Sustentabilidade Aula MCBrito 2017 - fenix.ciencias.ulisboa.pt · Carla Silva [email protected]...

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Carla Silva [email protected]

”NEXT ENERGY REVOLUTION– BioFUELS???;

Electric Vehicles????”

Carla Silva [email protected] Sustentabilidade, FCUL, 17 Maio de 2017 3

Carla Silva

[email protected]

Who am I

Integrated master Energy and Environment Engineering

Bioenergy, alternative road vehicles,

System energy and emissions analysis

Engenharia Geográfica,

Geofísica e Energia

Sustainable mobility

Combustion


Msc Energy and Environment Engineering


Sustainability

• Reduce carbon dioxide

• Less energy consumption

• Renwable energy

Less CO2

More efficiency

Zero fossil

• Resource depletion

• Affordability

• Easy access

• …


Travelling throughout the years….


Measuring energy efficincy MJ/pkm


Soft/active modes and Public transport

Hong Kong

6 500 MJ/hab.ano

Paris

15 500 MJ/hab.ano


Transport sector 2013

World…… Portugal…..

(<0.01%)

Road transport accounts for 50-60%


Liquid fuels in transportation sector



Ethanol ∼ 95 000 Million Liters

Biodiesel ∼ 30 000 Million Liters (2014)

Corn

Soy

Sugar cane

Palm

Rapeseed



Ethanol ∼ 25 MJ/kg

Biodiesel ∼ 37 MJ/kg

Liquid fossil fuel Gasoline/diesel ∼ 40 MJ/kg 125 kg CO2/MJ

Solid biomass energy from combustion 14 - 21 MJ/kg

C2H6O

C18H32O2

Biogenic CO2

105 kg/MJ

50 kg/MJ


Queima de Carbono fóssil (formado em milhões de anos)

MOBILE COMBUSTION

Emissões de CO2


Life cycle thinking

Fuel origin

FOSSIL or RENEWABLE????


CO2 emissions g/pkm

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Average diet including imported food

UK grown low-processed food

Local organically produced food only

Average diet including imported food

UK grown low-processed food

Local organically produced food only

WA

LKW

ALK

WA

LKC

YCLE

CYC

LEC

YCLE

g/pkm

agricultural activities

Walking and cycling


CO2 emissions

Pure eletric doesn’t burn!!!!

Zero tailpipe CO2

55%

20%

23%

2%

Portugal 2015

TÉRMICA

HIDRÁULICA

EÓLICA

FOTOVOLTAICA

Thermal power plants burn fuel

CO2 ∼300-400 g/kWh

CO2 ∼60 g/pkm


CO2 emissions g/pkm WtW

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Average SUV / 4x4 electric (green)

Average city-car electric (standard)

Average city-car natural gas

Average city-car petrol hybrid

Average city-car LP gas

Average city-car diesel

Average city-car petrol

g/pkm

Tailpipe

Life cycle

WtW –Well-to-Wheels


Energy and emission analysis

Biogenic CO2

Direct 0.75 kg/Lethanol

C6H12O6 + yeast → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + heat



ethanol biodiesel

Yield < 1% in Wt EROI <1

Microalgae to biohydrogen

EROI=energy delivered by a particular fuel to society

energy invested in the capture and delivery


Biorefinery concept

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Sustainable mobility

Biofuel

Bioplastic

Et al…..



RED-Renewable Energy Directive


Electrification an biofuels

Diesel/biodiesel plug-in hybrid

Flex-fuel plug-in hybrid

Autonomous….Need less “bioenergy”…..no driver ☺


Other aspects….sustainability

Lithium based bateriesResource depletion

@https://www.statista.com/statistics/268790/countries-with-the-largest-lithium-reserves-worldwide/

1200000000 cars x 5 kgLi = 60 000 000 ton



BiofuelResource depletion

bio-oil could be used as vehicle oil raw material for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industries

Waste materials use, e.g. waste cooking oil, pulp industry waste, wastewater use to grow microalgae……even bioplastic



“Rebound effect”


The fact that is A assures sustainability?

27 g/km

VS

Exercise


Behaviour….Rebound effects

104 g/km (só gasolina)5 l/100 km; 1.3 €/l €/km?????

Fazia 5 km/dia semana + 30 km fim semana

CO2 semana= ?

27 g/km (parte da gasolina 1 L/100km), resto eletricidade (6 kWh/100 km) + barato por km€/km???

Passa a fazer 5 km/dia semana + 120 km fim semana

CO2 semana= ???

Exercise


Behaviour….Rebound effects

104 g/km (só gasolina)5 l/100 km; 1.3 €/l ⇒ 0.065 €/km

Fazia 5 km/dia semana + 30 km fim semana

CO2 semana= 104*(5*5+50) = 7.800 kg

27 g/km (parte da gasolina 1 L/100km), resto eletricidade (6 kWh/100 km * 125 CO2 g/km ∼ 8 g/km) + barato por km(0.0013 €/km gasolina + 0.0006 €/km eletricidade = 0.0019 €/km)

Passa a fazer 5 km/dia semana + 120 km fim semana

CO2 semana= 35g/km*(5*5+4*50) = 7.865 kg

Exercise


Outros aspetos….sustentabilidade

Custo total de aquisição EUR/km

(aquisição + carregamento + seguro+ impostos de circulação+ manutenção - valor residual)

Affordability

**

Eletrico puro 0.42* 0.53**

Hibrido não plug-in 0.468* 0.4

Convencional 0.443-0.470* 0.43

Petrol Diesel Electricity

*€1.504/l €1.491/l €0.085/kWh

**€ 1.59/L € 1.43 /L € 0.29 /kWh @ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301421515000671

@ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2210539516000043

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Carla Silva [email protected]

”NEXT ENERGY REVOLUTION– BioFUELS???;

Electric Vehicles????”

Sustentabilidade Aula MCBrito 2017 - fenix.ciencias.ulisboa.pt · Carla Silva [email protected]...

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