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Ol pessoal,
A partir desta 5 aula, comearemos o treinamento do
vocabulrio-chave de temas recorrentes nas provas da ESAF,
agrupando o vocabulrio das questes recentes em 3 reas
temticas.
Neste nosso encontro o foco ser a resoluo de questes
na rea de economia e finanas, de maneira a consolidar os
principais vocbulos desta rea temtica no quadro de
PALAVRAS-CHAVE DE ECONOMIA E FINANAS (apresentado
no final da aula). Tambm ser feita uma reviso dos pontos
gramaticais estudados nas quatro primeiras aulas.
Forte abrao e bons estudos.
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AULA 05 - ECONOMIA E FINANAS
Another country
Source: www.economist.com
Jul 21st 2005 (Adapted)
No matter where one goes in Argentina these days,
evidence of the countrys remarkable economic recovery is hard to
avoid. Since its collapse in 2001-02, Argentinas economy has
grown by a quarter. According to government estimates, it has
finally surpassed its previous peak of May 1998. In another sign
that the worst is over, on July 18th the government issued dollar
bonds for the first time since its massive debt default in 2001.
But while the economy may have recovered its former
size, it is different in many ways. Some of the imbalances of the
1990s have been fixed: budget deficits have turned into
surpluses; devaluation has ignited exports; and the public debt
has been restructured.
1. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The author refers to Argentinas recovery as
a) likely to happen.
b) already taking place.
c) on the verge of beginning.
d) unlikely to occur.
e) being severely criticized.
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Comentrios:
De acordo com o enunciado, a questo quer saber como o autor
se refere (refers) recuperao da Argentina (Argentinas
recovery).
No matter where one goes in Argentina these days, evidenceof the
countrys remarkable economic recoveryis hard to avoid.
Veja que o texto fala em evidncia e recuperao econmica, palavras
parecidas com o portugus.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
recovery:recuperao
evidence: evidncia
country: pas
remarkable: notvel
economic recovery: recuperao econmica
hard: difcil
avoid: evitar
likely: provvel
happen: acontecer
already:j
taking place: acontecendo
verge: beira
beginning: comeo, comeando
unlikely: improvvel
occur: ocorrer
severely: severamentecriticized: criticado
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ever:j, alguma vezyet: ainda
a) likely to happen.A opo A est incorreta. Aqui a alternativa afirma que a
recuperao econmica provvel (likely) de acontecer (happen),
enquanto o texto diz que a recuperao j evidente: (...) evidence
of the countrys remarkable economic recoveryis hard to avoid.
b) already taking place.
A opo B est correta. Sim, a recuperao econmica j
(already) est acontecendo (taking place). Veja que a frase est no
presente: (...) evidence of the countrys remarkable economic recovery
ishard to avoid.
IMPORTANTE
ADVRBIOS DE TEMPO
already: j
ever:j, alguma vez
yet: ainda
c) on the verge of beginning.
A opoC est incorreta. A recuperao no est a beira de
comear (on the vergeof beginning). J comeou.
d) unlikely to occur.
A opoD est incorreta. Unlikelysignifica improvvel e occur(ocorrer), logo, a alternativa no est de acordo com o texto.
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2. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) In relation to Argentinas budget deficits, the
text states that they
a) may change into surpluses.
b) ought to be looked into.
c) have been dealt with.
d) must become surpluses.
e) have been deepened.
Comentrios:
O enunciado da questo traz a expresso budget deficits.
Vamos procurar no texto onde a expresso aparece.
()budget deficitshave turned intosurpluses(), ou seja, deficits
oramentrios se transformaram em supervits.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
budget deficits: dficits oramentrios
have turned: transformou, tem transformado
surpluses: supervit
may: pode (possibilidade)
change: trocar, mudar
ought: deveria, poderialooked into: examinou
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dealt with: tratar, lidarmust: dever (obrigao)
become: tornar-se
deepened: aprofundou
Qual das opes de resposta mais se aproxima da idia trazida
pelo texto:
a) may changeinto surpluses.
A opoA est incorreta. Como j estudamos, may tem a idia
de possibilidade. A frase do texto no traz nenhuma palavra que indique
possibilidade, apenas afirma que dficits oramentrios (budget
dficits) se transformaram em supervits (surpluses). S para
relembrar, veja o quadro a seguir:
IMPORTANTE
MODAL VERBS
Can: poder ou saber fazer
Could: poderia ou era capaz
Permisso
Habilidade
Possiblidade
GRAU DE
PROBABILIDADE
+May: poderia ou provvel
Might: talvez seja possvel
Possibilidade
Probabilidade
Should: poderia ou deveria
Ought:poderia ou deveria
Obrigao
Sugesto
Must: dever
Possibilidade
ObrigaoProibio
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Have to: ter que fazer algo Obrigao
b) oughtto be looked into.
A opoB est incorreta. Aqui a opo afirma que os dficits
devero ser examinados (looked into). O texto no diz isso.
c) have beendealtwith.
A opoC est correta. Se o texto diz que budget deficitshave
turned into surpluses, os dficits oramentrios j foram tratados
(havebeen dealt with) e se tornaram supervits. Nessa alternativa e
na frase do texto, o tempo verbal utilizado o Presente Perfeito
recorrente nas provas, importantssimo que voc esteja bem
entendido nesse assunto. Veja os quadros a seguir:
IMPORTANTE
MUST
CAN/MAY
COULD
MIGHT
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PRESENTE PERFEITO
I have
He
She has
It + been + verbo passado (1)
You (dealt)
We have + verbo no passado (2)
They (dealt)
O USO DESSE TEMPO VERBAL (tanto no 1 quanto no 2 modelo) PODE TER DOISSIGNIFICADOS DIFERENTES:
Acontecido em algum momento indeterminado no passado (foram tratados).
Repetidas vezes no passado ou iniciado no passado e ainda no terminado (tem sido tratados).
d) must become surpluses.
A opoD est incorreta. A alternativa est errada j que usa o
verbo must, que indica obrigao. O texto apenas afirma que dficits se
transformaram em supervit.
e) have been deepened.
A opoE est incorreta. Aqui afirma-se que o dficit se agravou
(deepened). De acordo com o quadro explicativo do tempo verbal
Presente Perfeito acima, observe que a traduo correta aqui no
tem sido agravado, mas, apenas, agravou. Mesmo com o verbo
been, dependendo do contexto, a traduo no ser tem sidoagravado e sim agravou.
been(sido)pode ser usadoou no.
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Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra C.
3. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the text,
a) Argentinas exports have been sparked.
b) Argentinas economic recovery should have been averted.
c) Argentinas economy grew by a quarter in 2001-02.d) Argentina should be able to grow by a quarter.
e) Argentinas public debt remains untouched.
Comentrios:
O enunciado desta questo no traz nenhum indicativo de onde
encontrar a resposta no texto. Vejamos as alternativas:
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a) Argentinas exports have been sparked.
A opo A est correta. A palavra-chave aqui exports
(exportaes). Procurando no texto, ela aparece na frase:
(...)devaluation has ignited exports (...) , que significa: A
desvalorizao (devaluation) inflamou (ignited) as exportaes. Na
alternativa aparece a palavra sparked um sinnimo de ignited(inflamar, acender).
DICA: Esta uma questo difcil. A
3 questo referente ao mesmo
texto geralmente a mais difcil
mesmo. Puro vocabulrio. Mas no
deixe de estudar o vocabulrio novo
que aparece aqui. Ele ser de grande
valia nas questes de economia.
b) Argentinas economic recovery should have been averted.
A opoB est incorreta. O que o texto diz sobre a recuperao
econmica da Argentina est na frase: (...)countrys remarkable
economic recovery is hard to avoid.(...) Aqui o texto diz que huma notvel recuperao econmica no pas difcil de ser evitada
(avoid). A alternativa afirma que a recuperao econmica na
Argentina deveria ter sido evitada (should have been averted).
Observe que as palavras avoid e averted so sinnimos.
c) Argentinas economy grew by a quarter in 2001-02.
A opoC est incorreta. As palavras-chave aqui so quartere
2001-02. Vamos procur-las no texto:
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Since its collapse in 2001-02, Argentinas economy hasgrown by a quarter.
A alternativa afirma que a economia da Argentina cresceu (grew)
(quarter) em 2001-02. Agora veja que o texto fala em collapse in
2001-02 (colapso em 2001-02). No pode haver crescimento no
colapso, no mesmo? O texto diz que desde (since) o colapso em
2001-02, a economia argentina cresceu .
d) Argentina should be able to grow by a quarter.
A opoD est incorreta. Como vimos na alternativa anterior, o
texto no diz que a Argentina deveria ser capaz (should be able to
grow) de crescer .
e) Argentinas public debt remains untouched.
A opoE est incorreta. No texto, a palavra-chave public debt
est na frase: () and thepublic debthas been restructured() .
A alternativa afirma que a dvida publica continua (remains) intocada
(untouched). J no texto temos que a dvida pblica foi reestruturada
(restructured).
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
exports: exportao
sparked: inflamar
devaluation: desvalorizao
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ignited: inflamarrecovery: recuperao
should have been: deveria ter sido/estado
averte: evitar
avoid: evitar
hard : difcil
collapse: colapso
grow: crescergrew: passado de grow, cresceu
quarter:
should be able to: deveria ter sido capaz
public debt: dvida pblica
remain: continuar
untouched: intocado
restructured: restruturado
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra A.
Time to Toss the TextbookSource: Newsweek
July 4th 2005 (Adapted)
Do we know how much the world economy affects the
United States and vice versa?
Economics textbooks once described the U.S.
economy as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other;
Americans savings were invested mostly in American investments(stocks, bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has
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shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition ordepend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports
together totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004,
they were 25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also
gone global. In 2003, Americans mainly through pension funds,
banks and other big investors owned $3.1 trillion of foreign
stocks and bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion
of U.S. securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note:
the $4.1 trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S.
economy.
4. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The U.S. economy
a) could have been modified.
b) has hardly been affected at all.c) remains self-contained despite globalization.
d) has been altered by global trends.
e) should have restrained globalization.
Comentrios:
A questo trata da economia dos EUA (U.S. economy). Observe
que as alternativas trazem os verbos modified, affected ealtered. No
texto, a frase para responder a questo a ltima, veja:
All these factors modifythe U.S. economy.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
could have been: poderia ter sido/tido
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modified: modificouhardly: dificilmente
affected: afetou
remains: continua
self-contained: fechada
despite: apesar
globalization: globalizao
altered: alterouglobal trends: fatores globais
should have restrained: deveria ter contido
factors:fatores
a) could have been modified.
A opoA est incorreta. A economia dos EUA foi modificada por
todos os fatores citados no texto (All these factors modify the U.S.
economy). Diferentemente, a alternativa afirma que a economia
poderia ter sido modificada.
b) has hardlybeen affectedat all.
A opoB est incorreta. Enquanto o texto afirma que a economia
mudou com a globalizao, esta alternativa diz que dificilmente
(hardly) foi afetada (affected).
c) remains self-containeddespiteglobalization.
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A opo C est incorreta. Aqui aparece a palavra self-contained, que no texto aparece em Economics textbooks once
describedthe U.S. economy as mainlyself-contained. Enquanto a
alternativa diz que a economia continua (remains) fechada (self-
contained) apesar da globalizao, o texto diz que os livros de
economia (economics textbooks) j descreveram (once described)
a economia assim. A economia dos EUA no fechada.
IMPORTANTE
PALAVRAS CONECTIVAS DE CONTRASTE
While Enquanto (que)
Whereas Ao passo que
By contrast J
But mas...
However, entretanto, ...
.. Though... no entanto
todavia,
Porm,
Contudo...
Even so Mesmo assim
Nevertheless Ainda assim
Still
In spite of No obstante
Despite Apesar de (disso)
Although Embora
Even though ... Ainda que
Unlike Ao contrrio de
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d) economists overconfidence in relation to the global markets.e) a set of policies which fully explains spending patterns.
Comentrios:
Considerando que o enunciado da questo no nos ajuda em
nada, ser preciso ver alternativa por alternativa:
a) the lack of economic changesover the last decades.
A opo A est incorreta. A expresso lack of economic
changes (falta, ausncia de mudanas econmicas) o erro da
questo. O texto trata das mudanas da economia dos EUA. Veja a
ltima frase do texto: All these factors modifythe U.S. economy.
b) an increasingly interdependentglobal economy.A opoB est correta. O ttulo do texto est de acordo com o
que afirma esta alternativa: economia global crescentemente
(increasingly) interdependente. Veja o ttulo: ()world economy
affects the United States and vice versa (). A economia mundial
afeta os EUA e vice e versa. Isso interdependncia.
c) ways of understanding and preventing recessions.A opoC est incorreta. O texto trata de globalizao, no fala
em preveno de recesso (preventing recessions).
d) economists overconfidence in relation to the global
markets.
A opo D est incorreta. O texto no trata de confiana
excessiva (overconfidence) de economistas.
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e) a set of policieswhich fully explains spending patterns.
A opoE est incorreta. O texto fala de globalizao como um
todo, no trata de conjunto de polticas (set of policies) que
expliquem (explains) completamente (fully) padres de gasto
(spending patterns).
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
lack: falta, ausncia
economic changes: mudanas econmicas
over the last decades: nas ltimas dcadas
increasingly: crescentemente
interdependent : interdependncia
global economy: economia globalways of: maneiras de
understanding: entender, entendimento
preventing: prevenir, preveno
recessions: recesses
overconfidence: excesso de confiana
global markets: mercado global
a set of policies: um conjunto de polticasfully explains: explica completamente
spending patterns: padres de despesas/gastos
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra B.
Source: http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/12/brazil-etf-emerging-intelligentinvesting- markets.html
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Buy Into BrazilDavid Serchuk [Forbes Magazine]
Theres a lot to like about South Americas biggest
economy. Hosting the Olympics and World Cup doesnt hurt
either.
Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense
considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled
President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016
Olympics. It has also benefited by being the B part of the BRIC
group of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China.
Its an emerging power that some investors have just learned
about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time.
From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and
its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in
the world. It has large and well-developed agricultural, mining,
manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than
all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding
its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the worlds
playing fields.
There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its
potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita
wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average
and noted powerhouse Serbia. Brazils richest 10% reaps 43% of
its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazils bottom 10%
earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our
industry observers are ready to buy.
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6. (ESAF/ MPOG/2010) Calling Brazil the B part of the BRIC
group of emerging nations [paragraph 1 line 4], indicates that
a) compared to Russia, India and China, Brazils growth is second-rate.
b) the acronym BRIC contains an explicit reference to Brazil.
c) Brazils economy is till only grade B for investors.
d) Brazil lags behind the A-rated industrialized countries.
e) emerging nations are now only slightly behind developed countries.
Comentrios:
Tomando como ponto de partida o enunciado da questo e suas
palavras-chave, vejamos o que diz a linha 4 do texto. (Voc j deve ter
observado que na provas da ESAF muito comum o enunciado j
indicar a linha onde o candidato encontrar a resposta, neste caso[paragraph 1 line 4]).
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
calling: chamar
Brazil : Brasil
the B part : a parte B
BRICgroup: grupo BRIC
emerging nations: naes emergentes
A linha 4 diz:
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the BRIC groupof emerging nations, in addition to Russia, Indiaand China.
Observe que, de acordo com o enunciado, a questo quer saber o que
indica chamar o Brasil de parte B do grupo BRIC.
Veja a opo b:
b) the acronymBRIC containsan explicit referenceto Brazil.
Veja que no precisava saber ingls para acertar a questo. Nos
quadros do vocabulrio-chave, quase todas as palavras so parecidas
com as nossas em portugus. Isso muitas vezes acontece. Existem sim
os falsos cognatos, aquelas palavras que na escrita se assemelham ao
portugus, mas que tm significados diferentes. Contudo, importante
lembrar que forte a presena de vocbulos de origem latina no ingls,
sendo que a porcentagem de ocorrncia dessas palavras como falsos
cognatos em relao ao portugus insignificante - menos de 0,1%.
Portanto, no se preocupe com qualquer probabilidade de erro ao
interpretar palavras do ingls parecidas com palavras do portugus. No
decorrer das nossas aulas sempre destacarei os falsos cognatos que por
ventura aparecerem.
acronym: acrnimo, sigla
contains: contm
explicit: explcita
reference: referncia
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Quanto questo, se a Banca queria saber o significado de B nasigla BRIC voc s precisava identificar na linha 4 os pases citados (
Rssia, ndia e China) para confirmar que o B=Brasil.
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra B.
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7.(ESAF/ MPOG/2010) The writers attitude to investment in Brazilis
a) out and out enthusiasm for the countrys prospects.
b) reluctant dismissal of Brazils potential.
c) encouragement with minor reservations.
d) unmitigated acclaim for the worlds 10th largest economy.
e) deliberate analysis of various pitfalls for investors.
Comentrios
A questo pede o posicionamento/atitude (attitude) do
autor acerca do investimento (investment) no Brasil. Vamos procurar
no texto, mas partindo das alternativas de respostas. Uma questo
bastante trabalhosa, mas com um vocabulrio-chave importantssimo.
a) out and outenthusiasm for the countrys prospects.A opoA est incorreta. Aqui temos a expresso out and out
enthusiasm(completo entusiasmo). Para verificar se a alternativa est
correta necessrio buscar no texto algo negativo quanto ao
investimento. Observe os pargrafos a seguir e as palavras em
destaque:
2. From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade
surpluses, and its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is
the 10th largestin the world. It has large andwell-developed
agricultural, mining, manufacturing and service sectors, and its
economy is bigger than all other nations in South America
combined. Brazil is expandingits presence in world markets and,
as we have seen, the worlds playing fields.
3. There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil.Despiteits potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that
itsper capita wealth is 102ndin the world, slightly behind the
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global average and noted powerhouse Serbia. Brazils richest 10%reaps 43% of its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazils
bottom 10% earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like
here, and our industry observers are ready to buy.
Das palavras em destaque, observamos que o pargrafo 2 trata
de aspectos positivos: record trade surpluses, Gross domestic
product 10th largest, large, well-developed, bigger, expanding.
No pargrafo 3 temos: drawbacks, despite potent GDP,
ineguality, per capita wealth is 102nd, minuscule.
Se o autor descreve os pontos positivos e negativos do
investimento, o entusiasmo no pode ser considerado completo (out
and out). Logo, o item est errado.
b) reluctant dismissalof Brazils potential.
A opo B est incorreta. A alternativa diz que o autor tem
resistente recusa (reluctant dismissal) ao pontencial brasileiro. Como
vimos na explicao da alternativa anterior, o autor no nega o
potencial brasileiro. Veja a ltima frase do pargrafo 1:
Its an emerging power that some investors have just learned
about, thoughthepros have been hipto it for some time.
O autor reconhece que o Brasil um poder emergente (emerging
power) que alguns investidores acabaram de descobrir (have just
learned), mas que os profissionais (pros) j aplaudem h algum
tempo.
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c) encouragementwith minor reservations.
A opo C est correta. O autor posiciona-se no texto com
encorajamento e restries. Como vimos, o pargrafo 2 traa os pontos
positivos do Brasil e o 3 os negativos.
d) unmitigated acclaimfor the worlds 10th largest economy.A opoD est incorreta. Esta opo afirma que o posicionamento
do autor quanto aos investimentos no Brasil por aclamao (acclaim)
sem atenuantes (unmitigated). O pargrafo 3 traz os pontos negativos
que atenua o encorajamento dos investidores.
e) deliberate analysisof various pitfalls for investors.
A opoE est incorreta. A afirmativa diz que o posicionamento
do autor quanto aos investimentos no Brasil por anlise deliberada de
vrios perigos ou armadilhas (pitfalls) para investidores. Como vimos o
texto trata dos pontos positivos e negativos do pas para os
investidores.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
attitude: posicionamento, atitude
investment: investimento
out and out: completo
enthusiasm: entusiasmo
prospects: perspectiva
reluctant dismissal:resistente recusa
encouragement: encorajamento
minor: menor, inferior, secundrio
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reservations: restriesunmitigated: sem atenuantes
acclaim: aclamao
deliberate analysis : analise deliberada
pitfalls: perigos, armadilhas
record trade surpluses: supervit commercial recorde
gross domestic product: produto nacional bruto
largest: maior (superlative de large)well-developed: bem deselvolvido
bigger: maior (comparative de big)
expanding: desenvolvimento
drawbacks: desvantagens, prejuzos
despite: apesar de
GDP: gross domestic product: produto nacional bruto
ineguality: desigualdade
per capita wealth: renda per capita
minuscule: minsculo
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra C.
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Reason with him
Source: www.newsweek.com
22nd Sep, 2009 (Adapted)
Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil wasregarded as an underachiever, and the last among the
BRIC nations. Now Brazil is considered a star among
emerging countries. Whats happened?
Lula: No one respects anyone who doesnt respect themselves.
And Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always
told ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never
transformed these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalized
world you cannot sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your
country. So we decided to make strengthening Mercosul (the
South American trading bloc) a priority, and deepened our
relations with Latin America in general. We prioritized trade with
Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively. Our trade
balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of
the economic crisis.
Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating the
economic crisis changed investorsviews?
Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market.
We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of
the sales tax and asked the companies to offer consumers credit
on affordable items. Its the same case with refrigerators, stoves,
washing machines, and with computers and the housing
construction.
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A opoA est incorreta. No texto a palavra domestic marketest na frase: We had a strong domestic market. Observe que as
duas frases esto no passado. Enquanto a alternativa diz que o
mercado domstico brasileiro era frgil (frail), o presidente na sua
resposta afirma que ns tnhamos um mercado domstico forte
(strong).
b) a miracle did comeabout in Brazil.A opoB est incorreta. No texto a palavra miracle aparece
na frase: There was no miracle. A alternativa no est negando,
afirma que
aconteceu um milagre (miracle did come). O texto nega o milagre (no
miracle).
DID PARA DAR NFASE
A miracle did comeabout in Brazil = A miracle cameabout in Brazil.
DID verbo auxiliar, usado em negativas e interrogativas no passado.
Dida miracle come in Brazil?
A miracle didnt come in Brazil.
Mas nesse caso, est sendo utilizado para dar nfase e tambm indicar
que a frase est no passado.
c) crediton affordable itemswas halved.
A opoC est incorreta. No texto as palavras-chave esto nafrase:
Exemplos
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() askedthe companiesto offer consumerscrediton affordableitems. O presidente afirmou em sua resposta pergunta 2 que pediu
(asked) s empresas para oferecer aos consumidores crdito para os
itens disponveis (affordable items). J a alternativa diz que o crdito
para itens disponveis (affordable items) foi reduzido metade
(halved).
d) part of the sales taxwas lowered.A opo D est correta. No texto o presidente diz ()We
reduced part of the sales tax() , logo, imposto foi reduzido
(reduced). Na alternativa tambm est dito isso, lowered sinnimo
de reduced.
IMPORTANTE
FALSO COGNATO EM ECONOMIA
TAX: IMPOSTO
RATE: TAXA (TAXA DE JUROS: INTEREST RATE)
e) consumers were not willing to spend.
A opoE est incorreta. O texto diz We had a strong domestic
market. We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. J a
alternativa afirma que consumidores no estavam querendo (were not
willing) gastar (spend).
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
domestic market: mercado domstico
frail: frgil
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miracle: milagrescome about: acontecer
credit: crdito
affordable items: itens disponveis
halved: reduzido metade
sales tax: impostos sobre vendas
was lowered: foi reduzido
consumers: consumidoreswere: eram, estavam
willing: almejando, desejando
spend: gastar
PASSADO DO VERBO BE (SER, ESTAR)
I was
He
She was
It
You
We were
They
I wasnt
He
She wasnt
It
You
We werent
They
Was I ?
He ..?
Was She.?
It ?
You ?
Were We .?
They?
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.
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9. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 3, Brazilspresident
a) emphasizes the role played by the private sector.
b) criticizes initiatives derived from private ownership.
c) sees the private sector as an inducer of growth.
d) affirms the significance of the state.
e) disregards duties attributed to the state.
Comentrios:
O enunciado da questo nos remete resposta do presidente
pergunta 3 do texto, que foi a seguinte:
The great lesson is that thestatehas an importantroleto play, and
has great responsibility. We dont want the state to manage
business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work in harmony
with society.
Tendo em mente as palavras state, importante responsibility,
vamos partir para a anlise de cada dissertativa:
a) emphasizesthe role played by the private sector.
A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa fala que o presidente
enfatiza o setor privado (emphasizes the private sector). Nas
palavras-chave do texto temos importncia (important) e
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responsabilidade (responsability) do Estado (state) e no do setorprivado.
b) criticizes initiatives derivedfrom private ownership.
A opo B est incorreta. O presidente no critica iniciativasprivadas (initiatives derived fromprivate), como vimos ele enfatiza
a responsabilidade e importncia do Estado.
c) sees the private sectoras an inducerof growth.
A opoC est incorreta. Aqui novamente a banca fala de setor
privado (private sector) como indutor do crescimento (inducer of
growth).
d) affirmsthe significance of the state.
A opoD est correta. A alternativa diz que o presidente afirma
(affirms) a significncia (significance) do Estado. Isso mesmo!
e) disregards duties attributed to the state.
A opo E est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que o presidente
despreza (disregards) as responsabilidades (duties) do Estado.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
State: Estado
important: importante
responsibility: responsabilidade
emphasize: enfatizar
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private sector: setor privadocriticize: criticar
initiatives: iniciativas
derived: derivado
private ownership: propriedade privada
inducer: indutor
growth: crescimento
affirms: afirmasignificance: significncia
disregard: desprezar
duties: obrigaes
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.
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10. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 3, Brazilspresident
a) emphasizes the role played by the private sector.
b) criticizes initiatives derived from private ownership.
c) sees the private sector as an inducer of growth.
d) affirms the significance of the state.
e) disregards duties attributed to the state.
Comentrios:
O enunciado da questo nos remete resposta do presidente
pergunta 3 do texto, que foi a seguinte:
The great lesson is that thestatehas an importantroleto play, and
has great responsibility. We dont want the state to manage
business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work in harmony
with society.
Tendo em mente as palavras state, importante responsibility,
vamos partir para a anlise de cada dissertativa:
a) emphasizesthe role played by the private sector.
A opo A est incorreta. A alternativa fala que o presidente
enfatiza o setor privado (emphasizes the private sector). Nas
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palavras-chave do texto temos importncia (important) eresponsabilidade (responsability) do Estado (state) e no do setor
privado.
b) criticizes initiatives derivedfrom private ownership.
A opo B est incorreta. O presidente no critica iniciativasprivadas (initiatives derived fromprivate), como vimos ele enfatiza
a responsabilidade e importncia do Estado.
c) sees the private sectoras an inducerof growth.
A opoC est incorreta. Aqui novamente a banca fala de setor
privado (private sector) como indutor do crescimento (inducer of
growth).
d) affirmsthe significance of the state.
A opoD est correta. A alternativa diz que o presidente afirma
(affirms) a significncia (significance) do Estado. Isso mesmo!
e) disregards duties attributed to the state.
A opo E est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que o presidente
despreza (disregards) as responsabilidades (duties) do Estado.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE
State: Estado
important: importante
responsibility: responsabilidade
emphasize: enfatizar
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private sector: setor privadocriticize: criticar
initiatives: iniciativas
derived: derivado
private ownership: propriedade privada
inducer: indutor
growth: crescimento
affirms: afirmasignificance: significncia
disregard: desprezar
duties: obrigaes
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra D.
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Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu
2009 Edition (Adapted)
1. This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the
European Union appears at a time of upheaval. The effects of the
global economic and financial crisis have hit the European Union
(EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given
that the last year for which detailed data are available is 2007,
this years report cannot yet analyze the consequences of the
recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, the report takes stock of
the tax policy measures taken by EU governments in response to
the crisis up to spring 2009.
2. The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax
area. In 2007, the overall tax ratio, i.e. the sum of taxes andsocial security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to
39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above
those recorded in the United States and Japan.
3. The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back
essentially to the last third of the 20th century. In those years,
the role of the public sector became more extensive, leading to a
strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesserextent also in the 1980s and early 1990s.
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b) may still hitthe European Union.A opo B est incorreta. A frase do texto deixa claro que os
efeitos da crise (The effects of the global economic and financial
crisis) atingiram (have hit) a UE. A frase est no passado. J a
alternativa, no futuro: a crise ainda poder (may still) atingir a UE.
Lembrem que may, might e could so verbos com idia de
possibilidade, probabilidade.
c) has caused tax reductionsin the EU.
A opoC est incorreta. O texto no diz que a crise causou
reduo de impostos (tax reductions).
d) couldhave affected the EU.
A opoD est incorreta. A alternativa afirma que a crise poderia
ter afetado (could have affected) a UE. Como vimos, o texto diz o
contrrio.
e) might bring aboutgrowth in the EU.
A opoE est incorreta. No faz sentido afirmar que a crise
poder levar crescimento Unio Europia e o texto no diz isso.
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra A.
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12. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In relation to the EUs overall tax ratio, it
a) must hit 39.8% of GDP.
b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP.
c) is soon to be defined.
d) exceeds half the GDP.
e) equals to 39.8% of GDP.
Comentrios:
Esta questo foi anulada, mas importante que vejamos as
razes e o vocabulrio importante.
VOCABULRIO-CHAVE
overall tax ratio: carga tributria global
tax: imposto
ratio: alquota, taxa
must: dever
hit: alcanar, atingir
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)
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reach: alcanarsoon: logo
defined: definido.
exceed: exceder
half: metade
equal: igualar
amount: equivaler, corresponder, somar
No texto, encontramos a comparao entre a carga tributria
global da Unio Europia e o PIB (GDP) na frase:
In 2007,the overall tax ratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and social
security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to
39.8% of GDP.
O texto afirma que em 2007, a carga tributria global equivalia
(amouted) a 39,8% do PIB, certo? Agora vejamos as alternativas:
a) must hit 39.8%of GDP. (deve alcanar 39,8% do PIB)
b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP. ( provvel que alcance
39,8%)
c) is soon to be defined. (logo ser definida)
d) exceeds halfthe GDP. (ultrapassa metade do PIB)
e) equals to 39.8% of GDP. (equivale a 39,8% do PIB)
O gabarito preliminar considerou como resposta a letra E, ocorre
que o texto fala que a carga tributria global equivalia (amouted) a
39,8% do PIB em 2007. Isso passado. O enunciado da questo no
faz remisso a 2007, apenas diz: Em reao carga tributria global da
EU, ........e as alternativas esto todas no presente ou no futuro.
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Logo, questo ANULADA.
13. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) According to paragraph 3, the role played
by the public sector
a) widened.
b) lessened.
c) diminished.
d) faded.
e) decreased.
Comentrios:
A questo quer saber como era a atuao, o papel desempenhado
(role played) pelo setor pblico (public sector). Mesmo que voc no
soubesse o significado de role played, voc saberia o significado de
public sectore poderia acertar a questo. Vejamos o que o texto diz:
In those years, the role of the public sector became more
extensive, leading to a strong upward trend in the tax ratio in
the 1970s, and to a lesser extent also in the 1980s and early
1990s.
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O papel do setor pblico se tornou (became) mais extensivo
(extensive). Analisando as alternativas de resposta, apenas uma delas
tm significado positivo.
a) widened. (alargou) +
b) lessened. (diminuiu) -
c) diminished. (diminuiu) -d) faded. (enfraqueceu) -
e) decreased. (diminuiu) -
VOCABULRIO-CHAVE
role played: papel desempenhado, atuao
public sector: setor publico
widened: alargou
lessened: diminuiu
diminished: diminuiu
faded: enfraqueceu
decreased: diminuiu
extensive: extensivo, extenso
Logo, a resposta para esta questo a letra A.
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REVISO DO VOCABULRIO-CHAVE DE ECONOMIA E FINANAS
A partir deste momento vamos revisar a aula por meio do quadro
do vocabulrio-chave.
PALAVRAS-CHAVE DE ECONOMIA E FINANAS
recovery:recuperaoeconomic recovery: recuperao econmica
budget deficits: dficits oramentrios
surpluses: supervit
deepened: aprofundou
exports: exportao
sparked: inflamar
devaluation: desvalorizaoignited: inflamar
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collapse: colapsogrow: crescer
grew: passado de grow, cresceu
quarter:
public debt: dvida pblica
restructured: restruturado
modified: modificou
affected: afetouremains: continua
self-contained: fechada
globalization: globalizao
altered: alterou
global trends: fatores globais
restrained: contido
factors:fatores
lack: falta, ausncia
economic changes: mudanas econmicas
increasingly: crescentemente
interdependent : interdependncia
global economy: economia global
recessions: recesses
overconfidence: excesso de confiana
global markets: mercado global
a set of policies: um conjunto de polticas
spending patterns: padres de despesas/gastos/demanda
BRICgroup: grupo BRIC
emerging nations: naes emergentes
investment: investimento
prospects: perspectiva
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pitfalls: perigos, armadilhasrecord trade surpluses: supervit commercial recorde
gross domestic product: produto nacional bruto
well-developed: bem deselvolvido
expanding: desenvolvimento
drawbacks: desvantagens, prejuzos
ineguality: desigualdade
per capita wealth: renda per capitadomestic market: mercado domstico
miracle: milagres
credit: crdito
affordable items: itens disponveis
halved: reduzido metade
sales tax: impostos sobre vendas
was lowered: foi reduzido
consumers: consumidores
willing: almejando, desejando
spend: gastar
State: Estado
private sector: setor privado
criticize: criticar
initiatives: iniciativas
derived: derivado
private ownership: propriedade privada
inducer: indutor
growth: crescimento
duties: obrigaes
global economic and financial crisis: crise financeira e econmica
global
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impacted: impactouhit: atingiu, atingir
caused: causou
tax reductions: reduces de impostos
affected: afetou
bring about: levar no sentido de causar
growth: crescimento
overall tax ratio: carga tributria globaltax: imposto
ratio: alquota, taxa
GDP (Gross Domestic Product): PIB (Produto Interno Bruto)
reach: alcanar
exceed: exceder
half: metade
equal: igualar
amount: equivaler, corresponder, somar
public sector: setor publico
widened: alargou
lessened: diminuiu
diminished: diminuiu
faded: enfraqueceu
decreased: diminuiu
extensive: extensivo, extenso
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QUESTES DA AULA
Another country
Source: www.economist.com
Jul 21st 2005 (Adapted)
No matter where one goes in Argentina these days,
evidence of the countrys remarkable economic recovery is hard to
avoid. Since its collapse in 2001-02, Argentinas economy has
grown by a quarter. According to government estimates, it has
finally surpassed its previous peak of May 1998. In another sign
that the worst is over, on July 18th the government issued dollar
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bonds for the first time since its massive debt default in 2001.But while the economy may have recovered its former
size, it is different in many ways. Some of the imbalances of the
1990s have been fixed: budget deficits have turned into
surpluses; devaluation has ignited exports; and the public debt
has been restructured.
1. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The author refers to Argentinas recovery as
a) likely to happen.
b) already taking place.
c) on the verge of beginning.
d) unlikely to occur.
e) being severely criticized.
2. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) In relation to Argentinas budget deficits, the
text states that they
a) may change into surpluses.
b) ought to be looked into.
c) have been dealt with.
d) must become surpluses.
e) have been deepened.
3. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) According to the text,
a) Argentinas exports have been sparked.
b) Argentinas economic recovery should have been averted.
c) Argentinas economy grew by a quarter in 2001-02.
d) Argentina should be able to grow by a quarter.e) Argentinas public debt remains untouched.
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Time to Toss the TextbookSource: Newsweek
July 4th 2005 (Adapted)
Do we know how much the world economy affects theUnited States and vice versa?
Economics textbooks once described the U.S. economy
as mainly self-contained. Americans sold to each other;
Americans savings were invested mostly in American investments
(stocks, bonds, bank deposits). Trade was small. Globalization has
shattered this model. More industries face foreign competition or
depend on foreign markets. In 1960, exports and imports together
totaled 9.5 percent of gross domestic product; in 2004, they were
25 percent of GDP. Savings and investments have also gone
global. In 2003, Americans mainly through pension funds, banks
and other big investors owned $3.1 trillion of foreign stocks and
bonds, while foreigners owned more than $4.1 trillion of U.S.
securities, says the International Monetary Fund. (Note: the $4.1
trillion excluded China.) All these factors modify the U.S.
economy.
4. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The U.S. economy
a) could have been modified.
b) has hardly been affected at all.c) remains self-contained despite globalization.
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d) has been altered by global trends.e) should have restrained globalization.
5. (ESAF/ MPOG/2005) The text refers to
a) the lack of economic changes over the last decades.
b) an increasingly interdependent global economy.
c) ways of understanding and preventing recessions.
d) economists overconfidence in relation to the global markets.
e) a set of policies which fully explains spending patterns.
Source: http://www.forbes.com/2009/10/12/brazil-etf-emerging-intelligentinvesting- markets.html
Buy Into Brazil
David Serchuk [Forbes Magazine]
Theres a lot to like about South Americas biggest
economy. Hosting the Olympics and World Cup doesnt hurt
either.
Suddenly everyone is talking about Brazil. This makes sense
considering that the colossus of South America out-hustled
President Obama and his hometown of Chicago to land the 2016
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Olympics. It has also benefited by being the B part of the BRICgroup of emerging nations, in addition to Russia, India and China.
Its an emerging power that some investors have just learned
about, though the pros have been hip to it for some time.
From 2003 through 2007, Brazil ran record trade surpluses, and
its gross domestic product, at $1.99 trillion, is the 10th largest in
the world. It has large and well-developed agricultural, mining,
manufacturing and service sectors, and its economy is bigger than
all other nations in South America combined. Brazil is expanding
its presence in world markets and, as we have seen, the worlds
playing fields.
There are also some significant drawbacks to Brazil. Despite its
potent GDP, rampant income inequality means that its per capita
wealth is 102nd in the world, slightly behind the global average
and noted powerhouse Serbia. Brazils richest 10% reaps 43% of
its wealth; in the U.S. that number is 30%. Brazils bottom 10%
earns a minuscule 1.1%. Still, there is a lot to like here, and our
industry observers are ready to buy.
6. (ESAF/ MPOG/2010) Calling Brazil the B part of the BRIC
group of emerging nations [paragraph 1 line 4], indicates that
a) compared to Russia, India and China, Brazils growth is second-rate.
b) the acronym BRIC contains an explicit reference to Brazil.
c) Brazils economy is till only grade B for investors.
d) Brazil lags behind the A-rated industrialized countries.
e) emerging nations are now only slightly behind developed countries.
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7.(ESAF/ MPOG/2010) The writers attitude to investment in Brazil isa) out and out enthusiasm for the countrys prospects.
b) reluctant dismissal of Brazils potential.
c) encouragement with minor reservations.
d) unmitigated acclaim for the worlds 10th largest economy.
e) deliberate analysis of various pitfalls for investors.
Reason with him
Source: www.newsweek.com
22nd Sep, 2009 (Adapted)
Question (Q) 1: Margolis: When you took office, Brazil was
regarded as an underachiever, and the last among the BRIC
nations. Now Brazil is considered a star among emerging
countries. Whats happened?
Lula: No one respects anyone who doesnt respect themselves.
And Brazil always behaved like a second-class country. We always
told ourselves we were the country of the future. But we never
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transformed these qualities into anything concrete. In a globalizedworld you cannot sit still. You have to hit the road and sell your
country. So we decided to make strengthening Mercosul (the
South American trading bloc) a priority, and deepened our
relations with Latin America in general. We prioritized trade with
Africa and went into the Middle East aggressively. Our trade
balance today is diversified. This helped us cushion the blow of the
economic crisis.
Q2: Margolis: Has Brazils success in navigating the
economic crisis changed investorsviews?
Lula: There was no miracle. We had a strong domestic market.
We had consumers who wanted to buy cars. We reduced part of
the sales tax and asked the companies to offer consumers credit
on affordable items. Its the same case with refrigerators, stoves,
washing machines, and with computers and the housing
construction.
Q3: Margolis: What are the lessons for other countries?
Lula: The great lesson is that the state has an important role to
play, and has great responsibility. We dont want the state to
manage business. But it can be an inducer of growth and can work
in harmony with society.
8. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 2, Luiz Incio Lulada Silva says that
a) the Brazilian domestic market was frail.b) a miracle did come about in Brazil.
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c) credit on affordable items was halved.d) part of the sales tax was lowered.
e) consumers were not willing to spend.
9. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 3, Brazilspresident
a) emphasizes the role played by the private sector.
b) criticizes initiatives derived from private ownership.
c) sees the private sector as an inducer of growth.
d) affirms the significance of the state.
e) disregards duties attributed to the state.
10. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In his answer to question 3, Brazilspresident
a) emphasizes the role played by the private sector.
b) criticizes initiatives derived from private ownership.
c) sees the private sector as an inducer of growth.
d) affirms the significance of the state.
e) disregards duties attributed to the state.
Taxation Trends in the European UnionSource: www.ec.europa.eu
2009 Edition (Adapted)
1. This years edition of the Taxation Trends in the
European Union appears at a time of upheaval. The effects of the
global economic and financial crisis have hit the European Union
(EU) with increasing force from the second half of 2008. Given
that the last year for which detailed data are available is 2007,this years report cannot yet analyze the consequences of the
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recession on tax revenues. Nevertheless, the report takes stock ofthe tax policy measures taken by EU governments in response to
the crisis up to spring 2009.
2. The European Union is, taken as a whole, a high tax
area. In 2007, the overall tax ratio, i.e. the sum of taxes and
social security contributions in the 27 Member States amounted to
39.8% of GDP. This value is about 12 percentage points above
those recorded in the United States and Japan.
3. The high EU overall tax ratio is not new, dating back
essentially to the last third of the 20th century. In those years,
the role of the public sector became more extensive, leading to a
strong upward trend in the tax ratio in the 1970s, and to a lesser
extent also in the 1980s and early 1990s.
11. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) According to paragraph 1, the global
economic and financial crisis
a) has impacted on the EU.
b) may still hit the European Union.
c) has caused tax reductions in the EU.
d) could have affected the EU.
e) might bring about growth in the EU.
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12. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) In relation to the EUs overall tax ratio, ita) must hit 39.8% of GDP.
b) is likely to reach 39.8% of GDP.
c) is soon to be defined.
d) exceeds half the GDP.
e) equals to 39.8% of GDP.
13. (ESAF/ AFRFB/2009) According to paragraph 3, the role played
by the public sector
a) widened.
b) lessened.
c) diminished.
d) faded.
e) decreased.
GABARITO
1-B 2-C 3-A 4-D 5-B
6-B 7-C 8-D 9-D 10-D
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11-A 12-X 13-A
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