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CHAPTER 4
RELATIONAL DATABASES
SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
4.1 Contrast the lo!"al an# the $h%s!"al &!e' o( #ata an# #!s")ss 'h% se$arate &!e's are
ne"essar% !n #ata*ase a$$l!"at!ons. Des"r!*e 'h!"h $ers$e"t!&e !s +ost )se()l (or ea"h o( the(ollo'!n e+$lo%ees, a $rora++er- a +anaer- an# an !nternal a)#!tor. Ho' '!ll
)n#erstan#!n lo!"al #ata str)"t)res ass!st %o) 'hen #es!n!n an# )s!n #ata*ase s%ste+s
Databases are possible because of their database management system (DBMS). As shown in Figure4.! the DBMS is a software program that sits between the actual data stored in the system and theapplication programs that use the data. As shown in Figure 4.4! this allows users to separate theway they "iew the data (called the logical "iew) from the way the data is actually stored (the physical "iew). #he DBMS interprets the users$ re%uests and retrie"es! manipulates! or stores thedata as needed. #he two distinct "iews separate the applications from the physical information! pro"iding increased fle&ibility in applications! impro"ed data security! and ease of use.
'n a database system! the manager will rarely need to understand or be familiar with the physical"iew of the data. or! in most instances! will the internal auditor and the programmer as moste"erything they do in"ol"es the logical "iew of the data.
'f accountants understand logical data structures and the logical "iew of the data! they are betterable to manage! use! and audit a database and its data.
4./ The relat!onal #ata +o#el re$resents #ata as *e!n store# !n ta*les. S$rea#sheets are another
tool that a""o)ntants )se to e+$lo% a ta*)lar re$resentat!on o( #ata. What are so+e
s!+!lar!t!es an# #!((eren"es !n the 'a% these tools )se ta*les Ho' +!ht an a""o)ntant0s
(a+!l!ar!t% '!th the ta*)lar re$resentat!on o( s$rea#sheets (a"!l!tate or h!n#er learn!n ho' to
)se a relat!onal DBS
A maor difference between spreadsheets and databases is that spreadsheets are designed primarilyto handle numeric data! whereas databases can handle both te&t and numbers. *onse%uently! the%uery and sorting capabilities of spreadsheets are much more limited than what can beaccomplished with a DBMS that has a good %uery language.
Accountants+ familiarity with spreadsheets might hinder their ability to design and use relationalDBMS because many lin,s in spreadsheets are preprogrammed and designed in! whereas a well-designed relational database is designed to facilitate ad-hoc %ueries.
Accountants+ familiarity with spreadsheets sometimes leads them to use a spreadsheet for a tas,
that a database could handle much better. "er the years! the /ournal of Accountancy has publisheda number of "ery good articles on how to use databases and when to use databases and when to usespreadsheets. #hese articles can be found on the /ournal+s website0http011www.ournalofaccountancy.com1
http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/http://www.journalofaccountancy.com/
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4.2 So+e $eo$le *el!e&e #ata*ase te"hnolo% +a% el!+!nate the nee# (or #o)*le3entr% a""o)nt!n.
Th!s "reates three $oss!*!l!t!es, 15 the #o)*le3entr% +o#el '!ll *e a*an#one#6 /5 the #o)*le3
entr% +o#el '!ll not *e )se# #!re"tl%- *)t an e7ternal3le&el s"he+a *ase# on the #o)*le3entr%
+o#el '!ll *e #e(!ne# (or a""o)ntants0 )se6 or 25 the #o)*le3entr% +o#el '!ll *e reta!ne# !n
#ata*ase s%ste+s. Wh!"h alternat!&e #o %o) th!n8 !s +ost l!8el% to o"")r Wh%
#here is no correct answer to this %uestion because it is as,ing the student to e&press his opinion onwhat will happen in the future. #herefore! the %uality of his answer depends on the ustifications pro"ided. 2ood answers should address the following0
• Database technology does permit abandonment of double entry! but there will li,ely be great
resistance to such a radical change. #hus! students choosing this option need to presentreasons why they thin, such a radical change would succeed.
• #he use of a schema for accountants seems %uite plausible. 't does eliminate the redundancy
of double entry from the database system! yet it still pro"ides a framewor, familiar and useful
to accountants and financial analysts.
• #here is a good possibility that double entry will remain! e"en in databases! due to inertia.
'ndeed! many modern A'S! such as 35 systems! use databases but also retain the principlesof double entry.
4.4 Relat!onal DBS 9)er% lan)aes $ro&!#e eas% a""ess to !n(or+at!on a*o)t the
oran!:at!on0s a"t!&!t!es. Does th!s +ean that onl!ne- real3t!+e $ro"ess!n sho)l# *e )se# (or
all transa"t!ons Does an oran!:at!on nee# real3t!+e (!nan"!al re$orts Wh% or 'h% not
n-line real-time processing is not necessary for e"ery business transaction. For e&le! batch processing is ade%uate for payroll0 there is little need for the data to be current e&cept on payday.
eal-time financial statements are useful for planning and pro"ide management with better abilityto react to changes in the en"ironment. e"ertheless! real-time financial statements may presentdistorted pictures of reality if accruals ha"e been ignored or not properly recogni6ed.
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4.; Wh% !s !t so !+$ortant to ha&e oo# #ata
Bad data costs businesses o"er 7899 billion a year. Some people estimate that o"er :; of business data is inaccurate or incomplete. 'n addition! incorrect database data can lead to baddecisions! embarrassment! and angry users. #he te&t illustrated this with the followinge&les0
• For %uite some time! a company sent half its catalogs to incorrect addresses. A manager
finally in"estigated the large "olume of returns and customer complaints and corrected thecustomer addresses in the database.
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4.< What !s a #ata #!"t!onar%- 'hat #oes !t "onta!n- an# ho' !s !t )se#
A data dictionary contains information about the structure of the database. #able 4-= shows thatthere is a record in the dictionary describing each data element. #he DBMS maintains the datadictionary! whose inputs include new or deleted data elements and changes in data elementnames! descriptions! or uses. utputs include reports for programmers! designers! and users.#hese reports are used for system documentation! database design and implementation! and as part of the audit trail.
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4.= Co+$are an# "ontrast the (!le3or!ente# a$$roa"h an# the #ata*ase a$$roa"h. E7$la!n the+a!n a#&antaes o( #ata*ase s%ste+s.
'nformation about the attributes of a customer! such as name and address! are stored in fields.Fields contain data about one entity (e.g.! one customer). Multiple fields form a record. A set ofrelated records! such as all customer records! forms a file (e.g.! the customer file). A set ofinterrelated! centrally coordinated files forms a database.
Figure 4- illustrates the differences between file-oriented and database systems. 'n the databaseapproach! data is an organi6ational resource that is used by and managed for the entire organi6ation!not ust the originating department. A database management system (DBMS) is the interface between the database and the "arious application programs. #he database! the DBMS! and theapplication programs that access the database through the DBMS are referred to as the databasesystem.
Database systems were de"eloped to address the proliferation of master files. #his proliferationcreated problems such as the same data stored in two or more master files. #his made it difficult tointegrate and update data and to obtain an organi6ation-wide "iew of data. 't also created problems because the data in the different files was inconsistent.
Databases pro"ide organi6ations with the following benefits0
• Data !nterat!on. Master files are combined into large poolsC of data that many application
programs access. An e&le is an employee database that consolidates payroll! personnel! and ob s,ills master files.
• Data shar!n. 'ntegrated data is more easily shared with authori6ed users. Databases are easily
browsed to research a problem or obtain detailed information underlying a report. #he FB'!which does a good ob of collecting data but a poor ob of sharing it! is spending eight years and
7499 million to integrate data from their different systems.• !n!+al #ata re#)n#an"% an# #ata !n"ons!sten"!es. Because data items are usually stored
only once! data redundancy and data inconsistencies are minimi6ed.
• Data !n#e$en#en"e. Because data and the programs that use them are independent of each
other! each can be changed without changing the other. #his facilitates programming andsimplifies data management.
• Cross3()n"t!onal anal%s!s. 'n a database system! relationships! such as the association between
selling costs and promotional campaigns! can be e&plicitly defined and used in the preparationof management reports.
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SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE PROBLES
4.1
a. I#ent!(% three $otent!al )sers an# #es!n a s)*s"he+a (or ea"h. >)st!(% %o)r #es!n *%
e7$la!n!n 'h% ea"h )ser nee#s a""ess to the s)*s"he+a #ata ele+ents.
• #o fill out a sales order! the sales order entry cler, needs access to the following data0
− item number
− description
− %uantity-on-hand
− price
− customer name
− shipping address
− credit limit
− account balance
−
• #o create and mail a bill (in"oice)! the billing cler, needs access to the following data
stored in the database0
− customer name
− customer number
− billing address
− item numbers
− %uantity sold
− price
− terms
−
• #o manage in"entory! the in"entory control department needs access to the following datastored in the database0
− item number
− description
− %uantity on hand
−
• #o purchase in"entory! the purchasing department needs access to the following data
stored in the data base0
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− item number
− description
− %uantity on hand
− cost
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− b. Use !"roso(t A""ess or so+e other relat!onal #ata*ase $ro#)"t to "reate the
s"he+a ta*les. S$e"!(% the $r!+ar% 8e%s5- (ore!n 8e%s5- an# other #ata (or ea"h ta*le.
Test %o)r +o#el *% enter!n sa+$le #ata !n ea"h ta*le.
−
?
O
t
h
e
r
A
t
t
r
!
*
)
t
e
s
− − − − *
ost
(s
tandar d
or
l
ist)
− D
escr
4-8
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i pti
on
−
uantity
o
n
<and
− 5
r ice
(standar d
o
r
list)
− − −
*
− D
a
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−
te
o
f
sale
− #
er ms
− −
−
− −
uantity
sold
− 5
r ice
(actu
al
sales
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pr ic
e)
− − − − *
ustomer
n
ame
− S
hi p ping
addr ess
− B
ill
ing
addr e
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ss
− *
r
edit
Eimit
− A
ccount
Balance
−
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4./ ost DBS $a"8aes "onta!n #ata #e(!n!t!on- #ata +an!$)lat!on- an# #ata 9)er%
lan)aes. ?or ea"h o( the (ollo'!n- !n#!"ate 'h!"h lan)ae 'o)l# *e )se# an# 'h%.
−
1. A #ata*ase a#+!n!strator #e(!nes the lo!"al str)"t)re o( the #ata*ase
−
− #he DDE - this is the language used to define the database.
−
b. The "ontroller re9)ests a "ost a""o)nt!n re$ort "onta!n!n a l!st o( all e+$lo%ees
*e!n $a!# (or +ore than 1@ ho)rs o&ert!+e !n a !&en 'ee8.
−
− #he DE - this is an e&le of a %uery.
−
c. A $rora++er #e&elo$s a $rora+ to )$#ate the (!7e#3assets re"or#s store# !n the
#ata*ase.
−
− #he DME - this is the language used to actually process transaction data and update the
database.
−
d. The h)+an reso)r"es +anaer re9)ests a re$ort not!n all e+$lo%ees 'ho are
ret!r!n '!th!n (!&e %ears.
−
− #he DE - another e&le of a tas, that in"ol"es %uerying the database.
−
e. The !n&entor% ser!al n)+*er (!el# !s e7ten#e# !n the !n&entor% re"or#s to allo' (or
re"on!t!on o( a##!t!onal !n&entor% !te+s '!th ser!al n)+*ers "onta!n!n +ore than 1@
#!!ts.
−
− #he DDE and the DME - the former to alter the structure! the latter to ma,e the change.
−
f. A )ser #e&elo$s a $rora+ to $r!nt o)t all $)r"hases +a#e #)r!n the $ast t'o
'ee8s.
−
− #he DE this listing can be produced by a %uery.
−
g. An a##!t!onal (!el# !s a##e# to the (!7e#3asset re"or#s to re"or# the est!+ate#
sal&ae &al)e o( ea"h asset.
−
− #he DDE and the DME - the former to add the field! the latter to enter data in it.
−
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−
4.2 Ashton 'ants to store the (ollo'!n #ata a*o)t SS0s $)r"hases o(
!n&entor%,
!te+ n)+*er #ate o( $)r"hase
&en#or n)+*er &en#or a##ress
&en#or na+e $)r"hase $r!"e
9)ant!t% $)r"hase# e+$lo%ee n)+*er
e+$lo%ee na+e $)r"hase or#er n)+*er
#es"r!$t!on 9)ant!t% on han#
e7ten#e# a+o)nt total a+o)nt o( $)r"hase
−
a. Des!n a set o( relat!onal ta*les to store th!s #ata. Do all o( the #ata !te+s nee# to *e
store# !n a ta*le I( not- 'h!"h ones #o not nee# to *e store# an# 'h% #o the% not
nee# to *e store#
*. I#ent!(% the $r!+ar% 8e% (or ea"h ta*le.
". I#ent!(% the (ore!n 8e%s nee#e# !n the ta*les to !+$le+ent re(erent!al !nter!t%.−
T
P
r
!
+
a
r
%
e
%
?
O
t
h
e
r
A
t
t
r
!
*
)
t
e
s
−
'
− '
tem
um ber
− − D
escri p
tion
−
uantit
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yon<
and
−
5
− 5
ur chase
or der
num ber
−
>
−
5
− D
ateof pur
chase
− #
otalam
ountof pur cha
se
−
5
− '
tem
n
− −
uantit
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um be
r − 5
ur chase
or
der
num ber
y pur
chased
− G
nitcos
t(actual)
− 3
&te
ndedamount
−
>
− >
endor
num
− − >
endorname
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ber
− >
end
oraddr ess
−
3
− 3
m ployee
num ber
− − 3
m ployeename
−
− Extended amount and Total amount of purchase do not ha"e to be stored in the database as
they can be calculated from other "alues. Extended amount is Quantity purchased & Unit cost .Total amount of purchase is the sum of all the e&tended amounts for all items on a particular purchase order!
−
#. I+$le+ent %o)r ta*les )s!n an% relat!onal #ata*ase $ro#)"t to 'h!"h %o) ha&e
a""ess.
e. Test %o)r s$e"!(!"at!on *% enter!n sa+$le #ata !n ea"h ta*le.
(. Create a (e' 9)er!es to retr!e&e or anal%:e the #ata %o) store#.
−
− #here is no solution to parts d through f as students will select different software pac,ages
and come up with different %ueries.
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4.4 Retr!e&e the SS In3Cha$ter Data*ase !n !"roso(t A""ess (or+at5 (ro+
the te7t0s We* s!te or "reate the ta*les !n Ta*le 43; !n a relat!onal DBS $ro#)"t5. Wr!te
9)er!es to ans'er the (ollo'!n 9)est!ons. Note, ?or so+e 9)est!ons- %o) +a% ha&e to "reate
t'o 9)er!esone to "al")late an !n&o!"e total an# the se"on# to ans'er the 9)est!on as8e#.
−
− Answers depend upon the specific DBMS and %uery language used.
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−
−
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−
*. Ho' +an% sales 'ere +a#e #)r!n O"to*er
− uery
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
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−
−
−
. What 'ere total sales !n O"to*er
uery
uery esult
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*h. 40 elational Databases
d. What 'as the a&erae a+o)nt o( a sales transa"t!on
− #his %uestion re%uires the use of a total in"oice calculation! thus! a total in"oice table is
prepared as a Microsoft Ma,e #able ueryC in Microsoft ffice. A Ma,e #able uery is preparedthe same as a normal %uery e&cept that the user selects the Ma,e #able uery option in the uery#ype portion of the uery Design #ools ribbon.
−
Ma,e #able uery
#able esult
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uery
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uery esult
e. Wh!"h sales$erson +a#e the larest sale
−
− Ma,e #able uery
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−
−
− uery esult
−
−
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− uery
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
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(. Ho' +an% )n!ts o( ea"h $ro#)"t 'ere sol#
− uery
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
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−
−
. Wh!"h $ro#)"t 'as sol# +ost (re9)entl%
uery
uery esult
−
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4.;
Enter the ta*les !n Ta*le 431; !nto a relat!onal DBS $a"8ae. Wr!te
9)er!es to ans'er the (ollo'!n 9)est!ons. Note, ?or so+e 9)est!ons- %o) +a% ha&e to "reate
t'o 9)er!esone to "al")late a total an# the se"on# to ans'er the 9)est!on as8e#.
−
− Answers depend upon the specific DBMS and %uery language used.
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−
−
*. Who has the larest "re#!t l!+!t
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
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−
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− ". Ho' +an% sales 'ere +a#e !n O"to*er
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
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−
−
−
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#. What 'ere the !te+ n)+*ers- $r!"e- an# 9)ant!t% o( ea"h !te+ sol# on !n&o!"e
n)+*er 1@2
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
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− e. Ho' +)"h #!# ea"h sales$erson sell
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
−
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−
−
−
−
(. Ho' +an% ")sto+ers l!&e !n Ar!:ona
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
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. Ho' +)"h "re#!t #oes ea"h ")sto+er st!ll ha&e a&a!la*le
−
− uestions g and i re%uire the use of a total customer sales calculationH thus! a customer total
sales table is prepared as a Microsoft Ma,e #able ueryC in Microsoft ffice. A Ma,e #able
uery is prepared the same as a normal %uery e&cept that the user selects the Ma,e #able ueryoption under the uery Design menu tab.
−
− Ma,e-#able uery
−
−
−
−
− #able esult
−
−
−
−
−
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− uery
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
NOTE, The a*o&e 9)er% onl% !n"l)#es ")sto+ers that ha&e a"t)all%
$)r"hase# !te+s. There are ")sto+ers !n the #ata*ase 'ho ha&e not
$)r"hase# !te+s an# "onse9)entl% 'ere not !n"l)#e# !n the 9)er% res)lts.
−
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h. Ho' +)"h o( ea"h !te+ 'as sol# In"l)#e the #es"r!$t!on o( ea"h !te+ !n %o)r ans'er.5
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
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−
−
−
!. Wh!"h ")sto+ers st!ll ha&e +ore than 1-@@@ !n a&a!la*le "re#!t
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
−
uery esult
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. ?or 'h!"h !te+s are there at least 1@@ )n!ts on han#
uery
−
uery esult
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4.< The B)s%B Co+$an% 'ants to store #ata a*o)t e+$lo%ee s8!lls.
Ea"h e+$lo%ee +a% $ossess one or +ore s$e"!(!" s8!lls an# se&eral e+$lo%ees +a% ha&e the
sa+e s8!ll. In"l)#e the (ollo'!n (a"ts !n the #ata*ase,
#ate
h!re#
#ate
o( *!rth
#ate
s8!ll a"9)!re#
e+$l
o%ee na+e
e+$l
o%ee n)+*er
$a%
rate
a. Des!n a set o( relat!onal ta*les to store these #ata.
*. I#ent!(% the $r!+ar% 8e% (or ea"h ta*le- an# !#ent!(% an% nee#e# (ore!n
8e%s.
−
− #he necessary tables! with their attendant primary and foreign ,eys! are as
follows0
−
T
P
r!
+
a
r
%
e
%
?
or
e
!
n
e
%
s
O
−
3
− 3
m ployee
um b
er
− S
u per "isor
nu
m ber
(an
−
3
−
5
−
D
−
D
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othe
r em ployee
n
um ber )
−
S
− S
, ill
num ber
− −
S
−
3
− S
, ill
num ber
− 3
m
− −
D
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*h. 40 elational Databases
ploy
ee
num ber
−
−
". I+$le+ent %o)r s"he+a )s!n an% relat!onal DBS. S$e"!(% $r!+ar% an#
(ore!n 8e%s- an# en(or"e re(erent!al !nter!t%. De+onstrate the so)n#ness o( %o)r
#es!n *% enter!n sa+$le #ata !n ea"h ta*le.
−
− #here is no single solution to part c as students will select different software pac,ages and
enter different data in the tables.
−
−
−
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4.= Fo) 'ant to e7ten# the s"he+a sho'n !n Ta*le 431< to !n"l)#e !n(or+at!on
a*o)t ")sto+er $a%+ents. So+e ")sto+ers +a8e !nstall+ent $a%+ents on ea"h !n&o!"e.
Others 'r!te a "he"8 to $a% (or se&eral #!((erent !n&o!"es.
−
a. o#!(% the set o( ta*les !n Ta*le 431< to store th!s a##!t!onal #ata.
*. I#ent!(% the $r!+ar% 8e% (or ea"h ne' ta*le %o) "reate.
−
− #he following additional tables! with their attendant primary ,eys! are needed to
store the other new attributes. ote that customer name is already stored in the customer table
−
P
r
!
+
a
r%
e
%
?ore!n
e%s
O
− − *
ash ecei pt um ber
− *ustomer
number
− 3mploye
e processing
− payment(employeenumber)
−
D
−
#o
− − '
n"oice pay
− −
A
−
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*h. 40 elational Databases
ment
a p plies
−
to('n
"oicenum ber )
− *ash ecei ptn
um ber
−
−
". I+$le+ent %o)r s"he+a )s!n an% relat!onal DBS $a"8ae. In#!"ate
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'h!"h attr!*)tes are $r!+ar% an# (ore!n 8e%s- an# enter sa+$le #ata !n ea"h ta*le %o)
"reate.
− #here is no solution to part c as students will select different software pac,ages and enter
different data in the tables.
−
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*h. 40 elational Databases
4. Create relat!onal ta*les that sol&e the )$#ate- !nsert- an# #elete ano+al!es !n Ta*le 431=.
−
− #o a"oid the update! insert! and delete anomalies! four separate relational tables
are created.
−
− #ABE3 4-=I
−
'n"oice J−
Date
−
rder Date
−
*ustomer
−
*ustomer
−
'temJ
−
Desc
−
ua
−
:
−
8-=?-=:
−
:-:-=:
−
9=
−
/ohnson
−
=9@
−
#re,
−
:
−
:
−
8-=?-=:
−
:-:-=:
−
9=
−
/ohnson
−
=
−
im
−
−
:
−
8-=?-=:
−
:-:-=:
−
9=
−
/ohnson
−
=9
−
'66o
−
==
−
:
−
8-=?-=:
−
:-:-=:
−
9=
−
/ohnson
−
I=
−
ED
−
=
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Accounting Information Systems
−
:I
−
8-9-=:
−
8-9=-=:
−
@9:
−
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*h. 40 elational Databases
I
n
&
o
!"
e
P
?
5
It
Q
− :
−
=
−
:
− :
−
=
−
− :
−
=
−
=
− :
−
I
−
=
− :I
−
:
−
=
− :
I
−
=
−
=
− :
I
−
=
−
:
−
− *GS#M3 #ABE3
C
C
)
s
t
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Accounting Information Systems
o
+
e
r
N
a
+
e
−
− /
ohnson
−
@
− <
enr y
−
− 'tem #able
Ite+
P5
D
− =9 −
'
− I= −
E
−
=9@ −
#
− ==: −
− = −
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*h. 40 elational Databases
− :@: −
#
−
− ote0 5L-5rimary Ley! FL Foreign Ley! 5L1FL 5rimary Ley1Foreign Ley
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Accounting Information Systems
4.J Create relat!onal ta*les that sol&e the )$#ate- !nsert- an# #elete ano+al!es !n
Ta*le 431.
−
− #ABE3 4-=
P)r"hasePart
Des"r!
Un!t
Pr!"e
Q)ant!t% Ken#or
Ken#or Ken
−
−
@1?1=:
−
@@4
−
KN
−
7@9
−
@
−
:94
−
LE
−
I:
−
−
@1?1=:
−
@=
−
5D
−
7:9
−
:
−
:94
−
LE
−
I:
−
−
@1?1=:
−
444
−
KKM
−
79
−
8
−
:94
−
LE
−
I:
−
@
−
41:1=:
−
@=
−
5D
−
7:9
−
−
?
−
scan
−
::
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*h. 40 elational Databases
−
−
− 5A# #ABE3
Part
De
Un!t
−
@@4
−
−
@9
−
@=
−
5
−
:9
−
444
−
K
−
9
−
−
− 5G*
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Accounting Information Systems
P
)
r
"
h
a
s
e
O
r
#
e
r
P
5
Ke
P
− −
:9
−
@1
− @ −
−
41
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*h. 40 elational Databases
−
−
− >3D #ABE3
K
K
K
−
:
−
L
−
I
−
−
−
:
−
−
− 5G*
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Accounting Information Systems
4.1@ ?ro+ the #ata*ase "reate# !n the "o+$rehens!&e $ro*le+- $er(or+ 9)er!es
*ase# on the ta*les an# 9)er% r!# sho'n !n Ta*le 431J.
−
− #he %ueries and the answers to the %ueries for the %uestions about the
comprehensi"e problem data (#able 4-=?) are shown below.
−
a. Wh!"h *orro'ers )se A#&ent A$$ra!sers
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
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*h. 40 elational Databases
−
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Accounting Information Systems
− *. What !s the a&erae a+o)nt *orro'e# (ro+ Nat!onal ortae
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
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*h. 40 elational Databases
". L!st all o( the $ro$ert% a$$ra!sers.
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
−
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Accounting Information Systems
#.L!st all o( the len#ers.
−
− uery
−
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
− uery
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*h. 40 elational Databases
−
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Accounting Information Systems
e. L!st the len#ers that lent +ore than 1@@-@@@.
−
−
−
− #30 'n order to get a list of lenders without duplicates the property sheet of
the %uery needs to be modified by setting the "alue of the Unique Values propertyto Yes. #his can be seen in the screenshot below. #he property sheet is foundunder the Design tab of the ribbon. Setting Unique Values to Yes is thee%ui"alent of entering the DISTINCT ,eyword in SE select statements.
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*h. 40 elational Databases
−
−
− uery esult
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
−
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Accounting Information Systems
(. Wh!"h *orro'er re9)este# the larest +ortae
−
− uery
−
−
−
− otice that in the Design section on the ribbon! you must set the eturn "alue to
= (located in the uery Setup group). #his indicates to Access to only return thetop result. See the image below for a screenshot of this.
− uery esult
−
−
−
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*h. 40 elational Databases
. Wh!"h *orro'er re9)este# the s+allest +ortae
−
− uery
−
−
−
−
−
−
− uery esult−
−
−
−
As with problem 4-=9-f! you must set the eturn "alue to = in the Design section
of the ribbon (located in the uery Setup group). #his indicates to Access to only return the top result.See the image below for a screenshot of this.
−
−
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−
SUGGESTED ANSWERS TO THE CASES
−
4.1 As !n all areas o( !n(or+at!on te"hnolo%- DBSs are "onstantl% "han!n an#
!+$ro&!n. Resear"h ho' *)s!nesses are )s!n DBSs- an# 'r!te a re$ort o( %o)r (!n#!ns.
A##ress the (ollo'!n !ss)es,
1. Wh!"h $o$)lar DBS $ro#)"ts are *ase# on the relat!onal #ata +o#el
/. Wh!"h DBS $ro#)"ts are *ase# on a lo!"al +o#el other than the relat!onal #ata
+o#el
2. What are the relat!&e strenths an# 'ea8nesses o( the #!((erent t%$es relat!onal &ers)s
other lo!"al +o#els5 o( DBSs
−
− o single answer e&ists with this caseH indeed! solutions will "ary depending upon student
ingenuity and creati"ity. eports should be graded in terms of how well each issue was addressedand in terms of writing %uality. Students should be able to find the following information0
−
• elational DBMSs include DB! racle! SE Ser"er and Access.
−
• Many newer products are based on the obect-oriented data model! or are a hybrid of the
relational and obect-oriented approaches. lder mainframe DBMS are based on hierarchicalor networ, logical models.
−
•
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