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World Water Day 2011 Coordinated by
Hosted byIn partneship with
FINAL REPORTWorld Water Day 2011Water and Urbanization
22 March 2011Cape Town, South AfricaCape Town International Convention Centre
www.worldwaterday.unwater.org
Water for cities:Responding to the urban challenge
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FINAL REPORT
World Water Day 2011: Water and Urbanization
Water or cities: Responding to the urban challenge
First published in Nairobi in 2011 by UN-HABITAT.Copyright United Nations Human Settlements Programme 2011
HS/087/11E
ISBN (Volume): 978-92-1-132050-7
Disclaimer
The designations employed and the presentation o the material in this publication do not imply theexpression o any opinion whatsoever on the part o the Secretariat o the United Nations concerningthe legal status o any country, territory, city or area or o its authorities, or concerning the delimitationo its rontiers o boundaries.
Views expressed in this publication do not necessarily reect those o the United Nations Human Settle-ments Programme, the United Nations, or its Member States.
Excerpts may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated.
Acknowledgements:
Principal Author: Pireh Otieno
Editor: Dominique OReilly
Design and Layout: Victor Mgendi
Cover Photos: UN-Water/UN-HABIT
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World Water Day 2011 Coordinated by
Hosted by In partneship with
22 March 2011Cape Town, South AricaCape Town International Convention Centrewww.worldwaterday.unwater.org
Water or cities:Responding to the urban challenge
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4Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
Contents
Participating Organizations 6
Message o the UN Secretary General 8
World Water Day 2011 10
Perspectives o Convenors 14
Keynote Address 17
Feedback Sesion 19
Interactive Panel Debates 22
Journalists Training Workshop 32
Live Connection to Washington 36
Outcome o the Thematic Sessions 40
Parallel Events 78
Book Launches 88
Award ceremonies 94
Media and Outreach 98
The World Water Day Exhibition and Fair 102
Cultural Perormances 106
We are or love o water! 108
Other Water Day events across the world 112
The road ahead 114
Scenes rom cape town 115
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6Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
United NationsEducational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
Educate. Empower. Act.
PartiCiPating organizations
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8Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
As the world charts a more sustainable uture, the crucial interplay among water, ood and en-
ergy is one o the most ormidable challenges we ace. Without water there is no dignity andno escape rom poverty. Yet the Millennium Development Goal target or water and sanitation
is among those on which many countries lag the most.
In little over a generation, 60 per cent o the global population will be living in towns and
cities, with much o the increase taking place in the inner city slums and squatter settlements
o the developing world. The theme o this years observance o World Water Day Water
or Cities highlights some o the main challenges o this increasingly urban uture.
Urbanization brings opportunities or more efcient water management and improved
access to drinking water and sanitation. At the same time, problems are oten magnifed in
cities, and are currently outpacing our ability to devise solutions.
Over the past decade, the number o urban dwellers who lack access to a water tap in their
home or immediate vicinity has risen by an estimated 114 million, and the number o those
who lack access to the most basic sanitation acilities has risen by 134 million. This 20 per cent
increase has had a hugely detrimental impact on human health and on economic productivity:
people are sick and unable to work.
Water challenges go beyond questions o access. In many countries, girls are orced todrop out o school owing to a lack o sanitation acilities, and women are harassed or assaulted
when carrying water or visiting a public toilet. Moreover, the poorest and most vulnerable
members o society oten have little choice but to buy water rom inormal vendors at prices
estimated to be 20 to 100 per cent higher than that o their richer neighbors, who receive
piped city water in their homes. This is not just unsustainable; it is unacceptable.
Water problems will fgure prominently at the orthcoming UN Conerence on Sustainable
Development in Rio de Janeiro, in 2012 Rio + 20. My High-level Panel on Global Sustain-
ability and UN-Water are examining ways in which we can connect the dots among water,energy and ood security, with the aim o reducing poverty and inequality, generating jobs, and
minimizing the risks o climate change and environmental stress.
On World Water Day, I urge governments to recognize the urban water crisis or what it is
a crisis o governance, weak policies and poor management, rather than one o scarcity. Let
us also pledge to reverse the alarming decline in pro poor investment in water and sanitation.
And let us reafrm our commitment to ending the plight o the more than 800 million people
who, in a world o plenty, still do not have the sae drinking water or sanitation they need or
a lie in dignity and good health.
Ban Ki-moon
United Nations Secretary-General
Message of the Un seCretary general
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10Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
In an electric atmosphere o live perormances by local and international musicians, the ofcial
UN commemoration o World Water Day 2011 was held in Cape Town, South Arica, withmore than 1,000 participants in attendance. Hosted by the Government o South Arica, the
high-profle event was coordinated by the United Nations Human Settlements Programme
(UN-HABITAT) in partnership with UN-Water, the Arican Ministers Council on Water (AM-
COW), the United Nations Secretary Generals Advisory Board on Water and Sanitation (UN-
SGAB) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP).
Held over three days, the Cape Town event eatured interactive interview sessions, panel
debates, thematic sessions, book launches, award ceremonies, advocacy activities and an ex-
hibition and air. High-level guest speakers included His Royal Highness Willem-Alexander,Prince o Orange and Chair o United Nations Secretary Generals Advisory Board on Water
and Sanitation (UNSGAB); Hon. Edna Molewa, Minister o Water and Environmental Aairs,
South Arica and President o Arican Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW); Dr. Joan Clos, UN
Under-Secretary General and Executive Director o UN-HABITAT, and Mr. Tim Kasten, Deputy
Director, Division o Environmental Policy Implementation, UNEP and Vice Chair o UN-Water.
WorlD Water Day 2011
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WORLD WATER DAY 2011
About World Water Day
22 March 2011 marked the 18th anniversary o World Water Day. The international World Water Day is held annu-ally on this date to ocus attention on the importance o resh water and advocating or the sustainable manage-ment o resh water resources.
An international day to celebrate resh water was recommended at the 1992 United Nations Conerence on En-vironment and Development (UNCED). The United Nations General Assembly responded by designating 22 March1993 as the rst World Water Day.
Each year, World Water Day highlights a specic aspect o resh water. UN-Water dedicated this years event to thetheme Water and Urbanization under the slogan Water or Cities: Responding to the Urban Challenge.
This years World Water Day ocused international attention on the impact o rapid urban population growth, in-dustrialization and uncertainties caused by climate change, conficts and natural disasters on urban water systems. Italso encouraged action by governments, organizations, communities, and individuals around the world to engageactively in addressing urban water management challenges.
UN-Water designated UN-HABITAT to coordinate the organization o World Water Day 2011.
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14Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
In an interactive interview session, Mr. Johan Kuylenstierna engaged the high-level guests on
their perspectives on World Water Day 2011. Hon. Edna Molewa started by noting that theInternational Water Day oers a great opportunity to exchange ideas and fnd solutions or
urban water problems. She emphasized the need or technological innovation, adaptation
and practical solutions in the ace o climate change and associated water scarcity.
His Royal Highness Willem-Alexander underscored the need or a strong political commit-
ment to deal with urban water and sanitation challenges. He noted that, although statistics in-
dicate that the amount o people with access to sae drinking water is increasing, the distance
that many people still have to walk to access water is unacceptable. We are not even close to
what we should accept as human standards, he added. He also decried the neglected feldo sanitation and called or actions in support o the Sustainable Sanitation Five-Year Drive to
2015.
PersPeCtives of Convenors
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 15
Speaking on behal o UN-Water, Mr. Tim
Kasten, Deputy Director, Division o Environ-
mental Policy Implementation, UNEP and Vice
Chair o UN-Water, lauded the UNs role as a
acilitator and catalyst in bringing together
various actors across sectors and countries
to address the growing problem o urban
water and sanitation. Mr. Kasten noted that
cities should work closer together with their
environments since they are not only users
but also nurtures o their environments. Headded that moving towards Rio +20, ocus
should shit towards a green economy with
a dual role or economic growth and sustain-
able development. This, he noted, will create
green jobs, ensure resource efciency and a
low carbon growth and reduce poverty.
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16Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
PERSPECTIVES OF CONVENORS
Facts and Figures rom Cape Town
Morethan1,500participantsfromapproximately70countries
25technicalsessionsdeliveredbymorethan40organizations
30localandinternationalexhibitors
3AwardCeremonies
5booklaunches
75videointerviewsrecordedbytheWaterCubeTeamduringthethreedaysinCapeTown
30accreditedjournalists
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18Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
PERSPECTIVES OF CONVENORS
In his Keynote address, Dr. Joan Clos, Under-Secretary General and Executive Director, UN-
HABITAT, observed that large rural-urban migration ows are taking place without proper
urban planning. He added that the urban crisis can only be addressed by developing a new
urban policy that takes into account problems o the uture, including the inux o people to
cities and the uture development o the cities.
Dr. Clos recommended a phased approach to urban planning starting with basic streets
and basic services so that the city is unctional and able to provide goods and services, taking
into account al l aspects, including mobility, water, and energy.
He emphasized the need to plan dense and diversifed urban settlements to limit urban
sprawl which oten results in increased cost in service delivery. He underscored the need orpolitical commitment and called on local and national Governments in Arica, Asia and Latin
America to prioritize planning in middle size cities and small towns where most o the urban
growth is taking place.
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Keynote aDDress
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 19
Mr. Bert Diphoorn, Director, Human Settlements Financing Division, UN-HABITAT, gave an
overview o thematic sessions and side events convened two days prior to the ofcial event.
He highlighted fve issues addressed in the sessions (Figure 1 below): urbanization; urban water
and waste management; environment and climate change; leadership and governance in the
water sector and investment.
Mr. Diphoorn outlined the key messages and recommendations made. These included in-
creasing the profle o urban water issues; achieving green growth by actoring sustainable
water management and the environment into plans or economic growth; putting in place
eective governance and stakeholder consultation; supporting water operators to provide sus-
tainable services; developing learning alliances with universities; educating consumers on thevalue o water; prioritizing urban water investments and support; using the right to water
and sanitation to raise political awareness, adaptation to climate change and preparing or
disasters.
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20Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
PERSPECTIVES OF CONVENORS
Figure 1: Conerence Problematic
leaDersHiP + GoVernanCe Weakpoliticalleadershiponwater Unevennationalpolicyframe Weakcitygovernance/
consumerparticipation
Institutionalcomplexity/politicalinterference Weakregulation
urban Water/WasteManaGeMent
LowWSScoverage/poorquality Increasedwaterdemand Highunaccountedforwater Inefcientmanagement/little
capacity Littleattentiontourbansanitation Insufcientfocusonthepoor
inVestMent Under-investmentinwater
infrastructure Waterunderpriced:insufcient
revenueforOperationandMaintenanceand replacement
Waterinfrastructurenotbankable
Energyshortagesandincreasingenergycosts
Financialcrisisincreasescostof borrowing
urbaniZation Urbangrowth Slumsandgrowth
ofpoverty
Changingcities Increasinginequity Urbandecay
enVironMent + CliMateCHanGe Environmentaldegradation+
waterresourcethreats Increasingcostsofnewwater Climatechange Howtocosturban
ecosystems Foodcrisisincreaseswater
demand
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interaCtive Panel Debates
The Arican Caucus
The panel discussion highlighted a range o opportunities or tackling urban water and sani-tation challenges, including policy and investments required to bridge current gaps in urban
water and sanitation in Arica. The panelists identifed rapid urbanization, poor planning, inad-
equate investments and overdependence on external resources as the main challenges acing
water management in Arican cities. They stressed the need or increased ocus on urban
water challenges through partnerships with development banks, the housing sector, local gov-
ernments and communities.
Mr. Sering Jallow, Manager, OWAS.2, Arican Development Bank, observed that Arican
countries have mixed results in attempts to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).He noted that current investments in urban services are not sufcient to cope with the rates
o urbanization and called on Arican countries to mobilize domestic resources and properly
manage investments to support the urban water and sanitation sector. On the role o local
commercial banks, Mr. Jallow noted that commercial lending remains expensive. He called
or better management o Arican utilities to reduce high operating costs and revenue losses.
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 23
Providing a utilitys perspective, Mr. Percy
Sechemane, Chie Executive o Rand Water,underlined the importance o investing in
water and sanitation inrastructure to en-
hance level o basic services. He stressed
the need or public-private partnerships and
proper urban planning backed by good water
and sanitation data to meet current and u-
ture water demands.
Hon. Monyane Moleleki, Minister o Nat-ural Resources, Lesotho, stressed the need
or proper planning and coordination in the
management o urban water and sanita-
tion inrastructure. He cited an example o
a project in his country or providing water
and roads concurrently and said that poor
planning and lack o coordination has led to
serious delays in its completion.
Mr. Alderman Clive Justus, Executive
Mayoral Committee Member, City o Cape
Town, emphasized the importance o inra-
structure-led development in poverty allevia-
tion. He said that investing in inrastructure
enhances economic growth and the level o
services. He singled out vision, commitment,proper planning, and sound budgeting as es-
sential ingredients or improvement in service
provision. Mr. Justus also highlighted the
importance o improving revenue collection.
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24Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
INTERACTIVE PANEL DEBATES
Hon. Brian Chituwo, Minister o Local
Government and Housing, Republic o Zam-
bia, told the audience that his government
has devolved planning to nine regional utility
companies. He recommended the need to
develop partnerships, create political will and
involve local communities in providing water
and sanitation services, especially in inormal
settlements.
Mr. Alioune Badiane, Director, Regional
Ofce or Arica and the Arab States, UN-
HABITAT noted that urbanization is not only
part o the problem but also part o the solu-
tion and said that cities are valuable sources
o investment i properly managed. He add-
ed that high-density settlements results in
cheaper service provision and called on politi-
cians to pay more attention to urban commu-
nities. Mr. Badiane highlighted UN-HABITATs
activities in Arica in overcoming the huge
backlog in service provision and said that the
organization aims to have halved it by 2020.
Key recommendations rom the Arican Caucus
Supportinter-ministerialdialogueandcoordinationatthenationalleveltoimproveinfrastructuredevelopmentand management
Encouragecollaborationandpartnershipsthroughregionaleconomicblocs
Mobilizedomesticresourcesforbasicservicesbypartneringwithlocalcommercialbanks
Prioritizeinfrastructure-leddevelopmenttoenhanceeconomicgrowthandpovertyalleviationinthecontinent
Focusmoreonproperurbanplanningtomeetbothcurrentandfutureinfrastructureneeds
Buildpartnershipswithlocalgovernmentstoensuresustainableprovisionofurbanwaterandsanitationservices
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 25
Water and Cities Debate
The session started with Mr. Chan Yoon Kum,Deputy Chie Executive, Public Utilities Board,
Singapore, outlining his countrys innovative
solutions to urban water management. This
includes the diversifcation o its water supply
to include highly-purifed reclaimed water,
oten reerred to as new water, which now
accounts or 30 per cent o Singapores daily
needs. He added that Singapore also utilizes
desalination to provide an additional 10 per
cent o its water requirements. Speaking on
the lessons that other cities can draw rom
Singapore, Mr. Kum stressed the importance
o strong political leadership, vision, proper
long-term urban planning (Singapore has a
master plan running until 2060), demand
management, enorcement measures to re-
duce pollution and getting public buy-in andgreater ownership through community en-
gagement as keys to sustainable urban water
management.
Pro. Kalanithy Vairavamoorthy, Director,
Patel School o Global Sustainability, Univer-
sity o South Florida and Scientifc Director o
SWITCH, lauded Singapores success and at-
tributed it to its ability to embrace change.
He called or a paradigm shit in mindsets,
legislations and institutions, especially in de-
veloping countries where there are still op-
portunities to plan water and sanitation in-
rastructure in a sustainable manner.
However, he noted the problem is not
confned to developing countries as most
developed cities have water and sanitation
systems which currently unctioning well but
are not sustainable in the long term. He rec-
ommended training uture urban leaders to
embrace new models, solutions and partner-
ships and called or a ocus on the growing
medium-sized cities which can act as models
and provide opportunities to showcase inno-
vations.
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INTERACTIVE PANEL DEBATES
Ms. Margaret Catley-Carlson, a member
o the United Nations Secretary Generals Ad-
visory Board on Water and Sanitation, noted
that success in the water sector is not cel-
ebrated enough. She cited the examples o
universities in China and the United Stateswhich recycle grey water to supply up to
80 per cent o their needs. She also gave
the example o buses in Rotterdam that are
uelled by Methane rom waste water. Ms.
Cartley-Carlson blamed corruption and com-
peting priorities or complicating the required
changes in the water sector.
Dr. Ania Grobicki, Executive Secretary,
Global Water Partnership, highlighted the
economic value o water and its role in spur-
ring economic growth. Speaking on innova-
tive models in urban water management, Dr.
Grobicki said there are income opportunitiesor communities in utilizing payment or eco-
system services schemes and selling com-
munity water resources, citing the example
o the city o New York paying or water rom
the Catskill Mountains. She said that cross-
subsidization can also be a tool to achieve
aordability in urban water management.
She noted that subsidies and assistance to
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 27
poor households can be provided so they can
change their toilets and laundry equipment
or more water-efcient systems.
Ms. Margaret Pageler, Executive Com-
mittee Member, ICLEI-Local Governments or
Sustainability , emphasized the importance
o local authorities mobilizing citizens to ap-
preciate and value water. Ms. Pageler high-
lighted the role played by organizations such
as ICLEI and the World Water Council in mo-
bilizing local authorities, citing the Istanbul
Water Consensus (IWC) as a key instrument
in building political will.
Speaking on the green growth agenda,
Mr. Benedito Braga, President o the Interna-
tional Forum Committee or the 6th World
Water Forum and Vice-President o the
World Water Council, reiterated the needto engage and convince politicians that the
green growth agenda is important or their
constituencies. He recommended innovative
fnancing o the green growth agenda, cit-
ing the example o an innovative programme
launched by the National Water Agency o
Brazil to allow the increase in sewage treat-
ment in that country. Under this programme,
the municipality receives a subsidy rom the
central government or the ull cost o the
sewage treatment plant. However, instead o
receiving the subsidy upront, the municipal-
ity receives it when the plant is in ull opera-
tion. I the municipality does not have capital
to invest in the project, the receivables guar-
anteed rom the central government allow
it to raise the unds in ofcial banks at low
interest rates.
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INTERACTIVE PANEL DEBATES
Key recommendations rom the Water and Cities Debate
Celebratesuccesseswithinthewatersectorandpublicizegoodpracticestomakethemwidelyaccessible
Strongpoliticalcommitmentneededtocopewithurbanwaterandsanitationchallenges
Technicalskillsandinnovationareessentialindesigningintegratedsystemsthatproduceenergy,nutrientsandwater
Partnershipswithdomestic,regionalandinternationaldevelopmentbanksarenecessarytoensureincreasedinvest-ment in water
Strengthenthecapacityofthemediatoraiseawarenessonwaterandsanitationatthehighestpoliticallevels
Buildingclimate-resilientsocietiesrequiresanincreasingfocusonmanagingthewatercycle
Promoteandencouragelocalchampionsinwaterandsanitationmanagement
Workwithlocalauthoritiestomobilizelocalcitizenstovalueandappreciatewater
Buildpartnershipswiththosewhoappreciatethemagicofwater,includingtheprivatesector
Supportyouthpartnershipsandparticipationforeffective,efcientandsustainabledevelopmentofurbanwaterand sanitation services
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INTERACTIVE PANEL DEBATES
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32Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
The two-day journalist workshop was convened by the UN-Water Decade Programme on Ad-
vocacy and Communication (UNW-DPAC). It provided support or Arican journalists to report
on Urban water, the theme o World Water Day 2011. With a ocus on proessional retrain-
ing related to research, preparing reportages and investigative journalism on urban water,
the workshop was directed towards experienced Arican journalists rom print, radio, TV, and
electronic media who have already reported on this theme.
Ms. Josefna Maestu, Director o UNW-DPAC, provided an introduction. . Ms. Ulrike Kelm,
also o UNW-DPAC, introduced United Nations inormation system and structure to the par-
ticipants. Roel Langinin (Philippines) and Ama Kudom-Agyemang (Ghana), two experienced
international journalists on investigative journalism in the water sector, provided the training.
They addressed the issues and questions, What is investigative journalism?, How to identiy
a story , How to write a good story and Why write on water?
During the workshop there were discussions on the challenges related to investigative
journalism in Arica. Participants agreed that investigative journalism is difcult, there is lack o
unding, there may be physical threats and there are cases o lack o respect or the proession.
It is important to build trust between the media and community and a need to adapt to new
media, such as online journalism and blogging. It is important or journalists to own the story
and not represent institutions or organizations.
JoUrnalists training WorKshoP
Good reporters
are artists- theycan entertain,inspire, annoy oreducate
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 33
There was also a discussion on opportu-nities in investigative journalism. Journalists
considered that lack o respect and unding
can be solved by writing good articles. Inves-
tigative journalists can distinguish themselves
rom other orms o journalism by their pro-
ound analytical and proessional articles.
There are opportunities in new orms o
journalism through using multi-media, video,and online reporting as well as access to new
sources o inormation.
Reections in the workshop included the
importance to highlight positive news and
avoid always ocusing on negative aspects
and, orms o journalism other than investi-gative reporting can be important and pow-
erul as well. Reporting daily news and doing
interviews are also essential or institution-
building and enhancing democracy. Personal
stories can be powerul, too.
The Journalists recommended that there
should be a continuous collaboration be-
tween journalists and the UN in between the
WWD events. The journalists wish to interact
and are committed to collaboration with UN
agencies.
D. H l bw,Dpy M
W m Gh
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34Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
JOURNALISTS TRAINING WORKSHOP
During the feld trip, workshop partici-
pants had the chance to interview real lie
stories and Ms Rejoice Mabudahasi, South
Aricas Deputy Water and Environmental
Aairs Minister, among other ofcials. This
gave them the chance to learn about the
South Arican model o water management
or poor areas.
As one outcome o the workshop, the
journalists wrote articles and published sto-
ries on the WWD 2011 and the main theme
o Urban Water. The workshop participants
produced and managed a blog called Water
Journalists Arica http://waterjournalistsa-
rica.wordpress.com/ or which they write and
comment regularly.
M. b Dph
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Wd W Dy 2011,
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Jeanette Elsworth
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scy s C
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live ConneCtion to Washington
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36Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
The climax o the World Water Day event was the live video link to Washington, USA, where
Secretary o State Hillary Clinton and World Bank President Robert Zoellick signed a Memo-
randum o Understanding (MOU) committing their two organisations to closer collaboration
on water-related eorts. The event took place in the World Bank Atrium in Washington, DC.
The live connection eatured the speakers presenting the outcome o World Water Day
activities in Cape Town. Began with Hon. Edna Molewa reinorcing the determination o
the Arican Ministers Council on Waterto implement its plan o action through advocacy,
lobbying and bothsecuring unds to implement the campaign and providing technologies to
improve access to water and sanitation in Arica.
We will continue to build on the important mitigation aspects o our work and we aredetermined to move orward to implement the AMCOW Plan o Action, she said.
H.R.H. Prince Willem-Alexander said, Water and sanitation are like Siamese twins - i we
separate them one may die, and we dont know which one. He appealed to the World Bank
to eature water and sanitation prominently on their agenda in preparation or the upcom-
ing G20 Summit and underscored the need or more capital investment or inrastructure in
these areas.
live ConneCtion to Washington
H. ed Mw, H.r.H
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 37
Dr. Clos noted that rapid urbanization
was increasing aster than the capacity o cit-
ies to provide inrastructure. He said, We are
in a crisis, with the percentage o urban pop-
ulation with access to water and sanitation
decreasing. It is a sad reality and we need to
ace it. He noted that the number o people
with no access to water and sanitation was
also increasing.
He added,The good news is that we can
ace this by developing urban policies to ad-
dress urban planning and urban legislation.
We need to plan in advance o the problem
to mitigate; we need to plan today not to-
morrow. We need to plan at the scale o the
problem and in line with growth. We must
have a basic plan that considers water, sani-
tation and drainage.
Pcp w
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v cc.
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LIVE CONNECTION TO WASHINGTON
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38Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
LIVE CONNECTION TO WASHINGTON
Hgh-v G d p-
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oUtCoMe of the theMatiC sessions
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40Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
The main event was preceded by 30 thematic sessions and
side events bringing together key stakeholders within theglobal water and sanitation sector. This section presentsthe main messages rom each session.
oUtCoMe of the theMatiC sessions
Sunday 20 March 2011
Seminar on Values-based Water,Sanitation and Hygiene Educa-tion
Purpose:
The goal o the seminar was to introduce the
concept o human-values based WASH edu-
cation, share experiences and success stories
around it and discuss best practices or pro-
moting both sustainable WASH projects andwater and ethics in the urban setting.
Summary:
John Etgen rom the Project WET Founda-
tion served as moderator or the events key
speakers. They were Dr. Art-Ong Jumsai rom
the Water Institute in Thailand, Andre Dzikus
rom UN-HABITAT, Sagie Naike o the Arica
Institute o Sathya SAI Education in Zambia,
Julia Nelson rom the Project WET Founda-
tion and Teddy Tindamanyire rom the Ugan-
da Ministry o Water.
Dr. Jumsai led o the workshop with a
discussion on the importance o love and
the fve human values in water education.
His motivational presentation was ollowed
by Andre Dzikus who summarized the back-
ground and UN involvements in human
values-based water, sanitation and hygiene
education (HVBWSHE). Sagie Naiker then
shared success stories rom Arica using the
HVBWSHE methods.
Julia Nelson presented on Project WETs
experience in developing and customizing
HVBWSHE materials or Latin America. Lastly,
Teddy Tindamanyire summarized data on thebehavior changes o students in the Uganda
HVBWSHE project carried out in collabora-
tion with Project WET.
During one session, the speakers and
participants were joined by Rol Stahlhoen,
an internationally-acclaimed German musi-
cal artist and a UN-HABITAT Messenger o
Truth, who shared his vision or the creationo his new song Water is Lie, which debuted
later that day at the Expo. He based the song
on the human connection to water and the
right to water or all people.
Main Messages:
i. Several key fndings came out o the dis-
cussions and presentations at the HVB-
WSHE seminar. Emphasis was placed on
incorporating the fve human values o
peace, love, truth, non-violence and right
conduct into educational projects.
ii. In these human-values based water edu-
cation projects, ocus should be on be-
havioral changes and incorporate strate-
gies such as:
- Build into schools curriculum educa-
tion in values-based water, sanitation
and hygiene education
- Political buy-in
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2011 c
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 41
- Diverse strategies should be employed
such as health clubs, text message re-
minders and locally-customized mate-
rials
iii. Best practices or sustainability are criti-
cal and should include monitoring and
evaluation, increased ownership rom
the local community (work with the com-
munity and not or the community), local
knowledge and traditional practices and
enhancement o local skill development.
The HVBWSHE working group was estab-
lished rom participants o this seminar with
Project WET Foundation serving as modera-
tor.
AMCOW World Water ForumArican Caucus
Background
AMCOW was selected as the Regional Co-
ordinator to drive the process or the Arica
Region Preparatory Process or the 6th World
Water Forum in Marseille, France, scheduled
or 2012. The 6th World Water Forum relies
on our processes: Thematic, Regional, Politi-
cal and Grassroots / Citizenship, and requiresthat a Regional Process (RP) should take place
in each o the our major continental re-
gions o the world Arica, Americas, Asia-
Pacifc, and Europe (at large).
Aricas Preparatory Process 1st Multi
Stakeholders Forum, Cape Town, 20th March
2011
Pcp h
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dg h m.
Photo UN-HABITAT
OUTCOME OF THE THEMATIC SESSIONS
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42Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
OUTCOME OF THE THEMATIC SESSIONS
As part o the required actions expected
o AMCOW, the Secretariat organized the
1st Multi-Stakeholders Forum or the A-
ricas Preparatory Process on 20 March 2011
in Cape Town, South Arica. Both the Steer-
ing and Coordinating Committees were set
up at the orum. The purpose o the orum
was to achieve commitments and solutions
through defning targets that are SMART
(Specifc, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic,
Time bound). The orum was attended by
our AMCOW Ministers representing various
regions in the persons o Hon. S.S. Nkomo,
AMCOW EXCO Vice-President, Southern
Arica / Minister o Water Resources Devel-
opment and Management, Zimbabwe; Hon.
Mamadou Igor Diarra, AMCOW EXCO Vice-President, Western Arica / Minister o Energy
and Water, Mali; Rgis Immongault, Minister
o Energy and Water Resources, Gabon and
Kamal Ali Mohamed, Minister o Irrigation
and Water Resources or Sudan. Other at-
tendees include Technical Advisory Com-
mittee representatives, other governmental
delegates as well as delegates rom donor
agencies and development partners, devel-
opment banks, the private sector and civil
society organisations.
The orum identifed the ollowing nine
targets and coordinators:
i) Develop and implement sanitation and
water plans to bring back on track the
neglected areas, including post-conict
countries, inormal settlements and
slums, rural communities and small
towns by 2015. Coordinators: UN Wa-
ter Arica UN-HABITAT*, WaterAid and
Le Centre Rgional pour lEau Potable etlAssainissement aible cot (CREPA).
ii) Develop youth and water strategy by
2012 and AMCOW Gender Strategy to
be implemented in all countries by 2015.
Pcp h aMCoW
ac Cc m
khd m.
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 43
Coordinators: Global Water Partnership*,
WSP, (Arican Civil Society Network or
Water and Sanitation (ANEW) and Water
and Youth International Movement.
iii) Conduct regional dialogues on the 1997
UN Convention on international water
courses and the UN Convention on Trans-
boundary aquiers and compile points o
agreement and objections or wider con-
sensus by 2015. Coordinators: CEDARE,
UNEP, Global Women Partnership. Es-
tablish fve sub-regional and ten national
Centers /Networks o Excellence by 2015.
Coordinators: AWA, AMCOW, AM-
COST, NEPAD, CEDARE. PLEASE SPELL
THEM OUT
iv) Develop and implement in all countries
innovative fnancial mechanisms includ-
ing taxes, taris, and transers to meet
the Goals fnancial requirements by
2015. Coordinators: ADB/WDA, AWF,
AWA
v) Create ully unctional water divisions
within RECs / AMCOW sub-regional Sec-
retariats/ organizations supported by re-
source pools by 2015. Coordinators: AUC
/AMCOW and CEDARE.
vi) Develop harmonized national, basin and
regional knowledge management and
water inormation mechanisms to sup-
port a harmonized methodology o M
and E or the water sector in Arica and a
pan-Arican state o the water report by
2015. Coordinators: GIZ/AUC, UN WaterArica, CEDARE.
vii) All Arican countries to undertake legal
and institutional reorms to ensure ac-
countability, participatory, efcient and
sustainable WSS and WRM at national
(2015) and basin (2025). Coordinators:
IUCN and UNEP.
viii) Integrate water security and climate resil-
ience into country national development
plans and Arican Water sector repre-
sentation in the negotiation on climatechange starting by COP 18 to ensure
access to incremental unding by 2015.
Coordinators: GWP UN Water Arica.
From now until December, the coordi-
nators will be having consultations and dia-
logue with their respective stakeholders to
come up with solutions to those targets that
are to be reported to the 6th Water Forum inMarseille. We hope to have an Arica Focus
Day during the period.
M. b M t, h
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OUTCOME OF THE THEMATIC SESSIONS
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44Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
Radical Versus incrementalchange how to SWITCH urbanwater systems to meet currentand uture challenges?
Conveners: SWITCH Consortium, UNESCO-
IHE, and ICLEI Local Governments or Sus-
tainability.
Purpose:
i. Explore i and how cities in a developing
country context can accelerate the devel-
opment o their urban water manage-
ment systems by leaprogging to more
sustainable solutions without replicating
the weaknesses o the conventional sys-
tems developed and applied in developed
countries.
ii. Create awareness on the upcoming publi-
cations o the SWITCH project, in particu-
lar the Transitioning Manual, the SWITCH
in the City book, the SWITCH Training Kit
and the City Water tool.
Summary:
The session started with the introduction o
the SWITCH Transitioning Framework that
was ollowed by a panel discussion withSWITCH Learning Alliance acilitators as well
as representatives rom the State o Sao Pau-
lo, the South Arican Water Research Com-
mission and the University o Cape Town.
In the second part, insights were given
into the projects Learning Alliances, the cen-
tral approach used or the collaboration o
researchers with water stakeholders. Finally,City Water was presented. City Water is a
suite o tools to examine the current status
o an urban water system and to look into
potential impacts o interventions to this sys-
tem.
Main Messages
i. The governance system is crucial or the
success or ailure o transitioning. Transi-
tioning without stakeholder participation
is impossible.
ii. The Learning Alliances approach or
stakeholder involvement, more gener-
ally comes with a cost that should not
be underestimated. Having an awareness
o the nature and scope o existing and
emerging problems as well as o the likely
benefts o becoming engaged provides
incentives to those who are expected to
invest time plus human and fnancial re-
sources into a stakeholder process.
iii. The collaboration between universities
and municipalities can be powerul pro-
vided that joint interests and benefts can
be identifed, a common language ound
and mutual trust developed.
iv. Signifcant progress in better water man-
agement can oten already be achieved
by simple but eective changes to policy
and practice.
v. The complex message o system innova-
tion has to be broken down or decision-makers into smaller, more digestible in-
ormation. The key principles are more
important than the details.
vi. Broad awareness on the value o water
has to be (re-)created, and this needs to
happen through education and a closer
involvement o media, but also by mak-
ing water more visible and enjoyable inthe urban landscape.
vii. The transitioning approach is most prom-
ising in smaller cities or in selected smaller
areas such as sub-catchments within
larger cities.
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46Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
Water and Green Growth
Conveners: The World Water Council andthe Korean Government (Korean Ministry o
Land Transport & Maritime Aairs, the Kore-
an Presidential Committee on Green Growth
and K-Water).
Purpose:
To publicly launch this joint project (www.
waterandgreengrowth.org) and initiate a
debate on the role that water plays in greengrowth rom a variety o perspectives.
Summary:
International economic and water experts
came together to open the debate and pub-
lic requests were made or examples o suc-
cess and ailure to integrate water into green
growth strategies. The outcomes o the sideevent will help to determine the scope o re-
search required or Phase 1 o the project,
and to identiy practical solutions in dierent
areas o key concern or policy makers work-
ing towards green growth. Initial fndings
will be urther reported on at other interna-
tional orums and a report will be published
or the 6th World Water Forum (Marseilles
France, March 2012), and Rio+20.
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 47
Main Messages:
i. Green growth is not being proposed as a
replacement to sustainable development
but as a way o operationalizing sustain-
able development and developing green
economies.
ii. Green growth is a new paradigm or
growth. In OECD countries it is being
led by economic and fnance ministers
instead o environmental ministers
iii. While there has been much talk about
green growth in recent times, the ques-
tion o how water impacts on green
growth has not yet been addressed.
iv. It is thought that water and green growth
is a cross-cutting basis or sustainable
economic development, and so there will
be no one-size-fts-all solution. Rather, apolicy ramework to guide policy makers
will be required.
v. There is a need to bring business and in-
dustry into this debate with policy mak-
ers, as green growth should be market-
led with government support.
Main Conclusions and Recommendationsi. Collaboration with, and contributions
rom, external organizations around the
world is vital to the success o this proj-
ect.
ii. Everyone is invited to sign up to support
and ollow this project at the ollowing
website www.waterandgreengrowth.org
iii. Linking policy talk with lessons learned on
the ground is imperative and will be one
o the ocuses o this project, through the
examination o case studies rom around
the world at local, national and regional
levels.
iv. It is also important to defne how to moni-
tor and measure water and green growth
through a set o indicators that are yet
to be defned. For example, at a macro-
economic level you can account or the
benefts o a dam through GDP, but you
cannot easily account or the benefts o
wetland restoration through GDP.
v. There are lessons to be learned rom
countries at every stage o economic de-
velopment that can be passed on to all
other countries. Lessons about water
and green growth should not simply ow
in one direction rom rich to poor coun-
tries.
vi. The development o thinking or our re-
search will be naturally linked with United
Nations Conerence on Sustainable De-
velopment processes, which originated
rom 1972 Stockholm United Nations
Conerence Human Environment, 1992
Earth Summit, 2002
vii. Johannesburg World Summit on Sustain-
able Development and will be reached to
Pcp h W d
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OUTCOME OF THE THEMATIC SESSIONS
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48Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
the Rio +20, 2012 through the Marseille
World Water Forum. Environmental, eco-
nomic as well as social actors have been
intermingled and fnally green growth be-
came the product o these processes.
Water The Urban Challenge
Conveners: Global Water Partnership.
Purpose:
i. Address the growing impacts o an ur-
banizing population on the water sector.
ii. Explore opportunities to enhance aord-
able green growth or all while reducingadverse eects on the disadvantaged and
improving the quality o lie or people
and the environment.
Main messages
i. Cities as organisms - they use resourc-
es and generate wealth and waste. The
key is getting the best and reducing the
worst impacts.
ii. Inormal settlements are here to stay.They are the engine through human la-
bor - that drives the cities and economies.
Rather than discriminate, governments at
national level and local level need to work
with the energy and creativity o people
in these settlements to build a better lie
or themselves and in situ upgrading with
service provision is easible but needs
high levels o community involvement.
iii. Nearly all the speakers emphasized the
importance o multi-stakeholder consul-
tation in planning processes at all levels.
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 49
iv. The potential impacts o climate change
need to be taken into account, again at
all levels, as trans-boundary river basin
projects, major cities and secondary cities
are all at risk i these uncertainties o too
much or too little water are not assessed.
v. Youth are the silent majority. They repre-
sent 70 per cent o the urban population
in Arica and we need to engage them
actively as part o the solution.
vi. Cities are increasingly water scarce and
should use grey water, with suitable
health precautions, to increase ood se-
curity and quality o lie.
vii. Engineers need to change their mind sets
and devise appropriate solutions to serve
the majority o citizens who reside in in-
ormal settlements.
viii. Urban water inrastructure has allen way
behind population growth and critical
investment is needed to enable cities to
provide services or both social and eco-
nomic demands.
ix. Cities cast a shadow on the rural land-scape but also provide the market or and
source o essential goods and services
and polices must reect a healthy balance
to enable maximum beneft or the citys
country.
x. Local authorities and citizens must now
reuse, recycle and recharge to enhance
water security at all levels. Changes toregulations are necessary to provide e-
ective means and to encourage these
eorts.
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50Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
Fixing the leak in urban areas The South Arican experiences
Conveners: Water Research Commission
and WRP Consulting Engineers
Background
South Arica is a developing country with a
growing population, reected by the ever-
increasing demands or water, particularly in
the urban areas which support the majority
o the countrys near 50 million residents.
As a water-scarce country, it is thereore im-
portant to ensure that all existing water re-
sources developments are utilized efciently
beore new schemes are approved and im-
plemented.
One o the key issues that have been identi-
fed by the Government o South Arica re-
lates to the water losses occurring rom mu-
nicipal water supply systems. In some areas,
the losses rom the reticulation systems are
unacceptably high and, in extreme cases, ex-
ceed the water used by the residents. Such
losses are unacceptable, leading to a wide
variety o interventions designed to reduce
wastage and to encourage the efcient use
o the available resources.
The issue o water-demand management has
been raised by various government organisa-
tions as a key issue that must now be ad-
dressed throughout South Arica, both rom
a water and power viewpoint. It is no longer
an option in many areas, but rather a critical
element o the overall water supply strategy.
For example, in Gauteng - regarded as the
powerhouse o the South Arican economy- it will be necessary to implement water
demand management on a massive scale as
well as develop a new water transer schemes
to keep pace with the growing demands. In
sph Dk, ch un
W ac pg C
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 51
this regard, South Arica is ortunate to have
one o the most sophisticated water resource
systems in the world to support the water re-
quirements o its growing population. Most
o the major metros and municipalities are
driving water demand management in their
areas o supply with a renewed urgency.
The session included an introduction and
overview o water loss management in South
Arica and the development o the standard
International Water Association (IWA) water-
balance model, with a variation o this model
which accommodates the component o Free
Basic Water being applied in South Arica. It
provided progress towards the benchmark-
ing o water loss in South Arica and the
perormance o dierent Municipalities and
service providers.
This was ollowed by introduction to thefve pragmatic tools - SANFLOW, PRESMAC,
ECONOLEAK, BENCHLEAK and Water Audit
Sotware - which can be used and which are
applied by municipalities in managing water
losses with examples given o its application
in South Arica and the rest o the world.
The session highlighted South Arica as a
leader in advanced pressure management
and which has introduced three o the larg-
est and most successul installations o their
type in the world two o which are in Cape
Town. Asset management is a key require-
ment as it supports good water loss reduc-
W ccg m
mcp w ppy ym
ky sh ac.
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OUTCOME OF THE THEMATIC SESSIONS
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52Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
tion. Two risk management modules - VUL-
WATER and RISKWATER - were introduced to
complement asset management strategies.
Key Messages
i) A number o pragmatic and innovative
tools are available.
ii) Measuring and benchmarking water loss-
es in a standard and pragmatic approach
is important at a national level or devel-
oping national strategies and policies.
iii) The International Water Associations
standard water balance has been used
as the basis or water auditing in South
Arica.
iv) In many parts o South Arica pressure
management is oten ound to be the
most appropriate WDM intervention asthe frst stage in a comprehensive strat-
egy. The recently-completed Sebokeng
Pressure Management project has been
recognized throughout the world as one
o the largest and most successul instal-
lations o its type. The installation saved
in excess o USD20 million over the frst
fve years o its operation and had an e-
ective payback period o two months.
v) Payback periods can, in some cases, be
weeks or a ew months, with long-term
sustainable gains.
vi) Asset management and risk profling o
assets is important or eective water loss
management.
vii) South Arica is making signifcant prog-
ress on reducing water losses. One o the
key perormance objectives o the Presi-
dent is to reduce water losses by 15 per
cent over the next three years.
In the South Arican context, there is
no single intervention that can be applied
throughout the country. Each area presents
its own set o problems, which oten require
a complex range o WDM interventions.
Many other WDM projects have been suc-
cessully implemented throughout the coun-
try and the momentum is growing to tacklewater losses in every major urban centre.
a p mgm Khyh.
Photo Water Research
Commission
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 53
Monday 21 March 2011
Water and Urbanization or theArican Water Caucus
Conveners: United Nations Human Settle-
ment Programme (UN-HABITAT); the Arican
Ministers Council on Water (AMCOW); the
United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) and WaterAid.
Event Purpose:
During the Arica Water Week III in Novem-
ber 2010 at Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, AMCOW
announced its resolve to make eorts to en-
hance the political prioritization to meet the
water and urbanization challenges to trig-
ger investments and develop credible and
implementable urban plans. A joint working
group by AMCOW and Housing and Urban
Development (AMCHUD) was proposed. The
purpose o this session was to discuss and
make recommendations or consideration
by the Arica Caucus Panel on a ramework
and Terms o Reerence o the proposed AM-
COW-AMCHUD Joint Working Group.
Summary:The event explored modalities to harness and
scale up the positive progress identifed dur-
ing the 3rd Arica Water Week. Presentations
were made on the current state o Arican
cities, reorms or improved governance pro-
cesses, opportunities or integration o WAT-
SAN in urban planning processes, monitoring
and reporting sector perormance, as well asopportunities or fnancial resource mobiliza-
tion or urban WATSAN services.
Main messages:
i. Most o Aricas urban growth is project-
ed to be absorbed by its medium-size cit-
ies and smaller settlements with a popu-
lation o ewer than 500,000 people.
ii. The high rate o urbanization in Arica
has not been matched by the ability o
governments to improve basic WATSAN
inrastructure development and service
delivery.
iii. The provision or water and sanitation
cannot be viewed in isolation and needs
to be integrated careully with urban
planning.
iv. The urbanization process oers oppor-
tunities that could be tapped to improve
WATSAN access in the areas o gover-
nance, available fnancial resources, quickwin interventions and perormance moni-
toring.
v. In line with the decision made during
the 3rd Arica Water Week, the meet-
ing discussed and agreed in principle on
a proposed ramework or a joint work-
ing group o AMCOW and AMCHUD to
work closely or eectively addressing theurban water and sanitation challenges.
.
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Water and Disaster
Conveners:High-Level Experts Panel on Wa-
ter and Disaster which included HLEP and
UNSGAB (United Nations Secretary-Generals
Advisory Board on Sanitation), ISDR, WWC,Korea Water Forum, Japan Water Forum and
UN-HABITAT.
Purpose:
The side event aims to acilitate ocused
discussion on three issues: recognizing the
devastation o water-related disasters, posi-
tioning disaster risk reduction in sustainable
development and fnancing preventive mea-
sures, which are critical in advancing water
and disasters towards achieving the Goals
and beyond. It takes snapshots o those key
issues and identifes the next steps. It ormu-
lates messages to inspire decision-makers
and these massages will be disseminated at
key events.
Summary
Speakers identifed the regional diversity o
water-related disasters and introduced ap-
proaches that would be appropriate or local
conditions.
Participants o the side event highlighted
the importance o disaster risk reduction as
sustainable development and green growth
cannot be achieved without a society resilient
to water-related disasters. They stressed that
continuous eorts or preventive rather than
reactive measures need to be enhanced.
M. a bd,
Dc, rg ofc
ac d h a s,
unHabitat pg
h ac c.
Photo UN-Water
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 55
Main Messages:
i. Resilient society is based on disaster risk
reduction by reinorcing investments ininrastructure, by maintaining acilities
at local levels and by enhancing capac-
ity building - including early warning sys-
tems.
ii. Necessary actions must be taken beore
disaster strikes at all levels. Governments
should have a primary responsibility to
proactively promote capacity building
and fnancing. Local authorities and com-
munities should enhance preparedness
and vulnerability reduction. The interna-
tional community, such as donors, should
support them in this context and all ac-tions should be monitored.
iii. The public should stay aware o the im-
portance o disaster risk reduction. A
strategic approach to keeping this visible
should be installed or raising awareness
at community levels.s dvpm
d g gwh c
chvd wh
cy w-
d d.
Photo Japan Water Forum
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56Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
International Water Quality Stan-dards/Guidelines or Ecosystems
Conveners:UNEP.
Purpose:
i. Present the activities o UN-Water and
UNEP to develop ecosystem water quality
standards/guidelines or reshwater eco-
systems.
ii. Stimulate discussions on the develop-
ment o these standards/guidelines.iii. Agree on a conceptual approach to the
development o the standards/guidelines.
iv. Discuss the scope o the standards/guide-
lines as well as the process to develop the
standards/guidelines.
Main messages:
i. Water Pollution is on the rise: 1.1 bil-lion people lack access to a clean water
supply and 2.5 billion people are without
sanitation.
ii. Untreated wastewater is entering water-
ways untreated in both Arica and Asia.
iii. There are water quality standards or
thematic areas, human use and receivingwaters but not or ecosystems.
iv. The side event is the launch o a consulta-
tive process, looking at what we want to
achieve and how to go about it.
Key Recommendations and Conclusions
Conceptual Approach and Principles
i. We need to question the levels at which
we want to work. For example, restoring
ecosystems or simply halting the decline?
The guiding point should be what water
services do we want to get out o ecosys-
tems and what level o unctioning does
an ecosystem need to have to make these
services sustainable or us?
ii. We may be looking at a scenario-based
approach, where dierent ecosystem
standards/guidelines are or dierent sce-
narios.
iii. We do not have a defnition o a good
H.r.H Wm-axd
h nhd jd h
pcp h W d
D .
Photo UN-Water
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 57
ecological status. This needs more work
and should be taken into account when
deciding what our baselines might be.
iv. Harmonising the dierences between re-
gions and countries to develop standards
at the international level will be a chal-
lenge.
Conclusion: A ramework or matrix ap-
proach may be best to allow or dierences
in scenarios, uses, countries and regions.
Scope
i. A key dierence that ecosystem stan-
dards need to cater or are high vs low
income countries and their dierent sce-
narios. For example, Europe is looking at
emerging issues while most o Arica is
looking at traditional standards such as
pH and Total Dissolved Solids (TSS).
ii. The health o ecosystems will need to be
assessed, such as distinguishing between
naturally-occurring and human-induced
impacts.
iii. The scope o the standards should be ap-
plicable to dierent levels o investmentand management.
iv. A challenge will be to combine or inte-
grate the exercise with other processes
and initiatives.
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g wwy
h ac d a.
Photo Robert Bos, WHO,
Geneva, 2006
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58Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
Conclusion: A common but dierentiated
approach may be needed. However, the
scoping study will make recommendationson scope and the process will evolve ater it
has been published.
Road Map
Conclusion: In the coming months, with
the guidance o the scoping study, dierent
types o working groups will be identifed
which will be populated with the appropriate
expertise needed to develop the standards/
guidelines.
A CSIR Perspective on Water inSouth Arica 2010: A paneldiscussion
Conveners: The Council or Scientifc and
Industrial Research (CSIR) with panel mem-
bers rom the Department o Water Aairs
(DWA), Water Research Commission, Rand
Water and the CSIR.
Purpose:
Presenters unpacked, rom a science-based
perspective, the current challenges acing the
water sector and where research and man-
agement eorts should be ocused to meet
them. A key ocus o the discussion was to
present expert opinion in a public orum and
to promote science-based decision making.
The discussion was based on a newly pub-
lished report: A CSIR Perspective on Water in
South Arica 2010.
Summary and Main Messages:i. The event comprised a panel discussion
with questions and comments rom del-
egates. Approximately 30 delegates, in-
cluding members o the media, attended
the session.
ii. Mbangiseni Nepumbada, Acting Direc-
tor-General: Policy and Regulation rom
the Department o Water Aairs, South
Aricadelivered the keynote address.
iii. Ater presentations by panel members,
led by Dr Deon Nel, there were discus-
sions and the main messages and conclu-
sions resulting rom them centred around
knowledge uptake:
o There was a strong sentiment that,
although research is extremely impor-
tant or inormed policy and decisionmaking, we cannot research orever.
We need to start implementing solu-
tions albeit on a small scale with
the knowledge we have and learn as
we go along.
th wy phd p: a Csir Ppcv
W sh ac 2010.
Photo CSIR
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 59
o We tend to underestimate the end
part where research needs to be
taken up; there is an expectation thattechnology will give a push-button
solution and that is oten not the case
all parties must be involved early in
a project to ensure the end-users and
implementers are on board. More f-
nancial and skills investment are
needed in this area.
o We must document and publish suc-
cesses along the way. People eel
overwhelmed by the magnitude o
work to be done in the water resource
management feld but examples o
success are a great catalyst or action.
o Research uptake could be ailing be-
cause o inadequate interpretation
o policies (knowledge brokering re-
quirement?).
o Implementation could ail because
o a lack o local understanding and
responsive strategies. A delegate
mentioned an example o a poor
community with new sanitation inra-
structure. The inrastructure is already
in disrepair because the community
cannot aord toilet paper and will
not use ood money to buy toilet
paper. The use o newspaper is clog-
ging up the pipes with the commu-
nity responding, Why dont you put
in bigger pipes
th xpc h
chgy w gv ph-
d h
h c.
Photo CSIR
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Right to Water and Sanitation
Conveners: Department o Water Aairs,Republic o South Arica (DWA) and UN-
HABITAT
Purpose:
To explore the experiences o the rights-based
approach to water and sanitation in South
Arica and discussing how the approach can
be taken orward in other countries.
Main Massages:
Financing the universal right to water is
achievable or a middle-income country
such as South Arica, even with high in-
herited backlogs.
A rights-based approach needs to be
balanced with adequate attention to how
systems are managed and sustained.
It is especially important that users using
more than the minimum basic amount
pay or the ull cost o the service.
Careul attention needs to be paid to the
implications o a rights-based approach
or how service providers manage cus-
tomer debt.
Involve consumers in service level deci-
sions and this works best i they have a
choice. Most will probably be willing to
pay or a higher and/or better service. Financial viability o water service pro-
viders/municipalities needs to be main-
tained.
Many o the most sustainable and eec-
tive projects around the Right to Water
and Sanitation are those undertaken by
individuals and communities at the grass-
roots level.
My h m
d cvpjc d h rgh
W d s
h dk y
dvd d cmm
h g v.
Photo Agha Khan Foundation
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 61
Community-based approaches, ensuring
partnership between stakeholders ( in-
cluding rights holders and duty bearers)
is an eective way o advancing the Right
and is also lower on costs;
It is necessary to address all aspects o the
Right- sufciency, saety, accessibility, a-
ordability, availability, allocation and sus-
tainability.
Through local awareness, political willand innovative solutions progress can be
made towards achieving the Right.
Collaboration rather than conrontation
between right holders and duty bearers
is the most eective way orward.
Funds are needed but are e oten not the
major constraint in achieving the Right.
Overall, pro-poor water and sanitation
governance is a corner-stone or realising
the Right.
Acting beyond our boundariesto address the challenge othe water-energy-ood nexus:
A business view on the urbancontext
Convener: World Business Council or Sus-
tainable Development (WBCSD), AquaFed,
the International Water Association (IWA)
and the South Arican National Business Ini-
tiative (NBI).
Purpose:Explore an integrated approach to providing
access to water and sanitation in the urban
development and climate change context,
looking at the urban connection with sur-
rounding ecosystems, agriculture and indus-
trial services and with a specifc ocus on the
role o business.
Key messages and recommendations
i. Water security is critical, and closely con-
nected to energy and ood.
ii. Providing water services in a rapidly
changing and urbanizing world is com-
plex.
iii. The water and sanitation service backlog
continues to grow, especially in cities.
iv. The need is huge, particularly in develop-
ing countries.
v. The scale and nature o the urban chal-
lenge adds complexity.
vi. Climate change impacts on water, agri-
culture and cities cannot be ignored.
vii. As a minimum, cities need to optimize
water resources within their operations.
viii. Leading cities are investing beyond their
municipal borders, looking or upstream
and downstream solutions.
ix. Understanding both the urban-rural con-
nection and nature as inrastructure is
important.
x. Pioneering cities are investing in water
basins.
xi. There are both signifcant opportunities
and an important role or business.
xii. Leading businesses are thinking in inno-
vative ways, and are investing outside
the actory ence across the catchment.
xiii. There are great opportunities or job cre-
ation, provided that enabling environ-
ments are created.
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62Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
xiv. With the water-energy connection, pow-
er utilities can make a big dierence.
xv. Planning or providing energy, water andood should be integrated as early as pos-
sible, rom top to bottom, and silo think-
ing must be broken.
xvi. All parties must learn to speak the same
language and commit to sharing inor-
mation.
On the Road to Rio+20: Manag-ing water under uncertainty and
riskConvener:United Nations World Water As-
sessment Programme (WWAP) and UNSGAB
(United Nations Secretary-Generals Advisory
Board on Sanitation).
Purpose:
i. Address water management under con-
ditions o uncertainty and risks through
the perspectives o water allocation, di-
sasters and urbanization.
ii. Address the need or accurate inorma-
tion and data.
PhotoW
BCSD
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 63
iii. Highlight the links between water, eco-
nomic and social development and global
processes.
Summary:
Eective planning and management o water
resources depends on a good understandingo uncertainties and risks that can aect its
uses and management. Uncertainties on wa-
ter supplies and demand are related to eco-
nomic and fnancial processes, social changes
and politics. Risks related to water scarcity,
quality degradation, loss o ecosystem ser-
vices and extreme climate events urther
complicate the picture. Objective inormation
on water availability trends is necessary but is
generally not available.
While water is a key resource or other
sectors and or economic and social develop-
ment, it is important to inorm and engage in
decision-making processes in other domains
that are related and have an impact on wa-
ter resources. Water has to be considered in
multiple areas climate, ood, energy and eco-
system health and should be explicitly ad-
Cities, industry, other orms o business and agriculture all need to actbeyond their own boundaries, to address shared risks and opportunitiesto optimize urban water and to invest in building more resilient basins.
PhotoM
ikkelOstergaard/Pano
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64Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
dressed in major global processes such as the
Goals, the negotiations on climate change
and Rio+20.
Key recommendations and conclusions:
i. Uncertainty and risks will increase or wa-
ter, particularly due to external pressures
and demand rom other sectors, and we
need to understand them better.
ii. Growing populations and economies, the
improvement o the quality o lie and the
social drive to protect the environment
and allocate more water to ecosystems
represent the major pressures on this re-
source.
iii. In a context o rapid urbanization, sys-
tematic approach to urban planning can
reduce vulnerability and risks and pro-mote green growth.
iv. Risks and uncertainties represent threats
but also opportunities. However, disaster
prevention, or example, is oten consid-
ered as a cost rather than an investment.
v. Water-related disasters such as oods,
droughts, water-related epidemics, land-
slides and amines particularly aect Asiaand Arica. Risk-reduction measures are
investments in economic development.
Risk reduction and climate change adap-
tation should be integral parts o devel-
opment planning.
vi. Climate change, though it can be a rela-
tively marginal actor o pressure on wa-
ter in certain cases, should be considered
as an additional risk and included as a pa-
rameter in planning with a proper weight
when compared with other actors.
vii. Water should not be considered as a sec-
tor but as a resource on which so many
sectors depend such as production, en-ergy, health and ecosystems.
viii. Criteria or water allocation should in-
clude social and livelihood aspects and
not only economic values, including the
Right to water.
ix. Water is highly relevant to the Goals,
Rio+20, green economy and the climatechange negotiations and should be ex-
plicitly addressed in all those processes.
Water monitoring, assessmentand reporting or better decisionmaking, with a ocus on Arica
Convener:United Nations World Water As-sessment Programme (WWAP) and UN-Wa-
ter/Arica with the support o AMCOW.
Purpose:
i. Address the water data and inormation
challenge.
ii. Assess the state o water monitoring
and assessment at national, regional and
global scales.
iii. Present and discuss a roadmap or the
production o an Arican Water Develop-
ment Report as an instrument to achieve
Arica Water Vision.
Summary:
Water resource management is complex
and cuts across many development sectors.
It is necessary to have reliable data and in-
ormation on water resources, their use and
management at national, sub-regional and
regional levels and provide Arican decision-
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W c:Responding to the urban challenge 65
makers with an authoritative basis or man-
aging that continents waters.
Developing and putting in place a har-
monized and comprehensive mechanism or
long-term periodic water assessment and re-
porting in Arica serves two main purposes.
It contributes to building a collective under-
standing o water challenges in Arica and
strengthens the continents ability to monitor
and manage water. The process is as impor-
tant as the product.
Key recommendations and conclusions:
i. Inormation and data on water resources,
their use and management and invest-
ment in this area are insufcient at na-tional, regional and global levels. This is
also true in Arica.
ii. Monitoring and evaluation needs to learn
rom the past and see what can be used
or the uture.
iii. Reliable data is needed more than indi-
cators populate relevant indicators andmeet the need o various data users.
iv. New technologies or data collection,
im d d
w c, h d
mgm d vm h fc.
Photo UN-HABITAT/James Ohayo
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66Wd W D 2011Water and Urbanization
measurements and data transmission are
important, as shown by the examples o
ARGOS satellite in Ghana and the use oInternet-based Inormation Systems by
Southern Arican Development Commu-
nity (SADC).
v. The production o an Arican Water De-
velopment Report (AWDR) is envisaged
as a vehicle to achieve the Arica Water
Vision.
vi. Its production process should be a com-
bination o top-down and bottom up
approaches: a global lead might be nec-
essary but the AWDR should build on na-
tional/basin reports and allow the devel-
opment o capacity at national/basin level
as well as utilization o national analysis
and decision making to ensure ownership
and commitment.
vii. The production process is as important
as the product. It helps to build the un-
derstanding o water challenges and
strengthen capacity at local, national and
regional levels.
viii. The AWDR should serve the needs o the
basins / countries and needs to be re-en-dorsed by the Arican Ministers Council
on Water (AMCOW).
ix. While a medium- to long-term mecha-
nism to produce the Arican Water De-
velopment Report on regular basis is be-
ing developed, an Interim Report will
be produced under the auspices o the
World Water Assessment Programmeand launched during the 6th World Wa-
ter Forum in Marseilles in March 2012.
Non-Revenue Water Reduction:An Arican Perspective
Conveners: United Nations Human Settle-
ments Programme (UN-HABITAT); UN-Water
Decade Programme on Capacity Develop-
ment (UNWDPC) and Arican Development
Bank.
Background
Non-revenue water is a widespread issue
which has signifcant fnancial and environ-
mental repercussions. However, a