileba drois sxvadasxvaperiodebTan mimarTebaSi, maSin saqme gveqneba mosaxleobis dinamikasTan.

mosaxleobis geografiis kvlevaSi farTod gamoiyeneba sxvadasxava saxismeTodebi. maT Soris aRniSvnis Rirsia statistikuri meTodi. imdenad,ramdenadac vikvlevT mosaxleobis moZraobas, struqturas da xarisxs angansaxlebis sistemas, cxadia, gvesaWiroeba maTi amsaxveli raodenobrivimaCveneblebi. am maCveneblebis ganzogadeba xdeba statistikuri meTodisgamoyenebis safuZvelze. xSir SemTxvevebSi martooden statistikuri masala ariZleva kvlevis mier dasaxuli amocanebis gadawyvetis SesaZleblobas daaucilebeli xdeba arsebuli masalis Semdgomi maTematikuri damuSaveba damisTvis garkveuli sqematuri saxis micema. am dros mecnierebi mimarTavenmaTematikuri modelirebis meTods, rac Tanamedrove geografiul kvlevebs metmecnierul Rirebulebas sZens.

mecnieri Tavis kvlevaSi farTod iyenebs da iTvaliswinebs misi kolegebissamecniero ideebs, naazrevs, midgomebs, rac Tavmoyrilia samecnieroliteraturaSi. es meTodi mecnierebaSi saliteraturo meTodis saxeliT ariscnobili. rogorc aRvniSneT, mosaxleobis geografiis Tematur SeswavlaSifarTod gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis moZraobis, gansaxlebisa da struqturisgeografiuli aspeqtebis Seswavla dinamikaSi. es ki imaze migviTiTebs, romgeografebi kvlevis erT-erT meTodad iyeneben istoriul meTods. unda

3 qorologia momdinareobs berZnuli sityva qorosidan, rac niSnavs adgils. qorologia swavlobs movlenebis, sagnebisada cocxali arsebebis teritoriuli ganawilebis aspeqtebs.4 qronologia momdinareobs berZnuli sityva qronosidan, rac niSnavs dros. qronologia swavlobs movlenaTa droSiganviTarebis sakiTxebs.

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gaviTvaliswinoT mosaxleobis geografiis istoriuli xasiaTi. istorizmisgareSe mosaxleobis geografiis Seswavla safuZvels moklebuli iqneboda.

mosaxleobis sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli konkretuli amocanebis Sesaswavladsamecniero literatura da statistikuri masalebi xSir SemTxvevebSi sakmarisiar aris. faqtobrivi masalis deficitis aRmosafxvrelad mkvlevar-geografebsuxdebaT damatebiTi masalebis moZieba sociologiuri anketirebis aninterviuirebis, e.i. sociologiuri meTodebis gamoyenebis gziT. Tu, es meTodicar aRmoCnda sakmarisi, maSin geografi mimarTavs procesebze an adamianebisjgufebze dakvirvebis meTods.

Tanamedrove geografiuli mecnierebis ganuyofeli nawili gaxda Sesaswavliprocesis Semdgomi ganviTarebis prognozireba. am miznis misaRwevad mecnierebimimarTaven prognozirebis meTods.

mosaxleobis geografiuli aspeqtebis kvleva gulisxmobs msoflios sxvdasaxvaregionebis, qveynebis da sxva dasaxlebul teritoriaTa mosaxleobismaCveneblebis Sedarebas. am SemTxvevaSi gamoiyeneba Sedarebis meTodi.

geografiul kvlevaSi umniSvnelovanesi yuradReba eTmoba mecnieruli analizis,upirveles yovlisa ki sivrce-droiTi (dro-sivrciTi) analizis meTods. esukanaskneli warmodgens Sesaswavli movlenebisa da procesebis teritoriulida istoriuli analizis sinTezs.

geografiuli mecnierebis mZlavri iaraRia kartirebis meTodi, rac saSualebasgvaZlevs ganzogadebuli da gaanalizebuli didZali informacia erT furcelzegadmovitanoT da mas rukis an sxva saxis kartografiuli produqtis saxemivceT. amaSi kartografiuli meTodi gvexmareba. ukanaskneli wlebisganmavlobaSi zogadad sazogadoebriv-geografiul, maT Soris mosaxleobisgeografiis kvlevebSi farTod gamoiyeneba geografiuli informaciulisistemebis (gis). geoinformaciuli teqnologiebi saSualebas gvaZlevsmovaxdinoT statistikuri informaciisa da geografiul monacemTa bazebisefeqturi da operatiuli damuSaveba da vizualizacia –rukebis, diagramebis dasqemebis da sxva grafikuli gamosaxulebebis Seqmna.

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1.2 mosaxleobis geografiis Camoyalibebis mokle istoria

mosaxleobis Seswavla yvela epoqaSi iyo da rCeba geografebis erT-erTumniSvnelovanes amocanad. jer kidev antikuri xanis mogzauri-geografebisnaSromebSi centraluri adgili ekava qveynis an romelime teritoriismosaxleobis daxasiaTebas.

mosaxleobis geografiaSi pirveli Sroma Cvens welTaRricxvamde daiwera.berZenma mogzaurma, istorikosma da geografma strabonma Seqmna 17 wignisaganSemdgari naSromi “geografia”. varaudoben, rom strabonma kolxeTsa daiberiaSic imogzaura da maTi detaluri daxasiaTeba mogvca Tavisi naSromis me-11 wignSi5. strabonis “geografia” miCneulia saqarTvelos teritoriisa damosaxleobis aRweris uZveles samecniero Zeglad, romelmac Cvens dromdemoaRwia. mogvianebiT, romaelma saxelmwifo moRvawem da mecnierma publiuskornelius tacitusma, romelic Cveni welTaRricxvis I-II saukuneebSimoRvaweobda, naSromSi “germania” aRwera germanuli tomebis istoria dageografia6.

feodalur xanaSi vaWrobisa da zRvaosnobis swrafma ganviTarebam moiTxovaukve cnobili da axlad aRmoCenili teritoriebis axleburi Seswavla. amisSedegad evropeli, arabi da Cineli mogzaurebis da mecnierebis mier Seiqmnamravali mniSvnelovani geografiuli naSromi. maT Soris gansakuTrebuliaRniSvnis Rirsia italieli mecnieris ludoviko gviCardinis wigni“niderlandebis aRwera”, romelic 1567 wels gamoica. es wigni samarTlianadaris miCneuli pirvel kompleqsur sazogadoebriv-geografiul naSromad.“niderlandebis aRwera” ori nawilisgan Sedgeba. pirvelSi mocemulianiderlandebis (im dros niderlandebi moicavda belgiis dRevandelteritoriasac) zogad-geografiuli, xolo meore nawilSi - qveynis 17-veprovinviis daxasiaTeba. am monografiaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmobaniderlandebis da misi calkeuli mxareebis da qalaqebis mosaxleobis aRweras.7

1650 wels niderlandebSi gamoica germanuli warmomavlobis axalgazrdamecnieris bernard vareniusis wigni “zogadi geografia”. vareniusi iyo pirvelimecnieri vinc geografia dayo zogad da regionul (specialur) nawilebad. igimiiCnevda, rom regionuli geografiis Seswavlis mTavar amocanas warmoadgensqveyanaTmcodneoba. qveyanaTmcodneobaSi vareniusi gamoyofda sam qvedargs:“dedamiwiseuls” (qveynis mdebareoba, sazRvrebi, reliefi, wiaRiseulis mopoveba,flora da fauna); “ciurs” (adgilis grZedi da ganedi, sezonuroba, klimati,astronomiuli dakvirvebebi) da “adamianiseuls”. am ukanaskneli mimarTulebisamocana iyo Seeswavla qveynis mosaxleobis raodenoba, Semadgenloba,Semosavlebi, ganaTleba, aseve - qveynis politikuri mowyoba da misi qalaqebi8.vareniusis naSromis “adamianiseuli” nawili momavalSi safuZvlad daedosazogadoebrivi geografiis, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinisCamoyalibebas.

evropaSi me-17 saukunis meore naxevarSi, rodesac absolutizmi9 TavisiganviTarebis umaRles stadiaze imyofeboda, gamoCnda axali ekonomikuri da

5 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 9. Tbilisi 1985. gv. 575-5766 iqve, gv. 6717 Саушкин Ю.Г. Экономическая география: история, теория, методы, практика. М., 1973, с. 518 iqve, gv. 52-539 absolutizmi warmoiSva evropaSi me-15 saukunis bolos - me-16 saukunis dasawyisSi.absolutizmis xanaSi aRmasrulebeli da sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis erTaderTmatarebelad aRiarebuli iyo monarqi, romelic saxelmwifos marTavda feodaluri

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filosofiuri doqtrinebi. am periodSi evropuli saxelmwifoebi axaliteritoriebis aTvisebiT iyvnen dakavebulebi. yovelive es moiTxovdamosaxleobis Sesaxeb axali faqtebisa da masalebis moZiebas. SeiZleba iTqvas,rom vareniusis naSromma axali suli STabera evropaSi mosaxleobis Seswavlas.me-17 saukunis meore naxevarsa da me-18 saukuneSi evropaSi gavrceldamosaxleobis sakiTxebis kvlevis mimarTuleba, romelic kameraluri statistikissaxeliT aris cnobili. kameraluri statistika gansakuTrebulad ganviTardagermaniasa da ruseTSi. kameraluri statistika ufro aRwerilobiT xasiaTsatarebda vidre analitikurs, radgan misi mTavari amocana iyo qveynis anteritoriis da misi mosaxleobis Sesaxeb statistikuri informaciis mopoveba,rac SemdgomSi mmarTveli elitis mier gamoiyeneboda qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri dagegmarebis saqmeSi. miuxedavad amisa, kameraluri statistikissferoSi Seqmnilma naSromebma dadebiTi roli Seasrula zogadad geografiisda konkretulad mosaxleobis geografiis ganviTarebaSi.

evropaSi da CrdiloeT amerikaSi kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebamgansakuTrebuli biZgi misca sabunebismetyvelo da sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebisganviTarebas. rac Seexeba sazogadoebrivi geografiis ganviTarebas, undaaRiniSnos, rom me-18 saukuneSi vareniusis mimdevrebma ganavrces misi ideebi, risSedegadac daCqarda misi, rogorc damoukidebeli samecniero disciplinisformirebis procesi. amave saukuneSi Camoyalibda sazogadoebrivi geografiisoTxi Zlieri skola: germanuli, franguli, britanuli da rusuli.

me-18 saukuneSi mosaxleobis geografiis franguli skola warmodgenili iyokomerciuli geografiiT, romlis damfuZneblad iTvleba Jan-Jak savari –komerciuli enciklopediis Semqmneli (1723 weli)10. mogvianebiT 1740 welsgamoica komerciuli geografiis pirveli kursi. amave saukunis boloskomerciuli geografiis centri gaxda inglisi, mas Semdeg rac 1776 welsgamoica cnobili Sotlandieli ekonomistis da filosofosis adam smitisnaSromi “gamokvleva xalxTa simdidris bunebisa da mizezebis Sesaxeb”11.germanulma skolam gaagrZela kameraluri statistikis ideebis ganviTareba. amperiodis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlad iTvlebian g. axenvali da a.biuSingi. mosaxleobis geografiis rusuli skola ZiriTad aqcents akeTebdaaRwerilobiT geografiaze, rac imiT iyo ganpirobebuli, rom me-18 saukuneSiruseTis imperiaSi gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT mimdinareobda axaliteritoriebis aTviseba. am dros Seiqmna da gamoica ramdenime geografiulinaSromi, romlebSic mocemuli iyo cimbirisa da Soreuli aRmosavleTisbunebisa da iq mcxovrebi xalxebis daxasiaTeba. Tumca amave periodSi ruseTSiganviTareba daiwyo Teoriulma geografiam, raSic gansakuTrebuli wvlilimiuZRviT rus mecnierebs mixeil lomonosovs da vasil tatiSCevs.gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia vasili tatiSCevi - saxelmwifo moRvawe,geografi da istorikosi, romelsac miiCneven rusuli sazogadoebrivigeografiis fuZemdeblad, radgan pirveli rusi mecnieri iyo, romelmacgeografiuli mecnierebis disciplinad aRiara politikuri geografia12

(Tanamedrove gagebiT ekonomikuri geografia – avt.). politikuri geografiiserT-erT umTavres amocanad igi miiCnevda mosaxleobis da gansaxlebissakiTxebis Seswavlas. tatiSCevis, rogorc mecnieris Rvawli imaSicmdgomareobs, rom igi Tavis naSromebSi gansakuTrebul adgils uTmobdasocialur-ekonomikuri procesebis sivrce-droiT analizs.

elitis daxmarebiT. kultura, xelovneba da mecniereba TiTqmis mTlianad monarqisa dammarTveli elitis mier imarTeboda.10 Саушкин Ю.Г. Экономическая география: история, теория, методы, практика. М., 1973, с. 5811 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 9. Tbilisi 1985. gv. 44112 Татищев В.Н. Избранные труды по географии Росии. М., 1950, с. 211

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me-18 saukune uaRresad nayofieri gamodga qarTuli mecnierebisaTvis, kerZodgeografiuli mecnierebisaTvis. 1745 wels qarTvelma politikurma moRvawem damecnierma vaxuSti bagrationma (batoniSvilma) Seqmna Txzuleba “aRwerasamefosa saqarTvelosa”. es naSromi imiT aris mniSvnelovani geografebisaTvis,rom igi warmoadgens saqarTvelos teritoriis pirvel fundamenturgeografiul daxasiaTebas. vaxuSti bagrationma saqarTvelo dayo 5 politikur-eTnografiul erTeulad da mogvca maTi bunebis, meurneobisa da mosaxleobismecnieruli aRwera. garda amisa, vaxuStim Seqmna saqarTvelos da kavkasiisatlasebi, romlebiTac evropeli mecnierebi daaxloebiT erTi saukunisganmavlobaSi xelmZRvanelobdnen13.

me-18 saukunis bolos ingliselma ekonomistma da mRvdelma Tomas malTusmaSeimuSava Teoria, romlis mixedviTac msoflioSi mosaxleobis raodenoba ufroswrafad izrdeboda, vidre misi saarsebo saSualebebi. malTusi Tvlida, rom Tumosaxleobis zrdis maRali tempi SenarCundeboda, maSin msoflios aucilebladmoeloda sayovelTao SimSili. aqedan gamomdinare, is dadebiTad aRiqvamdamosaxleobis raodenobis Semcirebas, romelsac iwvevda omebi, epidemiebi,mousavlianoba. malTusis Teoria im dros ar gamxdara gansakuTrebulimsjelobis sagani. am Teorias didi raodenobiT mimdevari me-20 saukunis meorenaxevarSi gamouCnda, rodesac msoflio Sevida “demografiuli afeTqebis”fazaSi14.

me-19 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi geografiul mecnierebaTa ganviTarebaSiwamyvani roli eniWeboda bunebrivi movlenebisa da procesebis Seswavlas. ammimarTulebis yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen germaneli mecnierebialeqsandre fon humbolti da karl riteri. maT miiCneven geografiuli(envairomentalisturi) determinizmis warmomadgenlebad. geografiulideterminizmis Teoria dasabams iRebs antikuri saberZneTidan. misi mimdevrebimiiCnevdnen, rom kacobriobis ganviTarebaze gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdensgeografiuli garemo (hava, niadagi, zRva, reliefi da sxva). am skoliswarmomadgenlebi amtkicebdnen, rom sxvadasxva geografiul sartylebSimcxovrebi erebis xasiaTi erTmaneTisgan gansxvavdeba. deterministebiamtkicebdnen, rom CrdiloeTis xalxebi mSromeli da fizikurad Zlierebiiyvnen, xolo samxreTelebi - naklebad Sromismoyvare, magram ufro niWierebi.frangi mecnieri monteskie ufro Sors wavida da ganacxada, rom CrdiloeTSimcxovrebi adamianebi ufro maRali zneobiT gamoirCevian, vidre samxreTelebi.am skolis sxva TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebi iyvnen germaneli iohan gotfridherderi (termin "nacionalizmis" avtori) da ingliseli mecnieri henri tomasbokli. am ukanasknelis naSromSi “inglisis civilizaciis istoria”Camoyalibebuli ideebi SemdgomSi safuZvlad daedo anTropogeografiisganviTarebas15.

anTropogeografia geografiaSi me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi gabatonda. am skolisdamaarseblad miiCneven germanel mecniers fridrix ratcels. is TavisimsoflmxedvelobiT evoluciis darviniseuli Teoriis mimdevari iyo. aqedangamomdinare, msoflios istoriis ganxilvisas igi emxroboda im ideas, romxalxebis ganviTarebaze gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda geografiuli garemo daamtkicebda, rom adamianebis cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi aspeqtebi: Sroma,qorwineba, gadaadgileba da sxva mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli imklimatur-geografiul garemoze, sadac isini cxovroben. adamianis cxovrebiswesis ganmsazRvrel meore mniSvnelovan faqtorad ratceli asaxelebdakulturas da Tvlida, rom iq, sadac ufro maRalia sazogadoebrivi warmoebis

13 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 4. Tbilisi 1979. gv. 33914 Демографический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1985, с.23815 Покшишевский В.В. Население и география. М., 1978, сс. 14-16

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kultura, miT ufro izrdeba mosaxleobis raodenoba da simWidrove. kultura,xazs usvamda igi, ufro Tavisufals xdis adamians, ers. saxelmwifos ratceliganixilavda, rogorc miwidan amozrdil cocxal organizms. saxelmwifoganasaxierebs masSi mcxovrebi mosaxleobis saxes, rac Tavis gamoxatulebaspovebs saxelmwifos politikaSi. radgan saxelmwifo cocxali organizmia igiizrdeba da amisaTvis mas sivrce sWirdeba. swored amiT xsnis ratceli erTisaxelmwifos mier meoris dapyrobas. misi azriT es bunebrivi procesia. fridrixratcelma Camoayaliba saxelmwifos sivrcobrivi ganviTarebis 7 kanoni. masmiiCneven ara marto anTropogeografiis, aramed, aseve geopolitikis erT-erTmamamTavradac. 1920-30-ian wlebSi germaniis nacional-socialisturi partiis (espartia cnobilia aseve “nacisturi” an “faSisturi” partiis saxeliT)ideologebma moaxdines ratcelis ideebis araswori interpretireba im mizniT,rom daemtkicebinaT germanuli rasis (isini amgvarad germanel ersmoixseniebdnen) upiratesoba sxva erebTan, rasebTan mimarTebaSi.

anTropogeografiis ganviTarebis paralelurad mimdinareobda eTnografiis,rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis Camoyalibeba. amas xeli Seuwyo morganis,bahofenis, teiloris, frezeris da engelsis naSromebma. am naSromebSimosaxleobis geografiis sakiTxebis garda ganxiluli iyo sxvadasxva xalxebiseTnogenezis, ojaxuri urTierTobebis, ritualebis da sxva socialur-kulturuli institutebis funqcionirebis sakiTxebi. eTnografiis geografiidangamoyofam da Semdgomma ganviTarebam safuZveli Cauyara eTnogeografiis,rogorc mosaxleobis geografiis qvedargis formirebas.

me-19 saukunis bolos da me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi anTropogeografiissapirwoned Camoyalibda “adamianis geografiis” (“La Geographie Humaine”) franguliskola. am skolis damfuZnebeli iyo vidal de la blaSi. adamianis geografiamTandaTanobiT didi popularoba moipova da mogvianebiT is mis safuZvelzeCamoyalibda sazogadoebrivi geografiis anglo-saqsuri skola. amJamadsazogadoebrivi geografia (Human Geography) dasavleT evropasa da aSS-Sigeografiis wamyvani disciplinaa. geografiis am mimarTulebis kvlevis mTavariobieqti aris sazogadoeba (xalxi), xolo misi mTavari amocanaa Seiswavlos,erTi mxriv sazogadoebis da misi zogierTi atributis (struqturis dabunebrivi moZraobis) ganviTarebis sivrcobrivi aspeqtebi, xolo meore mxrivsazogadoebis urTierTkavSiri bunebasTan da am procesSi adamianebis qcevis(saqmianobis CaTvliT) Taviseburebebi. sazogadoebrivi geografiis kvlevissaboloo mizania Seafasos dedamiwaze an mis calkeul teritoriebzesazogadoebis mier garemoze zemoqmedebis xarisxi da efeqtianoba.

anTropogeografiam da adamianis geografiam gadamwyveti zegavlena iqoniamosaxleobis geografiis formirebaze. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mosaxleobisgeografia, rogorc samecniero disciplina me-20 saukunis dasawyisSiCamoyalibda.

sabWoTa kavSirSi samecniero-kvleviTi muSaoba mosaxleobis geografiis(zogadad ekonomikuri geografiis) sferoSi rTul sazogadoebriv-politikurviTarebaSi mimdinareobda. sazogadoebrivi mecnierebebis ganviTareba aqmarqsizm-leninizmis moZRvrebis mkacr CarCoebSi unda warmarTuliyo. sakmarisiaiTqvas, rom sabWoTa ekonomikur geografias safuZvlad daedo “goelro”-sgegma16, xolo am mecnierebis ganviTareba leninma axalgazrda mecnier-bolSeviknikolai baranskis miando. sabWoTa periodSi praqtikulad SeuZlebeli iyoromelime dasavluri geografiuli mimarTulebis an naSromis pozitiuriSefaseba. dadebiTad fasdeboda mxolod sabWoTa an sxva socialisturi

16 “goelro”-s gegma, romelic 1921 wels miiRes, warmoadgenda eleqtrifikaciissafuZvelze sabWoTa kavSiris saxalxo meurneobis ganviTarebis saxelmwifo gegmas.

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qveynebis mecnierTa naSromebi. amgvarma midgomam udidesi ziani miayena sabWoTamecnierebas, maT Soris mosaxleobis geografias. Tumca, samarTlianobamoiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom mosaxleobis geografiis aRwerilobiT nawilSisabWoTa specialistebi mowodebis simaRleze iyvnen. amasTan, Tavs-moxveuliideologizacia maT saSualebas ar aZlevda SeemuSavebinaT srulfasovanisamecniero daskvnebi da rekomendaciebi. am periodSi moRvaweobda mosaxleobisgeografiis araerTi kargi specialiti, maT Soris vadim pokSiSevski, sergeikovaliovi, nikolai maSbici, giorgi lapo, veniamin goxmani.

saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis geografiam ekonomikur-geografiul disciplinebsSoris 1970-iani wlebidan daimkvidra wamyvani poziciebi. mosaxleobisgeografiis qarTveli specialistebi didi avtoritetiT sargeblobdnen, rogorcsabWoTa kavSirSi, aseve mis farglebs gareT. gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsiavaxtang jaoSvili, romelmac Seqmna ramdenime fundamenturi naSromi, maT Soris“saqarTvelos urbanizacia” da “saqarTvelos mosaxleoba”. nodar naWyebiam didiroli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi sazRvargareTis qveynebis ekonomikuri geografiismimarTulebis CamoyalibebaSi, sadac mosaxleobis geografiis sakiTxebisSeswavlas mniSvenlovani adgili ekava. mosaxleobis geografiis qarTuliskolis ganviTarebaSi didi wvlili miuZRviT moqmed mecnierebs - vaJagujabiZes, revaz gaCeCilaZes, zurab daviTaSvils, aleqsandre rondels, vaJaneiZes, giorgi cagarels, ioseb saluqvaZes, megi Sengelaias.

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1.3 mosaxleobis geografiis kavSiri geografiul dasxva mecnierebebTan

mosaxleobis geografia, rogorc samecniero disciplina Camoyalibda daviTardeba geografiul da sxva mecnierebebTan mWidro kavSirSi. naxazi #1asaxavs mosaxleobis geografiis kavSirs am mecnierebebTan. naxazze es kavSirigvirilas saxiT aris warmodgenili. mis fesvebs qmnis filosofia, rogorcyvela mecnierebis safuZveli, fundamenti. filosofiis mier SemuSavebuliZireuli debulebebiT sazrdooben danarCeni mecnierebebi. gvirilas Reroaistorizmi. nebismier mecnierebas, iseve, rogorc process gaaCnia istoria. meoremxriv, istorizmis gareSe warmoudgenelia romelime sazogadoebrivi mecnierebisganviTareba. mocemul diagramaze gvirilas gulia mosaxleobis geografia,xolo uSualod mis garSemo mdebare eqvsi furceli misi ZiriTadi TematurimimarTulebebia. gvirilas danarCeni furclebi warmodgenilia im samecnierodisciplinebiT, romlebTanac mosaxleobis geografias mWidro kavSiri gaaCnia.

mosaxleobis geografias, rogorc sazogadoebrivi geografiis Semadgenelnawils uSualo Sexeba, bunebrivia am ukanasknelis danarCen disciplinebTangaaCnia. sazogadoebrivi geografiis sferoSi Sesaswavli sakiTxebi imdenadurTierTdakavSirebulia, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi Zalze Znelia imis dadgena Tusad gadis sazRvari sazogadoebriv-geografiul disciplinebs Soris. amismiuxedavad, SeiZleba darwmunebiT iTqvas, rom mosaxleobis geografias yvelazemWidro kavSiri gaaCnia socialur geografiasTan. es arc aris gasakviri, TugaviTvaliswinebT, rom maTi kvlevis mTavari obieqti mosaxleobaa.sazogadoebrivi geografiis specialistTa nawili mosaxleobis geografiassocialuri geografiis nawiladac ki ganixilavs.

msoflios sxvadasxva qveynis mosaxleobis warmoSobis sakiTxebis SeswavlisasaRmovaCenT, rom msoflios regionebisa da qveynebis mosaxleoba rTuli damravalmxrivi istoriuli procesebis Sedegad Camoyalibda. mosaxleobisistoriuli ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani faqtebis dadgenaSi gvexmarebaistoriuli geografia.

mosaxleobis teritoriuli organizaciis kvlevas mivyavarT im daskvnamde, romgansaxlebis ama Tu im sistemis Camoyalibeba mniSvnelovnad aris damokidebulimocemuli teritoriis meurneobis specifikaze an piriqiT, gansaxlebissrulyofili sistemis arseboba xels uwyobs am sistemis farglebSi warmoebissxvadasxva dargebis Seqmnasa da ganviTarebas. naTelia, rom amgvari sakiTxebisSeswavla xdeba mosaxleobis geografiis da ekonomikuri (meurneobis)geografiis urTierTkavSiris safuZvelze.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi xSiria mosaxleobis masobrivi migraciebi. amis mizeziSeiZleba iyos eTno-politikuri konfliqtebi an xelisuflebis mier adamianTagarkveuli jgufis politikuri devna. mosaxleobis iZulebiTi gadaadgilebisgamomwvevi mizezebis dadgena SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu ar SeviswavliT mocemuliqveynis politikur-geografiul aspeqtebs.

mosaxleobis zogierTi eTnikuri an socialuri jgufisaTvis damaxasiaTebeliakonkretuli xasiaTis qceva, rac zegavlenas axdens gansaxlebis sistemisformirebis an teritoriuli gadaadgilebis procesebze. am sakiTxebisSeswavlisas mosaxleobis geografiis specialistebi iyeneben bihevioralurigeografiis sferoSi Catarebuli kvlevebis Sedegebs.

17nax. #1

18

mosaxleobis gansaxlebis tipologiis SeqmnaSi, rac iTvaliswinebs msgavsitipis gansaxlebis raionebis gamovlenas, gamoiyeneba ekonomikuri daraionebisprincipebi. ekonomikuri daraioneba ekonomikuri geografiis Semadgenelinawilia, romelsac safuZveli Caeyara sabWoTa kavSirSi. ekonomikuri daraionebasabWoTa kavSiris da sxva socialisturi qveynebis garda farTod gamoiyenebodasxva qveynebSi, maT Soris, safrangeTSi, braziliaSi, marokoSi.

ukve aRiniSna, rom mosaxleobis geografias mWidro kavSiri aqvs mTel rigsazogadoebriv mecnierebebTan. maT Soris gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsiademografia. demografia swavlobs mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis kanonzomierebebs.demografiuli kvlevis mTavari amocanaa gamoavlinos struqturuliTaviseburebebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisprocesisaTvis, im dros rodesac mosaxleobis geografia am procesisteritoriuli aspeqtebis Seswalaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas.

mosaxleobis geografiis momijnave mecnierebebs Soris mniSvnelovani adgiliukavia sociologias. sociologia swavlobs sxvadasxva tipis socialurerTobaTa Camoyalibebis, funqcionirebis, ganviTarebisa da urTierTqmedebiskanonzomierebebs. sociologiuri kvlevebis, maT Soris sociologiurigamokiTxvebis Sedegebi farTod gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis geografiisspecialistebis mier calkeuli socialuri jgufebis da migraciebis SeswavlisprocesSi. migraciebis sakiTxebis kvlevisas sxva sakiTxebTan erTad yuradRebaeTmoba mosaxleobis qcevis Taviseburebebs. am sakiTxebs sociologiis gardaswavlobs fsiqologia.

mosaxleobis geografiis sakiTxebis kvlevis sferoSi erT-erTi wamyvani adgiliukavia qalaqebis geografias, romelic Tavis mxriv dakavSirebuliaqalaqmSeneblobasTan (urbanistikasTan). es kavSiri saSualebas gvaZlevsgamovavlinoT qalaqebis dagegmarebis da funqcionirebis mniSvnelovaniteritoriuli Taviseburebebi.

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis geografiuli aspeqtebis Seswavla moiTxovs misistruqturuli aspeqtebis Rrma codnas. am mxriv mniSvnelovania Sromisekonomikis sferoSi Seqmnili Sromebis gamoyeneba da ganzogadeba.

mosaxleobis eTnikuri sakiTxebis kvlevisas did daxmarebas gviwevsanTropologia da eTnologia (es ukanaskneli moicavs eTnografiasac).anTropologia swavlobs rasebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. eTnologiaSeiswavlis xalxis warmoSobas, yofas da kulturul Taviseburebebs.

mosaxleobis gadaadgilebasa da gansaxlebaze calkeul SemTxvevebSimniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens politikuri procesebi. Sesabamisad,mosaxleobis geografiuli kvleva mWidrod aris dakavSirebuli politikurmecnierebasTan.

19

2. mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika da bunebrivi moZraoba

2.1 ZiriTadi cnebebi

mosaxleobis dinamika aris istoriul WrilSi (drois mocemul periodSi)ganxiluli mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlileba. msoflios an mis calkeulteritoriaTa mosaxleobis raodenoba yalibdeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisprocesSi. mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba (kvlavwarmoeba) aris TaobaTa mudmiviganaxlebis procesi.

mosaxleobis aRwarmoebaze zegavlenas axdens mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobada mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba (migracia). amasTan, xazgasmiT undaaRiniSnos, rom Tu mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis aRwarmoeba damokidebuliaris mxolod mosaxleobis bunebriv moZraobaze, misi calkeuli teritoriebis(kontinentebis, msxvili regionebis, qveynebis, qalaqebis, soflebis) mosaxleobisraodenobis cvlileba xdeba mosaxleobis, rogorc bunebrivi, aseve meqanikurimoZraobis safuZvelze.

mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba aris adamianebis dabadebisa da gardacvalebisprocesi. mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraoba Sedgeba ori komponentisagan, eseniaSobadoba da sikvdilianoba (mokvdaoba). maT raodenobriv maCveneblebs ewodebaSesabamisad Sobadobis koeficienti da sikvdilianobis koeficienti. sxvaoba amor koeficients Soris aris bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti. samive saxiskoeficienti, rogorc wesi gamoisaxeba promileebSi (‰). Sobadobis koeficientiTganisazRvreba yovel aTas adamianze dabadebul bavSvTa raodenoba,sikvdilianobis koeficientiT - yovel aTas adamianze gardacvlilTaraodenoba, xolo bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti gviCvenebs yovel aTasadamianze ramdeni adamianiT gaizarda an Semcirda mosaxleoba. magaliTad, Tuyovel aTas adamianze ibadeba 20 bavSvi da kvdeba 12 adamiani, es niSnavs, romSobadobis koeficienti tolia 20‰-si, xolo sikvdilianobis koeficienti 12‰-sida aqedan gamomdinare bunebrivi moZraobis koeficienti Seadgens 8‰-s.

mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba anu migracia aris adamianebis teritoriuligadaadgileba sacxovreblad da/an samuSaod maTi binadrobis adgilidan sxvateritoriaze an dasaxlebul punqtSi. calkeuli qveynebis mosaxleobisaRwarmoebaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens qveyanaTaSorisi migraciebi.mocemuli qveynidan mosaxleobis sxva qveyanaSi (qveynebSi) didi xniT ansamudamod gadasvla aris emigracia, xolo Tu xdeba sapirispiro procesi, maSinsaqme gvaqvs imigraciasTan. saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi saqarTvelo iTvlebodaimigraciis qveynad, radgan aq adgili hqonda ucxoelTa gadmosaxlebas. 1990-ianiwlebidan daiwyo saqarTvelos mosaxleobis masobrivi gadineba sxva qveynebSi,rac imas niSnavs, rom saqarTvelo gaxda emigraciis qveyana.

mosaxleobis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba misi raodenobiscvlilebis gansazRvras. es saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT mosaxleobisraodenobis dinamikis tendencia. msoflios calkeuli regionebis, qveynebis,dasaxlebuli punqtebis mosaxleobis raodenoba SeiZleba izrdebodes anmcirdebodes. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mosaxleobis raodenoba ucvlelia SegviZliagamoviyenoT termini “nulovani zrda”. maCvenebels, romelic asaxavsmosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebas drois garkveul periodSi ewodebamosaxleobis raodenobis saSualo wliuri matebis koeficienti.

20

mocemul periodSi mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri mateba (matebaSi igulisxmeba,rofroc zrda, aseve kleba) SeiZleba gamovTvaloT Semdegi formuliT:17

am formulaSi:ΔS (delta esi) aris mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri matebis maCvenebeli dagamoisaxeba %-Si.

So aris mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi.

Si aris mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodis dasasrulisaTvis.

S aris mosaxleobis saSualo raodenoba mocemul periodSi, rac tolia (So+Si): 2

N aris mocemul periodSi wlebis raodenoba (e.i. sxvaoba periodis bolo dasawyis wlebs Soris).

magaliTad, saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1989 wels mosaxleobis aRwerismonacemebiT iyo 5400841 adamiani, xolo 2002 wlis aRweriT - 4371535 adamiani.

am SemTxvevaSi:So=5400841 (saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodis dasawyisSi,e.i. 1989 wels)

Si=4371535 (saqarTvelos mosaxleobis raodenoba mocemuli periodisdasasrulisaTvis, e.i. 2002 wels)

S=(4371535 + 5400841) : 2 = 4886188 (mosaxleobis saSualo raodenoba mocemulperiodSi, e.i. 2002 da 1989 wlebis mosaxleobis raodenobebis jami gayofili 2-ze).

N=13 (wlebis raodenoba mocemul periodSi, e.i. 2002 _ 1989 = 13)

Tu miRebul monacemebs CavsvamT mocemul formulaSi miviRebT:

miRebuli damrgvalebuli maCvenebeli tolia _1.6%-is (minus 1,6%-is), racniSnavs, rom saqarTvelos mosaxleoba 1989-2002 wlebis ganmavlobaSiyovelwliurad saSualod iklebda 1,6%-iT, e.i. daaxloebiT 79 aTasi adamianiT.

17 safuZvlad aRebulia formula, romelic mocemulia Semdeg wyaroSi: demografiismokle enciklopediuri leqsikoni. Semdgeneli gia wulaZe. gaerTianebuli erebismosaxleobis fondi. Tbilisi, 2006. gv. 126

Si-SoS = ×100%S× N

4 371535 5 400 841S = ×100% = 1.62043%4 886188 ×13

- -

21

2.2 msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamikis istoriuli mimoxilva daTanamedrove tendenciebi

msoflios mosaxleobam gaeros monacemebiT mesame aTaswleulis dasawyisisTvis6 miliard adamians gadaaWarba18. eqspertebi varaudoben, rom oci saukunis winmsoflioSi daaxloebiT 150-dan 250 milionamde adamiani cxovrobda. gamodis,rom Cvens planetaze mcxovreb adamianTa raodenoba ukanaskneli 2000 wlisganmavlobaSi 24-jer mainc gaizarda. SesaZloa vinmem ifiqros, rom msofliosmosaxleobis ricxvi kacobriobis mTeli istoriis manZilze Tanabarzomieradizrdeboda. magram, aseTi varaudi Sors iqneba sinamdvilisagan. msofliosmosaxleobis pirvel gaormagebas Cveni welTaRricxvidan daaxloebiT 15-16saukune dasWirda. me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi ki planetis mosaxleobagaormagda sul raRac ormociode weliwadSi. msoflios mosaxleobam 1miliardi Seadgina me-19 saukunis 30 wlebSi, xolo Semdgomi 100 wlisganmavlobaSi Cvens planetaze ukve 1 miliardiT meti adamiani cxovrobda.gamodis, rom dedamiwis mosaxleoba misi istoriis ganmavlobaSiaraTanabarzomierad izrdeboda (ixileT cxrili #1).

cxrili #1

msoflios mosaxleobis raodenobis istoriuli dinamika19-20

weli mosaxleobis raodenoba(mln. adamiani)

mosaxleobis wliurimatebis tempi (%-Si)

Cv. welTaRricxvis IUweli

400

800

1200

1600

1700

1800

1900

1950

2000

150-250

205

224

400

545

610

905

1 634

2 527

6 071

0,005

0,005

0,005

0,2

0,2

0,5

0,8

1,9

1,5

msoflios mosaxleobis dinamikis erTiani periodizacia jer ar arsebobs.mecnierTa erTi nawili periodizaciis mTavar kriteriumad iyenebs mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis raodenobriv maCveneblebs, xolo meore nawili prioritets aniWebsistoriul midgomas. saboloo jamSi mniSvneloba ara aqvs ris safuZvelzegamoiyofa mosaxleobis dinamikis periodebi. mTavaria gamovavlinoT issocialur-ekonomikuri da politikuri faqtorebi, romlebic zegavlenas

18 www.unstats.un.org; p.119 Брук С.И. Население мира (этнодемографический справочник). М. 1986, с. 1720 Алисов Н.В., Хорев Б.С. Экономическая и социальная география мира. М. 2000, с. 92

22

axdendnen mosaxleobis raodenobis cvlilebebze da ganapirobebdnenmosaxleobis aRwarmoebis konkretuli reJimis formirebas ama Tu im istoriulperiodSi.

msoflios mosaxleobis dinamikaSi SeiZleba gamoiyos 3 ZiriTadi periodi. Cvensmier SemoTavazebul periodizacias safuZvlad daedo mosaxleobis raodenobissaSualo wliuri zrdis maCveneblebi. es maCveneblebi sididis mixedviTSeiZleba iyos: dabali, rodesac mosaxleobis ricxvis wliuri zrda araRemateba 0,5%-s, zomieri - 0,5%-dan 1%-mde da maRali - 1%-ze meti.

pirveli periodi grZeldeboda kacobriobis dasabamidan me-19 saukunis Suamde,rac moicavs srulad 3 socialur-ekonomikur formacias: pirvelyofil Temurs,monaTmflobelurs da feodalurs da, agreTve kapitalizmis ganviTarebis sawyisetaps. am periodSi msoflios mosaxleobisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo zrdisneli tempi. mTeli am drois ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrda0,5 %-ze dabali iyo, xolo garkveuli periodebis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyveteliomebis, ganukurnebeli epidemiebis an bunebrivi kataklizmebis Sedegadmosaxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeboda. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebeli iyo, rogorc Sobadobis, aseve sikvdilianobis Zalze maRalidone. yovelwliurad yovel aTas adamianze ibadeboda da kvdeboda saSualoddaaxloebiT 55-60 adamiani21. maRali Sobadoba ganpirobebuli iyo ori faqtoriT.jer erTi, mTel msoflioSi qalebi adreul asakSi Txovdebodnen. garda amisa,maRali Sobadoba iyo Sedegi adamianebis bunebrivi reaqciisa xSirsikvdilianobaze. sikvdilianobis maRali maCveneblis arseboba, garda ukvedasaxelebuli faqtorebisa, ganpirobebuli iyo sicocxlis dabalixangrZlivobiT, rac upiratesad mosaxleobis farTo masebisaTvis samedicinomomsaxurebis ararsebobiT iyo gamowveuli.

meore periodi moicavs me-19 saukunis meore naxevars da meoce saukunis pirvelocwleuls. es perodi emTxveva evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi kapitalizmisswraf ganviTarebas da istoriaSi cnobilia, rogorc ganviTarebulikapitalizmis da industriuli kapitalizmis epoqebi. samrewvelo revoluciisSedegebi aisaxa ara marto warmoebis procesze, aramed cxovrebis pirobebisamaRlebazec. evropisa da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi mniSvnelovnadgaumjobesda jandacva da sanitarul-higienuri situacia, ramac pirdapirizegavlena iqonia sikvdilianobis, upirveles yovlisa ki CvilTa sikvdilianobisdonis radikalur Semcirebaze. Sobadobis done kvlav maRali iyo, Sesabamisadmosaxleobis zrdis tempebi sagrZnoblad gaizarda da saSualod weliwadSi 0,5– 1%-s miaRwia. mTlianobaSi, am periodSi msoflios mosaxleobis zrda zomieritempiT mimdinareobda. Tumca mosaxleobis zrdis geografiaSi SeiniSnebodamniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi. sikvdilianobis done aziis, afrikisa da laTinuriamerikis qveynebSi evropasa da CrdiloeT amerikasTan SedarebiT jer kidevsakmaod maRali iyo, ris gamoc ganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleobis zrdismaCvenebeli mniSvnelovnad CamorCeboda ganviTarebuli samyaros analogiurmaCvenebels.

mesame periodi, saTaves iRebs me-20 saukunis 20-iani wlebidan da dRemdegrZeldeba. am periodSi mosaxleobis zrda maRali tempiT mimdinareobs.sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom am xnis ganmavlobaSi msoflios mosaxleoba TiTqmis4-jer gaizarda. mosaxleobis aseTi swrafi zrdis mTavar mizezssikvdilianobis donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba warmoadgens. mecnierebis dawarmoebis miRwevebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda manamde ganukurnebelidaavadebebis mkurnaloba an maTi Tavidan acileba. bevr qveyanaSi Camoyalibdajandacvis sistema. mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa daavadebaTa gadamtani mwerebis

21 vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 40

23

winaaRmdeg qimiuri nivTierebebis gamoyenebam, ris gamoc Semcirda magaliTad,malariis da tifis daavadebebis gavrceleba. cxovrebis donis amaRlebasTanerTad gaumjobesda sanitarul-higienuri situacia. gaeros, msoflios jandacvisorganizaciis, sxva saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mecadineobiT ganviTarebadqveynebSi ganxorcielda sxvadasxva saxis samedicino proeqtebi, Camoyalibdamosaxleobis jandacvis ufaso momsaxurebis sistemebi. amis Sedegad, 1950-1975wlebSi msoflioSi adgili hqonda “demografiul afeTqebas”. am periodSimsoflios mosaxleoba yovelwliurad daaxloebiT 60 milioni adamianiT, anu2%-iT izrdeboda (Tu mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrda 2%-s Seadgens, maSinmisi raodenoba 35 weliwadSi gaormagdeba). mosaxleobis zrdis maRali tempiganapiroba im faqtma, rom msoflioSi Sobadobis garkveul SemcirebasTan erTadadgili hqonda sikvdilianobis donis mniSvnelovan dacemas. aRniSnul periodSimsoflioSi yovelwliurad yovel 1000 adamianze saSualod 12-13 adamianikvdeboda, im dros, rodesac Tundac me-19 saukuneSi sikvdilianobis maCvenebeliTiTqmis 3-jer meti iyo. mosaxleobis ricxvis aseTma zrdam Cveni planetis bevrqveyanaSi Warbmosaxleobis problebac ki Seqmna. amis sapasuxod rigiganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebma daiwyes Sobadobaze kontrolis politikisganxorcieleba.

1975 wlis Semdeg SeiniSneba msoflios mosaxleobis zrdis tempisganuxreli Semcireba (ixileT danarTi, nax. #2). 1975-1990 wlebSi msofliosmosaxleoba yovelwliurad izrdeboda 1,6%-iT, 1990-2000 wlebSi – 1,4%-iT, xoloCveni saukinis dasawyisSi es maCvenebeli 1,2%-mde daeca. amJamad msofliosregionebis mosaxleobis zrdaSi didi gansxvavebebi SeiniSneba. Tuki, evropismosaxleobis raodenobis zrda Zalze umniSvneloa, laTinur amerikaSi, aziaSida gansakuTrebiT afrikaSi mosaxleoba kvlav sakmaod maRali tempiT izrdeba.

amis sailustraciod gTavazobT msoflios msxvili regionebismosaxleobis zrdis maCveneblebs (ixileT cxrili #2). msoflios mosaxleobissaSualo wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli (1,23%) erTgvari wyalgamyofia mosaxleobisraodenobis zrdis maRali da dabali maCveneblebis mqone regionebisaTvis. ammonacemebis zedapiruli analizic ki, saSualebas gvaZlevs davaskvnaT, rommsoflios zogierTi regioni jer kidev “demografiuli afeTqebis” fazaSiimyofeba, im dros, rodesac evropaSi adgili aqvs “demografiul kriziss”, racimas niSnavs, rom aq sikvdilianoba aRemateba Sobadobas, xolo mosaxleobisraodenobis umniSvnelo, magram mainc mateba xdeba imigraciis xarjze.

cxrili #2msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis da

bunebrivi moZraobis maCveneblebi22 (2000-2005 wlebi)

regionebi23 mosaxleobissaSualo wliuri

zrda (%-Si)

yovel 1 000 adamianzedaibada gardaicvala bunebrivi

matebaevropa 0,07 10,2 11,6 –1,4afrika 2,32 37,7 14,0 23,7azia 1,22 20,1 7,7 12,4laTinuri amerika 1,29 21,5 6,0 15,5CrdiloeT amerika 1,02 13,8 8,2 5,6avstralia daokeaneTi

1,43 17,8 7,3 10,5

mTeli msoflio 1,23 21,1 8,8 12,3

22 UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org23 mocemul saxelmZRvaneloSi CrdiloeT amerika moicavs or qveyanas, aSS-sa da kanadas,xolo aSS-s samxreTiT mdebare yvela qveyana warmoadgens laTinur amerikas.

24

mosaxleobis ricxovnobis zrdaSi teritoriuli disbalansi kidev ufronaTlad gamovlindeba, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT calkeuli qveynebis monacemebs.#3 cxrilSi mocemulia msoflios im qveynebis sia, sadac 2000-2005 wlebSidafiqsirda, erTi mxriv mosaxleobis yvelaze maRali zrda, xolo, meore mxrivmosaxleobis raodenobis yvelaze didi kleba.

rogorc cxrilidan Cans msoflioSi mosaxleobis zrdis yvelaze didi tempiTgamoirCevian afrikis da aziis qveynebi. unda xazgasmiT aRiniSnos, rom afrikisada aziis qveynebis mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis cxrilSi mocemulmaCveneblebs Soris mniSvnalovani gansxvaveba arsebobs. Tu afrikis qveynebSi(dasavleT saharis garda) mosaxleoba izrdeba maRali bunebrivi matebissafuZvelze, aziis yvela zemoxsenebul qveyanaSi bunebrivi matebis garda,mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs imigracia. arabeTis naxevarkunZulis energoresursebiT (kerZod, navTobi da bunebrivi gazi) mdidar qveynebi ukve ramdenimeaTwleulia rac masobrivi imigraciis erT-erT ZiriTad keras warmoadgenen. aqmosaxleobis zrdis aRniSnuli tempis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi maTi mosaxleobasul raRac 10-11 weliwadSi gaormagdeba. rac Seexeba avRaneTs TalibebisreJimis damarcxebis Semdeg aq adgili qonda intensiur repatriacias. evropisyofil socialistur qveynebSi adgili aqvs mosaxleobis raodenobis klebas,rac arasasurveli movlenaa. aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis raodenobisSemcireba ZiriTadad evropis qveynebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli (ix. cxrili#3).

cxrili #3

msoflios qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobis saSualo wliuri zrdisyvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali maCveneblebiT24

(2000-2005 wlebi)

qveynebi mosaxleobiszrdis yvelaze maRalimaCvenebliT

saSualowliuri zrda(%-Si)

qveynebi mosaxleobiszrdis uaryofiTimaCvenebliT

saSualowliuri zrda(%-Si)

dasavleT sahara 6,68 Cernogoria –1,95katari 5,11 moldova –1,34arabTa gaerTianebulisaemiroebi

4,69 saqarTvelo –1,26

siera leone 4,23 ukraina - 0,81eritrea 4,12 latvia - 0,66quveiTi 3,84 bulgareTi - 0,66Cadi 3,62 serbeTi - 0,54avRaneTi 3,79 belorusi - 0,52nigeri 3,52 litva - 0,45burundi 3,29 somxeTi - 0,42benini 3,22 estoneTi - 0,38burkina faso 3,19 ungreTi - 0,25uganda 3,18 CexeTi - 0,06

samwuxaroa, rom saqarTvelo msoflioSi gamoirCeva mosaxleobis raodenobiserT-erTi yvelaze didi klebiT. Tumca es ar niSnavs, rom am periodSisaqarTveloSi sikvdilianoba aWarbebda Sobadobas. piriqiT, saqarTveloSi amperiodSi adgili qonda umniSvnelo, magram mainc bunebriv zrdas. Cveni qveynismosaxleobis saSualo wliuri kleba ganapiroba im faqtma, rom Cveni saukunisdasawyisSi, iseve, rogorc wina periodSi saqarTvelo datova da sxva qveynebSi

24 UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2004 Revision. www.esa.un.org

25

samuSaod an sacxovreblad wavida mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani nawili.analogiuri mizeziT SeiZleba aixsnas mosaxleobis raodenobis kleba cxrilSimocemul kidev sam qveyanaSi – CernogoriaSi, serbeTsa da somxeTSi. evropiszemoT CamoTvlil danarCen qveynebSi adgili aqvs mosaxleobis bunebriv klebas.

naTelia, rom ganviTarebuli da ganviTarebadi qveynebi ukve ramdenimeaTwleulia gansxvavebuli demografiuli reJimis pirobebSi cxovroben. amgansxavebebSi ukeT gaverkveviT, Tu zogadad ganvixilavT demografiuligadasvlis Teorias (koncefcias). am Teoriis pirveli varianti Seqmna frangmamecnierma adolf landrim da mas “demografiuli revoluciis” koncefciauwoda, xolo 1950 wels amerikelma demografma frenk nouTstainma SemogvTavazalandris koncefciis modificirebuli varianti, demografiuli gadasvlisTeoriis saxelwodebiT25. mis mixedviT socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisSesabamis etapze ama Tu im sazogadoebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia aRwarmoebisgarkveuli tipi. aRwarmoebis tipi ki damokidebulia Sobadobisa dasikvdilianobis doneebze. mecnier-demografebi Tvlian, rom sxvadasxvasazogadoebam Tavisi ganviTarebis manZilze SeiZleba gaiaros demografiuligadasvlis ramdenime faza. kacobriobis demografiuli ganviTarebis istoriaSijerjerobiT oTxi aseTi fazaa dafiqsirebuli (ix. nax. #3).

me-3 naxazidan Cans, rom demografiuli gadasvlis TiToeuli fazisTvisdamaxasiaTebelia Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis doneebis gansxvavebulikombinaciebi. ganviTarebul qveynebSi, romlebmac demografiuli gadasvlisramdenime faza gaiares es kombinaciebi ufro mravalferovan xasiaTs atarebs(ix. cxrili #4).

25 Демографический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1985, с.115

26cxrili #4

demografiuli gadasvlis fazebi da maTTvisdamaxasiaTebeli demografiuli niSnebi

I faza:dasabamidan 1850 w.-mde

II faza:1850-1919 w.w.

III faza:1920-1970 w.w.

IV faza:1971 w.-dan -dRemde

mosaxleoba izrdebaneli tempiT;mosaxleobis zrdistempi stabiluria

mosaxleobis zrdistempi zomieria;mosaxleobis ricxvisagrZnoblad imatebs

mosaxleobis zrdistempi maRalia;mosaxleobis ricxvimkveTrad imatebs

iwyeba demogra-fiuli krizisi;mosaxleobismateba evropaSixdeba imigraciisxarjze

Sobadoba maRalia Sobadoba maRalia Sobadoba ecema Sobadoba dabalia

sikvdilianobamaRalia

sikvdilianoba ecema sikvdilianobadabalia

sikvdilianobadabalia

unda aRiniSnos, rom ganviTarebulma da ganviTarebadma qveynebma erTdrouladgaiares demografiuli gadasvlis pirveli faza, Semdeg ki “maTi gzebi gaiyo”.rogorc me-5 naxazebidan Cans ganviTarebul qveynebSi Sobadobis donisganuxreli Semcireba daiwyo me-19 saukunis bolos da ukve me-20 saukunisdasawyisSi man 30‰-ze, xolo imave saukunis 60-ian wlebSi 20‰-ze qveviT daiwia.1990-iani wlebidan, rodesac ganviTarebuli samyaro “demografiuli krizisis”fazaSi Sevida Sobadobis donis maCvenebelma 10‰-ze naklebi Seadgina. racSeexeba ganviTarebad samyaros (ix. nax. #4), aq Sobadobis saSualo maCvenebeli1990-ian wlebamde 30‰-ze maRali iyo da mxolod amis Semdeg daiwyo misiSemcireba, isic imis gamo, rom Sobadobis donem SesamCnevad daiwia or“miliarder” qveyanaSi – CineTsa da indoeTSi. miuxedavad amisa, ganviTarebadiqveynebis mniSvnelovan nawilSi Sobadoba kvlav maRalia. sakmarisia iTqvas, romamJamad msoflios 57 ganviTarebad qveyanaSi Sobadoba 30‰-ze metia, xolo 24maTganSi es maCvenebeli 40‰-s aRemateba. sikvdilianobis donis istoriulidinamikis Seswavla gviCvenebs, rom igi TiTqmis erTnairad icvlebodaganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi. sikvdilianobis donis swrafi vardnadaiwyo me-20 aswleulis pirvel meoTxedSi da saukunis bolos igi msofliosyvela msxvil regionSi 10-15‰-ze dabali iyo. daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos,rom ganviTarebulma qveynebma, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropam demografiuligadasvlis sami faza gaiara da meoTxeSi imyofeba, im dros, rodesacganviTarebadi qveynebis erTi nawili jer kidev meore fazaSia.

27

28

2.3. bunebriv moZraobaze moqmedi faqtorebi

Sobadobasa da sikvdilianobaze zegavlenas axdenen sxvadasxva tipis faqtorebi:bunebriv-biologiuri, demografiuli, socialur-ekonomikuri, fsiqologiuri,yofiT-kulturuli, religiuri da politikuric ki.

Sobadobaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens bunebriv-biologiuri faqtorebi,upirveles yovlisa ki qalTa reproduqciuli26 asakis xangrZlivoba. es asakimoicavs qalis sicocxlis im periods, rodesac mas bavSvis gaCena SeuZlia.reproduqciuli asaki, rogorc wesi ganisazRvreba 16-dan 50 wlamde. undaaRiniSnos, rom Tbil klimatur sartylebSi mcxovreb qalTa reproduqciuliasaki aRemateba civ sartylebSi mcxovreb qalTa analogiur asaks. qalmareproduqciuli asakis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc wesi SeiZleba imSobiarossaSualod 10-12-jer. aseT pirobebSi Sobadobis koeficientma SeiZleba miaRwiosmaqsimalur maCvenebels da Seadginos 50-60‰27. Sobadobis aseT maRal donesadgili hqonda da dResac aqvs sustad ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi. afrikisramdenime qveyanaSi Sobadobis done TiTqmis 50‰-s tolia (ixileT cxrili #5).meore mxriv, adamianTa garkveuli nawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia iseTifiziologiuri mdgomareoba, romelic gamoricxavs Svilis yolisSesaZleblobas. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs uSvilobasTan. uSvilo ojaxebi,romlebic mTeli ojaxebis 5-10%-s Seadgenen uaryofiT gavlenas axdenenSobadobis doneze.

msoflioSi mimdinare Tanamedrove demografiuli tendenciebi miuTiTebs imaze,rom Sobadobis doneze gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdenen socialuri(sazogadoebrivi) faqtorebi. Sobadobaze moqmedi socialuri faqtorebidangansakuTrebuli adgili ukavia ojaxSi qalis uflebriv mdgomareobas.cnobilia, rom tradiciuli tipis sazogadoebebSi bavSvTa yolaze gadamwyvetisityva ekuTvnis mamakacs. aziisa da afrikis sazogadoebebSi miRebulia, romojaxSi erTi vaJiSvili mainc unda iyos, radgan is ganixileba ojaxis qonebisZiriTad memkvidred da garda amisa, Tu mamakacs vaJiSvili ar hyavs esuaryofiTad aisaxeba sazogadoebaSi mis socialur mdgomareobaze. mag.,indoeTSi, axlo aRmosavleTSi Tu mamakacs gvaris gamgrZelebeli ar hyavs issazogadoebis “arasrulyofil” wevrad iTvleba. gasagebia, rom aseTsazogadoebebSi mamakacis moTxovniT bavSvTa gaCena mimdinareobs iqamde, sanamojaxs vaJi ar SeeZineba. ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi qalTasocialur-ekonomikiur mdgomareobis gaumjobesebasTan erTad amaRlda misiroli ojaxis dagegmvis saqmeSic. dResdReobiT, im ojaxebSi, sadac col-qmariTanabari uflebebiT sargebloben, swored qalis neba-survilzea damokidebuliojaxSi bavSvTa raodenoba. Sobadobis done dabalia maRalganviTarebulsazogadoebebSi, e.i. im sazogadoebebSi, sadac ojaxur cxovrebaSi qali iseTiverols TamaSobs, rogorc mamakaci.

sazogadoebasa da ojaxSi mamakacisa da qalis uflebebis gaTanabrebas (“qalTaemansipacias”), Tan sdevs ganqorwinebebis raodenobis zrda, rac uaryofiTadmoqmedebs Sobadobaze. ganviTarebul qveynebSi yoveli mesame qorwinebaganqorwinebiT mTavrdeba. Tanamedrove msoflioSi, kerZod ki ganviTarebulsamyaroSi ganuxrelad izrdeba martoxela dedaTa raodenoba. martoxela dedadiTvleba qali, romelsac bavSvi (bavSvebi) hyavs, magram arasdros yofilaqorwinebaSi. aseTi socialuri statusis mqone adamianebis raodenobis zrdaSobadobis donis Semcirebis kidev erTi mizezia.

26 agreTve, xmareben terminebs “generaciuli asaki” da “fertiluri asaki”27 vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 26

29

sazogadoebis socialur-kulturuli da ganaTlebis donis amaRlebasTan erTadxdeba Sobadobis Semcireba. jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Sobadoba gacilebiTmaRali iyo dabalganviTarebul xalxebSi, vidre ganviTarebul saberZneTsa daromSi. sociologiuri gamokvlevebiT dadasturda, rom ganaTlebis donisamaRlebasTan erTad sazogadoebaSi mcirdeba moTxovnileba bevri bavSvisyolisa. umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis da Semdgom samsaxurebrivi karierisaRmasvlis mizniT, axalgazrda adamiani qorwindeba 25-30 wlis asakSi da ara 20wlamde asakSi, rogorc es adre xdeboda. cnobilia, rom TviT ganviTarebadqveynebSic ki umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone adamianebs Soris Sobadobis donegacilebiT dabalia, vidre ganaTlebis armqone sazogadoebis nawilSi.ganviTarebul sazogadoebebSi “dagvianebulma qorwinebebma” masobrivi xasiaTimiiRo, ris Sedegadac Sobadobis done minimumamde daeca.

gavrcelebulia azri, TiTqos Sobadoba ufro maRalia Rarib, vidre mdidarojaxebSi. es azri yovelTvis ar Seefereba sinamdviles, radgan ganviTarebulqveynebSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli dabalia, rogorc mdidar, aseve Rarib ojaxebSi.ufro metic, mag., aSS-Si SeZlebuli ojaxebi ufro mravalSviliania, vidreRaribi ojaxebi, radgan mdidrebis qonebrivi mdgomaroba maT saSualebas aZlevsiyolion mosamsaxureebi da bavSvebis gadiebi. ganviTarebad qveynebSimravalSvilianoba damaxasiaTebelia, rogorc mdidari, aseve RaribiojaxebisaTvis. ganviTarebad sazogadoebebSi Sobadobis dabali maCvenebliT,rogorc wesi gamoirCevian is ojaxebi, romlebSic maRali ganaTlebis cenzigaaCnia erTdroulad colsac da qmarsac. umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone ojaxebSicdiloben aqcenti gaaakeTon ara bavSvTa raodenobaze, aramed maTi aRzrdisxarisxze, rac ganapirobebs kidec mcireSvilianobas.

sacxovrebeli adgilebis (qalaqi da sofeli) mixedviT Sobadobis donismaCveneblebis analizi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom sasoflodasaxlebebSi Sobadoba gacilebiT ufro maRalia, vidre qalaqebSi. TugaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom ukanaskneli saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSiswrafad izrdeboda saqalaqo mosaxleoba, SeiZleba davaskvnaT, romurbanizaciis procesma gansakuTrebuli roli iTamaSa Sobadobis donisSemcirebaSi. qalaqebSi SromaTmowyobis SesaZleblobebi gacilebiT metia, vidresoflad. urbanul arealebSi dasaqmebis SesaZlebloba ufro maRalia, vidresoflad, Sesabamisad aq qalebis dasaqmebis procentic matulobs. qalisdasaqmeba ki, pirdapir aisaxeba Sobadobis donis Semcirebaze.

Sobadobaze uaryofiT zegavlenas axdenen ekonomikuri da politikurikataklizmebi, kerZod xangrZlivi ekonomikuri krizisebi da gansakuTrebiTomebi. aseTi movlenebis dros Sobadobis done mkveTrad ecema. cnobilia, romSobadoba mniSvnelovnad Semcirda, mag., aSS-Si “didi depresiis” periodSi (1929-34 wlebi), aseve, yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebSi “politikuri daekonomikuri kolafsis” Sedegad (1990 wlebis pirveli naxevari). omebis drosSobadobis maCveneblis mniSvnelovani Semcireba gamowveulia ori mizeziT. jererTi, mamakacTa garkveuli nawili frontze imyofeba, rac niSnavs, rom isini amperiodSi monawileobas ver miiReben mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesSi. gardaamisa, maTi garkveuli nawili omSi iRupeba, ris Sedegadac sazogadoebissqesobriv struqturaSi warmoiSveba disbalansi, rac Tavis mxriv SeuZlebelsxdis axali ojaxebis Seqmnas. meore msoflio omis dros daiRupa 50 milionzemeti adamiani. maT umravlesobas axalgazrda mamakacebi Seadgendnen, ris gamocomis Semdgom wlebSi ver Seiqmna milionobiT axali ojaxi, Sesabamisad aRardaibada aTeulobiT milioni bavSvi. omebSi mamakacebis daRupviT gamowveuliuaryofiTi demografiuli tendenciebis aRmofxvra muslimur samyaroSireligiis Carevis Sedegad moxda. islami uSvebs mravalcolianobis institutisarsebobas. muslimur sazogadoebebSi erT mamakacs oficialurad oTxi colisyola SeuZlia.

30

Sobadobaze gansakuTrebul zegavlenas axdens religiuri mrwamsi da misSedegad Camoyalibebuli tradiciebi. msoflioSi gavrcelebuli yvela religiamxars uWers sazogadoebaSi maRali Sobadobis arsebobas da misi Tavidanacilebis xelovnuri xerxebis (mag., abortebis) winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebs. am mxriv,gansakuTrebuli aqtivobiT gamoirCevian islami, budizmi, kaTolocizmi.zogierT qveyanaSi religiebis mier mravalSvilianobis institutis mxardaWeraimdenad Zlieria, rom es saxelmwifo politikazec aisaxeba. jer kidev oriaTeuli wlis winaT bevr muslimur qveyanaSi qalis gaTxovebis minimaluri asaki9 wliT, xolo peruSi, espaneTsa da ekvadorSi 14 wliT ganisazRvreboda. racufro axalgazrda asakSi xdeba qorwineba miT ufro maRalia Sobadobis donemocemul sazogadoebaSi. evropaSi qorwinebis asaki sakmaod maRalia, kerZodevropis protestantul saxelmwifoebSi qalis gaTxovebis minimaluri asaki 18wliT, xolo mamakacis – 20 wliT ganisazRvreba28. ganviTarebul qveynebSidafiqsirebulia “aratradiciuli orientaciis” adamianebis raodenobisganuxreli zrda, rac am qveynebSi bunebrivia xels uwyobs SobadobisSemcirebas. aSS-s zogierT StatSi oficialuradac ki aris nebadarTuliamgvari orientaciis adamianebis qorwineba.

sikvdilianobaze mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdenen bunebrivi faqtorebi.dedamiwis mTel rig regionebSi (antarqtida, arqtika, udabnoebi, tundra),romlebic gamoirCevian eqstremaluri bunebrivi pirobebiT adamianebi an arsaxloben an Zalze meCxrad arian dasaxlebulebi. adamianebi Tavs arideben iseTadgilebSi cxovrebas, sadac ar aris wyali, nayofieri miwebi an iqgavrcelebulia daavadebebi da stiqiuri movlenebi (vulkanuri amofrqvevebi,miwisZvrebi, qariSxlebi).

sikvdilianobis done mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli fiziologiurfaqtorebze. am faqtorebidan mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs adamianis asakobriviTaviseburebebi. cnobilia, rom sikvdilianoba maRalia erT wlamde asakisbavSvebSi, radgan am asakSi bavSvis organizms jer kidev ar aqvsgamomuSavebuli imuniteti sxvadasxva daavadebebis da infeqciebis mimarT.sikvdilianobis done mcirdeba 4-16 wlis asakis mozardebSi, xolo xandazmulasakSi is Tavis maqsimums aRwevs29. mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi SeiniSnebamamakacTa da qalTa sikvdilianobaSi. upirveles yovlisa unda aRiniSnos, romqalebi ufro didxans cocxloben, vidre mamakacebi. miuxedavad imisa, rommamakacebi fizikurad qalebze Zlierebi arian, es ukanasknelebi gamoirCevianstresuli situaciebisadmi meti mdgradobiT. amis gamo, gul-sisxlZarRvTadaavadebebi ZiriTadad mamakacebs Soris aris gavrcelebuli. garda amisa,qalebTan SedarebiT mamakacebis adreuli sikvdilianoba gamowveulia omebiT,sawarmoo travmatizmiT, saavtomobilo da sxva saxis avariebiT, kriminalurigaremoebebiT. sikvdilianobaze gavlenas axdens memkvidreobiTi faqtorebi.xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac esa Tu is daavadeba mSoblebidan Svils gadaecema.

sikvdilianobis donis Semcirebaze gadawyvet rols TamaSobs qveynismosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis amaRleba da jandacvis sistemisganviTareba. sakmarisi iyo aziis da afrikis navTobiT da bunebrivi gaziTmdidar qveynebSi ukanaskneli ramdenime aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnadgazrdiliyo mosaxleobis keTildReoba, rac dadebTad aisaxa jandacvissistemis gaumjobesebaze, rom am qveynebSi mosaxleobis sikvdilianobis doneufro dabali gaxda, vidre maRalganviTarebul, gansakuTrebiT evropulsazogadoebebSi. amis mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom azia-afrikisenergoresursebiT mdidari qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT, evropaSi mimdinareobs

28 Максаковский В.П. Географическая картина мира (книга 1). М., 2004, с. 9529 vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 33

31

“mosaxleobis dabereba”, rac Tavis mxriv gamowveulia dabali SobadobiT, gvianiqorwinebebiT da a.S. amJamad evropis rig qveynebSi meti xandazmuli (60 welzeufrosi asakis) adamiani cxovrobs, vidre axalgazrda (18 wlamde asakis).

sikvdilianobis done mniSvnelovnad matulobs omebis dros. ukve aRiniSna, rommeore msoflio omis dros msoflioSi daiRupa daaxloebiT 50 milioniadamiani. sabWoTa kavSirma dakarga 30 milion moqalaqeze meti, xolosaqarTvelom daaxloebiT 350 aTasi adamiani.

Tanamedrove msoflioSi didi raodenobiT adamiani iRupeba saavtomobilo dasxva saxis avariebSi. saavtomobilo avariebSi ufro meti adamiani iRupeba, vidreomebsa da SeiaraRebul konfliqtebSi. zogierT qveyanaSi, mag., aSS-Si, iaponiaSi,ruseTSi amgvar avariebSi yoveldRiurad ramdenime aseuli adamiani kvdeba.sikvdilianobis zrdaze zegavlenas axdens teqnologiuri xasiaTiskatastrofebi, ris Sedegadac xdeba garemos, upirveles yovlisa wylisdabinZureba.

ukanaskneli ramdenime aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi msoflioSi SeiniSnebasikvdilianobis donis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, rac gamoiwvia:

samedicino momsaxurebis donis amaRlebam da farmacevtuli nawarmisfarTo gavrcelebam;

masobrivi epidemiuri da infeqciuri daavadebebis mkveTrma Semcirebam;

mosaxleobis sanitarul-higienuri da kvebis pirobebis gaumjobesebam;

adamianebis materialuri keTildReobis zrdam;

mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebam;

adamianebis masobrivi ganadgurebis (birTvuli, biologiuri da qimiuri)iaraRis argamoyenebam.

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2.4 bunebrivi moZraobis regionuli aspeqtebi

Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi msoflioSi sakmaod Wreli demografiuli suraTiCamoyalibda. mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis procesi sxvadasxvagvaradmimdinareobs, erTi mxriv ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi, xolo meoremxriv mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi SeiniSneba TviT ganviTarebadi samyarosfarglebSi. ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebs Soris ZiriTad gansxvavebasganapirobebs radikaluri sxvaoba Sobadobis maCveneblebs Soris (ix. danarTi,nax. #6). Sobadobis done arc erT ganviTarebul qveyanaSi ar aRemateba 15‰-s,maSin, rodesac ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli25‰-ze maRalia. ganviTarebad samyaroSi Sobadobis maRali maCvenebliTgamoirCevian afrikis da axlo aRmosavleTis, xolo Sobadobis yvelaze dabalimaCveneblebiT evropis qveynebi (ix. cxrili #5). gavrcelebulia azri imisTaobaze, rom religiuri aRmsarebloba gadamwyvet zegavlenas axdensmosaxleobis aRwarmoebis, kerZod Sobadobis procesze da, rom muslimur,budistur, induistur sazogadoebebSi Sobadoba gacilebiT maRalia, vidreqristianul qveynebSi. unda aRiniSnos, rom religia mniSvnelovan, magram aragadamwyvet rols TamaSobs Sobadobis doneze. me-5 cxrilSi CamoTvliliyvelaze maRali Sobadobis mqone 15 qveynidan, islami gabatonebuli religiaaeqvs, xolo qristianoba xuT qveyanaSi. es faqti kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imaze,rom Sobadobis doneze gadamwyveti zegavlena aqvs qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis dones da ara religias.

cxrili #5

qveynebi Sobadobis yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali maCvenebliT30

(2005 weli)

qveynebi Sobadobisyvelaze maRalimaCvenebliT

Sobadoba(‰-Si)

qveynebi Sobadobisyvelaze dabalimaCvenebliT

Sobadoba(‰-Si)

nigeri 51.33 germania 8.33mali 49.99 litva 8.62uganda 47.39 ukraina 8.67avRaneTi 47.02 avstria 8.81Cadi 46.17 italia 8.89siera leone 46.13 slovenia 8.95burkina faso 45.96 andora 9.00angola 45.63 bosnia da hercegovina 9.01somali 45.62 latvia 9.04liberia 45.61 CexeTi 9.07kongos demok. resp. 44.07 monako 9.26malavi 43.49 iaponia 9.47iemeni 43.07 singapuri 9.49kongo 43.01 xorvatia 9.57burundi 42.46 bulgareTi 9.66mTeli msoflio 20,15

rac Seexeba msoflios yvelaze dabali Sobadobis mqone qveynebs, 15-dan 13qveyana evropas warmoadgens, xolo danarCeni 2 azias. aqve unda aRiniSnos, romarc erTi maTgani ar Sedis ganviTarebadi qveynebis siaSi.

30 CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov

33

saintereso tendenciebi SeiniSneba sikvdilianobis geografiaSi (ix. danarTi,nax. #7). TiTqos mosalodneli iyo, rom sikvdilianobis yvelaze dabalimaCveneblis mqone 15 qveynis siaSi ZiriTadad maRalganviTarebuli qveynebimoxvdebodnen. magram, rogorc me-6 cxrilidan Cans Sobadobis Zalze dabalimaCvenebliT (5%0 da naklebi) CrdiloeT amerikis da evropis arcerTiwarmomadgeneli ar gamoirCeva, rac maTi mosaxleobis daberebis faqtoriTSeiZleba aixsnas. samagierod, aRniSnul siaSi moxvdnen aziis (upiratesadarabeTis naxevarkunZulis), CrdiloeT afrikis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebi.siaSi mocemuli arabuli qveynebi, navTobiT mdidari qveynebi arian, xolonavTobis eqsportiT miRebulma Semosavalma pirdapiri zegavlena iqonia maTimosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri donis amaRlebasa da jandacvis sistemisgaumjobesebaze. msoflios qveynebis sikvdilianobis maCveneblebis geografiulianalizi saSualebas gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom regionebs Soris sikvdilianobisyvelaze maRali done gvxvdeba samxreT afrikaSi. am regionis 8 qveyana SedismsoflioSi sikvdilianobis yvelaze maRali maCveneblebis mqone qveynebis siaSi(ix. cxrili #6).

cxrili #6

qveynebi sikvdilianobis yvelaze maRali da yvelaze dabali maCvenebliT31

(2005 weli)

qveynebi sikvdilianobisyvelaze maRali

maCvenebliT

sikvdilianoba(‰-Si)

qveynebi sikvdilianobisyvelaze dabali maCvenebliT

sikvdilianoba(‰-Si)

botsvana 29.36 quveiTi 2.42svazilendi 25.26 saudis arabeTi 2.62lesoto 25.03 iordania 2.63angola 24.50 brunei 3.42liberia 23.93 libia 3.48siera leone 23.43 omani 3.86burkina faso 21.92 solomonis k-ebi 3.98zimbabve 21.32 bahreini 4.08samxreT afrikis resp. 21.19 singapuri 4.16nigeri 20.99 ekvadori 4.24mozambiki 20.75 arabTa gaerT. saemiroebi 4.26avRaneTi 20.23 kosta rika 4,33zambia 19.63 nikaragua 4,49malavi 19.39 paragvai 4,53jibuti 18.81 alJiri 4,60

mTeli msoflio8,78

Tanamedrove msoflios qveynebi Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis maCveneblebisfarTo speqtriT arian warmodgenili. mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobismaCveneblebis siWrele ganpirobebulia calkeuli qveynebis socialur-ekonomikuri, demografiuli da socialur-kulturuli TaviseburebebiT (ix.danarTi, nax. #8). sxvadasxva qveynebSi Sobadobis maCvenebeli SeiZlebameryeobdes dabalidan (5-10‰) Zalian maRal donemde (40‰-ze meti). magram, arc

31 CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov

34

erT qveyanaSi jer ar dafiqsirebula Sobadobis Zalian dabali done – 5‰-zenaklebi. rac Seexeba sikvdilianobas, misi maCvenebeli meryeobs Zaliandabalidan (5‰-ze naklebi) maRal donemde (30‰-mde). Cveni saukunis dasawyisidansikvdilianobis Zalian maRali done (30‰-ze meti) msoflioSi arsad araRricxula. 2005 wlis Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis maCveneblebis farTomozaika saSualebas gvaZlevs msoflios qveynebi 7 jgufad davyoT (ixileTcxrili #7)32.

pirvel jgufSi Sedian qveynebi Sobadobis Zalian maRali da sikvdilianobismaRali maCveneblebiT. am qveynebSi Sobadobis done 30‰-s aRemateba, xolosikvdilianobis done 20-30‰. amasTan, maTSi Sobadobis done, rogorc wesi 1,5–2-jer aRemateba sikvdilianobis dones, Sesabamisad maTTvis damaxasiaTebeliabunebrivi matebis maRali maCvenbeli. am jgufSi moxvdnen afrikis 8 da aziiserTi (avRaneTi) qveyana. es qveynebi gamoirCevian, rogorc socialur-ekonomikuri,aseve jandacvis sistemis ganviTarebis uaRresad dabali doniT. am jgufisqveynebi demografiuli gadasvlis meore fazaSi imyofebian, rodesacSenarCunebulia Sobadobis Zalze maRali done da imavdroulad SesamCnevixdeba sikvdilianobis donis Semcireba.

II jgufSi Sedis samxreT afrikis 6 qveyana, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia,erTi mxriv Sobadobis maRali (20-30‰) da sikvdilianobis Zalze maRali (20‰–zemeti) maCveneblebi, xolo, meore mxriv am maCveneblebs Soris umniSvnelosxvaoba. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynebidan oTxSi dafiqsirebulia umniSvnelobunebrivi mateba (namibia, svazilendi, lesoto, zimbabve), xolo danarCen orSi(botsvana da samxreT afrikis respublika) - bunebrivi kleba. sainteresoa, romam jgufis danarCeni oTxi qveynisgan gansxvavebiT samxreT afrikis respublikabolo dromde ekonomikurad maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvSi Sedioda.mocemuli jgufi mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis xasiaTisa da demografiuli qcevisTvalsazrisiT aSkarad gamorCeulia sxva jgufebisagan. Sobadobisa dasikvdilianobis maRali doneebis da umniSvnelo an uaryofiTi bunebrivi matebisgamo SeiZleba miviCnioT, rom isini demografiuli gadasvlis I fazaSiimyofebian, magram sikvdilianobis maCveneblis sagrZnobi Semcirebis tendenciamigviTiTebs, rom saqme gvaqvs demografiuli gadasvlis II fazasTan.

III jgufi moicavs afrikisa da aziis 30-mde qveyanas, sadac aRiniSneba SobadobisZalian maRali (30‰-ze meti) an maRali (20-30‰) da sikvdilianobis saSualo (9-20‰)done. es qveynebi jer kidev “demografiuli afeTqebis” fazaSi imyofebian. maTumravlesobaSi bunebrivi moZraobis maCvenebeli 20‰-ze maRalia. sikvdilianobisdonis mniSvnelovani Semcireba metyvelebs imaze, rom am qveynebSi adgili aqvssocialur-ekonomikur ganviTarebas, rac pirdapir aisaxeba mosaxleobiskeTildReobis zrdaze da jandacvis sistemis gaumjobesebaze. miuxedavad amisa,isini jer kidev ekonomikurad CamorCenili qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvnebian. amjgufis qveynebis umravlesobaSi Semdgomi 10 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodneliaSobadobis mniSvnelovani Semcireba.

IV jgufSi gaerTianebulia Sobadobis Zalian maRali (30‰-ze meti) an maRali (20-30‰) da sikvdilianobis dabali (5-9‰) maCveneblebis mqone qveynebi. es jgufigamoirCeva masSi Semavali qveynebis farTo geografiiT. kerZod, am jgufSiSedis daaxloebiT 35 qveyana, romlebic warmoadgenen afrikas, azias, okeaneTsda laTinur amerikas. aRsaniSnavia, rom maT Soris gvxvdeba yofili sabWoTakavSiris muslimuri respublikebi (yazaxeTi, yirgizeTi, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi,uzbekeTi da azerbaijani). mocemuli jgufis qveynebis mniSvnelovaninawilisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis saSualodone, rac ganapirobebs sikvdilianobis dabali maCveneblis arsebobas.

32 mocemul klasifikasias safuZvelad daedo “CIA World Factbook. 2005”-is monacemebi

35

mosalodnelia, rom Semdgom aTwleulSi am qveynebis erT nawilSisikvdilianobis done kidev ufro daiwevs da 5‰-ze naklebi gaxdeba. aseve,mosalodnelia maTSi Sobadobis swrafi Semcireba.

V jgufSi Sedian is qveynebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia saSualo donisSobadoba (10-20‰) da dabali sikvdilianoba (5-10‰). amasTan Sobadobisa dasikvdilianobis maCveneblebs Soris umniSvnelo sxvaoba (daaxloebiT 10‰-mde)ganapirobebs zomier bunebriv matebas (5-10‰). aRsaniSnavia, rom am jgufSiwarmodgenilia msoflios yvela kontinentis qveyana. maT Soris arian rogorcmaRalganviTarebuli (mag., aSS, islandia), aseve saSualod an sustadganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebi.

VI jgufi warmodgenilia qveynebiT, romlebic me-20 saukunis dasasrulidandemografiuli krizisis fazaSi imyofebian. maTSi adgili aqvs dabal (5-10‰) ansaSualo donis (9-20‰) Sobadobas da saSualo donis sikvdilianobas (10-20‰).pirobiTad es jgufi or qvejgufad SeiZleba daiyos. pirvel maTganSi Sedian isqveynebi, sadac adgili aqvs umniSvnelo bunebriv matebas, xolo meoreSi –bunebriv klebas. am jgufSi evropis ocamde qveyanasTan erTad arissaqarTveloc. demografebis prognoziT uaxloesi 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi esqveynebi aRniSnuli krizisidan ver gamovlen. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu momavalSicadgili eqneba bunebriv klebas, maSin daaxloebiT 120-150 wlis Semdeg amqveynebis mkvidri mosaxleoba arsebobas Sewyvets.

VII jgufSi Sedian is qveynebi, romlebisTvisac damaxasiaTebeliasikvdilianobis Zalian dabali (ZiriTadad 5‰-ze naklebi) da bunebrivimoZraobis maRali (aranakleb 10‰-s) maCveneblebi. es jgufi moicavs axloaRmosavleTis, samxreT aRmosavleT aziis, CrdiloeT afrikisa da centraluriamerikis 26 qveyanas. aRsaniSnavia, rom sam maTganSi (saudis arabeTSi, quveiTsada iordaniaSi) sikvdilianobis done 3‰-ze dabalia. am jgufis qveynebSiSobadobis, rogorc wesi, maRali donis arseboba ganpirobebulia im faqtiT,rom arc erTi maTgani ar Sedis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis siaSi, xolo aqwamyvani religiebia islami, budizmi da kaTolicizmi. mocemuli jgufiscentraluri amerikis da samxreT aRmosavleT aziis qveynebSi uaxloesmomavalSi Sobadobis klebis xarjze varaudoben bunebrivi matebis mniSvnelovanSemcirebas, xolo axlo aRmosavleTis qveynebSi Sobadobis sagrZnobi SemcirebaSemdgomi 20-25 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosalodneli ar aris.

36cxrili #7

msoflios qveynebi mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis tipis mixedviT(2005 w.)33

jgufi aRwarmoebis tipi qveynebi

I Zalian maRali Sobadoba(30‰-ze meti);maRali sikvdilianoba(20-30‰);maRali bunebrivi mateba

angola, liberia, siera leone, nigeri, mozambiki,zambia, malavi, jibuti da avRaneTi

II maRali Sobadoba (20-30‰);maRali sikvdilianoba(20‰–ze meti);zomieri bunebrivi mateba

samxreT afrikis 6 qveyana: namibia, svazilendi,lesoto, zimbabve, botsvana da samxreT afrikisrespublika

III Zalian maRali (30‰–zemeti) an maRali (20-30‰)Sobadoba;saSualo donis (9-20‰)sikvdilianoba;maRali bunebrivi mateba

maT Soris: nigeria, somali, kenia, eTiopia, togo,spilos Zvlis napiri, sudani, senegali, kongo, gana,haiti, bahamis k-ebi, laosi, nepali, kamboja,bangladeSi,

IV Zalian maRali (30‰–zemeti) an maRali (20-30‰)Sobadoba;dabali sikvdilianoba(5-9‰);Zalze maRali bunebrivimateba

maT Soris: maroko, egvipte, indoeTi, erayi,pakistani, iemeni, tajikeTi, TurqmeneTi, yirgizeTi,uzbekeTi, azerbaijani, indonezia, malaizia, iamaika,salvadori, peru, kolumbia, panama, fiji, papuaaxali gvinea

V saSualo donisSobadoba (10-20‰);dabali sikvdilianoba(5-10‰);zomieri bunebrivi mateba(5-10‰)

maT Soris: aSS, avstralia, axali zelandia, samoa,CineTi, irani, israeli, TurqeTi, libani, birma,Sri-lanka, vietnami, argentina, urugvai, Cile,brazilia, puerto riko, tunisi, CrdiloeT korea,tailandi, albaneTi, islandia

VI dabali (5-10‰) ansaSualo donisSobadoba (9-20‰);dabali (5-10‰) ansaSualo donissikvdilianoba(10-20‰);umniSvnelo bunebrivimateba (5‰-mde) anbunebrivi kleba

umniSvnelo bunebrivi mateba:espaneTi, didi britaneTi, Sveicaria, luqsemburgi,niderlandebi, saqarTvelo, somxeTi, portugalia,norvegia, slovakeTi, moldova, andora, kviprosi,fineTi, malta, bosnia da hercogovina, makedonia,kanada, kuba, iaponia, samxreT koreabunebrivi kleba:avstria, poloneTi, germania, CexeTi, SvedeTi,italia, belgia, ruseTi, ukraina, belorusi,ungreTi, monako, latvia, estoneTi, litva,rumineTi, bulgareTi, xorvatia, saberZneTi

VII Zalian dabalisikvdilianoba(ZiriTadad 5‰-zenaklebi);maRali bunebrivi mateba(aranakleb 10‰-si)

quveiTi, saudis arabeTi, iordania, omani, bahreini,katari, siria, singapuri, filipinebi, mikronezia,meqsika, kosta-rika, venesuela, paragvai, nikaragua,arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi, ekvadori, libia,alJiri

33 CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov

37

2.5 demografiuli politika

msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, erTi mxriv “demografiulma afeTqebam”, xolo meoremxriv, “demografiulma krizisma” am qveynebs garkveuli socialur-ekonomikurida eTnodemografiuli problemebi Seuqmna. am problemebis gadaWris erT-erTsaSualebas demografiuli politikis34 SemuSaveba da ganxorcielebawarmoadgens. mosaxleobis demografiuli politikis mizania mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis procesebze zemoqmedebis meSveobiT xeli Seuwyos mosaxleobisraodenobis gazrdas an Semcirebas.

qveynis demografiuli politikis ganxorcieleba xdeba upirveles yovlisasaxelmwifo institutebis mier, Tumca am procesSi aqtiur monawileobas iRebenarasamTavrobo da saerTaSoriso organizaciebi. demografiuli politikasaxelmwifo politikis nawilia, Sesabamisad mas unda gaaCndes samarTlebrivibaza da am politikis ganxorcielebis gegma, romelSic gansakuTrebuli adgiliukavia ekonomikuri da saagitacio-propagandistuli xasiaTis RonisZiebebs. bevrqveyanaSi demografiuli politika saxelmwifo politikis erT-erTiprioritetia da misi ganxorcielebis mizniT Seqmnilia damoukidebelisamTavrobo struqturebi. demografiuli politikis obieqtebi arian qveynis anmisi regionis (regionebis) mTeli mosaxleoba an mosaxleobis calkeulijgufebi.

demografiul politikas didi xnis istoria gaaCnia. jer kidev antikur epoqaSimTel rig qveynebSi adgili hqonda Sobadobis zrdis waxalisebas, rodesacomebis an epidemiebis Sedegad mosaxleobis raodenoba mkveTrad mcirdeboda, dapiriqiT im qveynebSi, sadac Tavs iCenda Warbmosaxleoba demografiulipolitika mimarTuli iyo Sobadobis donis Semcirebisaken. aqve, unda aRiniSnos,rom meoce saukunemde demografiuli politika spontanur da arakomleqsurxasiaTs atarebda, ris gamoc mas ar hqonia mniSvnelovani Sedegebi. msoflioSikompleqsuri demografiuli politikis SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba meoremsoflio omis Semdeg daiwyo. pirvelma aseTi politika ganaxorcielasafrangeTma, xolo mogvianebiT mas dasavleT evropis sxva qveynebma mibaZes. me-20 saukunis meore naxevarSi ganviTarebad qveynebSi Warbmosaxleobam da masTandakavSirebulma problemebma gansakuTrebuli simwvave SeiZina, ris gamoc maTimogvarebis globaluri koordinireba Tavis Tavze aiRo gaerom. 1967 welsgaeros iniciativiT Seiqmna mosaxleobis fondi (UNFPA), romelic daxmarebasuwevs upiratesad ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTavrobebs Sobadobaze kontrolisganxorcielebis saqmeSi.

demografiuli situaciis specifikidan gamomdinare demografiuli politika,rogorc wesi mimarTulia Sobadobis Semcirebis an gazrdisaken. pirvelSemTxvevaSi, saqme gvaqvs ganviTarebad qveynebTan, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi –ganviTarebul qveynebTan.

ganviTarebul samyaroSi demografiuli politikisadmi gansakuTrebulyuradRebas iCens evropa. aSS-Si demografiuli politika, rogorc aseTi, arxorcieldeba. avstraliaSi demografiuli problemebis gadawyveta ukavSirdebaimigraciis regulirebas, xolo axal zelandiaSi – mosaxleobis jandacvisgaumjobesebas. rac Seexeba evropas, unda aRiniSnos, rom aq Seqmnili“demografiuli krizisi” TiTqmis yvela evropuli sazogadoebis SeSfoTebasiwvevs. demografebis prognoziT evropis umetes qveynebSi dRes arsebulidemografiuli tendenciebis SenarCunebis SemTxvevaSi daaxlobiT 130-180 wlisSemdeg am qveynebis mkvidri mosaxleobidan aRaravin darCeba. aSkaraa, rom am

34 rig qveynebSi “demografiuli politika” cnobilia, rogorc “xalxTmosaxleobispolitika”

38

fonze evropuli qveynebis mTavrobebi da sazogadoebrioba SeqmniliviTarebidan gamosavals eZeben.

evropis qveynebSi demografiuli politikis ganxorcielebis ZiriTadad orgvarimidgoma gamoiyeneba. pirveli midgoma, romelic pirobiTad Sobadobiswaxalisebaze irib zemoqmedebad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, iTvaliswinebssaxelmwifos aqtiur monawileobas bavSvTa aRzrdaSi. am SemTxvevaSisaxelmwifo Tavis Tavze iRebs bavSvTa jandacvis, ganaTlebis da socialuriuzrunvelyofis danaxarjebs. garda amisa, im axalgazrda ojaxebs, sadac orian meti bavSvi izrdeba saSualeba aqvT xelsayreli, SeRavaTiani pirobebiTaiRon sabanko kreditebi. demografiuli politikis meore midgomis mizaniamravalferovani RonisZiebebis, maT Soris materialuri SeRavaTebis daSemweobebis meSveobiT xeli Seuwyos Sobadobis zrdas. am RonisZiebebs SorisSeiZleba gamovyoT Semdegi:

dedisTvis erTjeradi Semweobis gacema mSobiarobis Semdeg;

ojaxisTvis Semweobis gacema bavSvis gaCenidan 12-18 Tvis ganmavlobaSi;

mSoblebs bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg ericxebaT saxelfaso danamati;

dekretuli Svebuleba xelfasis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi)SenarCunebiT;

dedebisaTvis moqmedebs arasruli samuSao dRe sruli anazRaurebiT;

axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis an martoxela dedebisaTvisdawesebulia specialuri socialuri momsaxureba;

axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis an martoxela dedebisaTvisgaTvaliswinebulia komunaluri SeRavaTebi;

axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebisaTvis an martoxela dedebisaTvisgaTvaliswinebulia grZelvadiani sesxis gacema binaTmSeneblobisTvis.

ganviTarebad qveynebSi demografiuli politikis mizania miaRwios Sobadobisdonis Semcirebas an arsebuli donis stabilizacias mainc. am miznis misaRwevadgamoiyeneba ojaxis dagegmvis meTodika, rac gulisxmobs ojaxSi 3 da naklebibavSvis arsebobas. mcireSviliani ojaxebis raodenobis zrda saSualebasmiscemda ganviTarebad qveynebs SeerbilebinaT iseTi mwvave socialuriproblemebi, rogoricaa siRaribe, SimSili, bavSvebs Soris maRalisikvdilianoba da a.S. mTavrobebis survilis miuxedavad demografiulipolitikis ganxorcieleba am qveynebSi gacilebiT ufro rTulad mimdinareobs,vidre ganviTarebul qveynebSi. Sobadobaze kontrolis dawesebis ramdenimexelSemSleli faqtori arsebobs. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesia religiurifaqtori. msoflios yvela ZiriTadi religia ilaSqrebs abortebis winaaRmdeg,upirveles yovlisa islami da kaTolicizmi. amis gamo, muslimuri qveynebis didumravlesobaSi demografiuli politika saerTod ar xocieldeba. sxvaxelSemSleli faqtorebidan aRsaniSnavia materialuri resursebis simcire.ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobas ar gaaCnia Sesabamisi saxsrebi, romdaafinansos demografiuli politikiT gaTvaliswinebuli RonisZiebebisganxorcieleba. demografiuli politikis gatarebis kidev erTi mniSvnelovanixelSemSleli faqtoria mosaxleobis ganaTlebis dabali done. ganviTarebadisamyaros mosaxleobis didi nawili Zalze rTulad aRiqvams ojaxis dagegmvisan demografiuli politikis sxva RonisZiebebis samomavlo efeqts. amgvarRonisZiebebs isini undoblobiT ekidebian.

ganvixiloT demografiuli politikis ganxorcielebis oTxi SemTxvevaindoeTis, CineTis, ruseTis da CexeTis magaliTebze.

CineTSi demografiuli politika, kerZod ojaxis dagegmva saxelwifo politikiserT-erTi prioritetia. CineTma demografiuli politikis gatareba jer kidev1950-iani wlebSi daiwyo, Tumca 1980-ian wlebamde es politika spontanur da

39

araTanmimdevrul xasiaTs atarebda, ris gamoc misi ZiriTadi mimarTulebebixSirad icvleboda. 1980-81 wlebSi CineTma miiRo ramdenime mniSvnelovanisakanonmdeblo aqti. maT Soris, unda aRiniSnos kanoni “qorwinebis Sesaxeb”,romlis mixedviTac saqorwino asaki gaizarda 20-dan 22-wlamde mamakacebisaTvisda 18-dan 20 wlamde qalebisaTvis. 1981 wlidan qveyanaSi funqcionirebsSobadobis dagegmvis saxelmwifo komiteti. ojaxis dagegmvis ZiriTadimimarTulebebia: adreuli qorwinebis prevencia, ojaxSi bavSvebis gaCenas Sorisintervalis gazrda da erTSviliani ojaxebis waxaliseba. ojaxis dagegmvispolitikam dadebiTi Sedegebi gamoiRo. Tu me-20 saukunis 60-iani wlebisdasawyisSi CineTis mosaxleobis saSualo wliuri zrdis maCvenebeli 2%-saRemateboda, imave saukunis bolos es maCvenebeli 0,9%-mde daeca.35 SobadobisSemcirebis procesma garkveuli dadebiTi mxareebis garda warmoaCinademografiuli politikis uaryofiTi mxareebic. Cineli eri jer kidev 1950-ianwlebSi msoflioSi erT-erT yvelaze axalgazrda erad iTvleboda. misisaSualo asaki 30 wel Seadgenda, xolo Sobadobaze kontrolis dawesebisSedegad es maCvenebeli 40 wlis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizarda. amJamadCineTis mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 8%-s Seadgenen adamianebi, romelTa asaki 60wels aRemateba anu mimdinareobs eris daberebis procesi. 1980-iani wlebisdasawyisSi CineTis xelisufleba imedovnebda, rom 2000 wlisaTvis mosaxleobisraodenobis zrda TiTqmis nulovani gaxdeboda, magram amgvar optimizmsganxorcieleba ar ewera. 1980-iani wlebis bolodan CineTSi daiwyo ekonomikurireforma, romlis erT-erT prioritetul mimarTulebas miwaze kerZo sakuTrebisSemoReba warmoadgenda. am reformis Sedegad qveynis sasoflo mosaxleobisdidma nawilma miiRo an gaifarTova miwis nakveTebi. Sesabamisad gaizardaglexTa Semosavali, romelic erTi mxriv savsebiT sakmarisia mravalSvilianiojaxis gamosakvebad, xolo, meore mxriv, rac ufro mniSvnelovania isgacilebiT aRemateba mcireSviliani ojaxebisaTvis dawesebul materialurSeRavaTebs. amis Sedegad, bevrma ojaxma uari ganacxada ganexorcielebinaSobadobaze kontroli da daiwyo mravalSvilianobis tradiciis aRdgena.rogorc vxedavT, ekonomikurma, kerZod, miwis reformam CineTSi didi safrTxiswinaSe daayena saxelmwifo demografiuli politikis ganxorcieleba.eqspertebis varaudiT, CineTSi Semdgomi ori aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSimosalodnelia mosaxleobis zrdis tempis amaRleba.

indoeTi mosaxleobis raodenobis mxriv msoflioSi jerjerobiT meoreadgilzea, Tumca demografebis prognoziT daaxloebiT 25 weliwadSi ammaCvenebliT is CineTsac gadauswrebs. Cvens planetaze yvelaze meti adaminiswored indoeTSi ibadeba. aq yoveldRiurad daaxloebiT 44 aTasi bavSviibadeba, rac imas niSnavs, rom yovelwliurad indoeTis mosaxleoba daaxloebiT16 milioni adamianiT imatebs. Tu gaviTvaliswinebT im faqts, rom indoeTi armiekuTvneba ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli qveynebis ricxvs, naTeli gaxdeba, romWarbmosaxleoba bevr dabrkolebas uqmnis qveynis socialur-ekonomikurganviTarebas.

indoeTi pirveli ganviTarebadi qveyana iyo, romelmac Sobadobaze kontrolisaxelwifo rangSi aiyvana. 1951 wlidan Sobadobaze kontrolis ganxorcielebaqveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis xuTwliani gegmis nawili gaxda.unda aRiniSnos, rom indoeTis xelisufleba demografiuli politikisganxorcielebaSi sakmaod didi xnis ganmavlobaSi antihumanur meTodebsiyenebda. kerZod, saqme exeba adamianTa ZaldatanebiT sqesobriv sterilizacias.sterilizaciis dros qirurgiuli Carevis Sedegad adamiani kargavs bavSvisCasaxvis unars, Tumca mas unarCundeba sqesobrivi funqciis hormonaluri

35 UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org

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regulaciis Tvisebebi. ZaldatanebiTi sqesobrivi sterilizacia SeiZlebaganvixiloT, rogorc genocidis erT-erTi forma. meore msoflio omis drosfaSisturi germania am meTods samxedro tyveebis mimarT iyenebda.

1977 wels indoeTis xelisuflebam mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi Seitanademografiul politikaSi. aikrZala ZaldatanebiTi sterilizacia da iginebayoflobiTi formiT Seicvala. garda amisa, meti yuradReba daeTmokontraceptuli (Casaxvis sawinaaRmdego) saSualebebis gamoyenebas damcireSvilianobis agitacias. qveynis masStabiT funqcionireba daiwyo ojaxisdagegmvis aTasobiT centrma. am centrebis mecadineobiT indoeTSi 1980-ianiwlebis Sua periodidan moyolebuli nebayoflobiTi sterilizaciayovelwliurad utardeboda daaxloebiT 5 milion adamians, xolo ukanaskneli30 wlis ganmavlobaSi kontraceptuli saSualeba gamoiyena daaxloebiT 60milionma qalma. demografiuli politikis sxva RonisZiebebidan aRsaniSnaviaqorwinebis asakis gazrda. 1950 wlebSi es asaki Seadgenda qalebisTvis 15 wels,xolo mamakacebisaTvis 22 wels. 1960-ian wlebSi qalis saqorwino asaki gaizarda17 wlamde, xolo 1970 wlebSi – 18 wlamde.

zemoT aRniSnuli demografiuli politikis RonisZiebebma garkveuli SedegigamoiRo. Tu, 1961 wels Sobadoba Seadgenda 42‰-s, 2005 wels igi 22‰-mdeSemcirda. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom indoeTma gaiara “demografiuli afeTqebis”faza, Tumca mosaxleobis wliuri zrdis sagrZnob Semcirebaze saubari jerkidev naadrevia. ar gamarTlda indoeTis mTavrobis da saerTaSorisoeqspertebis varaudi imis Taobaze, rom qveynis mosaxleobis wliuri zrdistempi XXI saukunis dasawyisisaTvis 1%-mde daecemoda. sinamdvileSi indoeTismosaxleobis saSualo wliurma zrdam axali aTaswleulis dasawyisSi 1,5%Seadgina. qveyanaSi Sobadobis donis radikalur Semcirebas xels uSlisramdenime faqtori, maT Soris religiuri (budisturi ideologia mxars uWersmravalSvilianobas), indoel qalTa uuflebo mdgomareoba sazogadoebasa daojaxSi, sazogadoebis ganaTlebis dabali done, qveynis susti socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTareba, demografiuli politikis srulyofiliganxorcielebisaTvis aucilebeli finansuri saSualebebis nakleboba.

ruseTi miekuTvneba im qveyanaTa rigs, sadac me-20 saukunis meore naxevridanaRiniSneba Sobadobis mkveTri Semcireba. am problemam gansakuTrebuliaqtualoba SeiZina sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg. rusi demografebisSefasebiT ukve Cveni saukunis SuaSi ruseTis mosaxleoba 50%-iT Semcirdeba damisi mosaxleobis ricxvi aRniSnuli droisaTvis 100 milioni gaxdeba. ruseTimravaleTnikuri qveyanaa da masSi mcxovreb sxvadasxva eTnikuri jgufebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis gansxvavebuli reJimi. im dros,rodesac ruseTis muslimebis raodenoba bunebrivi moZraobis dadebiTmaCveneblis gamo sagrZnobi tempiT izrdeba, eTnikuri rusebis raodenobakatastrofuli tempiT mcirdeba. Tu ase gagrZelda, daaxloebiT 50 wlis SemdegeTnikuri rusebi mTeli qveynis mosaxleobis mxolod naxevars Seadgenen.ruseTis mTavroba imedovnebda, rom Seqmnili rTuli situaciidan erT-erTigamosavali yofili sabWoTa respublikebidan eTnikuri rusebis dabrunebaiqneboda. asec moxda, rodesac 1990-ian wlebSi istoriul samSobloSimilionobiT eTnikuri rusi dabrunda. magram es procesi 2000 wlisaTvispraqtikulad dasrulda da mas didi demografiuli efeqti ar qonia, radganarc ruseTis gareT mcxovrebi eTnikuri rusebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebelimravalSvilianoba. Sesabamisad maTi CamosvliT ruseTSi demografiulisituacia radikalurad ar Secvlila. ukanaskneli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSimkveTrad gaizarda sikvdilianobis done, gansakuTrebiT 15-60 wlis asakisadamianebSi. am asakSi gardacvlil adamianTa Soris 80%-s mamakacebi Seadgenen.mamakacTa mzardi sikvdilianoba pirdapir aisaxa maTi sicocxlisxangrZlivobis maCvenebelze. aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTSi qalebi saSualod 12

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wliT met xans cocxloben, vidre mamakacebi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ruseTSi armoxdeba demografiuli situaciis gaumjobeseba, maSin qveyana 10-15 wlis SemdegsamuSao Zalis mniSvnelovani deficitis problemis winaSe dadgeba. amdeficitis aRmofxvra ki SesaZlebeli iqneba sxva qveynebidan didi raodenobismuSaxelis SemoyvaniT, rac kidev ufro daamZimebs isedac rTuleTnodemografiul situacias.

cxadia, ruseTis xelisufleba cdilobs demografiuli situaciisgaumjobesebas garkveuli RonisZiebebis ganxorcielebis meSveobiT. 2001 welsruseTis mTavrobam SeimuSava demografiuli ganviTarebis koncefcia, romlisprioritetul mimarTulebebs warmoadgens sikvdilianobis donis Semcireba daSobadobis donis stabilizacia. qveynis xelisuflebas kargad esmis, rom ammiznebis miRweva SeuZlebeli iqneba, Tu uaxloes momavalSi ar moxdebamosaxleobis cxovrebis donis amaRleba, rac SesaZloa dadebiTad aisaxosSobadobis amaRlebasa da rac mTavaria sikvdilianobis donis Semcirebaze.ruseTs amisaTvis gaaCnia Sesabamisi finansuri saSualebebi. ukanasknel wlebSinavTobze fasis gazrdis Sedegad qveyanam didi mogeba naxa. navTobis vaWrobiTmiRebuli Semosavali iricxeba ruseTis stabilizaciis fondSi, romelicamJamad 200-mde miliard dolars iTvlis. naTelia, rom am Tanxebis sworigamoyenebis SemTxvevaSi ruseTs SeuZlia aamaRlos misi mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikuri cxovrebis done da miaRwios demogarfiuli situaciisgaumjobesebas. ruseTSi dawesda bavSvis yovelTviuri Semweobebi, daaxloebiT 3-6 amerikuli dolaris eqvivalentis odenobiT, xolo bavSvis SeZenis Semdegsanam is 18 Tvis asakis ar Sesruldeba ojaxi iRebs daaxloebiT 500 rusulrubls (daaxloebiT 20 amerikuli dolari).36 magram, amgvari Tanxebiarasakmarisia, rom axalgazrda ojaxebs bevri bavSvis yolis stimuligauCndeT. rusi mecnierebi da eqspertebi samarTlianad varaudoben, romSobadobis amaRlebis yvelaze efeqturi saSualeba iqneba axalgazrda ojaxebissabinao pirobebis gaumjobeseba, kerZod maT saSualeba unda mieceTgrZelvadiani SeRavaTiani sesxebi aiRon binaTmSeneblobis mizniT. am ideisxorcSesxma sakmaod did dafinansebasTan aris dakavSirebuli da is realuradSesrulebadi mxolod maSin gaxdeba, Tuki ruseTis mTavroba gamoiyenebsstabilizaciis fondis Tanxebs.

evropis yofil socialistur qveynebSi xelisufleba sakmaod aqtiurdomografiul politikas ganaxorcielebda. socialisturi banakis daSlisa daevropaSi komunisturi mmarTvelobis gauqmebis Semdeg am qveynebma SeinarCunesdemografiuli politikis tradiciebi. CexeTi erT-erTi im qveyanaTagania, sadacsaxelmwifo kompleqsuri RonisZiebebis Sedegad cdilobs xeli SeuwyosSobadobis donis amaRlebas. CexeTis demografiuli politika moicavs, rogorcSobadobis waxalisebis pirdapir, aseve arapirdapir formebs. pirdapiri formagulisxmobs im materialur Semweobebs, romelsac saxelmwifo uxdis dedas anorive mSobels bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg. kerZod, pirveli bavSvis gaCenisTanaveojaxi (martoxela deda) iRebs Semweobas daaxloebiT 150 amerikuli dolarisodenobiT. meore bavSvis gaCenis Semdeg orive Svilze – daaxloebiT 500dolars, xolo mesames gaCenis Semdeg samive Svilze – 900 dolars, meoTxebavSvis gaCenis Semdeg oTxive Svilze – 1 300 dolars, yoveli Semdgomi bavSvisgaCenis Semdeg ukanasknel Tanxas yovelTviurad emateba daaxloebiT 220dolari. aRsaniSnavia, rom bavSvis ojaxi aRniSnul Tanxebs iRebsyovelTviurad bavSvis dabadebidan Semdgomi 15 wlis ganmavlobaSi. dedisdekretuli Svebuleba ganisazRvreba 28 kviriT. am xnis ganmavlobaSi masunazRaurdeba xelfasis 90%. am vadis amowurvis Sedeg, mSobels ufleba aqvsgaigrZelos dekretuli Svebuleba kidev erTi wliT, Tu mas pirveli Svilieyola da ori wliT, Tu mas meore Svili eyola. am periodSi deda (mSobeli)

36 В.Н. Архангельский и другие. Практическая демография. М. 2005

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saxelmwifosgan Semweobis saxiT dReSi 6-8 dolars iRebs. garda amisa, ojaxiSvilis dabadebidan Semdgomi oTxi wlis ganmavlobaSi saxelmwifosganyovelTviurad iRebs Semweobas daaxloebiT 80 dolaris odenobiT. gardamaterialuri waxalisebebisa saxelmwifo demografiuli politikis gatarebaSiiyenebs SeRavaTebis arapirdapir formasac. axalgazrda bavSviani ojaxebssaSualeba aqvT bankidan aiRon SeRavaTiani sesxebi binaTmSeneblobis da avejisSeZenis mizniT. garda amisa, dedas, romelsac hyavs 15 wlamde asakis SvilisamuSao dro umcirdeba dReSi naxevari saaTiT.

miuxedavad saxelmwifos mcdelobisa yovelmxriv waaxalisos Sobadobis zrdada mravalSvilianoba, CexeTSi rTuli demografiuli situaciaa, rac imaSimdgomareobs, rom 1980-iani wlebis bolodan mimdinareobs mosaxleobisbunebrivi kleba, Tumca bolo xuTi wlis ganmavlobaSi dafiqsirda am klebisstabilizacia.

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2.6 mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba

mosaxleobis raodenobis swrafi zrdis Sedegad msoflios mTel rigregionebSi da qveynebSi warmoiSva Warbmosaxleobis problema. malTusisTeoriis mimdevrebi dRemde amtkiceben, rom mosaxleobis zrdis maRali tempisocialur-ekonomikur da humanitarul katastrofas uqadis mTel Cvensplanetas, gansakuTrebiT ki mis ganviTarebad nawils. mosaxleobis raodenobiszrdis prognozireba jer kidev me-19 saukuneSi daiwyo. demografiulmaprognozirebam gansakuTrebuli aqtualoba SeiZina meore msoflio omis Semdeg,rodesac msoflios didi nawili “demografiuli afeTqebis” fazaSi Sevida.

demografiuli prognozi aris mosaxleobis bunebrivi moZraobis mecnieruladdasabuTebuli varaudi, romlis mTavar amocanas warmoadgens mosaxleobismomavali demografiuli suraTis dadgena. demografiuli prognozis gakeTebisasmecnierebi iyeneben arsebul faqtebs, cifrebs da Teoriul gamocdilebas, aseve,rac yvelaze mniSvnelovania samecniero intuicias. gamomdinare iqidan, romdemografiuli situacia mWidro kavSirSia socialur-ekonomikur da politikurprocesebTan, prognozirebis dros gansakuTrebul Rirebulia movlenebisSesaZlo ganviTarebis kompleqsuri xedva.

demografiuli prognozireba mravalvariantulia. prognozis variantTasimravles ganapirobebs is faqti, rom zustad ar aris cnobili, Tu romelkalapotSi warimarTeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis procesi. amdenad,aucilebelia ramdenime variantis (versiis) Seqmna, romlebSic gaTvaliswinebuliiqneba demografiuli ganviTarebis TiTqmis yvela SesaZlo scenari. mosaxleobisaRwarmoebis maCveneblebis sididis mixedviT, rogorc wesi gamoiyenebademografiuli prognozis sami varianti: dabali, saSualo da maRali. dabalisaxis variantSi igulisxmeba, rom momavalSi mosaxleobis zrda warimarTebamosaxleobis aRwarmoebis dabali maCveneblebis safuZvelze, Sesabamisad maRalvariantSi gaTvaliswinebulia aRwarmoebis maRali maCveneblebi, xolo saSualovarianti, romelsac yvelaze realisturad miiCneven, warmoadgens wina orivariantis gasaSualoebul versias.

qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT demografiuli prognozi SeiZleba iyos:moklevadiani, rac moicavs periods 5 wlamde; saSualovadiani – 30 wlamde, racemTxveva erTi demografiuli Taobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobas; dagrZelvadiani. es ukanaskneli gulisxmobs demografiuli prognozis gakeTebas30 da meti wlis perspeqtiviT. demografTa nawili miiCnevs, rom grZelvadianiprognozi ar SeiZleba aRematebodes 60 wels (rac moicavs or demografiulTaobas). maTive azriT, ufro grZelvadiani gaTvla iqneba ara prognozi, aramedubralo varaudi.

1960-ian wlebSi “romis klubma” SeimuSava mosaxleobis “nulovani zrdis”koncefcia. am koncefciis Tanaxmad msoflios qveynebis mTavrobebs undaganexorcielebinaT praqtikuli RonisZiebebi, romlebic SeaCerebdnenmosaxleobis swraf zrdas, rac Tavis mxriv xels Seuwyobda “demografiuliafeTqebis” Sedegad gamowveuli socialur-ekonomikuri kataklizmebis (siRaribe,umuSevroba, bunebrivi resursebis ukontrolo gamoyeneba, garemos dabinZurebada sxva) Tavidan acilebas. aRniSnuli koncefciis SemuSavebisas “romis klubi”eyrdnoboda “alarmistul” (“sagangaSo”) demografiul prognozs, romlismixedviTac XXI saukunis SuaSi msoflioSi daaxloebiT 50 miliardi adamianiicxovrebda. dRevandeli gadasaxedidan advili misaxvedria, rom am prognozsganxorcieleba ar uweria. imave periodSi gaeros eqspertTa jgufma SeimuSava“dedamiwis mosaxleobis raodenobis stabilizaciis” koncefcia. es naSromiefuZneboda hipoTezas, romlis mixedviTac momavalSi mosaxleobis zrda araTuSeneldeba, aramed Sewydeba kidec. es koncefcia realisturad SeiZleba

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Sefasdes, Tu mxedvelobaSi miviRebT im faqts, rom msoflioSi ukve gamoikveTamosaxleobis materialuri keTildReobis, jandacvis, ganaTlebis donisamaRlebis tendenciebi. ZiriTadi kiTxva mdgomareobs imaSi, Tu rodis dadgebamsoflios da misi msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis raodenobis stabilizaciisperiodi, kerZod ki rodis daiwyeba afrikaSi, aziasa da laTinur amerikaSidemografiuli gadasvlis meoTxe e.i. “demografiuli krizisis” faza?

cxrili #8

msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozi37

(2000-2050 wlebi)

regionebimosaxleobis raodenoba (milionebSi)

2000 w. 2025 w. 2050 w.

evropa 728 707 653Crd. amerika 315 388 437laTinuri amerika 523 696 782azia 3 676 4 728 5 217afrika 812 1 344 1 937avstralia da okeaneTi 31 41 47msoflio 6 085 7 905 9 075

am mniSvnelovan SekiTxvas pasuxi rom gavceT, jer unda ganvixiloT, Tu rogordemografiul tendenciebs eqneba adgili uaxloesi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSimsoflioSi. Semdgomi naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi mosalodnelia msofliosmosaxleobis zrdis tempis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, rogorc globaluri, asevecalkeuli msxvili regionebis masStabiT. Tu 2000-2005 wlebSi msofliosmosaxleoba saSualo wliuri zrda 1,2%-s Seadgenda, gaeros demografebisprognoziT es maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 40 weliwadSi 0,4%-mde, e.i. samjerSemcirdeba. specialistebi varaudoben, rom aRniSnul periodSi mosaxleobisricxovnobis zrdis tempis yvelaze sagrZnobi kleba iqneba laTinur amerikasada aziaSi. am regionebSi mosalodnelia mosaxleobis zrdis saSualo wliurimaCveneblis mniSvnelovani Semcireba (laTinur amerikaSi - Svidjer, xoloaziaSi – eqvsjer), rac ganpirobebuli iqneba maTi mosaxleobis Sobadobis donismkveTri klebiT. mosaxleobis raodenobis SesamCnevi zrda SenarCundeba mxolodafrikaSi (ix. cxrili #8). Semdgomi 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi “Savi kontinentis”mosaxleoba TiTqmis 2,5-jer gaizrdeba. miuxedavad amisa, Sobadobis donisSemcirebis xarjze afrikaSi bunebrivi matebis maCvenebelic mniSvnelovnaddaecema. mimdinare saukunis Sua periodSi afrikis mosaxleoba yovelwliuradsaSualod 1,2%-iT moimatebs, rac amJamindel analogiur maCvenebelze TiTqmis 2-jer naklebia. miuxedavad imisa, rom msoflios yvela regionSi adgili aqvsbunebrivi matebis maCveneblis sagrZnob Semcirebas, msoflios mosaxleobisricxovnobis “nulovan” zrdamde anu stabilizaciamde jer kidev didi droa.

mosaxleobis dinamikis prognozireba xdeba, rogorc msxvili geografiulierTeulebis (mTeli msoflios, calkeuli kontinentebis an qveynebis), asevemcire geografiuli erTeulebis (raionebis an dasaxlebuli punqtebis) doneze.sakmaod gavrcelebulia mosaxleobis calkeuli jgufebis dinamikisprognozireba, rasac funqcionaluri prognozireba ewodeba. misi mizania xeli

37 UN Population Division. The World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org

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Seuwyos viwro praqtikuli amocanebis gadawyvetas. am SemTxvevaSiprognozistebis mizania gansazRvron mosaxleobis im jgufebis raodenobisdinamika, romlebic mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben teritoriuli erTeulis anorganizaciebis, firmebis, korporaciebis an sxva struqturebis cxovrebaSi. amsaxis prognozi gamoiyeneba moswavleebis, pensionerebis, wvevamdelebis,amomrCevlebis, dasaqmebulTa, konkretuli produqciis an servisismomxmareblebis samomavlo raodenobis dasadgenad. funqcionaluriprognozirebis Sedegebi farTod gamoiyeneba im organizaciebis mier, romlebicdakavebuli arian SeiaraRebuli Zalebis, jandacvis, saganmanaTleblo, savaWro,satransporto, saarCevno, ekonomikuri, socialuri uzrunvelyofisa da sxvasakiTxebis SeswavliTa da gadawyvetiT.

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3. mosaxleobis struqturisa da xarisxis regionuli Taviseburebebi

mosaxleobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi komponentia struqtura (Semadgenloba).mosaxleobis sturuqturis mravalferovneba ganpirobebulia biologiuri,demografiuli, socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri da kulturulimaxasiaTeblebiT.

mosaxleobis struqtura SeiZleba ganvixiloT, rogorc vertikalur, asevehorizontalur WrilSi. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gveqneba demografiul,socialur, ekonomikur, politikur maxasiaTeblebTan, anu mosaxleobis iseTniSnebTan, romlebic saerToa msoflios yvela regionisaTvis. meore midgomagulisxmobs msoflios calkeuli regionebis, qveynebis mosaxleobisSemadgenlobaSi gansxvavebebis gamovlenasTan. sxvadasxva geografiuliarealebis mixedviT ki adamianebs ganasxvaveben biologiuri (rasobrivi) dakulturuli (eTnikuri, enobrivi) niSnebiT.

mecnierebaSi, maT Soris geografiul mecnierebaSi mosaxleobis struqturisdaxasiaTeba, rogorc wesi xdeba ufro konkretuli maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT,kerZod sqesobrivi, asakobrivi, ganaTlebis donis (cenzis), dasaqmebis,rasobrivi, lingvisturi, religiuri da a.S.

Semdgom qveTavebSi Cven gavecnobiT mosaxleobis struqturis zogad daregionul Taviseburebebs.

3.1 mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura

sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqtura mosaxleobis ara marto demografiuli, aramedmisi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi socialuri maxasiaTebelia. mosaxleobissqesobriv-asakobrivi Semadgenloba yalibdeba mosaxleobis aRwarmoebisprocesSi. Sesabamisad, sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis analizi saSualebasgvaZlevs gamovavlinoT mocemuli sazogadoebis aRwamoebis Taviseburebebi dakanonzomierebebi dinamikaSi.

mosaxleobis sqesobrivi struqtura gviCvenebs proporcias mamakacTa da qalTaSoris. am stuqturis Camoyalibebaze, ramdenime faqtori moqmedebs, magramumniSvnelovanesia Semdegi ori maTgani.

msoflioSi ufro meti mamakaci ibadeba, vidre qali;

qalebi ufro met xans cocxloben, vidre mamakacebi.

bunebis am ori kanonis Tanaxmad gamodis, rom mosaxleobis axalgazrdaasakobriv jgufebSi (daaxloebiT 20 wlamde adamianebs Soris) mamakacebiWarboben qalebs. es marTlac asea, Tu im faqtsac gaviTvaliswinebT, rommsoflioSi yovel 100 dabadebul gogonaze saSualod 104-106 biWi modis.qalebTan SedarebiT mamakacTa maRali sikvdilianobis gamo mamakacTa da qalTaraodenoba Tanabrdeba daaxloebiT 30-40 wlis asakSi (afrikaSi sikvdilianobismaRali donis Sedegad es Tanafardoba yalibdeba daaxloebiT 20-25 wlis asakisadamianebSi, xolo CrdiloeT evropaSi – daaxloebiT 45-50 wlis asakisadamianebSi). Tuki cnobilia, rom mamakacebTan SedarebiT qalTa sicocxlisxangrZlivoba ufro maRalia, wesiT. xanSiSesuli asakis adaminebs Soris undaWarbobdnen qalebi. es wesi vrceldeba msoflios yvela msxvil regionze aziisgarda (ix. cxrili #9). saqme imaSia, rom qalTa uuflebo mdgomareoba yvelazemkafiod aziaSi vlindeba. am regionSi, qalebi bavSvobidanve uaRresad rTulsamuSaoebze arian dasaqmebulebi, rac saboloo jamSi mniSvnelovnad amcirebsmaTi sicocxlis xangrZlivobas. aziis xarjze msoflioSi 35 milioniT metimamakaci cxovrobs, vidre qali. mosaxleobis sqesobriv struqturaSi qalTa

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siWarbe bunebrivi movlenaa ganviTarebuli samyarosaTvis da im ganviTarebadiqveynebisTvis, sadac qalTa uflebrivi mdgomareoba ojaxsa da sazogadoebaSimetnaklebad damakmayofilebelia.

cxrili #9msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis sqesobrivi Semadgenloba

(2000 w.)38

regioni mamakacTaraodenoba

(milionebSi)

qalTaraodenoba

(milionebSi)

yovel 100 qalzemamakaTa

raodenoba

evropa 350 378 92,7azia 1 875 1 800 104,2afrika 405 407 99,4laTinuri amerika 258 264 97,8CrdiloeT amerika 154 160 96,8avstralia daokeaneTi

15,4 15,5 99,4

msoflio sul 3 060 3 025 101,2

regionebis da qveynebis sqesobrivi struqturebis SedarebisaTvis yvelazemosaxerxebelia yovel 100 qalze (an yovel 1000 qalze) mamakacTa raodenobismaCveneblis gamoyeneba (msoflios regionebis mixedviT es maCveneblebimocemulia me-9 cxrilis bolo svetSi). amgvari midgoma dagvexmareba imisdadgenaSi, Tu rogori viTarebaa calkeul qveynebSi mosaxleobis sqesobriviSemadgenlobis mxriv. rogorc aRiniSna, mosaxleobaSi mamakacTa raodenobissiWarbiT gamoirCevian aziis qveynebi. iseT qveynebSi, rogorebicaa avRaneTi,indoeTi, irani, pakistani, iordania, malaizia, butani yovel 100 qalze 103-108mamakaci modis. mosaxleobis sqesobriv struqturaSi didi disbalansiSeiniSneba im qveynebSi, sadac mniSvnelovan bunebriv matebasTan erTad adgiliaqvs intensiur imigracias. aseTi qveynebis rigs miekuTvnebian axloaRmosavleTis navTobmompovebeli qveynebi, kerZod quveiTi, omani, bahreini,katari, sadac yovel 100 qalze 135-155 mamakaci modis. am maCvenebliT msoflioSipirvel adgilzea arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi. am qveyanaSi yovel 100qalze 207 (!) mamakaci modis.

sqesobrivi struqtura darRveulia im qveynebSic, romlis mosaxleobasukanaskaneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi gamoaklda mamakacTa mniSvnelovaninawili omis an masStaburi emigraciis gamo, xolo bunebrivi mateba maTSinulovani ar uaryofiTia. am tipis qveynebs miekuTvnebian sabWoTa kavSirisyofili respublikebi, sadac qalebTan mimarTebaSi dafiqsirebulia mamakacTayvelaze dabali raodenoba. ruseTSi, ukrainaSi, belorusSi, estoneTSi,latviaSi, litvaSi da somxeTSi yovel 100 qalze 84-89 mamakaci modis.saqarTvelosaTvis es maCvenebeli 90,2-is tolia, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom CvenqveyanaSi saxezea mosaxleobis aradamakmayofilebeli sqesobrivi struqtura.

mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqtura saSualebas gvaZlevs gamovavlinoTmosaxleobis ganawileba calkeuli asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT. asakobrivistuqturis zogadi daxasiaTebisas gamoiyeneba mosaxleobis dayofa Semdeg 3asakobriv jgufad:

38 am qveTavSi mocemulia statistikuri maCveneblebi Semdegi wyarodan: World Population Prospects: The 2004Revision. www.esa.un.org/unpp

48

0-14 weli – samuSaomdeli asakis an axalgazrda asakobrivi jgufi;

15-59 weli - Sromis asakis jgufi;

60 wlis da meti - sapensio asakis an xandazmuli asakobrivi jgufi.

mosaxleobis asakobrivi Semadgenlobis formireba xdeba ramdenime faqtoriszegavlenis meSveobiT (migraciebi, socialur-ekonomikuri situacia, omebi,epidemiebi, bunebrivi kataklizmebi), Tumca gadamwyveti rols am procesSiTamaSobs Sobadobisa da sikvdilianobis doneebis dinamika. magaliTad, Tuukanaskneli 10-15 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis bunebrivi mateba maRalitempiT mimdinareobda, am SemTxvevaSi mocemuli qveynis (regionis, dasaxlebulipunqtis) mosaxleobaSi maRali iqneba axalgazrda asakobrivi jgufis xvedriTiwili. mosaxleobis aRwarmoebis dabali tempebis pirobebSi mimdinareobsmosaxleobis dabereba, Sesabamisad am SemTxvevaSi mcirdeba samuSaomdeli asakisjgufis xvedriTi wili, ris Sedegadac mTel mosaxleobaSi izrdeba sapensioasakis jgufis procentuli maCvenebeli. masStaburi imigraciis an emigraciisarsebobis SemTxvevaSi Sesabamisad izrdeba da mcirdeba samuSao asakis jgufisxvedriTi wili mTel mosaxleobaSi.

mTlianobaSi, mosaxleobis bunebrivi da meqanikuri moZraobisTaviseburebebi pirdapir aisaxeba mis asakobrivi struqturaze. msofliosmsxvili regionebis asakobrivi struqturis maCveneblebis ganxilva saSualebasgvaZlevs gamovavlinoT am struqturis geografiuli gansxvavebebi (ix. cxrili#16).

msoflios yvelaze axalgazrda regionia afrika, sadac Sromisunaramdeliasakis (15 wlamde) adamianebi mTeli mosaxleobis 40%-ze mets Seadgenen, im drosrodesac evropisTvis es maCvenebeli 2,5-jer naklebia. evropis mosaxleobisdaberebaze naTlad miuTiTebs is faqti, rom yoveli mexuTe evropeli sapensioasakis adaminia. SedarebisTvis aRvniSnavT, rom yoveli 20 afrikelidan mxoloderTia 60 welze ufrosi asakis.

mosaxleobis asakobriv struqturaSi kidev ufro mniSvnelovangansxvavebebs aRmovaCenT, Tu erTmaneTs SevadarebT msoflios calkeuliqveynebis maCveneblebs.

cxrili #10msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqtura(2005 w.)

regionia s a k o b r i v i j g u f e b i

0-14 wlis asakisadamianebi

15-59 wlis asakisadamianebi

60 da meti wlisadamianebi

milionebSi %-Si milionebSi %-SimilionebSi

%-Si

afrika 376 41,5 483 53,3 47 5,2

azia 1 086 27,8 2 454 62,9 365 9,3

evropa 115 15,9 462 63,5 151 20,7

laTinuriamerika

168 30,0 343 61,3 49 8,8

CrdiloeTamerika

67 20,5 207 62,7 56 16,8

avstralia daokeaneTi

8,2 24,8 20,4 61,3 4,6 13,9

msoflio 1 821 28,2 3 971 61,4 672 10,4

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mosaxleobaSi axalgazrda adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCeviancentraluri da dasavleT afrikis qveynebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierT maTganSi,kerZod ugandaSi, maliSi, nigerSi, malaviSi, liberiaSi yoveli meore adamiani 15wlamde asakisaa. mosaxleobaSi samuSaomdeli asakis adamianebis aseTi maRaliwarmomadgenloba mniSvnelovan socialur-ekonomikur problemebs uqmnis isedacRarib afrikis saxelwifoebs, romlebsac ar ZaluZT mozardi TaobisganaTlebiT uzrunvelyofa da Semdgomi dasaqmeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom wera-kiTxvis arcodnis da umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali done swored im qveynebSiadafiqsirebuli, sadac 15 wlamde asakis mozardebi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovannawils Seadgenen.

sainteresoa, rom msoflios yvela msxvil regionSi samuSao asakis adamianebimTeli mosaxleobis daaxloebiT 60-65%-s Seadgenen (gamonakliss mxolod afrikawarmoadgens). samuSao asakis da danarCeni mosaxleobis amgvari Sefardebanormalur movlenad iTvleba. Tumca, zogierTi qveyana gamoirCeva 15-59 wlisasakis adamianebis gadaWarbebulad maRali wiliT. am qveynebisTvis,damaxasiaTebelia erTi mxriv Sobadobis maRali done, xolo meore mxrivintensiuri SromiTi imigracia. mosaxleobis asakobrivi struqturaSidisbalansi warmoiSoba qveyanaSi didi raodenobis samuSao Zalis Semosvlisxarjze. axlo aRmosavleTis sam qveyanaSi – bahreinSi, arabTa gaerTianebulsaemiroebSi da katarSi Sromisunariani asakis adamianebi mTeli mosaxleobis3/4-s Seadgenen. am qveynebSi aRniSnuli asakis adamianTa maRali wilis gamomcirdeba sapensio asakobrivi jgufis xvedriTi wili. TiTqmis daujerebelia,magram faqtia, rom 2005 wels arabTa gaerTianebul saemiroebSi 60 welzeufrosi adamianebi mTeli mosaxleobis mxolod 1,6%-s Sedgendnen. katarisa dabahreinis analogiuri maCveneblebi aseve dabali iyo, Sesabamisad 2,6% da 4,5%.zemoT aRiniSna, rom xandazmuli asakis adamianTa wili dabalia afrikisqveynebSi, Tumca axlo aRmosavleTis navTobmompovebeli qveynebisgangansxvavebiT, am kontinentze es gamowveulia mosaxleobis sicocxlis dabalixangrZlivobiT. sicocxlis maRali xangrZlivoba da Sobadobis dabali doneganapirobebs evropis mosaxleobaSi samuSaos Semdgomi asakis adamianebis maRalxvedriT wils, romelic am regionis zogierT qveyanaSi (germaniaSi, SvedeTSi,belgiaSi) daaxloebiT 25%-s Seadgens.

mosaxleobis sqesobriv da asakobriv struqturaSi regionuli Taviseburebebisgamovlenis kidev erTi saSualebaa calkeuli msxvili regionebis, qveynebissqesobriv-asakobrivi piramidebis Sedareba. mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivipiramidis ageba xdeba sqesobrivi da asakobrivi jgufebis raodenobrivi anprocentuli maCveneblebis gamoyenebiT. piramidis erT gverdze wamodgeniliamamakacTa raodenobis, xolo moere gverdze qalTa raodenobis maCveneblebi,romlebic dalagebulia, rogorc wesi 5 wliani asakobrivi jgufebis mixedviT.Cveni azriT mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi Taviseburebebis mixedviTmsoflios qveynebi 6 ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba daiyos. Sesabamisad, miviRebTgansxvavebuli konfiguraciis 6 piramidas. danarTSi mocemulia 6 qveynissqesobriv-asakobrivi piramidebi (ix. danarTi, nax. ##9-14). TiToeuli maTganiwarmoadgens qveyanaTa konkretuli jgufis tipiur models. msoflios qveynebisklasifikacia mosaxleobis sqesobriv-asakobrivi struqturis mixedviT da maTimosaxleobis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi Semdegnairadgamoiyureba:

1. pirvel jgufs warmoadgenen afrikis, aziis da laTinuri amerikisganviTarebadi qveynebi (modeli - kongos demokratiuli respublika; ix.danarTi, nax. #9))

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:

maRali bunebrivi mateba;

50

sagareo migraciebis uaryofiTi saldo;

samuSaomdeli asakis adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wili.

2. CrdiloeT amerikis da okeaneTis ganviTarebuli, laTinuri amerikis daaziis saSualod ganviTarebuli qveynebi (modeli – aSS; ix. danarTi, nax.#10))

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:

zomieri bunebrivi mateba;

jgufis maRalganviTarebuli qveynebisTvis damaxasiaTebeliasagareo migraciebis mniSvnelovani dadebiTi saldo;

am jgufis saSualod ganviTarebuli qveynebisaTvisdamaxasiaTebelia sagareo migraciebis umniSvnelo uaryofiTisaldo.

3. dasavleT evropis qveynebi (modeli – germania; ix. danarTi, nax. #11)

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:

xSir SemTxvevaSi nulovani bunebrivi mateba;

sagareo migraciebis mniSvnelovani dadebiTi saldo;

sapensio asakis adamianebis Zalian maRali xvedriTi wili.

4. samxreT afrikis 6 qveyana: namibia, svazilendi, lesoto, zimbabve, botsvanada samxreT afrikis respublika (modeli – zimbabve; ix. danarTi, nax. #12)

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:

maRali Sobadoba da Zalian maRali sikvdilianoba;

sagareo migraciebis uaryofiTi saldo;

sicocxlis xangrZlivobis dabali done;

samuSaomdeli asakis adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wili.

5. yofili sabWoTa kavSiris evropuli nawilis da aRmosavleT evropisqveynebi (modeli – ukraina; ix. danarTi, nax. #13)

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:

rogorc wesi, bunebrivi kleba, zog SemTxvevaSi umniSvnelobunebrivi mateba;

rogorc wesi, sagareo migraciebis uaryofiTi saldo;

sqesobriv struqturaSi qalTa maRali xvedriTi wili;

sapensio asakis adamianebis maRali xvedriTi wili.

6. axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeT afrikis navTobmompovebeli qveynebi(modeli arabTa gaerTianebuli saemiroebi; ix. danarTi, nax. #14))

ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi:

Zalian dabali sikvdilianoba, maRali bunebrivi mateba;

sagareo migraciebis maRali dadebiTi saldo;

sqesobriv struqturaSi mamakacTa Zalze maRali xvedriTi wili;

sapensio asakis adamianebis uaRresad dabali xvedriTi wili;

samuSao asakis adamianebis Zalze maRali xvedriTi wili.

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3.2 mosaxleobis xarisxis socialur-demografiuli maxasiaTeblebi

mosaxleobis xarisxi warmoadgens mosaxleobis socialur-demografiuli dademokratiuli maxasiaTeblebis pirobiT sistemas. es sistema moicavs iseTkomponentebs, rogoricaa Sromisunariani asakis mosaxleoba, mosaxleobissocialuri Semadgenloba, mosaxleobis jandacvisa da ganaTlebis done,sicocxlis xangrZlivoba, profesiuli stuqtura da sxva.39 mosaxleobisxarisxis Tanamedrove dasavlur kvlevebSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmobamocemuli sazogadoebis demokratizaciis donis Seswavlasac.

mosaxleobis xarisxi mniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli qveynis(teritoriis, dasaxlebuli punqtis) socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis doneze,garemos dacvis xarisxze, bunebriv-geografiul pirobebze, sazogadoebistradiciebze da yofiTi kulturis doneze, aseve, politikuri reJimisdemokratiulobaze da samoqalaqo sazogadoebis Tavisuflebaze. am TavSi CvenyuradRebas gavamaxvilebT mosaxleobis zogierT socialur-demografiulmaxasiaTebelze, kerZod mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobaze, jandacvisa daganaTlebis doneebze.

sicocxlis xangrZlivoba warmoadgens adamianTa sikvdilianobis ganzogadebulmaCvenebels. mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli miuTiTebsmocemuli qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri da/an jandacvis sistemis ganviTarebisdoneze. qveynis, regionis mosaxleobis xarisxis an demografiuli situaciisdaxasiaTebisas yvelaze xSirad iyeneben termins “sicocxlis saSualoxangrZlivoba”, Tumca samecniero TvalsazrisiT is aris “sicocxlismosalodneli saSualo xangrZlivoba”. saqme imaSia, rom sicocxlis saSualoxangrZlivobis maCvenebeli asaxavs ara arsebul situacias, aramed gvaCvenebs Turogori iqneba axladdabadebuli Taobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba.mag., SvedeTSi 2000-2005 wlebSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba ganisazRvra80 wliT. es ar niSnavs, rom saSualod amden xans icocxlebs SvedeTis saxezemyofi mosaxleoba. saSualod 80 wels icocxleben aRniSnul periodSidabadebuli Svedebi, amasTan es maCvenebeli ZalaSi iqneba im SemTxvevaSi, Tumomavali aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi SvedeTSi socialur-ekonomikuri situaciaimdenad ar Seicvleba, rom es uaryofiTad aisaxos sikvdilianobis doneze.

mecnierebi amtkiceben, rom adamians 110-130 weli SeuZlia icocxlos, magrammravali biologiuri da socialur-ekonomikuri faqtorebis zemoqmedebisSedegad is TiTqmis orjer nakleb xans cocxlobs. adamianis sicocxlisxangrZlivoba kacobriobis mTeli istoriis ganmavlobaSi ganuxreladizrdeboda (gamonakliss warmoadgenen masStaburi omebis da sayovelTaoepidemiebis periodebi). antikur epoqaSi adamianebi saSualod 25-30 welscocxlobdnen. ori saukunis win msoflioSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobadaaxloebiT 40 wels Seadgenda.40 1950 wlidan dRemde sicocxlis xangrZlivobismaCvenebeli 46-dan 65 wlamde gaizarda. me-20 saukuneSi sicocxlisxangrZlivobis sagrZnobi zrdis tendencia ganapiroba mecnierebisa da teqnikis,gansakuTrebiT ki farmaceftuli mrewvelobis miRwevebma, rasac moyvamosaxleobis samedicino momsaxurebis da sanitarul-higienuri donisgaumjobeseba. es tendencia SenarCunebuli iqneba Semdgomi 50 wlisganmavlobaSi. demografebis prognoziT 2050 wlisaTvis msoflioSi mosaxleobissicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeli 75 wlamde gaizrdeba.41

39 Демографический энциклопедический словарь. М., 1985, с. 18340 В.П. Максаковский. Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, с.11541 World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org/unpp

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sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis msoflio maCveneblis sagrZnob zrdasadgili hqonda me-19 saukunis meore naxevridan me-20 saukunis 80-ian wlebamde.Semdeg es tendencia Senelda da msoflios rig msxvil regionebSi (evropaSi,CrdiloeT amerikaSi, afrikaSi) moxda misi stabilizacia. aRsaniSnavia, rom Tuevropasa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi mosaxleobis sicocxlis xangrZlivobis zrdisSewyveta gamowveulia am regionebis “demografiuli daberebiT”, “axalgazrda”afrikaSi (CrdiloeT afrikis garda) ukanaskneli 20 wlis ganmavlobaSi vermoxerxda mosaxleobis jandacvis Sedmgomi gaumjobeseba.

cxrili #11msoflios msxvili regionebis mosaxleobis sicocxlis

saSualo (mosalodneli) xangrZlivoba42

regionimosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba

(wlebSi)1950-1955 wlebi 1985-1990 wlebi 2000-2005 wlebi

evropa 65,6 73,1 73,7

azia 41,4 62,3 67,3

afrika 38,4 51,5 49,1

laTinuri amerika 51,4 66,7 71,5

CrdiloeT amerika 68,8 74,9 77,6

avstralia daokeaneTi 60,4 70,9 74,0

msoflio 46,6 62,9 65,4

mosaxleobis sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobis maCveneblebSi kidev ufro didgansxvavebebs aRmovaCenT, Tu erTmaneTs msoflios calkeul qveynebs SevadarebT(ix. danarTi, nax. #15). amerikeli demografebis SefasebiT msofliosdaaxloebiT 70 qveyanaSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 75 welze metia. maTSoris aris evrokavSiris TiTqmis yvela qveyana, agreTve axlo aRmosavleTisxuTi (israeli, saudis arabeTi, iordania, quveiTi da arabTa gaerTianebulisaemiroebi), afrikis ori (libia da tunisi), CrdiloeT amerikis orive (aSS,kanada), okeaneTis ori (avstralia da axali zelandia), laTinuri amerikisramdenime (puerto-riko, argentina, kuba, ekvadori, urugvai, meqsika, panama,paragvai), aziis ganviTarebuli qveynebi (taivani, samxreT korea, iaponia). 43

saqarTveloSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivoba 2006 wlis monacemebiT 74,3wels Seadgenda.44 es kargi maCvenebelia, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT ukanaskneli 15wlis ganmavlobaSi qveyanSi Seqmnil rTul socialur-ekonomikur situacias,romelic uaryofiTad aisaxa mosaxleobis Semosavlebze da, Sesabamisadjandacvis sistemaze. aRsaniSnavia, rom saqarTvelo mosaxleobis sicocxlis

42 iqve43 CIA World Factbook. www.cia.gov44 saqarTvelos statistika. sicocxlis mosalodneli xangrZlivoba dabadebisas.www.statistics.ge

53

saSualo xangrZlivobis maCvenebeliT pirvel adgilzea dsT-s qveynebs Soris.Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom qarTveli demografis giorgi melaZis azriTarsebuli mZime demografiuli da socialur-ekonomikuri situaciis gamouaxloes momavalSi saqarTveloSi sicocxlis saSualo xangrZlivobismaCvenebeli ar gaizrdeba.45

jandacvis sferoSi arsebuli mdgomareoba, rogorc wesi, pirdapir aisaxebaqveynis mosaxleobis xarisxsze. jandacvis sistema warmoadgens rTulkompleqss, romelic yalibdeba da viTardeba socialur-ekonomikuri dakulturuli faqtorebis zemoqmedebiT. mosaxleobis janmrTelobis mdgomareobadamokidebulia qveynis bunebriv-klimatur pirobebze, masSi socialuri dacvismeqanizmebis efeqturi sistemis arsebobaze, mosaxleobis materialurkeTildReobaze da jandacvis ganviTarebaSi xelisuflebis daiteresebisxarisxze. es ukanaskneli faqtori uaRresad mniSvnelovania. zogierTi qveyana argamoirCeva ekonomikuri ganviTarebis maRali doniT, magram miuxedavad amisaxelisufleba qveynis Semosavlebis mniSvnelovan nawils swored jandacvisganviTarebaze xarjavs. kubas, mosaxleobis samedicino momsaxurebis erT-erTiyvelaze kargad ganviTarebuli sistema aqvs, Tumca socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis mxriv is ganviTarebadi qveynebis ricxvs miekuTvneba.

mosaxleobis jandacvis Sefaseba SesaZlebelia mravali kriteriumissafuZvelze. Cven gamoviyenebT im kriteriumebs, romlebsac aseT SemTxvevaSiprioritets aniWeben saerTaSoriso organizaciebi, maT Soris jandacvismsoflio organizacia, gaeros xalxTmosaxleobis fondi da msoflio banki.

qveynis jandacvis donis saukeTeso maCvenebelia 1 adamianis samedicinomomsaxurebaze daxarjuli saSualo wliuri Tanxa. adamianis janmrTelobisdacvaze danaxarjebis udidesi wili modis saxelmwifo biujetidan gamoyofilsaxsrebze, xolo danarCeni - samedicino-sadazRvevo kompaniebze. Tumca,saboloo jamSi jandacvis danaxarjebi qveynis mosaxleobis SemosavlebisnawiliT ifareba saxelmwifo biujetSi gadaricxuli saSemosavlo da sxva saxisgadasaxadebis an samedicino dazRvevis polisebSi gadaxdili Tanxis saxiT.Sesabamisad, rac ufro Semosavliania qveynis mosaxleoba, miT ufro met Tanxasxarjavs is samedicino momsaxurebaze. amiT SeiZleba aixsnas is faqti, rommsoflioSi erTi adamianis jandacvaze saSualod yvelaze didi Tanxa aSS-Siixarjeba. ganviTarebuli qveynebisgan gansxvavebiT ganviTarebadi samyaros Raribmosaxleobas ar gaaCnia sakmarisi Semosavali imisTvis, rom isargeblosdamakmayofilebeli donis samedicino momsaxurebiT. rogorc qvemoT mocemulicxrilidan Cans, afrikis zogierT qveyanaSi wliurad erTi adamianismkurnalobaze saSualod imdeni Tanxa (3-10 dolari) ixarjeba, ramdenic Tavis anyelis tkivilis sawinaaRmdego wamali Rirs.

unda aRiniSnos, rom afrikisgan gansxvavebiT jandacvis ganviTarebas didyuradRebas aqceven aziis da laTinuri amerikis qveynebi. maTi mTavrobebimosaxleobis jandacvis saWiroebebze yovelwliurad gamoyofen mSp-is 7-12%-sanu procentulad imdenives, ramdensac ganviTarebuli qveynebi. samwuxarod,saqarTveloSi mosaxleobis jandacvis done ukanaskneli 15 wlis ganmavlobaSimniSvnelovnad daeca. Cven qveyanaSi yoveli adamianis jandacvaze 2000-2005wlebSi saSualod 25 amerikuli dolaris odenobis Tanxa ixarjeboda. imaveperiodSi jandacvaze daxarjulma materialurma saxsrebma saSualod qveynismSp-s 3,8% Seadgina, rac gacilebiT naklebia vidre yofili sabWoTa kavSiriszogierTi qveynis, magaliTad, ruseTis (6,2%), somxeTis (5,5%), belorusis (6,4%)da moldovas (7%) analogiuri maCveneblebi.46

45 giorgi melaZe. saqarTvelos demografiuli gamowvevebi. Tbilisi, 2007. gv. 8446 www.worldbank.org Table 2.14

54

mosaxleobis jandacvis xarisxis mniSvnelovani indikatoria CvilTasikvdilianoba, romelic gviCvenebs Tu yovel 1000 dabadebulze ramdeni 1wlamde asakis bavSvi gardaicvala. me-12 cxrilis monacemebi gviCvenebsgansxvavebebs ganviTarebad da ganviTarebul qveynebs Soris. im dros, rodesacevropis da CrdiloeT amerikis qveynebSi CvilTa sikvdilianobis maCveneblebi 6‰-ze dabalia, afrikisa da aziis mTel rig qveynebSi analogiuri maCvenebeli 100‰-ze metia. saqarTveloSi CvilTa sikvdilianoba 18‰-s tolia, rac mTlianobaSiaradamakmayofileblad unda CaiTvalos. Tumca, aqve, unda aRiniSnos, rom dsT-isumravles qveynebSi CvilTa sikvdilianobis done ufro maRalia, vidresaqarTveloSi. magaliTad, Cven mezobel somxeTSi is 22‰-s, xolo azerbaijanSi79‰-s tolia. CvilTa sikvdilianobis dabali done miiRweva orsuli qalis,xolo mSobiarobis Semdeg dedis da axalSobilis janmrTelobis mdgomarobazemudmivi zedamxedvelobis gziT. am TvalsazrisiT gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvsmSobiarobis procesSi kvalificiuri samedicino personalis monawileobas.ganviTarebul qveynebSi praqtikulad yvela mSobiaroba am dargis specialistismonawileobiT mimdinareobs, xolo afrikisa da aziis qveynebis umravlesobaSi,rogorc me-12 cxrilidan Cans, es iSviaTi movlenaa.

cxrili #12jandacvis xarisxis maCveneblebi ganviTarebul da ganviTarebad qveynebSi47

ganviTarebuliqveynebi

w l e b i

2002 w. 2002 w. 2004 2000-2005 2000-2005

wliuridanaxarjijandacvazemSp-sTan48

mimarTebaSi(%-Si)

jandacviswliuridanaxarjebi1 adamianze(dolarebSi)

samedicinopersonalisraodenobayovel 1000adamianze49

CvilTasikvdili-anoba(‰-Si)

mSobiarobamedpersonalismonawileobiT(dabadebulTasaerToricxvTan %-Si)

aSS 14,6 5 274 5,5 6 99Sveicaria 11,2 4 219 3,5 4 -norvegia 9,6 4 033 3,6 4 -dania 8,8 2 835 3,7 4 -germania 10,9 2 631 3,6 4 -iaponia 7,9 2 476 2,0 3 100safrangeTi 9,7 2 348 3,3 4 -niderlandebi 8,8 2 298 3,3 5 100

ganviTarebadiqveynebi

gvinea-bisau 6,3 9 0,0 105 35eritrea 5,1 8 0,0 46 28nigeri 4,0 7 0,0 118 16somali 2,6 6 0,1 114 34madagaskari 2,1 5 0,4 75 46eTiopia 5,7 5 0,0 93 6liberia 2,1 4 0,0 155 51burundi 3,0 3 0,0 63 25

47 cxrili Sedgenilia Semdegi wyaroebis safuZvelze: www.worldbank.org-table 2.14; CIA WorldFactbook. www.cia.gov; Народонаселение мира в 2004 г. UNFPA, 2004, cc.130-13348 mSp – mTliani Sida produqti, aris yvela im saboloo saqonlisa da momsaxurebissabazro Rirebuleba, romelic iwarmoeba qveynis SigniT drois mocemul periodSi.49 samedicino personalSi igulisxmeba is pirebi, romlebmac daamTavres nebismieridonis samedicino saswavlebeli da muSaoben samedicino dawesebulebaSi

55

Nmosaxleobis xarisxze gansakuTrebuli zegavlena aqvs misi ganaTlebis dones.mosaxleobis ganaTlebis donis daxasiaTebisas ramdenime kriteriumigamoiyeneba, magram maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia wera-kiTxvis mcodneTaraodenobis gansazRvra.

cxrili #13

wera-kiTxvis mcodne mosaxleoba msoflios regionebis mixedviT50

(2000-2004 wlebi)

regionebiwera-kiTxvis mcodne 15 welze ufrosi

asakis mosaxleoba(%-Si mTel mosaxleobasTan)

orive sqesi kacebi qalebisaharis samxreTiT mdebare afrika 62 70 54arabuli qveynebi 62 73 51centraluri azia 99 100 99aRmosavleT azia da okeaneTi 91 95 88samxreT da dasavleT azia 58 71 45CrdiloeT amerika da dasavleTevropa

89 90 88

aRmosavleT evropa da yofilisabWoTa kavSiri (Sua aziisrespublikebis gamoklebiT)

99 99 99

msoflio sul 82 87 77

iuneskos51 ganmartebis Tanaxmad wera-kiTxvis armcodned anu uwignurad iTvleba15 welze ufrosi asakis adamiani, visac ar SeuZlia wera da kiTxva.mosaxleobis uwignurobis maCvenebeli saSualebas gvaZlevs davadginoT Tumocemul qveyanaSi (regionSi) ra mdgomareobaa sawyisi ganaTlebis mxriv.ganaTleba moicavs dawyebiT, saSualo da umaRles doneebs. dawyebiT doneze,romelic 4-5 weliwadi grZeldeba, adamianebi euflebian wera-kiTxvis sabazounarebs. bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi, saskolo ganaTleba, rogorc wesi mxoloddawyebiT dones moicavs.

cxrili #14

qveynebi wera-kiTxvis armcodne mosaxleobis yvelaze maRali wiliT52

qveynebiwera-kiTxvis armcodne 15welze ufrosi asakis

mosaxleoba(%-Si mTel mosaxleobasTan)

nigeri 83Cadi 75burkina faso 74benini 67gvinea 65avRaneTi 64somali 62

50 UNESCO Institute for Statistics. www.uis.unesco.org51 iunesko (UNESCO) aris gaeros ganaTlebis, mecnierebisa da kulturis organozacia52 CIA World Factbook. www.cia.gov

56

senegali 60erayi 60mavritania 59eTiopia 58gvinea bisau 58bangladeSi 57

saerTaSoriso organizaciebma, upirveles yovlisa ki iuneskom ukanaskneli 50wlis ganmavlobaSi didi Sroma gaswies ganviTarebad qveynebSi uwignurobisdaZlevis saqmeSi. 1950 wels msoflioSi wera-kiTxvis ucodinari adamianebiSeadgendnen mTeli mosaxleobis 44%-s, xolo 2000 wels es maCvenebeli 18%-mdeSemcirda.53 miuxedavad amisa, msoflios calkeuli regionebis mosaxleobisganaTlebis maCveneblebSi jer kidev mniSvnelovani sxvaoba SeiniSneba.

ganviTarebad samyaroSi saxezea wera-kiTxvis armcodne mosaxleobis maRalixvedriTi wili. amis ZiriTadi mizezi mdgomareobs imaSi, rom bevriganviTarebadi qveyana ganicdis maswavleblebis da skolebis deficits. gardaamisa, am qveynebSi Raribi ojaxebis bavSvebis umravlesoba iZulebulia adreuliasakidan Caebas SromiT saqmianobaSi, ris gamoc ver axerxebs skolaSi swavlas.am mxriv savalalo mdgomareobaSi arian azieli (yofili sabWoTa kavSirisaziuri nawilis gamoklebiT) da afrikeli qalebi. maTi naxevari wera-kiTxvisucodinaria, rac kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs sazogadoebaSi maT uuflebomdgomareobaze. socialistur qveynebSi dawyebiTi ganaTleba savaldebulo iyo,ramac ganapiroba am qveynebSi uwignurobis likvidacia. amiT unda aixsnas isfaqti, rom aRmosavleT evropaSi, centralur aziaSi (es regioni moicavsyofili ssrk-is xuT qveyanas) da danarCen yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi wera-kiTxvismcodneTa xvedriTi wili ufro maRalia vidre dasavleT evropasa da CrdiloeTamerikaSi.

mTlianobaSi, cxovrebis xarisxis geografiis Seswavla erT-erTi yvelazeaqtualuri sakiTxia. misi SeswavliT dakavebuli arian ara marto samecnierokvleviTi organizaciebi, aramed iseTi cnobili da prestiJuli gamocema,rogoricaa amerikuli Jurnali “ekonomisti” (“The Economist”). igi yovelwliuradaqveynebs cxovrebis xarisxis indeqss msoflios qveynebis mixedviT. TiToeuliqveynis indeqsis dadgena xdeba 9 sxvadasxva ekonomikuri, demografiuli,politikuri da geografiuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze. maT Soris gamoiyenebaiseTi kriteriumebi, rogoricaa: mSp erT sul mosaxleze, sicocxlisxangrZlivoba, ganqorwinebis maCvenebeli, genderuli Tanasworoba, mas-mediisTavisufleba, qveynis bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi da a.S. msoflioSi cxovrebisxarisxis yvelaze maRali ideqsiT gamoirCevian dasavleT evropis da CrdiloeTamerikis qveynebi (ix. danarTi, nax. #16). aRsaniSnavia, rom ruseTis, belorusisda yofili sabWoTa kavSiris aziuri nawilis rig qveynebSi cxovrebis xarisxisindeqsi ufro dabalia, vidre magaliTad CrdiloeT afrikaSi an laTinuramerikaSi. amis ZiriTadi mizezi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom centraluri aziisqveynebSi sakmaod dabalia sazogadoebis demokratizaciis done, xolo ruseTsada belorusSi dafiqsirebulia sicocxlis xangrZlivobis uaRresad dabali daganqorwinebis maRali maCveneblebi, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa am qveynebis saerTomaCvenebelze (indeqsze).

53 UNESCO Institute for Statistics. www.uis.unesco.org

57

3.3. mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqtura

Sromis ufleba adamianis sayovelTaod aRiarebuli uflebebisa daTavisuflebebis ganuyofeli nawilia. gaeros generaluri asambleis mier 1948wels miRebuli adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaraciis 23-e muxlismixedviT: “yovel adamians aqvs Sromis ufleba, saqmianobis Tavisufali arCevis,Sromis samarTliani da xelsayreli pirobebisa da umuSevrobisagan Tavdacvisufleba.”54 samwuxarod, msoflios bevr qveyanaSi arsebuli mZime socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareoba saSualebas ar iZleva, rom samuSaoTi dakmayofildesyvela, visac amis survili aqvs. Sesabamisad, msoflios mosaxleobismniSvnelovani nawili siRaribis zRvars miRma imyofeba.

adamianebis dasaqmebis done da xarisxi upirveles yovlisa damokidebuliasazogadoebis ekonomikur ganviTarebaze da mis demografiul maxasiaTeblebze.asakobrivi stuqturis specifikidan gamomdinare SromiT saqmianobaSi SeiZlebaCabmuli iyos mosaxleobis mxolod garkveuli nawili. maRalganviTarebulqveynebSi, sadac akrZalulia mozardebis, kerZod 15 an 16 wlamde adamianebisSromis gamoyeneba, dasaqmebulia sazogadoebis samuSao da sapensio asakiskontigenti. ganviTarebad qveynebSi am kategoriis adamianebs ematebaTdasaqmebuli mozardebi. calkeuli qveynebis kanonmdebloba sxvadasxvagvaradadgens Sromisunariani asakis CarCoebs. mag., ruseTSi samuSao asakismosaxleobaSi Sedian 16-59 wlis mamakacebi da 16-54 wlis qalebi; aSS-Si – orivesqesis 15-64 wlis adamianebi; did britaneTSi – 16-64 wlis mamakacebi da 16-59wlis qalebi.

mniSvnelovania samuSao asakis mosaxleobis Sefardeba samuSaomdeli dasapensio asakis mosaxleobasTan, romelic gviCvenebs mosaxleobis demografiuldatvirTvas. msoflioSi yoveli 100 Sromisunariani adamiani arCens saSualod 70mozardsa da xandazmul adamians. ganviTarebul qveynebSi es maCvenebelidaaxloebiT 50-55-is tolia, xolo ganviTarebad qveynebSi – 100-is. ruseTSi,sadac mosaxleobis samuSao asaki 5-10 wliT ufro mcirea, vidre msofliosqveynebis umravlesobaSi mosaxleobis datvirTvis maCvenebeli daaxloebiT 67-istolia. mosaxleobis maRali demografiuli datvirTva damatebiT sirTuleebsuqmnis ganviTarebadi samyaros socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobas.

demografiuli viTareba da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis specifika aisaxeba qveynisSromiTi resursebis formirebaze. “SromiT resursebs miekuTvneba samuSaoasakSi myofi mosaxleoba (invalidebis gamoklebiT) da is kontingentebi, vincjer ar Sesula samuSao asakSi an gadascilda mas, magram faqtobrivadmonawileobs sazogadoebriv SromaSi”.55

SromiTi resursebi pirobiTad sam jgufad SeiZleba daiyos:

samuSao asakis adamianebi am asakis invalidebis gamoklebiT;

samuSaomdeli asakis momuSave adamianebi;

sapensio asakis momuSave adamianebi.

SromiTi resursebis mniSvnelovan nawils Seadgens ekonomikurad aqtiurimosaxleoba. gaeros ganmartebiT ekonomikurad aqtiur mosaxleobas (eam)warmoadgenen sazogadoebrivi Sromis procesSi Cabmul adamianebi (ganurCevladmaTi asakisa) da oficialurad registrirebuli umuSevrebi. am kategoriaSi,rogorc wesi ar SehyavT diasaxlisebi da pirad sakarmidamo meurneobaSidasaqmebuli adamianebi. msoflios nebismier qveyanaSi ekonomikurad aqtiurimosaxleobis ricxovnoba naklebia, vidre SromiTi resursebis raodenoba.

54 adamianis uflebaTa sayovelTao deklaracia. Tbilisi, teqinformi, 1990, gv. 2355 vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 116

58

ganviTarebul qveynebSi miRebuli meTodologiiT ekonomikurad aqtiurimosaxleoba (Economically Active Population) igivea, rac samuSao Zala (Labour Force).am kategoriaSi ar SehyavT diasaxlisebi da pirad sakarmidamo meurneobaSidasaqmebuli adamianebi.

cxrili #15

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis maCveneblebi msoflios regionebismixedviT (1996 da 2006 wlebi)56

regionebi

eam-is wiliregionis

mosaxleobaSi (%-Si)

umuSevarTawili regioniseam-Si (%-Si)

1996 w. 2006 w. 1996 w. 2006 w.

msoflio 62.6 61.4 6.1 6.3

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi 55.9 56.7 7.8 6.2

centraluri da aRmosavleT evropa(araevrokavSiris qveynebi) da dsT

54.8 53.0 9.7 9.3

aRmosavleT azia 75.1 71.6 3.7 3.6

samxreT aRmosavleT azia daokeaneTis ganviTarebadi qveynebi

67.5 67.1 3.7 6.6

samxreT azia 58.4 56.5 4.4 5.2

laTinuri amerika da karibis zRvisauzi

58.5 60.3 7.9 8.0

axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTafrika

44.9 47.3 13.0 12.2

saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrika 68.8 67.0 9.2 9.8

qveynis socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis da mosaxleobis keTildReobis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi maxasiaTebelia dasaqmebis done. saerTaSorisoorganizaciebi dasaqmebis donis gansazRvrisas orgvar midgomas iyeneben.pirvelis mixedviT gamoiTvleba ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis xvedriTiwili mTeli mosaxleobis mimarT, xolo meores mixedviT - ekonomikuradaqtiuri mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili samuSao asakis mosaxleobis mimarT.

umuSevroba aris sazogadoebriv saqmianobaSi ekonomikurad aqtiurimosaxleobis dausaqmebloba. umuSevrebs warmoadgenen 16 wlis (rig qveynebSi 15wlis) da ufrosi asakis adamianebi, romlebsac ar gaaCniaT dasaqmeba. amkategoriaSi ar SehyavT dausaqmebeli invalidebi, fsiqiurad daavadebuliadamianebi, patimrebi da SeiaraRebuli Zalebis mosamsaxureebi. umuSevrobawarmoiSveba im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac dasaqmebaze moTxovna aWarbebs realuradarsebuli samuSao adgilebis raodenobas. ganarCeven realur da faqtobrivumuSevrobas. faqtobriv umuSevrad SeiZleba CaiTvalos nebismieri dausaqmebeliaramozardi, xolo realuri umuSevroba moicavs mxolod registrirebulumuSevrebs, e.i. maT, vinc dausaqmebelia da oficialuri arxebiT cdilobs

56 Global Employment Trends. Brief, January, 2007, p.11. International Labour Office. www.ilo.org

59

samuSaos povnas. umuSevrobis done aris dausaqmebel adamianTa xvedriTi wilieam-Si.

cxrili #16

msoflios qveynebi dasaqmebis da umuSevrobis yvelaze maRali doniT (XXIsaukunis dasawyisi; Sefaseba)

qveynebidasaqmebis done

(eam-is wili samuSaoasakis mosaxleobaSi -%)57

qveynebiumuSevrobisdone (%-Si)58

islandia 83.0 nauru 90.0Sveicaria 78.0 liberia 85.0norvegia 76.0 zimbabve 80.0dania 75.0 TurqmeneTi 60.0Svecia 74.0 zambia 50.0niderlandebi 73.0 aRm. timori 50.0didi britaneTi 73.0 jibuti 50.0axali zelandia 72.0 senegali 48.0kanada

72.0bosnia dahercegovina

45.0

aSS 71.0 lesoto 45.0avstralia 69.0 nepali 42.0iaponia 68.0 kenia 40.0avstria 68.0 svazilendi 40.0fineTi 67.0 avRaneTi 40.0portugalia 66.0 makedonia 38.0

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (Internatioanl Labor Organization – ILO)monacemebiT 2005 wels msoflioSi daaxlobiT 192 milioni umuSevari iyo.59

saerTaSoriso organizaciebis statistikuri monacemebi asaxavs realurumuSevrobas. miuxedavad amisa, qveynebis Sedareba umuSevrobis donis mixedviTrTulia, radgan maTSi umuSevrobis aRricxva gansxvavebuli meTodikiT xdeba.mTeli rigi qveynebi eam-s miakuTvneben diasaxlisebs da pirad sakarmidamomeurneobaSi dasaqmebul adamianebs. Sesabamisad, am qveynebSi umuSevrobis donedabali iqneba. mag., uzbekeTis da azerbaijanis oficialuri statistikiTumuSevrobis done am qveynebSi Seadgens Sesabamisad 0,7 da 1,2%-s, rac ar asaxavsarsebul mdgomareobas. Tu qveynis oficialur statistikas ekonomikuradaqtiur mosaxleobaSi Seyavs ara sazogadoebriv SromaSi Cabmuli, aramednebismieri formiT dasaqmebuli adamiani, aseT SemTxvevebSi am qveyanaSi saqmegvaqvs farul umuSevrobasTan, rac sakmaod gavrcelebulia ganviTarebadsamyaroSi.

umuSevroba, misi warmoSobis mizezebis mixedviT SeiZleba ramdenime saxis iyos,kerZod:

sezonuri umuSevroba warmoiSoba Sromis bazris moklevadianicikluri cvlilebebis dros.

friqciuli umuSevroba umuSevrobis moklevadiani formaa. ismoicavs erTi samsaxuridan meoreSi gadasvlis periods.

57 www.oecd.org58 CIA World Factbook. 2005. www.cia.gov59 www.laborsta.ilo.org

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struqturuli umuSevroba Tan axlavs ekonomikisrestruqturizaciis process.

cikluri umuSevroba warmoiqmneba produqciaze moTxovnis dacemisan warmoebis moculobis Semcirebis SemTxvevaSi. es umuSevrobisyvelaze gavrcelebuli saxeobaa.

mosaxleobis dasaqmebis struqturis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ukaviaekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawilebas ekonomikis seqtorebismixedviT, romelic asaxavs mocemuli regionis, qveynis socialur-ekonomikuriganviTarebis dones. ganviTarebad samyaroSi maRalia soflis meurneobaSidasaqmebul adamianTa xvedriTi wili, xolo ganviTarebul qveynebSi esmaCvenebeli sakmaod dabalia, samagierod dasaqmebis done aq maRaliamomsaxurebis e.i. ekonomikis mesameul seqtorSi. rogorc me-17 cxrilidan Cans,ekonomikis pirvelad seqtorSi (soflis meurneobaSi) dasaqmebulTa xvedriTiwili uaRresad maRalia “Sav afrikaSi”, sadac mocemul sferoSi mTeli eam-isTiTqmis 2/3 Cabmuli. aRniSnuli maCvenebeli, aseve maRalia TiTqmis mTel aziaSi(gamonakliss warmoadgens samxreT-dasavleT azia).

cxrili #17msoflios regionebSi ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba

ekonomikis seqtorebis mixedviT (2006 w.)60

regionebi

calkeuli regionebis ekonomikuradaqtiuri mosaxleobis ganawileba

ekonomikis seqtorebis mixedviT (%-Si)soflismeurneoba

mrewveloba momsaxureba

msoflio 38.7 21.3 40.0maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi 3.2 24.2 72.6laTinuri amerika da karibis zRvisauzi

18.8 19.8 61.4

aRmosavleT evropa (araevrokavSirisqveynebi) da dsT

22.0 27.7 50.3

axlo aRmosavleTi da CrdiloeTafrika

29.7 22.9 47.4

samxreT aRmosavleT azia daokeaneTis ganviTarebadi qveynebi

47.0 17.8 35.2

aRmosavleT azia 48.4 25.8 25.8samxreT azia 51.7 25.8 29.5saharis samxreTiT mdebare afrika 63.0 8.8 28.2

maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis eam-is mxolod 3% dakavebuli dasaqmebispirvelad seqtorSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis maRaliproduqtiulobis xarjze fermerTa es mcire raodenoba TiTqmis sruladakmayofilebs ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleobis moTxovnilebas kvebisproduqtebze. momsaxurebis sferoSi dasaqmebulTa xvedriTi wiliT gamoirCevaevrokavSiri, CrdiloeT evropa da iaponia, sadac Cabmulia eam-is TiTqmis samimeoTxedi. ukanasknel wlebSi ekonomikur ganviTarebaSi miRweuli warmatebebisgamo laTinur amerikaSi mkveTrad gaizarda mesameul seqtorSi dasaqmebuladamianTa wili (61,4%). am maCvenebliT laTinurma amerikam gauswro aRmosavleTevropis yofil socialistur qveynebs.

60 Global Employment Trends. Brief, January, 2007, p.12. International Labour Office. www.ilo.org

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3.4. mosaxleobis rasobrivi Semadgenloba

Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi ramdenime mosazreba arsebobs adamianis warmoSobisSesaxeb. maT Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulia ori Teoria – policentruli damonocentruli. pirveli Teoriis mixedviT adamiani warmoiSva sxvadasxvaregionebSi da amis gamo arsebobs gansxvavebebi rasebs Soris. monocentruliTeoriis fuZemdeblis Carlz darvinis mixedviT, ki adamiani warmoiSva Crdilo-aRmosavleT afrikaSi. Semdgom, migraciis meSveobiT adamianTa jgufebiaRmoCndnen msoflios sxvadasxva regionebSi, ganicades adaptacia daSesabamisad ramdenime rasa Camoyalibda.

am Teoriebis miuxedavad saxezea rasebis arseboba. rasa aris garkveulgeografiul arealSi adamianTa istoriulad Camoyalibebuli jgufi, romliswevrebisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTnairi morfologiuri da fiziologiuriniSnebi. rasa (adamianTa fenotipi) yvelaze msxvili anTropologiuridajgufebaa.

arsebobs rasebis klasifikaciis ramdenime modeli, maT Soris yvelazegavrcelebulia: 1) tipologiuri (morfologiuri), 2) mosaxleobebis Serevis da3) klinaluri (biologiuri variaciebis, upiratesad fiziologiuri) modelebi.

tipologiuri modeli ufro miRebulia. rasebisadmi tipologiuri midgomismTavari mizania adamianebi ganasxvavos morfologiuri niSnebiT, rac moicavskanis fers, tuCebisa da cxviris formas, yvrimalebis formas, Tmis fers da a.S.rasebis yvelaze zogadi tipologiuri klasifikacia ganasxvavebs oTx ZiriTadrasas:

afrikuls,

avstraloidurs,

monRoloidurs da

kavkasiurs (evropeoidurs)

afrikul rasas xSirad negroiduli rasis saxeliTac moixsenieben.civilizebul samyaroSi gavrcelebuli eTikuri normebis gaTvaliswinebiTsasurvelia es termini ar vixmaroT. kavkasoiduri rasa jer kidev sabWoTa daamJamad rusul literaturaSi garkveuli politikuri mosazrebebiTmoixsenieboda da moixsenieba, rogorc evropeoiduri rasa.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli 500 wlis ganmavlobaSi intensiuri migraciuliprocesebis safuZvelze Seicvala rasebis gavrcelebis geografia. amJamadafrikuli rasis warmomadgenlebi mravlad arian CrdiloeT da samxreTamerikaSi, xolo avstraliaSi da amerikaSi gacilebiT ufro meti kavkasoidicxovrobs, vidre avstraloidi da monRoloidi. msoflios mosaxleobisrasobrivi struqturis dinamikaze zusti informacia ar arsebobs, magramgarkveuli Sefasebebis mixedviT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom yvelaze mravalricxovanikavkasiuri rasaa, romlis warmomadgenlebi umravlesobas Seadgenen oriveamerikaSi, evropaSi, aziis did nawilSi (samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis garda),avstraliasa da CrdiloeT afrikaSi. raodenobiT Semdeg adgilebze arianmonRoloidebi, afrikelebi da avstraloidebi.

rasebi iyofa subrasebad. anTropologi riCard makkaloqi mag., kavkasoidurrasaSi 10 subrasas gamoarCevs, romlebic Tavis mxriv kidev saxeobebad iyofa.61

rusi mecnieri valeri tiSkovi Tavis klasifikaciaSi gamoyofs 4 ZiriTad da 6

61 Richard McCulloch. Races of Humanity. www.racialcompact.com

62

gardamaval rasas.62 am klasifikaciis mixedviT qarTvelebi Sedian evropeoidurirasis samxreTuli formis balkanur-kavkasiur jgufSi. rasebis gardamavaliformebis arseboba ganapiroba sxvadasxva rasebis warmomadgenlebis Serevam, racdidi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda. ase Seiqmna gardamavali rasebi,rogorebicaa samxreT induri rasa, romelic Camoyalibda kavkasoidTa daavstraloidTa Serevis Sedegad. mecnierebi miiCneven, rom dRevandeliiaponelebi avstraloidebis da monRoloidebis STamomavlebi arian. rasebis,xalxebis Serevis sakiTxis Seswavla warmoadgens mosaxleobebis Serevisspecialistebis kvlevis ZiriTad sagans.

aucilebeli araa, rom rasaTa Serevis procesi saukuneebis ganmavlobaSimimdinareobdes. dRevandel mobilur msoflioSi sxvadasxva rasaTawarmomadgenlebis Sereva ufro xSirad erT an or Taobas moicavs. cxadia,amgvari Serevis Sedegad miRebul STamomavlobas Sesabamisi terminebiTmoixsenieben. mag, kavkasoidis da afrikelis STamomavals mulati ewodeba,indielis da kavkasoidis STamomavals – metisi, indielis da afrikelisSTamomavals – zambo, xolo adamians, romelic gaCnda samxreT amerikaSi anafrikaSi am regionis mkvidri warmomadgenlis frangTan, portugalielTan anespanelTan qorwinebis Sedegad kreols uwodeben.

zogadad xalxebis, kerZod ki rasebis Seswavlis klinaluri meTodis mTavarimizania gamoavlinis genebis is tipebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebelia ama Tu imxalxisaTvis, rasisaTvis. am dargis specialistebis ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmobasxvadasxva rasebis sisxlis SemadgenlobaSi gansxvavebebis gamovlenas. esgansxvavebebi ki, rogorc maTma kvlevebma aCvena realurad arsebobs. mag.,evropis xalxebSi sisxlSi e.w. aleles Semcveloba iklebs dasavleTidanaRmosavleTisaken.63 klinaluri meTodiT rasebis an xalxebis Seswavlaadasturebs im faqts, rom geografiul garemos mniSvnelovani zegavlena aqvsadamianebis ara marto morfologiur, aramed fiziologiur Tvisebebzec.

62 В.А.Тишков "Единство и многообразие культур". www.cbook.ru/peoples63 Models of Classification. www.anthro.palomar.edu

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3.5 lingvisturi geografia da msoflios mosaxleobis enobrivi Semadgenloba

ena aris niSnebis dinamikuri sistema, romelsac gaaCnia sakomunikacio,azrovnebisa da Sinaarsis gadmocemis funqciebi.64 ena warmoiSva pirvelyofiliadamianebis Camoyalibebis procesSi, xolo misi ganviTareba da daxvewamimdinareobda sazogadoebrivi cvlilebebis paralelurad. ena adamianis dasazogadoebis ganviTarebis mZlavri wyaroa. religiasTan erTad is kulturisumniSvnelovanesi komponentia, romelic erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs individebsda socialur-kulturul erTobebs. enis kulturis ganviTarebis dagavrcelebis umniSvnelovanesi saSualebaa.

enaTa da enobrivi movlenebis gavrceleba warmoadgens geografebis Seswavlissagans. micnierebis is dargi, romelic Seiswavlis enaTa gavrcelebisgeografiul (teritoriul) Taviseburebebs aris lingvisturi geografia(lingvogeografia).

lingvogeografiis kvlevis ZiriTad obieqts warmoadgens lingvisturi areali.SeiZleba gamovyoT didi da mcire lingvisturi arealebi. maTi sidide xSirSemTxvevaSi damokidebulia geografiuli garemos tipze. amerikeli lingvistijohana nikolsi gamoyofs gavrcobil da Caketil lingvistur arealebs.Caketili lingvisturi arealis sazRvrebi, rogorc wesi gadis teritoriislandSaftur-geografiul msxvil erTeulebze (okeaneebze, mTebze, mdinareebzeda a.S.). im dros, rodesac gavrcobili lingvoarealebi did sivrceze ariangadaWimuli, rac am teritoriaze xels uwyobs erTi enis mravali dialeqtisSeqmnas. Caketil lingvistur arealebSi ki viTardeba damoukidebeli enebi.aseTi arealebis tipiur magaliTs warmoadgens kavkasia, xolo gavrcobililingvisturi arealisas – evraziis stepebi.65

geografiuli garemos zemoqmedebiT iqmneba lingvisturi arealis genetikurisimWidrove, romelic gvaCvenebs enis genetikuri ojaxebis raodenobas mocemuliteritoriis farTobis erTeulze. genetikuri simWidrovis maCveneblebisSedarebam saSualeba misca mecnierebs gamoetanaT daskvna imis Taobaze, romaxali samyarosTvis damaxasiaTebelia enaTa ojaxebis ufro meti raodenoba,vidre evraziis kontinentisaTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi farTobi evraziisfarTobTan SedarebiT mcirea. msoflioSi genetikuri simWidrovis yvelazemaRali maCvenebeli ki damaxasiaTebelia axali gvineisaTvis – 88.8. amis mizezadjohana nikolsi geografiul faqtorebs asaxelebs, iseTebs, rogoricaa dabaliganedi, topografiuli barierebi, romlebic ganapirobeben SedarebiT mcireteritoriaze mravali lingvisturi jgufebis, Sesabamisad enobrivimravalferovnebis warmoSobas.66 geografiuli garemos tipi, romelSicvrceldeba ena, mniSvnelovan zegavlenas axdens formirebul enebsa dadialeqtebs Soris genetikuri kavSiris xasiaTze. geografiuli garemo xSiradqmnis zust sazRvrebs da piriqiT – mkafio landSaftur-geografiulisazRvrebis ararsebobis SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs e.w. dialeqtebis jaWviswarmoqmnasTan.

geografiuli faqtori sakmaod mniSvnelovania iseTi lingvisturiprocesebisaTvis, rogorebicaa enobrivi kavSiri da enis difuzia. termini _`enobrivi kavSiri~ gulisxmobs mosazRvre teritoriebze gavrcelebuli enebisstruqturul msgavsebas, amasTan, am enebs Soris lingvisturi axlonaTesaobaamisaTvis ar aris aucilebeli. msxvili enobrivi kavSiris yvelaze naTelmagaliTs warmoadgens samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis izolirebuli da analitikuri

64 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. tomi 4. Tbilisi, 1979 w., gv.14165 Андрей Кибрик. Лингвистическая география. www.krugosvet.ru/articles/77/1007726/1007726a1.htm66 iqve

64

enebi – es kavSiri aerTianebs enebs, romlebic warmoadgenen enaTa oTx ojaxs.enebis urTierTkavSiris procesSi adgili aqvs gramatikul urTierTqmedebas,romelic axdens gavlenas enis mTlian struqturaze.

enaTa urTierTkavSiris Sedegad xdeba `difuzia~, kerZod erTi ena gramatikuliTvalsazrisiT zemoqmedebs meoreze. termini `difuzia~ ufro zogadia, vidre`enobrivi areali~. difuziis Sedegad drois didi intervalis Semdeg SeiZlebaaRmoCndes, rom erTi arealis aramonaTesave enebi, tipologiurad ufro axlosarian erTmaneTTan, vidre monaTesave enebTan, romlebic sxvadasxva geografiularealebSi mdebareoben.

zemoT CamoTvlili magaliTebidan naTlad gamoikveTa, rom erTi enis gavlenasmeoreze geografiuli safuZveli gaaCnia, gansakuTrebiT mezobeliteritoriebisaTvis. Tumca, mTel rig SemTxvevebSi ar aris aucilebeli, romerTi enis gavlena meoreze geografiuli faqtorebiT iyos gamowveuli, amismagaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT rusuli ena, romelic ganicdida gavlenasZvelslavuri, germanuli da franguli enebisa, miuxedavad imisa, rom rusulienis gavrcelebis areali ar esazRvreboda arc erTi zemoTCamoTvlili enisgavrcelebis areals. yvela SemTxvevaSi lingvisturi zegavlena gamoiwveuliiyo mocemuli enebis maRali socialuri prestiJiT. dRevandel msoflioSiinglisuri enis sxva enebze zegavlena xdeba ara geografiuli faqtoris, aramedam enaze mosaubreTa meSveobiT.

enobrivi niSani erovnulobis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia, misiganuyofeli nawili. gavrcelebulia Sexeduleba, rom eri lingvisturkategorias warmoadgens. amitomac xalxebis klasifikaciaSi enobrivi siaxlovisprincips iyeneben. aseTi naTesaoba, Cveulebriv, ramdenime eris erTi fuZidanwarmomavlobas ukavSirdeba. yoveli eri saerTo enaze saubrobs, mxolodramdenime SemTxveva arsebobs, rodesac eris calkeuli nawili sxvadasxva enazesaubrobs. mag., mordva saubrobs or Zalze gansxvavebul – moSkanur daerzianul enebze. irlandielTa mxolod 1/5 saubrobs mSobliur enaze, danarCeniki – inglisur enaze. Sesabamisad arsebobs erTerovani saxelmwifoebi, sadacsaxelmwifo enis statusi miniWebuli aqvs im enas, romelzec metyvelebsmosaxleobis umravlesoba. arsebobs mravalenovani saxelmwifoebi, sadacerovnuli umciresobebi, garda mSobliuri enisa, iyeneben aseve gabatonebulerovnul enas. aseTi orenovani xalxTa jgufebi gvxvdeba upiratesad aziisa daafrikis axalgazrda saxelmwifoebSi, sadac lokalur enebTan erTad sul ufrodid mniSvnelobas iZens da Zalze farTod vrceldeba oficialuri saxelmwifoenebi (mag.: indoeTSi – hindi, pakistanSi – urdu, indoneziaSi – baxasa indonezia,filipinebze – pilipino). orenovnebas bilingualizms uwodeben, xolo TuqveyanaSi or enaze meti aris gavrcelebuli – multilingualizmi. orenovneba,rogorc wesi gavrcelebulia eTnikuri sazRvrebis gaswvriv. bilingualizmismovlena damaxasiaTebelia agreTve qveynebisTvis, romelSic imigrantTa didiraodenobaa.

evropis bevri saxelmwifo orenovani an mravalenovania (ix. danarTi, nax. #17).mag., SveicariaSi germano-Sveicarielebi laparakoben erT-erT zemogermanuldialeqtze, franko-Sveicarielebi – safrangeTis mosazRvre raionebisdialeqtebze, italo-Sveicarielebi – italiuri enis Crdilour dialeqtebze.gvxvdeba meoTxe enac – retoromanuli, romelzec romauli legionerebisSTamomavalni saubroben. qveyanaSi es oTxive ena saxelmwifo enad arisgamocxadebuli. orenovania belgiac: flandriaSi, romelic qveynis CrdiloeTiTmdebareobs saubroben enaze, romelic mezobeli holandiuris msgavsia, xolovaloniaSi – frangulad. avstriaSi oTxi oficialuri enaa. esenia: germanulimTels qveyanaSi, sloveniuri – karinTiaSi, xorvatiuli da ungruli –burgenlandSi. espaneTSic oTxi oficialuri ena gvxvdeba – espanuri

65

oficialuria mTeli qveynisaTvis, xolo kataloniuri, galiciuri da baskurienebi oficialuria Sesabamis provinciebSi.

orenovneba xSiri movlenaa aseve afrikisa da aziis, amerikis zogierTsaxelmwifoSi, iq, sadac, romelime adgilobriv enasTan erTad oficialuradaRiarebulia yofili metropoliiis ena, rac xSiri movlenaa. mag., afrikis 55qveynidan 21-Si oficialurad aRiarebulia franguli ena, maT Soris 9-Siinglisur da adgilobriv enebTan erTad, 19-Si ki oficialuri inglisuria, maTSoris 9-Si romelime adgilobriv enasTan erTad. 5 qveyanaSi oficialuri enaportugaliuria67. afrikis garda yofili metropoliebis ena adgilobrivTanerTad oficialuria aziisa da amerikis saxelmwifoebSic. mag., pakistanSioficialuri enis statusi miniWebuli aqvs inglisurs da urdus., indoeTSi –inglisursa da hindis, Sua aziis saxelmwifoebSi – yazaxeTSi, yirgizeTSi,TurqmeneTSi, tajikeTsa da uzbekeTSi yofili metropoliis ena – rusuli aramxolod farTod gamoiyeneba, aramed yazaxeTsa da yirgizeTSi oficialuri enisstatusic ki gaaCnia. samxreT amerikis saxelmwifoebSi ki adgilobriv indieltomTa enebTan erTad oficialuria yofili metropoliis ena – espanuri.

saxelmwifo enebi lingvisturad mravalferovan qveynebSi “lingva frankas”(Lingua franca) rols asruleben. Elingva franka anu narevi ena warmoadgenssxvadasxva enebis sinTezs, romelic gamoiyeneba erTaSorisi urTierTobisprocesSi. es termini momdinareobs franguli enis dialeqtidan, romelicmiRebul iqna jvarosnebis urTierTobis enad wminda miwaze laSqrobis dros.mogvianebiT is iyo ena vaWrebisTvis da mogzaurebisTvis aRmosavleTxmelTaSuazRvispireTSi.

Cv.w.aR-mde me-3 da Cv. w. aR-is me-5 saukuneebs Soris xelmTaSua zRvis samyaroiyo erTiani da enac saerTo iyo – berZnuli. mogvianebiT romis batonobis droslingva franka gaxda laTinuri ena, vidre evropulma regionalurma enebma ardaiwyes damoukidebeli ganviTareba. aseve arameuli ena TamaSobda amave rolsCvens welTaRricxvamde me-5 saukunidan axali welTaRicxvis me-4 saukunemdeaxlo aRmosavleTsa da egvipteSi da xalifatis periodSi (da sakmaod didxans,momdevno xanaSic) arabuli iyo axlo aRmosavleTis lingva franka.

arsebobs enebis tipologiuri da genetikuri klasifikacia. pirveli efuZnebamorfologias, fonetikas, sintaqss, semantikas. genetikuri klasifikaciagulisxmobs enaTa dajgufebas naTesaobis, anu saerTo warmomavlobis mixedviT.monaTesave enaTa jgufi Seadgens enaTa ojaxs. enaTa ojaxi aris enaTagenealogiuri klasifikaciis ZiriTadi erTeuli – erToblioba monaTesaveenebisa, romlebic erTi fuZe-enis diferenciaciis Sedegad aris warmoSobili.maTSi gamoiyofa Stoebi (jgufebi).68 diferenciaciis procesi sxvadasxva drosramodenimejer SeiZleboda momxdariyo, amis Sesabamisad ojaxi iyofa ufroaxlo monaTesave enaTaAStoebad da kidev ufro mcire qvejgufebad. TiToeulStos an qvejgufs Tavisi fuZe ena qonda, es ukanaskneli ki Tavis mxriv mTeliojaxis saerTo enisagan momdinareobs.

enaTa ojaxis formirebis procesi mWidrod iyo dakavSirebuli dedamiwazemosaxleobis gansaxlebasTan. yvelaze axali enebi, rogorc wesi gvxvdebamezobel xalxebs Soris, rac ganpirobebulia saerTo warmomavlobiT an erTiregionis SigniT xangrZlivi erToblivi TanacxovrebiT. garkveul SemTxvevebSienobrivi msgavseba SeiniSneba im xalxebs Sorisac, romlebic erTmaneTismoSorebiT cxovroben (mag., iakutebsa da azerbaijanelebs Soris, ungrelebsa da

67 vaJa neiZe da sxv. msoflios socialur-ekonomikuri geografia, Tbilisi, lega, 2004,gv. 4668 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. tomi 4. Tbilisi, 1979 w., gv.145

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mansebs Soris da a.S.) es aixsneba imiT, rom am enebze molaparake xalxebs ansaerTo genetikuri fesvebi gaaCniaT an Soreul warsulSi mosazRvreteritoriaze cxovrobdnen.

enaTa ojaxebisa da jgufebis gavrcelebis geografiuli sazRvrebisazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriis manZilze ganuwyvetliv icvleboda. mag.,arabul enaze, romelsac VII saukenemde iyenebda arabeTis naxevarkunZulismosaxleobis mcire nawili, dResdReobiT saubrobs mTeli samxreT-dasavleTiazia da CrdiloeT afrikis saxelmwifoebis mosaxleoba, rac mTeli dedamiwis10%-s Seadgens. sakmaod did arealzea gavrcelebuli Turquli enebis jgufi,romelic moicavs teritorias balkaneTis naxevarkunZulidan Crdilo-aRmosavleT cimbiris CaTvliT.

sxvadasxva SefasebiT 30-dan 100-mde enaTa ojaxia cnobili. yvelaze kargad indo-evropuli enaTa ojaxia Seswavlili. misi gavrcelebis areali yvelaze didia damoicavs evropas, samxreT-dasavleT da samxreT azias, CrdiloeT da samxreTamerikas, avstralias. indo-evropuli ojaxis enebze saubrobs mTeli msofliosmosaxleobis 45%.

indoevropuli enebis ojaxs ori Sto gaaCnia (aRmosavluri da dasavluri).aRmosavlur Stos ekuTvnis enebi indoariuli (sanskriti, hindi, urdu,bengaluri, gujaraTi, oria da sxv.) da iranuli jgufisa (dasavluri-sparsulianu farsi, tajikuri, qurTuli, belujuri, taturi, TaliSuri da sxv.aRmosavluri _ dari, puStu anu avRanuri, osuri, pamiris enebi _ vaxanuri,Suganuri, iSkaSimuri da sxva) amave Stos ekuTvnis nuristanuli enebi (aSkuni,paruni), aseve berZnuli da somxuri enebi.

dasavlur Stos miekuTvneba _ romanuli, kelturi da germanuli (germanikuli)enebi. romanuli enebi ganviTarda laTinuri enebis dialeqtebidan, 2000 wliswinaT laTinuri ena iyo saerTo mTel romis imperiaSi. me-5 saukuneSi ki romisimperiis dacemis Semdeg, evropis erTianoba dairRva da laTinuri enisregionalurma variantebma daiwyes ganviTareba erTmaneTisagan izolirebuladda Semdgom saukuneebSi Camoyalibdnen damoukidebel enebad. esenia: espanuri,franguli, portugaliuri, masTan axlo mdgomi galiciuri, kataloniuri,oqitanuri (privansaluri), retoromanuli, italiuri, sardiniuri, ruminuli.kelturi enebi aerTianeben goidelur enebisa (irlanduri, geluri, menuri) dabritanul enebis (bretonuli, uelsuri, TiTqmis mkvdari ena _ kornueluri)qvejgufebs. germanuli enebis jgufi sam qvejgufad iyofa: aRmosavleTgermanuli (mkvdari goTuri ena), Crdilogermanuli anu skandinaviuri (Sveduri,norvegiuli, fareruli, islandiuri) da dasavleT germanuli qvejgufi(inglisuri, frizuli holandiuri, afrikaansi, germanuli, idiSi).

zemoT CamoTvlili enebis garda indoevropuli enebis ojaxSi Sedis asevebaltiuri da slavuri enebi. baltiurSi Sedian (dasavleTbaltiuri _ mkvdariprusiuli ena da aRmosavleTbaltiuri _ litvuri da latviuri). slavuri enebi,Tavis mxriv iyofa aRmosavleT slavur (rusuli, ukrainuli, belorusuli),dasavleT slavur (Cexuri, slovakuri, polonuri, leJicuri) da samxreT slavur(bulgarul, makedonur, slovenur, serboxorvatul) enebad.

evropaSi gvxvdeba, agreTve izolirebuli ena _ baskuri, romelic arc erTenaTa ojaxSi ar Sedis. is gavrcelebulia espaneTsa da safrangeTSi. misisintaqsi da struqtura specifiuri da rTulia da yvela mcdeloba,daekavSirebinaT euskara romelime enobriv jgufTan warumateblad dasrulda.zogierTi lingvisti cdilobs mis dakavSirebas kavkasiur lingvistur jgufTan,magram mecnierebi miiCneven, rom miuxedavad bevri mniSvnelovani msgavsebisa,euskaris kargi codnac ki ver uzrunvelyofs Zveli iberiuli enis gagebas.

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enaTa ojaxebis yvelaze didi mravalferovnebiT (15 enobrivi ojaxi) gamoirCevaazia. ricxobrivad yvelaze didia Cinur-tibeturi (sino-tibeturi) ojaxi.romelic lokalizebulia aziis aRmosavleT nawilSi, romelic Sedgeba samijgufisagan, esenia: Cinuri, centraluri da dasavleThimalauri. aziaSiricxobrivad meore adgilze indoevropuli enebis ojaxia, romelic zemoT ukvedavaxasiaTeT da am enebze molaparake xalxebi umTavresad gansaxlebulni ariansamxreT aziis Crdilo nawilSi, iransa da avRaneTSi. mesame adgilzeaavstroneziuli ojaxi, romelic ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia samxreT-aRmosavleTaziis kunZulebze, Tumca avstroneziuli enebi okeaneTis da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis garda kunZul madagaskarzec gvxvdeba. ricxovnobis mixedviTrigiT mexuTe ojaxi aziaSi aris avstraziuli ojaxi, romelzec laparakobsindoCineTis zogierTi xalxi, Sesabamisad misi gavrcelebis areali samxreTaRmosavleTi da samxreTi aziaa.

sakmaod did geografiul arealze gavrcelebuli altais ojaxis enebi -TurqeTidan aRmosavleTiT _ Crdilo-aRmosavleT cimbiris CaTvliT. altaisojaxs miekuTvneba Turqul, monRolur da tunguso-manjurul enaTa jgufebi.Turquli enebis jgufSi gamoiyofa enaTa Semdegi qvejgufebi: CuvaSuri,oRuzuri anu samxreT-dasavluri (Turquli, azerbaijanuli, Turqmenuli dasxva), Crdilo-dasavluri qvejgufi (TaTruli, baSkiruli, yazaxuri, yirgizuli,balyaruli, yaraCauli), samxreT aRmosavluri (uzbekuri da uiRuruli), aseveiakuturi (iakuturi da dolganuri) da samxreTcimbiruli qvejgufi (nakasuri,tuvinuri da sxva).

Tanamedrove monRolur enebs, romelic gavrcelebulia centralur aziurraionebSi miekuTvneda sakuTriv monRoluri, buriatuli, yalmuxuri, da sxvaenebi. tunuguso-manjuriul enebs ki miekuTvneba manjuriuli _ CineTSi, aseveevenkuri da masTan axlos mdgomi evenuri da aRmosavleT cimbirisa da SoreuliaRmosavleTis sxva enebi. taiuri (parataiuri) ojaxi lokalizebuliaindoCineTsa da CineTis samxreTiT.

afroaziul anu semito-qamitur enaTa ojaxi gavrcelebulia afrikis, CrdiloeT,da Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi da samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi. is Sedgeba 5jgufisagan, esenia: semituri, egvipturi, berberolibiuri, quSituri da Caduri.avstroaziuli enebis calkeuli jgufebi erTmaneTs Soreul warsulSidaSordnen, ris Sedegadac naTesaobis niSnebi ufro sustia, vidre indoevropulojaxSi. egvipturi enebis jgufSi Semavali enebi mkvdari enebis ricxvSi Sedis.XVII saukunidan69 misi memkvidrea kopturi ena, romelsac RvTismsaxurebaSiiyenebs egviptis qristianuli mosaxleoba, magram bolo saukunebSi salaparakoenad kopturis nacvlad egviptis qristianebic arabulis egviptur dialeqtsiyeneben.

semituri jgufi erT-erTi klasifikaciiT ori ZiriTadi Stosagan Sedgeba.aRmosavluri da dasavluri. es ukanasknelic Tavis mxriv iyofa Crdilour dasamxreTul jgufebad. aRmosavluri enebis jgufs ki warmaodgens asureTisa dababilonis mkvdari aqaduri enebi.

dasavleT semituri enebis Stos CrdiloeT qvejgufebs miekuTvneba qanaanuri daarameuli enebi. pirvelSi Sedis mkvdari ena _ Zvelqanaanuri, finikiuri da aseveZvelebrauli ena da misi dRevandeli forma ivriTi. sainteresoa, is faqti, romme-20 saukunemde ivriTic mkvdar enad iyo miCneuli. mas, rogorc `Toras enas~iyenebdnen mxolod iudaisturi ritualebis aRsrulebisas da is ar iyo

69 revaz gaCeCilaZe. axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv.110

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salaparako ena, vinaidan ebrauli diaspora amjobinebda Tavis ufromravalricxovan mezoblebTan kontaqtis damyarebas maTive enaze. salaparakoenad diasporas ebraelobisaTvis iqca maTi mimRebi qveynis ena. mag: espaneTSi esiyo kastiliuri, romelic espaneTidan gandevnis Semdeg ebraelebma osmaleTSicSeinarCunes `ladinos~ saxelwodebiT. arabul samyaroSi ebraelebi saubrobdnenarabul dialeqtebze da a.S. meore msoflio omis Semdeg palestinisteritoriaze ebrauli saxelmwifos _ israelis warmoSobisTanave, saxelmwifoenad gamocxadda ivriTi. amJamad arabeTis naxevarkunZulze arabulis Semdeg isyvelaze farTod gavrcelebuli semituri enaa70.

Crdilour qvejgufs dasavleT semituri enebis jgufs qanaanuris garda,rogorc ukve vaxseneT miekuTvneba arameuli ena, igive siriuli an aisoruli ena.arameuls farTo gavrceleba hqonda Cven welTaRricxvamde I aTaswleulSi71 dais erTaSorisi urTierTobis yvelaze gavrcelebuli ena iyo. ieso qristearameul enaze esaubreboda Tavis mociqulebs. aRmosavleTis qristianebi Tavisiteqstebis Casawerad iyenebdnen arameulis edesur dialeqts _ siriuls. amJamades ena mxolod CrdiloeT eraySia SemorCenili.

dasavleT semituri enebis samxreTul qvejgufs ki miekuTvneba arabuli ena(romelic saxelmwifo enaa aziisa da afrikis 20-ze met qveyanaSi da maszelaparakobs 250 milion adamianze meti. mTeli muslimuri samyaro arabul enasiyenebs locvebisa da religiuri ritualebis enad.

afraziul enaTa ojaxis danarCeni jgufebi _ berberuli, quSituri da Cadurigavrcelebulni arian CrdiloeT da Crdilo aRmosavleT afrikaSi. (berberuli_ saharis oazisebSi da mis CrdiloeTiT, quSituri _ saharis aRmosavleTiT,xolo Caduri enebi saharis samxreTiT).72

aziaSi sxva enobrivi ojaxebidan gvxvdeba _ qarTvelur enaTa ojaxi, romlisSemadgenlobaSi Sedis qarTuli, megrul-Wanuri (lazuri) da svanuri enebi.yvela am enaze saubroben qarTvelebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze da aseve misfarglebs gareTac, sadac maTi gansaxlebis upiratesi arealia TurqeTisSavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT nawili. SavizRvispireTis centralur dadasavleT nawilSi, marmarilos zRvispireTSi qarTul da lazur enebzelaparakoben me-19–me-20 saukuneebSi TurqeTis aRmosavleTidan da samxreT-dasavleT saqarTvelodan gadasaxlebuli qarTvelebisa da lazebisSTamomavalni, romelTa raodenoba dResdReobiT naxevar milionamdea. qarTulenaze iranSic laparakoben, kerZod im regionebSi, sadac me-17 saukuneSi moxdaqarTvelebis gadasaxleba kaxeTidan. amJamad qarTuli ena gavrcelebuliaispahanis provinciis 14 sofelSi (fereidanSi) da im qalaqebSi, sadac cxovrobenfereidneli qarTvelebi73.

Crdilokavkasiur ojaxs miekuTvneba abxazur-adiReur da naxo-daRestnur enaTajgufebi. pirvelSi Sedis afxazuri, adiReuri, yabardouli, Cerqezuli,abazinuri, ubixuri, xolo meore jgufi or qvejgufad iyofa: naxuri (CeCnuri,inguSuri, bacbiuri) da daRestnuri romelSic Sedis daRestnis 30-mde ena, aseveavaro-anduri enebi, cezuri, lako-darginuli da lekuri enebi.Crdilokavkasiuri ojaxis enebi samxreT dasavleT aziaSic aris gavcelebuli,

70 iqve, gv. 103-10471 revaz gaCeCilaZe. axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv.125-12672 Грошев И.И., Синельников А.Б., Архангельский В.А., Брук С.И., Борисов В.А.. Этнодемографическийсправочник., «Мысль», Москва 1989, стр. 38673 revaz gaCeCilaZe. axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv.107-110

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am enis matareblebi arian axlo aRmosavleTSi gadasaxlebuli CrdiloeTkavkasielebi, romlebic saxloben TurqeTSi, siriaSi, iordaniaSi, israelSi.

uralis enebi ZiriTadad gavrcelebulia ruseTis evropuli nawilisCrdiloeTSi, aseve ungreTSi, baltiispireTSi, fineTsa da skandinaviaSi. esenaTa ojaxi ori jgufisagan Sedgeba: fino-ugoruli da samoduri.

eskimosur-aleuturi enebis gavrcelebis arealebia aziis ukidures Crdilo-aRmosavleTi, aseve amerikis arqtikuli nawili. am ojaxis enebs miekuTvnebaeskimosuri da masTan axlomonaTesave aleuturi enebi.

kidev erTi enaTa ojaxi, romelic warmodgenilia ukidures Crdilo aRmosavleTaziaSi, aerTianebs Cukotkur, koriakul, itelmenur da sxva enebs.

gansakuTrebul ojaxs qmnian ricxobrivad umniSvnelo andamanuri enebi(Crdiloandamanuri, jerva, ongio da sxv. enebi), romlebic andamaniskunZulebzea gavrcelebuli (indoeTis okeanis Crdilo-aRmosavleT nawilSi).

rogroc aRiniSna, afrikelTa 1/3 afroaziul enaTa ojaxis enebze saubrobs,xolo am kontinentis mosaxleobis naxevari _ saharis samxreTiT gavrcelebulsam enaTa ojaxis enebze. esenia: nigero-kordofanuli (kongo-kordofanuli),nilos-saharuli da koisanuri. yvelaze mravalricxovania pirveli, romelic orjgufad iyofa: niger-kongo da kordofanuli. niger kongos jgufSi gamoiyofaqvejgufebi: benue-kongo, romelSic Sedis Bbantus enebi (suahili, kiniaruanda,Kkirundi, kikongo, kiluba, luganda, lingala, sxva). bantus enebidan yvelazegavrcelebulia suahili, romelzec saubrobs 35-50 mln adamiani74. is keniis datanzaniis oficialuri enaa, aseve gavrcelebulia ugandaSi, mozambikSi, zairSi,malakSi, zambiaSi. zairSi da kongoSi.

nilos-saharis enaTa ojaxi gavrcelebulia aRmosavleT afrikaSi da 6jgufisagan Sedgeba. maT Soris yvelaze msxvili Sari-nilosuria.

koisanur enaTa ojaxi, romelic gvxvdeba afrikis samxreT-dasavleTSi,aerTianebs buSmenur da hotentonur enebs.

amerikis mosaxleobis enobrivi Semadgenloba evraziisgan da afrikisgangansxvavebiT gacilebiT ufro erTgvarovania. evropuli kolonizaciis Sedegadiq gavrcelda espanuri, portugaliuri, inglisuri, holandiuri da sxvaevropuli enebi. amerikis 18 qveyanaSi saxelmwifoo enaa espanuri, romelzec 230-240 mln kaci laparakobs75. Tumca, mosaubreTa raodenobis mxriv pirveladgilze inglisuri enaa. inglisuri oficialuri enaa aSS-Si, kanadaSi, iamakaSi,trinidadsa da tobagoSi, gaianaSi, barbadosSi da a.S. ricxovnobiTportugaliuri braziliis saxelmwifo enaa. franguli saxelmwifo enaakanadaSi, haitSi, gvadelupeSi da safrangeTis gvianaSi, xolo holandiuri -surinamsa da niderlandebis antiliis kunZulebze.

meqsikaSi, peruSi, boliviasa da paragvaiSi espanurTan erTad oficialur enebadindielTa enebic iTvleba. indielTa enebidan yvelaze farTod gavrcelebuliakeCua, romelic gvxvdeba peruSi, ekvadorSi, boliviaSi, argentinasa da CilessasazRvro zolSi. aseve ena guarani, romelic gavrcelebulia paragvaiSi,braziliaSi, boliviasa da argentinaSi. kidev erTi farTod gavrcelebuliindielTa enaa _ aimara, romelzec saubroben boliviaSi, perusa da CileSi,xolo actekur enaze _ meqsikaSi.

74 v.p. maqsakovski. msoflios geografiuli suraTi. Tbilisi, 2002. gv. 18275 iqve, gv. 275

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avstraliaSi saxelmwifo enaa inglisuri, romelzec mosaxleobis 97%saubrobs76. aqve sxva evropul enebTan erTad gvxvdeba avstraliel aborigenTaenebi, romelTac ar gaaCniaT saerTo arc erT sxva enaTa ojaxebTan dalingvistebis mier gaerTianebulia avstraliur enaTa ojaxSi.

okeaneTSi gavrcelebul enaTa ojaxebs rac Seexeba, erT-erTi maTgani zemoTukve vaxseneT, rodesac aziis enaTa ojaxebze gvqonda saubari, es arisavsroneziuli ojaxi. mas garda regionSi gvxvdeba papuasebis enebi, romlebicaxal gvineasa da masTan axlos mdebare kunZulebzea gavrcelebuli. maT sxvaenebisagan izolirebuli mdgomareoba ukavia, papuasebis enaTa raodenoba aTaszemetia da isini qmnian armonaTesave 11 enis jgufs. am jgufebidan udidesia _trans-axalgvineuri, dasavleT papuasuri, sepik-ramu, toriCelisa daaRmosavleTpapuasuri enaTa ojaxebi.

cxrili #18msoflios ZiriTad enaTa ojaxebi da jgufebi

indoevropul enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi, xalxi

slavuri rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, polonelebi,bulgarelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi, slovenebi, serbebi,xorvatebi, bosnielebi, makedonielebi

germanuli germanelebi, ingliselebi, holandielebi, frizebi,flamandielebi, avstrielebi, danielebi, Svedebi,Sotlandielebi, germanoSveicarielebi,norvegielebi, elzaselebi, olsterelebi,islandielebi, luqsemburgelebi, aSS-s amerikelebi,anglokanadelebi, afrikanerebi, lixStenSteinelebi,angloavstralielebi, angloaxalzelandielebi

baltiuri litvelebi, latvielebi

romanuli italielebi, frangebi, espanelebi, portugalielebi,katalonielebi, valonebi, galicielebi,frankoSveicarielebi, retoromanebi, korsikelebi,italoSveicarielebi, ruminelebi, moldovelebi,laTinuri amerikis xalxebis didi umravlesoba

kelturi irlandielebi, bretonelebi, uelselebi, gelebi

indoariuli hindustanelebi, bengalielebi, penjabelebi,bixarelebi

albanuri albanelebi

berZnuli berZnebi, kviproseli berZnebi

iranuli iranelebi, avRanelebi, tajikebi, osebi, qurTebi

76 www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook

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somxuri somxebi

altais enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

Turquli Turqebi, Turqmenebi, uzbekebi, yazaxebi, yirgizebi,azerbaijanelebi, TaTrebi, iakutebi, baSkirebi,CuvaSebi, yaraCaevelebi, balyarebi

semito-qamitur enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

semituri arabebi, ebraelebi

sino-tibeturi enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

mandarini (Cinuri) Cinelebi, dunganelebi

uralis enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosifino-ugoriuli finelebi, ungrelebi, estonelebi, ugorielebi

kavkasiur enaTa ojaxi

enis jgufi eTnosi

afxazur-adiReuri afxazebi, Cerqezebi, yabardoelebi, abazinebi,adiReelebi

naxo-daRestnuri CeCnebi, inguSebi, lekebi, avarelebi, darginelebi

koreuli enis ojaxikoreelebi

iaponuri enis ojaxiiaponelebi

baskuri enis ojaxibaskebi

qarTuli enis ojaxiqarTvelebi, qarTveli ebraelebi

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3.6 religiebi da msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenloba

religiis erTmniSvnelovani da zusti gansazRvrebis mocema albaT SeuZlebelia.mecnierebaSi ganmartebaTa didi raodenoba arsebobs. maTi xasiaTidamokidebulia im mecnierTa msoflmxedvelobaze, romlebic maT formulirebasukeTeben. kiTxvaze, Tu ra aris religia adamiani umetes SemTxvevaSi gvpasuxobs:“RmerTis rwmena”.

sityva religia etimologiurad modis laTinuri “religare”-dan, rac qarTuladgaerTianebas, raimesTan xelmeored dakavSirebas niSnavs. SesaZlebelia, romTavdapirvelad igi adamianis raime wmindasTan, mudmivTan, ucvlelTan miCvevasniSnavda. es sityva pirvelad Cven welTaRricxvamde I saukuneSi iqnagamoyenebuli cnobili romaeli oratorisa da politikosis, ciceronis mier,sadac igi religias sxva cnebas, kerZod ki crumorwmuneobas upirispirebs.termin “religiis” farTo gamoyeneba qristianobis pirvel saukuneebSi daiwyoda aRiniSneboda, rom axali rwmena iyo Rrmad filosofiuri da zneobrivisistema da ara veluri crurwmena.

budizmi – pirveli msoflio religia indoeTSi warmoiSva. samxreT aziisregionis religiebis ganviTarebaze didi zegavlena iqonia misma geografiulmada socialur-demografiulma Taviseburebebma. indostanis naxevarkuZuliklimatur-geografiuli TvalsazrisiT erT-erTi yvelaze mimzidveli adgiliiyo. amis gamo, aq uZvelesi droidan saxlobdnen sxvadasxva xalxebi. indostanzear xdeboda monebis importi. muSa Zalis nakleboba aq arasdros igrZnoboda.evropisagan gansxvavebiT, sadac xdeboda klasebis Camoyalibeba, aq sazogadoebakastebad daiyo. Cven welTaRricxvamde me-6 saukuneSi aziaSi gavrceleba daiwyo“disidenturma” religiebma budizmma da jainizmma, romlebic sazogadoebiskastobrivi struqturis winaaRmdeg gamodiodnen. albaT amis gamo, am religiebmaindostanze fexi ver moikides. mogvianebiT, feodaluri urTierTobebisganviTarebis dros oficialurma religiam brahmanizmma transformacia ganicadada Camoyalibda induizmis saxiT. induizmma makonsolidirebeli roli iTamaSaindostanis naxevarkunZulze mcxovrebi xalxebis cxovrebaSi. aRsaniSnavia, romiseve rogorc brahmanizmi, induizmic winaaRmdegi iyo sxva xalxebis dapyrobisa.Sesabamisad arasdros momxdara am religiis eqsporti sxva regionebSi.

samagierod, budizmi Seqmnidan mcire xanSi gascda indoeTis farglebs damoicva samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT aziis mniSvnelovani nawili.budizmis ZiriTadi debuleba aseTia: yovelives safuZveli aris maradiuli,Seucnobeli sulieri sawyisi, romelic imyofeba absolutur myudroebaSi –“nirvanaSi”. xiluli materialuri samyaro mxolod iluzia da moCvenebaa.cxovreba, romelic am moCvenebiT samyaroSi mimdinareobs, boroteba da tanjvaa.amitom adamiani mudam unda cdilobdes, rom rac SeiZleba male daaRwios Tavitanjvis qveyanas. aqedan gamomdinare, budizmi qadagebs asketizmsa da pasiurobas.igi adamians mouwodebs uari Tqvas cxovrebis yvela sikeTeze, daTrgunos yvelacduneba, raTa miaRwios xsnas – “nirvanas”.

budisturi religiis fuZemdeblad gadmocema asaxelebs Sakiebis mefeTa gvarisSvils gautamas, romelmac 29 wlis asakSi miatova mefuri cxovreba da mkacriasketuri yofiT daasrula sicocxle; jer kidev sakmaod axalgazrdam SeicnoWeSmariteba, adamianis cxovrebis namdvili azri, romelic oTxi WeSmaritebissaxiT Camoayaliba. amis Semdeg mas ewoda buda – gasxivosnebuli. meoTxeWeSmaritebaSi buda adamians aswavlis gzas, Tu rogor daZlios survilebi damoTxovnilebani rvasafexuriani cxovrebis gzis gavliT. es safexurebia:WeSmariti fiqri, WeSmariti moZRvreba, WeSmariti miswrafeba, WeSmariti sityva,WeSmariti Wvreta, WeSmariti CaRrmaveba, WeSmariti cxovreba, WeSmariti qceva.iseve rogorc sxva religiebi, budizmi adamianis cxovrebas or nawilad yofs:

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saaqaod – sansarad da saiqiod – nirvanad. Cveni welTaRricxvis dasawyisSibudizmi or mimdinareobad gaiyo: Theravadad da mahaianiad. pirvelis mimdevrebiamtkiceben, rom sikvdilis Semdeg nirvanaSi pirdapir xvdebian mxolodumaRlesi kastis warmomadgenlebi. mahaianelebs, ki miaCniaT, rom nirvanaSiSeiZleba daubrkoleblad moxvdes yvela WeSmariti budisti, ganurCevlad misikastobrivi kuTvnilebisa.

erT-erTi uZvelesi monoTeisturi religiaa iudaizmi77, romelic Zv. w-is IIaTaswleulSi Seqmnes momTabare ebraulma tomebma. iudaizmi Caisaxa gvarovnuliwyobilebis dros, roca jer kidev ar iyo klasebi. istoriuli ganviTarebismsvlelobaSi, roca gaCnda klasobrivi sazogadoeba, cvlilebebi ganicadaiudaizmmac. monaTmflobeluri sazogadoebis gaCenis periodSi, aTasgvarisulebisa da winaparTa kultis rwmenam TandaTan dauTmo adgili jeradgilobriv da Semdeg ki erTiani RmerTis rwmenas.

iudaizmis ZiriTadi dogmati aris erTi RmerTis rwmena. es dogmati im qveynadadamianis piradi xsnis pirobad cxaddeba. iudaizmSi erTi RmerTis rwmenasuSualod ukavSirdeba dogmati mesia-mxsnelis mosvlis Sesaxeb. am dogmatismixedviT, mesia mova imisaTvis, rom adamianebi gaasamarTlos damsaxurebismixedviT. miwieri samyaro, iudaizmis mixedviT aris mzadeba maradiulimomavlisaTvis. iudauri religiis dogmatikaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravsideas Zveli aRTqmis, rogorc RvTiuri gamocxadebis da umaRlesi WeSmaritebisSesaxeb. aq, upirveles yovlisa gamoyofen moses xuTwigneuls – Toras.iudaizmis safuZvels TorasTan erTad qmnis Talmudi, romelic aris amreligiis eTikuri da samarTlebrivi kodeqsi.

qristianoba oc saukunes iTvlis. qristianuli religia warmoiSva pirvelsaukuneSi romis imperiaSi. dapyrobili xalxebi sasowarkveTamde mividnen,radgan RmerTebisa da sakuTari ZaliT Tavis gadarCenis imedi dakarges, risgamoc swrafad moikida fexi mesianizmis ideam. ieso qristes gamoCenis Semdeg isswrafad gavrcelda palestinaSi. misma movlinebam gamoacocxla romis imperiiserTi nawili. qristianoba ilaSqrebda warmarTuli religiis winaaRmdeg,minimumamde amartivebda religiur wes-CveulebaTa sistemas. aqve isic undaiTqvas, rom qristianoba opoziciaSi edga, rogorc warmarTul, asevemonoTeistur iudaizms.

V s.-Si qristianoba or mimarTulebad gaiyo, rodesac Seiqmna dasavleT romisimperia sataxto qalaq romiT da aRmosavleT romis imperia sataxto qalaqkonstantinopoliT. am ori imperiis eklesiebs Soris dawyebuli dava mxolod1054 wels dasrulda, roca sabolood Camoyalibda marTlmadidebeli dakaTolikuri eklesiebi. me-16 s.-Si kaTolicizms gamoeyo protestantizmi,romelic amJamad mravali subreligiis saxiT gvevlineba.

marTlmadidebloba Tavidanve daeqvemdebara bizantiis imperatorisxelisuflebas. masSi Camoyalibda erTmaneTisagan damoukidebli, avtokefalurimarTlmadidebluri eklesiebi. dReisaTvis msoflioSi 15 avtokefaluri(konstantinopolis, aleqsandriis, antioqiis, ierusalimis, saberZneTis,saqarTvelos, rumineTis, bulgareTis, ruseTis, kviprosis, eladis, albaneTis,poloneTis, CexeTis da amerikis) da 3 avtonomiuri (sinais, fineTis da iaponiis)marTlmadidebluri eklesiaa.

marTlmadideblobisagan gansxvavebiT kaTolikuri eklesiis struqtura mkacradcentralizebulia. misi centri vatikanSi mdebareobs. kaTolicizmsa damarTlmadideblobas bevri saerTo gaaCnia, Tumca sarwmunoebisa da kultis

77 mecnierul wreebSi dRemde mimdinareobs dava imis Taobaze, Tu romeli religia undaCaiTvalos pirvel monoTeistur religiad, iudaizmi Tu zoroastrizmi. savaraudoa, rommonoTeizmi ufro adre iyo warmodgenili zoroastrizmSi, vidre iudaizmSi. Tumca,mecnier-TeologTa nawili zoroastrizms saerTod ar miiCnevs monoTeistur religiad.

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gagebaSi arsebobs calkeuli mniSvnelovani gansxvavebebi. kaTolikuri eklesiakanonikurad Tvlis biblias mxolod laTinur enaze, im dros, rodesacmarTlmadideblur qveynebSi gamoiyeneba Sesabamisi qveynis enebze naTargmnibiblia. gansxvavebiT marTlmadideblobisagan, romelic amtkicebs, romsuliwminda mama RmerTidan gadmodis, kaTolikebi miiCneven, rom suliwmindagadmodis, rogorc mama RmerTidan, ise Ze RmerTidan. marTlmadideblebisagangansvavebiT, kaTolikebi samoTxisa da jojoxeTis garda aRiarebensalxinobels, sadac unda moxdes samoTxisaTvis arasakmarisad ganwmendilisulis ganwmenda. kaTolicizmis erT-erTi Taviseburebaa romis papisucodvelobisa da pirvelobis aRiareba.

qristianuli sarwmunoebis safuZvelia biblia (wminda werili, wigni) anu Zvelida axali aRTqma. qristianuli moZRvrebisa da kultis erT-erTi mTavari wyaroasaxareba (evangele). saxareba warmoadgens axali aRTqmis pirvel oTx wigns,romlebic Seicaven xarebas qristes Sobis, cxovrebis, vnebisa da aRdgomisSesaxeb. arsebobs oTxi kanonikuri saxareba: maTesi, markozis, lukasi daioanesi.

islami, msoflio religiaTa Soris yvelaze axalgazrdaa da Caisaxa arabeTisnaxevarkunZulze axali welTaRricxvis me-7 saukunis dasawyisSi. am droisTvisarabebis nawili qristianobas eziara, magram umravlesoba warmarTi iyo. arabebiudides pativs miagebdnen meqas oazisSi mdebare taZars, sadac inaxebodamaTTvis uwmindesi “Savi qva” _ qaaba.

islamis fuZemdebeli muhamedi (arabulad misi saxeli gamoiTqmis, rogorc“mohamad”), meqis erT-erTi SeZlebuli da warCinebuli ojaxis warmomadgeneliiyo. adre daoblebuli mohamedi sxvadasxva dros mwyemsad, aqlemebis gamyolad,vaWradac ki muSaobda. rogorc patiosanma adamianma daimsaxura metsaxeli “al-amin” (sando).78

40 wlis asakSi muhameds (miCneulia, rom es 610 wels moxda) hqonda xilvebi,romlis drosac mas Caesma alahis qadagebani. muhamedi wera-kiTxvis armcodneiyo, amdenad yuranis teqsts igi zepirad gadascemda mis mimdevrebs. misi gamo-naTqvamebi Caiweres da imisaTvis, rom ar yofiliyo kiTxvaTsxvaoba, Canawerebissxvadasxva versiebi mospes. arabuli ena, romelzec yurani aris Sesrulebuliislamis erTaderT enadaa miCneuli. wesiT is arc unda iTargmnebodes sxvaenebze, radgan SesaZloa WeSmariti azri daikargos.

muhamedi kargad icnobda iudaizmisa da qristianobis principebs, rac garkveul-wilad yuranSic aisaxa. yuranSi mravladaa nasesxobebi bibliidan, rac srulebi-Tac ar amcirebs mis TviTmyofadobas.

yurani qristianebsa da iudevelebs miiCnevs “ahl al-qiTab”-ad (“wignis xalxad”)da muslimebisgan moiTxovs, rom maT mimarT tolerantoba gamoamJRavnon. islamiwinaswarmetyvelebad scnobs imave pirebs, rasac iudaizmi da qristianoba,kerZod noes, abrams, iesos, moses, adams. yurani mowiwebiT moixseniebs mariams,rogorc winaswarmetyvel iesos dedas. magram yvelaze maRla yurani ayenebsislamisTvis udides winaswarmetyvels, mociqulTa mociquls – muhameds. magramarc iudevelebi da arc qristianebi ar scnoben muhameds RmerTis mociqulad dawinaswarmetyvelad.

islamis safuZvels yuranTan erTad qmnis SariaTi, romelic aris misireligiur-eTikuri da samarTlebrivi normebis krebuli. islami sakmaod maleCamoyalibda mwyobr religiur sistemad. warmarTul arabuli sazogadoebaSi

78 informacia islamis warmoSobis Sesaxeb aRebulia Semdegi wyarodan: revaz gaCeCilaZe.axlo aRmosavleTi: sivrce, xalxi da politika. Tbilisi, 2003. gv. 138-145

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sikvdili arsebobis dasasrulad iyo miCneuli, xolo muhamedma daarwmunaarabebi, rom WeSmariti morwmuneni (mis SemTxvevaSi _ muslimebi) sikvdilis Sem-deg samoTxes eziarebian, xolo codvilni jojoxeTSi moxvdebian. islamis mim-devarTaTvis es didi stimuli iyo ebrZolaT “WeSmariti rwmenisaTvis” daSemdgomi cxovreba samoTxeSi gaetarebinaT.

islamis, rogorc religiis, saboloo saxiT Camoyalibeba moxda iasribSi,qalaqSi sadac muhamedma rva weli gaatara, mas Semdeg rac iZulebuli iyo meqamietovebina. muhamadis gadasaxlebas meqadan iasribSi (savaraudod es moxdaqristianuli kalendriT 622 wlis 16 ivliss) muslimebma uwodes hijra daTavisi welTaRricxva swored am TariRidan daiwyes. muhamedma Tavisi meqeliTanamoazreebis (“muhajirebis”) mxardaWeriT iasribSi safuZveli Cauyara muslim-Ta pirvel saxelmwifos. mogvianebiT iasribs daerqva medina, romelic muslim-TaTvis meqas Semdeg meore wminda qalaqia.

630 wels muhamadma mokavSireTa laSqriT aiRo meqa. gamarjvebulebmagaanadgures warmarTuli kerpebi, magram SeinarCunes qaaba. is amJamadmdebareobs mohamedis mier dafuZnebuli meqis mTavari mizgiTis al-masjid al-haram-is ezos centrSi. es adgili muslimTa mTavari salocavi da yvelazewminda adgilia.

muhamadis sikvdilis Semdeg misi adgili daikava, xalifam, muhamedis nacvalma.Semdegi 29 wlis ganmavlobaSi xalifats marTavdnen abu-baqri, omari, osmani daali. islami am oTx xalifas umwikvlod an “marTlmorwmuned” (“ar-raSidun”) mi-iCnevs, xolo maTi mefobis periodi miCneulia muslimTa “oqros xanad”.

661 wels samoqalaqo omSi daiRupa meoTxe xalifa ali, romlis sikvdilisSemdeg islamSi ganxeTqileba warmoiSva. alis momxreebis azriT xalifastituli unda gadasuliyo misi qaliSvilis STamomaval hasanze (huseinze).magram isic mokles da xalifa gaxda umianTa gvaris warmomadgeneli umavia,romelmac sataxto qalaqad damasko gamoacxada. alis momxreebma misi gamefebaaralegitimurad aRiares da islami or – sunitur da Siitur Stoebad gaiyo.sunitebi yuranTan erTad wminda wignad aRiareben sunas, sadac mohamediscxovreba aris aRwerili. Siitebi sunas mxolod nawilobriv cnoben.

islami mTel msoflios kulturuli TvalsazrisiT or nawilad hyofs. pirveliaris dar al-islami (islamis saxli, mxare), e.i. teritoria, sadac muslimebicxovroben. meore ki dar al-harbi (omis saxli, mxare) anu msoflios is nawili,romelSic islami ar aris gavrcelebuli. islamis mixedviT muslimebi undaSeecadon, rom mTeli msoflio “dar al-islamad” iqces.

amiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom dRidan xalifatis Seqmnisa daiwyo arabulidapyrobebi, romelTa mizani iyo ara mxolod axali miwebis dapyroba, aramed amteritoriebze islamis gavrceleba. unda iTqvas, rom samxreTeli xalxebis didiumravlesobisaTvis islami misaRebi aRmoCnda, radgan igi kargad pasuxobda amxalxebis moTxovnilebebs da Seesabameboda maT adaT-wesebs. islamisganviTarebas xeli Seuwyo im faqtmac, rom arabuli kultura iSviaTigamonaklisis garda ufro maRla idga, vidre maT mier dapyrobili xalxebiskultura. arabebma dapyrobil teritoriebze islamis garda gaavrcelesdamwerloba. islamma da arabulma damwerlobam fexi ver moikides evropaSi, iqsadac ukve arsebobda qristianoba da sakuTari damwerloba, kerZod, espaneTSi,portugaliaSi, safrangeTSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi. XIII saukuneSi islamigavrcelda wina aziaSi, iq sadac Turquli tomebi saxlobdnen. am droisaTvisTurqomanebma, romlebic samxreT cimbiris da Sua aziis mkvidrebadiTvlebodnen, daipyres Sua aziisa, iranis da wina aziis teritoriebi.mravalricxovanma Turqomanebma anu osmaloebma daiwyes jer Crdiloeli

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mezoblebis, xolo Semdeg arabebis Seviwroebac. sabolood maT gaanadguresbizantiis imperia da arabTa xalifati. amasTan, osmaloebma daipyres samxreT-aRmosavleT evropis da kavkasiis nawili, sadac gaavrceles islami, magaliTadalbaneTSi, bosniaSi, azerbaijanSi, CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi. arabebisa dabizantielebisagan gansxvavebiT osmaloebi ar gamoirCeodnen kulturisganviTarebis maRali doniT. amis gamo, islamur samyaroSi daiwyo kulturulistagnacia, ramac uaryofiTi roli iTamaSa am civilizaciis SemdgomganviTarebaze.

religiebis (konfesiebis) Tanamedrove geografia ukanaskneli ramdenime saukunismanZilze didi stabilurobiT gamoirCeva. religiebis eqspansiuri ganviTarebafaqtobrivad SeCerebulia, magram amave dros, gansakuTrebiT XX-XXI saukuneebSi,tradiciul religiaTa gverdiT, iqmneba mravali axali, aratradiciulirwmenebi, romelTa didi nawilsTvis damaxasiaTebelia mimdevarTa raodenobisganuxreli zrda.

msoflios mosaxleobis religiuri Semadgenlobis dadgena sakmaod rTulia daarsebuli monacemebi mxolod miaxloebiT suraTs iZleva. yovelive esgamowveulia sxvadasxva qveynebSi statistikuri aRricxvis gansxvavebulimeTodebis gamoyenebiT (calkeul qveynebSi aRricxva warmoebs saeklesioorganizaciebSi da sakmaod arazustad) da zogSi ki maTi sruliad ararsebobiT.realur suraTs cvlis is faqtic, rom aRmosavleT aziis zogierT qveyanaSiadamiani erTdroulad ramodenime religiis mimdevari iyos da is ramdenimegansxvavebuli religiis mimdevrebis siaSi SeiZleba aRmoCndes.

2005 wlis monacemebiT, aRmsarebelTa raodenobis mixedviT, pirvelobasqristianoba inarCunebs. mas msoflioSi daaxloebiT 2,1 miliardi mimdevarihyavs. meore adgilzea islami – 1,3 miliardi mimdevari. STambeWdaviaaramorwmuneTa (aTeistebis, sekularebis, agnostikosebis, arareligiurebis)raodenobac – 1,1 miliardi. eTnikur religiebSi mimdevarTa ricxviT gamoirCevainduizmi – 900 mln. adamiani. mas mosdeven: Cinuri tradiciuli religiebi – 394milioni; budizmi – 376 milioni; adgilobrivi religiebi – 300 milioni,afrikuli tradiciuli religiebi –100 milioni, sikxizmi – 23 milioni da a. S.

zemoT aRniSnuli, mosaxleobis konfesiuri Semadgenlobis dadgenasTandakavSirebuli sirTuleebis gamo, sakmaod Znelia calkeul religiaTamimdevrebis dinamikis gansazRvra. arsebuli statistika saSualebas gvaZlevsSevadaroT 1987-2005 wlebSi sxvadsxva rteligiis mimdevarTa raodenobisdinamika. aRniSnul periodSi gaizarda muslimebis (17%-dan 21%-mde) dainduistebis (12%-dan 14%-mde) xvedriTi wili yvela religiis aRmsarebelTaraodenobaSi. es faqti aixsneba imiT, rom swored im qveynebSi, sadacdasaxelebuli religiebia gavrcelebuli, aRiniSneba mosaxleobis yvelaze didibunebrivi mateba. garda amisa, afrikaSi islami aqtiurad miiwevs samxreTiT, mistropikul nawilSi, xolo induizmi vrceldeba sxvadasxva indur tomebSi.

ramdenadme Seicvala calkeul religiaTa da maT mimdinareobaTa Tanafardobamsoflios msxvili regionebis mixedviT. ase magaliTad, afrikaSi (saharidansamxreTiT) misionerebis moRvaweobisa da rigi politikuri faqtorebisgavleniT mniSvnelovnad gaizrda qristianTa da muslimTa raodenoba,adgilobriv tradiciul religiaTa mimdevrebis Semcirebis xarjze. laTinuramerikaSi, romelic, miuxedavad imisa, rom kvlav kaTolicizmis citadelia,izrdeba protestantTa ricxvi.

qristianoba msoflioSi yvelaze farTo gavrcelebuli religiaa (ix. danarTi,nax. #18). pirvel rigSi es exeba kaTolicizms. kaTolikeebi, evropis bevr

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qveyanaSi, morwmuneTa umravlesobas, xolo zogierTSi ki metnaklebadmniSvnelovan religiur jgufebs qmnian. aziaSi isini mxolod filipinebzeSeadgenen aRmsarebelTa umravlesobas, Tumca maTi calkeuli jgufebiwarmodgenilia bevr sxva qveyanaSic. afrikaSi kaTolikuri rwmena ZiriTadadespaneTisa da portugaliis yofil koloniebSi SemorCa. avstraliaSi isinimorwmuneTa daaxloebiT 1/3-s warmoadgenen. magram maTi gavrcelebis yvelazefarTo areali warmodgenilia laTinur amerikaSi, sadac isini yvela qveynismoxaxleobis umravlesobas qmnian. es espanuri da portugaliuri kolonizaciisSedegia. kaTolikeebi sakmaod farTod arian warmodgenili CrdiloeTamerikaSic.

gavrcelebis farTo geografiuli areali damaxasiaTebelia, agreTve,protestantizmisaTvis, romelsav mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia CrdiloeT,centralur da centralur-aRmosavleT evropis qveynebis konfesiurSemadgenlobaSi. protestantebi qmnian morwmuneTa ZiriTad gjufebs samxreT dadasavleT afrikaSi; isini mravlad arian avstraliasa da okeneTSi, xolo aSS-sa da kanadaSi Seadgenen morwmuneTa Sesabamisad naxevars da mesameds.

marTlmadideblobis gavrcelebis areali gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia.yvelaze didi raodenobiT marTlmadideblebi yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi (ruseTi,ukraina, belorusia, moldova, saqarTvelo) da samxreT-aRmosavleTi evropisqveynebSia (saberZneTi, rumineTi, bulgareTi, kviprosi, makedonia, serbeTi,Cernogoria) warmodgenili (ix. danarTi, nax. #19).

islami, mimdevarTa raodenobiT meore adgilzea. geografiuli TvalsazrisiT,qristianobisagan gansxvavebiT misi gavrcelebis arealebi aziisa da afrikisteritoriebiT SemoisazRvreba. muslimebis koncentraciis ZiriTadi regionebiasamxreT-dasavleTi da centraluri azia, CrdiloeTi afrika da nawilobrivsamxreT-aRmosavleTi azia. samxreT-dasavleT aziaSi islami Warbobs yvelaqveyanaSi, garda israelisa da kviprosisa, samxreT aziaSi – pakistansa dabangladeSSi, samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi – indoneziaSi, centralur aziaSi –yofili sabWoTa kavSiris respublikebSi. islami dominanti religiaa CrdiloeTafrikis yvela, xolo centralur-aRmosavleT afrikaSi ki zogierT qveyanaSi.evropaSi muslimebi umravlesobas mxolod albaneTsa da bosnia-hercegovinaSiSeadgenen.

dResdReobiT msoflioSi 50-ze meti islamuri saxelmwifoa. maT Soris 28-Siislami saxelmwifo religiadaa gamocxadebuli. yvelaze mravalricxovaniislamuri saxelmwifoebia: indonezia, pakistani, bangladeSi, nigeria, irani,TurqeTi, egvipte.

budizmi, religiebis msoflio rukaze gacilebiT kompaqturad ariswarmodgenili da moicavs centralur-aRmosavleTi da samxreT-aRmosavleTiaziis zogierT raionebs. amasTanave, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi WarbobenTheravadas da mahaianas aRmsareblebi, xolo centralur-aRmosavleT nawilSilamaizmis mimdevrebi. mniSvnelovania budizmis gavlena iaponiaSi, CineTsa dakoreis respublikaSi.

eTnikuri da regionuli religiebis gavrcelebis arealebi, rogorc wesi, kidevufro SezRudulia. ase, induizmis adeptebis 99% modis aziaze, upiratesad kiindoeTsa da nepalze. konfucionizmma SeinarCuna gavlena Tavis samSobloSi –CineTSi, xolo sintoizmi ki wminda iaponur religiad rCeba. sruliadgansxvavebuli geografia gaaCnia iudaizms, romelic ramdenime qveyanaSi,metwilad israelsa da aSS-Sia warmodgenili. adgilobrivi tradiciulireligiebi umeteswilad afrikaSi da fragmentulad aziaSi, amerikasa daokeaneTSia SemorCenili.

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konfesiaTa geografiis erT-erTi amocanaa qveynebis Seswavla maTSigavrcelebuli religiis (religiebis) mixedviT da msoflios klasifikaciamono-, bi- da polikonfesiur qveynebad. msoflioSi qveyanaTa umravlesobaganekuTvneba monokonfesiur saxelmwifoTa ricxvs, anu maTi mosaxleobis 70%-zemeti erTi religiis aRmsarebelia. bikonfesiuri da polikonfesiuri qveynebisraodenoba TiTqmis Tanabaria. polikonfesiuri qveynebis umravlesoba afrikaSimdebaraobs. es ganpirobebulia imiT, rom afrika istoriul warsulSi axloaRmosavluri da evropuli kolonializmis obieqti iyo, ris Sedegadac aqarsebul adgilobriv tradiciul religiebTan erTad, farTod gavrceldaislami da qristianoba.

amrigad, Tanamedrove msoflios religiuri suraTi sakmaod rTuli damravalferovania. miuxedavad imisa rom religia sakmaod konservatiulisocialur-kulturuli fenomenia, masSi mimdinare procesebs garkveulicvlilebebi Seaqvs msoflios konfesiaTa geografiaSi.

cxrili #19

msoflios religiuri Semadgenloba

qristianebi

kaTolikeebi:laTinuri amerikis xalxebi, avstrielebi, germanelebis naxevari, valonebi,flamandielebis umravlesoba, irlandielebis umravlesoba, ungrelebisumravlesoba, xorvatebi, slovenielebi, polonelebi, espanelebi, baskebi,katalonielebi, galicielebi, litvelebi, korsikelebi, lixtenSteinelebi,maltelebi, portugalielebi, frangebi, slovakebis umravlesoba, Cexebisumravlesoba, frankoSveicarielebis umravlesoba, italoSveicarielebi,retoromanebi, filipinelebi.

protestantebi: ingliselebi (anglikanebi), Sotlandielebis umravlesoba(presvitorianebi), uelselebis umravlesoba (anglikanebi), germanelebis naxevari(luTeranebi), finelebi (luTeranebi), danielebi (luTeranebi), norvegielebi(luTeranebi), islandielebi (luTeranebi), holandielebis umravlesoba(kalvinistebi), luqsemburgelebis umravlesoba (luTeranebi), Svedebi(luTeranebi), germanoSveicarielebis umravlesoba (kalvinistebi), samxreTkoreelTa meoTxedi (anglikanebi da presvitorianebi), estonelebi (luTeranebi),latvielebis umravlesoba (luTeranebi).

marTlmadideblebi:qarTvelebi, berZnebi, rusebi, ukrainelebi, belorusebi, serbebi, bulgarelebi,makedonielebi, ruminelebi, moldovelebi, Cernogorielebi, kviproseli berZnebi,osebi, afxazebis naxevari.

monofizitebi: eTiopelebis umravlesoba, libaneli arabebis 1/3, asirielebi.

somxeTis samociqulo eklesiis mimdevrebi (grigirianelebi): somxebi.

muslimebi

muslimi Siitebi: iranelebi, bahreinelTa umravlesoba, erayelTa umravlesoba,iemenelTa umravlesoba, azerbaijanelebi, iordanelebis 10%, avRanelebis 10%,sirielebis 20%.

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muslimi sunitebi: arabebi (wina punqtSi CamoTvlili Siiti arabebisa garda),qurTebi, indonezielebi, avRanelebi, pakistanelebi, malaizielebis 2/3, Turqebi,pakistanelebi, kviproseli Turqebi, daRestnelebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi, Cerqezebi,yabardoelebi, balyarebi, yaraCaevelebi, TaTrebi, baSkirebi, yazaxebi,Turqmenebi, uzbekebi, yirgizebi, tajikebis umravlesoba, albanelebi,bosnielebi, afxazebis naxevari.

budistebi

birmelebi, vietnamenelebi, Cinelebi, koreelebis umravlesoba, laoselebi,malaizielebis 1/3, tailandelebi, Sri-lankelebis umravlesoba, iaponelebi.

induistebi

indoelTa umravlesoba, nepalelebi.

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4. mosaxleobis migraciebi

4.1 mosaxleobis migracia, rogorc sazogadoebriv-geografiuli movlena.migraciis saxeebi. Sida migraciebi.

mosaxleobis migracia anu mosaxleobis meqanikuri moZraoba kacobriobisistoriaSi uZvelesi sazogadoebriv-geografiuli movlenaa. migracia (migratio)laTinuri sityvaa da niSnavs gadasaxlebas. uxsovari droidan adamianebi erTiteritoriidan meoreze gadaadgildebodnen sakvebis mopovebis, sacxovreblispovnis, dasaqmebis, vaWrobis, mkurnalobis, ganaTlebis miRebis, mogzaurobis,axali teritoriebis aTvisebis an dapyrobis, kulturuli identobis dasicocxlis SenarCunebis mizniT.

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom migraciebigamowveulia sxvadasxva, maT Soris bunebriv-geografiuli, ekonomikuri,demografiuli, saomari, politikuri, kulturuli (maT Soris religiuri daeTnikuri), socialuri mizezebiT da faqtorebiT. adamianebis meqanikurimoZraoba SeiZleba ganpirobebuli iyos erTi an erTdroulad ramdenimefaqtoriT.

migraciebze moqmedi faqtorebidan uZvelesia bunebriv-geografiuli faqtori.Tavisi ganviTarebis adrindel etapze adamianebis gadasaxlebis erT-erTumniSvnelovanes mizezad gvevlineboda bunebrivi kataklizmebi, kerZodvulkanuri amofrqvevebi, miwisZvrebi, wyaldidoba, zvavebi, qariSxlebi da a.S.garda amisa, antikur epoqaSi adamiani xSirad icvlida sacxovrebel adgils Tumisi naTesebi gvalvis an sxva bunebrivi movlenis Sedegad nadgurdeboda.saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda adgilisgeografiul mdebareobas da mis bunebriv-klimatur pirobebs. adamianebicdilobdnen ecxovraT, erTi mxriv Tbil klimatur sartylebSi, xolo meoremxriv wyalTan axlos, kerZod zRis an mdinaris sanapiroze. mosaxleobisgadaadgileba, aseve dakavSirebuli iyo niadagebis nayofirebasTan, ris gamocmTis mosaxleoba sacxovreblad barSi Cadioda.

omebi adamianebis masobrivi teritoriuli gadaadgilebis erT-erTumniSvnelovanesi faqtoria. omebis Sedegad icvleboda ara marto qveynebissazRvrebi, aramed maTi mosaxleobis eTnikuri da religiuri Semadgenloba.dapyrobili xalxi xSirad iZulebuli iyo daetovebina Tavisi binadrobisadgilebi da sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyo. swored omebis da mosaxleobismasobrivi gadasaxlebis Sedegad miiRo dRevandeli eTnodemografiuli saxeCrdiloeT da samxreT amerikebma, avstraliam, CrdiloeT afrikam, cimbirma,ruseTis Soreulma aRmosavleTma da a.S. TviT evropis qveynebis umetesobaSimosaxleobis did umravlesobas Seadgenen is xalxebi, romlebic aq dapyrobiTiomebis Sedegad Casaxldnen. Tanamedrove msoflioSi regionuli omebis anSeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis mizeziT aseulobiT aTasi adamiani iZulebuli iyomietovebina sacxovrebeli da sxvagan gadasaxlebuliyo. ase moxda yofiliugoslaviaSi, saqarTveloSi, azerbaijanSi, ruandaSi da a.S.

Tanamedrove migraciul procesebSi umniSvnelovanesi adgili ukaviaekonomikuri faqtoriT gamowveul teritoriul gadaadgilebas.maRalganviTarebuli qveynebi, bunebrivi matebis dabali donis gamo ganicdiansamuSao Zalis deficits da misi aRmofxvra, rogorc wesi sxva qveynebidanCamosuli adamianebis xarjze xdeba. SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom am processaSkarad gamoxatuli socialur-geografiuli mimarTuleba gaaCnia, radganganviTarebadi qveynebis mosaxleoba dasaqmebis mizniT miemarTeba ekonomikuradmaRalganviTarebul an ganviTarebad, magram energo resursebiT mdidar

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qveynebSi. aqve, unda aRiniSnos, rom ukanasakneli ramdenime aTwleulisganmavlobaSi ekonomikurma emigraciam masStaburi xasiaTi miiRomaRalganviTarebul qveynebSic. Tu ganviTarebadi qveynebis migrantTa udidesnawils warmoadgens dabali kvalifikaciis adamianebi, ekonomikuradganviTarebuli erTi qveynidan meoreSi samuSaod miemgzavrebian maRali donisada kvalifikaciis mqone specialistebi. maT emigracias aSkarad gamoxatulimaterialuri xasiaTi aqvs, radgan igi dakavSirebulia ufro maRalianazRaurebis miRebasTan. aRniSnuli saxis migracias adgili aqvs evropisfarglebSi da evropidan amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi.

demografiuli situacia garkveul gavlenas axdens migraciul procesebze.cnobilia, rom ekonomikurad sustad ganviTarebul qveynebSi Warbmosaxleobapirdapir aisaxeba umuSevrobis zrdaze, ris gamoc mosaxleobis garkveulinawili iZulebulia samuSao sxva qveynebSi eZebos. Sesabamisad, mosaxleobisemigracia, rogorc wesi, maRalia im qveynebSi, romlebic gamoirCevianmosaxleobis bunebrivi matebis maRali doniT.

qalaqebSi SromaTmowyobis maRali potencialis arsebobam xeli Seuwyo maTimosaxleobis swraf zrdas soflis mosaxleobis mizidvis xarjze. es procesigansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT mimdinareobs ganviTarebad qveynebSi, sadacWarbmosaxleobis da aqedan gamomdinare dasaqmebis problema gansakuTrebiTmwvaved dgas sasoflo dasaxlebebSi.

adamianebs, romlebic migraciul procesebSi monawileoben zogadad migrantebsuwodeben. amasTan, migraciis gamomwvevi mizezebis mixedviT ganasxvavebenmigrantebis ramdenime kategorias. am naSromis 2.1 TavSi mocemulia emigraciisda imigraciis ganmartebebi. mocemuli ganmartebebidan gamomdinare, SegviZliadavaskvnaT, rom adamiani, romelic tovebs samSoblos da samudamod an didixniT miemgzavreba sxva qveyanaSi aris emigranti, xolo es adamiani mis mimRebqveyanaSi iqneba imigranti. sxvaoba emigraciisa da imigraciis maCveneblebsSoris aris migraciis saldo. migraciis saldo gamoisaxeba, rogorcabsolturi maCveneblebiT, aseve procentebiT an promileebiT. Tu imigraciaaWarbebs emigracias, am SemTxvevaSi qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia migraciisdadebiTi saldo, xolo Tu adgili aqvs piruku movlenas, maSin migarciissaldo uaryofiTi iqneba.

aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom adamianTa teritoriuli gadaadgileba yovelTvisnebayoflobiT ar xdeba. msoflios istoriaSi dafiqsirebulia iZulebiTimigraciebis mravali SemTxveva. iZulebiTi migraciis klasikur magaliTadiTvleba evropelebis mier milionobiT afrikelis datyveveba da amerikaSi maTimonebad gayidva. calkeuli adamianebis, iseve, rogorc adamianTa jgufebisiZulebiTi gadaadgileba SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos politikuri, eTnikuri anreligiuri devniT. aseTi saxis movlenebic mravlad iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi.mag., osmaleTis imperiaSi religiuri Seviwrobis Sedegad saqarTveloSigadmosaxldnen qurTi iezidebi, berZnebi da somxebi. imave mizeziT arabuliqveynebidan saqarTveloSi Camosaxldnen asirieli qristianebi. jer kidev meoremsoflio omamde naxevari milioni adamiani, iZulebuli iyo daetovebinanacisturi germania, italia, espaneTi, sadac isini ganicdidnen devnaspolitikur da gansakuTrebiT eTnikur (upirveles yovlisa ebraelebi) niadagze.maT Soris aRmoCdnen iseTi genialuri adamianebi, rogorebic iyvnen albertainStaini, lion foixtvangeri, Tomas mani, enriko fermi. sabWoTa kavSirisarsebobis adreul etapze aTeulobiT aTasma adamianma, romelic ar eTanxmebodakomunisturi partiis da sabWoTa xelisuflebis politikur kurss miatova esqveyana da ZiriTadad evropaSi ipova TavSesafari. maTi emigracia drouliaRmoCnda, radgan mogvianebiT sabWoTa xelisuflebis represiebma Seiwira asi

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aTasobiT “politikurad arasando piris” sicocxle, xolo milionobiT adamianigadaasaxles cimbirSi, Soreul aRmosavleTsa da yazaxeTSi.

omebis, adamianebiT vaWrobis, politikuri devnis, eTnikuri an religiuri niSniTSeviwroebis, bunebrivi movlenebis da ekologiuri kataklizmebis mizeziTgamowveul migracias adamianTa iZulebiT gadaadgilebas uwodeben. iZulebiTgadaadgilebuli pirebi SegviZlia davyoT xuT Semdeg kategoriad:ltovlilebad, devnilebad, ekologiur migrantebad, politikuri TavSesafrismaZieblebad da trefikingis msxverplad.

Tu omma an bunebrivma kataklizmebma gamoiwvia adamianis gadasaxlebasxva qveyanaSi is iTvleba ltolvilad.

saomari moqmedebebis Sedegad Tavisi qveynis sxva regionSigadasaxlebuli piri aris devnili.

adamiani, romelmac bunebrivi movlenebis an ekologiuri katastrofismizeziT misive qveynis farglebSi Seicvala adgilsamyofeli arisekologiuri migranti.

pirs, romelic sakuTar qveyanaSi ganicdis devnas politikurimrwamsis, religiuri aRmsareblobis an eTnikuri kuTvnilebissafuZvelze da am mizeziT surs samSoblos datoveba da sxva qveyanaSigadasaxleba politikuri TavSesafris maZiebels uwodeben.

trefikingis msxvrepli aris adamiani, romelic misgan damoukidebelimizezebis Sedegad gaxda adamianebiT aralegaluri vaWrobis obieqti.

me-20 saukuneSi sakmaod didi gavrceleba hpova migraciis erT-erTma saxeobam,romelsac repatriacia ewodeba. repatriacia gulisxmobs adamianis mier Tavisimoqalaqeobis qveynis datovebas da winaprebis samSobloSi samudamodgadasvlas. meore msoflio omis Semdeg, rodesac Seiqmna israeli, masSimsoflios sxvadasxva kuTxidan milionobiT ebraeli Cavida. 1960-ian wlebSisomxeTSi sacxovreblad gaemgzavra aTasobiT eTnikuri somexi, ZiriTadad axloaRmosavleTis da evropis qveynebidan. 1980-iani wlebis bolos da 1990-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi aseulobiT aTasma eTnikurma germanelma datova sabWoTakavSiri da germaniaSi sacxovreblad wavida. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlam gamoiwviaintensiuri repatriacia, romelmac yvela yofili mokavSire respublika moicvada masSi milionobiT adamiani monawileobda. am procesSi repatriantTa didumravlesobas eTnikuri rusebi Seadgendnen, romlebic ZiriTadad ruseTSigadavidnen sacxovreblad.

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT migraciebi, kerZod ki saerTaSoriso migraciebiSeiZleba iyos legaluri an aralegaluri xasiaTis. Tu erTi qveynis moqalaqemeoreSi SeaRwevs am qveynis imigraciis dadgenili wesebis darRveviT, amSemTxvevaSi misi migracia aralegalurad CaiTvleba.

drois xangrZlivobis mixedviT migraciebi SeiZleba iyos samudamo, droebiTi,sezonuri da qanqariseburi.

migracia samudamoa, Tu adamiani samudamod tovebs Tavis sacxovrebeladgils da sxvagan miemgzavreba.

migracia droebiTia, Tu sacxovrebeli adgilis Secvla xdeba garkveulivadiT. droebiTi migraciebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli formaa turizmi.garda amisa, droebiTi migracia SeiZleba gamowveuli iyos dasaqmebis,mkurnalobis Catarebis an ganaTlebis miRebis mizeziT.

sezonuri migraciis dros adamiani sezonuri dasaqmebis mizniT moklevadiT tovebs Tavis sacxovrebel adgils. sezonuri migraciis erT-erTigavrcelebuli formaa mwyemsebis mier pirutyvis gadadena sazafxulo ansazamTro ialaRebze. es procesi ramdenime Tve grZeldeba xolme. meore

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magaliTia, “sezonuri muSebis” migracia sasoflo-sameurneo raionebSimosavlis aRebis da dabinavebis periodSi. sezonuri migraciebis es formasakmaod gavrcelebulia, magaliTad, samxreT evropis qveynebSi - espaneTSi,italiasa da safrangeTSi yurZnisa da citrusebis mosavlis aRebisperiodSi Cadian sezonuri migrantebi CrdiloeT afrikis qveynebidan.

qanqariseburi migracia gulisxmobs, rom migranti yoveldRiurad midissamuSaoze erTi punqtidan meoreSi da samuSaos damTavrebis Semdeg Tavismudmiv sacxovrebel adgilze brundeba. qanqariseburi migracia sakmaodgavrcelebulia im patara qalaqebSi da sasoflo dasaxlebebSi, romlebicmsxvili qalaqebis maxloblad mdebareoben. am soflebisa da pataraqalaqebis mosaxleobis garkveuli nawili dasaqmebulia msxvili qalaqissawarmoebSi an iq savaWrod miemgzavreba. qanqariseburi migraciaganviTarebulia erTmaneTTan axlos mdebare or msxvil qalaqs Sorisac(magaliTad, Tbilisi da rusTavi). amgvar gadaadgilebas yoveldRiuri anTiTqmis yoveldRiuri xasiaTi aqvs.

mosaxleobis migraciebs udidesi mniSvneloba gaaCnda da gaaCnia. migraciuliprocesebis Sedegebi dadebiTad aisaxa kacobriobis cxovrebis mraval aspeqtze.kerZod, migraciebi xels uwyobs (uwyobda):

axali teritoriebis ekonomikur aTvisebas;

samuSao Zalis racionalur gamoyenebas;

adamianebs Soris urTierTkavSirs, ris Sedegadac xdeba akulturacia(akultacia) e. i. xalxebs Soris kulturis miRwevebis, tradiciebis, wes-Cveulebebis urTierTgacvlas;

mecnierebis ganviTarebas da samecniero-teqnikuri miRwevebissaerTaSoriso gavrcelebas;

vaWrobis ganviTarebas;

turizmis ganviTarebas;

sportis ganviTarebas;

dasaqmebas, Sesabamisad adamianis materialuri donis amaRlebas;

ganaTlebis, kulturuli da profesiuli donis amaRlebas;

jandacvis ganviTarebas da adamianebis mkurnalobas;

adamianebis teritoriuli gadaadgilebis masStabis mixedviT migraciebi iyofaSida da sagareo (saerTaSoriso) migraciebad. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu adamianebisteritoriuli gadaadgileba xdeba erTi qveynis farglebSi saqme gvavs SidamigraciasTan, xolo Tu aseTi gadaadgileba xdeba qveynis farglebs gareT,maSin saxezea sagareo anu saerTaSoriso migracia.

Sida migraciebi oTxi Semdegi mimarTulebiT SeiZleba ganviTardes:

sofeli-sofeli;

sofeli-qalaqi;

qalaqi-qalaqi;

qalaqi-sofeli.

Sida migraciebis yvelaze gavrcelebuli mimarTulebebia sofeli-qalaqi daqalaqi-qalaqi. soflis mosaxleobis migracia qalaqebSi yovelTvis didiaqtualobiT gamoirCeoda. mTlianobaSi es dadebiTi da bunebrivi procesia.Tavis droze, kapitalisturi urTierTobebis ganviTarebam da samecniero-teqnikurma progresma xeli Seuwyo warmoebis, maT Soris sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebis intensifikacias. xeliT Sroma manqanuri SromiT Seicvala, risSedegadac soflad adgili hqonda didi raodenobiT samuSao ZalisgamoTavisuflebas. soflis Warbi mosaxleoba qalaqebSi gadasaxlda, sadac jermrewvelobis da Semdgom momsaxurebis sferos swrafma ganviTarebam moiTxova

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damatebiTi SromiTi resursebis arseboba. evropis da CrdiloeT amerikisqveynebSi es procesi metnaklebad harmoniulad da Tanmimdevruladmimdinareobda da mimdinareobs. ganviTarebadi qveynebis umravlesobaSimosaxleobis raodenobis zrda gacilebiT winmswrebi tempiT xdeba, vidreekonomikuri ganviTareba, ris gamoc Warbmosaxleobis problema erTnairadmwvaved dgas, rogorc sasoflo dasaxlebebis, aseve qalaqebis winaSe.

Sida migrantebis garkveuli nawili garkveuli drois Semdeg Tavisi mudmivibinadrobis adgilze brundeba. es Sida migraciebis kidev erTi gavrcelebuliformaa, romelsac “uku migracia” ewodeba. masSi ZiriTadad Cabmuli ariansoflebisa da patara qalaqebis mcxovrebni, romlebic garkveuli droisganmavlobaSi msxvil qalaqebSi imyofebodnen ganaTlebis miRebis an dasaqmebismizniT. soflis mosaxleobis uku migracia dadebiT gavlenas axdens sasofloraionebis ganaTlebis da kulturis donis amaRlebaze, aseve maT ekonomikurganviTarebaze.

xSiria SemTxvevebi, rodesac soflis mosaxle jer patara qalaqSi gadadissacxovreblad, xolo Semdeg msxvil qalaqSi. iseT migracias, romlis drosacmigranti ramdenjerme icvlis sacxovrebel adgils da amasTan, Tanmimdevruladgadadis mcire dasaxlebuli punqtidan ufro didi zomis dasaxlebul punqtSisafexurebrivi migracia ewodeba.

Sida migraciebi did gavlenas axdenen qveynis calkeuli regionebis andasaxlebuli punqtis demografiul situaciaze. Tu maRalganviTarebulqveynebSi Sida migraciuli procesebi ZiriTadad organizebul xasiaTs atarebsda xels uwyobs qveynis calkeuli teritoriebis aTviseba-ganviTarebas, xologanviTarebad samyaroSi amgvari gadaadgilebebi, rogorc wesi ukontrolod,spontanurad mimdinareobs.

migraciul procesebSi ZiriTadad Sromisunariani asakis adamianebimonawileoben. Sida migraciuli umTavresi nakadebi miemarTeba sasoflodasaxlebebidan qalaqebisaken. soflebidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis gadinebadadebiTad aisaxeba im qveynebis soflis mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikurmdgomareobaze, romlebSic arsebobs Warbmosaxleobis problema. magram, imqveynebSi, sadac adgili aqvs demografiul kriziss es procesi mZime uaryofiTiSedegebis momtania. is upirveles yovlisa, xels uwyobs soflis mosaxleobisdaberebas, rac, Tavis mxriv iwvevs sasoflo regionebSi samuSao Zalisdeficits.

sustad ganviTarebuli qveynebis qalaqebSi SromaTmowyobis SesaZleblobebiuaRresad limitirebulia, miT ufro araorganizebuli migraciebis pirobebSi.Sesabamisad, msxvil qalaqebSi izrdeba umuSevroba, rac upirveles yovlisaaisaxeba soflebidan an patara qalaqebidan Camosul adamianebze. saboloojamSi es procesi iwvevs qalaqis kriminogenuli situaciis gauaresebas.ukontrolo migraciebis Sedegad ganviTarebadi qveynebis qalaqebSi adgili aqvssxva saxis socialuri problemebis warmoSobas, maT Soris arasrulwlovanTaaralegalur dasaqmebas, siRatakes, antisanitarias, mosaxleobis janmrTelobismdgomareobis gauaresebas, CvilTa sikvdilianobis zrdas.

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4.2 saerTaSoriso migraciebis istoriuli mimoxilva79

migraciebi yvela istoriuli epoqisaTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli, amasTanadamianebis teritoriuli gadadgileba yovel konkretul istoriul periodSigamoirCeoda Sesabamisi formiT, masStabiT, geografiuli mimarTulebiT daSedegebiT.

adamianebis teritoriuli gadaadgilebis istoriaSi pirobiTad SeiZlebagamovyoT 7 Semdegi periodi:

uZvelesi xana, romelic saTaves iRebs daaxloebiT 700 aTas wels CvenswelTaRricxvamde da grZeldeboda Cveni welTaRricxvis me-4 saukunemde.es xana moicavs or istoriul epoqas - pirvelyofil Temur wyobilebasda monaTmflobelobis TiTqmis mTel periods;

IV-IX saukuneebi - adrindeli feodalizmis epoqa;

X-XV saukuneebi - ganviTarebuli feodalizmis epoqa;

XVI-XVIII saukuneebi - gviandeli feodalizmis da adreuli kapitalizmisepoqebi (“absolutizmis xana”);

XIX saukune – ganviTarebuli kapitalizmis periodi;

XX saukunis pirveli naxevari – msoflio omebis periodi;

Tanamedrove periodi - XX saukunis meore naxevridan dRemde.

uZvelesi xanis, kerZod ki pirvelyofili Temuri wyobilebis epoqis migraciebzeSeiZleba vimsjeloT mxolod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad mopovebuliinformaciis safuZvelze. es informacia ki imdenad mwiria, rom mecnierebsdRemde uWirT bevr kiTxvaze pasuxis gacema. magaliTad, daudgenelia, Tu ramizeziT gadmovidnen adamianebi sacxovreblad Tbili afrikidan SedarebiT civevropaSi80. es gadasaxleba daaxloebiT 700 aTasi wlis win moxda. pirvelievropelebi warmoadgendnen adamianTa im modgmas, romlebic homo ereqtusissaxeliT arian cnobili. msoflios sxva regionebSi mimdinareobda homosapiensis gavrceleba. am ukanasknelis warmomadgenlebi evropaSi Semovidnenaxlo aRmosavleTidan daaxloebiT 35 aTasi wlis winaT. mTeli am xnisganmavlobaSi adamianebis cxovrebaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ekava nadirobas.evropis teritoriaze maTi migracia xdeboda gareuli cxovelebis jogebisgadaadgilebasTan erTad. amasTan, mimdinareobda evropis axal-axali miwebisaTviseba da garkveuli teritoriebis dasaxleba. adamianebis gansaxlebaSigadamwyvet rols TamaSobda bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi. gamyinvarebebma didicvlilebebi Seitana evropis mosaxleobis gadaadgilebaSi. meoTxeulma damexuTeulma gamyinvarebebis gamo CrdiloeT da centralur evropaSi binadaritomebi iZulebuli gaxdnen samxreT evropaSi gadasaxlebuliyvnen. 12 aTasi wliswinaT evropaSi moxda klimaturi pirobebis stabilizacia. am droisaTvis ukveganviTarebuli iyo miwaTmoqmedeba da Sinauri cxovelebis moSeneba, risSedegadac iqmneboda dasaxlebebi.

msoflios sxva regionebSi, kerZod afrikasa da axlo aRmosavleTSi, adamianTamigraciebi da pirveli dasaxlebebis Seqmna gacilebiT adre daiwyo, vidreevropaSi.

uZveles xanaSi msoflios regionebSi adgili hqonda mniSvnelovan teritoriulgadaadgilebebs. Cvens welTaRricxvamde ukve me-7 aTaswleulSi dasaxlebuliiyo msoflios civilizaciis uZvelesi kera – mesopotamia, igive SuamdinareTi

79 am TavSi, garda miTiTebulisa, gamoyenebulia informacia Semdegi wyarodan: History ofInternational Migration. www.let.leidenuniv.nl80 am TavSi evropa ganxilulia mis fizikur-geografiul sazRvrebSi, Sesabamisad misSemadgenlobaSi ar unda vigulisxmoT mcire azia da kavkasia.

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(Tanamedrove erayis teritoria). samxreT mesopotamia dasaxlebuli iyoSumerebiT, xolo CrdiloeT mesopotamia - aqadielebiT. imave periodis me-3aTaswleulis bolos es teritoriebi arameelebma daikaves, romlebic aqsamxreTidan movidnen.

daaxloebiT 40 aTasi wlis winaT samxreT-aRmosavleT aziaSi mcxovrebmatomebma samxreTis mimarTulebiT didi manZili gadalaxes da avstraliaSidasaxldnen.81

me-4 aTaswleulSi Cvens eramde egvipteSi, mdinare nilosis napirebze sakmaodkompaqturad saxlobdnen berberuli, prosemituri da kuSituri tomebi.varaudoben, rom mogvianebiT berberebi gavrceldnen dasavleTiT, xoloprosemituri da kuSituri tomebi – aRmosavleTiT.

Cven welTaRricxvamde me-3 aTaswleulis SuaSi indoeTis teritoriazedasaxldnen ariuli tomebi. maT dasabami misces indoariuli tomebisgavrcelebas dasavleTiT. gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda maT migracias dagansaxlebas iranSi, sadac isini dominirebdnen daaxloebiT 15 saukunisganmavlobaSi sparselebisa da midielebis gamoCenamde.

uZveles xanaSi daiwyo CrdiloeT amerikis dasaxleba, mas Semdeg rac Crdilo-aRmosavleT aziidan beringis srutis gavliT moxda indieli tomebis migracia.

daaxloebiT 9-10 aTasi wlis winaT filipinebis kunZulebidan iaponiaSigadasaxldnen ainebi, xolo erTi saukunis Semdeg iaponiaSi gansaxleba daiwyeskoreuli wamoSobis tomebma82. daaxloebiT amave periodSi avstroneziuri,proatlantikuri, Cinur-tibeturi da avstroaziuri tomebis migraciebis Sedegadmoxda samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT aziis teritoriis aTviseba83.

Cven welTaRricxvamde daaxloebiT 8 aTasi wliT adre evropis teritoriazeSeiqmna axali dasaxlebebi. am periodSi evropis samxreT-aRmosavleTSigadmosaxldnen aziuri warmomavlobis tomebi. mogvianebiT, CvenswelTaaRricxvamde 5 aTasi wliT adre dunaispira tomebma moaxdines jerdRevandeli bulgareTis, rumineTis, ungreTis, slovakeTis da balkaneTisnaxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawilis, xolo Semdgom dRevandeli safrangeTis,niderlandebis da belgiis kolonizacia. imave periodSi mcire aziismosaxleobam daiwyo aRmosavleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTis da balkaneTis samxreTnawilis dasaxleba. aRniSnuli procesebi daaxloebiT aTasi wlis ganmavlobaSimimdinareobda. amave periods emTxveva iberiuli tomebis gansaxleba evropisteritoriaze. iberTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb ori mosazreba arsebobs. erT-erTismixedviT isini evropaSi, kerZod espaneTis teritoriaze CrdiloeT afrikidanmovidnen da maT araferi aqvT saerTo saqarTvelos iberebTan. meore versiismixedviT iberebi espaneTSi saqarTvelodan gadasaxldnen. iberebi evropaSiespaneTis garda saxlobdnen italiaSi, safrangeTSi da britaneTSic ki.

Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-8 – me-5 saukuneebSi momTabare tomebis miermimdinareobda evropis mniSvnelovani teritoriebis dapyroba da aTviseba. maTSoris mniSvnelovani iyo germanuli tomebis gavrceleba centralur, samxreTda dasavleT evropaSi. aseve, aRmosavleT evropis stepebSi (dRevandeli ruseTisteritoria) mcxovrebi momTabareebis, upirveles yovlisa skviTebis gansaxlebadRevandeli ukrainis, moldovis da slovakeTis teritoriebze. mogvianebiT isiniiZulebulni gaxdnen es adgilebi sarmatebisaTvis daeTmoT. Cvens

81 Страны и народы. Австралия и Океания. Антарктида. М, 1981, с.1182 Брук С.И. Население мира (этнодемографический справочник). М., 1986, cс. 446-44783iqve gv. 372

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welTaRricxvamde me-6 saukuneSi centralur da dasavleT evropaSi gamoCdnen daSemdgomi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSi iq dominirebdnen keltebi.

monaTmflobeluri epoqis ganmavlobaSi evropis politikaSi liderobda jersaberZneTi, xolo Semdeg karTageni da romi. saberZneTi, karTageni da romimiznad isaxavdnen dapyrobil teritoriebze gaevrcelebinaT TavianTi ena,religia da kultura. amis Sedegad evropis, axlo aRmosavleTisa da CrdiloeTafrikis teritoriebze Seiqmna ara erTi polisi (qalaqi). mag., daarsda qalaqebikarTageni, aleqsandria, marseli. romaelebma evropis did teritoriazegaavrceles laTinuri ena, romlis modificirebuli variantebi bevrixalxebisTvis (maT Soris frangebisTvis, espanelebisTvis, ruminelebisTvis)mSobliuri ena gaxda. aRniSnul periodSi moxda egeosis zRvispireTis,CrdiloeT afrikis, safrangeTis, britaneTis, germaniis, espaneTis, siciliis,korsikis, maltis mniSvnelovani teritoriebis dasaxleba da aTviseba.romaelebma CrdiloeT safrangeTidan britaneTSi gadaasaxles aTasobiT gali,xolo am ukanasknelebis adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan Serevis safuZvelzeSeiqmna uelseli eri. saberZneTisa da romis wyalobiT dasavleT aziisa daCrdiloeT afrikis nawili evropul kulturas eziara.

monaTmflobelur epoqaSi gadaadgilebis masStabis TvalsazrisiTrekordulad SeiZleba CaiTvalos hunebis migracia. hunebis migracia daiwyoCineTSi Cvens welTaRricxvamde me-2 saukuneSi, mimdinareobda eqvsi saukunisganmavlobaSi da dasrulda Savi zRvis mimdebare CrdiloeT teritoriebze. CveniwelTaRricxvis me-6 saukuneSi analogiuri gza gaiares avarebma, kidev erTmaTurqulenovanma tomma. isini im teritoriebs daeuflnen, sadac oTxi saukuniTadre hunebi cxovrobdnen. avarebma, iseve, rogorc hunebma dunaispireTSi Tavisiadgili ver daimkvidres da sxva xalxebs Seerwynen.

evropis mosaxleobis formirebaze didi zegavlena iqonia goTebis migraciam,romelsac adgili hqonda Cveni welTaRricxvis 4-5 saukuneebSi. goTebigadmovidnen SvedeTidan centralur evropaSi da droTa ganmavlobaSi orad,ostgoTebad (ostguTebad) da vestgoTebad (vestguTebad) gaiyvnen. ostgoTebidasaxldnen mdinare donsa da mdinare dneprs Soris, xolo vestgoTebigansaxldnen maTgan dasavleTiT, mdinare dunais mimdebare teritoriebze. amiTgoTebis migraciebi ar damTavrebula. 378 wels vestgoTebi SeiWrnen romisimperiis teritoriaze. romma ver gauZlo maT gamudmebul Tavdasxmebs,TandaTanobiT sustdeboda da 476 wels es imperia sabolood daiSala84. me-5saukunis dasawyisSi vestgoTebma italiis gavliT SeaRwies da daikavesCrdiloeT da centraluri espaneTi. ostgoTebma ki 488 wels daipyres italiismniSvnelovani teritoria da Camoayalibes samefo, romlis dedaqalaqi gaxdaravena. 554 wels es samefo gauqmda bizantielebTan gadamwyvet brZolaSimarcxis Sedegad85. ostgoTTa nawili centralur evropaSi dabrunda, xolomeore nawili adgilobriv mosaxleobas Seeria.

me-6 saukuneSi iwyeba slavebis, romlebic manamde dunais SesarTavs, mdinarebisdneprsa da vislas Soris mdebare teritoriaze cxovrobdnen, masobrivimigracia evropaSi. maTi migracia Semdgomi oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSi samiZiriTadi mimarTulebiT ganxorcielda. slavebis erTi Sto dasaxldateritoriaze, romelic moicavda dRevandeli ruseTis evropuli nawilis daukrainis mniSvnelovan areals, sadac mogvianebiT Seiqmna kievisa da novgorodisslavuri samTavroebi. meore Sto gaemarTa dasavleTiT da dasaxlda baltiiszRvis sanapiroze, bohemiasa (dRevandeli CexeTis teritoria) da aRmosavleTalpebSi. xolo, mesame Sto gadaadgilda samxreTisaken da daikava balkaneTis

84 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 8. Tbilisi 1984. gv. 43685 qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia. t. 3. Tbilisi 1978. gv. 296

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naxevarkunZulis CrdiloeT nawili. me-7 saukunis bolos da me-8 saukunisdasawyisSi mas Semdeg rac, bulgarelebma dunais samxreTiT mdebare teritoriadaipyres, xolo xazarebi gabatondnen volgasa da samxreT urals Soris, maTdaiwyes slavebis Seviwroeba. 885 wels kievisa da novgorodis samTavroebsdaepatronen SvedeTidan mosuli variagebi. aRniSnul teritoriebze mcxovrebislavebis mniSvnelovani nawili gadasaxlda dRevandeli ruseTis evropulinawilis centralur da CrdiloeT nawilebSi.

me-8 saukuneSi arabeTis naxevarkunZulze islamis gavrcelebisa da arabTaxalifatis SeqmnasTan erTad iwyeba arabTa mier CrdiloeT afrikis, samxreT-dasavleT aziis da kavkasiis dapyroba. maT gansakuTrebiT warmatebiT moaxerxesCrdiloeT afrikis naklebad dasaxlebuli teritoriebis dapyroba da aqdasaxleba. manamde CrdiloeT afrikaSi mosaxleobis umravlesobas Seadgendnenegviptelebi (koptebi) da berberebi. Semdgomi ramdenime saukunis ganmavlobaSimimdinareobdaa adgilobrivi mosaxleobis islamizacia da arabizacia. arabebmaagreTve daipyres TiTqmis mTeli espaneTi, sadac oTxi saukunis ganmavlobaSibatonobdnen, Tumca aq dasaxleba ver moaxerxes, iseve, rogorc ver moaxerxes essiciliaSi, bizantiaSi, saqarTvelosa da somxeTSi.

me-9 saukuneSi dasavleT evropaSi skandinaviidan normanebi (vikingebi) SeiWrnen.ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi normanebma daipyres da dasaxldnen CrdiloeTsafrangeTSi, holandiaSi, fareris kunZulebze, inglisSi, islandiaSi,grenlandiaSi. inglisSi normanebisa da anglo-saqsebis Serwymis safuZvelzeCamoyalibda ingliseli eri da inglisuri ena.86

me-10 saukuneSi samxreT uralidan centralur da CrdiloeT evropaSiSemovidnen da gansaxleba daiwyes fino-ugoriulma tomebma. ungrelebi(madiarebi) dasaxldnen panoniis dablobze, xolo mogvianebiT finuri tomebi –dRevandeli fineTisa da estoneTis teritoriaze.

zemoT ganxiluli migraciebis Sedegad dasrulda dasavleT evropismosaxleobis ZiriTadi eTnosebis formireba. Semdgom saukuneebSi mosaxleobismniSvnelovanma gadaadgilebebma gamoiwvia Camoyalibebuli eTnosebis Semdgomiganaxleba-ganviTareba, magram am migraciebis Sedegad dasavleT^evropiseTnikuri portreti mniSvnelovnad ar Secvlila.

evropaSi eTnosebis Camoyalibebis procesi ufro adre dasrulda vidremsoflios sxva regionebSi, Sesabamisad aq ufro adre daiwyo saxelmwifoebisformireba. garda amisa, evropa msoflios yvelaze ufro dasaxlebuli regionigaxda. maRali simWidroviT gamoirCeoda misi dasavleT nawili, im dros,rodesac aRmosavleT evropa SedarebiT dausaxlebeli iyo. dasavleT evropisxalxebisaTvis Semdgomi teritoriuli gafarToebis saSualebas mxolod axaliteritoriebis SemoerTeba warmoadgenda. amis realizacia ki SesaZlebeli iyoaxlo aRmosavleTis da ruseTis miwebis dapyrobis da aTvisebis Sedegad.

me-11 – me-15 saukuneebi evropis, kerZod ki dasavleT evropis istoriaSicnobilia, rogorc “jvarosnuli laSqrobebis” xana. 8 jvarosnuli laSqrobisSedegad axlo aRmosavleTSi, kerZod mcire aziaSi, kviprosze da arabeTisnaxevarkunZulis Crdilo-dasavleT nawilSi, daaxloebiT 250 aTasi evropeli,upiratesad frangi, dasaxlda. dRevandeli libanis teritoriaze evropelebmadaarses tamplierebis samefo, romelic ramdenime saukunis Semdeg Turqebis daarabebis Semotevebis Sedegad daeca.

86 zurab daviTaSvili. msoflios istoriuli da politikuri geografia. Tbilisi, 2001.gv. 64

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germanuli warmoSobis xalxebma daiwyes aRmosavleT evropis teritoriebisdalaSqvra. daaxloebiT 300-400 aTasi germaneli dasaxlda sileziis dablobze,pomeraniaSi, baltiis zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, fineTis ubissanapiroze da prusiaSi. manamde aq mcxovrebi slavebi iZulebuli iyvnenaRmosavleTSi gadasuliyvnen an Sereodnen axladmosul germanul mosaxleobas.

me-11–me-15 saukuneebSi inglisSi gadasaxlda 100 aTasi frangi. maTi umravlesobaiq am or qveyanas Soris 100 wliani omis Sedegad moxvda.

me-14 saukuneSi kaTolikuri eklesiis mier wamowyebuli kampaniis Sedegad moxdaebraelebis gandevna inglisidan, safrangeTsa da gansakuTrebiT espaneTidan.Semdgomi 2-3 saukunis ganmavlobaSi asi aTasobiT ebraeli aRmosavleT evropaSiZiriTadad, poloneTsa da litvaSi gadasaxlda.

me-13 saukuneSi ruseTi TaTar-monRolTa Semosevis obieqti gaxda. maTi batonobaTiTqmis sami saukune gagrZelda. amis Sedegad TaTrulma tomebma TavianTipoziciebi ganimtkices volgispireTSi, sadac dRemde kompaqturad saxloben.

meore aTaswleulis dasawyisSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan migracias adgili hqondaaziaSi. am periodSi cimbiris samxreT nawilidan da centraluri aziidanmimdinareobda Turquli tomebma daiwyes migracia samxreT-dasavleTiT. maT jersparseTi daikaves, xolo Semdeg gansaxleba daiwyes mcire aziasa da samxreTkavkasiaSi (dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze). 1453 wels Turqebis mierkonstantinopolis (dRevandeli stamboli) aRebiT dasrulda bizantiis imperiisistoria da safuZveli Caeyara osmaleTis imperiis formirebas.

amerikis aRmoCenis Semdeg migraciebis istoriaSi axali era dadga. XVI-XIXsaukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis yvelaze masStaburi gadaadgilebaswored amerikis mimarTulebiT mimdinareobda. evropelTa migracia amerikaSiganpirobebuli iyo ramdenime faqtoriT. maT Soris umniSvnelovanesi iyoekonomikuri, radgan amerikis aTviseba dakavSirebuli iyo maRali SemosavlebismiRebasTan. garda amisa, evropelebis mniSvnelovan nawils sjeroda, romamerikaSi SesaZlebeli iqneboda iseTi saxelmwifoebis Seqmna, sadacdamkvidrdeboda socialuri samarTlianoba, ris Sedegadac aRmoifxvrebodawodebrivi gansxvavebebi da rac mTavaria, dakanondeboda sityvis, politikuriSexedulebebis da religiuri mrwamsis Tavisufleba. azielTa da CrdiloeTafrikelTa (arabTa) amerikaSi migracia ZiriTadad ekonomikuri motivebiT iyoganpirobebuli.

amerikis aTviseba Tavidan neli tempiT mimdinareobda. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom1720 wlisTvis samxreT amerikaSi 1 milionze cota meti evropeli imyofeboda,xolo 1776 wels, rodesac amerikis SeerTebulma Statebma damoukideblobagamoacxada am qveyanaSi daaxloebiT 4,5 milioni adamiani cxovrobda. amerikaSievropelTa emigraciaSi SeiniSneboda mkafiod gamoxatuli geografiulikanonzomierebebi. dRevandeli aSS-sa da kanadis teritoriebis aTvisebaSimonawileobdnen ZiriTadad britanelebi, frangebi da germanelebi, im dros,rodesac espanelebma da portugalielebma moaxdines centraluri da samxreTamerikis kolonizacia. am wesidan gamonakliss holandielebi warmoadgendnen,radgan maT emigracias amerikaSi ar hqonda Camoyalibebuli geografiulimimarTuleba. isini cdilobdnen koloniebi SeeqmnaT yvelgan, sadac amissaSualeba miecemodaT.

evropidan amerikaSi masobrivi emigracia kapitalisturi urTierTobebisganviTarebasTan erTad daiwo. me-19 saukuneSi da me-20 saukunis pirvelmeoTxedSi aSS-Si evropelTa gadasaxlebaSi ori periodi SeiZleba gamoiyos.pirveli periodi moicavs 1790-1870 wlebs da masSi gansakuTrebuli adgili

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daikava am qveyanaSi dasavleT evropelTa masobrivma imigraciam. meore periodSi(1870-1924 wlebi), evropuli emigraciis mTavari kera gaxda samxreT daaRmosavleT evropa. 1860 wlisaTvis aSS-Si cxovrobda 5 milioni imigranti,xolo Semdegi 65 wlis ganmavlobaSi aq evropidan 35 milionamde adamianiCamovida, maT Soris 5,5 milioni germaneli, 2 milion ebraelze meti martoruseTis imperiidan, 15 milionze meti aRmosavleT evropidan (rusebi,ukrainelebi, polonelebi, ungrelebi, litvelebi, Cexebi, slovakebi), 2 milionzemeti skandinavieli (Svedebi, danielebi, norvegielebi). gansakuTrebuliaRniSnvis Rirsia aSS-Si irlandielTa imigracia. me-19 saukuneSi da me-20saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-Si gadasaxlda 4 milionze meti irlandieli, risSedegadac aRmoCnda, rom aSS-Si meti irlandieli cxovrobda, vidre TviTirlandiaSi. aRniSnul periodSi kanadaSi Cavida 7 milioni adamiani, magrammaTgan 6 milioni momdevno 2-3 aTwleulis ganmavlobaSi aSS-Si gadavidasacxovreblad.

amerikaSi evropelTa da azielTa migracias ZiriTadad nebayoflobiTi xasiaTihqonda, Tu ar CavTvliT aq patimarTa gadasaxlebas safrangeTidan dabritaneTidan. samagierod, am periodSi masStaburi xasiaTi miiRo amerikaSiafrikelebis Cayvanam da iq maTi monebad gayidvam. 1600-1900 wlebSi mxolod aSS-Si 12,5 milioni afrikeli Caasaxles, romelTa umravlesobas gvineis ubismimdebare teritoriebisa da samxreT-dasavleT afrikis mkvidri mosaxleobaSeadgenda.

1830-iani wlebidan amerikaSi daiwyo samxreT-aRmosavleT da aRmosavleT aziismosaxleobis, ZiriTadad CinelTa imigracia. evropelebi CinelebTan kontraqtebsaformebdnen da amerikaSi samuSaod CayavdaT. Cinelebis didi raodenobagamoiyenes aSS-s dasavleT nawilSi rkinigzebis da portebis mSeneblobaze. me-19saukunis ganmavlobaSi amerikaSi asi aTasobiT azieli Cavida, Tumca imavesaukunis bolo meoTxedSi aSS-s mTavrobam maTi imigracia SezRuda.

evropelTa emigracia samxreT amerikaSi naklebad masStabur xasiaTs atarebdavidre CrdiloeT amerikaSi, Tumca is mainc mniSvnelovani iyo. 1820-1924 wlebSievropulma imigraciam samxreT amerikaSi daaxloebiT 6 milioni adamianiSeadgina. am kontinentze evropelTa imigraciis mTavar kerebs warmoadgendnenbrazilia da argentina. argentinaSi Casuli evropelebis umravlesobasespanelebi Seadgendnen, Tumca migrantTa mniSvnelovani nakadi italiidan,safrangeTidan, ruseTidan, holandiidan Cadioda. koloniuri periodis braziliaupiratesad portugaliuri imigraciis kera iyo, xolo am qveynisdamoukideblobis gamocxadebis Semdeg iq Casvla daiwyes upiratesaditalielebma, xolo portugalielTa mniSvnelovani nawili samSobloSidabrunda. aRniSnul periodSi samxreT amerikaSi intensiuri xasiaTi hqondaazielTa, kerZod iaponelTa, CinelTa, indoelTa da arabTa (upiratesadalJirelTa) imigracias. afrikeli monebiT vaWrobis procesis Sedegad samxreTamerikaSi 2,5 milioni Savkaniani gadaasaxles. maTi umravlesoba braziliisplantaciebSi daasaqmes.

me-17 – me-19 saukuneebSi amerikis garda evropuli kolonizacia Seexo afrikas,azias da avstralia-okeaneTs, ramac xeli Seuwyo axal intensiur migraciulmoZraobas.

maRribis qveynebis (alJiri, maroko, tunisi) kolonizaciis Sedegad am regionSimilionze meti frangi Cavida.

1788-1868 wlebSi inglissa da irlandiidan avstraliaSi da kunZul tasmaniaze162 aTasi msjavrdebuli gadaasaxles. avstraliis mTavari qalaqi sidneipatimrebma aaSenes da misi pirveli mosaxleebic isini gaxdnen.

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me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi italiasa da saberZneTSi Seqmnili mZimeekonomikuri sitaciis gamo am qveynebidan daiwyo am qveynebis mosaxleobismasobrivi emigracia avstraliaSi. 1820-1924 wlebSi avstraliaSi 3 milionze metiitalieli da berZeni Cavida.

me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda samxreT afrikis kolonizacia, risSedegadac me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi aq 1 milionze meti ingliseli da buri(polandieli) cxovrobda. aRsaniSnavia, rom am qveynis kolonizaciaSigermanelebic monawileobdnen, magram isini ver Seeguen adgilobriv pirobebs daukan dabrundnen.

me-19 saukunis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda bunebrivi da mineraluri resursebiTmdidari cimbiris aTviseba ruseTis imperiis mier. me-20 saukunis dasawyisSi amregionSi ukve 10 milion adamianze meti cxovrobda.

me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSi ruseTma daasrula CrdiloeT kavkasiis dapyoba.ruseTis imperiam aqedan gaasaxla aTeulobiT aTasi adamiani, maT SorisCerqezebi, afxazebi, CeCnebi, inguSebi. maT TavSesafari osmaleTis imperiaSimiiRes. ruseTis imperiis administracia cdilobda kavkasiis da volgispireTisteritoria rusebiT da germanelebiT daesaxlebina. am mizniT germaniidan, amregionebSi sacxovreblad gadmovida aTeulobiT aTasi adamiani. saqarTveloSigermanelebi qvemo qarTlis teritoriaze daasaxles.

zemoT aRniSnul periodSi mosaxleobis mniSvnelovan migraciebs adgili hqondaevropis farglebSic. rogorc aRiniSna, me-19 saukunis meore naxevarSisaberZneTi da italia moicva ekonomikurma krizisma. ramdenime aTeuli wlisganmavlobaSi es qveynebi datova milionobiT adamianma. maTgan, 2 milioniitalieli evropis sxva saxelmwifoebSi, ZiriTadad safrangeTSi gadasaxlda,xolo berZenTa mniSvnelovani nawili dasaqmebis mizniT avstro-ungreTisimperiis CrdiloeT nawilSi gaemgzavra.

me-20 saukunis 10-ian wlebSi TurqeTis teritoriaze somexTa masobrivi xocva-Jletis Sedegad milionze meti somexi iZulebuli iyo TavSesafari evropisqveynebSi epovna, ZiriTadad ruseTsa da safrangeTSi, aseve axlo aRmosavleTisarabul qveynebSi da aSS-Si.

pirvelma msoflio omma didi zegavlena iqonia msoflios mosaxleobisteritoriul gadaadgilebaze, rac upirveles yovlisa evropas Seexo.

pirvel msoflio omSi damarcxebis Sedegad germaneli mosaxleoba iZulebuliiyo daetovebina is teritoriebi, sadac is manamde cxovrobda. kerZod, 1,8milioni germaneli poloneTidan, ruseTidan, elzas-lotaringiidan (aRmosavleTsafrangeTi), aseve aziis da afrikis koloniebidan germaniasa da avstriaSidabrunda.

safrangeTidan germanelTa emigraciisa da omiT miyenebuli adamianuri zaralisSedegad qveyanaSi Seiqmna samuSao Zalis deficiti, romlis aRmofxvrac sxvaqveynebidan aTi aTasobiT muSis Semoyvanis xarjze moxda. omis SemdegsafrangeTSi samuSaod Cavida 300 aTasi arabi maRribis qveynebidan, 46 aTasipoloneli, 33 aTasi Cexi, 67 aTasi rusi da amdenive somexi.

osmaleTis imperiis daSlisa da TurqeTis respublikis Seqmnis SedegadsaberZneTsa da TurqeTs Soris moxda mosaxleobebis “gacvla”. 1923 welssaberZneTi datova da TurqeTSi gadasaxlda 500 aTasi Turqi, xolo 1,3 milioniberZeni TurqeTidan saberZneTSi wavida.

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ruseTis imperiis ngrevas da mis teritoriaze sabWoTa diqtaturis damyarebisSedegad jer kidev me-20 saukunis 10-iani wlebis bolos da 20-iani wlebisdasawyisSi asobiT aTasi adamiani, romelic imperiis arsebobis dros maRal ansaSualo fenas miekuTvneboda iZulebuli gaxda TavSesafari sxva qveynebSiepova. ruseTidan wasuli adamianebis umravlesoba safrangeTSi an aSS-Sigadasaxlda. 1917-1926 wlebSi ruseTidan mxolod safrangeTSi 64 aTasi adamianiCavida. 20-30-ian wlebSi sabWoTa represiebis msxverpli gaxda SeZlebuliadamianebis didi nawili, romelic sabWoTa kavSirSi darCa. 1932 wels cimbirSida sabWoTa kavSiris sxva naklebad aTvisebul adgilebSi 5 milioniSeZlebuli glexi (“kulaki”) gadaasaxles. garda amisa, qveyanaSi dawyebulmaindustrializaciis procesma moiTxova msxvil qalaqebsa da industriulcentrebSi didi raodenobis muSa-xelis arseboba. am mizniT sabWoTaxelisuflebam 1929-39 wlebSi qveynis evropuli nawilis sasoflo regionebidandid qalaqebSi, aseve donbassa da uralSi 18 milioni adamiani gadaasaxla.

30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi evropis rig saxelmwifoebSi, maT Soris germaniaSi,italiasa da espaneTSi, xelisuflebis saTaveSi diqtatoruli reJimebi movidnen.am qveynebSi daiwyo adamianTa devna politikuri mrwamsisa da eTnikurikuTvnilebis niadagze. eTnikur ebraelTa da boSaTa didi nawili, agreTvefaSisturi ideologiis mowinaaRmdegeebi iZulebulni gaxdnen es qveynebidaetovebinaT. maTi umetesoba sacxovreblad gaemgzavra safrangeTSi, didbritaneTsa da CrdiloeT amerikaSi.

espaneTSi mimdinare samoqalaqo omis Sedegad 30-iani wlebis bolos qveyanadatova 200 aTasma adamianma. maTi umravlesoba (140 aTasi adamiani)sacxovreblad safrangeTSi wavida, xolo danarCenebi samxreT amerikasa daCrdiloeT afrikis frangulenovan qveynebSi.

msoflioSi migraciuli moZraoba kidev ufro intensiuri gaxda meore msoflioomis dros. am omis ganmavlobaSi nacistebma maT mier dapyrobili qveynebidangermaniaSi gadaasaxles daaxloebiT 9-10 milioni adamiani. maTi erTi nawilidasaqmebuli iyo mrewvelobasa da mSeneblobebze, meore nawili kisakoncentracio banakebSi moaTavses. 1942-45 wlebSi germaniisa da poloneTisteritoriebze mdebare sakoncentracio banakebSi milionobiT adamiani, maTSoris 5,2 milioni ebraeli da 400 aTasi boSa imyofeboda.

imave periodSi sabWoTa kavSirSi adgili hqonda sxvadasxva eTnosebisdeportacias (ZaldatanebiT gasaxlebas) maTi binadrobis adgilebidan qveynissxva teritoriebze. sabWoTa xelisuflebas eSinoda, rom Tu germaniis mokavSireTurqeTi sabWoTa kavSirSi SemoiWreboda, maSin mas mxars dauWerdnensaqarTveloSi da CrdiloeT kavkasiaSi mcxovrebi muslimebi. am mizeziT, iqedan1943-44 wlebSi yazaxeTsa da Sua aziaSi gaasaxles CeCnebi, inguSebi,yaraCaevelebi, balyarebi da saqarTveloSi mcxovrebi muslimi mesxebi.

meore msoflio omis Sedegad mniSvnelovnad Seicvala msoflios politikuriruka, ramac pirdapiri zegavlena moaxdina mosaxleobis migraciebze.aRmosavleT evropidan 10 milioni germaneli gadaasaxles germaniis federaciulrespublikaSi, germaniis demokratiul respublikasa da dasavleT berlinSi.87

imavdroulad, 2 milionamde poloneli germaniidan poloneTSi dabrunda.88

meore msoflio omis dros ganxocielebulma ebraelTa devnam gamoiwviaevropidan da CrdiloeT afrikidan maTi masobrivi emigracia CrdiloeT

87 В.П. Максаковский – Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, с. 13788 vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 106

93

amerikasa da palestinaSi. 1947 wels istoriuli palestinis teritoriazeSeiqmna israelis saxelmwifo. Tu omamde iq ramdenime aTeuli aTasi ebraelicxovrobda, 1966 wels maTma ricxvma israelSi ukve 2,5 milioni Seadgina. meoremxriv israelis Seqmnis Semdeg arabul qveynebSi gadasaxlda daaxloebiT 700aTasamde palestineli arabi.89

meore msoflio omSi damarcxebis Sedegad daaxloebiT 6 milionma iaponelmadatova CineTis, koreis da ruseTis okupirebuli teritoriebi da samSobloSidabrunda.90

1947 wels pakistanis indoeTidan gamoyofis Sedegad daaxloebiT 7-8 milioniadamiani gadaadgilda am qveynebs Soris. imavdroulad, es qveynebi datovaaseulobiT aTasma britanelma da samSobloSi dabrunda.91

meore msoflio omis Semdeg daiwyo afrikisa da aziis dekolonizaciis procesi,romelic gansakuTrebuli intensiurobiT gamoirCeoda 1950-iani wlebis meorenaxevarsa da 1960-ian wlebSi. afrikisa da aziis qveynebis ganTavisuflebasmohyva daaxloebiT 2 milioni evropeli kolonistis repatriacia.

meore msoflio omis Semdeg evropis ekonomikurma aRmSeneblobam da aziisa daafrikis dekolonizaciam axali impulsi misca ganviTarebadi qveynebismosaxleobis masobriv emigracias evropis mimarTulebiT.

89 Н.В. Алисов, Б.С. Хорев – Экономическая и социальная география (общий обзор). М., 2000, с. 15290 vaxtang jaoSvili. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv.10691 Н.В. Алисов, Б.С. Хорев – Экономическая и социальная география (общий обзор). М., 2000, с. 152

94

3.3. Tanamedrove saerTaSoriso migraciebi.iZulebiTi xasiaTis saerTaSoriso migraciebi. trefikingi

saerTaSoriso migraciebi globalizaciis epoqis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesidamaxasiaTebeli movlenaa. am procesSi Cabmuli adamianebis raodenobaganuxrelad izrdeba, rac gamowveulia mravali, maT Soris ekonomikuri,demografiuli, socialuri, politikuri, bunebriv-geografiuli, omisfaqtorebiT.92 1960-2005 wlebSi migrantTa raodenoba msoflioSi ornaxevarjergaizarda (75 milionidan 191 milionamde)93. am zrdaze gansakuTrebuli zegavlenaiqonia socialistur qveynebSi komunisturi marTvelobis gauqmebam da maTmaSemdgomma socialur-ekonomikurma integraciam danarCen msoflioSi.

1960-ian wlebSi da 1970-iani wlebis dasawyisSi saerTaSoriso migrantTa didiumravlesoba (43 milioni 75 milionidan) ganviTarebad qveynebSi Cadioda. 1975-1990 wlebSi ganviTarebadma da ganviTarebulma qveynebma migrantTa daaxloebiTTanabari raodenoba miiRes. 1990-iani wlebidan situacia Seicvala, SesabamisadgafarTovda imigracia ganviTarebul qveynebSi. 1990-2005 wlebSi 36 milioniimigrantidan 33 milioni maRalganviTarebulma qveynebma da ruseTma miiRes. ukve2005 wels msoflioSi (yofili sabWoTa kavSiris gamoklebiT) aRricxuli iyo164 milioni migrati, romelTa Soris umravlesoba (90 milioni) ganviTarebulqveynebSi cxovrobda. migrantTa raodenobiT msoflioSi gamoirCeva evropa,sadac 64 milioni migrantia Tavmoyrili, rac mTeli evropis mosaxleobis 9%Seadgens. mTel mosaxleobaSi migrantTa xvedriTi wiliT msoflioSi gamoirCevaavtralia da okeaneTi, aseve CrdiloeT amerika. migrantebi am regionebismosaxleobis Sesabamisad 15 da 13%-s Sedgenen.

ukanaskneli TiTqmis naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi mniSvnelovnad gaizardamasobrivi imigraciis qveynebis ricxvi. 1960 wels 500 aTasze meti imigrantimsoflios mxolod 30 qveyanaSi iyo dafiqsirebuli, xolo 2005 wlisaTvis aseTiqveynebis ricxvi 64-mde gaizarda. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom tradiciuliimigraciis qveynebis roli saerTaSoriso migraciebSi kvlav sakmaod maRalia.sakmarisia iTqvas, rom 2005 wels imigrantTa mTeli raodenobis TiTqmis orimesamedi¾koncentrirebuli iyo 18 qveyanaSi, xolo maTi TiTqmis erTi mesamedi –sam qveyanaSi (aSS-Si, ruseTsa da germaniaSi). msoflioSi yoveli mexuTeimigranti aSS-Si cxovrobs. aSS-Si garda 38 milionze met legaluriimigrantisa, kidev daaxloebiT 16 milioni aralegaluri imigranti imyofeba.

gavrcelebulia mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, rom saerTaSoriso migraciebSiZiriTadad mamakacebi monawileoben. es mcdari mosazrebaa. jer kidev 1960 welsqalebi saerTaSoriso migrantTa 47%-s Seadgendnen, xolo 2005 wels maTi wili50%-mde gaizarda. gansakuTrebiT swrafad izrdeba qal migrantTa ricxvitradiciuli emigraciis qveynebSi. am saukunis dasawyisSi filipinebis, Sri-lankis da indoneziis emigrantebs Soris did umravlesobas qalebi Seadgendnen.qalebi, ZiriTadad maRalganviTarebul qveynebSi miemgzavrebian. amJamad,ganviTarebul qveynebSi mcxovreb migrantTa Soris ufro meti qalia, vidremamakaci.

gavrcelebulia kidev erTi araswori mosazreba, imis Taobaze TiTqos migrantTaumravlesobas dabalkvalificiuri da uwignuri adamianebi Seadgenen.sinamdvileSi ganviTarebuli samyarodan gamosuli emigrantebi ufromaRalkvalificiuri adaminebi arian, vidre isini vinc samSobloSi rCeba.ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis (Organisation for

92 am gverdze mocemuli informacia aRebulia wyarodan: Trends in Total Migrant Stock: The 2005Revision. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration93 es raodenoba moicavs ltolvilebsac.

95

Economic Co-operation and Development – OECD) wevr qveynebSi Casul migrantTaumravlesobas, rogorc wesi saSualo an umaRlesi ganaTleba gaaCnia.94

cxrili #20

msoflios udidesi qveynebi imigrantTa raodenobis mixedviT95

(1990 da 2005 wlebi)

qveynebiimigrantTa raodenoba imigrantTa

raodenobissaerTo zrda1990-2005 w.w.(%-Si)

1990 w. 2005 w.

milionebSi

%-Si milionebSi

%-Si

aSS 23,3 15,0 38,4 20,2 +64,8ruseTi 11,5 7,4 12,1 6,4 +5,2indoeTi 7,4 4,8 5,7 3,0 –22,9ukraina 7,1 4,6 6,8 3,6 –4,4pakistani 6,6 4,2 3,3 1,7 –50,0germania 5,9 3,8 10,1 5,3 +71,1safrangeTi 5,9 3,8 6,5 3,4 +10,1saudis arabeTi 4,7 3,1 6,4 3,3 +36,1kanada 4,3 2,8 6,1 3,2 +41,9avstralia 4,0 2,6 4,1 2,2 +0,2irani 3,8 2,5 2,0 1,1 –47,4didi britaneTi 3,8 2,4 5,4 2,8 +42,1yazaxeTi 3,6 2,3 2,5 1,3 –30,6honkongi 2,2 1,4 3,0 1,6 +36,3spilos Zvlisnapiri

2,0 1,3 2,4 1,2 +2,0

israeli 1,6 1,1 2,7 1,4 +68,8italia 1,3 0,8 2,5 1,3 +38,5arabTa gaerT.saemiroebi

1,3 0,8 3,2 1,7 +46,1

danarCeni qveynebi 54,5 35,2 67,1 35,2 +23,1mTeli msoflio 154,8 100 190,3 100 +22,9

migrantebi sazRvargareT maTi gamgzavrebis mizezebis mixedviT, pirobiTadSegviZlia 6 ZiriTad jgufad davyoT:

emigrantebi – adamianebi, romlebmac miatoves samSoblo da samudamodgadasaxldnen sxva qveynebSi;

“mSromeli migrantebi” – adamianebi, romlebic dasaqmebis mizniTganusazRvreli vadiT gaemgzavrnen sazRvargareT;

migrantebi, romlebic sazRvargareT gaemgzavrnen ojaxTan SeerTebismizniT. am kategorias miekuTvnebian sazRvargareT myofi imigrantis(mSromeli migrantis) meuRle da misi arasrulwlovani Svili (Svilebi);

adamiani, romlmac sicocxlis, Rirsebis, kulturuli identobisSenarCunebis mizniT datova (an cdilobs datovos) samSoblo daTavSesafari sxva qveyanaSi ipovna (cdilobs ipovnos);

94 Adams R.H Jr. 2003”International Migration, Remittances and the Brain Drain. A Study of 24 Labour ExportingCountries”, p.3. Policy Research Working Paper No 3069, Washington, DC. Poverty Reduction and EconomicManagement Network, Poverty Reduction Group, The World Bank95 cxrili Sedgenilia Semdegi wyaros monacemebis safuZvelze: Trends in Total Migrant Stock:The 2005 Revision. www.un.org/esa/population/publications/migration

96

pirebi, romlebic sazRvargareT wavidnen ganaTlebis miRebis ankvalifikaciis amaRlebis mizniT (studentebi, staJiorebi, xelovnebisa dasamecniero sferoebis muSakebi da a.S.);

adamianebi, romelTa ucxoeTSi wasvlis mizans warmoadgens turizmi(dasveneba, garToba) da mkurnaloba.

aRsaniSnavia, rom ukanaskneli 50 wlis ganmavlobaSi saerTaSoriso migraciebSiSesamCnevad amaRlda iZulebiT migraciebSi monawile adamianTa (ltolvilebisda politikuri TavSesafris maZieblebis) xvedriTi wili. Tu 1950-ian wlebSi impirTa ricxvi, romlebic iZulebulni iyvnen Tavisi samSoblo daetovebina omisan politikuri, eTnikuri da religiuri devnis mizeziT ar aRemateboda 2milions, 2003 wels maTma raodenobam 17 milions miaRwia.96 amJamad, kidev 22milioni adamiani devnilad iTvleba sakuTar qveynebSi.97 es imaze miuTiTebs, romTanamedrove msoflioSi milionobiT adamiani xdeba saomari moqmedebebisa daarademokratiuli reJimebis msxverpli. ltolvilebisa da politikuriTavSesafris maZieblebis didi umravlesoba ganviTarebadi samyaroswarmomadgenelia.

ltolvilTa sakiTxebis samarTlebrivi gadawyveta saerTaSorisoorganizaciebis prioritets warmoadgens. gaerom jer kidev 1951 wels miiRokonvencia, romelic gansazRvravs ltolvilis statuss, xolo Semdgom wlebSimiRebuli saerTaSoriso dokumentebi adgenen am statusis miniWebisprocedurebs. gaeros egidiT ltolvilTa sakiTxebs 1951 wlidanxelmZRvanelobs gaeros ltolvilTa saqmeeebis umaRlesi komisari. aRsaniSnavia,rom ganvlili naxevari saukunis ganmavlobaSi ltolvilis statusi miiRomsurvelTa daaxloebiT 15-20%-ma. ltolvilis an TavSesafris maZieblisstatusis miReba garkveul sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. saqme imaSia, romaRniSnuli statusis miReba msoflioSi bevr adamians surs ganurCevlad imisa,realurad arian Tu ara isini saomari moqmedebebis, ekologiuri katastrofisan politikuri da sxva saxis devnis msxverpli. amis dadgena saerTaSorisoda/an ltolvilTa mimRebi qveynis Sesabamisi institutebis prerogativaa.ltolvilis statusis maZiebeli gancxadebiT mimarTavs im qveynis sagareosaqmeTa uwyebas, romelSic TavSesafris miReba surs. xSir SemTxvevaSi devniliadamiani gancxadebas akeTebs mas Semdeg, rac sxva saxelmwifos teritoriazeaRmoCndeba. nebismieri saxelmwifo, romelsac xeli aqvs mowerili konvenciazeltolvilTa Sesaxeb (maT Soris aris saqarTveloc) valdebulia ganixilosaseTi gancxadeba, xolo gansakuTrebul SemTxvevaSi valdebulia Tavisteritoriaze SeuSvas devnili adamianebi. romelime saxelmwifos teritoriazeSeRweva jer ar niSnavs ltolvilis statusis miRebas, xolo ltolviladaRiareba ar niSnavs, rom am statusis mqone adamiani samudamod darCeba mismimReb qveyanaSi. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu ltolvilis warmoSobis qveyanaSipolitikuri situacia ukeTesobisken Seicvleba da dadgindeba, rom mocemuliadamianis sicocxles da mis ZiriTad uflebebs safrTxe aRar emuqreba, maSin issamSobloSi unda dabrundes. ukanasknel wlebSi, ltolvilTa raodenobamsoflioSi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. es gamowveulia ori faqtoriT. upirvelesyovlisa, daixvewa ltolvilis statusis miRebis procedura, ris gamoc amstatuss sul ufro da ufro naklebi adamiani iRebs. garda amisa, 1990-ianwlebTan SedarebiT Semcirda SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebis ricxvi - ltolvilTawarmoSobis ZiriTadi wyaro.

me-9 cxrilSi mocemulia ltolvilTa raodenoba maTi warmoSobis regionebismixedviT. yuradRebas iqcevs is faqti, rom magaliTad afrikasa da evropaSiltolvilTa raodenoba praqtikulad Tanabaria. evropaSi ltolvilTa

96 US Committee for Refugees. World Refugee Report, 200297 iqve

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raodenobis zrda daiwyo me-20 saukunis 80-iani wlebis SuaSi, rac daemTxva“socialisturi banakis” qveynebSi komunisturi reJimebis rRvevas. am periodSidaiwyo eTnikuri ebraelebis, germanelebis, berZnebis repatriacia maTistoriul samSobloebSi. garda amisa, aRmosavleT evropis qveynebidanmosaxleobis nawili dasavleT evropaSi gaemgzavra. evropaSi ltolvilTaricxvi kidev ufro gaizarda mas Semdeg, rac daiSalnen sabWoTa kavSiri daiugoslavia da am qveynebis teritoriebze gaCnda SeiaraRebuli eTnopolitikurikonfliqtebis kerebi.

cxrili #21

ltolvilTa raodenoba msoflios regionebis mixedviT (2003 w.)98

regionebi raodenoba(milioni adamiani)

msoflio 16,9azia 6,2afrika 4,2evropa 4,1laTinuri amerika 1,3CrdiloeT amerika 1,0avstralia da okeaneTi 0,07

momdevno cxrilSi mocemulia monacemebi ltolvilTa raodenobis Sesaxeb maTiwarmoSobis qveynebis mixedviT. am siaSi warmodgenilia aziis 4 da afrikis 6qveyana. yovel maTganSi ltolvilTa gaCena dakavSirebuli iyo samoqalaqoomebTan, SeiaraRebul konfliqtebTan an diqtatoruli reJimebis arsebobasTan.gansakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia avRaneTi, qveyana, romelSic TiTqmis 30 weliagamudmebuli omebi mimdinareobs. aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi, rodesac avRaneTiokupirebuli iyo sabWoTa kavSiris mier, masSi partizanuli brZolebimimdinareobda. Semdgom periodSi qveyanaSi gaCaRda samoqalaqo omi, romelicdRemde ar aris Camqrali.

cxrili #22ltolvilTa warmoSobis 10 udidesi qveyana (2003 w.)

qveynebi ltolvilTa raodenoba(aTasi adamiani)

avRaneTi 1 032sudani 606burundi 532kongos dem. respublika 453israeli (palestinisavtonomia)

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somali 402erayi 369vietnami 363liberia 353angola 330

Tuki ltolvilTa warmoSoba ZiriTadad ganviTarebad qveynebSi xdeba, maTimimRebi qveynebis geografia ufro farToa. qvemoT moyvanili cxrilidan Cans,

98 cxrilebi 9, 10 da 11 aRebulia Semdegi wyarodan: www.oecd.org

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rom msoflioSi ltolvilTa mimReb 10 udidesi qveynidan 3maRalganviTarebulia, xolo 4 ganviTarebuli. ltolvilTa daaxloebiT 90%ganviTarebad samyaroSi imyofeba.99

cxrili #23ltolvilTa mimRebi 10 udidesi qveyana (2003 w.)

qveynebi ltolvilTa raodenoba(aTasi adamiani)

pakistani 1 124irani 965germania 960tanzania 650aSS 453CineTi 299serbeTi da Cernogoria 291didi britaneTi 277saudis arabeTi 241somxeTi 239

ltolvilTa miRebaSi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSoben mezobeli qveynebi. aziisada afrikis qveynebis mosaxleoba, romelic iZulebuli iyo daetovebinasamSoblo, droebiT mainc mezobel qveyanas afarebs Tavs. swored amiT aixsnebame-11 cxrilSi pakistanisa da iranis mowinave poziciebi. orive qveyanamTavSesafari misca asi aTasobiT avRanel ltolvils. garda amisa, pakistanSiimyofebian muslimi ltolvilebi qaSmiridan (indoeTi), xolo iranSiTavSesafari miiRes erayelma Siitebma. 1990-ian wlebSi kongos demokratiulrespublikaSi (yofili zairi) mimdinare samoqalaqo omis Sedegad gaCenililtolvilebis didi nawili tanzaniaSi gadasaxlda. mTian yarabaRSiSeiaraRebul konfliqtis Sedegad somxeTSi Cavida eTnikur somexTa didiraodenoba, romelic manamde azerbaijanSi cxovrobda.

mezobel qveyanaSi droebiTi ganTavsebis Semdeg ltolvilTa nawili cdilobssacxovreblad ganviTarebul qveynebSi gadavides. ganviTarebuli samyaros didiumravlesoba ramdenime aTeuli welia iRebs ltolvilebs msoflios sxvadasxvaregionidan. ltolvilebis miRebis raodenobis mixedviT gamoirCevian germania,aSS, didi britaneTi. aRsaniSnavia, rom arian qveynebi, romlebsac ar hyavTltolvilebi. ganviTarebuli qveynebidan aseTia iaponia. iaponia winaaRmdegiamis teritoriaze ltolvilebis ganTavsebisa, Tumca is yovelwliurad didiodenobis Tanxas uricxavs ltolvilTa daxmarebis fondebs. TurqeTs,gansakuTeruli politika aqvs ltolvilebis mimarT. is TavSesafars aZlevsmxolod Turquli warmoSobis adamianebs an yofili osmaleTis imperiisteritoriebis mosaxleobas. Tavis droze TurqeTma miiRo da Tavis teritoriazeganasaxla Turquli warmoSobis ltolvilebi bulgareTidan, aseve bosnielebida muslimi mesxebi.

gansakuTrebuli ganxilvis Rirsia trefikingi - Tanamedrove migraciebisyvelaze maxinji saxeoba. trefikingis daniSnulebas warmoadgens motyuebis,yalbi dapirebis safuZvelze adamianis sazRvargareT gayvana da Semdgom misiukanono eqspluatacia an gayidva. samwuxarod, adamianebiT vaWroba yovelTvisiyo msoflios istoriis Semadgeneli nawili. XX saukunemde mas legalurixasiaTic ki hqonda, radgan ar arsebobda adamianebiT vaWrobis amkrZalavi

99 UNHCR 2006. The State of World’s Refugees 2006: Human Development in the Millennium, p.70. OxfordUnited Kingdom and New York. Oxford University Press.

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saerTaSoriso samarTlebrivi aqtebi. am TvalsazrisiT Tanamedrove msoflioSisituacia radikalurad Seicvala. Cveni planetaze aRar darCa arc erTisaxelmwifo, romlis kanonmdeblobiTac ar isjebodes trefikingi an misicalkeuli gamovlinebebi. miuxedavad amisa, trefikingma globaluri xasiaTimiiRo. am mxriv is SeiZleba kontrabandas SevadaroT, romelic aseve ukanonosaqmianobad aris miCneuli. trefikingis da kontrabandis winaaRmdeg brZolarTulia, radgan orive sarfian bizness warmoadgens, Sesabamisad maTSi Cabmuliarian organizebuli danaSaulebrivi jgufebi da calkeuli qveynebiskorumpirebuli moxeleebi (xandaxan samTavrobo struqturebic ki). trefikingi,iaraRiT da narkotikebiT vaWrobis Semdeg yvelaze momgebiani biznesia.yovelwliurad am bizness misi mesveurebisTvis 7-12 miliardi dolari moaqvs.100

Sromis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (International Labour Organization – ILO)monacemebiT amJamad msoflioSi daaxloebiT 2,5 milioni adamiani SeiZlebaCaiTvalos trefikingis msxverplad.101 qalebiT vaWroba trefikingis yvelazegavrcelebuli saxeobaa, romelSic centraluri adgili “seqsis turizms”ukavia. saubedurod am biznesSi ara marto srulwlovani qalebi, aramed 12-16wlis gogonebic monawileoben. trefikingis msxverpli ukanono eqspluataciisgamo, rogorc wesi sarCeliT ar mimarTavs Sesabamis instanciebs, radgan, jererTi misi “damqiraveblebis” mxridan angariSsworebis eSinia da garda amisa,miaCnia, rom kanonma SeiZleba gaamtyunos, radgan formalurad is aralegalurbiznesSi monawileobs.

trefikingis yvelaze meti monawile amJamad samxreT da samxreT-aRmosavleTaziaSi imyofeba. eqspertTa SefasebiT am regionebSi daaxloebiT 375 aTasiadamiani ganicdis ukanono eqspluatacias.102 am mxriv, gamoirCevian aseve aSS,germania, iaponia, TurqeTi, italia, saberZneTi, belgia, niderlandebi, brazilia,meqsika, tailandi.

socialisturi banakis da sabWoTa kavSiris daSlis Semdeg am qveynebismoqalaqeebi intensiurad monawileoben trefikingSi. aSS-is saxelmwifodepartamentis informaciiT yovelwliurad trefikingSi Cabmulia yofilisabWoTa kavSiris 100 aTasi da aRmosavleT evropis 75 aTasi moqalaqe.103 maTimniSvnelovani nawili TurqeTis danaSaulebrivi sindikatebis moRvaweobismsxverpli xdeba. migraciis saerTaSoriso organizaciis (InternatioanlOrganization for Migration – IOM) SefasebiT 2005 wels am qveynis sindikatebmaqalebiT ukanono vaWrobis Sedegad 3,6 miliard dolaris odenobis mogebamiiRes. TurqeTis kriminaluri dajgufebebis mier organizebul “seqsindustriaSi” monawile qalebis 60% ukrainidan da moldovidan iyo.104

ramdenime welia, rac trefikingis winaaRmdeg brZolam masStaburi xasiaTimiiRo. am brZolaSi Cabmulia ramdenime saerTaSoriso organizacia, romlebsacgaero uwevs koordinacias. maT sasaxelod unda iTqvas, rom ukve saxezeadadebiTi Zvrebi, gansakuTrebiT aRmosavleT evropaSi da samxreT afrikaSi,sadac trefikingis masStabebi mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. warmatebismniSvnelovani faqtori gaxda am regionebis qveynebis aqtiuri TanamSromlobaSesabamis saerTaSoriso organizaciebTan.

100 Omelaniuk I. 2006. “Trafficking in Human Beings: CEE and SE Europe.” 50th Session of Commission on Statusof Women. New York, 2 March, 2006101 ILO 2005. Report of the Director General: A Global Alliance against Forced Labour. Global Report under theFollow-up to ILO Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights of Work, 2005 Report 1 (B) pp. 55-56.International Labour Conference, 93rd Session. Geneva, International Labour Office, ILO102 Народонаселение мира в 2006 году. UNFPA, 2006, c. 51103 Miko F.T and G. Park 2000. “Trafficking in Women and Children: The US and International Response.”Congressional Research Service Report No 86-649 C. Washington DC. United States Department of State.104 IOM 2006. 2005: Turkey, Trafficking and Trends, p.p. 6, 11, and 20-23. Ankara, Turkey, IOM

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4.4 SromiTi migraciebi

saerTaSoriso migraciebSi centraluri adgili SromiT migraciebs ukavia.amJamad msoflios sxvadasxva regionSi daaxloebiT 35 milioni mSromelimigranti imyofeba. maT umravlesobas ganviTarebad qveynebSi dabadebuliadamianebi Seadgenen, xolo maTi 2/3 ganviTarebul qveynebSi cxovrobs.

Tanamedrove SromiTi migraciebis masStaburi xasiaTi ganapiroba meoremsoflio omis Semdeg dasaqmebis axali bazrebis gaCenam an arsebuli Sromisbazrebis gafarToebam. Tu me-20 saukunis pirvel naxevarSi saerTaSorisomigraciuli nakadebi ZiriTadad amerikisken miemarTeboda, 1950-iani wlebidansituacia mniSvnelovnad Seicvala. evropaSi “saerTo bazris” (mogvianebiT isevrokavSirad gardaiqmna) Seqmnam dasaqmebis didi SesaZleblobebi miscaganviTarebadi samyaros warmomadgenlebs. amiT, Tavdapirvelad evropis qveynebisyofili koloniebis gansakuTrebiT indoeTis, pakistanis, CrdiloeT afrikisqveynebis moqalaqeebma isargeblebs. TandaTanobiT gaCnda SromiTi emigraciisaxali kerebi: TurqeTi, kviprosi, filipinebi, samxreT korea, bangladeSi.aRsaniSnavia, rom 1950-60-ian wlebSi centraluri da CrdiloeT evropis qveynebSididi raodenobiT Cadiodnen mSromeli migrantebi SedarebiT CamorCenilisamxreT evropis qveynebidan, kerZod espaneTidan, italiidan, saberZneTidan daportugaliidan. axlo aRmosavleTis (saudis arabeTi, quveiTi, irani, baxreini),laTinuri amerikis (venesuela), CrdiloeT afrikis (libia) qveynebSi navTobismopovebis gafarToebam xeli Seuwyo am qveynebis swraf ekonomikur ganviTarebas,ris Sedegadac Seiqmna axali samuSao adgilebi, romelTa didi nawiliucxoeTidan Camosulma migrantebma daikaves.

SromiTi migraciebi maTi marTvis TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba iyos organizebulida spontanuri. organizebul migraciebs ganaxorcieleben saxelmwifoorganizaciebi da/an mSromeli migrantebis daqiravebis licenzirebuli kerZosaagentoebi. Tavdapirvelad isini molaparakebebs awarmoeben mimRebi qveynis imkompaniebis, firmebis da a.S. warmomadgenlebTan an kerZo pirTan, romlebsacsurT ucxoeli muSebis daqiraveba. maTTan xdeba SeTanxmebis miRwevamigrantebis raodenobaze, maT profesiul Semadgenlobasa da kvalifikaciaze,aseve SromiTi kontraqtis pirobebze. amis Semdgom, sakonkurso an sxva saxisproceduriT mimdinareobs sazRvargareT wamsvlelTa SerCeva. mimRebi qveynisSesabamisi saxelmwifo struqturebi SerCeuli pirebisaTvis gascemen qveyanaSiSesvlisa da dasaqmebis nebarTvas. is saagento, romelic monawileobda mSromelmigrantTa SerCevaSi uzrunvelyofs maT sazRvargareT gamgzavrebas dadabinavebas. SromiTi kontraqtis vadis gasvlis Semdeg mSromeli migrantibrundeba samSobloSi an mimarTavs mis damqiravebel saagentos SromiTikontraqtis ganaxlebis Sesaxeb an TviTon agvarebs mocemul qveyanaSi darCenisada dasaqmebis sakiTxebs.

msoflioSi daaxloebiT 20 qveyanaa, romelsac kargad aqvs awyobili SromiTiemigraciis sistema. emigraciis qveyanaTa did umravlesobaSi mSromel migrantTasazRvargareT gamgzavreba araorganizebul da xSir SemTxvevaSi (maT SorissaqarTveloSic) ukontrolo xasiaTs atarebs.

SromiTi migraciebis geografia mravalmxrivia, amasTan naTlad ikveTebageografiuli xasiaTis erTi Tavisebureba. SromiT migraciaSi gadamwyvet rolsTamaSobs emigraciis da imigraciis qveynebis geografiuli siaxlove.ganviTarebadi qveynebis mSromeli migrantebisTvis mimRebi qveynis teritoriulisiaxlove uaRresad sasurvelia. am SemTxvevaSi maT uadvildebaT, rogorcmimReb qveyanaSi moxvedra, aseve samSoblosTan mWidro kavSiris SenarCuneba.amis kargi magaliTia meqsika, romlis mSromel migrantTa TiTqmis mTeli

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kontingenti aSS-ia koncentrirebuli. ruseTSi, Tavmoyrilia yofili sabWoTakavSiris mSromel migrantTa didi umravlesoba. quveiTsa da saudis arabeTSisamuSaod ZiriTadad mezobeli qveynebis moqalaqeebi Cadian.

SromiT migraciebSi mniSvnelovania qveynebs Soris istoriuli kavSiri.imigraciis qveynebSi CasulTa mniSvnelovani nawili maTi yofili koloniebismoqalaqeebi arian. isini kargad floben mimRebi qveynis oficialur enas, risgamoc maTTvis advilia am qveyanaSi adaptacia da integracia. es kanonzomierebakargad vlindeba didi britaneTis, safrangeTis da ruseTis magaliTebze.istoriulad damkvidrebuli mWidro socialur-ekonomikuri da politikuriurTierTobebiT unda aixsnas is faqti, rom germaniaSi dasaqmebul ucxoelTaumravlesobas Turqi, italieli, xorvati migrantebi Seadgenen.

cxrili #24imigraciis qveynebSi mSromeli migrantebis raodenoba

maTi warmoSobis qveynis mixedviT105

imigraciis qveyanamocemul wels imigraciisqveyanaSi mSromeli migrantebissaerTo raodenoba

mocemul wels mSromelimigrantebis raodenoba maTiwarmoSobis qveynis mixedviT

aSS 2000 w. - 14 milioni meqsika - 4,2 milioniCineTi (taivanis CaTvliT) -920 aTasifilipinebi - 910 aTasi

germania 2001 w. - 3 milion 616 aTasi TurqeTi - 1 milioniitalia - 403 aTasisaberZneTi - 210 aTasixorvatia - 193 aTasi

safrangeTi 2002 w. - 1 milion 623 aTasi portugalia - 376 aTasimaroko - 200 aTasialJiri - 199 aTasi

avstralia 2001 w. - 994 aTasi didi britaneTi da irlania- 255 aTasiaxali zelandia - 115 aTasi

iaponia 2001 w. - 169 aTasi CineTi - 39 aTasiitalia 2000 w. - 850 aTasi maroko - 115 aTasi

albaneTi - 89 aTasifilipinebi - 53 aTasi

ganviTarebul qveynebs gansxvavebuli politika aqvT SromiTi imigraciis mimarT.CrdiloeT amerikis, dasavleT evropis da okeaneTis qveynebi tradiciulad didiraodenobiT imigrantebs iReben (ix. danarTi, nax. #20), im dros rodesac aziisganviTarebul qveynebSi (iaponia, samxreT korea) imigracia Zalze SezRudulia.ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa da ganviTarebis organizaciis statistikurimonacemebiT luqsemburgSi dasaqmebulTa saerTo raodenobis 61%-s ucxoelebiSeadgenen. es maCvenebeli sakmaod maRalia sxva qveynebSic, magaliTad fineTSi(45%), ungreTSi (38%), avstraliaSi (23%), kanadaSi (20%), SveicariaSi (19%), aSS-Si (14%), avstriaSi (11%), germaniaSi (9%), xolo iaponiasa da samxreT koreaSimxolod 0,2-0,3%-s Seadgens. 2001 wels iaponiaSi 169 aTasi mSromeli migrantiimyofeboda, im dros, rodesac germaniaSi am kategoriis adamianTa raodenoba 3,6milions aRemateboda, e.i. iaponiasTan SedarebiT 21-jer meti iyo.106

105 am gverdze mocemulia informacia Semdegi wyarodan: www.oecd.org106 iqve

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SromiTi migraciebis procesSi msoflios TiTqmis yvela qveyanaa Cabmuli.ganviTarebul qveynebs SromiTi imigraciis politikis SemuSavebisa daganxocielebis didi xnis gamocdileba aqvT. am qveynebis mTavrobebiyovelwliurad an TiTqmis yovelwliurad adgenen saimigracio qvotas. amqvotiT ganisazRvreba misaReb imigrantTa raodenoba da maTi profesiuliSemadgenloba. imigraciis qvota da imigrantTa profesiuli SemadgenlobaSeiZleba wlidan wlamde icvlebodes da damokidebulia mimRebi qveynisekonomikur koniunqturaze. imigraciis qveynis mTavroba, rogorc wesiprioritets aniWebs organizebul jgufur migracias. miuxedavad amisa, vercerTiqveyana ver axerxebs aralegaluri imigraciis Tavidan acilebas. aSS-Siyovelwliurad daaxloebiT 1 milionamde imigranti Cadis, romelTa Soris3/4¾aralegaluri imigrantia.

nebismieri qveynis mizania xeli Seuwyos SromiTi migraciebis dadebiTimxareebis gaZlierebas da maqsimalurad aicilos Tavidan maTi uaryofiTizemoqmedeba. SromiTi migraciebi mniSvnelovan socialur, ekonomkur,eTnodemografiul da politikur zegavlenas axdenen, rogorc imigraciis, aseveemigraciis qveynebze (ixileT cxrilebi ##13-14).

emigraciis qveynisTvis mniSvnelovania daicvas sazRvargareT myofi misimoqalaqeebis uflebebi, xeli Seuwyos maTi kulturuli identobis SenarCunebasda SromiTi emigraciidan miiRos ekonomikuri mogeba. am mxriv gadamwyvetia, romsaxelmwifos unda gaaCndes misi moqalaqeebis sazRvargareT dasaqmebispolitika da am politikis aRmasrulebeli stuqturebi. sasurvelia qveyanaSiarsebobdes specialuri saagento, romelic sxva saxelmwifo struqturebTanurTierTkavSirSi warmarTavs sazRvargareT dasaqmebis samarTlebrivi dapraqtikuli sakiTxebis ganxorcielebas. mniSvnelovania, rom emigraciis qveynisdoplomatiuri samsaxurebi aqtiurad iyvnen CarTuli mimReb (imigraciis)qveyanaSi sakuTari moqalaqeebis uflebebis dacvaSi. emigraciis qveyna xelsunda uwyobdes, erTi mxriv mSromeli migrantebis eqsportis zrdas, xolomeore mxriv unda cdilobdes gaafarTovos misi moqalaqeebis importioriqveynebis geografia, e.i. – maTi mimRebi qveynebis ricxvi. es ukanaskneli sakmaodmniSvnelovania, radgan SromiTi emigraciis ganxorcieleba erTi an Tundac oriqveynis mimarTulebiT SeiZleba wamgebiani aRmoCndes. saqme imaSia, romimigraciis qveynebi garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi radikalurad cvliansaimigracio politikas, kerZod nawilobriv an mTlianad zRudaven imigracias.am SemTxvevaSi mniSvnelovnad zaraldebian is qveynebi, romlebisTvisacdamaxasiaTebelia SromiTi emigraciis viwro geografia. Seqmnil viTarebaSi isqveyana aRmoCndeba momgebian poziciaSi, romlis mTavrobasac moqnilisaemigracio politika aqvs, romelic mas saSualebas aZlevs SromiTi emigraciisgarkveuli nakadebi sxva qveynebisken mimarTos.

cxrili #25SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

mxareebi emigraciis qveynisTvis

dadebiTi mxareebi uaryofiTi mxareebi

umuSevrobis donis Semcireba;

mSromeli migrantis fuladgzavnilebaTa xarjze qveynissavaluto maragis Sevseba;

qveyanaSi darCenili mSromelimigrantis ojaxis wevrebis

qveynidan axalgazrda adamianebisgadineba, Sesabamisad mosaxleobisdemografiuli “dabereba”;

maRalkvalificiuri kadrebisemigracia;

sazRvargareT sakuTari

103materialuri uzrunvelyofa;

mSromeli migrantebis samSobloSidabrunebis Semdeg sazRvargareTmiRebuli kvalifikaciis dagamocdilebis gamoyeneba qveynisekonomikaSi;

mSromeli migrantebis da maTiojaxis wevrebis zogadiganaTlebisa da kulturis donisamaRleba. mimRebi qveynisoficialuri enis daufleba.

organizebuli diasporis SeqmnisSemTxvevaSi emigraciis qveynismTavrobis mier misi gamoyenebamimReb qveyanasTan politikur daekonomkur urTierTobebSi.

moqalaqeebis politikuri dasocialuri daucveloba;

mimReb qveyanaSi mSromelimigrantebis dasaqmeba mZime danaklebad anazRaurebad samuSaoebze;

mimReb qveyanaSi mSromelimigrantebis meore da SemdgomiTaobebis socialur-kulturuliasimilacia;

aralegaluri emigracia, trefikingi

SromiTi migraciebi saerTaSoriso biznesis erT-erTi wamyvani dargia. jer kidev1990-ian wlebSi SromiTi emigraciis xarjze yovelwliurad ramdenime miliardidolariT ivseboda TiToeulis - pakistanis, samx. koreis da filipinebisbiujeti. 107

msoflio bankis SefasebiT 2005 wels migrantebma oficialuri sabanko arxebissaSualebiT maTi warmoSobis qveynebSi gadaricxes 232 miliardi dolari, maTSoris 16 miliardi dolari modis ganviTarebad qveynebze.108 es cifri kidevufro STambeWdavi iqneboda is, Tuli igi asaxavda araoficialuri arxebiTgadagzavnil fulad Tanxebsac.

bevri ganviTarebadi qveynisTvis SromiTi migraciebiT miRebuli Tanxebi erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi, xolo zogierTi maTganisTvis ucxouri kapitalisSemodinebis upirvelesi wyaroa. imigrantebis mier samSobloSi gadaricxulifuladi saxsrebis xarjze mTeli rigi ganviTarebadi qveynebis mTliani Sidaproduqti daaxloebiT 10%-iT izrdeba. mag., CineTSi pirdapiri ucxouriinvesticiebis 70% Cinuri diasporis xarjze xorcieldeba. zogierTi pataraqveynis mTliani Sida produqtis formirebaSi, kerZod tongas (31%), moldovis(27%), lesotos (26%), haitis (25%), mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia mSromelimigrantebis fulad gzavnilebs.109

SromiTi emigraciidan sagrZnobi ekonomikuri efeqti miRebis mizniT emigraciisqveynisTvis sasurvelia, rom mSromelma migrantebma TavianTi fuladidanazogebi maTi qveynis savaluto angariSebze gadaricxon da, rac kidev ufromniSvnelovania es Tanxebi garkveuli drois ganmavlobaSi ar gamoitanon.sanacvlod, qveynis mTavrobam mSromel migrantebs garkveuli saxisdaintereseba unda SesTavazos. tradiciuli emigraciis bevri qveyana (mag.,pakistani, filipinebi, samxreT korea, TurqeTi) warmatebiT iyenebs mSromelimigrantebis materialuri dainteresebis xerxebs. maT Soris yvelaze efeqturiamigrantebis biznes saqmianobis gaTavisufleba sabaJo gadasaxadisagan.sazRvargareT momuSaveebi samSobloSi fulis garda agzavnian iseTi saxissaqonels (mag., avtomobilebs, eleqtroteqnikur nawarms), romelTa Semdgomirealizacia maTTvis sakmaod sarfian saqmes warmoadgens. Semotanili saqonlissabaJo gadasaxadisagan gaTavisuflebis SemTxvevaSi migrantebis Semosavali

107 Маноло И. Абелла. Направление трудящихся в зарубежные страны. Тбилиси, 1997108 The World Bank, 2006. The Economic Prospects 2006: Economic Implications of Remittances and Migration, p.85 and 88. Washington DC. The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the World Bank109 iqve, gv 90

104

izrdeba, rac maTTvis samSobloSi kapitalis investirebis mniSvnelovanistimulia.

mimRebi qveynis xelisuflebas SromiT imigraciasTan mimarTebaSi ramdenimemizani gaaCnia (ix. cxrili #14).

cxrili #26SromiTi migraciis ZiriTadi dadebiTi da uaryofiTi

mxareebi imigraciis qveynisTvis

dadebiTi mxareebi uaryofiTi mxareebi

samuSao Zalis deficitisaRmofxvra;

SromiTi imigracia warmoadgensekonomikuri ganviTarebis erT-erTmniSvnelovan aspeqts;

mSromeli migrantebis dasaqmebamZime da naklebad anazRaurebadsamuSaoebze;

ucxoelebis warmatebulisocialur-kulturuli integraciaqveynis cxovrebaSi. mSromelimigrantebis meore da SemdgomiTaobebis socialur-kulturuliasimilacia;

migrantebis warmoSobis qveynebTanekonomikuri da politikuriTanamSromlobis gafarToeba;

maRalkvalificiuri kadrebisimigracia.

qveynis eTnodemografiuli balansisdarRveva;

aralegaluri imigracia,trefikingi;

ucxoelTa socialur-kulturuliintegraciis dabali done;

mSromel migrantebs SorisumuSevrobis zrda; mSromelimigrantebis uflebebis darRveva daamis Sedegad qveyanSi socialur-politikuri fonis gauareseba.

mSromeli migrantebis kompaqturadsaxlobis arealebSi socialuri,kerZod kriminogenuli situaciisgarTuleba;

qveynis erovnuli valutis sxvaqveynebSi gadineba;

Tanamedrove SromiTi migraciebis ganuyofeli nawilia “tvinTa gadineba” (ingl.Brain Drain). am saxis migracias sxvagvarad inteleqtualTa migraciasacuwodeben, radgan masSi maRalkvalificiuri da ganaTlebuli adamianebimonawileoben. am Tavis dasawyisSi aRiniSna, rom ucxoeTSi aseTi adamianebisgamgzavreba dakavSirebulia maTi materialuri pirobebis gaumjobesebasTan.amasTan, aris sxva mizezic. bevr ganviTarebad qveyanaSi kargi ganaTlebis mqoneadamianebs da maRali donis profesionalebs saSualeba ara aqvT imuSaon TavisispecialobiT anda samSobloSi Seqmnili mZime politikuri da socialur-ekonomikuri situacia aiZulebs maT sxva qveyanaSi moaxdinon TavianTipotencialis realizacia. mag., 2000 wels ekonomikuri TanamSromlobisa daganviTarebis organizaciis wevr qveynebSi imyofeboda trinidadisa da tobagos,iamaikis, haitis da gaianis mosaxleobis yvelaze ganaTlebul adamianTa 70%.110

“tvinTa gadinebiT” yvelaze kargad sargeblobs aSS, rogorc msoflioSiyvelaze maRalanazRaurebadi qveyana. dRidan nobelis premiis daarsebisa misilaureati daaxloebiT 400 adamiani gaxda. aRsaniSnavia, rom nobelis laureatTanaxevari amerikis moqalaqea, Tumca maTi didi umravlesoba am qveyanaSi ardabadebula.111 yofili sabWoTa respublikebi, maT Soris saqarTveloc “tvinTagadinebis” procesSi 1990-iani wlebidan CaerTo. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlas moyvamecnierebis, xelovnebisa da sportis dafinansebis mniSvnelovani Semcireba, ris

110 Народонаселение мира в 2006 году. UNFPA, 2006, c. 9111 Максаковский В.П. – Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, с. 141

105

gamoc msoflio donis bevri mecnieri, xelovani, sportsmeni iZulebuli iyokariera sazRvargareT gaegrZelebina.

eqspertebi araerTgvarovnad afaseben tvinTa gadinebis fenomens. maTi erTnawils miaCnia, rom is sakmaod uaryofiTad aisaxeba inteleqtual migrantTaeqsportior, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebze. meore nawilis azriT ki, Tumocemuli qveyana ver axerxebs maRalkvalificiur da inteleqtualur adamianTasaTanado dasaqmebas, am SemTxvevaSi maTi emigracia gamarTlebulia, radgan“tvinTa gadineba” am qveynisTvis garkveuli ekonomikuri efeqtis momtani iqneba(migrantebis mxridan fuladi gzavnilebi, pirdapiri kapitaldabandebebi).ganviTarebadi qveynebis nawili cdilobs aRniSnuli procesi samarTlebrivi daadministraciuli meTodebis gamoyenebiT SeaCeros, Tumca uSedegod. adamiani,romelic emigraciaSi wasvlas gadawyvets TiTqmis yovelTvis SeZlebs gverdiauaros samarTlebriv da administraciul barierebs, miTumetes, Tu mis miRebaSiromelime maRalganviTarebuli qveyanaa dainteresebuli. cxadia, romdainteresebulma mTavrobebma unda SeimuSaon iseTi (upiratesad ekonomikuri)strategia, romelic momgebiani iqneba, rogorc migrantisTvis, aseve misiwarmoSobis qveynisTvis.

106

4.5. gansaxleba

gansaxleba warmoadgens mosaxleobis geografiis Seswavlis erT-erT yvelazeaqtualur sakiTxs. gansaxleba dakavSirebulia mosaxleobis teritoriuligadaadgilebis, garemosTan urTierTkavSiris da bunebrivi resursebis aTvisebisprocesSi dasaxlebuli adgilebis formireba-ganviTarebasTan. aqedangamomdinare, naTelia, rom gansaxleba uaRresad rTuli da mravalmxrivimovlenaa, romelzec zegavlenas axdens bunebriv-geografiuli dasazogadoebrivi procesebis erToblioba.

gansaxleba aris dasaxlebebis erToblioba112 e.i. sazogadoebis organizaciisteritoriuli forma.113 am ganmartebidan Cans, rom gansaxlebis Seswavlisobieqts warmoadgens dasaxlebebi da maTi erToblioba gansaxilvelteritoriaze.

dasaxleba aris adgili, sadac adamiani cxovrobs.114 dasaxlebas gaaCniasazRvrebi, magram, rig SemTxvevebSi sasoflo dasaxlebebs SesaZloa ar qondeTzustad gamijnuli da administraciulad dadgenili sazRvrebi. nebismierdasaxlebaSi gvxdeba Senoba-nagebobebi. aqedan gamomdinare, SegviZliadavaskvnaT, rom dasaxlebis ZiriTadi niSnebia: mosaxleoba, sazRvrebi damaterialuri elementebi.115 es niSnebi saerToa msoflios nebismieridasaxlebisTvis, miuxedavad imisa, rom dasaxlebuli adgilebi erTmaneTisgangansxvavdebian geografiuli mdebareobiT, ganaSenianebis tipiT, mosaxleobisraodenobiT, administraciuli statusiT da funqciebiT. dasaxlebis normalurifunqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia infrastruqturis arseboba. infrasturqturawarmoadgens sacxovrebeli, sawarmoo da sxva daniSnulebis Senoba-nagebobebisda sakomunikacio qselis erTobliobas.

sivrce-droiTi organizaciis mixedviT ganasxvaveben mudmiv da droebiTdasaxlebebs. droebiTi xasiaTis dasaxlebebi iSviaTobas warmoadgenen da maTspecifikuri funqciebi gaaCniaT. isini SeiZleba iyos moZravi, sezonuri damoklevadiani.

moZravi dasaxlebebis arseboba dakavSirebulia momTabareobasTan. moZravidasaxlebebi dResac gvxdeba aziiis, CrdileT amerikis da CrdiloeT afrikis imregionebSi, sadac gavrcelebulia momTabare mecxoveleoba. moZravidasaxlebebi, agreTve iqmneba meCxrad dasaxlebul adgilebSi sameurneo dasatransporto obieqtebis mSeneblebisas. turizmisa da rekreaciis sferosTvisdamaxasiaTebelia moZravi turistuli banakebis arseboba. moZrav dasaxlebebssxva tipis dasaxlebebisagan gansxvavebiT ar gaaCniaT administraciuli statusi.

sezonuri xasiaTis dasaxlebebi funqcionireben wlis garkveul periodSi. aseTitipis dasaxlebebi Sedgeba uZravi Senoba-nagebobebisgan, romelTa umravlesobaZiriTadad saagarako da turistuli daniSnulebisaa. garda amisa, sezonuridasaxlebuli punqtebi funqcionireben mosavlis aRebis periodSi da TevzWerissezonis dros.

moklevadiani dasaxlebebi iqmneba satyeo meurneobebSi, mcire moculobis samTo-mopovebiT centrebSi, geologiuri saZiebo samuSaoebis adgilebSi. Sesabamisi

112 jaoSvili v. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 156113 Хорев Б.С. Проблемы городов. М., 1975, с. 4114 jaoSvili v. mosaxleobis geografia (saxelmZRvanelo). Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 156115 Ковалев С.А. Сельское расселение. М., 1963, с. 9

107

samuSaoebis dasrulebis Semdeg am dasaxlebebs adamianebi toveben, TumcaSenoba-nagebobebi SesaZloa ar ganadgurdes.

teritoriuli organizaciis TvalsazrisiT ganarCeven dispersiul da jgufur(kompaqtur) gansaxlebas. dispersiuli xasiaTis gansaxleba gvxvdeba sasoflodasaxlebebSi. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs sasoflo-sameurneo mimarTulebis fermerul daxutorul dasaxlebebTan. gansaxlebis aseTi forma, upiratesad ganviTarebuliqveynebisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli.

gansaxlebis ZiriTad formas ki warmoadgens mudmivi dasaxlebebi. mosaxleobismaRali koncentraciis arealebSi gvxvdeba dasaxlebuli adgilebis uwyvetijaWvi, e.i. dasaxlebebs Soris ar arsebobs dausaxlebeli teritoriebi anbunebrivi zRudeebi. am SemTxvevaSi rTuli dasadgenia sad gadis maT SorissazRvari. magram, aseTi sazRvari yvelgan arsebobs da is dgindebasaxelisuflo organos (organoebis) mier. garda amisa, dasaxlebas gaaCniasamarTlebrivi (am SemTxvevaSi administraciuli) statusi.

samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT dasaxlebuli adgilebi ori ZiriTadi kategoriisaris: qalaqi da sofeli. calkeul qveynebSi arsebobs sxva statusis mqonedasaxlebebi (daba, TaunSifi da a.S.).

mecnierebaSi qalaqis erTiani ganmarteba ar arsebobs. mecnierebi verTanxmdebian imaze, Tu ra gansxvavebebia qalaqsa da sofels Soris. miuxedavadamisa, SesaZloa dasaxeldes qalaqisa da soflis ganmasxvavebeli ramdenimeZiriTadi niSani. qarTveli mecnieri aleqsandre rondeli gvTavazobs qalaqisSemdeg definicias: “qalaqi mosaxleobis socialuri da sivrcobriviorganizaciis erT-erTi formaa, warmoqmnili da ganviTarebuli samrewvelo,administraciuli, savaWro, samecniero, kulturuli, rekreaciuli da sxvafunqciebis koncentraciis bazaze. qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebelia dasaxlebismaRali simWidrove da ganaSenianebis kompaqturoba.”116 am ganmartebidan Cans,rom qalaqs sofelTan SedarebiT axasiaTebs warmoebis, momsaxurebis,infrastruqturis da, rac mTavaria mosaxleobis maRali koncentracia. esdebuleba kargad asaxavs im situacias, rodesac erTmaneTs vadarebT SedarebiTdidi zomis qalaqs da sofels. rTul mdgomareobaSi aRmovCndebiT imSemTxvevaSi, Tu zemoT mocemuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze SevecdebiTerTmaneTisgan ganvasxvavoT mcire zomis saqalaqo da sasoflo dasaxlebebi (5-dan 20 aTas adamianamde). xSirad gansxvavebis gamovlena praqtikuladSeuZlebelia. amitom, saqmes gavimartivebT, Tu miviRebT, rom sofeli arisnebismieri dasaxlebuli adgili, romelsac ar gaaCnia qalaqis statusi.

konkretul teritoriaze dasaxlebebis erToblioba qmnis dasaxlebaTa qselse.i. gansaxlebas. xSir SemTxvevaSi, qveynis raionis, qveyanis, msoflios regionismasStabiT iqmneba gansaxlebis, anu dasaxlebaTa erTiani sistema. aqve, undaaRiniSnos, rom gansaxlebis sistema ar aris dasaxlebaTa meqanikurierToblioba. zogadad sistemis, kerZod ki gansaxlebis sistemis Camoyalibebisada funqcionirebisaTvis aucilebelia Semdegi:

sistemis elementebis (komponentebis) arseboba; sistemas unda gaaCndesyvela is elementi, romelic mas erTian, dasrulebul saxes miscems;

sistemis elementebs Soris urTierTkavSiri da balansi, rac SesaZlebelixdeba sistemis marTvis safuZvelze;

mdgradoba. sistemis romelime elementis mwyobridan gamosvla ar undaiwvevdes sistemis moSlas;

116aleqsandre rondeli. qalaqis geografia. Tbilisi, 1990. gv. 6

108

inovaciuroba. sistemas mTlianobaSi da mis calkeul elementebs undagaaCndeT ganaxlebisa da ganviTarebis unari;

sxva sistemebTan (gansaxlebis sistemis SemTxvevaSi, agreTve garemosTan)urTierTkavSiri.

gansaxlebis sistemis formirebisTvis umniSvnelovanesia dasaxlebul adgilebsSoris urTierTkavSiris arseboba. es kavSirebi sakmaod intensiur xasiaTs iZensdasaxlebaTa qselSi qalaqis (qalaqebis) arsebobis SemTxvevaSi. dasaxlebaTaqseli, romlis farglebSic ganviTarebulia socialur-ekonomikuri da/an sxvasaxis kavSirebi warmoadgens gansaxlebis erTian sistemas.

gansaxlebis erTiani sistema Tavisi SemadgenlobiT sakmaod Wrelia. is SeiZlebamoicavdes, rogorc patara sasoflo dasaxlebebs, aseve mravalfunqciurmilionian qalaqebsac. Sesabamisad gansaxlebis sistemaSi adgili aqvsdasaxlebul adgilTa ierarqias. Sromis danawilebis procesSi TiToeulidasaxleba ganurCevlad misi sididisa da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobisamniSvnelovan rols asrulebs gansaxlebis sistemis funqcionirebaSi.

gansaxlebis sistemebi SeiZleba ori saxis iyos – teritoriuli daspecializirebuli. Tanamedrove Sromis danawilebis procesi didi xania gascdaqveynis masStabebs da man globaluri xasiaTi miiRo. calkeuli produqciis anmomsaxurebis warmoebis procesSi monawileoben erTmaneTisgan didi manZiliTdaSorebuli dasaxlebuli punqtebi, ufro konkretulad ki maTSi ganlagebulisawarmoebi da organizaciebi. Sesabamisad, maT Soris yalibdeba mWidrokavSirebi, rac Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs dasaxlebuli punqtebis ganviTareba-gafarToebas. konkretuli produqciis an momsaxurebis warmobazeorientirebuli dasaxlebebis erToblioba warmoadgens gansaxlebisspecializirebul sistemas. gansaxlebis amgvari sistemis Semadgeneli elementi(am SemTxvevaSi dasaxleba) imavdroulad gansaxlebis romelime teritoriulisistemis nawilic aris.

gansaxlebis teritoriuli sistemisTvis damaxasiaTebelia erTi mxriv,mosaxleobis kompaqturi gansaxleba, xolo meore mxriv, masSi Semavaldasaxlebul punqtebs Soris mravalferovani urTierTkavSirebis arseboba.gansaxlebis teritoriuli sistema yalibdeba romelime centris irgvliv,romelic, rogorc wesi, msxvil qalaqs warmoadgens. gansaxlebis teritoriulisistemis farglebSi dasaxlebaTa Soris arsebuli kavSirebi SeiZleba iyosSemdegi saxis:117

administraciuli;

satransporto-sameurneo;

SromiTi;

momsaxurebaze orientirebuli (maT Soris kadrebis momzadeba).

gansaxlebis sistemaSi administrirebis funqcia xorcieldeba ramdenime doneze,kerZod, qveynis, avtonomiuri warmonaqmnis (aseTis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi),administraciul-teritoriuli erTeulis (mag., mxaris, raionis,municipalitetis) da ramdenime mcire zomis dasxlebul punqtTa gaerTianebis(mag., sakrebulos) doneebze. administraciuli funqciis ganxorcieleba Sedisqveynis sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebeli, xolo qveda doneebze –mmarTvelobisa da TviTmmarTvelobis organoebis kompetenciaSi.

117 mocemuli klasifikacias safuZvls warmoadgens rusi mecnierebis sergei kovaliovisda natalia kovalskaias mier SemuSavebuli dasaxlebaTa Soris arsebuli kavSirebisklasifikacia. Ковалев С.А., Ковальская Н.Я. География населения СССР. М., 1980, с. 174

109

satransporto-sameurneo kavSirebi gadamwyvet rols asrulebs gansaxlebisteritoriuli sistemis funqcionirebaSi. msxvili samrewevelo-sakomunikacioqalaqebi warmoadgenen gansaxlebis sistemis satransporto-sameurneo funqciismTavar matarebels. ekonomikurad ganviTarebuli msxvili qalaqi SeiZleba iyos,ara marto gansaxlebis teritoriuli sistemis, aseve gansaxlebisspecializirebuli sistemis centric.

gansaxlebis sistemis normaluri funqcionireba mniSvnelovanwilad arisdamokidebuli imaze, Tu ramdenad srulyofili da mravalmxrivia mosaxleobismomsaxurebis kaSirebi. es kacSirebi uzrunvelyofen mosaxleobismravalferovan moTxovnilebebes, maT Soris kulturul, saganmanaTleblo,rekreaciul, komunalur da a.S.

SromiTi kavSirebi, romelic moicavs sistemis farglebSi mimdinareqanqarisebur migraciebs pirdapir zegavlenas axdens gansaxlebis erTianisistemis Camoyalibebaze. amgvari sistemis formirebis umniSvnelovanesfaqtorebs warmoadgens SromiTi da satransporto-sameurneo kavSirebi.

msoflios mosaxleobis naxevari jer kidev sasoflo dasaxlebebSi cxovrobs.sasoflo dasaxlebis statusis gansazRvris araerTgvarobis gamo msoflioSisasoflo dasaxlebebis zusti ricxvis dadgena rTulia. savaraudod, Cvensplanetaze daaxloebiT 20 milioni sasoflo dasaxlebaa. msoflios sxvadasxvakontinentebsa da qveynebSi gvxvdeba gansxvavebuli sasoflo gansaxlebisformebi da sasoflo dasaxlebaTa tipebi. Secdoma iqneba, Tu aRvniSnavT, romnebismieri sasoflo dasaxlebis arseboba dakavSirebulia sasoflo-sameurneowarmoebasTan. evropaSi sasoflo mosaxleobis naxevarze naklebia dasaqmebulisoflis meurneobaSi. garda amisa, ganviTarebul samyaroSi Zalian bevrmasasoflo dasaxlebam SeiZina satransporto, turistuli, sabanko, TviTsamrewvelo funqciac ki, xolo maTi sasoflo-sameurneo funqcia an meoreplanze gadavida an saerTod daikarga. miuxedavad amisa, msoflioSi mravalisasoflo gansaxlebaa. TiToeuli maTgani warmoadgens garkveul teritoriazemdebare soflebis erTobliobas.

sasoflo gansaxlebebis xasiaTis mixedviT msoflios qveynebi SesaZloa oTxSemdeg ZiriTad jgufad davyoT:

evropisa da aziis ganviTarebuli qveynebi;

“gadasaxlebuli kapitalizmis” qveynebi;

yofili sabWoTa kavSiris da evropis yofili socialisturi qveynebi;

ganviTarebadi qveynebi.

evropisa da aziis (iaponia, samxreT korea) ganviTarebul qveynebs gansaxlebisdidi xnis istoria aqvT. aq farTodaa warmodgenili feodaluri epoqisTvisdamaxasiaTebeli sasoflo dasaxlebebi, kerZod ki didi soflebi meurneobiseqstensiuri formebiT. amgvari sasoflo dasaxlebebi upiratesadgavrcelebulia samxreT evropaSi da aziaSi. meore mxriv, centralur daCrdiloeT evropaSi Warbobs kapitalisturi tipis sasoflo dasaxlebebi –fermebi da xutorebi warmoebis intensiuri formebiT. orive tipis dasaxlebebSigvxvdeba didgvarovanTa sakuTrebaSi arsebuli cixe-darbazebi da mamulebi.

“gadasaxlebuli kapitalizmis” qveynebma (kanadam, aSS-ma, avstraliam da axalmazelandiam) evropasTan SedarebiT istoriuli ganviTarebis gansxvavebuli gzagaiares. am qveynebSi warmodgenilia sasoflo gansaxlebis dispersiuli formafarTod gavrcelebuli fermebis saxiT. fermis mcxovrebTa ricxvi meryeobsramdenime adamianidan ramdenime aseul adamianamde. fermebis mosaxleobisraodenoba mkveTrad izrdeba mosavlis aRebisa da dabinavebis periodSi,

110

rodesac aq samuSaod Camodian sezonuri migrantebi. aRsaniSnavia, rom sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis intensifikaciis kvaldakval mcirdeba fermerulimeurneobebis raodenobac.

laTinur amerikaSi, afrikasa da aziaSi sasoflo dasaxlebebi didimravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva. am regionebis, (gansakuTrebiT ki aziis) bevrsofelSi ramdenime aTeuli aTasi adamiani cxovrobs. ganviTarebadi samyarossoflebis did nawilSi miwebi Temis an sanaTesaos mflobelobaSia. koloniurperiodSi bevri saTemo sakuTreba feodaluri sakuTrebiT icvleboda,aRmocenda axali tipis sasoflo dasaxlebebi. es, upirveles yovlisa exeba imsoflebs, romlebic gaSenda plantaciebis maxloblad. iqve fuZndeboda axalmemamuleTa (latifundistTa) kar-midamo. ganviTarebadi qveynebis sasoflogansaxlebisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia mwiri da dasaxlebebs Soris sustikavSirebi.

yofili socialisturi banakis sasoflo gansaxlebis sistemis CamoyalibebazegansakuTrebuli gavlena iqonia koleqtiuri meurneobebis (kolmeurneobebis) dasabWoTa meurneobebis Seqmna-ganviTarebam. glexTa ojaxebs kerZo sakuTrebaSimiwis umniSvnelo (“sakarmidamo”) nakveTebi dautoves. sasoflo-sameurneosavargulebis udidesi nawili saxelmwifo mflobelobaSi gadavida. amasTanave,yovel meurneobaSi sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis specializaciaganisazRvreboda ara meurneobis wevrebis, aramed raionis an olqismmarTvelobis organoebis mier. socialisturi ganviTarebis periodSi moxdasasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis, upirveles yovlisa ki mecxoveleobisdegradacia, rac uaryofiTad aisaxa sasoflo mosaxleobis socialur-ekonomikur mdgomareobaze. meore mxriv, aRniSnul periodSi met-naklebadganviTarda sasoflo dasaxlebebis sacxovrebeli, sakomunikacio da kulturul-saganmanaTleblo infrastruqtura. sabWoTa kavSiris daSlisa da amis Sedegadmis did nawilSi Seqmnili socialur-ekonomikuri krizisi, upirveles yovlisasoflis cxovrebaze aisaxa. miuxedavad imisa, rom soflis mcxovrebTsakuTrebaSi gadaecaT sabWoTa meurneobebis da kolmeurneobebis miwisnakveTebi, aRmoCnda, rom yofili bevr yofil respublikaSi glexebs ar gaaCndaTsasoflo-sameurneo samuSaoebis CatarebisTvis aucilebeli materialuri dawarmoebis saSualebebi. materialurma gaWirvebam soflis mosaxleobismniSvnelovani nawili aiZula qalaqebSi an sxva qveynebSi gadasaxlebuliyo.daiwyo da dRemde mimdinareobs sasoflo dasaxlebebis mosaxleobisraodenobis mkveTri Semcireba, rig SemTxvevebSi soflebis daclac ki.depopulaciis procesi iwvevs gansaxlebis arsebuli sistemis moSlas, racuaryofiTad aisaxeba agraruli orientaciis yofil socialistur qveynebze, maTSoris saqarTvelozec.

111

4.6. urbanizacia

urbanizacia118 erT-erTi uZvelesi sazogadoebriv-geografiuli movlenaa. misiwarmoSoba dakavSirebulia adamianebis kompaqturi gansaxlebis adgilebSiqalaqebis Seqmnasa da maT Semdgom ganviTarebasTan. urbanizaciis procesisaTaves iRebs monaTmflobeluri epoqidan, rodesac Seiqmna pirveli antikuriqalaqebi. Cven welTaRricxvamde III-I aTaswleulebSi pirveli qalaqebi gaCndaegviptesa da mesopotamiaSi, mogvianebiT CineTSi, indoCineTsa da evropisxmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. amerikelma mecnierma TerTius Candlerma gamoikvliaqalaqebis aRmocenebis da ganviTarebis 4 000 wliani istoria da mividadaskvnamde, rom msoflioSi yvelaze adre daarsda qalaqi memfisi (egvipte),romelic Cven welTaRricxvamde 3100 wels daaxloebiT 30 aTas mcxovrebsiTvlida.119 Semdgomi aTaswleulis ganmavlobaSi didi qalaqebi gamoCndadRevandeli erayis teritoriaze, kerZod babiloni, aqadi, lavaSi da uri. ZveliwelTaRricxvis 612 wels qalaq babilonis mosaxleobam 200 aTasi adamianiSeadgina. savaraudoa, rom igi iyo msoflioSi pirveli msxvili qalaqi. pirveli“milioneri” qalaqi ukve feodalur epoqaSi Camoyalibda. me-8 saukuneSibaRdadSi milionze meti mosaxle iyo. antikur da feodalur epoqebSiqalaqebis, gansakuTrebiT msxvili qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrdas ar qondapermanentuli xasiaTi. xSiri omebis da epidemiebis gamo qalaqebis mosaxleobamniSvnelovnad mcirdeboda. qalaqebis zrdis bumi kapitalizmis ganviTarebasTanaris dakavSirebuli. me-19 saukunidan moyolebuli man Seuqcevadi xasiaTi miiRo,ris Sedegadac, erTi mxriv ganuxrelad izrdeba msxvili qalaqebis mosaxleobada meore mxriv izrdeba saqalaqo mosaxleobis xvedriTi wili qveynismosaxleobaSi. feodalur epoqaSi didi qalaqebis umravlesoba ZiriTadadTavmoyrili iyo aziaSi. 1000 wels msoflios 10 udidesi qalaqs Soris 9 aziaSimdebareobda da mxolod erTi – evropaSi; 1800 wels – - Sesabamisad 8 da 2. ukve1900 wels msoflios udides 10 qalaqs Soris 7 evropuli iyo, ori – amerikulida mxolod erTi (tokio) – aziuri. aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis 5 milionianzRvars pirvelad msoflioSi londonma gadaabija, rac me-19 saukunis bolosmoxda, xolo 10 milioniani barieri pirvelma niu-iorkma daZlia 1940-ian wlebSi,xolo 20 milionze meti mosaxle pirvelad tokioSi dafiqsirda 1960-ianwlebSi.120

XX saukuneSi, gansakuTrebiT mis meore naxevarSi qalaqebis swrafi zrdiTganviTarebadi samyaro gamoirCeoda. es garemoeba orma ZiriTadma mizezmaganapiroba. upirveles yovlisa ganviTarebad qveynebSi mosaxleobis bunebrivimateba maRalia, rac, rogorc cnobilia xels uwyobs soflad WarbmosaxleobisgaCenas, xolo ganviTarebadi qveynebis samrewvelo ganviTarebas moyva sasoflodasaxlebebidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis didi raodenobis gadasaxleba.

qalaqebis geografiis SeswavlaSi gansakuTrebuli adgili eTmoba qalaqisdefiniciis sakiTxs. msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi dasaxlebisTvis qalaqisstatusis miniWeba sxvadasxvagvarad xdeba. qveynebis umravlesobaSi gamoiyenebaraodenobrivi midgoma. am SemTxvevaSi qalaqad iTvleba yvela is dasaxleba,sadac cxovrobs qalaqisTvis mosaxleobis dadgenil raodenobaze meti (mag., 5aTasi, an 10 aTasi da meti adamiani). sxva qveynebSi mosaxleobis raodenobasTanerTad mxedvelobaSi miiReba dasaxlebuli punqtis ZiriTadi funqcia. imSemTxvevaSi, Tu dasaxlebas gaaCnia mniSvnelovani samrewvelo da/anadministraciuli funqcia, mas qalaqis statuss aniWeben. amgvari midgomisasSesaZloa aRmoCndes, rom zogierT qalaqSi ufro cota adamiani cxovrobdes,

118 termini urbanizacia warmodgeba laTinuri sityvisgan urbs, rac niSnavs qalaqs.119 Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: An Historical Census by Tertius Chandler. 1987, St. David's UniversityPress.120 iqve

112

vidre rig soflebSi. saqarTveloSi qalaqis statusi gaaCnia vans, lanCxuTs,baRdaTs, Tumca TiToeuli maTganis mosaxleobis raodenoba 6-8 aTasi adamiania,im dros, rodesac saqarTvelos zogierT^sofelSi, mag., veliscixeSi, maryofSi,iormuRanloSi anda yarajalaSi 8 aTasze meti adamiani cxovrobs. rogorcvxedavT qalaqebis SeswavlaSi mniSvnelovani adgili eTmoba maTi funqciebisdadgenas. am mxriv aucilebelia qalaqis wamyvani funqciis (funqciebis) dadgena.Tu, qalaqs ar gaaCnia iseTi funqcia, romelic mniSvnelovania qveynis anregionis gansaxlebis sistemisTvis, maSin igi momakvdav dasaxlebul punqtadunda CaiTvalos. istoriaSi bevri magaliTia imisa, Tu, rogor kargavdnenqalaqebi funqciebs, ris Sedegadac depopulacias ganicdidnen da arsebobaswyvetdnen. amis karg magaliTs warmoadgenen is samTo-mopovebiTi centrebi,romlebmac madnis amowurvamde ver SeZles axali funqciis SeZena.

frangma mecnierebma Jaklin boJe-garniem da JorJ Sabom jer kidev 1960-ianwlebSi SemogvTavazes qalaqebis klasifikacia funqciebis mixedviT, romelsacdResac ar daukargavs mecnieruli Rirebuleba. am klasifikaciis mixedviTqalaqebs gaaCniaT Semdegi ZiriTadi funqciebi da qvefunqciebi:121

samxedro funqcia

savaWro funqcia

vaWrobis martivi formebis

msxvili kontinentTaSorisi vaWrobis

sazRvao portebis

aeroportebis

msoflio bazrebis

samrewvelo funqcia

samTo-mopovebiTi centrebis

gadamamuSavebeli mrewvelobis

kulturuli funqcia

religiuri centrebis

sauniversiteto qalaqebis

saliteraturo da samxatvro centrebis

qalaqi-muzeumebis

kongresebisa da safestifalo centrebis

garTobis funqcia

gamajansaRebeli centrebisa da kurortebis

dasasvenebeli qalaqebis

qalaqebi xandazmuli adamianebisaTvis

administraciuli da politikuri funqcia

administraciuli centrebis

dedaqalaqebis

zededaqalaqebis

funqciebis ganxorcielebis raodenobis mixedviT ganarCeven monofunqciur dapolifunqciur qalaqebs. monofunqciuria, rogorc wesi saSualo da pataraqalaqebi.

msxvili qalaqebi asruleben bevr funqcias, xolo milioneri-qalaqebi – xSirSemTxvevaSi zemoT CamoTvlil TiTqmis yvela funqcias. dedaqalaqsgansakuTrebuli misia akisria. is qveynis marTvis (administrirebis) wamyvani

121 Жаклин Боже-Гарнье, Жорж Шабо. Очерки по географии городов. М., 1967, сс. 115-116

113

centria. am funqciis mniSvnelovani xasiaTis gaTvaliswinebiT gamoyofenqalaqis “dedaqalaqur” tipsac.

msxvili qalaqebis ganviTarebis procesi aisaxeba maTi teritoriulistruqturis Camoyalibebaze. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi gamoikveTa sxvadasxvadaniSnulebis da funqciebis matarebeli zonebi (teritoriebi).122

saqalaqo teritoriis umniSvnelovanes areals warmoadgens samosaxlo zona. esaris mosaxleobis cxovrebisTvis gankuTvnili adgilebi, romlebsac qalaqismTeli teritoriis mniSvnelovani farTobi (zog SeTxvevaSi naxevaric ki) ukavia.

qalaqis arseboba warmoudgenelia warmoebis gareSe. teritorias, sadac aseTisaqmianoba aris koncentrirebuli samrewvelo zonas uwodeben.maRalganviTarebuli qveynebis TiTqmis yvela msxvil qalaqSi ukanaskneli 2-3aTeuli wlis ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad Semcirda samrewvelo teritoriebi.tradiciuli tipis materialuri warmoeba adgils uTmobs maRaliteqniologiebis produqciis warmoebas da samomxmareblo seqtors.

qalaqebis momsaxurebis da sawarmoo funqciebis ganviTareba moiTxovs didimoculobis produqciis droebiT ganTavsebas. am mizniT yvela qalaqSigamoyofilia teritoriebi, romelTa erToblioba qmnis qalaqis sasawyobozonas.

qalaqis mosaxleobis yoveldRiuri cxovreba da ekonomikuri saqmianobamniSvnelovanwilad aris damokidebuli satransporto saSualebebis operatiulda xarisxian funqcionirebaze. transportis muSaoba xorcieldebasatransporto teritoriebze, romelic qalaqis infrastruqturis xerxemalswarmoadens.

urbanuli arealebis mosaxleobis momsaxurebis moculobis gafarToebiskvaldakval izrdeba am seqtoris roli qalaqis ekonomikaSi da SesabamisadfarTovdeba qalaqebis samomxmareblo zona. Tanamedrove qalaqebSi,samomxmareblo zona xSir SemTxvevaSi Sewyvilebulia samrewvelo zonasTan, racxels uwyobs maTSi ganlagebuli sawarmoebis da organizaciebis efeqtianmuSaobas.

qalaqebis zrda da ganviTareba, rogorc aRiniSna, dakavSirebulia urbanizaciisprocesTan. urbanizacia mravalmxrivi ekonomikuri, socialur-demografiuli dageografiuli procesia. misi universaluri gansazRvreba ar arsebobs, Tumcamecnierebi Tanxmdebian imaze, rom urbanizacias gaaCnia ori ZiriTadimaxasiaTebeli. pirveli raodenobrivi xasiaTisaa da warmoaCens qalaqebSimcxovrebi mosaxleobis xvedriT wils qveynis (regionis) mTel mosaxleobaSi,rasac urbanizaciis (urbanizebulobis) dones uwodeben. meore maxasiaTebelixarisxobrivia da is ukavSirdeba mocemul teritoriaze qalaquri cxovrebiswesis gavrcelebas. am maxasiaTeblis gazomva an Sefaseba uaRresad rTulisaqmea, radgan jer kidev ar aris dadgenili, Tu ra igulisxmeba qalaquricxovrebis wesSi.

122 qalaqis funqciuri zonebis mocemul klasifikacias safuZvlad daedo a. rondelis mier SemuSavebuli klasifikacia.ixileT: aleqsandre rondeli. qalaqis geografia. Tbilisi, 1990. gv. 75-88.

114cxrili #27

urbanizaciis done msoflios msxvil regionebSi123

regioniwlebi

1950 1970 1990 2005

msoflio 29,1 37,4 43,0 49,1

afrika 14,9 22,9 32,0 39,7

azia 16,6 24,5 31,0 39,9

evropa 51,2 62,9 71,5 72,2laTinuri amerika 41,9 57,3 72,0 77,7CrdiloeT amerika 63,6 73,8 75,0 80,9avstralia da

okeaneTi60,6 70,9 71,0 72,7

naxevari saukunis winaT qalaqebSi msoflios mTeli mosaxleobis 30%-mdecxovrobda, amJamad ki es maCvenebeli TiTqmis 50%-is tolia. msoflios msxviliregionebi da qveynebi mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan urbanizaciisdoniT. ganviTarebul samyaroSi da laTinur amerikaSi mTeli mosaxleobis 70%-ze meti qalaqebSi cxovrobs, im dros, rodesac aziasa da afrikaSi esmaCvenebeli 40%-ze dabalia (ix. cxrili #27). miuxedavad amisa, ganviTarebulqveynebSi urbanizaciis tempebi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi Senelda,rac gamowveulia am regionebis mosaxleobis dabali bunebrivi matebiT, xologanviTarebad samyaroSi qalaqebis mosaxleobis zrda swrafi tempebiTmimdinareobs, upiratesad soflebidan qalaqebSi mosaxleobis masobrivimigraciis gamo.

qalaqisTvis damaxasiaTebelia ara marto mosaxleobis raodenobis, aramedteritoriuli zrdac. sivrcobrivi ganviTarebis procesSi qalaqi ikavebsmosazRvre auTvisebel teritorias, romelic droTa ganmavlobaSi misigareubani xdeba. am process suburbanizacia124 ewodeba. Semdgom etapze qalaqissazRvrebSi eqceva mis maxloblad mdebare sasoflo dasaxlebebi. am SemTxvevaSisaqme gvaqvs rururbanizaciasTan.125

msxvili qalaqis teritoriuli gafarToebisas misi gavlenis farglebSi, gardasasoflo dasaxlebebisa eqceva patara da saSualo qalaqebi. ase yalibdebaaglomeracia. aglomeracia aris teritoriuli warmonaqmni, romlisSemadgenlobaSi Sedis sasoflo dasaxlebebi, ramdenime saSualo da pataraqalaqi da, rac mTavaria, rogorc minimum erTi msxvili qalaqi. aglomeraciaSiSemaval erTeulebs Soris mWidro satransporto-ekonomikuri da socialur-kulturuli kavSirebi yalibdeba. samecniero literatutaSi gvxvdeba termini“konurbacia”. konurbacia policentruli aglomeraciaa, Sesabamisad isdasaxlebaTa iseTi gaerTianebaa, romelSic erTdroulad ramdenime Tanabarisididsa da ekonomikuri mniSvnelobis saqalaqo centria warmoadgenili. aSS-isramdenime regionSi ukanaskneli aTwleulebis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobdaaglomeraciebis da konurbaciebis teritoriuli daaxloebis procesi. qveynissam regionSi aseulobiT kilometrze qalaqebis uwyveti zoli warmoiqmna.saqalaqo dasaxlebaTa amgvar areals megapoliss uwodeben. aSS-Si samimegapolisia: bosvaSi (bostoni–vaSingtoni, romelSic sxva msxvil qalaqebTan

123 World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. www.esa.un.org/unpp124 termin suburbanizaciaSi “sub” aris inglisuri sityvis suburb (gareubani)Semoklebuli varianti125 termin rururbanizaciaSi “rur” aris inglisuri sityvis rural (sasoflo)Semoklebuli varianti

115

erTad niu-iorkic Sedis), Cipitsi (Cikago–pitsburgi) da sansani (san-francisko–san diego).

cxrili #28msoflios 20 udidesi metropolitenuri areali

(2005 weli, Sefaseba)126

# metropolitenuriareali

qveyana statusi/teritoria mosaxleobis raodenoba

1 tokio iaponia didi tokios metropolitenareali

35 237 000

2 mexiko meqsika didi mexikos metropolitenareali

19 013 000

3 niu-iorki aSS metropoliten areali (niu-iorki, niuarki, niu-jersi)

18 498 000

4 mumbai (bombei) indoeTi qalaqis administraciulisazRvrebi

18 336 000

5 san paulu brazilia

didi san paulusmetropoliten areali

18 333 000

6 deli indoeTi qalaqis administraciulisazRvrebi

15 334 000

7 kolkata (kalkuta) indoeTi qalaqis administraciulisazRvrebi

14 299 000

8 buenos airesi argentina

metropoliten areali13 349 000

9 jakarta indonezia

aglomeracia13 194 000

10

Sanxai CineTi municipalitetis sazRvrebi12 665 000

11

daka bangladeSi

metropoliten areali12 560000

12

los-anjelesi aSS metropoliten areali (los-anjelesi, long-biCi, santa-ana)

12 146 000

13

yaraCi pakistani

qalaqis administraciulisazRvrebi

11 819 000

14

rio-de-Janeiro brazilia

metropoliten areali11 469 000

15

osaka-kobe iaponia osaka-kobes konurbacia 11 286 000

16

kairo-giza egvipte metropoliten areali 12 146 000

17

lagosi nigeria lagosis aglomeracia 11 819000

18

pekini CineTi municipalitetis sazRvrebi 11 469 000

19

manila filipinebi

qalaqis administraciulisazRvrebi

11 286000

20

moskovi ruseTi qalaqis administraciulisazRvrebi

10 672 000

msoflios bevr qveyanaSi, gansakuTrebiT ganviTarebad qveynebSi msxviliqalaqebis umravlesobis teritoriebis swrafi zrdis Sedegad praqtikuladSeuZlebeli xdeba maTi sazRvrebis da Sesabamisad mosaxleobis raodenobisgansazRvra. amgvari sirTuleebis Tavidan acilebis mizniT dasavleTSi ukve

126 www.wikipedia.org

116

damkvidrda termini metropolitenuri areali.127 am terminiT moixsenieben yvelamaRalurbanizebul teritorias, rac amartivebs mosaxleobis raodenobismixedviT qalaqebis ranJirebis sakiTxs. aRsaniSnavia, rom dResdReobiTmsoflioSi 100 metropolitenuri arealia, romlebSic TiToeulis mosaxleobisraodenoba 3 milions aRemateba; maTgan 45 metropoliten arealSi 5 milionzemeti adamiani cxovrobs, xolo 20 metropolitenur arealSi 10 milionze metimcxovrebia128 (ixileT cxrili #28). aRsaniSnavia, rom msoflios 20 udidesimetropolitenur arealis umravlesoba mdebareobs aziaSi da mxolod erTi(moskovi) – evropaSi.

127 inglisuri termini metropoliten areali (Metropolitan Area) sityvasityviTiTargmneba, rogorc saqalaqo areali128 U.S. Census Bureau and Times Atlas of the World, 10th edition

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4.7 msoflios mosaxleobis teritoriuli ganlageba

mosaxleoba dedamiwis zedapirze araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli. msofliosmosaxleobis 80% aRmosavleT naxevarsferoSi, xolo danarCeni 20% dasavleTnaxevarsferoSi cxovrobs. mosaxleobis gaadgilebis mxriv kidev ufromniSvnelovania uTanabroba CrdiloeT da samxreT naxevarsfeoebs Soris -Sesabamisad 90% da 10%.129

mosaxleobis sivrcobriv ganlagebaze moqmedebs mocemuli teritoriisbunebrivi pirobebi, demografiuli viTareba, migraciebi, istoriul-politikuriganviTarebis Taviseburebebi da bolos, socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebisdone da satransporto mdebareoba.

mosaxleobis normaluri cxovrebisTvis aucilebelia wylis da siTbosarseboba. amis gamo, istoriulad adamianebi iTvisebdnen Tbil da notioadgilebs, sadac SesaZlebeli iyo miwaTmoqmedebis ganviTareba. dResac ki,rodesac samecniero teqnikurma progresma ganviTarebis maRal mwvervalsmiaRwia, bunebriv-klimaturi pirobebi mosaxleobis gansaxlebaSi kvlavgadamwyvet rols TamaSobs. msoflios mTeli mosaxleoba daaxloebiT 15-20milion dasaxlebul punqtSi cxovrobs.130 es dasaxlebebi ganlagebuliaCrdiloeT ganedis 72 da samxreT ganedis 54 gradusebs Soris, zRvis donidan5 000 metr simaRlemde (gamonakliss warmoadgens rigi dasaxlebebisa tibetsa daandebSi, romlebic ufro maRla mdebareoben). dedamiwis swored es nawiliwarmoadgens kacobriobis gansaxlebis Tanamedrove areals, rasac sxvagvaradoikumena ewodeba. amasTan, adamianebi cdiloben icxovron dablob adgilebSi,kerZod zRvis donidan 500 metr simaRlemde. am vertikalSi Tavmoyriliamsoflios mTel dasaxlebul punqtTa 80%.131

Cven planetaze gansaxlebis sistemaSi arsebuli sxvadasxvaobis gamosavlenadgamoiyeneba mosaxleobis simWidrovis maCvenebeli. mosaxleobis simWidrovismaCveneblis dasadgenad saWiroa mocemuli teritoriis (kontinentis, regionis,qveynis, raionis da a.S.) mosaxleobis raodenoba gavyoT amave teritoriisfarTobze. miRebuli simWidrovis maCvenebeli gvaCvenebs, Tu ramdeni adamianicxovrobs saSualod 1 kvadratul kilometrze.

zogadad aRsaniSnavia, rom mosaxleobis maRali simWidroviT gamoirCevian“juja” qveynebi da qalaqi-saxelmwifoebi. mag., monakoSi yovel 1 km2-zesaSualod 23 aTas adamianze meti cxovrobs. aseve maRalia simWidrove makaoSi,honkongSi, singapurSi, gibraltarSi. am tipis qveynebis (romlebic sinamdvileSiqalaqebs warmoadgenen) Sedareba “klasikur” qveynebTan araswori iqneboda. amisgamo, gTavazobT cxrils (ix. cxrili #29), sadac warmodgenilia qveynebi,romelTa teritoria 5 aTas km2-ze metia. mosaxleobis simWidroviT aseTi tipisqveynebs Soris gamoirCevian aRmosavleT da samxreT-aRmosavleT aziis, asevedasavleT evropis qveynebi. bangladeSi erTaderTi didi saxelmwifoamsoflioSi, sadac mosaxleobis simWidrovem 1 km2-ze 1000 adamians aWarbebs.

dabali simWidrove damaxasiaTebelia adamianis cxovrebisTvis araxelsayrelibunebriv-klimaturi pirobebis mqone qveynebisaTvis. 29-e cxrilis marjvenasvetSi mocemuli 11 qveynidan eqvsi tropikul sartyelSi mdebarobs da maTiteritoriis udides nawils udabno warmoadgens. kidev sami qveyana (grenlandia,kanada, islandia) mkacri klimaturi pirobebiT gamoirCeva, xolo surinamis da

129 В.П. Максаковский – Географическая картина мира. Книга 1. М., 2004, c. 134130 iqve, gv. 132131 Н.В. Алисов, Б.С. Хорев – Экономическая и социальная география (общий обзор). М., 2000, с. 95

118

safrangeTis gvianas farTobis didi nawili Waobebs da miwaTmoqmedebisTvisgamousadegar teritoriebs ukavia.

cxrili #29

msoflios qveynebi132 mosaxleobis simWidrovis yvelaze maRali dayvelaze dabali maCveneblebiT (2005 weli, Sefaseba)133

qveynebi mosaxleobis simWidrovisyvelaze maRali maCveneblebiT

qveynebi mosaxleobis simWidrovisyvelaze dabali maCveneblebiT

qveyana simWidrove(adamiani/1 km2-ze)

qveyana simWidrove(adamiani/1 km2-ze)

bangladeSi 1 045 grenlandia 0,026taivani 636 monRoleTi 1,3samxreT korea 480 dasavleT sahara 1,7puerto riko 446 safrangeTis gaiana 2,1niderlandebi 392 namibia 2,5libani 344 avstralia 2,6ruanda 343 surinami 2,7belgia 341 islandia 3,0iaponia 339 mavritania 3,0indoeTi 336 botsvana 3,0msoflio 44,5 kanada 3,2

msoflios mosaxleoba Cvens planetaze Zalze araTanabrad aris ganawilebuli.maRali simWidroviT (1 km2-ze 100-ze meti adamiani) gamoirCevian mxolodevropisa da aziis regionebi. kerZod, mosaxleobis yvelaze maRali simWidrovedamaxasiaTebelia gansaxlebis tradiciuli regionebisaTvis, iseTebisaTvisrogoricaa samxreT evropa, dasavleT evropa, aRmosavleT azia, samxreT-aRmosavleT azia da samxreT azia.

Tu mosaxleobis simWidroves qveynebis mixedviT ganvixilavT (ix. danarTi, nax.#21) aRmovaCenT, rom amJamad mTeli msoflios mosaxleobis 60,6% mxolod 11qveyanaSi cxovrobs, xolo CineTsa da indoeTSi erTad Tavmoyrilia Cveniplanetis mosaxleobis TiTqmis 40%. mocemul qveynebs Soris mosaxleobiszrdis yvelaze dabali tempi (ix. cxrili #30) damaxasiaTebeli iyo ekonomikuriTvalsazrisiT ganviTarebuli saxelmwifoebisTvis (ruseTi, iaponia, aSS). XXsaukunis meore naxevarSi da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi aSS-s mosaxleobis zrdaZiriTadad masStaburi imigraciis xarjze xdeboda da es tendencia SemdgomiaTwleulebis ganmavlobaSic gagrZeldeba. rac Seexeba iaponiasa da ruseTsgaeros eqspertebis SefasebiT 2050 wlisTvis msoflios udidesi qveynebisaTeulSi maT veRar vnaxavT, radgan maT adgilebs am siaSi savaraudoddaikaveben maRali bunebrivi matebis mqone ganviTarebadi qveynebi - eTiopia,kongos demokratiuli respublika an filipinebi. rogorc, warmodgenilicxrilidan Cans ukanaskneli 57 wlis ganmavlobaSi mosaxleobis yvelaze dabalizrda damaxasiaTebeli iyo ruseTisTvis. Semdgomi 40-50 wlis ganmavlobaSimosalodnelia am qveynis mosaxleobis mniSvnelovani kleba da misi raodenobaaRniSnul periodSi 100 milionamde daecema.

132 cxrilSi mocemulia is qveynebi, romelTa farTobi aRemateba 5 000 km2-s133 World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpp

119cxrili #30

Tanamedrove msoflios udidesi qveynebi mosaxleobis raodenobismixedviT da maTi mosaxleobis raodenobis dinamika 1950-2007 wlebSi

# qveynebi mosaxleobisraodenoba(1950 w.,

milionebSi)134

mosaxleobisraodenoba(2007 w.,

milionebSi)135

mosaxleobisraodenobis

zrda1950-2007 w.w.

(%-Si; sawyisiweli = 100%-s)

qveynismosaxleobisxvedriTi wilimsofliosmosaxleobaSi(%-Si; 2007 w.)

1 CineTi 554,8 1 321,1 238 19,8%2 indoeTi 371,9 1 169,0 314 17,5%3 aSS 157,8 303,2 192 4,5%4 indonezia 79,5 231,6 291 3,5%5 brazilia 54,0 187,2 346 2,8%6 pakistani 36,9 161,5 437 2,4%7 bangladeSi 43,9 158,7 361 2.3%8 nigeria 34,0 148,1 435 2,2%9 ruseTi 102,7 142,5 138 2,1%10 iaponia 83,6 127,8 153 1,9%11 meqsika 27,7 106,5 384 1,6%

msoflio 2 535,0 6 671,2 263 100,0%

momavalSi ganviTarebadi qveynebis xvedriTi wili msoflios mosaxleobaSimniSvnelovnad gaizrdeba. gaeros demografebis prognoziT Semdgomi 45-50 wlisganmavlobaSi ganviTarebuli qveynebis mosaxleoba mxolod 4,3%-iT (daaxloebiT50 milioni adamianiT) gaizrdeba, im dros, rodesac ganviTarebadi samyarosmosaxleoba 60%-iT moimatebs. mosalodnelia, rom 2050 wels msofliosmosaxleobis 85-87% ganviTarebad qveynebSi icxovrebs.136 cxadia, mosalodnelitendenciebi kidev ufro daamZimebs situacias mosaxleobis gansaxlebistradiciul arealebSi.

mosaxleobis simWidrove maRalia msxvil qalaqebSi. amasTan, qalaqebisTvisdamaxasiaTebelia mosaxleobis didi “tevadoba”, rac ganpirobebulia maTimaRali samomsaxurebo da ekonomikuri potencialiT. mosaxleobis maRalikoncentracia gansakuTrebiT mwvaved vlindeba sasoflo arealebSi. msoflioSiSeiZleba gamovyoT ramdenime regioni, romelTa farTobi ramdenime aseulaTasobiT kvadratul kilometrs moicavs da sadac mosaxleobis simWidroveZalze maRalia (500 adamianze meti 1 kv. km-ze). maTgan udidesia ind-gangisdablobi, romelic moicavs indoeTis CrdiloeT nawils q.delidan q.kolkatamdeda bangladeSis TiTqmis mTel teritorias. mosaxleobis mWidro gansaxlebiskidev ori regioni CineTSi mdebareobs. maT Soris udidesia CineTis dididablobi, romelic gadaWimulia q.pekinidan q.Sanxaimde. aseve, maRalisimWidrovea siCuanis qvabulSi, romelic CineTis centralur nawilSimdebareobs. mosaxleobis Zalze maRali koncentraciiT gamoirCeva, agreTve,kunZuli iava, romelic indoneziis nawilia. mosaxleobis maRali simWidrovedamaxasiaTebelia, erTi mxriv sasoflo-sameurneo arealebisTvis, rogorebicaamag. md. nilosis qveda welis mimdebare teritoria (egvipte), meqsikis nawili,romelic mdebareobs aRmosavleT siera-madresa da samxreT siera-madres mTebsSoris, md. nigeris qveda welis mimdebare teritoria (nigeria), xolo, meoremxriv samrewvelo arealebisTvis – lombardiis dablobi (italia), ruris raioni

134 World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpp135 List of Countries by Population. www.en.wikipedia.org136 World Population Prospects: The 2006 Revision. http://esa.un.org/unpp

120

(germania), kalifornia (aSS), aSS-Si atalantis okeanis sanapiro zoliq.bostonidan q.vaSingtonamde, inglisis centraluri nawili q.liverpulidanaRmosavleTiT q.Sefildamde. imave dros, dedamiwis uzarmazari teritoriebipraqtikulad dausaxlebelia, kerZod antarqtida, grenlandia, CrdiloeTyinulovani okeanis sanapiro zoli, romelic ruseTis aziuri nawilis Crdilo-aRmosavleTSi mdebareobs, aziisa da CrdiloeT afrikis udabnoebi, agreTve,samxreT amerikisa da afrikis tropikuli tyeebis masivebi.

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