Psychoactive drugs: Occurrence in aquatic environment ...10.1007/s11356-017-0170... · O 59729-33-8...

Psychoactive drugs: Occurrence in aquatic environment, analytical

methods and ecotoxicity – a review

Deivisson Lopes Cunha1,2

, Frederico Goytacazes de Araujo1,3

& Marcia Marques1*

1Dep. of Sanitary and Environmental Engineering, Rio de Janeiro State University

(UERJ), R. São Francisco Xavier, 524, CEP 20550-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

2Post-Graduation Program in Environment (PPGMA), UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

3Post-Graduation Program in Chemistry (PPGQ), UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

* Corresponding author: [email protected] (M. Marques) phone: +55 (21) 2334-0959

ELECTRONIC SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL

Table S.1: Physicochemical properties of the psychoactive drugs included in the

review.

Table S.2: Seven psychoactive drugs detected in different aqueous matrices.

Fig. S.1: Scientific publications per year included in this review (published until

January 31/2017).

Table S.1: Physicochemical properties of the psychoactive drugs included in the

review. S

ub

sta

nce

Ch

em

ical

form

ula

CA

S n

um

ber

Mo

lecu

lar

wei

gh

t

Melt

ing

po

int

(°C

)b

Den

sity

(g c

m-3

25

°C

)b

So

lub

ilit

y

(mg

L-1

25

°C)

og K

ow

pK

a

Hen

ry C

on

sta

nt

(atm

m3 m

ol-1

)b

alprazolam C17H13ClN4 28981-97-7 308.77a 229 1.4 ± 0.1 13.1a 2.12a 2.39c 5.11 x 10-10

bromazepam C14H10BrN3O 1812-30-2 316.15d 208 1.6 ± 0.1 175.2b 2.05b 12.24f 1.25 x 10-13

citalopram C20H21FN2O 59729-33-8 324.39d 182.5 1.2 ± 0.1 31.09b 3.74b 9.78f 1.55 x 10-9

clonazepam C15H10ClN3O3 1622-61-3 315.71d 237.5 1.5 ± 0.1 35.38b 2.41b 11.89f 7.02 x 10-13

diazepam C16H13ClN2O 439-14-5 284.75a 128* 1.3 ± 0.1 50a 2.82a 3.4e 6.50 x 10-10

lorazepam C15H10Cl2N2O2 846-49-1 321.17a 166 1.5 ± 0.1 80a 2.39a 13e 1.48 x 10-13

oxazepam C15H11ClN2O2 604-75-1 286.71c 200* 1.4 ± 0.1 20.71b 3.34b

1.7c

11.6c

1.10 x 10-13

* Approximate values per reference;

a (Mendoza et al. 2014a);

b Chemspider: available in: < http://www.chemspider.com/ >;

c (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010);

d PubChem: available in: < https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ >;

e (Idder et al. 2013);

f Drugbank: available in: < http://www.drugbank.ca/ >

Table S.2: Seven psychoactive drugs detected in different aqueous matrices.

Compound Aqueous

Matrix

Concentration

(ng L-1

) Country Reference

Alprazolam D-WWE 10 USA (Batt et al. 2008)






Alprazolam D-WWI 4 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Alprazolam D-WWE 1 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Alprazolam D-WWE 176 Spain (Postigo et al. 2011)

Alprazolam D-WWE 7 Spain (Gracia-Lor et al. 2011)

Alprazolam GW 6.4 Spain (Jurado et al. 2012)

Alprazolam DI-WWE 10 Spain (Gracia-Lor et al. 2012)

Alprazolam D-WWI 27 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Alprazolam SW 17 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Alprazolam D-WWE 17 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Alprazolam DW 11 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Alprazolam D-WWE 24 Portugal (Sousa et al. 2013)

Alprazolam H-WWI 37.5 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)



Alprazolam H-WWI 168 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)


Alprazolam H-WWI 143 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)



Alprazolam DH-WWI 19.1 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Alprazolam DH-WWI 49.1 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Alprazolam DH-WWE 11.3 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Alprazolam DH-WWE 33.5 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Alprazolam H-WWI 30 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Alprazolam H-WWE 29 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Alprazolam D-WWI 2580 USA (Ottmar et al. 2013)

Alprazolam D-WWI 1930 USA (Ottmar et al. 2013)

Alprazolam D-WWE 70 USA (Ottmar et al. 2013)

Alprazolam D-WWE 60 USA (Ottmar et al. 2013)

Alprazolam SW 9.1 Spain (Mendoza et al. 2014b)

Alprazolam D-WWE 31 USA (Kostich et al. 2014)

Alprazolam SW 7.4 Spain (Moreno-González et al. 2014)

Alprazolam D-WWI 8.8 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Alprazolam D-WWE 8 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Alprazolam SW 9.1 Spain (Mendoza et al. 2014a)

Alprazolam D-WWE 8 Spain (Badia-Fabregat et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 11 Spain (Boix et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 8 Spain (Boix et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWE 14 Spain (Boix et al. 2015)







Alprazolam SW 6.79 Spain (Catalá et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 3 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 5 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 3.1 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 2.1 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 4.98 Spain (Banjac et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 6.79 Spain (Catalá et al. 2015)

Alprazolam H-WWI 20 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)






Alprazolam D-WWI 10 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWI 20 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Alprazolam LDI-WWI 10 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Alprazolam LDI-WWE 10 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWE 10 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWE 20 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Alprazolam DI-WWI 12.6 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Alprazolam DI-WWI 8.77 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Alprazolam DI-WWE 8.21 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Alprazolam DI-WWE 6.2 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWE 23 Belgium (Vergeynst et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWI 8.6 China (Wu et al. 2015)





Alprazolam D-WWE 6 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWE 5.2 China (Wu et al. 2015)




Alprazolam DW 2.6 China (Wu et al. 2015)


Alprazolam SW 2.5 China (Wu et al. 2015)




Alprazolam D-WWE 3.9 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWE 4.3 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 0.3 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 0.7 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 5900 Brazil (Nunes et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 1 Portugal (Gonzalez-Rey et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWI 10.1 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Alprazolam D-WWE 6.94 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Alprazolam SW 8.1 Spain (Mastroianni et al. 2016)



Alprazolam SW 6 Spain (Mastroianni et al. 2016)

Alprazolam SW 1.57 Spain (Gabarrón et al. 2016)

Alprazolam D-WWI 1.74 Mexico (Estrada-Arriaga et al. 2016)

Alprazolam D-WWE 1.51 Mexico (Estrada-Arriaga et al. 2016)

Alprazolam D-WWE 0.81 Mexico (Estrada-Arriaga et al. 2016)

Alprazolam H-WWI 37 Spain (Badia-Fabregat et al. 2016)


Alprazolam SW 25 USA (Batt et al. 2016)

Alprazolam H-WWE 12.2 France (Bebianno et al. 2016)

Alprazolam D-WWI 6.3 USA (Stamper et al. 2016)





Alprazolam D-WWI 11 USA (Stamper et al. 2016)


Alprazolam D-WWI 6 USA (Stamper et al. 2016)













Alprazolam PD-WWI 69 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Alprazolam PD-WWE 57 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Alprazolam PD-WWE 25 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Bromazepam D-WWE 15542 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Bromazepam D-WWI 3662 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Bromazepam SW 14 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2011)

Bromazepam SW 6 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)




Bromazepam H-WWI 40 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Bromazepam H-WWI 158 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Bromazepam D-WWE 32 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Bromazepam D-WWI 300* France (Ruel et al. 2012)

Bromazepam H-WWE 200 Brazil (Almeida et al. 2013)














Bromazepam D-WWE 17.4 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Bromazepam D-WWI 3.8 China (Wu et al. 2015)






Bromazepam D-WWE 1 China (Wu et al. 2015)



Bromazepam SW 1.1 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Bromazepam D-WWE 6.8 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Bromazepam D-WWE 9.2 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Bromazepam DI-WWI 68.5 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Bromazepam DI-WWI 94.2 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Bromazepam DI-WWE 37.8 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Bromazepam DI-WWE 25.8 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Bromazepam SW 0.73 France (Brieudes et al. 2016b)

Citalopram DH-WWI 13 Norway (Vasskog et al. 2006)

Citalopram DH-WWI 145 Norway (Vasskog et al. 2006)

Citalopram D-WWI 612 Norway (Vasskog et al. 2006)

Citalopram DH-WWE 9.2 Norway (Vasskog et al. 2006)

Citalopram DH-WWE 62 Norway (Vasskog et al. 2006)

Citalopram D-WWE 382 Norway (Vasskog et al. 2006)

Citalopram DI-WWE 840000 India (Larsson et al. 2007)

Citalopram D-WWI 307 Canada (MacLeod et al. 2007)

Citalopram D-WWE 207 Canada (MacLeod et al. 2007)

Citalopram D-WWE 212 Canada (Lajeunesse et al. 2008)

Citalopram D-WWE 57.8 Canada (Lajeunesse et al. 2008)

Citalopram D-WWI 52.2 Canada (Lajeunesse et al. 2008)

Citalopram D-WWI 52.7 Canada (Lajeunesse et al. 2008)

Citalopram SW 3.4 Canada (Lajeunesse et al. 2008)

Citalopram SW 11.5 Canada (Lajeunesse et al. 2008)

Citalopram SW 90 USA (Schultz and Furlong 2008)



Citalopram DH-WWI 62.9 Norway (Vasskog et al. 2008)











Citalopram SW 15 Sweden (Khalaf et al. 2009)

Citalopram DI-WWE 430000 India (Fick et al. 2009)

Citalopram SW 2000 India (Fick et al. 2009)










Citalopram GW 76 India (Fick et al. 2009)



Citalopram SW 120 Spain (González Alonso et al. 2010)

Citalopram SW 219 USA (Schultz et al. 2010)

Citalopram D-WWE 431 Germany (Nödler et al. 2010)

Citalopram SW 54 Germany (Nödler et al. 2010)

Citalopram D-WWI 48 Spain (Unceta et al. 2010)





Citalopram D-WWE 52 Spain (Unceta et al. 2010)





Citalopram SW 69 Spain (Rodríguez-Gil et al. 2010)

Citalopram D-WWI 31 Belgium (van Nuijs et al. 2010)





















Citalopram SW 10 Canada (Metcalfe et al. 2010)








Citalopram DI-WWI 223 Canada (Metcalfe et al. 2010)

Citalopram DI-WWE 203 Canada (Metcalfe et al. 2010)

Citalopram D-WWE 208 Australia (Reungoat et al. 2011)

Citalopram H-WWI 670 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Citalopram D-WWE 180 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Citalopram D-WWI 160 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Citalopram DW 3.4 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Citalopram SW 0.45 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Citalopram SW 1.4 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Citalopram D-WWI 302 Canada (Lajeunesse et al. 2012)














Citalopram SW 280 USA (Ferrer and Thurman 2012)

Citalopram DH-WWI 124 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Citalopram DH-WWI 106 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Citalopram DH-WWE 115 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Citalopram DH-WWE 240 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Citalopram SW 112 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)



Citalopram D-WWE 200 Sweden (Breitholtz et al. 2012)


Citalopram DI-WWE 180 Sweden (Breitholtz et al. 2012)


Citalopram H-WWI 31 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)


Citalopram H-WWI 9.43 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)






Citalopram DH-WWE 17 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Citalopram DH-WWE 49.1 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Citalopram DH-WWI 12.7 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Citalopram DH-WWI 34.3 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Citalopram H-WWI 67 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Citalopram H-WWE 19 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Citalopram H-WWI 261 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Citalopram H-WWE 162 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Citalopram D-WWE 5 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Citalopram D-WWI 4 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)


Citalopram D-WWI 3 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)


Citalopram D-WWI 0.4 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Citalopram H-WWI 160 France (Saussereau et al. 2013)

Citalopram H-WWI 300 Denmark (Nielsen et al. 2013)



Citalopram D-WWE 5 China (Yuan et al. 2013b)

Citalopram D-WWI 3.5 China (Yuan et al. 2013b)

Citalopram DI-WWI 137.4 Portugal (Silva et al. 2014)


Citalopram DI-WWI 172 Portugal (Silva et al. 2014)






Citalopram DHI-WWI 110.5 Portugal (Silva et al. 2014)


Citalopram D-WWI 100.5 Portugal (Silva et al. 2014)




Citalopram DI-WWE 87.1 Portugal (Silva et al. 2014)



Citalopram D-WWE 94.9 Portugal (Silva et al. 2014)

Citalopram D-WWE 95.6 Portugal (Silva et al. 2014)

Citalopram D-WWE 260 Sweden (Grabicova et al. 2014)

Citalopram SW 22 Spain (Moreno-González et al. 2014)

Citalopram DHI-WWI 180 Czech Republic (Golovko et al. 2014)

Citalopram DHI-WWE 120 Czech Republic (Golovko et al. 2014)

Citalopram SW 17 Poland (Giebułtowicz and Nałecz-Jawecki 2014)

Citalopram DW 1.5 Poland (Giebułtowicz and Nałecz-Jawecki 2014)

Citalopram SeaW 4.3 Israel (Nödler et al. 2014)

Citalopram SeaW 27 USA (Nödler et al. 2014)

Citalopram GW 13.1 Spain (Valhondo et al. 2014)

Citalopram D-WWE 20.6 China (Sheng et al. 2014)



Citalopram SW 79 Brazil (Thomas et al. 2014)

Citalopram D-WWE 250 Sweden (Ek et al. 2014)

Citalopram D-WWI 200 Sweden (Ek et al. 2014)

Citalopram SW 29 Czech Republic (Grabicova et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 165* Spain (Jelic et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 125* Spain (Jelic et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 16.7 Portugal (Moreira et al. 2015)

Citalopram SW 3.1 Germany (Schlüsener et al. 2015)




Citalopram SW 13 Germany (Schlüsener et al. 2015)



























Citalopram D-WWI 160 Germany (Schlüsener et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 180 Germany (Schlüsener et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 180 Germany (Schlüsener et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 120 Germany (Schlüsener et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 650 UK (Evans et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 53 UK (Evans et al. 2015)

Citalopram SW 4.1 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)











Citalopram SW 6 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)











Citalopram SW 31.83 Spain (Banjac et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 340 UK (Petrie et al. 2016b)

Citalopram D-WWE 323 UK (Petrie et al. 2016b)

Citalopram D-WWE 150* Portugal (Ribeiro et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 295.4 Spain (Llorens-Blanch et al. 2015)

Citalopram H-WWE 24.7 France (Bonnafé et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 219.3 Germany (Gurke et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 186 Germany (Gurke et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 232 Germany (Gurke et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 157 Germany (Gurke et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 197 Germany (Gurke et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 179.5 Germany (Gurke et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWI 86 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015b)

Citalopram D-WWE 84 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015b)

Citalopram D-WWI 110 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015a)




Citalopram D-WWE 110 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015a)




Citalopram D-WWI 31.8 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 29.8 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Citalopram D-WWE 1010 Greece (Beretsou et al. 2016)

Citalopram DH-WWI 719 Spain (Gonzalez-Gil et al. 2016)

Citalopram D-WWE 244 UK (Petrie et al. 2016a)

Citalopram SW 11.55 Spain (Gabarrón et al. 2016)

Citalopram D-WWE 2100 Spain (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2017)

Citalopram SW 3.69 France (Brieudes et al. 2016a)

Citalopram SW 0.9 USA (Glassmeyer et al. 2017)

Citalopram SW 4.7 Spain (Huerta et al. 2016)

Citalopram DHI-WWI 130 Faroe Islands (Huber et al. 2016)


Citalopram DHI-WWE 59 Faroe Islands (Huber et al. 2016)

Citalopram DHI-WWE 26.9 Faroe Islands (Huber et al. 2016)

Citalopram DHI-WWI 163 Iceland (Huber et al. 2016)

Citalopram DHI-WWE 12.2 Iceland (Huber et al. 2016)


Citalopram DHI-WWE 22 Iceland (Huber et al. 2016)






Citalopram DHI-WWE 540 Greenland (Huber et al. 2016)



Citalopram DHI-WWI 82.2 Iceland (Huber et al. 2016)




Citalopram D-WWI 103.03 Spain (Lorenzo-Toja et al. 2016)

Citalopram D-WWE 112.68 Spain (Lorenzo-Toja et al. 2016)









Citalopram SeaW 5.4 Greece (Alygizakis et al. 2016)

Citalopram SeaW 8 Greece (Alygizakis et al. 2016)








Citalopram SeaW 2 Greece (Alygizakis et al. 2016)


Citalopram D-WWI 20.4 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2016)

Citalopram D-WWE 61.4 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2016)

Citalopram DHI-WWI 35.7 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2016)

Citalopram DHI-WWE 67.4 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2016)

Citalopram SW 28.9 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2016)

Citalopram D-WWE 331.6 Spain (Farré et al. 2016)

Citalopram D-WWI 360.6 Spain (Farré et al. 2016)


Citalopram D-WWI 205.6 Spain (Farré et al. 2016)



Citalopram SW 6.92 Canada (Solla et al. 2016)







Citalopram D-WWE 467 USA (Harding et al. 2016)

Citalopram D-WWE 408.3 USA (Harding et al. 2016)






Citalopram H-WWI 15 Spain (Badia-Fabregat et al. 2016)

Citalopram H-WWI 266 Canada (Kleywegt et al. 2016)




Citalopram H-WWE 135 Canada (Kleywegt et al. 2016)


Citalopram H-WWE 25 France (Bebianno et al. 2016)

Citalopram H-WWE 56 France (Bebianno et al. 2016)

Citalopram SW 274 Finland (Meierjohann et al. 2016)

Citalopram DHI-WWE 7525 Spain (Freitas et al. 2017)

Citalopram SW 7.52 France (Brieudes et al. 2016b)

Citalopram DI-WWI 89 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2016c)





















































Citalopram DI-WWI 188 Czech Republic (Mackuľak et al. 2016c)










Citalopram H-WWE 98 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2016d)

Citalopram H-WWE 20 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2016d)

Citalopram H-WWI 80 Czech Republic (Mackuľak et al. 2016d)

Citalopram D-WWE 2100 Spain (Miralles-Cuevas et al. 2016)

Citalopram H-WWI 500 Spain (Munoz et al. 2016)

Citalopram SW 18.2 USA (Schroeder et al. 2017)

Citalopram D-WWE 390 USA (Schroeder et al. 2017)

Citalopram D-WWI 16 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Citalopram D-WWE 35 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Citalopram D-WWI 7.4 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Citalopram D-WWI 6.9 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)






Citalopram DI-WWI 5.9 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Citalopram DI-WWE 7.7 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Citalopram D-WWI 15.1 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2017)



Clonazepam H-WWE 130 Brazil (Almeida et al. 2013)














Diazepam D-WWE 40 Germany (Ternes 1998)

Diazepam DW 23.5 Italy (Zuccato et al. 2000)

Diazepam SW 0.7 Italy (Zuccato et al. 2000)

Diazepam D-WWE 53 Germany (Ternes et al. 2001)

Diazepam SW 33 Germany (Ternes et al. 2001)

Diazepam SW 1.3 USA (Vanderford et al. 2003)

Diazepam SW 2.13 Italy (Calamari et al. 2003)

Diazepam DHI-WWI 590 Belgium (Ven et al. 2004)

Diazepam DHI-WWI 1180 Belgium (Ven et al. 2004)

Diazepam DHI-WWE 660 Belgium (Ven et al. 2004)

Diazepam SW 2 Germany (Hummel et al. 2006)

Diazepam D-WWE 3.7 USA (Vanderford and Snyder 2006)

Diazepam SW 33.6 Romania (Moldovan 2006)

Diazepam D-WWI 80.0 Germany (Gebhardt and Schroder 2007)

Diazepam D-WWE 70.0 Germany (Gebhardt and Schroder 2007)

Diazepam D-WWE 58 USA (Snyder et al. 2007)

Diazepam D-WWE 7.4 USA (Wert et al. 2009)

Diazepam DW 0.47 USA (Benotti et al. 2009)

Diazepam S-WWI 13 China (Shao et al. 2009)




Diazepam S-WWE 8 China (Shao et al. 2009)




Diazepam SW 5 China (Shao et al. 2009)






Diazepam DHI-WWE 4000 USA (Phillips et al. 2010)

Diazepam D-WWE 18.92 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2010)

Diazepam SW 6.52 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2010)

Diazepam SW 4 South Korea (Yoon et al. 2010)

Diazepam D-WWI 40 USA (Bisceglia et al. 2010)

Diazepam D-WWE 40 USA (Bisceglia et al. 2010)

Diazepam D-WWE 27 Germany (Nödler et al. 2010)

Diazepam SW 10 Germany (Nödler et al. 2010)

Diazepam SW 59 Spain (Rodríguez-Gil et al. 2010)

Diazepam D-WWE 11 France (Creusot et al. 2010)

Diazepam SW 21 Spain (Martínez Bueno et al. 2010)

Diazepam SW 12 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2011)

Diazepam D-WWE 6.2 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2011)

Diazepam SW 569 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2011)

Diazepam SW 2.68 Spain (Silva et al. 2011)

Diazepam EW 2.68 Spain (Silva et al. 2011)

Diazepam SW 90 Spain (Valcárcel et al. 2011)

Diazepam SW 17 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)







Diazepam H-WWI 27 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)




Diazepam DH-WWI 21 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Diazepam DH-WWI 25 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Diazepam DH-WWE 21 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)




Diazepam SW 40.9 Spain (Valcárcel et al. 2012)

Diazepam SW 140 China (Heeb et al. 2012)

Diazepam H-WWI 69 Switzerland (Kovalova et al. 2012)

Diazepam D-WWE 44.25 Spain (Cabeza et al. 2012)

Diazepam GW 3.88 Spain (Cabeza et al. 2012)

Diazepam GW 8 Spain (Cabeza et al. 2012)

Diazepam GW 8.28 Spain (Cabeza et al. 2012)

Diazepam DI-WWI 17 Spain (Dolar et al. 2012)

Diazepam D-WWE 68 Spain (Prieto-Rodriguez et al. 2012)

Diazepam EW 8.6 Spain (Vazquez-Roig et al. 2012)

Diazepam D-WWE 10 Italy (Al Aukidy et al. 2012)

Diazepam GW 19.4 Spain (Jurado et al. 2012)

Diazepam SW 4.1 Spain (Jurado et al. 2012)

Diazepam H-WWI 21 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Diazepam H-WWI 38 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Diazepam DH-WWI 2 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Diazepam DH-WWI 10 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Diazepam DH-WWI 5 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Diazepam DH-WWI 16 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Diazepam DH-WWE 10 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Diazepam DI-WWI 3.2 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Diazepam DI-WWI 3.7 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Diazepam D-WWI 7.4 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Diazepam D-WWE 3.5 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Diazepam DI-WWE 5.2 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Diazepam DI-WWE 5.1 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Diazepam SW 15* Ukraine (Vystavna et al. 2012)

Diazepam D-WWE 5 Netherlands (van der Aa et al. 2013)

Diazepam GW 35.1 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2013)

Diazepam SW 32 Spain (Proia et al. 2013)

Diazepam SW 0.9 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2013)



Diazepam D-WWI 8 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2013)

Diazepam D-WWE 7.1 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2013)

Diazepam H-WWI 31.1 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)





Diazepam DH-WWE 6.53 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Diazepam DH-WWE 8.81 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Diazepam DH-WWI 7.63 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Diazepam H-WWE 645 Brazil (Almeida et al. 2013)














Diazepam SW 50 Spain (Valcárcel et al. 2013)

Diazepam D-WWE 19 Spain (Rodríguez-Navas et al. 2013)

Diazepam D-WWE 18 Spain (Rodríguez-Navas et al. 2013)

Diazepam SW 55.7 Spain (Mendoza et al. 2014b)

Diazepam SW 5 Spain (Moreno-González et al. 2014)

Diazepam D-WWI 7.9 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Diazepam D-WWE 3.2 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Diazepam SW 55.7 Spain (Mendoza et al. 2014a)

Diazepam D-WWE 720 Jordan (Zemann et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 38 Spain (Badia-Fabregat et al. 2015)

Diazepam SW 138.33 Spain (Catalá et al. 2015)

Diazepam EW 4.21 China (Zhao et al. 2015)

Diazepam SW 10.6 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)














Diazepam SW 5.6 Spain (Pascual-Aguilar et al. 2015)


Diazepam SW 6 Spain (Pascual-Aguilar et al. 2015)


Diazepam SW 35.51 Spain (Banjac et al. 2015)

Diazepam SW 138.33 Spain (Catalá et al. 2015)

Diazepam SW 4 UK (Miller et al. 2015)

Diazepam SW 10 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)





Diazepam D-WWI 100 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 10 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 20 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Diazepam LDI-WWE 10 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Diazepam DI-WWI 4.57 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Diazepam DI-WWI 9.78 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Diazepam DI-WWE 3.45 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Diazepam DI-WWE 4 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Diazepam SW 24.3 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWI 15.6 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 15.3 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 13 China (Wu et al. 2015)






Diazepam D-WWI 3 China (Wu et al. 2015)


Diazepam DW 1.9 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Diazepam SW 28 UK (Schnell et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 1 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 2.6 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Diazepam SW 2 Portugal (Gonzalez-Rey et al. 2015)

Diazepam H-WWE 34.2 France (Bonnafé et al. 2015)















Diazepam SW 615 Brazil (Almeida et al. 2015)







Diazepam DI-WWI 59 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Diazepam DI-WWI 69.3 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Diazepam DI-WWE 60 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Diazepam DI-WWE 63.2 Spain (Arbeláez et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWE 238 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Diazepam D-WWI 196 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Diazepam DH-WWI 434 Spain (Gonzalez-Gil et al. 2016)

Diazepam SW 0.14 Spain (Aymerich et al. 2016)

Diazepam D-WWE 2 Spain (Aymerich et al. 2016)

Diazepam D-WWI 4 Spain (Aymerich et al. 2016)

Diazepam SW 25.8 Spain (Mastroianni et al. 2016)



Diazepam SW 4 Spain (Mastroianni et al. 2016)

Diazepam SW 1.37 Spain (Gabarrón et al. 2016)

Diazepam D-WWI 9.4 Spain (García-Galán et al. 2016)





Diazepam D-WWE 1.4 Spain (García-Galán et al. 2016)



Diazepam D-WWE 4 Spain (García-Galán et al. 2016)

Diazepam SW 6.2 Spain (García-Galán et al. 2016)



Diazepam D-WWI 14.18 Spain (Lorenzo-Toja et al. 2016)

Diazepam D-WWE 9.96 Spain (Lorenzo-Toja et al. 2016)







Diazepam D-WWI 1.65 Mexico (Estrada-Arriaga et al. 2016)




Diazepam D-WWE 3.33 Mexico (Estrada-Arriaga et al. 2016)




Diazepam D-WWE 38.9 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2016)

Diazepam DHI-WWE 45.5 Portugal (Paíga et al. 2016)

Diazepam SW 12 Spain (Andreu et al. 2016)

Diazepam D-WWI 3 UK (Castrignanò et al. 2016)







Diazepam SW 0.45 Canada (Solla et al. 2016)

Diazepam SW 2.61 China (Sun et al. 2016)

Diazepam H-WWI 244 Spain (Badia-Fabregat et al. 2016)

Diazepam D-WWE 114 Spain (Candela et al. 2016)

Diazepam GW 20 Spain (Candela et al. 2016)

Diazepam H-WWI 2 Canada (Kleywegt et al. 2016)



Diazepam H-WWE 2 Canada (Kleywegt et al. 2016)


Diazepam H-WWE 34 France (Bebianno et al. 2016)

Diazepam H-WWE 101 France (Bebianno et al. 2016)

Diazepam SW 0.38 France (Brieudes et al. 2016b)

Diazepam SW 2.85 USA (Schroeder et al. 2017)

Diazepam DW 0.85 USA (Benson et al. 2017)

Diazepam PD-WWI 85 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Diazepam PD-WWE 100 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Diazepam PD-WWI 62 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Diazepam PD-WWE 28 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Lorazepam DHI-WWE 130 France (Coetsier et al. 2009)








Lorazepam SW 29 France (Coetsier et al. 2009)




Lorazepam SW 40 Spain (Gros et al. 2010)

Lorazepam D-WWE 114.92 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2010)

Lorazepam SW 22.58 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2010)


Lorazepam D-WWE 60 Spain (Gracia-Lor et al. 2010)

Lorazepam D-WWE 532 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Lorazepam D-WWI 502 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Lorazepam D-WWI 100* Spain (Jelic et al. 2011)

Lorazepam D-WWE 75* Spain (Jelic et al. 2011)

Lorazepam DW 4 France (Vulliet and Cren-Olivé 2011)

Lorazepam SW 2.1 France (Vulliet and Cren-Olivé 2011)

Lorazepam GW 1.2 France (Vulliet and Cren-Olivé 2011)

Lorazepam D-WWE 81 Spain (Gracia-Lor et al. 2011)


Lorazepam SW 46.1 Spain (Silva et al. 2011)

Lorazepam D-WWE 240 Portugal (Sousa et al. 2011)


Lorazepam SW 1.7 France (Vulliet et al. 2011)

Lorazepam SW 39.8 Spain (Valcárcel et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DI-WWI 74 Spain (Dolar et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DI-WWE 46 Italy (Al Aukidy et al. 2012)

Lorazepam D-WWE 82 Italy (Al Aukidy et al. 2012)

Lorazepam GW 39.7 Spain (Jurado et al. 2012)

Lorazepam SW 25 Spain (Jurado et al. 2012)

Lorazepam SW 50.2 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2012a)

Lorazepam H-WWI 620 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)






Lorazepam DH-WWI 170 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DH-WWI 250 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DH-WWE 80 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DH-WWE 140 Italy (Verlicchi et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DH-WWI 143 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DH-WWI 41 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DH-WWE 108 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Lorazepam SW 19 Spain (Gros et al. 2012)

Lorazepam SW 50.2 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2012b)

Lorazepam DI-WWE 160 Spain (Gracia-Lor et al. 2012)

Lorazepam D-WWI 2.1 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DI-WWI 64 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DI-WWI 93 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Lorazepam D-WWE 1.2 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DI-WWE 50 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DI-WWE 64 Spain (Ginebreda et al. 2012)

Lorazepam D-WWI 10598 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Lorazepam D-WWE 689 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Lorazepam DW 562 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Lorazepam SW 167 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Lorazepam SW 34 Serbia (Radović et al. 2012)


Lorazepam GW 54 Spain (López-Serna et al. 2013)

Lorazepam SW 705.5 Spain (Proia et al. 2013)

Lorazepam D-WWE 920 Spain (Ibáñez et al. 2013)

Lorazepam H-WWI 107 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)




Lorazepam H-WWI 28.2 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)


Lorazepam H-WWI 43.9 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)


Lorazepam DH-WWI 221 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Lorazepam DH-WWI 446 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Lorazepam DH-WWE 175 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Lorazepam DH-WWE 347 Portugal (Santos et al. 2013)

Lorazepam H-WWE 95 Brazil (Almeida et al. 2013)














Lorazepam D-WWE 13 USA (Wang and Gardinali 2013)

Lorazepam SW 49.1 Portugal (Gonçalves et al. 2013)

Lorazepam H-WWI 294 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Lorazepam H-WWE 205 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Lorazepam D-WWI 36 France (Mailler et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 167 Spain (Mendoza et al. 2014b)

Lorazepam SW 117.1 Spain (Moreno-González et al. 2014)

Lorazepam D-WWE 184 Serbia (Petrović et al. 2014)

Lorazepam SW 30.1 Serbia (Petrović et al. 2014)

Lorazepam D-WWI 61 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Lorazepam D-WWE 40 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Lorazepam SW 167 Spain (Mendoza et al. 2014a)

Lorazepam D-WWI 7 USA (Lara-Martín et al. 2014)

Lorazepam D-WWE 3 USA (Lara-Martín et al. 2014)

Lorazepam LE 89900 USA (Masoner et al. 2014)

Lorazepam D-WWI 50* Spain (Jelic et al. 2015)

Lorazepam D-WWE 50* Spain (Jelic et al. 2015)

Lorazepam D-WWE 23 France (Mailler et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 13 Spain (Boix et al. 2015)



Lorazepam D-WWE 52 Spain (Boix et al. 2015)






Lorazepam SW 123 Spain (Catalá et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 312.8 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 68 Spain (Acuña et al. 2015)
















Lorazepam SW 187.87 Spain (Banjac et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 123 Spain (Catalá et al. 2015)

Lorazepam H-WWI 50 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)






Lorazepam D-WWI 50 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Lorazepam LDI-WWI 30 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Lorazepam D-WWI 30 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Lorazepam D-WWE 50 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Lorazepam LDI-WWE 30 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Lorazepam DI-WWE 85.5 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Lorazepam DI-WWE 114 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Lorazepam DI-WWI 33 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Lorazepam DI-WWI 34.3 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Lorazepam D-WWI 40.7 China (Wu et al. 2015)





Lorazepam SW 4 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Lorazepam D-WWE 3.6 China (Wu et al. 2015)





Lorazepam D-WWE 54 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 6.1 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 25 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 24 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SeaW 41.8 Spain (Moreno-González et al. 2015)

Lorazepam DI-WWI 443.8 Portugal (Pereira et al. 2015)



Lorazepam DHI-WWI 196.5 Portugal (Pereira et al. 2015)


Lorazepam D-WWI 97.7 Portugal (Pereira et al. 2015)










Lorazepam DI-WWE 202.5 Portugal (Pereira et al. 2015)



Lorazepam DHI-WWE 233.5 Portugal (Pereira et al. 2015)


Lorazepam D-WWE 29.3 Portugal (Pereira et al. 2015)




















Lorazepam D-WWE 25 Canada (Ghoshdastidar et al. 2015)












Lorazepam SW 5 Canada (Ghoshdastidar et al. 2015)



Lorazepam D-WWE 84.8 Spain (Llorens-Blanch et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 37 Serbia (Radović et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 9 France (Camilleri et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 11.2 France (Camilleri et al. 2015)



















Lorazepam D-WWE 41.8 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Lorazepam D-WWI 23.6 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Lorazepam SW 23 Spain (Mastroianni et al. 2016)

Lorazepam SW 51.2 Spain (Mastroianni et al. 2016)



Lorazepam SW 17.51 Spain (Gabarrón et al. 2016)

Lorazepam D-WWE 15 France (Mailler et al. 2016)

Lorazepam D-WWI 59 UK (Castrignanò et al. 2016)





Lorazepam EW 2.3 France (Aminot et al. 2016)





Lorazepam H-WWI 60 Spain (Badia-Fabregat et al. 2016)

Lorazepam DI-WWE 28.6 France (Chiffre et al. 2016)




Lorazepam SW 8.8 France (Chiffre et al. 2016)

Lorazepam SW 3.9 France (Chiffre et al. 2016)

Lorazepam SW 20 Serbia (Kovacevic et al. 2017)

Lorazepam SW 34 Serbia (Kovacevic et al. 2017)

Lorazepam GW 4 Serbia (Kovacevic et al. 2017)

Lorazepam GW 30 Serbia (Kovacevic et al. 2017)

Lorazepam SW 3.02 France (Brieudes et al. 2016b)

Lorazepam PD-WWI 95 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Lorazepam PD-WWE 47 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Lorazepam PD-WWI 31 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Lorazepam PD-WWE 22 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Oxazepam D-WWE 250 Germany (Heberer 2002)

Oxazepam D-WWI 860 Germany (Hummel et al. 2006)

Oxazepam D-WWE 630 Germany (Hummel et al. 2006)

Oxazepam SW 400 Germany (Hummel et al. 2006)

Oxazepam D-WWI 190 Germany (Wick et al. 2009)

Oxazepam D-WWE 180 Germany (Wick et al. 2009)

Oxazepam SW 28 Sweden (Khalaf et al. 2009)

Oxazepam D-WWE 540 Sweden (Lavén et al. 2009)

Oxazepam D-WWI 400 Sweden (Lavén et al. 2009)

Oxazepam SW 129 Spain (González Alonso et al. 2010))

Oxazepam D-WWI 1218 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Oxazepam D-WWE 324 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2010)

Oxazepam SW 13 Sweden (Magner et al. 2010)

Oxazepam GW 210 Australia (Bekele et al. 2011)

Oxazepam SW 46 Spain (Huerta-Fontela et al. 2011)

Oxazepam D-WWE 960 Australia (Reungoat et al. 2011)

Oxazepam DW 48 France (Vulliet and Cren-Olivé 2011)

Oxazepam SW 25.1 France (Vulliet and Cren-Olivé 2011)

Oxazepam GW 20 France (Vulliet and Cren-Olivé 2011)

Oxazepam DW 91 France (Deblonde et al. 2011)

Oxazepam SW 17.4 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2011)

Oxazepam D-WWI 113.8 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2011)

Oxazepam D-WWE 82.8 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2011)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 255 Switzerland (Bundschuh et al. 2011)

Oxazepam SW 57 France (Vulliet et al. 2011)

Oxazepam DW 2.5 France (Vulliet et al. 2011)

Oxazepam SW 68.7 France (Mompelat et al. 2011)

Oxazepam DW 12.2 France (Mompelat et al. 2011)

Oxazepam D-WWI 180 Germany (Hass et al. 2011)

Oxazepam D-WWE 180 Germany (Hass et al. 2011)

Oxazepam H-WWI 2200 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Oxazepam D-WWI 310 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Oxazepam D-WWE 290 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Oxazepam DW 3.1 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)

Oxazepam SW 3.5 Sweden (Wahlberg et al. 2011)



Oxazepam DI-WWE 140 Germany (Hass et al. 2012)






Oxazepam SW 30 Germany (Hass et al. 2012)



Oxazepam SW 11 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)




Oxazepam DH-WWI 58 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Oxazepam DH-WWI 54 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Oxazepam DH-WWE 28 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)




Oxazepam H-WWI 41 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Oxazepam H-WWI 72 Slovenia (Kosjek et al. 2012)

Oxazepam H-WWI 1123 Switzerland (Kovalova et al. 2012)

Oxazepam D-WWE 586 Netherlands (Bijlsma et al. 2012)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 908 Netherlands (Bijlsma et al. 2012)


Oxazepam DI-WWE 367 Netherlands (Bijlsma et al. 2012)


Oxazepam D-WWI 494 Netherlands (Bijlsma et al. 2012)

Oxazepam DI-WWI 882 Netherlands (Bijlsma et al. 2012)


Oxazepam DI-WWI 245 Netherlands (Bijlsma et al. 2012)


Oxazepam D-WWE 270 Sweden (Breitholtz et al. 2012)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 190 Sweden (Breitholtz et al. 2012)

Oxazepam D-WWE 390 Sweden (Breitholtz et al. 2012)

Oxazepam D-WWE 84 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Oxazepam D-WWI 83 Spain (Esteban et al. 2012)

Oxazepam SW 580 Sweden (Brodin et al. 2013)

Oxazepam D-WWE 730 Sweden (Brodin et al. 2013)

Oxazepam D-WWI 2020 Netherlands (van der Aa et al. 2013)

Oxazepam D-WWE 1746 Netherlands (van der Aa et al. 2013)

Oxazepam SW 68 Netherlands (van der Aa et al. 2013)

Oxazepam DW 13 Netherlands (van der Aa et al. 2013)

Oxazepam SW 51 France (Idder et al. 2013)






Oxazepam D-WWI 155.1 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2013)

Oxazepam D-WWE 85.3 UK (Baker and Kasprzyk-Hordern 2013)

Oxazepam DH-WWE 350 Switzerland (Margot et al. 2013)

Oxazepam DH-WWI 305 Switzerland (Margot et al. 2013)

Oxazepam H-WWI 942 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Oxazepam H-WWE 751.7 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Oxazepam H-WWI 286 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Oxazepam H-WWE 186 China (Yuan et al. 2013a)

Oxazepam D-WWE 858 Spain (Rodríguez-Navas et al. 2013)


Oxazepam D-WWE 56.17 Spain (Rodríguez-Navas et al. 2013)


Oxazepam SW 37 France (Cimetiere et al. 2013)

Oxazepam DH-WWI 1160 France (Saussereau et al. 2013)

Oxazepam DH-WWE 1130 France (Saussereau et al. 2013)

Oxazepam H-WWI 1120 France (Saussereau et al. 2013)

Oxazepam SW 1400* France (Piel et al. 2013)

Oxazepam H-WWE 251 Switzerland (Lee et al. 2014)

Oxazepam D-WWI 82 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Oxazepam D-WWE 70 Spain (Racamonde et al. 2014)

Oxazepam DHI-WWE 94 Czech Republic (Golovko et al. 2014)

Oxazepam DHI-WWI 77 Czech Republic (Golovko et al. 2014)

Oxazepam LE 3760 USA (Masoner et al. 2014)

Oxazepam D-WWE 620 Sweden (Ek et al. 2014)

Oxazepam D-WWI 540 Sweden (Ek et al. 2014)

Oxazepam SW 12 Czech Republic (Grabicova et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWI 615 France (Mailler et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWE 210 France (Mailler et al. 2015)

Oxazepam SW 210 Sweden (Klaminder et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWE 768 Spain (Badia-Fabregat et al. 2015)

Oxazepam GW 42.02 France (Lopez et al. 2015)

Oxazepam H-WWI 30 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Oxazepam H-WWI 60 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWE 50 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWE 30 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWI 40 USA (Oliveira et al. 2015)

Oxazepam DI-WWI 16.9 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Oxazepam DI-WWI 9.3 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 14.4 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 10.8 USA (Subedi and Kannan 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWI 12 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWI 10.8 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWI 9 China (Wu et al. 2015)


Oxazepam D-WWE 8.2 China (Wu et al. 2015)






Oxazepam SW 3.3 China (Wu et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWE 895 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWE 1410 France (Aminot et al. 2015)

Oxazepam SW 21 France (Aminot et al. 2015)














Oxazepam H-WWE 6879.6 France (Bonnafé et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWI 129 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015b)

Oxazepam D-WWE 83 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015b)

Oxazepam D-WWI 280 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015a)




Oxazepam D-WWE 240 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2015a)




Oxazepam SW 27.2 France (Camilleri et al. 2015)












Oxazepam SW 43 France (Camilleri et al. 2015)








Oxazepam D-WWE 38.2 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Oxazepam D-WWI 25 India (Subedi et al. 2015)

Oxazepam SW 50.9 France (Lardy-Fontan et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 149 Denmark (Arriaga et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 206 Denmark (Arriaga et al. 2016)

Oxazepam SW 48.9 France (Brieudes et al. 2016a)



Oxazepam D-WWE 239 France (Mailler et al. 2016)

Oxazepam GW 10 UK (Manamsa et al. 2016)

Oxazepam D-WWI 184 UK (Castrignanò et al. 2016)





Oxazepam EW 21 France (Aminot et al. 2016)






Oxazepam DI-WWE 167.5 France (Chiffre et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 286.5 France (Chiffre et al. 2016)

Oxazepam H-WWE 6880 France (Bebianno et al. 2016)

Oxazepam H-WWE 7434 France (Bebianno et al. 2016)

Oxazepam SW 51 France (Brieudes et al. 2016b)

Oxazepam D-WWI 65.7 USA (Stamper et al. 2016)





Oxazepam D-WWI 84 USA (Stamper et al. 2016)























Oxazepam D-WWI 240* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam D-WWE 100* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam D-WWE 50* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam LE 20* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DHI-WWI 450* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DHI-WWI 600* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DHI-WWE 400* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DHI-WWE 50* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam SW 260* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam SW 100* Sweden (Björklund et al. 2016)

Oxazepam DI-WWI 26 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2016c)


















































Oxazepam DI-WWI 24 Czech Republic (Mackuľak et al. 2016c)









Oxazepam H-WWE 113 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2016d)

Oxazepam H-WWE 17 Slovakia (Mackuľak et al. 2016d)

Oxazepam H-WWI 28 Czech Republic (Mackuľak et al. 2016d)

Oxazepam D-WWI 65 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Oxazepam D-WWE 97 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)







Oxazepam DI-WWI 350 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Oxazepam DI-WWE 290 Sweden (Gros et al. 2017)

Oxazepam D-WWE 15 Canada (Comtois-Marotte et al. 2017)

Oxazepam D-WWE 348 Canada (Comtois-Marotte et al. 2017)

Oxazepam SW 1.3 Canada (Comtois-Marotte et al. 2017)

Oxazepam PD-WWI 210 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Oxazepam PD-WWE 210 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Oxazepam PD-WWI 50 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

Oxazepam PD-WWE 50 India (Subedi et al. 2017)

* Approximate values observed in the graph of the article.

Fig. S.1. Scientific publications per year included in this review (published until January 31/2017).

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