2

Carla Silva camsilva@ciencias.ulisboa.pt

”NEXT ENERGY REVOLUTION– BioFUELS???;

Electric Vehicles????”

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 3

Carla Silva

camsilva@ciencias.ulisboa.pt

Who am I

Integrated master Energy and Environment Engineering

Bioenergy, alternative road vehicles,

System energy and emissions analysis

Engenharia Geográfica,

Geofísica e Energia

Sustainable mobility

Combustion

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 4

Msc Energy and Environment Engineering

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 5

Msc Energy and Environment Engineering

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 6

Msc Energy and Environment Engineering

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 7

Sustainability

• Reduce carbon dioxide

• Less energy consumption

• Renwable energy

Less CO2

More efficiency

Zero fossil

• Resource depletion

• Affordability

• Easy access

• …

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 8

Travelling throughout the years….

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 9

Measuring energy efficincy MJ/pkm

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 10

Soft/active modes and Public transport

Hong Kong

6 500 MJ/hab.ano

Paris

15 500 MJ/hab.ano

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 11

Transport sector 2013

World…… Portugal…..

(<0.01%)

Road transport accounts for 50-60%

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 12

Liquid fuels in transportation sector

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 13

Liquid fuels in transportation sector

Ethanol ∼ 95 000 Million Liters

Biodiesel ∼ 30 000 Million Liters (2014)

Corn

Soy

Sugar cane

Palm

Rapeseed

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 14

Liquid fuels in transportation sector

Ethanol ∼ 25 MJ/kg

Biodiesel ∼ 37 MJ/kg

Liquid fossil fuel Gasoline/diesel ∼ 40 MJ/kg 125 kg CO2/MJ

Solid biomass energy from combustion 14 - 21 MJ/kg

C2H6O

C18H32O2

Biogenic CO2

105 kg/MJ

50 kg/MJ

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 15

Queima de Carbono fóssil (formado em milhões de anos)

MOBILE COMBUSTION

Emissões de CO2

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 16

Life cycle thinking

Fuel origin

FOSSIL or RENEWABLE????

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 17

CO2 emissions g/pkm

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Average diet including imported food

UK grown low-processed food

Local organically produced food only

Average diet including imported food

UK grown low-processed food

Local organically produced food only

WA

LKW

ALK

WA

LKC

YCLE

CYC

LEC

YCLE

g/pkm

agricultural activities

Walking and cycling

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 18

CO2 emissions

Pure eletric doesn’t burn!!!!

Zero tailpipe CO2

55%

20%

23%

2%

Portugal 2015

TÉRMICA

HIDRÁULICA

EÓLICA

FOTOVOLTAICA

Thermal power plants burn fuel

CO2 ∼300-400 g/kWh

CO2 ∼60 g/pkm

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 19

CO2 emissions g/pkm WtW

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Average SUV / 4x4 electric (green)

Average city-car electric (standard)

Average city-car natural gas

Average city-car petrol hybrid

Average city-car LP gas

Average city-car diesel

Average city-car petrol

g/pkm

Tailpipe

Life cycle

WtW –Well-to-Wheels

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 20

Energy and emission analysis

Biogenic CO2

Direct 0.75 kg/Lethanol

C6H12O6 + yeast → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + heat

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 21

Energy and emission analysis

ethanol biodiesel

Yield < 1% in Wt EROI <1

Microalgae to biohydrogen

EROI=energy delivered by a particular fuel to society

energy invested in the capture and delivery

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 22

Biorefinery concept

22

Sustainable mobility

Biofuel

Bioplastic

Et al…..

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 23

Energy and emission analysis

RED-Renewable Energy Directive

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 24

Electrification an biofuels

Diesel/biodiesel plug-in hybrid

Flex-fuel plug-in hybrid

Autonomous….Need less “bioenergy”…..no driver ☺

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 25

Other aspects….sustainability

Lithium based bateriesResource depletion

@https://www.statista.com/statistics/268790/countries-with-the-largest-lithium-reserves-worldwide/

1200000000 cars x 5 kgLi = 60 000 000 ton

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 26

Other aspects….sustainability

BiofuelResource depletion

bio-oil could be used as vehicle oil raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries

Waste materials use, e.g. waste cooking oil, pulp industry waste, wastewater use to grow microalgae……even bioplastic

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 27

Other aspects….sustainability

“Rebound effect”

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 28

The fact that is A assures sustainability?

27 g/km

VS

Exercise

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 29

Behaviour….Rebound effects

104 g/km (só gasolina)5 l/100 km; 1.3 €/l €/km?????

Fazia 5 km/dia semana + 30 km fim semana

CO2 semana= ?

27 g/km (parte da gasolina 1 L/100km), resto eletricidade (6 kWh/100 km) + barato por km€/km???

Passa a fazer 5 km/dia semana + 120 km fim semana

CO2 semana= ???

Exercise

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 30

Behaviour….Rebound effects

104 g/km (só gasolina)5 l/100 km; 1.3 €/l ⇒ 0.065 €/km

Fazia 5 km/dia semana + 30 km fim semana

CO2 semana= 104*(5*5+50) = 7.800 kg

27 g/km (parte da gasolina 1 L/100km), resto eletricidade (6 kWh/100 km * 125 CO2 g/km ∼ 8 g/km) + barato por km(0.0013 €/km gasolina + 0.0006 €/km eletricidade = 0.0019 €/km)

Passa a fazer 5 km/dia semana + 120 km fim semana

CO2 semana= 35g/km*(5*5+4*50) = 7.865 kg

Exercise

Carla Silva camsilva@fc.ul.pt Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 31

Outros aspetos….sustentabilidade

Custo total de aquisição EUR/km

(aquisição + carregamento + seguro+ impostos de circulação+ manutenção - valor residual)

Affordability

**

Eletrico puro 0.42* 0.53**

Hibrido não plug-in 0.468* 0.4

Convencional 0.443-0.470* 0.43

Petrol Diesel Electricity

*€1.504/l €1.491/l €0.085/kWh

**€ 1.59/L € 1.43 /L € 0.29 /kWh @ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421515000671

@ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210539516000043

32

Carla Silva camsilva@ciencias.ulisboa.pt

”NEXT ENERGY REVOLUTION– BioFUELS???;

Electric Vehicles????”