LIE TU V as

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UDK 902/904(475.5) Li301

Redaktoriq kolegija: Algirdas Girininkas (ats. redaktorius) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas)

Vytautas KazakeviCius (Lietuvos istorijos institutas)

Mykolas Michelbertas (Vilniaus universitetas) -Evalds Mugurevics (Latvijos universiteto Latvijos istorijos institutas)

Vytautas Urbanavicius (Pili"E tyrimo centras "Lietuvos pilys")

Gintautas Zabiela (sudarytojas) (Lietuvos istorijos institutas)

Autoril1 nuomone ne visada sutampa su redaktoril1 kolegijos nuomone.

ISSN 02-07-8694 ISBN 9986-23-094-2

© Lietuvos istorijos institutas, 2001 © Straipsniq autoriai, 2001

LIETUVOS ARCHEOLOGIJA. 2001. T. 21, p. 81-88. ISSN 02-07-8694

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6hlTh, 06PRAHOCTH cpe,nHeeBpo--neHCKHX nepeCeneHJJ.eB.

Bo BTOPOM nonOBHHe I ThlCR­

qeJIeTHR TeppHTopHR KyJIhTYPhl

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• 1 =2 l..!..!..!..!.J

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paClllHpReTCR B IO)l(HOM H BOCTOq- !>Hc. 4. PacnpoCTpaHeIDIe CepnOBJ1.llHb1X BHCO'lHhIX Koneu: 1 - rraMJITHlOOI C

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- -COCTaB HOCHTeJIeH 3TOH KyJIhTyphI BKJIlOqaeTCR

pa3HOlIJ1eMeHHOe HaCeJIeHHe 3THX 3eMeJIh. C VI B. B

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B BOCTO~OH nHTBe ,no XIII B. BKJIIO~JIhHO. IIepBhle

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PYeTCR e,nHHM 3THOKYJIhTYPHM 06mHOCTh C e,nHHhlM

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OTO)l(.1l:eCTBJIReMM HCCJIe,nOBaTeJIRMH C JIHTBOH HJ1H

a)'KllfI1lHTaMH (Volkaite-Kulikauskiene,

1970, p. 32; TayTaBJ1qIOC, 1959, p. 142; TayraBJ1qlQC,

1980, c. 83-84; ThutaviCius, 1996, p. 46-57). o TOM, 'ITO HaCeJIeHHe BOCTO~OH nHTBhl B KOHJJ.e

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84

npHHaMe)l(aJIH K YMepeHHO MaCCHBHOMY lllHpG-v

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CMOJJeHCKo-nono~ KPHBH'leH CB~ereRbCTByroT ~a KYPraHOB CMoneHCKo-nono~ KPHBH'lei1: VIII-IX BB.

o6croID'eJIbCTBa: 1) o6a nneMeHM npH <popMHpOBaHHH (Ce~oB, 1995, c. 229-238; Ce~oB, 1999, c. 140-145). BIIJITa.JIH B ce651 HaCeneHMe KYRbTYPhl mTpHXOBaHHOH I1pHMblX aHanOrHH 3THM BHCO'lHhlM KORb~aM B

ICepaMHKH; 2) ~pyrHM 3THH'leCKHM KOMllOHeHTOM, CHHXPOHHhlX HnH 60nee paHHHX MaTepHanax

CBlI3b1BaIOmHM 3TH nneMeHHble 06PaJOBaHH5I, 6billH BOCTO'lHO-eBponeHCKOH paBHHHbI He 06Hap)')KHBaeTC5I.

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ICORel.\, KOTophle KaK B apeane rymeMRHHcKOH KYnb­

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H3 60JIee paHHHX BHCO'lHhlX Kone~, H3BeCTHbIX B

IJaMHTHHKax JIHTBhl (III~, 1996, c. 35; IIIM~T, 2000, c. 115-116). I1poBOnO'lHo--cnHpaRbHhle BHCO'l­

HbIe KOJIb~a, 6bITOBaBUIHe KOpOTKOe Bpe~ (I-III BB.),

H llJIaCTHH'laThle Konb~a, ynoTpe6AABIIIHeC5I npe­

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npoTonmaMH 6pacneToo6pa3HbIX BHCO'lHbIX Kone~ 3DOXH nepeceneHIDI HapO~OB H paHHero cpe~He­

BeKOBbH. 06 3TOM rOBopHT H xpOHOnOrH'IeCKHe

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E. A III~T nonaraeT, 'ITO eCRH Ha TeppHTopHH

JIHTBbI B I-III BB. HaceneHHe HOCHno BHCO'lHhle

KOJIbl.\a, TO H 6pacneToo6pa3Hhle Konb~a TYmeM­

JlHHCKOro apeana MO~O OTHeCTH K 6anTCKOMY

HaCeJIeHHIO. I1naCTHH'laTble H cnHpanbHo-npOBO­

JlO'llibIe BHCO'lHble KORb~a 6bITOBaJIH B JlHTBe BeCbMa

u

BOCXOMT K neTTO-RHTOBCKHM meHHbIM rpHBHaM C

3aXOMillHMH nnaCTHH'IaTbIMH KOH~aMH. O~HaKO nOCJIe~HHe HHKaK He MomH 6hlTb npOTOTHnaMH

BHCO'lHhlX Kone~, nOCKonbKY nonyqHRH uIHpOKoe

pacnpOCTpaHeHHe TORbKO B X-XI BB., a HaH60nee

~peBHHe H3 HHX ~aTHPYlOTC5I BpeMeHeM He paHee

Ko~a VIII B., KOma BHCO'lHble KORb~a B KYRb~ CMoneHCKo-nonO~KHX ~nHHHhlX KypraHoB y~e

6hlTOBanH. K TOMY ~e nocne~HHe CYllJ,eCTBeHHO u

OTRH'IaIOTC5I OT neTTO-RHTOBCKHX meHHhlX rpHBeH,

KOTophle He HMelOT npoBonO'IHoi1: OCHOBhl, CBOHC'''''I'''''BeH­

HOH BHCO'lHhlM Konb~aM. HeT Ha HHX Ta~e HH

KPIO'IKOo6pa3HbIX 3aBepmeHHH, HH mTHxenbHhlX

3Hr3aroBblX Y30pOB.

OCHOBY CMoneHCKo-nonO~KHX cepnOB~HhlX BHCO'lHhlX Kone~, 6e3ycnoBHo, COCTaBAARH npOBO­

nO'lHble(6pacneToo6paJHble)KORb~a,pacnpoCTpaHeH­

HbJe B TymeMnHHCKoe Bpe~ H npO~OmKaBmHe

6hlTOBaTb B VIII-X BB. napanneRbHO. ,[ij>yrHM cna­

raeMbIM 3neMeHTOM B O<popMReHHH cepnOB~HhlX

Kone~ 6hlRH nyHHH'lHhle YKPameHIDl, C KOTOPhlMH HX

pO~HHT H 3Hr3aroBhle mTHXeRbHble y30phl, H KPIO'lKO-

06pa3HbIe 3aBepllIeHIDl. CepnoBH~Hble Y3Konnac­THHQaTbIe paCIIlHpeHHH Ha rrpOBOJIO'lHbIX KOJIbl..(ax, O'leBH,lU{O, rrOHBHJIHCb KaK rroAPax<aHIDl KOJIbl..(aM, rrpHBHeceHHbIM B CMoJIeHcKo-IIoJIoI.IKJ-li1 KPaH rrepeceJIeHl..(aMH H3 .l1.YHaHCKHX 3eMeJIb (Ce~oB, 1999, c. 144 145). CeprrOBH,ll;HbIe KOJIbl..(a BCTpe'leHbI B TpeX BOCTO'lHOH JIHTBbl , lIHpQIOIIHH, CTaKafr).

o rrpmlGlBaHHH CJIaBHHCKoro HaCeJIeHIDl B IOro­BOCTO'lHOH JIHTBe CBH~eTeJIbCTByIOT TalOKe MaTe­pHaJIbl rH.z:qJOHHMHH. BO)U{ble Ha3BaHIDl CJIaB5IHCKOro rrpOHcxo~eHHH Ha JIHTOBCKOH TeppHTopHH 6blJIH c06paHbl H rrpOaHaJIH3HpOBaHbI A. BaHaracoM

(BaHarac, 1981, c. 151-157) . .l1.aTHpoBaTb HX no .u;aH" HbIM JIHHrBHCTHKH He rrpe~CTaBJIHeTCH B03MO)l(}{hlM. IIpe~cTaBJIHeT HHTepec corrOCTaBJIeHHe pac­rrpOCTpaHeHHH 3THX rH,ll;pOHHMOB C H3JIO)l(eHHhlMH ~aHHblMH 0 pacceneHHH CJIaBHH Ha JIHTOBCKOii TeppHTopHH (pHC. 5). KapTa BbUIBJIHeT KOHl.\eHT­pauHlO rH.z:qJOHHMOB B rex 06JIaCTHX, r~e 06Hap}')KeHbl HaxOJJ;KH CJIaB5IHCKHX BHCOqHblX KOJIel..( cepe.u;I1Hhl H rrOCJIeJJ;HeH 'leTBepTH I TbIC5I'leJIeTHH.

TaKHM 06pa30M, YCTaHaBJIHBaeTC5I, 'ITO JII1TBa H

KpHBWlH 6blJIH B HeKOTopOM OTHOllIeHHH pO.u;CTBeH" HbIMH 06pa30BaHH5IMH, rrepBble - 6aJITO-CJIaB5IHCKHM IIJIeMeHeM, BTopbIe - CJIaB5IH0-6aJITCKHM.

JIlITEPATYPA

BaHarac A. II., 1981 - JIHToBcKHe rH,ll;pOHHMbI CJIaBHHCKOfO npOHCXO~eHHH / / naJITO-CnaBHHCKHe HCCJIe~OBaHHH. 1980. MocKBa, 1981, c. 151-157.

BOJIKaHTe-KYJIHKaycKeHe P., 1979 - 06pa30BaHHe IDITOBCKOH HapO~HOCTH (no ~aHHbIM apXeOJIOrHH) / / COBeTCKaH 3THorpacpHH. 1979. NQ 3, c. 31-46.

BOJlKllHTe-KYJlHKaycKeHe P., 1985 - O~e)lQl;a JIHTOBl..(eB C ~eBHeHurnx BpeMeH ~o XVII B. / / ,LWeBHHH o~e)lQl;a Hapo~OB BOCTO'lHOH EBponbI. MocKBa, 1985, c. 146-171.

.n;eHHCOBa P. R., 1990 - reorpacpHH aHTponOJIOfWle­CKHX THnOB 6aJITCKHX flJIeMeH H 3THOfeHeTHqeCKHe npol..(eCCbI B I - Haqane 11 TbIC~eJIeTHH H.3. Ha reppHTO­pHH lIHTBbI H JIaTBHH / / nanTbI, CJIaBHHe H npH6anrnHCKHe CPHHHbI: 3JHOreHemqecKHe npol..(eccbI. Pilla, 1990, c. 28-81.

JIYXTaH A., YlUHHcKac B., 1988 - K np06JIeMe CTaHOBJIeHHH JIHTOBCKOH 3eMJIH B COOle apXeOJIOrWleCKHX ~aHHhIX / / ,LWeBHocTH JlHTBbI H neJIOPYCCHH. BHJIbHIOC, 1988, c. 89-104.

Ce~oB B. B., 1982 - BOCTO~e CJIaBHHe B VI- XIII BB. (ApXeOJIOfHH CCCP). MocKBa, 1982.

Ce~oB B. B., 1994 - 1-13 3THHQeCKOH HCTOPHH HaCeJJeHHH cpe~HeH nOJIOCbl BOCTO'lHOH EBponbl BO BTO­POH nOJIOBHHe I TblC~eJJeTHH H.3. / / POCCHHCKaH apxeo­JIOrHH. 1994, NQ 2, c. 56-70.

Ce~oB B. B., 1995 - CJIaBHHe B paHHeM cpe~HeBe­KOBbe. MocKBa, 1995.

Ce~oB B. B., 1999 - ,LWeBHepycCKaH Hapo~HocTb. I1cTopHKo-apXeOJIOfH'leCKOe HCCJIe~OBaHHe. MocKBa, 1999.

TayTaBH'IJOC A., 1959 - BOCTOQHO-JIHTOBCKHe KYPra­HbI / / Bonpocbl 3THWleCKOH HCTOPHH Hapo~oB ilpH6an­THKH. MocKBa, 1959. T. 1, c. 128-153.

TaYTaBH'IJOc A.3., 1980 - nanTCKHe IlJIeMeHa Ha TeppHTOpHH JIHTBbI B I TbIC~eJIeTHH H.3. / / l13.lij)eBHeli­meH HCTOPHH 6anTcKHX HapO~OB. PHra, 1980, c. 80-88.

I1IMMT E. A., 1996 - 06 3THHQeCKOH npHHa.LVIe:«­HOCTH flJIeMeH yYllIeMJIHHCKOH KYJIbTYPbI lV-VII BB. B BepXOBbHX )J;Henpa / / [iCTIlpbI'lHa-apxeanari'lHbl 360pHiJe. MiRCK, 1996. NQ 10, c. 33- 37 .

I1IMMT E. A., 2000 - 0 yYllIeM1ll1HCKOH KYJlb1)')le lV- VII BeKOB B BepXHeM IIo~enpoBbe H IIo.u;BHHDe (K BOnpOCY 3THWleCKOH aTpH6yUHH) / / IS balhj kultiiros istorijos. Vilnius, 2000, p. 113-123.

Cesnys G., Urbanavicius v., 1984 - M. e. I tiikstanl­rneCio vidurio ryt4 Lietuvos gyventoj4 antropologija//Ue­tuvos TSR Moksl4 Akadernijos darbai. A serija. Vilnius, 1984. T. 3(88), p. 56-68.

Lietuvos, 1978 - Lietuvos TSR arcbeologijos atlasat Vilnius, 1978. T. 4.

Tautavicius A., 1996 - Vidurinis gelezies armius Ue­tuvoje (V-IX a.). Vilnius, 1996.

Volkaite-Kulikauskiene R., Senoves lietuvi4 molel1! galvos danga ir jos papuosalai / / IS lietuvi4 kultiiros iSla­rijos. Vilnius, 1959. T. 2, p. 30-54, 342-346.

Volkaite-Kulikauskiene R., 1970 - Lietuviai IX-XII arnziais. Vilnius, 1970.

LIETUVA IR KRIVTrICIAI

Valentinas Sedovas

Santrauka

Didziojo tauhj kraustyrnosi rnetu zymi gyventoj4 dalis is Vidurio Europos persikele i rniskingas Ryt4 Europos lygurnos zemes. PersikeIeliai isikure ir teritorijoje, pri­klausiusioje baltarns, kurierns atstovavo bruksniuotosios kerarnikos ir Dniepro-Dauguvos kultUros (pav. 1). Pas­tarosios liaujasi egzistavusios ir IV-Va. sanduroje for-

86

rnuojasi naujos kulturines bendruornenes - Tusemliosku[. tUra. VITI-IX a. siarne regione atsiranda Srnolensko-Po­locka kriviCiai ir Ryt4 Lietuvos pilkapi4 kultiira, priklausiusi ankstyY4j4 vidurarnZi4 Lietuvai (arba aukS­taiciams). Pastarosios susidare susirnaisius vietinill gy­ventoj4 ir atejun4 kultUroms.

Vidurio Europos migrantai buvo ir slavai. Apie tai ildija rasti apyrankiq formos antsmilkiniai (pav. 2),

. atsiranda IV-Va. vidurio europieCiq kraustymosi lrityje ir islieka Smolensko Padniepreje ir Polocko Pa­dauguvyje iki X-XIII a. Jq (kriviciq) slaviska atribuci­janustatoma remiantis patikimais duomenimis. Rytq uetuvoje slavai - siq antsmilkiniq nesiotojai - buvo ankstyvlljll viduramziq gentinio darinio, zinomo tietuvos (aukstaiCiq) vardu, sudetyje (pav. 3). VIII-IX a. slaviskasis komponentas pietryCiq Lietuvoje doku­mentuojamas negausiai rastais pjautuvo pavidalo antsmil­kinill radiniais (pav. 4). Apie slavq gyvenim'l tarp Rytq Uetuvos baltq liudija ir hidronimikos medziaga (pav. 5). Taigi lietuyiai ir kriviciai buvo tam tikra prasme gimi­BingOS baltq slavq bendruomenes.

ILIUSTRACIJQ St\RASAS

1 pay. Vidurio Europos Romos provincijos kilmes daiktq paplitimas Rytq Europos miskingoje srityje. (CetlOB, 1999, PI1C. 15): 1 - Psevoro kultiiros arealas; 2-Velbaro kultiiros areal as; 3 - Cerniachovo kultiiros arealas; 4 - Vakarq baltq sritis, paveikta Romos provin­cijos itakos; 5 - siaurine Romos imperijos riba; 6 - baltq genciq arealas; 7 - ugrofinq genciq arealas; 8 - pamin­klai su Vidurio Europos Romos provincijos daiktq tipo radiniais.

2 pay. Apyrankes formos antsmilkiniq paplitimas IV a. pabaigoje - VI a. pradzioje: 1 - paminklai su

apyrankes formos antsmilkiniq radiniais (Ce.o;oB, 1999, PI1C. 26; lietuviski radiniai pagal Lietuvos, 1988, zemela­pis 2 su papildymais); 2 - Rytq Lietuvos pilkapiq arealas; 3 - Tusemlios kultiiros arealas; 4 - Pskovo ilgqjq pilia­kalniq kultiiros arealas.

3 pay. Apyraokes formos antsmilkinill radiniai Lie­tuvoje ir Rytq Lietuvos I tiikstantmecio vidurio pilkapy­nai: I - paminklai su apyrankes formos antsmilkiniq radiniais; II - pilkapynai su griautiniais kapais (JIyxraH, YIlII1HCKa, 1988, PI1C. 1) (1 - Radastai-Aleknonys; 2 -BakSiai; 3 - Luksnenai; 4 - Seiliiinai; 5 - Slabadele (Alo­vele); 6 - Migonys; 7 - Aukstadvaris; 8 - Eitulionys; 9 -

v

Kairenai; 10 - Zvirbliai; 11 - Varapniskes; 12 - prie Kernaves; 13 - Pakraugle; 14 - Grauiiniai; 15 - Diktarai;

v

16 - Dusetll region as; 17 - Eikotiskes; 18 - Zadavai-niai; 19 - Lygalaukis; 20 - Riklikai; 21 - Miezionys; 22-Ciornaja Luza; 23 - Medelskoje; 24 - Mikolcai; 25 -Prudnikai).

4 pay. Pjautuvo formos antsmilkinill paplitimas: 1-pa­minklai su pjautuvo form os antsmilkiniais; 2 - I tiikstant­mecio paskutinill amZiq ir II tiikstantmecio pradzios Rytq Lietuvos pilkapiq areal as; 3 - Smolensko-Polocko krivi­Ciq ilgqjq pilkapiq arealas; 4 - Pskovo kriviciq arealas; 5 -Novgorodo slovenll pilkapiq arealas.

5 pay. SlaviSkos kilmes hidronimai Lietuvos teritori­joje: 1 - paminklai su apyrankes formos antsmilkiniq ra­diniais; 2 - paminklai su pjautuvo formos antsmilkiniq radiniais; 3 - slaviskos kilmes hidronimai (uz Lietuvos teritorijos ribl.! nekartografuoti).

IS ruslJ k. verte [nita Tamosiuniene

KRIVICHI

Valentin Sedov

Summary

During the Great Migration of the nations the sig­nificant part of the inhabitants from the Middle Europe migrated to the lands of the Eastern Europe which were full of forests. The new-comers settled in the territory that belonged to the Baits that were represented by the cul­tures of Dnepr-Dauguva and Brushed Ceramics. The lat­ter stoped existing and in the IV-V centuries formed new culture communities - Tushemlia culture when the Krivichi of Smolensk-Polock emerged in the 8-9 centu­ries and the culture of the East Lithuania barrows that belonged to Lithuania (or upland Lithuanians) of the early Middle Ages. They were formed when the cultures of the local inhabitants and the new-comers mixed.

The migrants of the Middle Europe were also the

Slavs. It was proved by the found hair-rings of a bracelet shape found in the migration area of the Middle Euro­peans of the 4-5 centuries and remains in the Dnepr river­side of Smolensk and Daugava riverside of Plock until the 10-13 centuries. The Slavonic attribution (Krivichi) is determined according to the reliable data. The Slavs of the East Europe, the persons who wore those hair-rings were a part of the tribe unit, known as Lithuania (upland Lithuanians). In the 8-9 centuries the Slavonic compo­nents in the South East Lithuania is documented by the few found finds of the hair-rings of a sickle shape. The hydronomic material also witness about the presence of the Slavs. So both Lithuanians and Krivichi were the re­lated BaIts - Slavs communities in a sense.

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THE LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Fig. 1. Spreading of the artefacts originated from the province of Rome of the Middle Europe in the East Eu­rope, in the area full of forests (Ce.n;oB, 1999, pHC. 15): 1-areal of the Przevor culture; 2 - areal of the Velbar cul­ture; 3 - areal of the Cherniakhov culture; 4 - area of the West Baits influented by Rome province; 5 - the north­ern boundary of the Roman Empire; 6 - the arial of the Baits tribes; 7 - the arial of the U grofinns tribes; 8 - sites with the finds of a type of the artefacts of a type of the Rome province of the Middle Europe.

Fig. 2. Spreading of the hair-rings of a bracelet shape at the end of 4 century - the beginning of 6 century: 1 -sites with the finds of the hair-rings of a bracelet shape (Ce.n;oB, 1999, pHC. 26; Lithuanian finds according to the Lietuvos, 1988, map 2 with the annexes); 2 - areal of the barrows ofthe East Lithuania; 3 - areal of Tushemlia cul­ture; 4 - areal of the Pskov culture of the long barrows.

Fig. 3. Finds of the hair-rings of a bracelet shape in Lithuania and the barrows of the middle of the 1st cen­tury of East Lithuania: I - sites with the finds of hair­rings of a bracelet shape; II - barrow cemeteries with the

primary burials (flyxraH, YuIHHCKa, 1988, pHC. I) (1-Radastai-Aleknonys; 2 - BakSiai; 3 - Luksnenai; 4 -Seiliiinai; 5 - Slabadele (Alovele); 6 - Migonys; 7 -

v

AukStadvaris; 8 - Eitulionys; 9 - Kairenai; 10 - Zvirbliai; 11- VarapniSkes; 12 - near Kernave; 13 - Pakraugle; 14-Grauziniai; 15 - Diktarai; 16 - Dusetos region; 17-

v

Eikotiskes; 18 - Zadavainiai; 19 - Lygalaukis; 20-Riklikai; 21 - Miezionys; 22 - Chiomaya Luzha; 23 -Medelskoye; 24 - Mikolcy; 25 - Prudniki).

Fig. 4. Spreading of the hair-rings of a sickle shape; 1-monuments where sickle-shaped temple ornaments were found; 2 - areal of the barrow cemeteries of the East Lithuania from the last centuries of the 1st millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium; 3 - areal of the barrow cemeteries of the Krivichi of the Smolensk-Plock long barrows; 4 - areal of the Pskov Krivichi; 5 - areal of the Slovenes of the Novgorod barrows.

Fig. 5. Hydronims of the Slavonic origin in the terri·

tory of Lithuania: 1- sites with the finds of the hair·rings of a bracelet shape; 2 - sites with the finds of the hair· rings of a sickle shape; 3 - hydronims of the Slavonic ori· gin (non cartographed outside the territory of Lithuania).

Translated from Lithusnian by Rasa Tolvaisaili

Prof. habil. dr. Valentinas Sedovas (BaneHTHH BaCK1IbeBH'I Ce,n;oB) I1HCTIf1'YI' apxeoJIOIllli P AH,

Straipsnis gautas 2001 0223

yJI. ,D;M. YJIbSIHOBa 19, 117036, MocKBa, POCCIDI.

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