Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 1
Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo
Planeamento
e Gestão da Mobilidade Urbana João de Abreu e Silva
Sessão 4:
- Instituições: Agentes, Desenho Institucional e
Contratualização (agradecimentos: Prof Rosário Macário pelos slides desta aula)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 2
Os agentes da Mobilidade
Mobility agents can be organized into several groups:
Demand side (active, passive, framework)
Supply side (infrastructure, services, technology)
External elements
Organization and regulation side
Organization and regulation agents have a double mission
Represent State and community interests
Organize the system in such a way that relationships between the
various agents are fair and promote system efficiency and stability
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 3
Demand side agents
“Active” demand side:
People (individuals or groups) who wish to move to certain places
Freight Forwarders
“Passive” demand side
Entities wishing to be the destination of moving people
Freight clients
Framework (creating incentives and defining choice ranges)
Agents defining land-use and activities
Supply side agents
Organization and regulation agents
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 4
Supply side agents
Infrastructure
Operators / Managers of Linear Networks
Operators / Managers of Terminals (incl. Parking)
Services
Transport Operators
Traffic Managers
Supervision and enforcement institutions
Supply and maintenance services for vehicles and travellers
Information suppliers for users and other service suppliers
Banks and Financing institutions
Technology
Infrastructure design and construction industry
Industry and distribution of vehicles, accessories and consumables
Information and communication technology suppliers
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 5
External elements
This group includes those who are negatively affected by transportation (those who are positively affected turn into agents as a way of maximizing their own benefits)
Directly affected (self-interests)
User associations
Accident victims
Groups affected by noise and emissions
Communities that have been separated by linear infrastructures
Indirectly affected (moral interests)
Pressure groups
For the environment
For safety
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 6
Conflicts of interests
The variety of interests we can become aware of from the list of
involved agents easily leads to the perception of the latent conflicts
of interests
Full satisfaction (or even incentive) of demand vs. Demand moderation
Speed vs. Safety
Improved Performance vs. Lower service costs
User-pays or transport for all?
Environment protection vs. (Nearly) Universal access to car ownership
Public PT Operators (easier integration) vs. Private PT Operators
(higher efficiency)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 7
Organization and regulation side agents
Planning institutions
Of transport networks
Of land-use
Tax authorities
On vehicles, accessories and consumables
On transport services
Technical/safety authorities
Infrastructure construction standards
Vehicle approval standards
Driver licensing standards
Driving rules
Organization and regulation authorities for the services markets
Access to the profession
Access to the market
Service pricing structure
Operator remunerations
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 8
Tensions in the exercise of authority
(examples)
Division of power and responsibility between (European), national,
regional and local levels
Engagement between land-use and transport authorities
Levels of autonomy of service suppliers (supply planned by
authorities, operator initiative, hybrid system)
Taxation indexed to ownership, right of use or effective use
Subsidization levels of transport services, targets and sources of
those subsidies
Mechanisms for the promotion of safety and efficiency in the
various components of supply
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 9
Institutional design
Institutional design is:
Definition of (Public Administration, hybrid or associative) bodies
Allocation of shares of power (missions) to each one of those bodies
Allocation of resources to the bodies, for the fulfilment of those missions
Definition of rules of engagement between bodies in the domains with reciprocal implications
Inevitably, each body will behave:
In the defence of the fulfilment of their entrusted missions
In reinforcement of their assertion of power
A good institutional design is essential for a stable and efficient system functioning
Although institutional design specification reflects the relative power of the existing powers, the evaluation of its stability and the predictable biases can be carried out based on Game Theory
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 10
Agents, Institutional Design and Urban Mobility
Management
Institutional design a particularly interesting subject for Transport Policy
But its analysis and understanding can be determinant for the identification of poorly resolved tensions at the Urban Mobility and management level
As with any Urban Mobility problem, it is necessary to
Identify the most relevant agents
Understand their interests and their effective power to influence institutional decision-makers
Explore alternative ways of satisfying the legitimate interests of each agent group, while penalizing as little as possible the equally legitimate interests of all the others
Frequently, the solution will require changes in the organization and/or supporting technology
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 11
INFLUENCE (MANAGE)
MOBILITY
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 12
Mode choice
Factors of mode choice
Private transport
Vehicle availability
Trips subject to others’ needs (bring/collect family members, reduced
mobility citizens,...)
...
Public transport
Proximity of stops to Origin and Destination
Supply compatible with the trip (in frequency, time of day – journey to vs
from, in quality, ...)
....
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 13
Influence (Manage) Mobility
Influence ...
The amount of mobility
The mode choice
The trip destination, and
The travel time / time of day it takes place
Instruments ...
Supply (infrastructure, services, pricing, regulation)
Land-use
Activity regulation
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 14
Instruments (Supply side) (1)
Infrastructure:
Creating good conditions for P&R, K&R, and interfaces with road
public transport
Creating bicycle lanes
Implementing pedestrian routes
Peripheral/outlying parking
Logistical distribution parks on the periphery, supported by a
network of distribution at a smaller scale (and lighter) => fewer
heavy goods vehicles
...
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 15
Instruments (Supply side) (2)
Services:
Through the supply of complementary services at stations and public
transport interfaces:
basic: ATM machine, fast-food, tobacco and newspapers
1st level attractors: short-stay essential commerce such as quick repairs
– keys, shoes, etc., bakery and wide consumer goods
2nd level attractors: anchor shop: Citizen services, large electronics and
entertainment retail store (FNAC), language schools, gyms, day-care,
etc.
...
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 16
Instruments (Supply side) (3)
Services:
User information:
Strategic (create trust in availability, predictability and quality of service)
Tactical (facilitate trip planning, choice of the best route – stopovers and
fare)
Operational (manage the trip in real time – waiting, in-vehicle, on
stopover, upon arrival)
During waiting and stopover, user information systems with needed but
not superfluous “information” (destination, schedules, types of service);
in-vehicle (next stop, connections with other lines); upon arrival (location
map, landmarks, etc.).
User warning systems (bips, pagers, buscall, internet, etc.)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 17
Instruments (Supply side) (4)
Pricing system:
Public transport
Tariff integration as an element to promote mobility: adaptation of tariffs
to multi-mode trip chains
As a mobility manager: different transport costs depending on type of
entry in the transport system
Incentive to diversification of services to satisfy a larger number of
market segments
Evolve towards direct subsidization (however, basic services to be
subsidized, remaining services use commercial prices)
New tickets for new demand segments (family tickets, group tickets,
etc.)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 18
Instruments (Supply side) (5)
Pricing system:
Private transport
Repress abuse, not use
Paid parking
Tolls (on key infrastructure – bridges, motorways, etc.); Urban tolls =>
Control and pricing issues – confidentiality
Prices depending on saturation and usage levels (less frequent use
corresponding to lower costs, more frequent use to higher costs - use
vs. abuse)
...
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 19
Instruments (Supply side) (6)
Regulatory:
High occupancy private transport lanes
Car pooling promotion
public transport use promotion (corridors, controlled traffic lights,
etc.)
Mobility management / Mobility centers
Creation of a metropolitan transport authority
Not penalizing bicycle use (eg. carrying bicycles in train carriages)
...
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 20
Instruments (Land-Use)
Land-use instruments:
Limit urban sprawl
Spatially redistribute activities
Correct asymmetries (rents)
More demanding Urbanization Plans
Construction and parking indexes
Only license large trip generators in locations with great public transport
accessibility
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 21
Instruments (Activity Regulation)
Activity regulation instruments:
Loading and unloading schedules
Promoting deferred opening schedules
Companies: Location as a function of generated mobility; adopt
incentives to the reduction of private car commuting; parking
restrictions
Public-Private Partnerships for joint management and accountability
on mobility created by urban development beyond a certain size
Tele-commuting
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 22
SUPPLY
LAND-USE ACTIVITY REGULATION Infrastructure COMPLEMENTARY
SERVICES
PRICING SYSTEM REGULATORY
Creating good
conditions for P&R,
K&R, public transport
interfaces
Creating bicycle lanes
Pedestrian networks
Peripheral parking
Periphery logistical
distribution
Complementary to
journey:
basic: ATM machine,
fast-food, newspapers
1st level attractors:
short-stay essential
commerce
2nd level attractors:
anchor shop
Public information:
Strategic (promote
use)
Tactical (choice
support)
Operational (during
the trip)
User warning
systems (bips,
pagers, buscall,
internet, etc.)
Public transport:
Tariff integration on
multi-mode trip chains
As a mobility
manager: different
transport costs
Incentive to
diversification of
services to satisfy a
larger number of
market segments
Evolve towards direct
subsidization
New tickets for new
demand segments
Private transport:
Repress abuse, not
use
Paid parking
Tolls / Urban tolls
Prices depending on
saturation and usage
levels
High occupancy
private transport
lanes (HOV)
Car pooling promotion
public transport use
promotion (corridors,
traffic lights)
Mobility management
/ Mobility centers
Creation of a
metropolitan transport
authority
Not penalizing bicycle
use (on public
transport)
Limit urban sprawl
Spatially redistribute
activities
Correct asymmetries
(rents)
More demanding
Urbanization Plans
Construction and
parking indexes
Only license large trip
generators in
locations with great
public transport
accessibility
Loading and
unloading schedules
Flexible opening
hours
Companies: Location
as a function of
generated mobility;
adopt incentives to
the reduction of
private car
commuting; parking
restrictions
Public-Private
Partnerships for joint
management and
accountability on
mobility created by
urban development
beyond a certain size
Tele-commuting and
flexible working hours
Instruments (Summary Table)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 23
Summary
There are multiple available instruments
On Transport Systems
On Economic Activities
On Land-Use
There are no neutral interventions, all change habits and “rights” of some
segments of society (but without that you cannot change mobility)
The most difficult part is to ensure coherence, transversal and longitudinal of
interventions
Transversal: of the various public agents
Longitudinal: of each public agent along time
The complexity of the system and the multiplicity of interests impose
performance monitoring as the basis for effective management
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 24
CONTRACTS FOR PUBLIC TRANSPORT
AND INFRASTRUCTURES
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 25
Introduction
• Public transport is defined and structured in a wide variety of contractual practices
depending the country and city.
• Numerous differences and similarities can be found:
– The way national and local authorities divide regulatory powers upon public transport
– The way public transport funding is organised
– The ownership and transport operators structure
– The nature of the relationship between authorities and operators
– The type of regulatory regime (free market regimes, authority provision)
– ...
These issues are translated into contracts, each one with its own environment and
political concerns.
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 26
Introduction
• Public Service Contracts is the normal method of securing the fulfilment of public service
objectives, while still leaving room for the imposition of obligations.
• Contracts…
– have been used to change the relationship between authorities and local public service
providers.
– are important tools regardless of whether the operator is owned privately, or by the
authority or another public body.
– can define a wide variety of objectives as transport, economic, financial, social and
environmental.
– can be used at regional, national or even international levels. Consequently, their use
is often promoted by external regional, national or supra-national agencies.
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 27
Type of contracts (I)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 28
Type of contracts (II)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 29
Infrastructure Delivery (I)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 30
Infrastructure Delivery (II)
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 31
Matrix of Responsibility
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 32
City characteristics
Instituto Superior Técnico / Mestrado em Ordenamento do Território e Urbanismo 33
Additional references
Urban Travel and Sustainable Development, ECMT – OCDE The
European Platform on Mobility Management website >
www.epommweb.org
MOST - MObility Management STrategies for the next Decades (5th
framework research project on Mobility Management) >
http://mo.st/
CIVITAS – Cleaner and better Transport in Cities
http://www.civitas-initiative.org/main.phtml?lan=en
Macário R., Pedro M., Contracts, BRT-ALC
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