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Stuart Russel and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A modern approach, 3rd edition, Pearson Education, 2010 http://aima.cs.berkeley.edu/
Ernesto Costa e Anabela Simões, Inteligência Artificial: Fundamentos e Aplicações (2ª edição) FCA, Set. 2008
Metaphors to AI
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Metaphors
Computational
Conexionists
Biological
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Previously on AI: 8-puzzle, the classical example
1 2 34
5678
1 2 34
567
8
1 2 34 56
78
1 23456
78
1 2 34 56
78
1 2 34 56 7 8
(Objectivo)
(Nó inicial)
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Approaches or metaphors
Computational
Conexionists
Biological
Brain Initiative: US$ 100 biliões for maping the brain (April 2013)
http://g1.globo.com/ciencia-e-saude/noticia/2013/04/obama-lanca-projeto-de-us-100-milhoes-para-mapeamento-do-cerebro.html
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The Human Brain Project (EU, October 2013)
https://www.humanbrainproject.eu/
5-Feb-16
Basic assumptions of neurocomputation
Animals are able to react adaptively to changesin their environment, using their nervoussystems
A suitable model/simulation of the nervoussystem should be able to produce similarresponses and behaviours in artificial systems
The nervous system is built by relatively simpleunits, the neurons
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A microscopic photo of a neuron
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Other (mainstream) assumptions
Cognition emerges from complex synapticinteractions among many simple neurons
Relevant neuronal information is completelymembrane-based (i.e., Hodgkin-Huxley neuron)
Synaptic strengths mediate memory andlearning (e.g., Hebb, Long Term Potentiation)
Classical bayesian probabilities govern cognition
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Communication
5-Feb-16 http://w3.ualg.pt/~jvo/rnsd
Biologic and artificial neurons
axon
cell body
synapse
nucleus
dendrites
x1x2xixn
w1w2wiwn
+ oSigmoide
16 – 12
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The Rosenblatt’s perceptron, 1957
16 – 13
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Abordagem conexionistaO cérebro como modelo
As redes neuronais artificiais são dos sistemas (estatísticos) de aprendizagem mais populares e efectivos
Gozam de características como:Processamento massivamente paralelo e distribuídoTolerante a ruído e a informação completaDegradação suave a falhasSão aproximadores universaisSão capazes de generalizar
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Approaches or metaphors
Computational
Conexionists
Biological
From:http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v45
6/n7219/full/456175a.html 2-16
Why do intelligent people live longer?
“Intelligence can predict mortality more strongly than body mass index, totalcholesterol, blood pressure or blood glucose, and at a similar level tosmoking”, (…) “But the reasons for this are still mysterious. That needs tochange. Reducing health inequalities is a priority, and to do that we need todetermine their causes.” (Ian Deary, 2008)
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PopulationIndividualCellChromossomeDNAGeneAleloLocus
Basic Biology
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From Biology to Algorithms: TerminologyGene – An single encoding of part of a solution.
Chromosome – A string of “genes” that represents a solution.
Population - The number of “chromosomes” available to test.
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Random initial population
f(x)
x
GA as parallel stochastic search
1010001110 0011010010
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GA as parallel stochastic search
Parents: 1010001110 0011010010
Offspring: 1010010010 0011001110
Randomly chosen position
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f(x)
x
GA as parallel stochastic search
Random initial population
After some iterations
After selection and reproduction
General Scheme of EAs
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A brief history of AI
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5th century BCAristotle proposes syllogistic logic, the first deductive reasoning system.
pré AI
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17th centuryDescartes proposes that animals are machinesand founds a scientific paradigm that willdominate for 250 years: Cogito ergo sum
Pascal creates the first mechanical calculator in1642
pré AI
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19th centuryGeorge Boole creates a binary algebra to represent “laws of thought”
Charles Babbage and Lady Lovelace develop sophisticated programmable mechanical computers, precursor to modern electronic computers.
pré AI
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1943: Warren McCulloch and Walter Pitts laythe groundwork for neural networks
1949: Donald Hebb writes the book TheOrganization of Behavior
After WWII
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1950 – Alan Turing proposes a test formachine intelligence
1956 – John McCarthy coins the term“artificial intelligence”
1959 – Arthur Samuel’s checkersprogram wins games against the besthuman players
1962 – First industrial robot company,Unimation, founded
1967 – “HAL” stars in “2001: A SpaceOdyssey”
1969 – Stanford Research Institute:Shakey the Robot demonstratedcombining movement, perception andproblem solving
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1971 – Terry Winograd’s PhD thesis (M.I.T.) demonstrated the ability of computers to understand English sentences in a restricted world of children’s blocks
1975 - John Holland’s book Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems formalizes and popularizes evolutionary algorithms
Terry Winograd
John Holland
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1971: Terry Winograd demonstrates a program that can understand English commands in the word of blocks.
1972: Alain Colmerauer writes Prolog
1974: Ted Shortliffe creates MyCin, an expert system using uncertainty management, and that showed the effectiveness of rule-based knowledge representation for medical diagnosis.
Knowledge-based season
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1975: John Holland proposes Genetic Algorithms
1978: Herb Simon wins Nobel Prize for his theory of bounded rationality
1980’s: Backpropagation (invented 1974) rediscovered and sees wide use in neural networks
The birth of nouvelle AI
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1985: ALVINN, “an autonomous land vehicle in a neural network” navigates across USA.
1986: Rumelhart and McClelland, Parallel distributed Processing
1987: Christopher Langton coined the term “Artificial Life”
Connectionism revival
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1990-91 – AI technology plays a key role in the Gulf War, from automated co-pilots and cruise missiles, to overall battle coordination, and more
1997 – IBM supercomputer Deep Blue defeats world chess champion Garry Kasparov in a 6-game match
1998 -present -- Google leverages an increasing arsenal of narrow-AI technologies to provide commercially successful Web search and ad delivery
2001 - Lionhead Studio releases Black and White, a popular videogame in which players teach AI-controlled creatures using imitative and reinforcement learning
Google’s FirstServer
Creature from Black & White
Gulf War
Deep Blue
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1995: The emergence of intelligent agents
1997: Deep Blue II defeats Garry KasparovRosalind Picard, Affective Computing, MIT Press
2011:Watson competed on Jeopardy! and won a first prize of $1 million
… up to yesterday
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Jan 2016: GO – humans not ahead anymore
… up to today
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Where are we?Introduction
The State of the ArtDefinitionsStrong vs. weak AI Success criteria: the Turing testLimits to computabilityFoundations of AI Metaphors of AIA brief history of AI
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