Aula 07: Análise de sensibilidade (2) · / 12/ 29 Túlio Toffolo — Otimização Linear e Inteira...

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BCC464/PCC174 — 2018/2 Departamento de Computação — UFOP Túlio A. M. Toffolo http://www.toffolo.com.br Otimização Linear e Inteira Aula 07: Análise de sensibilidade (2)

Transcript of Aula 07: Análise de sensibilidade (2) · / 12/ 29 Túlio Toffolo — Otimização Linear e Inteira...

Page 1: Aula 07: Análise de sensibilidade (2) · / 12/ 29 Túlio Toffolo — Otimização Linear e Inteira — Aula 07: Análise de sensibilidade (Parte 2) The football leagues grouping

BCC464/PCC174 — 2018/2Departamento de Computação — UFOP

Túlio A. M. Toffolohttp://www.toffolo.com.br

Otimização Linear e InteiraAula 07: Análise de sensibilidade (2)

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Previously…

Aulas anteriores:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Dualidade

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Análise de Sensibilidade (ou Interpretação Econômica)

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Revisão do Método de Duas Fases

Hoje:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Exercícios

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Análise de sensibilidade

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Exemplos

�2

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Exercício (conferir resultados)

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ExercícioExercício

Exercício1 Resolva o PL abaixo e seu dual utilizando o método

Simplex:

min. x1+ x2

s.a. 2x1+ 5x2 � 105x1+ 3x2 � 4x1, x2 � 0

21 / 34 Túlio Toffolo – Otimização Linear e Inteira – Aula 03: Simplex e Modelagem

�4

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Utilize o gurobi para conferir o tableau ótimo do Simplex

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Revisão de Conceitos

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Transformação Primal x Dual

MIN

Restrição≤ ≤

Variável

MAX

= qq.≥ ≥

Variável≤ ≥

Restriçãoqq. =≥ ≤

�6

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Formas canônica e padrão

!7

Ou ainda, considerando-se separadamente as forma padrão e canônica:

TABELA 4.2 FORMA PADRÃO E CANÔNICA

Primal Dual

Forma Canônica

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax ! bx ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " cu ! 0

Forma Padrão

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax = b

x ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " cu # R

4.2 – EXEMPLOS DE PARES PRIMAL X DUALExemplo 1: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear:

(P) Maximizar z = 6 x1 + 2 x2 + x3

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 + 7 x3 " 4

2 x1 + 3 x2 + x3 " 5

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0 , x3 ! 0

Aplicando as regras da dualidade temos que:

(D) Minimizar w = 4 u1 + 5 u2

sujeito a:

u1 + 2 u2 ! 6

– u1 + 3 u2 ! 2

7 u1 + u2 ! 1

u1 ! 0 , u2 ! 0

Exemplo 2: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear, representando graficamenteambos os modelos.

(P) Maximizar z = 3 x1 + 4 x2

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 " – 1

– x1 + x2 " 0

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0

D U A L I D A D E E S E N S I B I L I D A D E 1 3 1

Forma Canônica

Forma Padrão

Ou ainda, considerando-se separadamente as forma padrão e canônica:

TABELA 4.2 FORMA PADRÃO E CANÔNICA

Primal Dual

Forma Canônica

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax ! b

x ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " c

u ! 0

Forma Padrão

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax = b

x ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " c

u # R

4.2 – EXEMPLOS DE PARES PRIMAL X DUALExemplo 1: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear:

(P) Maximizar z = 6 x1 + 2 x2 + x3

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 + 7 x3 " 4

2 x1 + 3 x2 + x3 " 5

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0 , x3 ! 0

Aplicando as regras da dualidade temos que:

(D) Minimizar w = 4 u1 + 5 u2

sujeito a:

u1 + 2 u2 ! 6

– u1 + 3 u2 ! 2

7 u1 + u2 ! 1

u1 ! 0 , u2 ! 0

Exemplo 2: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear, representando graficamenteambos os modelos.

(P) Maximizar z = 3 x1 + 4 x2

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 " – 1

– x1 + x2 " 0

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0

D U A L I D A D E E S E N S I B I L I D A D E 1 3 1

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Formas canônica e padrão

!8

Ou ainda, considerando-se separadamente as forma padrão e canônica:

TABELA 4.2 FORMA PADRÃO E CANÔNICA

Primal Dual

Forma Canônica

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax ! bx ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " cu ! 0

Forma Padrão

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax = b

x ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " cu # R

4.2 – EXEMPLOS DE PARES PRIMAL X DUALExemplo 1: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear:

(P) Maximizar z = 6 x1 + 2 x2 + x3

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 + 7 x3 " 4

2 x1 + 3 x2 + x3 " 5

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0 , x3 ! 0

Aplicando as regras da dualidade temos que:

(D) Minimizar w = 4 u1 + 5 u2

sujeito a:

u1 + 2 u2 ! 6

– u1 + 3 u2 ! 2

7 u1 + u2 ! 1

u1 ! 0 , u2 ! 0

Exemplo 2: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear, representando graficamenteambos os modelos.

(P) Maximizar z = 3 x1 + 4 x2

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 " – 1

– x1 + x2 " 0

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0

D U A L I D A D E E S E N S I B I L I D A D E 1 3 1

Forma Canônica

Forma Padrão

Ou ainda, considerando-se separadamente as forma padrão e canônica:

TABELA 4.2 FORMA PADRÃO E CANÔNICA

Primal Dual

Forma Canônica

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax ! b

x ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " c

u ! 0

Forma Padrão

Min z = cx

sujeito a:Ax = b

x ! 0

Max w = ub

sujeito a:uA " c

u # R

4.2 – EXEMPLOS DE PARES PRIMAL X DUALExemplo 1: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear:

(P) Maximizar z = 6 x1 + 2 x2 + x3

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 + 7 x3 " 4

2 x1 + 3 x2 + x3 " 5

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0 , x3 ! 0

Aplicando as regras da dualidade temos que:

(D) Minimizar w = 4 u1 + 5 u2

sujeito a:

u1 + 2 u2 ! 6

– u1 + 3 u2 ! 2

7 u1 + u2 ! 1

u1 ! 0 , u2 ! 0

Exemplo 2: Determinar o dual do seguinte modelo de programação linear, representando graficamenteambos os modelos.

(P) Maximizar z = 3 x1 + 4 x2

sujeito a:

x1 – x2 " – 1

– x1 + x2 " 0

x1 ! 0 , x2 ! 0

D U A L I D A D E E S E N S I B I L I D A D E 1 3 1

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DualidadeThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Relações entre o primal e o dual:

�9

Ótimo Ilimitado Inviável

Ótimo Possível Nunca Nunca

Ilimitado Nunca Nunca Possível

Inviável Nunca Possível Possível

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Shadow PriceThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Também conhecido como custo dual

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

O shadow price de uma restrição é o valor que a variável dual referente à restrição assume.

Indica o ganho na função objetivo por unidade aumentada no RHS da restrição.O ganho é válido dentro dos limites estabelecidos pelo RHS da restrição.

�10

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Custo Reduzido

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

O custo reduzido de uma variável é o custo (coeficiente) dela na linha da função objetivo no tableau do Simplex

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

�11

Após Pivoteamento: Nova SBF

0: 5x2 + 10x5 + 10x6 = 280 z = 280

1: � 2x2 + x4 + 2x5 � 8x6 = 24 x4 = 24

2: � 2x2 + x3 + 2x5 � 4x6 = 8 x3 = 8

3: x1 + 1, 25x2 + � 0, 5x5 + 1, 5x6 = 4 x1 = 4

4: x2 + x7 = 5 x7 = 5

Função objetivo: max z = �5x2 � 10x5 � 10x6

Não há mais variáveis atrativas

SOLUÇÃO ÓTIMA (x1, . . . , x3): (2 , 0 , 8)BASE ÓTIMA (x1, . . . , x7): (2 , 0 , 8 , 24 , 0 , 0 , 5)

41 / 48 Túlio Toffolo – Otimização Linear e Inteira – Aula 02: Algoritmo Simplex

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

O custo reduzido é também o shadow price das restrições de não-negatividade

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Variáveis de Folga

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

As variáveis de folga indicam restrições ativas e inativas

�12

Após Pivoteamento: Nova SBF

0: 5x2 + 10x5 + 10x6 = 280 z = 280

1: � 2x2 + x4 + 2x5 � 8x6 = 24 x4 = 24

2: � 2x2 + x3 + 2x5 � 4x6 = 8 x3 = 8

3: x1 + 1, 25x2 + � 0, 5x5 + 1, 5x6 = 4 x1 = 4

4: x2 + x7 = 5 x7 = 5

Função objetivo: max z = �5x2 � 10x5 � 10x6

Não há mais variáveis atrativas

SOLUÇÃO ÓTIMA (x1, . . . , x3): (2 , 0 , 8)BASE ÓTIMA (x1, . . . , x7): (2 , 0 , 8 , 24 , 0 , 0 , 5)

41 / 48 Túlio Toffolo – Otimização Linear e Inteira – Aula 02: Algoritmo Simplex

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

As restrições ativas (com variáveis de folga iguais a zero) são as únicas limitando o lucro.

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Allowable increase/decreaseThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Indica o aumento/redução permitidos em coeficientes da função objetivo ou no RHS de uma restrição sem que a base deixe de ser ótima!

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

O cálculo é feito tomando como base o custo reduzido (de variáveis primais e duais).

Regra geral:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Pequenas modificações nos dados geralmente não alteram o conjunto de variáveis básicas.

�13

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Shadow price e limites

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Exercício da aula passada:

max.

s.a.

Exemplo: O Problema da Dieta

Minimizar: 32u1+36u2 (6)

Sujeito a: 8u1+ 6u2 3 (7)4u1+ 6u2 2, 5 (8)u1 � 0 (9)

u2 � 0 (10)

22 / 31 Túlio Toffolo – Otimização Linear e Inteira – Aula 01: Introdução

Exemplo: O Problema da Dieta

Minimizar: 3x1+2, 5x2 (1)

Sujeito a: 8x1+ 4x2 � 32 (2)6x1+ 6x2 � 36 (3)x1 � 0 (4)

x2 � 0 (5)

21 / 30 Túlio Toffolo – Otimização Linear e Inteira – Aula 01: Introdução

min.

s.a.

PL Primal PL Dual

�15

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Shadow priceThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Suponha que a formulação está na forma padrão e que nós vamos alterar o RHS da primeira restrição:

�16

8x1 + 4x2 − x2 = 32

8x1 + 4x2 − x2 = 31The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Resolver o problema todo de novo dá muito trabalho… Podemos calcular o impacto usando o shadow price

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Shadow priceThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Reduzir o RHS em uma unidade equivale a permitir que a variável de folga assuma valor -1 no problema original…

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

O que ocorre com a função objetivo quando a variável de folga assume este valor?

Para descobrir olhamos para a base ótima!(ou alternativamente, para o valor dual)

�17

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Resolvendo o PL PrimalThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Tableau ótimo do problema primal:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Note que as variáveis de folga são não básicas:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Mas se fizermos então o valor da função objetivo diminui em 1 / 3

�18

Base X1 X2 X3 X4

Z 0 0 1 / 8 1 / 3 -16

X1 1 0 -1 / 4 1 / 6 2

X2 0 1 1 / 4 -1 / 3 4

x4 = − 1x3 = x4 = 0

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Resolvendo o PL PrimalThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Logo, onde encontrar o shadow price?

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

No tableau ótimo do problema (para uma solução básica):

�19

Base X1 X2 X3 X4

Z 0 0 1 / 8 1 / 3 -16

X1 1 0 -1 / 4 1 / 6 2

X2 0 1 1 / 4 -1 / 3 4

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Relação entre shadow price, custo reduzido e o problemaThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Lembrem que a cada iteração do simplex nós transformamos o tableau por meio de operações de soma/subtração de múltiplos das outras linhas…

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Logo, a forma final da função objetivo pode ser obtida subtraindo múltiplos das restrições originais do problema!

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Como as variáveis de folga aparecem só uma vez (e com coeficiente 1) em uma restrição… Podemos dizer que:

portanto:

�20

c̄n +i = 0 − πic̄n +i = − πi = − yi

Os custo reduzidos sãoIguais aos multiplicadores!!!

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Relação entre shadow price, custo reduzido e o problemaThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Os multiplicadores podem ser utilizados para obtermos os coeficientes do tableau ótimo rapidamente…

�21

The multiples can be used to obtain every objective coefficient in the final form.

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Variações nos coeficientes da função objetivo

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Quanto podemos mudar os coeficientes da função objetivo sem modificar os valores das variáveis de uma solução ótima?

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Podemos fazer a mudança uma de cada vez…The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Mas… até quanto podemos mudar?

�22

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Variações nos coeficientes da função objetivoThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Quanto podemos mudar os coeficientes da função objetivo sem modificar os valores das variáveis de uma solução ótima?

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Faremos a mudança uma de cada vez, mantendo os coeficientes do RHS como constantes… Até quando podemos variar?

�23

Base X1 X2 X3 X4

Z 0 0 1 / 8 - Δ 1 / 3 -16

X1 1 0 -1 / 4 1 / 6 2

X2 0 1 1 / 4 -1 / 3 4

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Variações no RHS das restriçõesThe football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Até quanto podemos variar o RHS e o shadow price continua válido???

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Simples: enquanto a solução básica for viável ;)É simples porque não alteramos os custos reduzidos

�24

Base X1 X2 X3 X4

Z 0 0 1 / 8 1 / 3 -16

X1 1 0 -1 / 4 1 / 6 2

X2 0 1 1 / 4 -1 / 3 4

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Exemplo:The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Exemplo: ganha-se 4 unidades por aumento na segunda restrição do problema abaixo, já que no seu dual

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Até que valor de RHS este shadow price permanece válido?

�25

x2 = 4

Exemplo: O Problema da Dieta

Minimizar: 32u1+36u2 (6)

Sujeito a: 8u1+ 6u2 3 (7)4u1+ 6u2 2, 5 (8)u1 � 0 (9)

u2 � 0 (10)

22 / 31 Túlio Toffolo – Otimização Linear e Inteira – Aula 01: Introdução

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Exemplo:The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Sabemos que a função objetivo melhora 4 unidades por unidade aumentada (valor de delta) na restrição

Na forma padrão:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Isto equivale a reduzir o valor da variável , isto é, fazer:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Temos, portanto, que fazer estas substituições no tableau da solução ótima… Isto é:

�26

4u 1 + 6u 2 ≤ 2,5 + Δb24u 1 + 6u 2 + u 4 = 2,5 + Δb2

u 4u 4 = u 4 − Δb2

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Exemplo:The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Tableau ótimo do problema:

�27

u 1 + 14 Δb2 = 1

8

Base U1 U2 U3 U4

Z 0 0 2 4 -16

U1 1 0 1 / 4 -1 / 4 1 / 8

U2 0 1 -1 / 6 1 / 3 1 / 3

u 2 − 13 Δb2 = 1

3

logo, Δb2 ≤ 12

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Exercício

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Observando o modelo e o tableau ótimo, responda:

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Qual o ganho de se reduzir em uma unidade o RHS da restrição 1? E da restrição 2?

The football leagues grouping problem

Problem constraints:

Leagues must comprise between m� and m+ teams.At most 2 teams from the same club can be in a league.There is a limit on the level difference between teams inthe same league.There is a limit on the travel time/distance between teamsin the same league.

It’s a generalization of the clique partitioning problem withminimum clique size requirement.

7 / 25 Toffolo et al. – IP heuristics for nesting problems

Até qual limite podemos flexibilizar estas restrições mantendo o shadow price válido?

�29

Base X1 X2 X3 X4

Z 0 0 1 / 8 1 / 3 -16

X1 1 0 -1 / 4 1 / 6 2

X2 0 1 1 / 4 -1 / 3 4

Exemplo: O Problema da Dieta

Minimizar: 3x1+2, 5x2 (1)

Sujeito a: 8x1+ 4x2 � 32 (2)6x1+ 6x2 � 36 (3)x1 � 0 (4)

x2 � 0 (5)

21 / 30 Túlio Toffolo – Otimização Linear e Inteira – Aula 01: Introdução

min.

s.a.

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/ 12

Perguntas?