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I sx``ki bi Odlsikmfi b` N`p `l Liof`fxi b`Oilhxi

Ufsri bd _`lfkxfd `l Ihxfa b` 960?

kj`ad Ipjpsrd bi _faui Sfkmd

Npkmd 8399

7/31/2019 A presena da Companhia de Jesus em Macieira de Cambra

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I ibxd`fxi bd _`lfkxfd

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Fkrxdbpd

Id x`iaf~ix `sr` rxihiamd `xi kdssd xdsfrd odkm`o`xlds i ufbi fkr`xki b` pliFksrfrpfd yp` `sr`u` `krx` ks b` 96?0 i 960=! bpxikr` ufkr` ` rxs ikds+

Fjpial`kr`! xdopxixlds odkm`o`x is spis x`ai`s odl i odlpkfbib` adoia ` b` yp`ldbd `sri fkeap`kofdp i ufbi sdofia ` oparpxia bi l`sli+

B`s`kudau`kbd i spi iorfufbib` kd lhfrd bi edxlid x`afjfdsi! s`l bufbi yp` ixilpfrds bds yp` edxil s`ps iapkds! rfu`xil iypf pli ddxrpkfbib` b` edxlid ` b`ix`kbf~ij`l+ Sdxu`krpxi! ixi lpfrds! x`x`s`krdp pli epji edl`! dhx`~i+ Sixidprxds! pli ddxrpkfbib` b` ufbi+ Ds r`lds `xil bfeo`fs d ikiaeih`rfsld bdlfkiui iufbi bis `ssdis+

_ihilds bi spi fldxrkofi ` odld fksrfrpfd b` `ksfkd! xddsfribil`kr`! kd edfihdxbibi kd rxihiamd ikr`xfdx sdhx` D @ksfkd `l Uia` b` Oilhxi+

Ef~`ld,ad ijdxi lis odl jxikb` bfefopabib` dxyp` is fkedxli`s ` bdopl`krid`}fsr`kr` soissi dp xirfoil`kr` k`kmpli+

Rfu` b` x`odxx`x hdi,udkrib` b` iajpks n`spris! `siamibds `ad Sis yp` `srfu`xildx o! odld xde`ssdx`s! bfx`ordx s dp iapkds+

D dkrd b` ixrfbi edf i dhxi D Ildx Apsibi `l Eadxh`ai @sikoi! phafoibi `aiOlixi Lpkfofia b` Uia` b` Oilhxi! `l 966:! b` iprdxfi b` Ikrkfd Ex`fx` _+N+

Ifkbi d odkm`of `l ufbi dxyp` x`ixilds npkrds i phafoid bi ofribi dhxi+Fke`af~l`kr` d S`+ Ikrkfd Ex`fx` eia`o`p s`l u`x i spi dhxi phafoibi+

@p sihfi yp` `a` rfkmi sfbd iapkd bi @sodai Idsrafoi ` lifs rixb` xde`ssdx! `krx`

dprxds adoifs! kd _`lfkxfd Idsrafod b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi! ` rfu` i ddxrpkfbib` b`odkm`o`x iajpks dxl`kdx`s b`sri oisi+

Fke`af~l`kr`! ypikbd iajpl ikbi kis b`sodh`xris b` edkr`s yp` kds inpb`l i odksrxpfxi mfsrxfi bis dpai`s dp fksrfrpf`s! db`l spxjfx dhsropads i spi odkox`rf~idyp` rdxkil fldssu`a d s`p io`ssd ` kpkoi sih`lds d yp` uilds b`sodhxfx+

Dxi! b`sodhxflds iajplis fkedxli`s fldxrikr`s yp` rdxkixil `sr` rxihiamd dssu`alis dprxis efoixil sfla`sl`kr` `ad odkm`ofl`krd bi spi `}fsrkofi+ Kd edf dssu`aodkspar,ais ir id ldl`krd+ Kd `krikrd! `ksilds ei~,ad adjd yp` dssu`a!ijpixbilds pli fkbfoid bd S`+ Oixads Uisodko`ads! x`sdksu`a `ad ixypfud+oplx`,kds ijxib`o`x b`sb` n i spi bfsdkfhfafbib` ` iajplis x`e`xkofis yp` kds

edxil bibis+Oplx`,kds rilhl ijxib`o`x b` pli edxli ixrfopaix! id S`+ Nds Lixfi I~`x`bd _+N+

`ais odku`xsis yp` likrfu`lds! id S`+ M`frdx Ldxifs _faui _+N+ `ais phafoi`s`kufibis -D Idsrdafkmd& ` rilhl id S`+ Exikofsod Odxx`fi _+N+ `ais kdris yp` kds

xddxofdkdp+

@sr` ! dfs! k`sr` ldl`krd! d rxihiamd dssu`a+

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kbfo`

I x`s`ki bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps `l Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9

Fkrxdbpd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?

Mfsrxfi bi @sodai Idsrafoi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++0

D _`lfkxfd Idsrafod , dhn`orfuds! efks ` l`fds +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++92

Dhn`orfuds efks +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++92

L`fds b` sdhx`ufukofi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++9:

D Bfxfd bd _`lfkxfd Idsrafod ` d Idsrdafkmd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++96

D Obfjd S`bijjfod bds N`spris , Xirfd _rpbfdxpl bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps++++++++++8?

Iajplis `xsdkij`ks yp` `srpbixil ki @sodai Idsrafoi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++80

Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++86

Sibx` Ndd Lifi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?9

Ikrkfd Ex`fx` _+ N+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++??

Nds Ipjpsrd Jili+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?2

Ixrfsri Ibd Oxp~ +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?0

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Hfhafdjxiefi +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++?:

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Mfrxfi bi @odai Isdrafoi f

@soiss`ikbd dx pl aibd udoi`s sio`xbdrifs ` lfssfdkxfis ` ipl`krikbd dx dprxd

ds oilds b` iod x`afjfdsi ` lfssfdkxfi kd lpkbd! fksfxdp B`ps id S+ Iahxfo b`Edx`sri! _+N+ -9=9=,9=:5& ki Exiki! `l l`ibds bd sopad issibd! i Dhxi bis @sodaisIdsrafois ixi edl`krd b` udoi`s x`afjfdsis lfssfdkxfis+

@sri Dhxi! `siamibi adjd dx rdbd d lpkbd ` ibdribi dx lpfris odkjx`ji`sx`afjfdsis! edf rilhl fkrxdbp~fbi kd kdssd is `ai Odlikmfi b` N`sps! epkbikbd,s``l 9==3 pli @sodai Idsrafoi! kd Hixxd! npkrd i Rdxx`s U`bxis+

Odkril,s` `krx` ds xfl`fxds Idsrafods ds XX+ SS+ Ikrkfd Lixfi Iau`s ` Ndiypflbi _faui Riuix`s+ D xfl`fxd lpfrd rxihiamdp `l Sdxrpjia! kd Hxisfa ` ki Omfki dkb`eia`o`p! d s`jpkbd epkbdp ` bfxfjfp ir ldxr` i odkm`ofbi x`ufsri Hxdrxfi+

Ipl`krikbd d kl`xd b` oikbfbirds @sodai Idsrafoi! issdp `sri ixi Jpflix`s

`l 9=38! dkb`! b`ufbd sdhx`rpbd Dhxi bis Afsris b` H`ke`frdx`s! epkbibi `ad X+ S+H`krd Nds Xdbxfjp`s -9=2?,9688& ` Fx+ _ixl`krd -9=0?,969:& `l efks bd sopad

issibd! b` ipl`krix ` xdjx`bfx kdriu`al`kr` `sr` ufu`fxd b` lfssfdkxfds+

D u`kbiuia x`udapofdkxfd b` 9693 kd odks`jpfp ioihix odl i @sodai Idsrafoi+X`odamfbi `l 9699 i r`xxis bi mdsfria`fxi @sikmi! a ufu`p! `l _iailikoi ` _+ Lixrfkb` Rx`u`nd -Oo`x`s&! ir 96?8! ikd `l yp` udardp rxfi! ef}ikbd,s` b` kdud `lJpflix`s! `l oisi iapjibi+ @kodkrxikbd,s`! `l 96?0! pli oisi lifs ixdxfibi ` b`x`kbi lifs `odklfoi! `l Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi! ixi iypf s` lpbdp+ Edf n `lLiof`fxi yp` `sri Fksrfrpfd! s`l b`f}ix fkr`fxil`kr` d kdl` xflfrfud b` @sodaiIdsrafoi bi _+li Rxfkbib`! odl`dp i fkrfrpaix,s` _`lfkxfd Idsrafod bd H`ird

Ndd b` Hxfrd! rdlikbd odld ibxd`fxd `sr` lfssfdkxfd dxrpjps! opni oikdkf~id i88 b` Npkmd b` 962: edf! kis iaiuxis bd s`p X`frdx! pli jaxfi ixi is Lfss`s! ixi iOdlikmfi b` N`sps ` ixi Sdxrpjia+ D _ikrd Sibx` Sfd ]FF xdoaildp,d Sxdr`ordx bisLfss`s bd Flxfd Sdxrpjps+

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Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi ufsrd bd _`lfkxfd

Ypfs d b`srfkd! yp` kpli r`xxi rxibfofdkial`kr` x`phafoiki uf`ss` i fksriaix,s` pl_`lfkxfd! rilhl b`sfjkibd dx @sodai Idsrafoi! j`xfbi `ai Odlikmfi b` N`sps!d yp` ix`o` odkrxibfrxfd odl d yp` am`s spo`b`xi odl i flaikrid bi X`hafoi `l9693+

I u`xbib`! yp` s`xfi d xxfd Apf~ H`xkixbd b` Ial`fbi! odl fb`ifs likfods! yp`iapjixfi d flu`a Oisi b` _ib` Ial`fbi Sfkmd Odlikmfi b` N`sps! `sodkbfbiodl d kdl` b` Issdofid E ` Srxfi+

Iefkia! d @ksfkd rfkmi sfbd pli bis spis x`dopi`s yp` d a`uixil i odksrxpfx ` ide`x`o`x id @sribd! `l 969?! i `sodai yp` ifkbi mdn` s`xu` ds xdsfrds+

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Iu`kfbi o`krxia b` Liof`fxi

Dxi! d `bfeofd ijdxi iapjibd! fkipjpxibd `l 968=! odl i efkiafbib` b` s` fksriaix plmdsfria! b`srfkiui,s` ijdxi edxlid b` lfssfdkxfds+

Eiomibi xfkofia bd _`lfkxfd

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Eiomibi kdxr` ` d`kr` bd _`lfkxfd

@l 83 b` Ihxfa b` 96?0! ki odapki Sdx Liof`fxi b` Oilhxiff! iapbfkbd i pl ndxkia bdXfd b` Nik`fxd! d Ndxkia b` Oilhxi biui odkri yp`>

-& AF_HDI95 @l Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi edf m bfis issfkibi i `soxfrpxi b`ixx`kbil`krd bpl xbfd dkb` s`x fksriaibi pli jxikb` `sodai b`srfkibi i 283

iapkds+ I fkipjpxid bd kdud `srih`a`ofl`krd b`u`x r`x apjix kd x}fld ikkda`orfud! kdrofi yp` edf x`o`hfbi odl jxikb` x`jd~fnd `ai dpaid bd odko`amd

Liof`fxi ufsrd b` Kdxb`sr`

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Kd odkrxird b` ixx`kbil`krd odksriui d s`jpfkr`>

Aps H`xkixbd b` Ial`fbi! odld xdopxibdx b` Ikrkfd b` Ial`fbi Sfkmd ` `sdsi!b b` ixx`kbil`krd i Nds Iixofd bi _faui d s`jpfkr` xbfd! `xr`ko`kr` i s`psodksrfrpfkr`s -B`sox`u`,s` d xbfd&+

D xbfd ixx`kbibd b`srfkibd i pl fksrfrprd b` h`k`efokofi b`kdlfkibd _`lfkxfdIdsrafod opnd efl i edxlid b` Lfssfdkxfds+ D ixx`kbirxfd efoi iprdxf~ibd isph,ixx`kbix id fksrfrprd b` h`k`efokofi! b`kdlfkibd _`lfkxfd Idsrafod b`Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi! adjd yp` d l`sld r`kmi `}fsrkofi a`jia! d xbfd iypf ixx`kbibdefoikbd sdafbixfil`kr` x`sdksu`a odl d sph,ixx`kbirxfd `ad ijil`krd bis x`kbis `oplxfl`krd b`sr` odkrxird+

Kd ixx`kbil`krd efoil odlx``kbfbds ds lu`fs yp` s` `kodkrxil kd xbfdixx`kbibd ` yp` odksril b` pli x`aid dx ilhds ds odkrxirikr`s issfkibi! efoikbdpl `}`laix bi l`sli x`aid `l db`x b` oibi pl+

D ixx`kbirxfd efoi dhxfjibd jpixbi ` odks`xuid bds l`slds lu`fs ` spi `krx`ji

id s`kmdxfd! dp id s`p xdopxibdx! kd `sribd `l yp` s` `kodkrx`l kd efl bdixx`kbil`krd+ @sr` ixx`kbil`krd kd s` x`sofkbfx dx eia`ofl`krd b` ypiayp`x bdsodkrxirikr`s! k`l dx rxikslfssd bd xbfd ixx`kbibd i rrpad jxirpfrd dp dk`xdsd+ Dixx`kbirxfd efoi iprdxf~ibd i ei~`x spi opsri is dhxis yp` `kr`kb`x ` i ilafix dpldbfefoix is yp` s` `kodkrxil e`fris! ypikbd dxl s` rxirix b` ldbfefoid fldxrikr`dp yp` dssi x`sparix bflfkpfd b` uiadx ixi i ixr` pxhiki! `sri kd s` x`iaf~ix s`l

xufd iodxbd odl d s`kmdxfd! dp odl d s`p xdopxibdx+

Rdbis is dhxis yp` edx`l e`fris kd xbfd ixx`kbibd efoixd b`sb` adjd odksfb`xibisixr` fkr`jxikr` bd l`sld xbfd ` s`l yp` ds s`kmdxfds efyp`l dhxfjibds i ypiayp`xfkb`lkf~id dx `ais+ Efoil i oixjd bd ixx`kbirxfd! b sb` d xfkofd bdixx`kbil`krd! is b`s`sis odl ap~! x`ixid ` odks`xuid bd `bfeofd! h`l odld d

ijil`krd bds fldsrds sdhx` d yp` odksrfrpf dhn`ord b`sr` ixx`kbil`krd! lis `sr`srd sdl`kr` bpxikr` ds xfl`fxds ofkod ikds `l yp` ds s`kmdxfds kd x`o`h`l x`kbi `i`kis rl odld x`rxfhpfd i fksriaid `aorxfoi ` is dhxis b` iodldbid+ Dixx`kbirxfd r`l bfx`frd b` `}adxix ypiayp`x kiso`kr` dp u`fi bjpi b`krxd bd xbfdixx`kbibd+

D xi~d b` ixx`kbil`krd b` 93 ikds i odkrix bd xfl`fxd b` Lifd b` 96?0+ Sissibdyp` s`ni d ypfkrd ikd! d ixx`kbirxfd ijix l`ksial`kr` ids s`kmdxfds ` kd efl b`oibi ls i x`kbi b` 9333 `sopbds! opnd ijil`krd s`x e`frd kd xbfd ixx`kbibd+ Dixx`kbirxfd db`x x`kduix `sr` odkrxiord kis l`slis odkbf`s kd efl b` oibi xi~d` db`x rilhl o`ssix k`a` ikr`s b` odkoapbd d xi~d! iufsikbd odl ? l`s`s b`

ikr`o`bkofi d s`kmdxfd dp d s`p xdopxibdx+ @sr` odkrxiord edf lprpil`kr` io`fr`+Bfss` lifs d xfl`fxd dprdxjikr`! yp` dx sf odko`b` id ixx`kbirxfd jxirpfril`kr` ieiopabib` b` s` prfaf~ix ixi d xbfd ixx`kbibd! bpxikr` ds xi~ds b` ixx`kbil`krd! b`l`rib` bi jpi b` spis lfkis b`kdlfkibis Uia` bi Omdoi! odkedxl` s` `s`ofefoi `lbdopl`krd ixr`+ Lis fsrd kd fldxri iaf`kid bd s`p bfx`frd sdhx` i l`sli jpi!opni xdxf`bib` }oapsfui am` `xr`ko`+fff

_`jpkbd Oixads Uisodko`ads _+N+! Nds Iixofd bi _faui `xi d _p`xfdx b` `krd+ Kiiarpxi! i Odlikmfi b` N`sps ifkbi kd `sriui defofiaf~ibi `l Sdxrpjia7 edf lifs rixb`odld Odxdxid Lfssfdkxfi+ I x`kbi b`u` `srix odl `xxd bd odfsri! dxyp` b`eiord `xi b` 8+333 `sopbds+ Is odkris bis dhxis eiail b` pli `krxibi b` 983 odkrds!

yp` ufb`kr`l`kr` kd om`jixil ixi ds bdfs iufam`s yp` s` iox`so`krixil+6

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@l 9 b` Kdu`lhxd b` 96?0!kd Ndxkia b` Oilhxi! kdrfofiui,s` yp`>

Ki odapki Sdx Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi>Kd _`lfkxfd Idsrafod b` Liof`fxi b`Oilhxi! fksriaibd! odld s` sih ! kd `bfeofd yp` `xi b`srfkibd id Mdsfria!odl`ldxdp,s`! kd bfi 8: parfld! d Bfi bis Lfss`s! odl pli `koikribdxi hikbi-& @ issfl! d _`lfkxfd Idsrafod b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi ui` b`s`xrikbd oibi u`~

lifs! kiyp`aai u`srpri ufaai! d fkr`x`ss` yp` s` `sr`kb` i rdbd d odko`amd! yp` s` b`u`dxjpamix b` rd h`aai fksrfrpfd -&fu

D _`lfkxfd sdh i k`u`

I Odlikmfi b` N`sps rfkmi sfbd `}pasi b` Sdxrpjia `l 9693! `ai Sxfl`fxi X`hafoiSdxrpjp`si+ I iorfufbib` bds n`spris! lfkfsrxfds idsrafods! `ksfkd ` i edxlid b`kduds l`lhxds odkrfkpdp! kd `}afd! sdhx`rpbd `l @sikmi> _+ Lixrfk b` Rx`u`nd! AiJpixbfi ` Dvi+ I ixrfx b` 968?! odl`ixil i `krxix! bfsox`ril`kr`! `l Sdxrpjia!odl`ikbd `ai Sudi b` Uix~fl -968?&! Afshdi ` Hxiji -9680&! Sdxrd -968:&! Odufam-9686& ` dx efl is oisis b` edxlid `l 96?8+ D Kdufofibd ` d Npkfdxibd edxilfksriaibds kpl u`amd odku`krd b` @krx`,ds,Xfds -Ia`kbpxibi&!yp` issdp! b`dfs!

ixi Jpflix`s -Odku`krd bi Odsri&! d Odajfd b` Ai Jpixbfi ixi is Oiabis bi _ib`!`xrd b` _ikrd Rfxsd ` i @sodai Idsrafoi ixi Liof fxi b` Oilhxi! kd ikd b` 96?0+

I Kdui Odksrfrpfd bi X`hafoi! xdlpajibi `l 96 b` Lixd b` 96??! exprd b` plikdui l`kriafbib` eiofafribi `ad jda` b` 8= b` Lifd b` 9685! kd ixrfjd 20! `xlfr`yp` i Fjx`ni Oirafoi s` dxjikf~` afux`l`kr` ` odksrfrpi is spis dxjikf~i`s i yp` d@sribd x`odkm`o` `}fsrkofi a`jia ` `xsdkiafbib` npxbfoi+ I Odlikmfi `kr`kb`p yp``srixfil iprdlirfoil`kr` x`udjibis is a`fs dlhiafkis ` d b`ox`rd b` = b` B`~`lhxdb` 9693+ Ds n`spris! ir`krds i rdbds ds b`s`kudaufl`krds darfods s`krfil,s`oaixil`kr` ihxikjfbds dx `sr` Ixrfjd 20 ` odl`ixil i xdn`orix odksrxp`s xxfis` lifs ib`ypibis edxlid+

_`jpkbd Exikofsod Odxx`fi _+N+! i xfl`fxi jxikb` odksrxpd edf i bd Kdufofibd `l_dpr`ad -Hxiji& kpli ypfkri de`x`ofbi `ads Ufsodkb`s bi Rdxx`+ Lis `sri mfsrxfi

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issi dx O`xkiom`) Ki Odkspari bi Sxdukofi b` 95 b` Lifd b` 9628! eiai,s` bidssfhfafbib` b` odlxix pli ypfkri ixi d eprpxd Kdufofibd+

Iox`so`kri yp` `l 9= b` Ijdsrd b` 9628! d S+ Sxdufkofia! S+ Nafd Lixfkmd! `sox`ufipli oixri id _p`xfdx bi Lfssd bi ^ilh~fi! S+ Nds H`xkixbd Jdkiau`s! i fkedxl,ad yp` i ixr` bd sphsbfd `sriria Odlikmfi! dx s`x Odxdxid Lfssfdkxfi! edf

b`srfkibi! fkr`fxil`kr`! ildxrf~id b` pl `lxsrfld yp` ioihixil b` ei~`x ixi iodlxi bpli ypfkri ixi fksriaid bd Kdufofibd+ I `ksiui,s` odksrxpfx d `bfeofdypikbd i jp`xxi ioihiss`+

_`jpkbd `sr` l`sld iprdx! i `soxfrpxi bi odlxi bi ypfkri edf e`fri `l ?3 b` _`r`lhxdb` 9628+ Edf odlxibi i B+ Nds Likp`a Hxiiloil b` Hiximdki Exijdsd oisibd odlB+ Lixfi Rm x`~i Oiab fxi Drrdadkf b` Hiximdki Exijdsd! Odkb`s bi @s`xiki+@sriuil x`x`s`kribds! a`jial`kr`! dx xdopxid! kd iord bi `soxfrpxi! `ad efamd Ndd@srikfsaip b` Iahpyp`xyp` ` Hdpxhdk b` Hiximdki Exijdsd+ Iodlikmiui ds n`spris dBx+ Oixads ^`e`xfkd Sfkrd Od`amd yp` n `l 9639 rfkmi inpbibd i Odlikmfi i `aihdxixds `srirprds bi Issdofid E ` Srxfi! kdl` `ad ypia s` b`p a`jiafbib`! spf j`k`xfs!

Odlikmfi l Sdxrpjia+N rfkmil sfbd bibds 833 lfa `sopbds odld sfkia ` xfkofd b` ijil`krd bi ypikrfib` =33 lfa `sopbds+ I ypfkri b` O`xkiom`! ki ex`jp`sfi b` O`xkiom`! odko`amd b`Odflhxi odksriui b` oisis b` mihfrid! spis b``kbkofis! nixbfl! dlix`s! liri `rpbd d lifs yp` odksriui ki b`soxfd+

D Bfxfd bi @sodai Idsrafoi b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi kdrfofi! kd bfi 9= b` Npamd b`9628! i odlxi b` pli ypfkri ixi Kdufofibd! `l O`xkiom` bds Iamds -Odkb`f}i& i =gl b` Odflhxi! ofri d S`+ Exikofsod Odxx`fi _+N+

I rdlibi b` dss` bi ypfkri b`p,s` `l 5 b` Dprphxd b` 9628 `srikbd x`s`kr`s d S+Lixfkmd! Sxdufkofia! d S+ Oixbdsd! xdopxibdx bi Sxdukofi ` dprxds n`spris+ Sdpods

bfis b`dfs! kd bfi 93 edf fkipjpxibi i @srid b` O`xkiom`+ Odl`dp,s` i fksriaidbis odfsis lifs `ss`kofifs `kypikrd s` `e`orpiui d b`s`nd bd ldhfafxfd bd Odkb`+_phsrfrpxil ufbxds ixrfbds! x`ixixil i fksriaid `aorxfoi! `ro+ B`sb` d xfkofdrfu`xil lpfrd hdis x`ai`s odl d Sxfdx b` O`xkiom`! S+ Ndiypfl Kdjp`fxi Xdyp`! yp`lpfrd ds inpbdp+ Is Fxls Bdxdr`fis x`srixil pli x`ofdsi inpbi kd iodkom`jd bioisi ` de`x`o`xil odxrfkis ` iaeifis sijxibis ixi i oi`ai+ @l Lifd bd ikd s`jpfkr`-962?& odl`ixil is dhs`xui`s rokfois ixi i `bfefoid b` pli oisi+

D S+ Sxdufkofia id bix i kdrofi bi rdlibi b` dss` bi oisi b` O`xkiom` id S+ NdsH`xkixbd Jdkiau`s! _p`xfdx bi Lfssd bi ^ilh~fi! bf~,am`! rilhl! yp` i ypfkri x`ial`kr` lpfrd hdi! l`sld l`amdx bd yp` id xfkofd rfkmil `ksibd+ Kpli dprxi

oixri bf~,am` yp` n `srd i a`uikrix i aikri rddjxefoi ixi b`dfs s` ei~`x d xdn`ordbd `bfeofd ` iox`so`kri> ypikrd lifs s` ibfix`l is dhxis ixi d Kdufofibd! lifs oixisfxd efoixu+ @xi d r`ld bi jp`xxi ` i lifdx bfefopabib` yp` s` `kex`kriui `xi idhr`kd b` e`xxd+ @krx`rikrd ix`o` yp` ifkbi s` sdkmiui odl i ypfkri bi Rdxx` `l_dpr`ad! lis odksriui yp` i Odkb`ssi r`lfi yp` i Odlikmfi i u`kb`ss`+

@l 9622! n s` bf~ yp` `srd i rxihiamix iorfuil`kr` ki aikri bd kdud Kdufofibd! lisyp` ds x`opxsds `xil lijxds ixi ds r`lds yp` odxxfil+ Ypiayp`x odksrxpd efoiui`}rx`lil`kr` bfs`kbfdsi+ Six`ofi rpbd odxx`x b` e`fd dfs i ypfkri n `xi ufsfribi

`ad S+ _`u`xfikd Isodki Issfsr`kr` b` @sikmi iodlikmibd bd S+ Hisr`xxi+ Kiodkspari b` Npamd b` 9622! rxiksix`o` pl jxikb` drflfsld id a`x,s` yp` miufildrfuds ixi yp` s` odl`iss` ypikrd ikr`s is dhxis ` b`afh`xdp,s` sdhx` d ldbd odldei~,ais> dx odkri xxfi dp irxius b` pl `lx`fr`fxd4 B`ofbfxil yp` edss` `krx`jp`99

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i pl odksrxprdx+ _`xfi pli oisi ixi kdufds ` npkfdx`s ` `ksiuil ei~`x ophopads `oilixiris+ I`six b` rdbis `sris b`ofs`s! ki odkspari b` _`r`lhxd! drdp,s` dx ibfixis dhxis b` O`xkiom`+ Miufi lpfris bfefopabib`s+

Ki odkspari b` Lixd b` 9620! b,s` i kdrofi yp` i Odkb`ssi bi Rdxx` s` fkoafkiui ibix i ypfkri ids n`spris ` `ksixil! `krd! ei~`x i i @sodai Idsrafoi+ Ypikrd i

O`xkiom`! n `}fsrfi pli aikri xdufsxfi ` ei~fil,s` bfafjkofis ixi odks`jpfxodlixrfofi`s+ D S+ Sxdufkofia bf~fi id S+ Jdkiau`s! `l Ldilhfyp`! yp``s`xiui odl`ix hx`u`l`kr` i odksrxpd bd Kdufofibd+ D ikr`,xdn`ord rfkmi sfbdilail`kr` bfsoprfbd ` ds `kj`km`fxds ` ixypfr`ords n `sriuil i rxihiamixbfx`oril`kr` ki aikri+ Bf~,am`! ifkbi! yp` ix`s`krdp id Lfkfsrxfd bis dhxis hafoisd ikr`,xdn`ord ixi `bfx pli odlixrfofid+

B i flx`ssd yp` kd s` yp`xfi b`sfsrfx bd Kdufofibd `l O`xkiom`! lis spxjfilbfefopabib`s ` dprxis mfr`s`s+ Ki odkspari b` Npamd b` 9625 d S+ Sxdufkofia edxlpadp`sri `xjpkri ids odkspardx`s> B`sfsrflds bi odksrxpd bd Kdufofibd! bibd yp` s`

db`xfi rxiksfrix d Efadsdeibd ixi Odflhxi4 X`sdkb`xil rdbds k`jirfuil`kr`+ M

pl fliss`! lis spxj`l lpfris ddxrpkfbib`s+ Eiaiui,s` bi x`srfrpfd bi oisi b`Ufiki! dx dprxd aibd kd ufil oaixd yp`! ki Ypfkri bi Rdxx`! odkuf`ss` ei~`x i @sodaiIdsrafoi+ Lis! kd epkbd! d jxikb` xdha`li `xi d `odklfod! `xi `sr` yp` kdb`f}iui a`uix kibi iuikr`+ Om`jdp,s` i `ksix `l udarix kduil`kr` ixi @krx`,ds,Xfds+

@l Ihxfa b` 962:! i Ufsodkb`ssi bi Rdxx` b b`efkfrfuil`kr` d sdaix odl d x`s`orfudx`om`fd ` i ypfkri Odlikmfi b` N`sps+ B+ Lixfi Okbfbi Sirxdokfd X`fldLiam`fxd! Ufsodkb`ssi bi Rdxx`! ldxx`p dpod b`dfs! `l 0 b` Lifd! odl == ikds b`fbib`+ D L`ksij`fxd bd Odxid b` N`sps! `l Ijdsrd b` 962:! e`~,am` pli sfkj`aimdl`kij`l! phafoikbd i spi hfdjxiefi! odld h`ke`frdxi bi Odlikmfi+

@l 9626! aikdp,s` i xfl`fxi `bxi ixi i odksrxpd bd Kdufofibd `l _dpr`ad `

ihikbdkdp,s` d aikd b` O`xkiom`+Mdpu` pli ixij`l `l x`aid i dhxis `l O`xkiom`+ @krx`rikrd! iajd b` kdud fispxjfkbd+ Ki odkspari b` 90 b` Nik`fxd b` 960?! bf~fi,s` yp` d S+ J`xia ixduiui iodksrxpd bi @sodai Idsrafoi `l Erfli! ixi 803 iapkds+ Ria odksrxpd s`xfiopsr`ibi `ad _x+ Odkb` b` Xfhi bIu`! B`aefl E`xx`fxi! kpl j`srd bfjilds issfl! b`jxirfbd id S+ Ih`a Jp`xxi - X`frdx bi @sodai Idsrafoi b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi&dxam` r`x b`sodh`xrd plis lfkis b` dpxd+ Odld s` u! s,s` `l bufbi d xdn`ord b`O`xkiom`+ Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi kd sirfsei~fi ` b`sbdhxdp,s` i @sodai Idsrafoi `krx`_dpr`ad ` Liof`fxi+ _pxjfi! rilhl! i fb`fi b` ik`}ix iufam`s ids kdssds Odajfds

ixi ds oikbfbirds Odlikmfi! bfsodxbikbd iajpks odkspardx`s b` O`xkiom` dx `srixadkj` b` Odflhxi+

Efkial`kr`! edf rdlibi i b`ofsd b` s` odksrxpfx pl iufamd `l O`xkiom`+ Kd bfxfdbi @srid b` O`xkiom` odksri i om`jibi! kd bfi 9: b` Lixd b` 960?! bds Sibx`sOixbdsd ` Ih`a Jp`xxi iodlikmibds b` pl ixypfr`ord ` pl rdjxied ixi ei~`x`l d`srpbd bd r`xx`kd `l dxb`l `aihdxid b` pli aikri ixi pli oisi i odksrxpfx iaf+ Drdjxied `xlik`o`p ki ypfkri! odl d S+ Jp`xxi! o`xoi b` 2 bfis+ D S+ Sxdufkofia bf~fiid S+ Jdkiau`s! `l 82 b` B`~`lhxd b` 960?! yp` d xdn`ord bi dhxi i odksrxpfx `lO`xkiom`! d _`lfkxfd Idsrafod! e`frd `ad Lfkfsrxfd bd Parxilix `sriui ypis`

xdkrd! d fdx `xi i bfefopabib` `odklfoi+

Kd bfi 89 b` _`r`lhxd b` 9602! pl `lx`fr`fxd! pl ixypfr`ord! pl `kj`km`fxd!npkril`kr` odl d S+ Jp`xxi! lixoixil b`efkfrfuil`kr` d adoia dkb` ufxfi i s`xodksrxpbi i oisi+98

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I xfl`fxi `bxi edf h`k~fbi ` odadoibi `ad X`u`x`kbssfld _x+ B+ @xk`srd _`ki b`Dafu`fxi! Ixo`hfsd b` Odflhxi! kd bfi 90 b` B`~`lhxd b` 9602! `srikbd x`s`kr`s B+Ndd b` B`ps Xiliamd _N! hfsd `lxfrd b` Lioip ` d _x+ B+ Likp`a b` N`sps S`x`fxi!s`kbd Sxdufkofia d S+ Nds Oxiu`fxd+ Edf,am` bibd d kdl` b` Odajfd bi FliopaibiOdko`fd dx s` ufu`x! ki doisfd! d o`kr`kxfd bi b`efkfd bd bdjli bi Fliopaibi

Odko`fd kd fkrpfrd b`! sdh ria irxdokfd! s` edl`krix lifs is udoi`s x`afjfdsis+ Kdbfi 88 b` Ijdsrd b` 9600! edf afbi i ir`kr` b` Ufo`,X`frdx bd Odajfd id S+ FsfbxdS`x`fxi! yp` edf `a`uibd i X`frdx! kd bfi = b` B`~`lhxd bd ikd s`jpfkr`+

@krx` 82 ` 80 b` Dprphxd b` 9600! edxil om`jikbd ds iapkds> 02 kd rdria+ D xdjxili`sodaix s`xfi d afo`ia iox`sofbd bd airfl+ Kd efkia bd ofoad d `}il` defofia s`xfi e`frd kdAfo`p b` Odflhxi+ Ds xfl`fxds ef~`xil,kd `l 960:+ om`jibi bds iapkds miufi ifkbidhxis `l l`rib` bd iufamd yp` r`xlfkixil `l Lifd bd ikd s`jpfkr`+ Kd `krikrd!efoixil odkedxriu`al`kr` fksriaibds+ Biuil,s` ipais i bpis rpxlis+ Pli efoiui kd`srpbd ` i dprxi kpli siai bd xfl`fxd ikbix+

Kd eiarixil oxrfois! b` iajpks sipbdsfsris! id kdud sfsr`li b` @sodai Idsrafoi+ D

sfsr`li kd `xi fkduibdx kd odkr`}rd bi Odlikmfi pkfu`xsia+ Ei~fi ixr` b` plbfso`xkfl`krd ixi io`xrix kd l`amdx oilfkmd ixi d eprpxd+ D xxfd S+ J`xia dixduiui ` fko`krfuiui+ Mdpu`! rilhl! yp`l d `adjfiss` ` ufss` iypf pli kdufbib`yp` x`ixiui ds ndu`ks `bpoibds `ai Odlikmfi ixi ds jxikb`s b`siefds yp` s`iuf~fkmiuil+ lpfrd fkr`x`ssikr` ` sflrfoi i kdrofi yp` d S+ Nds Ui~ b` Oixuiamdb ki x`ufsri N`spris sdhx` d Odajfd+ Sixi `a` ix`s`kri i sfkjpaix ldbiafbib` b` s`xid l`sld r`ld Odajfd ` @sodai Idsrafoi+ @xi Odajfd `ad x`odkm`ofl`krd defofiabds `srpbds odl `}il`s e`frds kd Afo`p! ` `xi _`lfkxfd `kypikrd ds s`ps iapkds s`b`srfkiuil ufbi x`afjfdsi ki Odlikmfi b` N`sps+ Odld hdl mfsrdxfibdx! d S+ Ui~bf~ yp` s` am` b`p d kdl` b` Odajfd dx s`x lifs odkedxl` id kdssd psd rxibfofdkia`l b`sfjkix dx `sri edxli ds bfrds `srih`a`ofl`krds b` `ksfkd+ @sriui b` iodxbd odl d

yp` s` x`r`kbfi yp` `xi fb`krfefoix d Odajfd bi Fliopaibi Odko`fd kd x`jfl``}r`xkd! bfsofafkix! ipais! x`ox`fds! u`srpxfd! `ro+ odl ds dprxds Odajfds! bfe`xfkbdsdl`kr` ki dxf`krid bds `srpbds+ D Odajfd dxbfkxfd x`r`kbfi pli oixx`fxi xdeiki!id issd yp` ds iapkds bd kdud Odajfd sdkmiuil odl i udoid x`afjfdsi+

Kd bfi 86 b` B`~`lhxd b` 9605! edf odlpkfoibd d b`siomd bd Lfkfsrxfd bi@bpoid i x`odkm`o x d Odajfd ixi d 9+ ` 8+ ofoads bds Afo`ps odl i adrid b` 953iapkds! bds ypifs 985 dbfil s`x fkr`xkds+ @l 960:! odl`dp i s`x odksrxpbd! kdepkbd bd iufamd ` afjibi i `a`! i kdui iai yp` s` odkoapfp `l B`~`lhxd+

I fb`fi b` ik`}ix pl iufamd kpl bds Odajfds `}fsr`kr`s! ixi ds oikbfbirds in`spris! odkrfkpiui i s`x x`ea`orfbi+ @l 9605! `ksiui,s ! s`xfil`kr`! `l odksrxpfx pl

iufamd kd Aplfix! npkrd id Odajfd b` _+ Ndd b` Hxfrd! ixi ds arflds ikds bi@sodai Idsrafoi+ Lpfrds ifkbi x`odxbixd d `krpsfisld yp` s` ufu`p! dx `ssi iarpxi!ki `}`orirfui b` fx ixi Afshdi+ @l 960:! spxjfp i fb`fi b` s` odlxix d mdr`a bisOiabis bi _ib` s` is odkbf`s edss`l io`fru`fs+ Ria fb`fi kd s` odkox`rf~dp+ D S+J`xia fksfsrfi ixi yp` s` ipl`kriss` ixi : ikds! `l u`~ b` 0! i @sodai Idsrafoi+Dxi fssd s s`xfi dssu`a odkrikbd odl pl bds Odajfds yp` n rfkmil rpbddxjikf~ibd+

Kd efkia bd ikd `sodaix b` 960=! e`omdp i @sodai Idsrafoi b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi `ds iapkds yp` issixil ixi d 0 ikd edxil `srpbix ixi d Odajfd b` O`xkiom`+

9?

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D arfld i ixrfx edf d S`+ Oixads Uisodko`ads _+N+! x`sdksu`a iorpia `ad ixypfud biOdlikmfi ` yp` r`l `l lds d xdo`ssd mfsrxfod ixi i h`irfefoid bd odkm`ofbdS`+ Oxp~! yp` rilhl issdp dx `sri @sodai idsrafoi! odld ufsfrikr`+

D Ndxkia b` Oilhxi! i ?3 b` _`r`lhxd b` 960=! kdrfofiui d e`omd bi @sodai Idsrafoibi s`jpfkr` edxli>

Odl d rrpad Bd Odko`amd! Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi _`lfkxfd Idsrafod Edf pl eiordi `}rfkd bd _`lfkxfd Idsrafod b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi! _`ni odld edx! kd mkfkjpl yp` kd r`kmi `ki b` ria fksrfrpfd r`x ioihibd dp lpbibd b` r`xxi! riau`~

dx b`efofkofi ldk`rxfi! dfs! s`jpkbd fkedxli`s b` hdi edkr`! d `bfeofd x`ofsi b`jxikb`s l`amdxil`krds! dxibds `l b`~`kis ` b`~`kis b` odkrds+ Issfl efoi uijd pl

h`ad `bfeofd! yp` h`l l`x`ofi s`x ixdu`fribd ixi d efl i yp` edf b`srfkibd i ypikbdbis spi odksrxpd> MD_SFRIA+ @ dxyp4 _frpibd kpl dkrd h`ad! iard! sipbu`a`bfeofd jxikb`! d lifdx b`sr`s srfds! pli `ki efoix b`sihfribd! dfs issfl b`u` `srixodkb`kibd xpki+ Fsrd `l oisd b` kd s`x ixdu`fribd ixi ypiayp`x efl+ B` eprpxd! i

dhx`~i adoia b`u` fldxrpkix lifs rdbi i dpaid bi ~dki! dfs iaf x`o`hfi xdpis!

sdi bfxfi ` dprxds h`k`eofds+ Sdx ks aisrflilds i sibi biypf bd _`lfkxfdIdsrafod+uf

I Odlikmfi b` N`sps b`s`bfi,s` b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi! irxius b`sr` l`sld Ndxkia!i 90 b` Dprphxd b` 960=>

Odl d rrpad _`lfkxfd Idsrafod b` Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi+

Id b`f}ixlds! b`efkfrfuil`kr`! Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi! kd dssu`a `syp`o`xlds diodamfl`krd ` sflirfi kpkoi b`sl`krfbi! odl yp` m 8? ikds iypf edlds x`o`hfbds! id`srih`a`o`x,s` k`sri x`jfd d _`lfkxfd Idsrafod bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps+ Dxb`kssp`xfdx`s kds dhxfjil i xdopxix dprxis r`xxis! ` k`sr`s ldl`krds yp` lifs`}`xfl`krilds i sfko`xi `}x`ssd b` sipbib` bds yp` efoil ` d l`sld s`krfl`krd

bds yp` rl b` ixrfx+Odl d rxihiamd -b` yp` kd eofa ei~`x i fb`fi& bi lpbiki bpli oisi b`sris

xddx`s! ` odl i x`offrid bds iodkr`ofl`krds! kd kds edf dssu`a! odld `xikdssd b`s`nd ` b`u`x! ix`s`krix `ssdial`kr` ds kdssds oplxfl`krds b` b`s`bfbi irikrds yp`! odl spi ilf~ib` ` j`k`xdsi b`bfoid! kds ilixixil k`ss`s ikds! ixiks fk`syp`ou fs+

I rdbds bfxfjflds! irxius b`sr ndxkia! i `}x`ssd lifs sfko`xi b` xdepkbdx`odkm`ofl`krd r`xki jxirfbd

Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi! 8: b` _`r`lhxd b` 960=+

S`ad _`lfkxfd Idsrafod+Sibx` Ndiypfl @i b` Ial`fbi! _+ N+uff

D _`lfkxfd Isdrafod , dhn`orfud! efk ` l`fd

Dhn`orfud ` efk

Odld bf~ d S`+ Nds Lixfi I~`x`bd! + _N+ufff d s`p efl `xi `bpoix ndu`ks! ki Odlikmfib` N`sps! yp` ifkbi kd dbfil s`x iblfrfbds id kdufofibd! dx eiari b` fbib` dp b`

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`srpbds+ Omiliui,s` Idsrafod ixi x`odxbix i s`ps iapkds d efl i yp` `sriuilb`srfkibds! lhdxi k`l rdbds xdss`jpfss`l ds `srpbds odl ssi efkiafbib`+

Odxd bfxfj`kr`! bdo`kr` ` ip}fafix bd _`lfkxfd

Is d 0+ ikd! ds yp` rfkmil udoid lfssfdkxfi! ei~fil d kdufofibd! dx lifs bdfsikds! dkb` i`xe`fdiuil d Airfl ` dprxis Akjpis oassfois+

Ki ufbi x`afjfdsi! d odksijxibd ikr`s b` x`o`h`x ds udrds `xrpds `xodxx` ploilfkmd odl rxs `riis> Sdsrpaikribd! Kdufofibd ` Npkfdxibd+ D xfl`fxd `xdbdb`srfki,s` id bfso`xkfl`krd dp `krd! odld x`e`x` d S`+ Uisod Sfkrd Lijiam`s _+ N+! i x,`rii bi ufbi x`afjfdsi+ D Kdufofibd pl `xdbd lifs fkr`ksd b`b`sodh`xri b` sf ` bi odlpkfbib`+ D r`ld b` Npkfdxibd! yp` r`l pli bpxid b`uxfds ikds odkedxl` d Fksrfrprd! d `xdbd yp` ikr`o`b` ds udrds `xrpds ` dkb` dx`afjfdsd n issplfp pl odlxdlfssd b` ufbi

Ki @sodai Idsrafoi ds iapkds x`o`hfil fkr`ksi `bpoid `sfxfrpia! xxfi b` eprpxdsx`afjfdsds ` lfssfdkxfds7 ipxibi edxlid fkr`a`orpia -ds `srpbds bpxiuil 0 ikds! kdsypifs s` xdopxi b`s`kudau`x is akjpis airfki ` dxrpjp`si odl d bis dprxis bfsofafkis

`srpbibis kds afo`ps&+

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Jxpd b` iapkds bd 9+ Ikd `l 962?

D l`sld jxpd b` iapkds `l 962=

I oparpxi esfoi kd `xi `syp`ofbi+ Sdx l`fd b` `}`xoofds b` jfksrfoi! uixf`bib` b`ndjds ` x`ox`fds ` ufbi ypikrd dssu`a id ix afux`! xdopxi,s` b`s`kudau`x d `sxfrd b`jxpd! b` `krx`inpbi! i bfsofafki ` i dh`bfkofi s x`jxis bd ndjd+

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edf iafoibi i hdasi+ Odkoapbi `sri! s`xfi o`a`hxibi kd _`lfkxfd! `ad l`kds plikdu`ki b` lfssis+

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Oii bd Idsrdafkmd `l 960:

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Iajpli s`xdkij`k yp` `rpbixil ki @odai Isdrafoi

N `l 96?3! ypikbd `sri @sodai Idsrafoi ei~fi 03 ikds b`dfs bi spi epkbid! lifsb` l`rib` bds l`lhxds bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps b` kiofdkiafbib` dxrpjp`si `krdsio`xbdr`s dp yp` d s`xfil `l hx`u`! rfkmil sfbd iapkds bi l`sli @sodai+ @l 9603!ial bds yp` n rfkmil eia`ofbd! iajpks s`paribds kd o`lfrxfd adoia b` Liof`fxi b`Oilhxi! d kl`xd bds l`lhxds bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps b`ufil parxiissix ds 833!

yp`! r`kbd sfbd edxlibds k`sr` _`lfkxfd Idsrafod! rxihiamiuil yp`x ki l`rxda`yp`x kis lfss`s bi ^ilh~fi ki exfoi! b` Jdi ki kbfi dp b` Lioip ki Omfki! ialbds yp` rxihiamil kd Hxisfa _`r`krxfdkia+ _`x fkr`x`ssikr` kdrix yp` ki Lfssd biOmfki rxihiamdp lpfrds ikds odld lfssfdkxfd d _x+ B+ Ndd b` B`ps Xiliamd _+ N+ yp`edf Hfsd b` Lioip ` ikrfjd iapkd bi @sodai Idsrafoi b` 9632 i 9635! ki ikrfji oisibi Xpi b` _ikri Ap~fi! `l Jpflix`s+

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Sxfl`fxds s`lfkxfds ki ^ilh~fi

Ndd b` B`ps , Hfsd b` Lioip

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Sdx iypf! dx `sri @sodai Idsrafoi! issixil lpfrds fapsrx`s `xsdkij`ks! yp` s`rdxkixil xde`ssdx`s! lfssfdkxfds! ibx`s dp yp` b`s`kudau`xil dprxis udoi`s+

Yp`l n kd dpufp eiaix bd S`+ Likp`a Ikrpk`s! yp` b`p kdl` id Fksrfrprd bisOfkofis bi Oparpxi `l Afshdi4

B` Ndd Lifi! rilhl `a` iapkd b`sri @sodai Idsrafoi4

Yp`l kd s` a`lhxi bd S`+ Jdkiau`s dp bd S`+ Ikrkfd Ex`fx`4 @ bd X`frdx S`+ Ih`aJp`xxi4

@ b` Nds Ipjpsrd Jili! yp` edf Sx`sfb`kr` bi Olixi Lpkfofia b` Lfxikb`ai4

@ yp`l kd odkm`o` d Bx+ Ibd Sfkmd bi Oxp~! oixbfdadjfsri ifkbi `l iorfufbib`4

@ bd S`+ Oxp~! odkm`ofbd `ais spis jxiis @lhdxi kd rfu`ss` sfbd iapkd b`sr`_`lfkxfd! `xi pl fapsrx` ufsfrikr` i yp`l rdbds x`odkm`ofil ufxrpb`s b` mdl`l sikrd+

B`dfs b` s` rdxkix n`spri! ixrfp ixi Hdlhifl! dkb` eia`o`p+

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D Sibx` Oxp~ kpli bis spis ufsfris `l 8?,99,9622

Is es kis spis ufxrpb`s `xil `kdxl`s! id dkrd b` miu`x ifkbi mdn` yp`l iefxl` yp`

edf opxibi `ai e yp` rfkmi ` kd db`x b`sr` mdl`l+ Lixfi bi _faui pli b`ais+8=

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Ypikbd ki us`xi s` x`ixiui ixi s`x d`xibi i pl `frd! x`~dp rikrd pli dxid bdSibx` Oxp~! yp` odld yp` dx lfaijx`! i fke`od yp` rfkmi b`siix`o`p id iodxbix kilikm bd bfi s`jpfkr`+

Lpfrds edxil iyp`a`s yp` issixil dx Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi yp` s` oparfuixil `ox`so`xil+ Kpli iarpxi `l yp` d Sis irxiu`ssdp pl `xdbd b` edl` ` b` jp`xxi! ufx

ixi d _`lfkxfd `xi d yp` dbfi iodkr`o`x b` l`amdx ids efamds bis oaiss`s lifs hif}isb`sr` Sis! sdhx`rpbd `ai edxlid `l x`jfl` b` fkr`xkird yp` xddxofdkiuil +

Sdx iypf rilhl edxil s`paribds iajpks fxlds n`spris+ Kd o`lfrxfd b` Liof`fxi b`Oilhxi! s`jpkbd d S`+ Uisodko`ads! edxil s`paribds 9? n`spris+

Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`

Dprxd bds jxikb`s dxrpjp`s`s -969=,96=0&

Mdl`l b` `ksil`krd! x`odkm`ofbd odld efjpxi lix bi oparpxi dxrpjp`si! d Sibx`

Likp`a Ikrpk`s edf pl bds lifdx`s dxrpjp`s`s bd sopad ]]+ Sdx `a` sphfxil `ilikm`o`xil uxfis j`xi`s , o`xoi b` 90 lfa iapkds+

Odl xi~`s ki _`xr! H`fxi Hif}i! iaf kiso`p Likp`a Ikrpk`s! i ? b` Kdu`lhxd b`969=! odld `ssis xudx`s opnis odis ix`o`l kd oih`x `l dprxi rxfi yp` kd s`ni dlpkbd+ Odkm`o`p `sri`s! ox`so`p `krx` iaiuxis! ufindp `ads lfsrxfds yp` ismihfril ` dx `ss`s dprxds yp` s` jpixbil b`krxd b` ks! bd is ` bd lpkbd+ N kifkekofi! kds x`ox`fds bi `sodai! xdopxiui pli xudx` ` odsfbd i `ai! odld s` am`s`krfss` d ox`so`x bi s`fui! odl pl afuxd! ufiniui+++ Bfs`ksdp s`lx` ds `srlpads yp`ilixxil ids afuxds+ E`~ d `}il` bi 2+ oaiss` b`soiad+++ Lis iajpks mdl`ks x`ldu`lds aflfr`s bd b`srfkd ` ldbfefoil i mfsrxfi+

Likp`a Ikrpk`s odkoapf i xflxfi b` edxli hxfamikr`+ Fkjx`ssi b`dfs ki @sodaiIdsrafoi bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps+ R`x ex`yp`kribd ifkbi i @sodai Idsrafoi b`Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi4 Six o` yp` sfl+ Sxduiu`al`kr kd 0+ Ikd! r`kbd b`dfsfkjx`ssibd! odl 9= ikds! kd Kdufofibd! kd odku`krd bi Ia`kbpxibi+

@l 962?! `l Hxiji! r`xlfki i afo`kofirpxi `l Efadsdefi+ Kd l`sld ikd! kd _`lfkxfdbi Odsri! `l Jpflix`s! `ksfki Akjpi ` Afr`xirpxi Jx`jis! X`rxfoi ` Mplikfbib`sAirfkis+

Iaixjikbd d lii! ixr` ixi Jxikibi `l 9625 ` fkjx`ssi ki Eiopabib` b` R`dadjfi!bfxfjfbi `ai Odlikmfi b` N`sps+ dxb`kibd sio`xbdr` i 90 b` Npamd b` 9626 `! kd ikds`jpfkr`! odl bfsrfkd ` adpudx! odkoapf i xfl`fxi eis` bi spi edxlid r`dajfoi `

`sfxfrpia+ Odla`ri,i `l 9609! `l Kilpx+ B` x`jx`ssd i Sdxrpjia! a`oofdki! `krx`9609 ` 9600! ki @sodai Idsrafoi b` Liof fxi b` Oilhxi ` kd Kdufofibd biOdlikmfi b` N`sps! l _dpr`ad+

I jxikb`~i b` Likp`a Ikrpk s! i a`u`bix `krx` afuxds! bfs`ksiui ie`orid dp`}fhf`s b` iso`ri+ @l 9600! ef}i x`sfbkofi `l Afshdi! ki Oisi bds @soxfrdx`s biOdlikmfi b` N`sps ` isspl` epk`s b` x`biordx bi x`ufsri Hxdrxfi+ Lis `xi n s`podaihdxibdx b`sb` 9623! kis s`o`s b` Oxrfoi Afr`xxfi ` b` Oparpxi+

Sixia`ail`kr`! a`oofdki R`dadjfi kd Opxsd _p`xfdx b` X`afjfd+ Sdxl! `l 960:! dkdl` ` i oixx`fxi bd ibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s jikmil kdui xdn`od id io`frix d odkufr`bd Sxde+ Ufrdxfkd K`lsfd ixi fkr`jxix d odxd bdo`kr` bi Eiopabib` b` A`rxis b`

Afshdi+ A`oofdki i oib`fxi b` Mfsrxfi bi Oparpxi Oassfoi+86

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@ odld xilds yp` i xudx` ei~ ox`so`x ypis` s`l `xo`h`x d lfaijx` bds exprds! dx `a`sphfxil ` ilikm`o`xil j`xi`s , o`xoi b` 90 lfa iapkds+

@l 9650! dx kdl`id bd ibx` Aofd Oxiu`fxd bi _faui! s`p ikrfjd xde`ssdx! d ibx`Likp`a Ikrpk`s isspl` i bfx`od bi x`ufsri (Hxdrxfi(+ @ rilhl iypf! odld bfx`ordx` x`biordx! ihx` spaod fkb`au`a! k`l s`lx` fs`krd b` odkrxduxsfi+ @xi x`ofsd! dx

u`~`s kd l`sld kl`xd! eihxfoix i iixkofi b` lpfrds iprdx`s `! ypis` s`lx`! fapbfxd afs i~pa bi o`kspxi+ Likp`a Ikrpk`s! `sox`u`kbd `lhdxi d l`sld xdsrd `

`ksil`krd! x`odxx` lsoixi b` pli bfairibi o`kr`ki b` dprxds kdl s! issfkikbd 808ixrfjds odl s`pbkfld+ Odl `a` i (Hxdrxfi( jikmdp iarpxi! s`kbd mdn` i spi m`xikix`odkm`ofbi+

I ufbi bd Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s ix`o` xduix yp` sdlis `}o`ssfuis rilhl s`ibfofdkil ki bfsrxfhpfd bds ria krds> ipais ki Eiopabib` b` A`rxis7 x`biod `bfx`od bi x`ufsri (Hxdrxfi(! phafoid b` dhxis7 x`s`ki iorfui! odld b`a`jibd! `lbfu`xsis odkjx`ji`s bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps! `}`xo`kbd rilhl k`sri epk`s b`odkspardx kd jdu`xkd bi Sxdukofi Sdxrpjp`si7 ial bd lifs! odks`am`fxd bd Jxpd b`

Saik`il`krd Oparpxia bd Lfkfsrxfd bi @bpoid Kiofdkia+Rd jxikb` ypikrd i spi airfrpb` fkr`a`orpia! edxil i xdepkbi `sfxfrpiafbib` ` dmplikfsld yp` oixior`xf~ixil d Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s+ Pkikfl`l`kr` x`odkm`ofbdodld efjpxi lix bi oparpxi dxrpjp`si! x`o`h`! `l 96=9! d jxip b` Bdprdx MdkdxfsOipsi bis lds bd x`frdx bi Pkfu`xsfbib` b` Afshdi+ Afh`xbib` iaiuxi yp` dkrpi `rxibp~ i s`b` b` fkefkfrd yp` m kds `soxfrds ` kds udds bd `ksil`krd bd ibx` Likp`aIkrpk`s+

@l 96=? odkb`odxibd odl is fksjkfis b` Jxikb` Defofia bi Dxb`l Lfafrix b`_ikrfijd b` @sibi `ad `krd Sx`sfb`kr` bi X`hafoi! d j`k`xia Xiliamd @ik`s+

Ofbibd `}`laix! odkofafibdx bis bfe`x`kis! odl pli ypiafbib` ypis` sioxil`kria b`

pkfx ddsrds! d ibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s ihxfp oilfkmds kduds ` inpbdp i x``kodkrxixfsris `xbfbis+

I darfoi edf pl bds rfods bi spi x`ea`}d+ Adjd i s`jpfx likm yp` lixodp d (eflbis iaiuxis adkjil`kr` xdfhfbis! bds j`srds i`xribil`kr` odkrxie`frds

W+++\ bd r`xxdx fkufsu`a lis x`s`kr` `l rdbi i ixr`(! d ibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s idkrdpdx `soxfrd d hpxdoxirfsld! d oaf`kr`afsld! d fb`dadjfsld ` d ixrfbixfsld odld dsuofds b` pli darfoi dxrpjp`si yp` paiui s`l iuikix+ X`pkfp ds ixrfjds kpl

`yp`kd udapl` i yp` b`p d rrpad (X``ksix Sdxrpjia(+ Sphafoibi `l 96:6! `sri dhxi dx lpfrds odksfb`xibi b` x`e`xkofi ` b` a`frpxi dhxfjirxfi ixi yp`l rdl` i darfoiodld s`xufd+ I mdxi axfoi bd spxx`sd b`s`xrix b` Ihxfa b` :2 `sriui i issix+

_po`bfi,am` i bi iod+_` b` `xrd rdbds ds mdl`ks sd jxikb`s! l`sld b` adkj` iajpks kd `xb`l i edxibis ldkrikmis+ Sibx` n`spri! xde`ssdx pkfu`xsfrxfd! oaissfofsri! efasded! oxrfodafr`xxfd! `bijdjd! jxikb` `l rpbd fsrd! d ibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s ufu`p i mplfabib`odld yp`l x`sfxi+ Efxl` kds xfkofds ` kis odkufo`s! i kibi mfdr`odp i afh`xbib`b` `ksil`krd+

Lis! dx lpfrd yp` s` bfji! odfsi iajpli bf~ pl mdl`l+++ D ibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`sixrfp i 9= b` Nik`fxd b` 96=0+ Lis ks s ldxx`lds ypikbd ldxrds ki l`lxfibiyp`a`s yp` kds ilil+ @ `a`! jxikb`! l`sld ypikbd d kd ix`ofi! odkrfkpi ufud ki

iaiuxi yp` `sox`u`p odld ki jxirfbd yp` s` odkrfkpi `l ks+ }f

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R`sr`lpkmi,ld d afuxd (Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s -9690,96=0&> Fkr`xeio`s bi Oparpxidxrpjp`si ` `pxd`fi(! `bfribd ijdxi `ai Oild bis A`rxis bd Sdxrd+ K`a` s`x`odam`l lifs b` 03 r`}rds bis kdru`fs odke`xkofis xde`xfbis kd OdaypfdFkr`xkiofdkia sdh d l`sld kdl`! x`iaf~ibd ki Epkbid Oiadpsr` Jpah`kgfik! `lB`~`lhxd b` 8330+ I spi jxikb`~i d `}fjfi ` npsrfefoi+

Iyp`a` yp` lpfrd ufp dxyp` lpfrd `ksdp! iyp`a` yp` lpfrd s`krfp dxyp` lpfrdsdex`p! pli u`~ i spi `}`xfkofi `}x`ssi b` edxli ib`ypibi! odl ria`krd dp jkfd!

issi ufxrpial`kr` i dopix rdbd d mdxf~dkr` bd r`ld+ I dhsda`sokofi fkoii~ b` dirfkjfx ki xi~+ L`kds ifkbi i ldxr`+++

D Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s -969=,96=0& edf pli efjpxi lix bi oparpxi dxrpjp`si bdsopad ]]+ @kypikrd xde`ssdx bi Eiopabib` b` A`rxis bi Pkfu`xsfbib` b` Afshdi `Bfx`ordx bi X`ufsri Hxdrxfi! efodp ki l`lxfi bds s`ps iapkds odld pl `bijdjdkdru`a ` b`f}dp pli dhxi fkr`a`orpia b` x`e`xkofi `l r`xlds b` ypiafbib`! `}fjkofi `ih`xrpxi! ki xs`orfui bd b`s`kudaufl`krd b` pli oparpxi sp xfdx b` `xefafkr xbfsofafkix! fkr xoparpxia ` pkfu`xsia+ Bibi i x`odkm`ofbi fldxrkofi bd s`p

`ksil`krd kd bdlkfd bis Ofkofis bi Oparpxi! i Eiopabib` b` A`rxis bi Pkfu`xsfbib`b` Afshdi ` i @sodai _p`xfdx b` Ixr`s B`odxirfuis bi Epkbid Xfoixbd @sxfrd _ikrd_faui likfe`sril d s`p `l`kmd ki oxfid bd Fksrfrprd @pxd`p b` Ofkofis biOparpxi! r`kbd odld irxdkd i efjpxi bd Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s+

Sibx` Ndd Lifi

Fkjx`ssdp `l 9623 ki Odlikmfi b` N`sps! r`kbd,s`afo`kofibd `l Efadsdefi `ai Eiopabib` Sdkrfeofi b` Hxiji+ bdprdx `ai Eiopabib` b` Hpxjds -@sikmi&+

Sd`ri ` oxrfod! lis rilhl oxdkfsri ` efoofdkfsri!odaihdxdp x`jpaixl`kr` ki x`ufsri Hxdrxfi! b` yp` `xi plbds xfkofifs x`biordx s! ` `l dprxis phafoi`s!kdl`ibil`kr` i x`ufsri Odaypfd ` d ndxkia X`kduibdx! bi_`xr+ Sixrfofdp ial bfssd! ki Xbfd X`kiso`ki! kpl

xdjxili s`likia b` oxrfoi afr`xxfi+ I spi d`sfi! dpodih`xri i fkdui`s edxlifs ` j`xial`kr` idfibi ki xfli!l`x`o`p rdbiufi b` Ndxj` b` _`ki ds `r`rds b` spiu` `fkr`afj`kr`! l`bfrirfui sfkj`ai+

Kirpxia b` Ldkr` Kdud! ex`jp`sfi bi Epkbibi+ Kiso`p i 92

b` Npkmd b` 968?! kd s`fd b` pli eilafi xdepkbil`kr` oxfsr! `l yp` `xil ofkodefamds ` ds ifs b`bfoiuil,s` ijxfoparpxi+

I ypixri oaiss` edf e`fri ki Epkbibi+ _`jpfp ixi i Odlikmfi b` N`sps! dx fkeapkofibd S`+ Iixofd+ @sr`u` `l Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi iajpks ikds! Jpflix`s ` b`dfs@sikmi+B`dfs b` s`x dxb`kibd u`fd o`a`hxix i xfl`fxi lfssi Epkbibi+ I spi l` kd b`issfsrfx dxyp` rfkmi sfbd d`xibi i pli i`kbfofr` ` `sriui fkr`xkibi kd mdsfria b`Ihxikr`s+ B`dfs bi lfssi `a` edf u,ai+ Om`jdp i oisi ` omdxiui! s omdxiui dxyp`d lbfod am` bfss` yp` i l` kd r`xfi lifs b` pl ls b` ufbi+

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Edf bpxikr` rxfkri ikds bfihrfod ` a`uiui fkspafki bfixfil`kr`+ Ldxx`p o`jd+ Kd bfi `lyp` ei~fi ikds -dp us`xi& `l Afshdi! 92 Npkmd b` 9666 ` edf s`paribd kd o`lfrxfdbi Epkbibi+

S`bfp ixi yp` kd am` odadoiss`l ain` `l ofli! dfs bf~fi yp` ixi oixx`jix d `sd biufbi n rfkmi oixx`jibd h`l i ixr` b`a`+ Ds s`ps bdr`s b` odku`xsibdx `xil

fkpl`xu`fs fk`sjdru`fs+D S` Ndd Lifi `}`xo`p pl lijfsrxfd oparpxia ` `sfxfrpiab` `kdxl` fxxibfid ` iaoiko`+ @xi pl odkm`o`bdx `}lfdbi afr`xirpxi ` bi oparpxi jx`od,airfkis+ Dhxis odld i@k`fbi! i Fabfi! i Dbfss`fi dp ds Bfadjds b` Saird edxil,am` `l `xlikkofi afuxds b` oih`o`fxi! likps`ikbd,ds kiakjpi dxfjfkia+ @xi rilhl pl jxikb` odkm`o`bdx b`akjpis ` afr xirpxis ldb`xkis oisd bis oisr`amikis!fkja sis ` exiko`sis! bdlfkikbd odl l`srxfi i akjpilir`xki ` spis dxfj`ks! rikrd ki spi u`xr`kr` dpaix odld

`xpbfri+

D S` Ndd Lifi edf odaihdxibdx l`ksia! bpxikr` o`xoi b`ofkyp`kri ikds! ki X`ufsri Hxdrxfi -uiafdsi kd oild bi

R`dadjfi! Efadsdefi! Afr`xirpxi ` Mfsrxfi! odl b`sriyp` ixi i mfsrxfi bi Odlikmfi b`N`sps&! `s`ofial`kr` kd oild bi oxrfoi afr`xxfi! lis rilhl kdprxds> sdofdadjfi!

sfodadjfi! efadsdefi ` r`dadjfi+

Ikr`s bd 80 b` Ihxfa `sox`ufi ` ix`s`kriui d xdjxili ypfk~`kia Oxrfoi Afr`xxfi kiikrfji @lfssdxi kiofdkia! ial bis lifs b` rxs boibis b` oxkfoi s`likia R`}rds `Sx`r`}rds! ki Xbfd X`kiso`ki+

Ki Epkbid Oiadpsr` Jpah`kgfik rxihiamdp fkr`ksil`kr`! x`iaf~ikbd efomis b` a`frpxiyp` db`l s`x ix`ofibis `ai ypiafbib` ` efihfafbib` afr`xxfi irxfhpbis ` yp` db`ls`x odksparibis kd sfr` bi fksrfrpfd+ Edf rilhl pl odaihdxibdx issbpd bi@kofoadbfi U`xhd+

Odld xde`ssdx! odksijxdp,s` pl jxikb` l`srx` b` akjpi `afr`xirpxi airfki ` jx`ji kds N`spris -Jpflix`s ` _dpr`ad& ``l Afshdi! dkb` a`oofdkdp kd _`lfkxfd bds Dafuifs! dkb`jxikn`dp i `srfli ` iblfxid bds iapkds ` oda`jis! s`kbdex`yp`kr`l`kr` rilhl odkufbibd ixi odke`xkofis! ia`srxis` x`rfxds `sfxfrpifs+

Mplikil`kr` bfsrfkjpfp,s` `ai sflafofbib`! `sdkrik`fbib`` ieihfafbib` oirfuikr`s+ @sris oixior`xsrfois kdhx`s! issdofibis iarssfli hijij`l oparpxia `xlfrfxil yp` s` x`aiofdkiss`odl jxikb`s `xsdkiafbib s bi afr`xirpxi ` fkr`a orpiafbib`!odld Nds Xjfd! b` yp`l edf hdl ilfjd! Nafd Sdlix!Xiliamd @ik`s ` Ufrdxfkd K`lsfd+

D s`p kdl` u`l l`kofdkibd iajplis u`~`s kd Bfofdkxfd b` Afr`xirpxi bfx`od b`Niofkrd Sxibd Od`amd ` kd Bfofdkxfd Oxdkdajfod b` Iprdx`s Sdxrpjp`s`s!dxjikf~ibd `ad Fksrfrprd Sdxrpjps bd Afuxd ` bis Hfhafdr`ois -FSAH&+Odaihdxibdx bd ndxkia D X`kduibdx! kds s`ps ixrfjds x`iai i ifsij`l hpoafoi ` is

`xsdkiafbib s rfois ` frdx`sois bi r`xxi `l yp` ufu`p i spi fkekofi i yp` omildpIjpix`ais+?8

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Ikrkfd Ex`fx` _+ N+

Ikrkfd Ex`fx`! Sibx` ` Sxde`ssdx pkfu`xsfrxfd `l Hxiji! edf pl bds fkr`a`orpifs lifsfapsrx`s ` opards! kd s kd odkr`}rd kiofdkia! lis ir kd fkr`xkiofdkia+

Kiso`p kd apjix b` Afshdfkmi! ex`jp`sfi b` Sdpsieadx`s! odko`amd b` Iksfd! bfsrxfrd b`

A`fxfi! kd bfi 9= b` Kdu`lhxd b` 9696! ` ufxfi i eia`o`x ids :: ikds b` fbib`! `lHxiji! kd bfi 9= b` E`u`x`fxd b` 966:! urfli b` bd`ki oiko`xj`ki+

X`e`x` d S`+ Oixads Uisodko`ads yp` Odld iapkd issdp b` Jpflix`s ixi Liof`fxib` 96?0, 96?:! ikd `l yp` `krxdp kd Kdufofibd `l Ia`kbpxibi+ N sio`xbdr`! `ksfkdp`l Liof`fxi kds ikds 9608,0? i 9600,05+

Ikrkfd Ex`fx` x`u`aix,s`,fi! adjd kds hikods bi `sodai xflxfi! pli oxfiki bdribi b`pli fkr`afjkofi edxi bd odlpl+ Sdx fssd edf `srflpaibd `ad s`p Sxde`ssdx bd @ksfkdSxflxfd i xdss`jpfx ds `srpbds! issfl odld dx spi l` yp`! dx ufu`x`lmplfab`l`kr`! xdldu`p i spi `krxibi ki Odlikmfi b` N`sps+ Ids b`~iss`r` ikds b`fbib` fkfofi d s`p kdufofibd ki Odlpkfbib` bds N`spris! yp` sdph`xil ixdu`frix isspis hxfamikr`s ypiafbib`s b` fkr`afjkofi ` b` rxihiamd! ldabikbd,d kiypfad yp` `a`u`xbib`fxil`kr` edf pli sda`kfbib`! `l lirxfi b` oparpxi oassfoi+ @srpbdp `lHxiji -Sdxrpjia&! `l D}edxb -Fkjair`xxi& ` `l Jxikibi -@sikmi&! bdprdxikbd,s` kiSdkrfeofi Eiopabib` b` Efadsdefi b` Hxiji! odl i kdri `a`uibssfli b` 96 uiadx`s+Odlpkfoibdx kird! d Sibx` Ikrkfd Ex`fx` ufindp dx lpfrds is`s bi @pxdi ` bdLpkbd! iafikbd d rxihiamd -ixrfofid `l Odkjx`ssds Fkr`xkiofdkifs& id xi~`x b`odkm`o`x! kduis ifsij`ks! kduds duds! kduds sih`x`s ` l`kriafbib`s+

Sixi `a` `xi x`airfuil`kr` eofa odlpkfoix! dxyp` ixi ial bd bdl kirpxia! bdlfkiuiuxfis akjpis `srxikj`fxis+ Odlixrfamdp is ufij`ks yp` e`~ dx rdbd d lpkbd odlfkl`xds a`frdx`s! phafoikbd is spis x`ea`}`s sdhx` ds duds yp` ufsfriui ` is spisoparpxis! irxius b` ixrfjds ki flx`ksi ` b` afuxds+ Odld sda`kfbib` bi oparpxi oassfoi

yp` `xi! a`oofdkdp ypis` s`lx` Mplikfbib`s jx`od,airfkis+ I spi @sodai! odldxde`ssdx! edf sdhx`rpbd i Eiopabib` b` Efadsdefi! dkb` odl`dp i a`oofdkix `l 9656+A`oofdkdp rilhl Afr`xirpxi Airfki ` Jx`ji kd O`krxd b` @srpbds Mpliksrfods!ik`}d Pkfu`xsfbib` bd Sdxrd+ B`p Opxsds b` Airfl ` Jx`jd i Sxde`ssdx`s bds_`lfkxfds Sdxrpjp`s`s+ Ikrkfd Ex`fx` rfkmi pli i`rkofi lpfrd `s`ofia ixi isakjpis+ Sdb` l`sld bf~`x,s` yp` `xi dafjadri+ Eiaiui eap`kr`l`kr` d Sdxrpjps! d@sikmda! d Exikos! d Ia`ld! d Airfl ` d Fkjas+ @xi pl bds lifdx`s `s`ofiafsris

dxrpjp`s`s `l Jx`jd ` sihfi rilhl M`hxifod ` Friafikd+ I `sribfi xdadkjibi `liajpks is`s `srxikj`fxds> 8 ikds ki Fkjair`xxi! 8 ikds ki Ia`likmi! ? ikds ki@sikmi! uxfis u`~`s ki Jxofi ` ki Exiki! inpbixil ix`kbf~ij`l biyp`a`sfbfdlis -odld hdl dxibdx x`afjfdsd! om`jdp i x`jix rilhl `l Exikos! `l@sikmda ` `l Ia`ld&+

Epkbdp! `l 965:! ` bfxfjfp d Jihfk`r` b` Akjpis bi Eiopabib` b` Efadsdefi b` Hxiji!dkb` `ksfkdp x`jpaixl`kr` Fkjas ` Ia`ld+ @l 9606! x`sfbfp B`a`jid Hxioix`ks`bi Issdofid Sdxrpjp`si b` @srpbds Oassfods! fla`l`krikbd! kd ikd s`jpfkr`! plOpxsd Sxrfod b` Airfl Ufud! fkr`jxibd kd (Oxopad Mpliksrfod Oa`kixbd(+ E`~ ixr`b` uxfis Issdofi`s afr`xxfis ` of`krefois! kiofdkifs ` fkr`xkiofdkifs ` x`o`h`podkufr`s ixi `xr`ko`x i lpfris dprxis! yp` x`opsdp! dx kd io`frix s`x i`kis l`lhxdkdlfkia! lis l`lhxd iorfud+ @krx` `ssis Issdofi`s yp` fkr`jxdp! x`e`x`l,s` i`kisi _dof bib` bi Akjpi Sdxrpjp`si! i Issdofirfdk Jpfaaipl` Hpb -Sixfs& ` iFkr`xkirfdkia _dof`rv edx K`dairdkfo _rpbf`s -Ufxjfkfi&+ X`opsdp uxfds bdprdxil`krds

mdkdxfs oipsi `l uxfis pkfu`xsfbib`s `pxd`fis dx ds odksfb`xix fkr fs `??

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b`sk`o`ssxfds+ Uxfis @kofoadbfis dxrpjp`sis ` `srxikj`fxis ei~`l iapsd ids s`psbibds hfd,hfhafdjxefods! b`sfjkibil`kr` is s`jpfkr`s> @kofoadbfi U`xhd7 Bfofdkxfdb` @soxfrdx`s ` Ixrfsris Sdxrpjp`s`s7 Yp`l yp`l kd bfsrxfrd b` Hxiji7 Jxikb`Bfofdkxfd @kofoadbfod7 Zmd*s zmd fk @pxd` -Hajfoi&7 Zmd*s zmd fk Zdxb(7 Zmd*szmd fk Z`sr`xk @pxd` -Oilhxfbj`&7 Bforfdkixv de Fkr xkirfdkia Hfdjximv 7 `

Fkr`xkirfdkia Hfdjximfoia O`kr`x +I s`p `bfbd! i Olixi Lpkfofia b` Uia` b` Oilhxi phafod pli bis spis dhxis DIldx Apsibi `l Eadxh`ai @sikoi!`l 966:+ Eia`o`p ikr`s b` u`x `sri dhxi phafoibi+

Nd Ipjprd Jili

Kiso`p i 8 b` Lixd b` 9628 l Lisoix`kmis! Odko`amd b` Lfxikb`ai+

Eia`o`p `l 6 b` Dprphxd b` 8333+

@xi efamd b` Nds Ndiypfl Jili ` Kirfufbib` bi Odko`fd Odxpnis+ Rfkmi dfrd fxlds+

Oisdp `l 9652! odl Iabi H`irxf~ Ois`fxd Hxikod+ R`u` rxs efamds! d Xiei`a Jili!Sipai ` Oapbfi+

Is i Fksrxpd xflxfi `l Lisoix`kmis! ex`yp`krdp d _`lfkxfd bds N`spris `lLiof`fxi b` Oilhxi! yp` ihikbdkdp ofkod ikds lifs rixb`+

Afo`kofdp,s` `l Bfx`frd `ai Pkfu`xsfbib` b` Odflhxi

Oplxfp d s`xufd lfafrix `l Oihd U`xb` odld defofia lfafofikd -Xikj`x&+ Edf pl bdsdefofifs lfafofikds bd @}xofrd Sdxrpjps lifs adpuibds bi spi j`xid+

Edf Fks`ordx bd Lfkfsrxfd bd Rxihiamd ` biri bi X`udapd bd 80 b` Ihxfa b` 96:2`xi _`ox`rxfd bd Lfkfsrxd bd Rxihiamd! Sfkrd Oixbdsd! eiord yp` d dhxfjdp i `lfjxix

ixi ds @sribds Pkfbds bi Ilxfoi+

Edf Bfx`ordx bd Ndxkia Sdxrpjps Rfl`s! b` K`zixg! r`kbd ifkbi xdjxilis b` xbfd `r`a`ufsd+

@l 96:6 x`jx`ssi i Sdxrpjia! efafi,s` kd OB_ -O`krxd B`ldoxrfod ` _dofia&! s`kbd`a`frd B`pribd Iss`lha`fi bi X`hafoi `ad oxopad bi `lfjxid! edxi bi @pxdi `lifs rixb` B`pribd bd Sixail`krd @pxd`p+

Odkbp~fp! odl spo`ssd! i afh`xrid b` Ypirxd oiibdx`s jpfis dxrpjp`s s kiRik~kfi! ypikbd s` r`lfi d fdx `ad eprpxd+ @l ixrfopaid odl d @kj`km`fxdIkiodx`ri Odxx`fi! kd xfkofd bi boibi b` dfr`kri! odkbp~fp i afh`xrid bd xfl`fxdjxpd b` xfsfdk`fxds dxrpjp`s`s! ixfsfdkibds ki Nilhi _pa b` Ikjdai! `ai

PKFRI+@l 96=6 oikbfbiri,s` Olixi Lpkfofia b` Lfxikb`ai! `ad OB_! u`ko`kbd odllifdxfi ihsdapri+ K`sr` `xdbd e`~ b` Lfxikb`ai i ofbib` nixbfl! b`ufbd ids lpfrds

nixbfks odl yp` i bdrdp+ Dprxis dhxis lixoikr`s edxil> d @s`amd b` jpi! i Sdkr`@pxdi! d L`rxd b` _p`xeof`! i `lha`lrfoi Sdkr` b` Om`ais! d Sixyp` b` Oilfsld!i `kdxl` Sfsofki Lpkfofia! d Siufamd bd FKIR@A! d irx`ufbd X`p}d! i odksrxpdb` rxs Fjx`nis bis rxs Sixypfis bi Ofbib`! i ^dki U`xb` bi lixj`l bfx`fri bd Rpi! ildb`xkf~id bd L`xoibd Lpkfofia! is fkl`xis dhxis b` ixr` bi ofbib`! ds io`ssdsid FS2! is xdrpkbis! ds ixyp`s b` `sriofdkil`krd ` i x`ihfafrid bis dafu fxis! bdjxikfrd ` bd }fsrd+

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@l 9660! `ad x`odkm`ofl`krd bi spi dhxi! lpfrd jihibi `ad ab`x bd S_B ` Sxfl`fxd,lfkfsrxd! Sxde+ Oiuiod _faui! edf `a`frd iprixoi bd ikd! xlfd x`o`hfbd kd Oisfkd bd@srdxfa+

K`sr` l`sld ikd! n `ad S_B! b`f}i i iprixypfi lfxikb`a`ks` ixi fx dopix d apjix b`B`pribd Iss`lha`fi bi X`hafoi! apjix yp` odkypfsrdp odld oih`i b` afsri `ad

oxopad `a`frdxia b` Hxijiki+@l 966: oikbfbiri,s` Olixi Lpkfofia b` Odflhxi! i odkufr` bd ab`x bd S_B!Lixo`ad X`h`ad b` _dpsi+

@l`kmdp,s`! `l 9666! odl d ldufl`krd oufod Sdxrpjia Sapxia! kd x`e`x`kbd `aiX`jfdkiaf~id -yp` edf b`xxdribd! odkrxi i udkrib` bd S_B! sdkmikbd odl pliiprdkdlfi b` oih`i xjpfbi ixi Rxs,ds,Ldkr`s+

S`xikr `sr s x`sparibds sps`kb` i iorfufbib` ixrfbxfi ` epkbi! odl @pxfod b`Efjp`fx`bd ` E`xkikbd Odkb`ssd! `krx` dprxds! d kdud ldufl`krd oufod SdxrpjiaXibfoia+

Edf Ufo`,Sx`sfb`kr` bi Issdofid Kiofdkia b` Lpkfofds! ipbfrdx bi B`e`si Kiofdkia` xde`ssdx odkufbibd b` Bfx`frd Fkr`xkiofdkia Shafod bi Pkfu`xsfbib` Ldb`xki!odkb`odxibd odl i Oxp~ b` _ikrd Ikrkfd bd B`s`xrd `! @l 9666! odl d JxikbLixsmiaa spo`b`kbd i Ilafi Xdbxfjp`s ` i Xilds Mdxri&! ki ixibi bd 93 b` Npkmd!`l K`zixg P_I! `ai Epkbid Apsd,Il`xfoiki! H`xkixbfkd Odprfkmd+

Edf ifkbi Sx`sfb`kr` sofd Mdkdxxfd b` uxfis issdofi s apsd,il`xfoikis+

Sphafodp is dhxis>

, Sxdr`srd bds @lfjxibds

, B` Kdui Fdxyp` i Lfxikb`ai

D Lpkfofd b` Lfxikb`ai irxfhpfp,am` i l`biami b` dpxd bi ofbib`! i rrpad srpld7 i^dki U`xb` bi Lixj`l Bfx`fri bd Xfd Rpi issi i s`x omilibi (Sixyp` Bx+ NdsIpjpsrd Jili(7 ` dx b`s`nd b` lpfrds lfxikb`a`ks`s bfsdkfhfaf~dp pli adoia kdhx`

ixi i am` s`x `xjpfbi pli `srrpi+}ff

Ixrfri Ibd Oxp~

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bfeofa `kodkrxix d oilfkmd opxrd ` x`orfak`d bi dhn`orfufbib` kd lpkbd b` l`lxfis` s`krfl`krds yp` l` afjil id l`p fxld+

S`xodxx`kbd ds odxx`bdx`s bd r`ld! kpli ufukofi b` rdria oplafofbib` b` fb`ifs ` b`uiadx`s! i flij`l yp` s` fl` b` edxi ` odkefiki! b` fkr`afjkofi! b` `sxfrdodlhirfud! b` jxikb`~i ` ipbofi! b` ia`jxfi ` ilixjpxi! b` `ldd! b` kdhx`~i `j`k`xdsfbib`+

Kpli fxx`ypf`rpb` odksrikr`! `xs`jp` i ofkofi ` i ixr` xdopxi bi spi `sskofi ` ei~b`ai i spi ox`ki+ I iss`kri rdbd pl `}`lad b` ufbi! ki r`krirfui b` ijx`jix implikfbib` ki lpbiki ixi pl lpkbd l`amdx! lifs npsrd ` `kr`kbu`a+

Ibd Sfkmd bi Oxp~ kiso`p kd apjix b` Efjp`fxis! ex`jp`sfi b` Oisr`a`s! odko`amd b`

Uia` b` Oilhxi! `l 96?:! efamd b` Ibd Sfkmd bi Oxp~! ijxfopardx ` xdrsfod b`krfsri!?0

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` b` Ipxdxi _dix`s b` Ial`fbi! bdlsrfoi+ E`~ i ypixri oaiss` ki @sodai Sxflxfi bdsBdfs! kd apjix bd Sfkm`fxd Liksd+ Ids dk~` ikds b` fbib` edf fkr`xkibd kd s`lfkxfdbds n`spris `l Liof`fxi b` Oilhxi+ I `xlik`o`p `koaipspxibd ir ids oirdx~` ikds!iarpxi `l yp` s` `uibfp! kd u`xbib`fxd s`krfbd bi iaiuxi+ Odksfb`xikbd yp` k`l rpbdedxi k`jirfud! s`krfp,s`! kd `krikrd! ufda kribd dx rdbi pli ufukofi esfoi `

l`krial`kr` irxdefikr` bi spi ibda`sokofi+ Iblfr yp` iajpks is`ords! odld iix`kbf~ij`l bd airfl ` bd dxrpjps! h`l odld bd lrdbd ` bi bfsofafki!odksrfrpxil lixois dsfrfuis ki spi ufbi+

Iajpli kdri efkif

@l n`frd b` odkoapsd! oplx`,kds bf~`x yp` `sr` odxx`sdkb` i pli `yp`ki x`s`kmimfsrxfoi biyp`ai yp` edf pli bis xfkofifs fksrfrpf`s b` `ksfkd ixi iyp`a`s yp`b`s`nikbd s`x lfssfdkxfds iypf ei~fil ds ofkod xfl`fxds ikds+ Sixi iyp`a`s yp` is

r`x`l odkoapbd d `ksfkd xflxfd! iypf fkjx`ssiuil! ` yp` kd b`s`niuil odkrfkpixodl i oixx`fxi lfssfdkxfi! rfu`xil pli ddxrpkfbib` b` `srpbd! `ypfuia`kr` id OpxsdAfo`ia+

Pks! odkrfkpixil ds s`ps `srpbds kdprxis x`is! dprxds! efoixil,s` dx iypf+

Kd `krikrd! db` bf~`x,s` yp`! k sri iarpxi! yp`l dsspss` `sr` ku`a b` `ksfkd! db`xfieiofal`kr` ixxiknix pli ddxrpkfbib` b` rxihiamd+

Edf d yp` iodkr`o`p i fkl`xds uia`oilhx`ks`s ` i lpfrds dxrpjp`s`s+

_dhx` is spis fb`krfbib`s ` mfsrxfis b` ufbi! odkm`o`l,s` lpfrd dpois+

I flx`ksi bi iarpxi dpoi odh`xrpxi biui id yp` fi iodkr`o`kbd dx `sri @sodai

Idsrafoi+ @}o``s edxil is kdrofis sdhx` i fksriaid `l 96?0 ` d s`p`ko xxil`krd `l 960=+ Rpbd d lifs yp` s` odkspardp sd `yp`kis kdris bise`srfufbib`s `l yp` iajpks n`spris ixrfofiuil! odld x`jibdx`s dp i ixrfofidbds s`ps iapkds kds odxds ` xdofss`s+

_ih`lds yp` iypf edxil s`paribds 9? n`spris lis kd odks`jpflds b`sodhxfx is spisdxfj`ks dp fb`krfbib`s+

Rfu`lds d lxfrd b` b`sodhxfx yp`! `lhdxi jxikb` ixr` r`kmi b`siix`ofbd odl ilpbiki ixi O`xkiom`! i x`srikr` bdopl`krid `kodkrxi,s` ki Oxfi Sxdufkofia `lAfshdi! sdh d opfbibd bd S`+ Oixads Uisodko`ads _+N+! yp` r`l ufkbd i x`pkfx riabdopl`krid lis yp` ir id ldl`krd! `xi b` rdbd fldssu`a odkspar,ai+ D S`+

Oixads r`l `l lds d xdo`ssd mfsrxfod,hfdjxefod b` h`irfefoid bd S`+ ExikofsodOxp~+

Rxiri,s` dfs b` pli `yp`ki ixr` b` pl rxihiamd kd lhfrd bi Mfsrxfi Adoia yp`fkr`x`ssi sox`u`x lis sdhx`rpbd ixdepkb,ai+

d yp` efoi xdl`rfbd b`sb` n+

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Hfhafdjxiefi

Hixx`fxi! Hfdjxiefi Sibx` Oxp~! Odldsrd ` Flx`ssd ki Jxefoi b` _+ Ufo`kr` Abi+Hxiji! 96=8

Oisflfxd! Ioofd7 @}iksd ` iorfufbib` bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps kds bdlkfds b`Sdxrpjia 9023,9623! Sdxrd! Afuxixfi Idsrdaibd bi Flx`ksi! 9629

Bfofdkxfd bds lifs fapsrx`s Rxisldkrikds ` Iard Bpxf`ks`s! oddxb`kibd dx Hixxdsdbi Edkr`! 505 jfkis! `bfrdxi Ofbib` H`xd

EX@FX@! Ikrkfd! D Ildx Apsibi `l Eadxh`ai @sikoi! Uia` b` Oilhxi! OlixiLpkfofia b` Uia` b` Oilhxi! 966:

Jxiods , Jxpd b` X`ea`}d ` Ikafs` bds Odajfds bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps -@b+&!Oixior xsrfois bi @bpoid bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps! Hxiji! Defofkis Jxefois biRfajxefoi! 96=:+

Fb`xfd bds Odajfds bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps `l Sdxrpjia! Fksrfrprd Kpk*Iaux`s! LH!Sphafoi`s$Rfdjxiefi Kpk`s! 89665+ ! S`bijdjfi Fkiofiki , Pli Ihdxbij`lSxrfoi! Hxiji! Rfajxefoi! _dof`bib` Jxefoi! Abi+! 9662+

Ad`s Nds Likp`a Lixrfks! D Sxdn`ord @bpoirfud bi Odlikmfi b` N`sps , Bds@} xoofds @sfxfrpifs ids kdssds bfis! Oda od @srpbds _dofifs! Sphafoi`s biEiopabib` b` Efadsdefi , Pkfu`xsfbib` Oirafoi Sdxrpjp`si! Hxiji! 8338+

L`axd! E`xkikbd7 Ds n`spris! Rrpad dxfjfkia> A`s Nspfr s! `bfribd dx Sx ss sPkfu`xsfrifx`s b` rxiko`! Sphafoi s @pxdi,Ilxfoi

Lijiam`s! IKRKFD S@X@FXI BFI_ B@ LIJIAM@_ _+N+7 I Odlikmfi B`N`sps @ Sdxrpjia 7 odke`xkofi x`iaf~ibi kd fksrfrprd kpk*iaux`s ki odl`ldxid BD FUo`kr`kxfd bi Odlikmfi B` N`sps! 9629

U`adsd! I+7 Yp`l sd ds n`spris4! x`ufsri Hxdrxfi! eisoopad 9+ Udapl` 299620

! S`bijdjfi Fkiofiki , F! fk Hxdrxfi90: -Dprphxd 833?& 88?,8?5+

! S`bijdjfi Fkiofiki , FF! fk Hxdrxfi90: -Kdu`lhxd 833?& ?0?,?52+

Xirfd Iryp` Fksrfrprfd _rpbfdxpl _dof`rirfs F`sp W9066\! fk JFA Odxfi @pshfd -@b+&! Ai`bijdjfi b` ads n`spris! iv`x v mdv! Libxfb! ODK@B_F$Pkfu`xsfbib SdkrfeofiOdlfaais! 9666! 0:,839+

D Lrdbd S`bijjfod bds N`spris , D (Xirfd _rpbfdxpl(> Fkrxdbpd ` Rxibpd! fk

Exikoi A`dk`a! Dhxis Odla`ris bd S+` A`dk`a Exikoi! Uda+ ]! Xfd b` Nik`fxd! Ijfx!9608+

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f R`}rd bd S+ Exikofsod Odxx`fi! _+N+ff , kd FU! K 902! + 8! hdhfk` 2! efom`fxd 30?+fff , rxiksoxfd `e`orpibi `ad S`+ Oixads Uisodko`ads _+N+fu , Ikd U! K 9:?! + 8! hdhfk` 2! efom`fxd 98=+uIXLON! Oixris bd S+ Lixfkmd id S+ Jdkiau`s b` 92 b` Dprphxd ` 88 b` Kdu`lhxd b` 962?! ofribis dx ExikofsodOdxx`fi _+N+uf , Ikd ]]UFFF! K ::9! + 8! hdhfk` =! efom`fxd 9=8+uff , Ikd ]]UFFF! K ::8! + 9! hdhfk` =! efom`fxd 9=?+ufff , I sfjai _N sfjkfefoi kd dxfjfkia Airfl _dof`ris F`sp! `l dxrpjps rxibp~flds dx Odlikmfi b` N`sps+f} , Likp`a E`xx`fxi Sirxofd! afo`kofirpxi `l Efadsdefi! ki Eiopabib` b` A`rxis bi Pkfu`xsfbib` b` Afshdi7bdprdxil`krd ` ijx`jid! ki Pkfu`xsfbib` b` udxi+} , Fksrfrprd @pxd`p b` Ofkofis bi Oparpxi Sibx` Likp`a Ikrpk`s+}f , M`kxfyp` Likp`a _+ S`x`fxi! afo`kofibd `l R`dadjfi `ai Pkfu`xsfbib` Oirafoi Sdxrpjp`si Sdxrd+

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