Aula Wundt
Transcript of Aula Wundt
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Wundt e depois...Alemanha
Universidade de Berlim (1810): Modelo humboldtiano: Ensino e pesquisa
Kant Herbart Weber LotzeInglaterra
Decadncia do associacionismo
mentalistaEvolucionismo
EUAPragmatismo
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Psicologia de WundtMtodo
Descrio dos elementos da experinciaimediata por indivduos treinados emintrospeco
Analisar os elementos que constituem osprocessos conscientes Objeto: contedo da conscincia imediata Evidncia: experimental e observacional Contexto: laboratrio
Relao entre estmulos sensoriaisexperimentalmente controlados e estadossubjetivos relatados - psicofsica
Teoria Atomismo associacionista Paralelismo sicofsico
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Laboratrio Leipzig (1879)
Centro internacional de pesquisas empsicologia
Presena de estudantes estrangeiros:franceses, russos, ingleses, norte-americanos
Traduziram a obra de Wundt para vrios
idiomasDeu um lugar psicologia
At 1900 foram fundados 42laboratrios em universidades dos EUA
e Canad
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Psicologia Experimental
Instrumentos
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Wundt's eye motion demonstrator
Demonstrations-Ophthalmotrop nach Wundt)
Description: This model wasused to demonstrate theaction of the extraocular
muscles to move theeyeball. There are 6 cordsattached to the points whichcorrespond to the muscleinsertions. Each of the 6cords can be moved singly
or in combination to showhow the muscles cause eyemovements.(Expanded caption Copyright 1998,Edward J. Haupt)(Source: Wundt Grundzge, 5th ed.,vol. II, p. 534)
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Eye motion (Model of eye muscles)
Ophthalmotrop(Augenmuskelmodell))Description: This complextwo-eye model was used todemonstrate the
coordinated action of theeye muscles as theyfunctioned to move botheyes together in trackingand convergence.(Expanded caption Copyright 1998,Edward J. Haupt)(Source: None given.)Source of illustration: Zimmermann,E. (1903).XVIII. Preis- Liste berpsychologische und physiologischeApparate (p. 1). Leipzig: EduardZimmermann.
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Rotations-Apparat fr FarbscheibenDescription: This hand-held apparatus was usedto rotate stimulus disks
with differing proportionsof two or more colors todemonstrate theprinciples of color mixing.Disks which demonstrate
other color and lightnessphenomena, such asMach bands are includedin the catalog
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(Wirth's) mirror tachistoscope
Description: Thisis a device
designed topresent a largervisual stimulus fora very shortadjustableexposure time byusing a complex
mirror-opticals stem.
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Metronome with (pair of) mercury contacts
Description: This is ametronome with a leverattached to the
pendulum. Wires at eachend dip into mercury-filled cups to closeelectrical contacts thatwill not burn shut and
may be used to controlother apparatus orstimuli. This providesprecise alternating at aspecific rate up to
several times persecond.
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Description: A platinum contactis made and broken by asolenoid to drive a tuning forkat 50, 100, or 250 Hz. The
repetitive pulses are countedand a time is calculated by thenumber of cycles and fractionalparts of cycles which areinscribed on the kymographdrum. This was the timerecording method, considerablycheaper than a Hippchronograph, which was usedby Donders (1867?) to measurereaction time in his experimentwhich determined thecomponents of reaction time bysubtraction of the durations ofdifferent procedures
Electromagnetic tuning fork
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Wundt's Beat(making) Apparatus
Description: A drum,rotated by weights,turns in a completecircle in 4 seconds.Pins on the drum areset in rows atdifferent distancesso that placing thecontact on the slidercan select differenttime intervals andthus different
intervals betweencontact closures
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Colored papers
Description: Thesepapers come in "all"colors of the spectrum in
16 levels, usable forequations/equivalences.Color circles are madefrom intense pure huepapers without any
glossiness.
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Mller's rotator for memory studies
Description: This apparatuswas used for thepresentation of syllables atvarious rates. (Theillustration erroneouslyshows a word-pair, a type ofstimulus that was not usedby Mller with thisapparatus.) While Mllerand his colleagues
(Schumann, etc.) originatedmany types of apparatus,this appears to be the onlyone which is available,possibly because Baltzar(Zimmermann'spredecessor) made theoriginal apparatus.
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Wundt-style chronograph (precision [event] timer).
Description: This deviceclaims to be capable of timemeasurement to .0001 sec.
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Mental tests andmeasurements
J. Mck. Cattell(1890)Mind, 15, 373-381
Dinammetro de Presso (Dynamometer Pressure)Avaliao de Movimento (Rate of Movement)reas de sensaes (Sensation-areas)Presso que causa dor (Pressure Causing Pain)
Menor Diferena Perceptvel de Peso (LeastNoticeable Difference in Weight)
Tempo de Reao para o Som (Reaction-time forSound)
Tempo para nomeo de cores (Time for naming
Colours)Diviso de uma linha em 50 cm (Bi-section of a50 cm Line)
Julgamento em 10 segundos (Judgment of 10seconds time)
Nmero de Letras Lembradas aps ouvidasuma vez (Number of Letters remembered on once
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Alunos de WundtPsicologiaexperimental
Clark University(1909), Harvard(1917) Cornell
1867-1927E. B.Titchener
Clnica Psicolgica
para Crianas
Pensilvnia1867-1956L. Witmer
Moral e PedagogiaIowa1857-1949G. W. Patrick
TestesPsicolgicos
1884-1942R. Pintner
PsicologiaIndustrial
Northwestern1869-1955W. D. Scott
PsicologiaEscolstica eAristotlica
The CatholicUniversity ofAmerica
1861-1938E. A. Pace
EducaoChicago1873-1946H. Judd
Psicologia doDesenvolvimento
Johns Hopkins eClark
1844-1924G. S. Hall
Estatstica e testesindividuais
Pensilvnia eColumbia
1860-1944JamesMcKeenCattell
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Laboratrio concorrenteHermann Lotze: Sucessor de Herbart naUniversidade de Gottingen (1844-1881)Psicologia Mdica fisiologia da mente(1852)Discpulos:
Franz Brentano Psicologia do ato, intencionalidade
Karl Stumpf Percepo: Wertheimer, Klpe, Kofka,Khler (Gestalt)
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Inglaterra
Charles Darwin (1809-1882)A origem das espcies (1859)Expresso das emoes no homem e nos animais(1872)
Herbert Spencer (1820-1903)
A vida como um ajustamento contnuo (1855)Principles of Psychology (1855/1897)
Francis Galton (1822-1911)Gnio Hereditrio (1869)
George John Romanes (1848-1894)A inteligncia animal (1882)
James Sully (1842-1923)Laboratrio de Psicologia na Universidade de Londres(1894)
James Ward (1843-1925)Laboratrio de Psicologia na Universidade deCambrid e 1897
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FranaAuguste Comte (1798-1857) - PositivismoHipolytte Taine (1828-1893)
Psicologia positivista e determinista
Thodule Ribot (1839-1916)
Primeiro Laboratrio na Sorbonne (1889)Psicopatologia e faculdades
Alfred Binet (1857-1911)Testes psicolgicos, inteligncia
Pierre Janet (1859-1947)Psicopatologia dinmicaDebate com Freud
Henri Bergson (1859-1941)Vitalismo (lan vital), conscincia
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EUAWilliam James (1842-1910)Funcionalismo
Pragmatismo
James McKeen Cattel (1860-1944)Testes psicolgicos 16 PF
Edward L. Thorndike (1874-1949)Aprendizagem animal ensaio e erro; prmio ecastigoConexionismo repetio: lei do efeito
J. M. Baldwin (1861-1934)Princpio biogentico (filognese => ontognese)Laboratrio Toronto (1890)
G. Stanley Hall (1846-1924)Evolucionismo desenvolvimento humano
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RssiaIvan P. Pavlov (1849-1936)
Condicionamento clssico: reflexocondicionado
Experimentos com animaisNeurose experimental em ces:excitao x inibio
Vladimir M. Bechterev (1857-1927)Aluno de Helmholtz neurologia
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Experincia Conscincia Comportamentosensao vontade
Idias
EU
Percepo
Emoo
PaixoDesejo
Apetites
Afeto
Ambiente
Imaginao
Memria
Hbitos
Inatismo?Tbula rasa?
Associaes
Mente
Corpo
Inconsciente Inconsciente
Gestalt
Behaviorismo
Psicanlise
Estruturalismo
Fragmentao em Escolas
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Perodos do sc. XX
1900-1935 - Grandes sistemasEstruturalismos Wundt, Titchener
Funcionalismos James, Thorndike,Dewey
Behaviorismos Pavlov, WatsonGestalt Wertheimer, Kofka, Khler
Psicanlise Freud, seguidores edissidentes
1935-1955Mtodo e operacionalismo lgico
1955-presenteRedescoberta da conscincia e retorno ao
cognitivismo
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Matrizes no sc. XXNomottica quantificadora
Atomista mecanicista
Funcionalista e organicistaAmbientalismo vs. nativismo
Idiogrfica qualitativa
(compreenso)Estruturalismo, fenomenologia,existencialismo