Xpe-yXm ]mTm-hen

tIcf k¿°m¿

s]mXphnZ-ym-`ymkhIp∏v

Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n (tI.kw.km.an.A)

2020

Xpe-yXm ]mTm-hen

Prepared by:

Kerala State Literacy Mission Authority (KSLMA)'Aksharam', Near Govt. BHSS Pettah, Pettah P.O., Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala Pin - 695024Website : www.literacymissionkerala.orge-mail : [email protected] : 0471-2472253/2472254, Fax: 0471-2462252First Edition : 2020Typesetting : Sanoop S V, KSLMALayout : Rajesh S, TrivandrumCover design : Sanil M P, KSLMAPrinted at : KBPS, Kakkanad, Kochi-30Price : ` 130.00© Department of General Education, Government of Kerala

tZio-b -Km\w

P\-K-W-a\ A[n-\m-bI Pbtl

`mcX `mKy-hn-[m-Xm,

]©m-_-kn‘p KpP-dmØ admTm

ZmhnU DXv°e _wKm,

hn‘y-ln-am-Ne bap-\m-Kw-Km,

D—-e- P-e-[n-X-cw-Km,

Xh-ip-`-\mta PmtK,

Xh-ip` Binj amtK,

Kmtl Xh Pb -KmYm

P\-K-W-aw-K-e-Zm-bI Pbtl

`mcX `mKy-hn-[m-Xm.

Pb-tl, Pb-tl, Pb-tl,

Pb Pb Pb Pbtl!

]Xn⁄

C¥y Fs‚ cmPy-am-Wv.

F√m C¥y-°mcpw Fs‚ ktlm-Zco ktlm-Z-c-∑m-cm-Wv.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPysØ kvt\ln-°p-∂p.

kºq¿Whpw sshhn[y-]q¿Whp-amb AXns‚ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬

Rm≥ A`n-am\w sIm≈p-∂p.

Rm≥ Fs‚ amXm-]n-Xm-°-sfbpw Kpcp-°-∑m-scbpw

apXn¿∂-hscbpw _lp-am-\n-°pw.

Rm≥ Fs‚ cmPy-Øn-s‚bpw

Fs‚ \m´p-Im-cp-sSbpw t£a-Øn\pw sFiz-cy-Øn\pw th− n ]b-Xv\n-°pw.

BapJw

ssZ\w-Zn\ Pohn-X-Øn¬ [mcmfw Adn-hp-Iƒ

\ΩtfmtcmcpØcpw kzm -bØ--am -°n -bn -´p− - v .

\ap°v ]cn-Nn-Xamb kµ¿`ßfn-eqsS A-h-X-cn-∏n-®v,

CØcw Adn-hpI-fpsS bp‡n a\-n-em-°p-∂-Xn\pw

AXn-eqsS hn-`n-∂-ß-fmb ]mtbm-Kn-I ]iv\ßƒ

]cn-l-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\p-amWv ][m-\-ambpw ]mT-]p-kvX-

I-Øn¬ ian-®n-cn°p∂Xv. CØcw Hcp coXn -k-zo-I-

cn-®-Xp-sIm −p-Xs∂, Hcp ]cn-io-e-Is‚ k-lm-b-an-

√msX kzbw hmbn®pw Nn¥n®pw hnhn[ ]h¿Ø\

ßƒ sNbvXpw CXn¬ Dƒs°m-≈n®n-cn-°p∂ Bi-

b-ßƒ a\-n-em-°m≥ km[n-°pw. Bi-b-kºmZ\

Øn\pw ]tbm-Kn-I- ]-iv\-]-cn-lm-c-Øn\pw AXp-

hgn sXmgn¬ss\]pWyw t\Sn Pohn-X-\n-e-hmcw

sa®-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Cu ]mT-]p-kvXIw \nßsf

klmbn°s´ F∂v Biwkn°p-∂p.

kvt\lmiwkItfmsS,

tUm. ]n Fkv ioIeUb-d-IvS¿

tIcf kwÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

tIcf kwÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n (KSLMA)"A£-cw', t]« Kh.- t_mbvkv F¨v.-F-kv.-F-kn\p kao]w, t]« ]n.-H., Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw þ 24

inÂ]-im-e-bn-Â ]s¦-Sp-¯hÀ

A[ym-]-IÀbq-k-^v-IpamÀ F-kv.Fw. F-¨v.F-kv.F-kv.Sn, Pn._n.F-¨v.F-kv.Fkv,

]-¯-\wXn«

kn.sI. ]-hnX³ dn-«. F-¨v.F-kv.F, h-b-\m-Sv

ap-c-fo-[-c³-\m-bÀ ]n.F³. F-¨v.F-kv.F-kv.Sn, F³.F-kv.F-kv.F-¨v. F-kv.Fkv, B\n-¡mSv, tIm«-bw

l-cn-]-Zo-]v Fkv. dn-«. F-¨v.F-kv.F, F-kv.hn.F-¨v.Fkv, ]pÃm-Sv

A-Pp Fkv. F-¨v.F-kv.F-kv.Sn, Pn.F-¨v.F-kv.Fkv, sh-¨q¨n-d tIm-f\n, ]-¯-\wXn«

ju-P-tam³ Fkv. dn«.F-¨v.F-kv.F, ]n.F³.Fw.Pn.F-¨v. F-kv.Fkv, Iq-´ÅqÀ

tKm-]Ip-amÀ Pn.]n. se-Iv-NdÀ, U-bäv, sIm-«mc-¡c

A-\nÂ-IpamÀ ]n. Akn. s]m-^kÀ, bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-än tIm-tfPv, Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw

hn-P-b-IpamÀ kn.BÀ. F-¨v.F-kv.F-kv.Sn, Pn.F-¨v.F-kv.F-kv, sh-Å-aWÂ, sImÃw

A¡m-Zan-I NpaXetUm. hn. \m-K-cm-P³ \m-bnUp A-tkm. s]m-^kÀ, bq-Wn-th-gv-kn-än

tIm-tfPv, Xn-cp-h-\-´-]p-cw

hnZ-Kv[-k-anXnsI.-sI.- Ir-jvW-Ip-amÀ koa-þ61, B\-b-d- \-KÀ, Xncp-h-\-´-]pcw

tImþHmÀUnt\-j³sI.- A-¿-¸³\m-bÀ Akn.- U-b-d-ÎÀ (Xp-eyX & A¡m-Z-an-Iv)

kwØm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j³

tImþHmÀUnt\-j³ klmbwc©n Fkv.-F-kv. t]mKmw Hm^o-kÀ

kwØm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j³

`mc-X-Øns‚ `c-W-L-S\

`mKw IV I

auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ

51 I. auenI I¿Ø-hy-ßƒ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h mc-X-Ønse Hmtcm ]uc-s‚bpw

I¿Øhyw Bbn-cn-°p-∂-XmWv ˛

(I) `c-W-L-S-\sb A\p-k-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚ BZ¿ißsfbpw ÿm]-\-ß-

sfbpw tZiob]Xm-I-sbbpw tZiobKm\-sØbpw BZ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(J) kzmX-¥y-Øn-\p-th- −n-bp≈ \ΩpsS tZiobka-c-Øn\v ]tNm-Z\w \¬Inb

al-\o-bm-Z¿i-ßsf ]cn-t]m-jn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]n≥Xp-S-cp-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(K) `mc-X-Øns‚ ]c-am-[n-Im-chpw sFIyhpw AJ-WvU-Xbpw \ne-\n¿Øp-Ibpw

kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(L) cmPysØ ImØp-kq-£n-°p-Ibpw tZiob tkh\w A\p-jvTn-°p-hm≥ Bh-

iy-s∏-Sp-tºmƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-I;

(M) aX-]-chpw `mjm-]-chpw ]mtZ-in-Ihpw hn`m-Ko-b-hp-amb sshhn-[y-ßƒ°-Xo-

X-ambn `mc-X-Ønse F√m P\-ßƒ°p-an-S-bn¬, kulm¿Zhpw s]mXp-hmb

kmtlm-Z-cy-a-t\m-`m-hhpw ]pe¿Øp-I. kvXoI-fpsS A¥-n\v Ipdhp hcp-

Øp∂ BNm-c-ßƒ ]cn-Xy-Pn-°p-I;

(N) \ΩpsS kΩni kwkvIm-c-Øns‚ kº-∂amb ]mc-º-cysØ hne-a-Xn-°p-Ibpw

\ne-\n-dp-Øp-Ibpw sNøpI;

(O) h\-ßfpw XSm-I-ßfpw \Zn-Ifpw h\y-Po-hn-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp∂ ]IrXym D≈

]cn-ÿnXn kwc-£n-°p-Ibpw A`n-hr-≤n-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw Pohn-I-tfmSv ImcpWyw

ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNøpI;

(P) imkvXo-b-amb ImgvN-∏mSpw am\-hn-I-Xbpw At\z-j-W-Øn\pw ]cn-jvI-c-W-

Øn\pw D≈ at\m-`m-hhpw hnI-kn-∏n-°pI;

(Q) s]mXp-kzØv ]cn-c-£n-°p-Ibpw i]Yw sNbvXv AIaw Dt]-£n-°p-Ibpw

sNøpI;

(R) cmjvSw bXv\-Øn-s‚bpw e£y-]m-]vXn-bp-sSbpw D∂-X-X-e-ß-fn-te°v \nc-¥cw

Db-c-Ø-°-h-Æw hy‡n-]-chpw Iq´m-b-Xp-amb ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ F√m aWvU-

e-ß-fnepw D¬Ir-jvS-X-bv°p-th− n A[zm-\n-°p-I.

(S) Bdn\pw ]Xn-\m-en\pw CSbv°v ]mb-ap≈ Xs‚ Ip´nt°m c£y-_m-e-I-t\m,

AXXp kwKXn t]mse, amXm-]n-Xm-°tfm c£m-I¿Ømthm hnZym-`ym-k-Øn-

\p≈ Ah-k-c-ßƒ G¿s∏-Sp-Øp-I.

tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n 7

]mNo-\ PohnXw

C-¶-s¯ Ime-¯v a-\pjyÀ hnhn[- B-h-iy-§Ä-¡m-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¡p -¶ D-]-I-c-W-§-fp-sS Nn-X-§-fm-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-«p-ÅXv. F¶mÂ ]mNo-\Ime-¯v a-\pjyÀ F´p X-cw D-]-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-«p-Å-sX-¶v \n-§Ä Nn-´n-¨n-«p-tïm?

\½p-sS ]qÀ-hn-Icmb B-Zn -a\pjyÀ D]tbm-Kn¨ in-e-I-f-nse D-]-I-c-W-§fpw B-bp-[-§-fp-amWv NnX¯nÂ X-¶n-«p-ÅXv. ]n-¶oS-hÀ hnhn-[ tem-l-§fnÂ \nÀ-an-¨ D-]-I-c-W-§fpw D-]-tbm-Kn¨p. an-\p-k-s¸-Sp-¯m-¯ in-em-bp-[-§-fm-Wv a-\pjyÀ BZyw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. C-Xv

tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n 7

]mNo-\ PohnXw

8 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

]mNo-\ in-em-bp-Kw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. kq-£v-a -in-em-bp[-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ Im-ew a-[y-in-em-bp-K-sa¶pw an-\p-k-s¸-Sp¯n-b in-em-bp[-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ Imew \-ho-\-in-em-bp-Kw F¶pw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. a-\p jyÀ B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ tem-lw sN-¼m-bn-cp¶p. ]n-¶o-Sv sN-¼n-t\m-sSm-¸w Cu-bw D-cp-¡n-t¨À-¯v ISp-¸-tadnb sh-¦-e-¯n-se D-]-I-c-W-§fpw B-bp-[-§-fp-ap-ïm¡n. C-cp-¼n-sâ D-]-tbm-Kw B-Zn-aa-\p-jy-sâ Po-hn-X¯nÂ \nÀ-Wm-b-I am-ä-§-fp-ïm¡n. C-hn-sS kq-Nn-¸n-¨ hn hn-[ Im-e-L-«-§-fn-se a-\p-jy- Po-hn-X-s¯ Ip-dn-¨m-Wv Cu ]mT-`mK-¯v \-½Ä NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-¶Xv.

]mNo-\ in-em-bpKw (Palaeolithic Age)

]-Xn-\m-bn-c-¯n-te-sd hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ap³-]p-Å Im-e-L-«-s¯-bm-Wv N-cn-X-Im-c-·mÀ ]mNo-\in-em-bp-K-am-bn I-W-¡m-¡p-¶Xv. th-«-bm-Sn-bm-Wv Cu Im--e-L-«¯nÂ a-\pjyÀ `£-Ww t\-Sn-bn-cp-¶Xv. ]-cp-¡³ ineI-sf B-bp-[-§-fm¡n th-«-bv-¡v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p. th-«-bm-Sn-¸n-Sn-¨ ar-K-§Ä-¡p ]pd-ta N-¯ ar-K-§-fp-sS amw-khpw A-hÀ `-£n-¨n-cp¶p. ]-g-§-fp-tSbpw ]-¨-¡-dn-I-fp-tS-bpw ip²-P-e a-Õy-§-fp-tSbpw A-h-inã-§Ä A-¡m-e-s¯ Kp-l-IfnÂ\n¶pw e-`n-

]mNo\ inembpK¯nse D]IcW§Ä

¨n-«p-ïv. ]mNo-\in-embp-K a-\p-jy-sâ ][m-\ A-[nhm-ktI-µ-§-fm-bn-cp-¶ Kp-l-IfnÂ A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v sX-fn-hp \ÂIp-¶ \n-ch-[n Nn-X-§Ä ImWm³ I-gn-bpw.

`nwt_UvI þ C´y

AÄ-«man-d þ kv-s]bn³

e-kvtIm þ ^m³kv


]mNo-\ PohnXw

]mNo-\in-em-bp-K-¯n-se a-\p-jyPo-hn-X-¯n-sâ a-äv ][m-\ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v t\m-¡mw.• A-hÀ Iq-«-am-bm-Wv C-c tX-Sn-bn-cp-¶Xv.• IÃv, Nn¸n, B-\-s¡m-¼v F-¶n-h sIm-

ïv B-`-cW-§Ä \nÀ-an¨p.• IÃp-sIm-ïp-Å sNdn-b ]-Xna-IÄ \nÀ-

an¨p.• Xo D-]-tbm-Kn-¨-Xn-\v sX-fn-hp-IÄ e-`n-

¨n-«pïv.

C´ybnse ]mNo\ inembpK tIµ§Ä

IÃpsImïp \nÀan¨ hmkØe§Ä þ `nwt_UvI

* ]mNo-\in-embp-K a-\p-jy-\v G-sX-Ãmw cw-K-§-fnÂ ap-t¶dm³ I-gnªp? NÀ- sN-¿pI.

* ]mNo-\ in-em-bp-K-¯n-se a-\p-jyPo -hn -X -s¯-¡p-dn-¨v sX-fn-hv Xcp-¶ \n-ch-[n Øe-§Ä C-´y-bn-epïv. Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å `q-]-S ¯ n Â \ n ¶ p w A-h I-sï-¯n ]-«n -I-s¸-Sp -¯m-hp-¶-XmWv.

]mNo-\ in-em-bp-K tI-µ§Ä

1 `nw-t_UvI

2

3

4

5

]mNo-\ PohnXw


a-[yin-em-bpKw (Mesolithic Age)

]mNo-\in-em-bp-K-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶p-Å Im-e-L-«¯nÂ kq-£vahpw ap-\-bp-Å-Xpam-b IÃp-I-fp-sS No-fp-I-fmWv B-bp-[-§-fmbn a-\pjyÀ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. Cu Im-eL-«w a-[yin-em-bp-Kw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-epïm-b ][m-\ am-ä-§-fm-Wv Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-ÅXv.

• th-«-bm-SÂ hym-]-I-ambn.• th-«-bv-¡v A¼pw hnÃpw D-]-tbm-Kn¨p.• Øn-c-hm-k-am-cw-`n¨p.• \mb-sb CW-¡n h-fÀ¯n.

\-ho-\in-em-bpKw (Neolithic Age)

a-[yin-em-bp-K-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶v a-\p jyÀ ineI-sf an-\p-k-s¸-Sp-¯n B-bp-[-§-fmbn D-]-tbm-Kn¨p. Cu Im-eL-«w \ho-\ in-em-bp-Kw F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p. \ho-\ in-em-bp-K-¯n-\v G-I-tZ-iw F-®m-bn-c-t¯m-fw hÀ-jw ]-g-¡-apïv.

Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-se ][m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv Nph-sS \Â-In-bn-«p-Å-Xv.

a[yinembpK¯nse D]IcW§Ä

• Ir-jn B-cw-`n¨p.

• \-Zo-X-S-§fnÂ Øn-c-hm-k-am-cw-`n¨p.

• ar-K§-sf ]-cn-]m-en-¨v h-fÀ¯n.

• a¬-]m-X-§Ä \nÀ-an¨p.

• km-[\-§Ä sIm-ïp-t]m-Ip-¶-Xn-\m-bn N-I-§Ä \nÀ-an¨p.

• a-\p-jy Po-hn-Xw tem-I-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§-fn-te-¡v hym-]n¨p.

\ho-\in-embp-K a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-\v \n-ch-[n sX-fn-hp-IÄ C-´y³ D]`q-J-Þ¯nÂ\n¶pw e-`n-¨n-«p-ïv. A-h I-sï¯n-b Øe-§Ä `q-]-S¯nÂ \n¶pw I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

a-[y in-em-bp-K-s¯ ]mNo-\ in-em-bp-K-hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw

sN-¿pI.

\ho\ inembpK¯nse D]IcW§Ä


]mNo-\ PohnXw

\ho-\ in-em-bp-Kw ]m-No-\-in-em-bp-K¯nÂ \n¶pw F-§-s\-sbÃmw hy-Xym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p?

\ho-\ in-embp-K a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-¯n-\v \n-ch-[n sX-fn-hp-IÄ C-´y³ D]`q-J-Þ¯nÂ \n¶pw e-`n-¨n-«p-ïv. A-h I-sï¯n-b Øe-§Ä `q-]-S¯nÂ\n¶pw I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

\ho\ inembpK tIµ§Ä

\ho-\ in-embp-K tI-µ§Ä1 FS¡Â 82 93 104 115 126 137 14

FS¡Â Kp-lm-Nn-X§Ä

]mNo-\ PohnXw


Xm-ain-em-bpKw (Chalcolithic Age)

\ho-\in-em-bp-K-¯n-\v ti-jw a-\pjyÀ in-em-bp-[-§-tfm-sSm-¸w tem-l-¯n-se D-]-I-c-W-§fpw B-bp-[-§-fpw D-]-tbm-Kn¡m³ Xp-S§n. sN¼psIm-ïp-Å B-bp-[-§-fm-Wv BZyw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨Xv. C-Xv Xm-ain-em-bp-Kw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Cu Im-e-L-«¯nÂ \-K-c-Po-hn-Xw B-cw-`n-¨-Xn-\p-Å sX-fn-hp-IÄ tem-I-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§ fnÂ\n-¶v e-`n-¨n-«pïv.

C´y³ D-]-`q-J-Þ¯nÂ \n¶pw Xm-a in-embp-K a-\p-jy Po-hn-X-¯n-\v sX-fn-hv e-`n¡p-¶ ][m-\ tIµw _-eq-Nn-Øm-\n-se sa-lÀK-Uv BWv. a¬-]m-X-§-fp-sS \nÀ-am-W- ¯n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ncp-¶ N-I-¯n-sâ sX-fn-hp-IÄ C-hn-sS \n¶pw e-`n-¨n-«pïv. C-Xn-\p

]pd-sa \n-ch-[n Ø-e-§fnÂ\n-¶pw Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-se a-\p-jyPo-hn-X-¯n-\p-Å sX-fn-hp-IÄ e-`n-¨n-«pïv. A-h I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

Xma-in-embp-K tI-µ§Ä

sa-lÀK-Uv salÀ-K-Un-se a¬-]mXw

12 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n


]mNo-\ PohnXw

\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Imc§Ä

NnXw i-²n¡q.•sN-¼v D-]-I-c-W-§-fp-sS ]-tXy-IX-IÄ

F-s´Ãm-amWv?•A-h-bv-¡v a-äv tem-l-§fnÂ\n¶pw

\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Imc-§Ä \-ZnIÄ

kn-Ôp \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-cw knÔp

sa-skm-s¸m-«m-an-b³ kw-kv-Im-cw bq-^-«okv, ssS-Kn-kv

Cu-Pn-]vjy³ kw-kv-Im-cw ss\Â

ssN-\o-kv kw-kv-Im-cw slm-bm-Mvtlm

F-´v hy-Xym-k-am-Wp-ÅXv?sN-¼n-se D-]-I-c-W-§Ä-¡v I-«n -Ip-d-

hm-b-Xn\mÂ ]nÂ-¡me-¯v a-\pjyÀ A-Xn- t\m-Sv Cu-bw D-cp-¡n-t¨À¯p. Cu an-in-Xw sh-¦-ew F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p. sh-¦-e-¯n-se D-]-Ic-W-§fpw B-bp-[-§ fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨ Im-ew sh-¦-e-bpKw (Bronze Age) F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p. sh-¦-e-bp-K-¯n-sâ ][m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X tem-I-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§fnÂ \-Zo-X-S-§ fnÂ P-\-Po-hn-Xw ]p-tcmK-Xn ]m-]n-¨-Xm-bn-cp¶p. C-¯-c¯nÂ \-Zo-X-S-§fnÂ hn-I-kn-¨p h-¶ P-\-Po-hn-Xw \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-cw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-«p. ][m-\ \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-§fpw A-h B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨ \-Zo-X-S-§fpw Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å ]-«n-IbnÂ \n¶pw I-sï-¯m-hp-¶-XmWv.

sh¦-e-bp-K kw-kv-Imc§Ä

tem-I-s¯ hnhn-[ \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Imc-§Ä B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨ \-Zo-XS-§Ä tem-I`q]-S¯nÂ I-sï-¯n A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

]mNo-\ PohnXw


kn-Ôp\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Imcw

kn-Ôq \-Zn-bp-tSbpw A-Xn-sâ hn hn-[ ssI-h-gn-I-fp-tSbpw Xoc-¯v _n.kn.C. 2700 \pw 1700 \pw C-SbnÂ \n-e\n-¶ kw-kv-Im-c-s¯-bm-Wv kn-Ôq\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-cw F-¶p hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv. Cu kw-kv-Im-cw \n-e\n-¶ hnhn-[ ]-tZ-i§-sf Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å `q-]-S¯nÂ\n¶pw I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-XmWv.

lç³ kw-kv-Im-c tI-µ§Ä

C-hbnÂ BZyw I-sï-¯nb-Xv l-c-¸-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn\mÂ Cu kw-kv-Im-cw lc-¸³ kw-kv-Im-cw F¶pw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. kn-Ôq \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ

kn-Ôp \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c tI-µ-§Ä1 lc-¸ 62 73 84 95 10

][m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X A-h-cp-sS \-K-cm-kq-X-W-am-bn-cp¶p.

•C¶s¯ \-K-c-§-fp-sS ]-tXy-IX-IÄ F-s´Ãm-amWv?

•A-h F-s´Ãmw ku-I-cy-§Ä \-ap-¡v \Â-Ip-¶pïv?

lç-bn-se \-K-c-§-fpsS ]-tXy-IX-IÄ F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v t\m-¡mw. \-K-c§-sf s]m-Xp-sh tIm-« F¶pw Io-gv-]«-Ww F¶pw c-ïm-bn Xn-cn-¨n-cp¶p.

lc-¸³ \-Kc§Ä

tIm-« Io-gv-]«Ww

`-c-Wm-[nIm-c tIµw

P-\-§-fp-sS Xm-a-kØew

i

i

i

i

lç-bn-se sX-cphv


]mNo-\ PohnXw

lc¸-bn-se A-gp-¡pNmÂ

• Np-« C-ãnI-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p.• B-kq-Xn-Xam-b sX-cp-hp-IÄ \n-e-\n-

¶n-cp¶p.• hy-Xykv-X L-S-\-bn-ep-Å ho-Sp-IÄ

\nÀ-an-¨n-cp¶p.• A-gp-¡p-Nm-ep-IÄ \nÀ-an-¨n-cp¶p.• tam-l³sPm-Zm-tcmbnÂ\n¶pw H-cp

hen-b Ip-f-¯n-sâ A-h-in-ãw e-`n-¨n-«pïv.

tam-l³-sPm-Zm-tcm-bn-se hen-b Ipfw

\-K-cm-kq-X-W-¯n-\p ]pd-sa lc-¸³ kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ a-äv k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v t\m-¡mw.• hn-hn-[X-cw D-Â¸¶-§Ä Ir-jn sN-bv-

Xn-cp¶p.• [m-\y-¸pc-IÄ l-c-¸bnÂ \n-e-\n-¶n-

cp¶p.• P-e-tk-N-\-¯n-\m-bn I-\m-ep-IÄ \nÀ-an-

¨n-cp¶p.• ar-K-]-cn-]me-\w \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p.• D-Â¸-¶-§-fp-sS ssI-am-ä-¯n-\m-bn A-f-

hp-Ifpw Xq-¡-§fpw D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp¶p.

• hn-Zq-c-tZ-i-§-fp-am-bn I-¨-h-S_-Ôw \n-e -\nÀ-¯n-bn-cp¶p.

• hm-Wn-Py- n-\v ap-Z-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn- n-cp¶p.

• ap-Z-IÄ F-gp-¯v hn-Zy-bp-sS sX-fn-hp-I-fm-Wv.

• a¬-]m-X-§Ä \nÀ an¨p.

• I-c-Iu-i-e \nÀ-am-W-¯n-teÀ-s¸«p.

• am-Xr-ssZ-hm-cm[-\, ar-K-§-tfbpw hr-£-§-tfbpw B-cm-[n-¡Â

F¶n-h \n-e-\n-¶n cp¶p.

[m\y¸pc

AfhpIÄ apZIÄ

sh¦-e ]Xna

]mNo-\ PohnXw


kn-Ôq\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.

lc-¸³ kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ X-IÀ-¨-bv-¡v N-cn-X-Im-c·mÀ \n-ch-[n Im-cW-§Ä Nq-ïn¡m-Wn-¡p¶p. A-hbnÂ ]-[m-\-s¸«-Xv Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-ïv.

• kn-Ôp \-Zn-bn-se Xp-SÀ-¨bm-b sh-

kn-Ôq\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ A-[x]-X-\ Im-c-W§-sf A-h-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

No-\¸mXw

ssN-\o-kv ]«v

NnX-§fnÂ ImWp-¶ h-kv-Xp-¡-fp-sS s]m-Xp ]-tXy-I-X F-´m-Wv?

A-h FÃmw ]mNo-\ ssN-\m¡mÀ \nÀ-an-¨-XmWv. lc-¸³ kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ A-tX Im-e-L-«-¯n-em-Wv ssN-\-bnepw \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-cw B-hnÀ- -hn- Xv. sh-¦-e bp-K¯nÂ l-c-¸-bv¡pw ssN-\-bv¡pw ]pd-ta sa-skm-s¸m-«m-an-b, Cu-Pn-]v-Xv F-¶n-hn-S-§-fnepw \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Imc-§Ä \n-e-\n¶p. A-h-bp-sS ][m-\ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v t\m-¡mw.

Å-s¸m¡w• ImÀjn-Ita-J-e-bn-se X-IÀ-¨• ]pd-sa \n-¶p-Å B-I-aW§Ä• h-\-\-io-IcWw• kn-Ôq \-Zn h-än-h-cï-Xv/K-Xn-am-dn

H-gp-In-bXv

sa-skm-s¸m-«m-an-b, Cu-Pn-]vXv, ssN-\

No\he


]mNo-\ PohnXw

sa-skm-s¸m-«man-b Cu-Pn-]v-Xv ssN-\

kp-ta-dnb³, A-ko-dn-b³, _m-_n-tem-Wn-b³, ImÂ-Znb³ F-¶o hy-Xy-kvX kw-kv-Imc-§Ä \n-e-\n¶p.

cm-Pm-¡·mÀ "^-tdm-h' F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

Ir-jn-bm-bn-cp-¶p kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ A-Sn¯-d.

DÀ, D-dp¡v, e-Km-jv F¶n-h ][m-\ \-K-c-§-fm-bn-cp¶p.

tISp-Iq-Sm-sX kq-£n-¨ncp-¶ ar-X-i-co-cw "a½n' F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

a¬-]m-X \nÀ-amWw, s\-bv¯v, ]-«p-h-kv-X \nÀ-am-Ww F¶n-h \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p.

Ir-jnbpw I-¨-h-Shpw A-`n-hr-²n ]m-]n¨p.

a-½n-IÄ kq-£n-¨ncp-¶ i-h-Iq-Soc-§Ä ]n-c-an-Up-IÄ F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

A-£-c-§Ä-¡v ]I-cw Nn-X-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn¡p-¶ F-gp-¯p-hn-Zy \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p.

F-gp-¯p-hn-Zy "Iyq-Wn-t^mw' F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

Ir-jn-bm-bn-cp-¶p kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ A-Sn¯d.

Ie-ïÀ X-¿m-dm-¡n-bn-cp¶p.

tPym-Xn-im-kv-Xw, K-Wn-X-im-kv-Xw F-¶o ta-J-e-IfnÂ ]p-tcmK-Xn ssI-h-cn¨p.

F-gp-¯p-hn-Zy "ssl-tdm-¥n-^n-Ivkv' F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

c-ïv \-Zn-IÄ-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å ]-tZ-iw F-¶m-Wv sa-skm-s¸m-«man-b F-¶ hm-¡n-\À°w.

im-kv-X-cwK-¯v ]p-tcmK-Xn ssI-h-cn¨p.

kn-Kp-dm-¯p-IÄ F-¶-dn-bs¸-« B-cm-[-\m-eb-§Ä \nÀ-an¨p.

kv-^nw-Kv-kv F-¶ ]-Xna-IÄ \nÀ-an¨p.

knKp-dm¯v ]nc-anUv kv-^nw-Kv-kv

]mNo-\ PohnXw


ssl-tdm-¥n-^n-Ivkv Iyq-Wn-t^mw ssN-\-bn-se F-gp-¯p-hnZy

k]v-X kn-Ôp ]-tZiw]©m-_v F-¶ ]-tZ-

i-¯n-\v B t]-cv e-`n¨-Xv F-´p-sIm-ïm-sW-¶-dn-bm-tam? kn-Ôp-hn-sâ A-©v t]m-j-I \-Zn-Ifm-b Qew, Nn-\m_v, chn, _n-bmkv, k-Xve-Pv F-¶o \-Zn-IÄ H-gpIp-¶ ]-tZ-iw F-¶ \n-e-bv-¡m-Wv ]-©m-_n-\v B t]-cv e-`n-¨Xv. Cu A-©v \-Zn-I fpw knÔp, k-c-kz-Xn \-Zn-Ifpw H-gpInbncp-¶ ]-tZ-iw k]v-X kn-Ôp ]-tZ-iw F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

G-I-tZ-iw 3500 hÀ-j-§Ä-¡p ap³-]v C-´y-bp-sS h-S-¡p-]-Sn-ªm-dp-Å k]v-X kn-Ôp ]-tZ-i-t¯-¡v B-cy³ amÀ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-« P\-§Ä h-¶p-tNÀ-¶p. E-tKz-Z-¯nÂ \n-¶m-Wv C-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-s¯¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-hc-§Ä \-ap-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶Xv. A-Xn\mÂ Cu Im-eL-«w E-tKz-Z-Im-ew F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. A-h-cp-sS Po-hn-X-¯n-sâ ]-tXy-IX-IÄ F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v t\m-¡mw.

tem-I-s¯ hnhn-[ sh-¦-ebp-K kw-kv-Im-c-§-fp-sS s]m-Xp k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

k]v-X-kn-Ôp ]-tZiw


]mNo-\ PohnXw

• B-cy³amÀ \n-c-h-[n Ip-Spw-_-§-f-S§n-b tKm-X-§-fm-bm-Wv Po-hn-¨Xv.

• tKm-X-¯-e-h-·msc k-lm-bn¡m³ hn-[m-X, k-`, k-an-Xn F-¶o tKm-X k-an-Xn-IÄ D-ïm-bn-cp¶p.

• Ir-jnbpw Im-enh-fÀ-¯-ep-am-bn-cp-¶p

A-h-cp-sS ][m-\ sXm-gnÂ.• k-aq-l-s¯ ]p-tcm-ln-X-·mÀ, ssk

-\nIÀ, km-[m-c-W P\-§Ä F-¶n§-s\ aq-¶m-bn Xn-cn-¨n-cp¶p.

• ]-Ir-Xni-ànI-sf A-hÀ B-cm-[n-¨n-cp¶p.

kn-Ôq\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-s¯ E-tKz-Z-Im-e-L-«-hp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿pI.

]T-\t\«-§Ä

• in-em-bp-K-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ L«-§Ä Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp¶p.

• hnhn-[ in-em-bp-K§-sf Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p¶p.

• hnhn-[ \-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Im-c-§-fp-sS k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p-¶p.

• lc-¸³ kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• E-tKz-Z-Im-e-s¯ B-cy³-am-cp-sS Po-hn-Xw hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy-§Ä

• Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å ]«n-I I-a-¸-Sp-¯pI.

• in-em-bp-K¯nÂ\n¶pw tem-l-bp-K-¯n-te-¡p-Å am-äw a-\p-jy Po-hn-X¯nÂ F-s´Ãmw am-ä-§-fp-ïm¡n?

• \ho-\in-em-bp-K-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I.

• lc-¸³P-\-X-bp-sS \-K-cm-kq-X-W-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-I.

• k]v-Xkn-Ôp ]-tZ-i-s¯ B-cy³-am-cp-sS Po-hn-X-Im-e-s¯ E-tKz-Z-Im-ew F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-´p-sImïv?

F _n

l-c-¸³ kw-kv-Im-cw slm-bm-Mvslm

Cu-Pn-]vjy³ kw-kv-Im-cw bq-^-«okv

ssN-\o-kv kw-kv-Im-cw knÔp

sa-skm-s¸m-«m-an-b³ kw-kv-Im-cw ss\Â

]mNo-\ PohnXw


Xp-SÀ]-hÀ¯\w

• ]m-No-\Im-e a-\p-jyPo-hn-X-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨ ]-X-hmÀ-¯-I-Ä ti-J-cn-¨v H-cp ]-Xn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

kzbw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p

sa-¨-s¸-tS-ï- Xp-ïv

hnhn-[ in-em-bp-K-§-fn-se P-\-Po-hnXw

hnhn-[ in-em-bp-K-§-fp-sS Xm-cX-ay ]T\w

\-Zo-X-S kw-kv-Imc§Ä

lmc-¸³ kw-kv-Im-cw

E-tKz-Z Im-e-s¯ B-cy-·m-cp-sS Po-hnXw


amä-§-fp-sS Cý

\n-Xy-Po-hn-X¯nÂ \-½Ä D-]-tbm-Kn¡p-¶ Nn-e D-]-I-c-W-§-fp-sS Nn-X-§-fm-Wv ap-IfnÂ X-¶n-«p-ÅXv. A-h-bp-sS ]-tXy-I-Xbpw D-]-tbm-Khpw F-s´m-s¡-bmWv?

C-ýbnÂ C-¶v C-cp-¼n-sâ \n-t£]-§Ä D-Å ]-tZi-§Ä G-sXÃm-sa-¶dn-bm-tam? Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å `q-]-S¯nÂ\n¶pw Ah a-\-Ên-em-¡mw. A-hsb I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp¯q.


Cý-bn-se C-cp-¼p-\nt£-] tI-µ§Ä

amä-§-fp-sS Cý


C-ýbnÂ B-Zy-am-bn a-\pjyÀ C-cp-¼p-]-I-cW-§Ä D-ïm-¡n D-]-tbm-Kn¨-Xv Cý-bp-sS h-S-¡pþIng-¡v `m-Ks¯ Kw-Kmk-a-X-e-¯n-em-bn-cp¶p. Kw-Km k-a-X-e-s¯ `q-]-S¯nÂ I-sï-¯m-hp-¶-XmWv. C¶pw B ]-tZ-iw C-cp-¼v \n-t£-]¯mÂ k-¼-¶-am-sW-¶v `q-]-S¯nÂ \n¶pw a-\-Ên-em-bn Im-Wp-a-tÃm.

_n.kn.C. 1000 ¯n-em-Wv k]v-Xkn-Ôp ]-tZi¯p \n¶pw Bcy³amÀ Kw-Km k-a-X-e-¯n-te-¡v Ip-Sn-tb-dn-bXv. D-¯À-]-tZ-in-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§fnÂ\n¶pw e-`n-¨ C-cp-¼p-]-I-c-W-§fpw Nm-c-¸m-X-§fpw C-Xn-\v sX-fn-hmWv.

Kw-Kmk-a-X-e-¯n-se¯n-b B-cy³ amÀ A-hn-sS \n¶pw e-`n-¨ C-cp-¼v sIm-ïv D-]-I-c-W-§fpw B-bp-[-§fpw \nÀ-an-¨v D-]-tbm-Kn¨p. AXv B ]-tZ-i-s¯ P-\-

]mNo-\ \m-Wb§Ä

a¬]m-X§Ä

Po-hn-X¯nÂ \n-ch-[n am-ä-§-fp-ïm¡n. A-h F-s´Ãm-sa-¶v t\m-¡mw.• C-cp-¼m-bp[-§ÄsIm-ïv h\-§Ä sh-

«n-s¯-fn¨p.• sh-«n-s¯-fn-¨ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ I-e-¸

sIm-ïv D-gp-Xv a-dn-¨v Ir-jn sN-bvXp.• Ir-jn-bp-sS hn-Im-k-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶v

B-cy³amÀ Øn-c-hm-k-am-cw-`n¨p.• an-t¨m-Â¸mZ-\w ssI-am-ä-¯n-\v h-gn sX-

fn¨p.• ssI-am-ä-¯n-\v \m-Wb-§Ä D-]-tbm-

Kn¡m³ Xp-S§n.• ssIam-ä tI-µ-§Ä \-K-c-§-fm-bn

h-fÀ¶p.• Ccp-¼m-bp[-§Ä bp-²-§Ä¡pw cm-Py-

¯nsâ -hn-kv-Xr-Xn hÀ-²n-¸n¡p-¶-Xn \pw h-gn-sX-fn¨p.

Kw-Km k-a-X-e-¯n-se Ir-jn-bp-sS A-`n-hr-²n \-K-c

cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-te-bv-¡v \-bn-¨-sX-§-s\-sb-¶v NÀ¨ sN¿pI.

Ønc-hm-kw P-\-Po-hn-X¯nÂ F-s´Ãmw

am-ä-§-fp-ïm-¡n F-¶v t\m-¡mw.

• P\-§Ä Øn-c-hm-k-ap-¸n-¨ ]-tZi-§Ä P-\-]Z-§Ä F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

• P\-§Ä tKm-X-§-fm-bm-Wv Po-hn-¨Xv.

• tKm-X¯e-h³ cm-P³ F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

• ssZ-hm-cm-[-\bpw a-Xm-Nm-c-§fpw Iq-Sp-XÂ k-¦oÀ-Wambn.

• sXm-gn-en-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ k-aq-l-s¯ \m-em-bn hn-`-Pn¨p.


amä-§-fp-sS C´y

_m-Ò-WÀ þ ]p-tcm-ln-X·mÀ

ssh-iy·mÀ þ Irjn, hm-WnPyw

£-X-n-b·mÀ þ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cnIÄ, ssk-\n-I-ta-[m-hnIÄ

iq-Z·mÀ þ DbÀ-¶ hÀ-W§-sf

tk-hn¡p-I

Kw-Kmk-a-X-e-¯n-se km-aqln-I hn-`P\w

# #

##

ssP-\-a-X-hpw _p-²-a-XhpwNn-X¯nÂ ImWp-¶ inÂ-¸w

B-cp-tS-sX-¶-dn-bmtam? _p²-a-X Øm-]-I\m-b io-_p²-sâ inÂ-¸-am-WXv. _n.kn.C. Bdmw \q-ämïnÂ C-´y-bp-sS hS-¡pþIng¡³ tZ-i-¯pïm-b km-aqln-I am-ä-§-fm-Wv _p-²-a-Xw, ssP\a-Xw F-¶n-h-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\v h-gnsX-fn-¨Xv. hÀ²am-\ a-lm-ho-c-\m-Wv ssP-\a-Xw ]-N-cn-¸n-¨Xv. C-h-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\v h-gn-sX-

fn-¨ L-SI-§Ä F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cp-¶p- sh-¶v t\m-¡mw.

• ar-K-_-enbpw bm-K-§fpw Ir-jn-bp-sS ]p-tcm-K-Xn-sb ]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn _m-[n¨p.

• bm-K-§-fp-tSbpw B-Nm-cm-\p-jvTm-\-§-fp-tSbpw h-fÀ-¨ ]p-tcm-ln-X-·m-cp-sS B-[n-]-Xy-¯n-\v h-gn-sX-fn¨p.

• k-¼-¶cm-b ssh-iyhn-`m-K-¯n-\v k-aq-l¯nÂ Xmgv-¶ Øm-\-am-Wv D-ïm-bn-cp-¶Xv.

alm-hoc³io_p-²³

amä-§-fp-sS C´y


ssP-\-a-X-t¯bpw _p-²-a-X-t¯bpw Ip-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-hc-§Ä Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å ]-«n-I-bnÂ \n-¶v t\-Sm-hp-¶-XmWv.

ssP-\aXw _p-²aXw

A-lnw-k-bv-¡v ]m-[m\yw \ÂIn. A-lnw-k-bm-bn-cp-¶p ][m-\ X-¯zw.

th-Zm-Nm-c-§-tfbpw Pm-Xn hy-h-Ø-tbbpw F-XnÀ¯p.

B-Nm-c-§-tf¡mÄ [mÀ-an-I-X-bv-¡v ]m-[m\yw \ÂIn.

_-Ò-Ncyw ]n³-Xp-Scm³ B-h-iy-s¸«p.]m-en `m-jbnÂ c-Nn-¨ Xn-]n-S-I-§-fm-Wv _p²-a-X X-¯z§-sf DÄ-s¡m-ïn-cp-¶Xv.

]m-Ir-Xv `m-jbnÂ B-ib-§Ä ]-N-cn-¸n¨p.

]-N-c-W-¯n-\m-bn "kwLw' cq-]o-I-cn¨p.

i-cnbm-b hn-izmkw, i-cnbm-b A-dnhv, i-cnbm-b ]-hr-¯n F¶n-h ]n³-Xp-Scm³ P-\-§-tfm-Sv B-h-iy-s¸«p.

\n-ch-[n Kp-lIÄ, ssN-Xy§Ä, hn-lm-c§Ä, kv-Xw`-§Ä F¶n-h \nÀ-an¨p.

in-em-kv-Xw-`§Ä, Kp-lm-t£-X§Ä, ]-Xna-IÄ F-¶n-h-bp-sS \nÀ-am-W-s¯ t]m-Õm-ln-¸n¨p.

A-bÂ-cm-Py-§-fp-am-bn kmw-kv-Im-cn-I _-Ôw Øm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v h-gn-sbm-cp¡n.

\f-µ, X-£-in-e, hn-I-ain-e F-¶o kÀ-h-I-em-ime-IÄ hn-Zym-`ym-k ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v k-lm-b-I-ambn.

kaImen-I k-aq-l¯nÂ ssP-\-aXw, _p-²a-Xw F-¶n-h-bp-sS ]m-[m\yw NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.

a-lm-P-\-]Z-§Ä

Ir-jn-bp-sS hn-Im-k-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶v P\-§Ä Øn-c-hm-k-ap-d-¸n-¨ P-\-]-Z-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v t\-c-t¯ NÀ-¨ sN-bvX-Xv HmÀ-¡p-a-tÃm. Cu P-\-]Z-§Ä ]-eXpw H-¯p-tNÀ-¶v a-lm-P-\-]-Z-§-fm-bn amdn.C¯-cw ]-Xn-\m-dv a-lm-P-\-]Z-§Ä C-´y-bn-ep-ïm-bn-cp¶p. Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å `q-]-S¯nÂ\n¶pw Ah-sb I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯m-hp-¶-XmWv.

a-lm-P-\-]Z-§Ä


amä-§-fp-sS Cý

]-Xn-\m-dv a-lm-P-\-]-Z-§fnÂ G-ähpw i-àn-bmÀ-Ön¨-Xv a-K-[-bm-bn-cp¶p. A-Xn-\p-Å Im-cW-§Ä Nph-sS X-¶n-«pïv.

C-cp-¼n-sâ h³ tXm-Xn-ep-Å \n-t£]w

B-\I-sf bp-²-¯n-\v D-]-tbm-Kn¨-Xv

h-\-¯nÂ \n-¶p-ap-Å X-Sn-bp-sS e`y-X

Ir-jn-¡v A-\p-tbm-Pyam-b ^-e-`q-bnjvT

am-b ]-tZiw

Kw-Km-\-Zn-bn-eq-sS-bp-Å P-e-K-XmKXw

i-à-·mcm-b cm-Pm-¡·mÀ

## #

#

##a-K-[-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`mhw

aK[-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\v h-gn-sX-fn-¨ L-S-I§-sf hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

au-cykm-amPyw

G-sXm-cp k-aq-l-¯n-tâbpw \n-e- \nÂ-¸n-\m-h-iyam-b Nn-e Kp-W-]mT-§-fm-Wv ap-IfnÂ X-¶n-«p-ÅXv. ]mNo-\ C-ýbnÂ \n-e\n-¶ au-cykm-am-Py-¯n-se `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bncp-¶ A-tim-I³ P-\-§Ä-¡v \ÂIn-b \nÀ-t±-i-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p C-h.

N-µ-Kp]v-X au-cy-\m-Wv au-cykm-amPyw Øm-]n¨-Xv. a-K-[-bn-se A-h-km-\-s¯ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bncp-¶ [-\-\µ-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-bm-Wv A-t±-lw au-cykm-amPyw Øm-]n-¨Xv. Iu-Sn-ey-sâ kn-²m-´-a-\p-k-cn-¨m-Wv A-t±-lw `c-Ww \-S-¯n-bXv. cm-P-`-c-W-s¯ kw-_-Ôn-¨

A-t±-l-¯n-sâ kn-²m-´w k-]v-Xmw-K kn-²m-´w F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. AÀ-°-im-kvXw F-¶ K-Ù-¯n-em-Wv Iu-Sney³ C-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v ]-cm-aÀ-in-¡p-¶Xv.

• A-Ñ-t\-bpw A-½-tbbpw _-lp-am-\n-¡Ww.

• ap-XnÀ-¶hÀ, _-Ôp-¡Ä F-¶nh-sc B-Z-cn-¡Ww.

• Bcp-tSbpw h-kv-Xp-¡Ä tam-ãn-¡-cpXv.

Iu-Sney³

k]v-Xmw-K kn-²m´wIu-Sn-ey-sâ k-]v-Xmw-K kn-

²m-´ ]-Im-cw H-cp hy-àn-s¡-¶- t]m-se H-cp cm-Py-¯n\pw H-gn-¨p-Iq-Sm-\m-hm-¯ G-gv A-h-bh-§Ä Dïv. A-h kzman (cm-Pm-hv), A-am-Xy³ (ań), tIm-k (J-P-\m-hv), Z-Þ (\o-Xn-\ym-bw), ZpÀ-K (tIm«), an-Xw (kJyw), P-\-]-Zw (]-tZiw) F-¶n-h-bmWv.

amä-§-fp-sS C´y


au-cy km-am-Pyw

26 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

au-cykm-am-Py-¯n-se G-ähpw ]-i-kv-X\m-b -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bm-bn-cp-¶p A-timI³. km-am-Py-¯n-se hnhn-[ hn-`m-Kw P-\-§Ä-¡n-SbnÂ sF-Iyhpw km-tlm-Z-cyhpw \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-bn A-t±-lw ap-t¶m-«p-h-¨ B-i-b-§-fm-Wv t\-c-t¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¨Xv. Cu B-ib-§Ä "[-½' F-¶ t]-cn-e-dn-b-s¸«p. cm-Py-¯n-sâ hnhn[ `m-K-§fn Â Øm-]n-¨ im-k-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-tim-I³ X-sâ "[-½' F-¶ Bi-bw ]-N-cn-¸n-¨Xv.

Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å `q-]-S¯nÂ \n¶pw hn-hn-[X-cw A-tim-I im-k\-IÄ I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

Atim-I im-k\§Ä

au-cyIm-eL-«-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-Xw F-§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v t\m-¡mw.

• Ir-jn hn-Im-kw ]m-]n¨p.

• Ir-jn-bp-sS hn-Im-kw I-¨-h-S-¯n-sâ ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v Im-c-W-ambn.

• P-e-tkN-\ ku-I-cy-§Ä `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ H-cp¡n.

• Nm-¸Ip¯n-b \m-Wb-§Ä \n-e-hn-en-cp¶p.

• hy-Xykv-X \n-Ip-Xn-IÄ ]n-cn-¨n-cp¶p.

• hÀ-W-s¯ (sXm-gnÂ) A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å km-aqln-I hn-`P-\w \n-e-\n-¶n-cp¶p.


amä-§-fp-sS Cý

Nm-¸-Ip¯n-b \m-Wb§Ä

A-timI-sâ kv-Xw-`-imk-\w þ ssh-im-en-

C-ý au-cy-·mÀ-¡ptijw

C-ý-bp-sS tZio-b ]-©mw-Kw

C-ý-bp-sS tZio-b ]-©mw-Kam-b i-I-hÀ-j-am-Wv ap-IfnÂ X-¶n-«p-ÅXv. C-Xv B-cw-`n-¨-Xm-sc-¶-dn-bm-tam?

au -cy -·mÀ -¡pti -jw C- ybnÂ A-[n-Im-c¯nÂ

h-¶ Ip-jm-\cm-P-hw-i- n-se I-\n-jv-I-\m-Wv kn.C. 78 Â i-I-hÀ-jw B-cw- n- Xv. _p-²-a-X- n-sâ ]Nm-c-W nÂ ][m-\ ]-¦v h-ln- A-t±-l-

n-sâ sIm-«m-c nÂ Po-hn- ncp-¶ _p²-a-X ]-Þn-X-·m-cm-bn-cp-¶p A-iz-tLm -j\pw h-kp-an-X-\pw. C- ybn Â B-Zy-am-bn kzÀ-W-\m-Wb-§Ä ]p-d- n-d-¡nb-Xv Ipjm-\ -c-Wm-[n-Imcn-I-fm-bn-cp¶p. ssh-Zy-im-kv-X-¯n-\v h³ tXm-Xn-ep-Å kw-`m-h\-IÄ \ÂIn-b N-c-I\pw ip-ip-X \pw Ipjm-\ `-c-W-Im-e- KmÔm-c inÂ¸w

¯m-Wv Po-hn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. Cu Im-e-L-«¯nÂ C-ý-bn-se-¯n-b inÂ-¸n-IÄ \n-ch-[n _p-²]-Xna-IÄ \nÀ-an¨p. Ko-kn-sebpw tdm-an-sebpw inÂ-¸-hnZymco-Xn-sb Cý³ ssi-en-bp-am-bn tNÀ-¯v inÂ¸-§Ä \nÀ-an-¨ Cu co-Xn KmÔm-cinÂ¸-I-e F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p.

amä-§-fp-sS Cý


K-h¬-saâv `qc-ln-Xcmb P-\-§Ä-¡v `q-an ]-Xn- p \Â-Ip-¶Xn-sâ hmÀ- -bm-WnXv. C-Xp-t]m-se ]mNo-\ C- ybnÂ -c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ hnhn-[ P-\-hn- m-K-§Ä-¡v

A-h-cp-sS tk-h-\-¯n-\p-Å ]-Xn-^-e-am-bn `q-an \Â-In-bn-cp¶p. C-Xv `q-Zm-\w F-¶m-W-dn-b-s¸-«Xv. _n.kn.C. H¶mw \q-ämïnÂ ]-Xn-kv-Xm-\ (C-¶-s¯ a-lm-cm-jv-S-bn-se ss]-Xm-³) B-Øm-\-am-¡n `-cn-¨ncp-¶ i-X-hm-l-\ `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fm-Wv `q-Zm-\w i-à-am-bn B-cw-`n-¨-Xv. Ir-

tdm-a³ \m-Wb§Ä

au-cym\-´-c Im-e-L-«¯nÂ C-ýbnÂ hn-hn-[ cw-K-§-fn-epïm-b amä-§Ä NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.

Kp-]v-X-ImewC-ý-bp-sS B-Zy-s¯ D-]-K-lam-b B-cy-`-«-bp-sS Nn-X-am-Wv X-¶n-«p-ÅXv. C-Xn-\v B t]-cv \Â-Im-\p-Å Im-c-W-a-dn-bm-tam?

]mNo-\ C-ýbn Â Kp-]v-X-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS `-cW -Ime-¯v Po-hn-¨ncp-¶ B-cy-`S-sâ HmÀ-½-bv-¡m-bm-

Wv B t]-cv \Â-In-bXv. _-ln-cmIm-i hn-Úm-\-¯n-\v \n-ch-[n kw-`m-h\-IÄ \ÂIn-b A-t±-lw c-Nn-¨ K-Ù-am-Wv B-cy-`-Sobw.

N-µ-Kp-]vX³ H¶ma³ B-bn-cp-¶p Kp]v-Xcm-P-hw-i- n-se B-Zy-s¯ i-à\m-b -c-Wm-[n-Imcn. A-t±-lw kn.C.320Â Kp]v-X ]-©mw-K- n-\v XpS-¡w Ip-dn p. A-t±-l-s¯ Xp-SÀ-

jn hn-I-kn-¸n¡p-I F-¶ D-t±-iy-t¯m-SpIq-Sn-bm-Wv C-¯-c¯nÂ `q-an Zm-\w \Â-In-bXv. Im-em-´-c¯nÂ Cu ]-tZ-i-§-fp-sS `-c-Wm-[n-Im-chpw `q-an Zm-\-am-bn e-`n¨-hÀ ssI-¿-S¡n. A-tXm-sS cm-Pm-hn-sâ A-[n-Im-cw ZpÀ-_-e-s¸«p. tdm-amkm-am-Py-hpam-bn i-X-hm-l-\ cm-Py-¯n-\v hm-Wn-Py _-Ô-ap-ïm-bn-cp¶p. I¨-h-S ]p-tcmK-Xn \-K-c-§-fp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\v h-gn-sbm-cp¡n.


amä-§-fp-sS C´y

¶p-h-¶ k-ap-ZKp-]v-X³ km-am-Py hn-kv-Xr-Xn hÀ-²n- n¨p. A-t±-l- n-sâ sIm-«m-c¯nÂ Po-hn- ncp-¶ I-hnbm-b l-cn-tk-\³ X-¿m-dm¡n-b "A-e-l -_mZv ]-i-kv-Xn'bnÂ\n-¶m-Wv k-ap-ZKp- ]vX-sâ B-I-a-W-§-sf-¡p-dn- v \-ap-¡v hnh-cw e- n-¡p-¶Xv.

N-µ-Kp-]vX³ cïmasâ Im-e-L-

Ael-_m-Zv kv-Xw`w

A-e-l-_m-Zv ]-i-kvXn

j-I-cp-sS A-h-Ø ]-cn-Xm-]-I-c-am-bn-cp¶p.

• hym-]m-cw ZpÀ-_-e-ambn.

• \-K-c-§-fp-sS ]m-[m-\yw \-ã-s¸«p.

• hÀ-Wk-¼-Zm-bw i-à-ambn.

• hn-jv-Wp`-àcpw in-h `-à-cpw t£-X-§Ä \nÀ-an¨p.

im-kv-Xþkm-ln-XycwK-¯v Kp-]v-X Im-ew K-Wyam-b ]p-tcmK-Xn ssI-h-cn¨p. Cu cw-K-§fnÂ kw-`m-h-\ \ÂIn-b hy-àn-I-sfbpw A-hÀ c-Nn-¨ ]p-kv-X-I-§-sfbpw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.

hy-ànIÄ ]p-kv-XI§Ä

Im-fn-Zmk³A-`nÚm-\ im-Ip-´fw, am-f-hn-Im-án-an-Xw, hn-I-tamÀ-Æ-iobw

iq-ZI³ ar-Nv-O-I-SnIw

hn-im-JZ¯³ ap-Zm-cm£kw

h-cm-l-an-lnc³ ]-©-kn-²m´n-I

A-a-c-knwl³ A-a-c-tIm-iw

«- n-em-Wv Kp]vX km-amPyw G-ähpw hn-kv-Xr-X-am-bXv. A-t±-l- n-sâ Im-e- m-Wv ssN-\o-kv k-©m-cnbm-b ^m-lnbm³ C- y k-µÀ-in- Xv. N-µKp-]vX³ cïma³ cm-Py-¯n-sâ X-e-Øm-\w ]m-S-eo- ]p-X¯nÂ \n-¶pw D -Ö-bn -\ n -b n - te¡p amän.Kp]v-XIm-e-s¯ P-\-Po-hn-Xw F-§-s\-bm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¶v t\m-¡mw.

• `q-Zm-\w hym-]-I-ambn.

• ImÀ-jn-tIm-Â¸mZ-\w hÀ-²n-s¨-¦nepw IÀ-

amä-§-fp-sS C´y


Kp-]v-X-Im-e-¯pïm-b amä-§Ä km-[m-c-W-¡mcm-b P-\§-sf F-§-s\-sbÃmw _m-[n-¨p-sh-¶v hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

\-¶-§mSnIp-S¡Ãv ap-\nbd \m-«pIÃv

]mNo-\Im-e-s¯ tI-c-f-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-X-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hnh-cw Xcp-¶ Nn-e kv-am-c-I-§-fp-sS Nn-X-§-fm-Wv ap-I fnÂ X-¶n-«p-ÅXv. i-h-a-S-¡n-\m-Wv C-h D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. hen-b IÃp sIm-ïm-Wv C-h \nÀ-an-¨n-cp-¶Xv. A-Xn\mÂ C-h a-lm-in-em kv-am-cI-§Ä F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p. Cu Im-eL-«w a-lm-in-em kv-am-c-I Im-eL-«w F¶pw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

C-cp-¼p-]-I-c-W-§-fm-Wv Cu Im-e-L-«¯nÂ a-\pjyÀ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n-cp-¶-Xv. ]mNo-\ X-an-gv`m-j-bm-Wv

C-hn-sS P\-§Ä kw-km-cn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. A-Xn\mÂ C-¶-s¯ tI-c-fhpw X-an-gv-\mSpw B-Ô-]-tZ-in-se Nn-e `m-K- §fpw DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ Cu ]-tZ-iw ]mNo-\ X-ang-Iw F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p. kn.C. B-Zy \q-äm-ïp-I-fm-bn-cp-¶p a-lm-in-em kv-am-c-I Im-e-L«w. Cu Im-e-L-«-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-X-s¯¡p-dn-¨v hnh-cw Xcp-¶ a-säm-cp ][m-\ tkmX-Êv ]-g-´-an-gv ]m-«p-I-fmWv. A-h kw-L km-lnXyw F¶pw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. ][m-\ kw-Lw Ir-Xn-IÄ G-sXÃm-sa-¶v t\m-¡mw.

A-I-\m\qdv ]p-d-\m\qdv ]-Xn-äp]¯v

a-Wn-taJ-e

Xn-cp-¡pdÄ sXmÂ-¡m-¸nbw Nn-e-¸-Xn-Imcw

kw-Lw Ir-XnIÄ

#

#

#

##

##


amä-§-fp-sS C´y

XnWIÄ

tI-c-f-¯n-se Nn-e Ø-e-\m-a-§-fm-Wv ap-I-fnÂ X-¶n-«p-ÅXv. ]mNo-\ X-an-gI-¯v k-hn-ti-jam-b `q-an-im-kv-X ]-tXy-I-X-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b A-©v `q-hn`mK-§Ä D-ïm-bn-cp¶p. A-h XnW-IÄ F-¶-dn-b-s¸«p. A-h-bp-sS t]-cp-am-bn Cu Ø-e-\ma-§Ä _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p. A-©v Xn-W-Ifpw A-h-bp-sS `q-an-im-kv-X ]-tXy-I-X-Ifpw F-´m-sW-¶v t\m-¡mw.

]m-e]m-e-¡mSv

Ip-dn-©n-e-¡mSv

XnWIÄ `q-an-im-kv-X k-hn-ti-jXIÄ

Ip-dn-©n h-\-]-tZiw

ap-ssÃ ]pÂ-ta-SpIÄ

]msse h-c-ï ]-tZiw

a-cpXw \-ZoXSw

s\-bvXÂ Xo-c-]-tZiw

Xn-W-I-fp-sS `q-an-im-kv-X k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v A-hn-S-§fnÂ \n-e\n-¶ sXm-gn-ep-IÄ F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cn-¡m-sa-¶v NÀ-¨

sN-¿pI.

]T-\-t\«§Ä

• Kw-Kmk-a-X-e-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-X-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

• a-lm-P-\-]-Z§-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp¶p.

• a-K-[-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\n-S-bm¡n-b L-SI-§Ä hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• au-cykm-am-Py-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-Xw hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p.

• au-cym\-´-c Im-e-L-«¯nÂ C-´y-bn-epïm-b amä-§Ä hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• Kp]v-XIm-e-L-«-¯n-epïm-b amä-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

• ]mNo-\ X-an-g-I-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

amä-§-fp-sS C´y


hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä

• Nph-sS X-¶n-«p-Å ]«n-I I-a-s¸-Sp¯p-I.

• au-cym\-´-c Ime-¯v C-´ybnÂ P-\-Po-hn-X-¯n-epïm-b amä-§Ä hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.

• a-K-[-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-h-¯n-\n-S-bm¡n-b Im-cW-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

• C-cp-¼n-sâ D-]-tbm-Kw Kw-Kmk-a-X-e-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-X-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¨-sX-§s\?

• ssP-\-aXw, _p-²a-Xw F-¶n-h-bp-sS k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.

• Kp]v-XIm-e-L-«¯nÂ im-kv-Xþkm-ln-Xy cw-K-§-fn-epïm-b ]p-tcmK-Xn Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn-¡pI.

• ]mNo-\ X-an-g-I-s¯ P-\-Po-hn-Xw hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.

• ]-g-´-an-gv ]m-«p-I-fp-sS ]m-[m\yw hy-à-am-¡pI.

XpSÀ-]-hÀ¯\w

• a-lm-in-em kv-am-c-I-§-fp-sS Nn-X-§Ä DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n H-cp BÂ-_w X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

kzbw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

F _n

Ip-dn-©n ]pÂ-taSv

]msse \-ZoXSw

ap-ssÃ h-c-ï ]-tZiw

a-cpXw k-ap-Z-Xocw

s\-bvXÂ h-\-]-tZiw

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


KwKm k-a-X-e-¯n-se P-\-Po-hnXw

a-K-[-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`mhw

au-cy km-am-Py-¯n-se hnhn-[ L-SI§Ä

au-cy Im-e-L-«-¯n-se P-\-Po-hn-Xw

Kp]v-X Im-e-L-«-¯pïm-b amä§Ä

]mNo-\ X-an-g-I-¯n-se P-\-Po-hnXw


a\p-jy-Po-hn-Xw a-[y-Im-e-L-«¯nÂ

tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n 33

kn.C. A©mw \q-ämïpapXÂ kn.C. ]Xns\«mw \qämïp hscbpÅ ImeL«s¯bmWv a[yImesa¶v s]mXpsh IW¡m-¡p¶Xv. temI¯v FÃmbnS¯pw CXv Hcpt]mse Bbncp¶nÃ. Cu ImeL«¯nÂ temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fnÂ DSseSp¯ Nne kmamPy§sf \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

kmamPyw XeØm\w `cWm[nIm-cnIÄ kw`mh\-IÄ

]uc-kvXy tdmam kmamPyw-- (ss_kmânb³ kmamPyw)

tIm¬Ìmânt\m-¸nÄ (Cu-kv-Xmw-_qÄ, ss_-km³jyw)

PÌo-\n-b³ 1 (tIm¬-Ìmâbn³

Øm-]I³)

tImÀ¸kv Pqdnkv knhnÂkv F-¶ \nbakwlnX

hnip² tdmam kmamPyw-- (^m¦njv kmamPyw--)

tdmw jm-e-ao³

]tZinI `cWw þ \nb´n¡m³ Iuïp-IÄ F¶ DtZym-KØÀ, I-tcmen³-Pn³ \thm-°m-\w



kmamPyw XeØm\w `cWm[nIm-cnIÄ kw`mh\-IÄ

Ad_v kmam-Pyw (Dahn-¿IÄ, Aºm-knbIÄ)

ZamkvIkv A-_ZvþAÂþam-en-IvZÀlw, Zn\mÀ \mWb-§Ä

_mKv-ZmZv lm-dq¬þAÂþdjo-Zvt£a]²XnIÄ \S¸nem¡n

Hm-t«ma³ kmamPyw

tIm¬Ìmânt\m-¸nÄ kpsseam³\nba§Ä tImUo Icn-¨p

awtKm-fnb³ kmamPyw

Imct¡mdw sN¦nkvJm³

ssk\y¯nsâ k-hntijX þ IpXn-c-¸S, kpkw LSnXamb Nmc kw-Lw, sImdnbÀ k¼Zmbw

amenkmamPyw am-en I¦³ aqk

ASna¡¨hS ¯nsâ tI-µw, Xnw-_p-àp-hn-se tKäv-tam-kv-Ivv

aw-tKm-fn-b³ km-am-Py-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ hn-h-cn-¡pI

^yqUen-kwa[yIme bqtdm¸nÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶ kmaqlnIþkm¼¯nI

hy-hØbmb ^yqUen-ks¯¡pdn¨v \n§Ä ap³ ¢mknÂ ]Tn¨n«pïtÃm. AXnsâ ]-X-\-Im-c-W-§-fnÂ Nn-eXv \ap¡v ]cn tim[n¡mw.• Idp¯ ac-Ww• Ipcniv bp²-§Ä• a[yhÀK¯nsâ D-Z-bw

a[yIme hmWnPywhym]mcw \S¯p¶Xn\mbn \mw hnhn-[- ]m-X-IÄ kzoIcn

¡mdpïtÃm? a[yIme¯nse hmWnPyw \S¶Xv ][m\ambpw cïp ]mXIfneq-sS-bmWv. Ah NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.



]«p-Xp-Wn-¸m-Xbpw kp-K-Ô-hy-Rv-P-\-]m-Xbpw

]mXIÄ khntijXIÄ

]«p]mX ][m\ambpw IcamÀKw

kpKÔhyRvP\ ]mX ][m\ambpw ISÂamÀKw

a[yIme \Kc-§Ä]mNo\ \Kc§Ä ]Xns\m¶mw

\qämtïmSpIqSn hoïpw kPoham-bn. F¶mÂ aäp ]tZi§fnse \Kc§sf At]£n¨v Cämenb³ \Kc§Ä Cu ImeL«¯nÂ hmWnPy¯nsâ ][m\tIµ§fmbn amdnbXnsâ ImcW§Ä NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. • XpdapJ§fpsS km¶n[yw• I¨hS¡mÀ¡v e`n¨ncp¶ B\pIqey-§Ä• `cWm[nImcnIfpsS t]mÕml\w

Cu ImeL«¯nse Nne Ing¡³ \Kc§sfbpw ]Snªmd³ \Kc§sf bpw \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

a-[yIm-e bq-tdm-]y³ \Kcw

_mKv-Zm-Zn-se I-¨-h-S-tI-µw Nn-X-Imc-sâ `m-h-\bnÂ



]Snªmd³ \-K-c§Ä Ing¡³ \Kc-§Ä

sP-t\mh _mKvZm-Zv

]nk ZamkvI-kv

sh-\okv G-Z³

^vtfm-d³kv _-kd

eï³ kqd-¯v

]m-cokv tImgnt¡m-Sv

KnÂUp-IÄa[yIme \Kc§fnÂ hym]mcw

\nbń¨ncp¶Xv KnÂUpIÄ F¶ kwL§fmbncp¶p. Chsb cïmbn XcwXncn¡mw.

hymhkmbnIhÂ¡cWw, ^mÎ-dn k-¼-Zmbw, im-kvXþkt¦XnI cwKs¯ hfÀ¨ F¶nh KnÂUv hy-hØsb ]X \¯nte¡v \bn¨p.

a[yIme hnZy`ym-kw]-Ån-I-fpw k-\ym-knaT-§fpw tI-

µo-I-cn-¨pÅ ]mYanI hnZym`ymkw, kÀ-Æ-I-emim-e tI-µo-I-cn-¨pÅ hn-Zym-`ymkw F¶n§s\ a[yIme hnZym`ymkw hym ]n¨ncp¶p.

]mYanI hnZym`ymk¯nsâ tIµw kvIqfpIfmWv. Ch hnhn[ ]tZi§fnÂ hyXykvX t]cpIfnÂ Adn bs¸«ncp¶p. Aºmknb ImeL«¯nse ]mYanI hnZym`ymk tIµ§sf aà_v F¶mW-v hn-fn-¨n-cp-¶Xv. F¶mÂ ]pcm

X\ Cýbnse ]mYanI hnZym`ymk tI-µ§Ä KpcpIpe k¼Zmbw F¶m-Wv Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. D¶X hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\m-bn In-g¡pw ]-Sn-ªmdpw \nch[n kÀÆIemimeIÄ Cu ImeL«¯nÂ Øm]n¡s¸«nSpïv. AhbnÂ Nn-e-Xv \-ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

IcIuie KnÂUp-IÄ

hym]mc KnÂUp-IÄ

KnÂUpIÄ

kÀÆIemime cmPyw

s_m-fm-W Cäen

sImÀtZmh kvs]bn³

HmIvkvÛv Cw-¥-ïv

]m-cnkv ^m³kv

AÂþAkv-lÀ CuPn]v-Xv

a[yIme hnZym`ym-ks¯¡pdn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡pI

a[yIme kmlnXyw

aX]camb hnjb§Ä Cu ImeL«¯nse kmlnXy§fnÂ ]Xn ]mZn¨ncp¶p F¦nepw aäp hnjb§sf ASnØm\am¡n-bpw IrXnIÄ cNn ¨n«pïv. Nne IrXnIsf \ap¡v ]cn-Nbs¸Smw.



AÂþ^nÀZukn jm\ma

skâv AKÌn³ knän Hm^v tKmUv

PbtZh³ KoXtKmhnµw

]oäÀ A_nemÀ-Uv Ubtem-Kv

a[yIme imkvXw

imkvXcwK¯pw a[yIme temIw KWyamb kw`mh\IÄ \ÂInbn«pïv. Cu ImeL«¯nse Nne imkv-XÚ·msc \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

C-_v\p kn-\ sshZyimkv-X-Ú³

A_pþAÂþJmknw ikvXInbbpsS ]nXm-hv

tdm-PÀ t_¡³b´\nÀanX hm-l\§Ä

BImibm\§-fS¡w Iïp]nSn-¯w

`mkv-I-c c-ïma³ tPymXnimkv-X-Ú³

a[yIme C-ýa-[y-Im-e-L«w, temI¯nsâ FÃm

`mK§fnepw Hcpt]msebmbncp¶nÃ F¶v \mw ap¼v ]Tn¨phtÃm. F«mw \qämïpap-XÂ ]-Xns\«mw \qämïphscbpff ImeL«am-Wv s]mXpsh CýbpsS a[yImesa¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Cu ImeL«¯nÂ Cýbnse hnhn[ ]tZi§Ä `cn¨ncp¶ Nne cmPhwi§sf \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

kpÂ¯mt\äv cmPhw-iwkn.C. 1206 apXÂ 1526 hsc UÂln

`cn¨ncp¶ cm-P-hw-i-§-fmWv UÂln kÂ¯\¯v F--¶dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. awep¡v, JnÂPn, Xp¥¡v, k¿Zv, tem-Zn F-¶n-h-bm-Wv A©v kÂ¯-\-¯v cm-P-hw-i§Ä.kÂ-¯\¯v `cW kwhn[m\¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ F-s´Ãm-am-bn-cp¶p?• XpÀ¡n ]mc-¼cyw• `cW¯nsâ Xeh³ kpÂ¯m³• IrXyamb ]n´pSÀ¨m\nbaw CÃ

• `cW kuIcy¯n\mbn kmam Pys¯ ]hniyIÄ, jnJp-IÄ, ]ÀKm\IÄ, Kma§Ä F¶n§s\ XcwXn-cn-¨p

• CJvX k¼Zmbw iàamb ssk\ys¯

kÖoIcn¡p¶Xn\mbn Aemhp ±o³ JÂPn \S¸m¡nb kwhn[m\amWv It¼mf ]cnjvIcWw.

apKÄ hw-iw1526þÂ _m_À Øm]n¨

apKÄ kmamPys¯ Ipdn¨v \n§Ä ap³ ¢mkpIfnÂ ]Tn¨n«pïv. Cu kmamPy¯nsâ `cWkwhn[m\w F-]-Im-c-am-bn-cp¶p?• tIµoIrX `cWkwhn[m-\w• XpÀ¡n, awtKmfnb³ k¼Zm-

b§fpsS kzm[o-\w• A[nImc¯nsâ tIµw NI-

hÀ-¯n• `cW kuIcy¯n\mbn cmPy-s¯

kp_IÄ, kÀ¡mcpIÄ, ]ÀKm\IÄ, Kma§Ä F¶n§s\ hn` Pn¨p

• am³k_vZmcn k¼Zm-bw• PmKnÀZmcn k¼Zmbw þ kÂ¯-

\¯v Imes¯ CJvXbpsS DbÀ¶ cq-]w

CJvX k¼ZmbwcmPys¯ ]e hn`mK§fmbn hn`-Pn¨v ssk\nI ]`p¡·msc GÂ¸n¨p. ssIhiw h¨ncp¶-hÀ CJv-X-ZmÀ, ap-JvXn F¶o t]cpIfnÂ Adnbs¸«p.


38 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n38 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

am³k_vZmcn k¼-Zmbw"am³-k_v' F¶ ]Zw kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv apKÄ ssk\nI DtZymKØsâ ]Zhn-bmWv. Cu ]Zhn hln¨ncp¶hÀ am³k_vZmÀ F¶v hnfn¡s¸«p. C-hÀ¡pw kXv, khÀ F¶o D]hn`m-K§Ä Dïv.

apKÄ þ kpÂ¯m-t\ävv `cWkwhn-[m-\§sf XmcXayw sN¿pI

tNmf`c-Ww

Z£ntWýbnÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶ ][m\s¸« cmPhwiamWv tNmf·mÀ. Kma kzbw`cWambn-cp¶p ChcpsS `cWk¼Zm-b nsâ ][m\ khntijX. AXns\ \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

• Kma`cW¯n\m-bn "DÀ', "k`' F¶ cïp kanXn-IÄ Dïm-bn-cp¶p

• Kma§fnse FÃm P\§fpw DÄs¸« k-anXnbmbn-cp¶p DÀ

• _mÒWÀ DÄs¸« kanXnbmbn-cp¶p k`

hnPb\Kc kmamPyw

]-Xn\memw \qämïpap-XÂ ]-Xn\m dmw \qämïphsc Z£ntWýbnÂ \n e\n¶ncp¶ kmamPyamWv hnPb\Kc kmamPyw. AhcpsS `cW¯nsâ khn-tijXIÄ NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.

`cW¯nsâ Xeh³ cm-Pm-hv B-bn-cp¶p. kmamPys¯ ]hniyIÄ,

\mSpIÄ, Kma§Ä F¶n§s\ Xcw Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p.

adm¯ `c-Ww

]Xnt\gmw \qämïnemWv a-dm-¯ `c-Ww \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶Xv. inhPnbmWv Cu `cW¯n\v ASn¯dbn«Xv. `cW khntijXIÄ \ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw.

• Aã][m³ F¶ cWkan-Xn \ne-hn-ep-ïm-bn-cp¶p

tIµ-`cWw "\mb¦c' k¼Zm-bw

]mtZinI `cWw "A¿-KmÀ' k¼Zm-bw

• cmPys¯ ]hniyIÄ, PnÃIÄ, ]ÀKm \-IÄ, Kma§Ä F¶n§s\ Xcw Xncn¨p

• NuXv, kÀ-tZiv-apJn F¶v cïpXcw \nIpXnIÄ

a[yIme Cýbnse ImÀjnI ]ptcmK-Xn

C_v\p _¯q¯bpsS InXm- _vþAÂþcnlvebnÂ a[yIme Cýbp sS ImÀjnI ]ptcmKXnsb¡pdn¨v hn-hcn¡p¶pïv. s\Ãv, tKmX¼v, _mÀfn, ]cp¯n apXembhbmWv Cu Ime L«¯nÂ Irjn sNbvXncp¶Xv. A_p Â ^kensâ KÙ§fnÂ\n¶pw apKÄ ImeL«§fnse ImÀjnItaJ-esb¡p dn¨pÅ hnhc§Ä e`n¡p¶pïv. tNmf cm-Pm¡·mcpw ImÀjnI A`nhr²n¡mbn \S]SnIÄ kzoIcn¨ncp¶p.

A-ã-][m³t]jz, \ym-bm-[y-£³, A-am-Xy³, k-Nn-h³, a-ń, ]-Þn-X-dm-hp, kp-a´v, tk-\m]Xn



hyhkmb-§Ä

][m\ hyhkmbw s\bv¯mbncp¶p. Nhn«n ]hÀ-¯n¸n¡p¶ XdnbpsS Iïp ]nSn¯w s\bv¯v taJebnÂ h³ amä§Ä Dïm¡n. ]chXm\n, ISemkv \nÀamWw, temlkwkvIcWw, J\hyhkmbw, D¸v \nÀamWw F¶nhbpw C¡me¯v ]ptcmKXn ]m]n¨ hyhkmb§fmWv.

I¨h-Sw

Cu ImeL«¯nse I¨hS hn`mK§sf \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

ssIamä§Ä kpKaam¡m\mbn Imcy£aamb \mWb hyhØIÄ \ne\n ¶ncp¶p. Cu ImeL«¯n-se Nne \mWb§Ä NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.

a[yIme Cý³ kaq-lw

a[yIme Cý³ kaqls¯ aq¶mbn XcwXncn¡mw.

Cu ImeL«¯nÂ IÀjIsc cïmbn hn`Pn¨ncn¡p¶p. Ah GsXms¡bmbn-cp¶p?

ASnak¼Zmbw a[yIme kaql¯nÂ \ne\n¶n-cp-¶p F-¶v C-_v\p _¯q¯bpsS hnhcW§fnÂ\n¶pw e`n¡p¶pïv.

XoctZi hmWnPyw amÀhmSnIÄ, KpPdm¯n-IÄ

Ic hgnbpÅ hmWnPywapÂ¯m\nIÄ, Jpdmkm \nIÄ

kÂ¯\¯v X¦, Pn-XÂ

apKÄ Pemen, Cem-ln

D]cn hÀ-Kw cm-P¡·mÀ

a[yhÀKw I¨h-S¡mÀ

Xmgv¶ hÀ-Kw Irjn¡mÀ, ASna-IÄ

JpZvþI-jvX kzámbn Irjn-`q-an DÅ-hÀ

]mlnþIjvX aäp-Å-h-cpsS `qanbnÂ Irjn sN¿p¶-hÀ



kq^n-kw

BXvaob PohnX¯n\v ]m[m \yw \Â-Ins¡mïv BUw-_-c eu-InI PohnXt¯mSv hntbmPn¸v ]ISn¸n¡p¶hcmWv kq^nIÄ. AhÀ `ànsb ssZht¯mSv ASp¡phm\pÅ amÀKambn Iïp. kq^n Kpcphns\ ]oÀ AYhm sibvJv F¶pw A\pbmbnIsf apcoZv F¶pamWv hnfn¨ncp¶Xv. Ch-cpsS hmkØew Jm³KmlpIÄ F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p. ][m\s¸« Nne kq^n-h-cy·mscbpw A-hÀ Po-hn-¨ncp-¶ ]-tZ-i-§-sfbpw ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.

JzmP sam-bn\p±o³ NnivXn APvaoÀ

sibvJv \nkmap±o³ Huenb UÂ-ln

_lmþD±o³þk¡-cn-b apÄ¯m³

`àn ]Øm-\wBZyIme `àn]Øm\¯n\v

Bcw`w Ipdn¨Xv Z£ntWýbnem-Wv. BgvhmÀamcpw \m-b\mÀamcpamWv (Xangv\mSv) CXn\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbXv. BgvhmÀamÀ hnjvWp`àcpw \-b\mÀamÀ inh`àcpamWv. ChÀ PmXnhy-hØsb FXnÀ¯p. BïmÄ, Imcbv¡Â A½bm À F-¶nhÀ Cu hn`mK§fnse k\ym kn\namcmbncp¶p.

hocssih ]Øm-\wIÀWmSIbnse _kh®bm-

Wv CXn\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbXv. ChÀ inh`àcmWv. inhenwKw Igp¯nÂ [cn¡p¶XpsImïv enwKmb¯pIs-f¶pw Chsc Adnbs¸Sp¶p. ChÀ PmXn hyhØsbbpw th-Z-§-fp-sS B-[n-]-Xy-s¯bpw FXnÀ¯ncp¶p.

`àn]Øm\w D¯tcýbnÂZ£ntWýbnÂ Bcw`n¨ `àn

ImÀjnIþImÀ-jntIXc taJeIfnÂ kvXoIfpsS]¦v hfsc ] [ m \ s ¸ « X m b n cp¶p. IrjnbpsS hnhn[ L-«§Ä, \qÂ \qÂ¸v, a¬]mX \nÀamWw, hkvX-me¦mcw XpS§nb ta-JeIfnÂ kvXoIÄ ]hÀ -¯n -¨ n - c p¶p . kpÂ¯m\ dknb, \qÀPlm³, KpÂ_Z³ _oKw, Pl\mc, PoPm-_mbv F¶n-hÀ hnhn[ ]ZhnIÄ hln¨hcmWv.



ao-cm-_mbnI_oÀ Kp-cp\m-\m¡v

_rltZizc t£Xw X©m-hqÀ Zmhn-U inÂ¸-Ie

Imµcy t£Xw JPp-cmslm \mKc inÂ¸-Ie

sNt¦m« UÂ-ln C-t´mþt]À-jy³ inÂ¸-Ie

]Øm\w ItaW D¯tc´ybn-te¡v hym]n-¨p. \matZhv, hÃ`m Nmcy, I_oÀ, cm-am\µ, Kpcp\m\m¡v,

aocm_mbn XpS§nbhcmWv D¯tc´y bnÂ `àn ]Øm\¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbXv.

hmkvXphnZybpw NnXIebpw

ZmhnU, \mKc, Ct´mþt]Àjy³ XpS§nb sshhn[yamÀ¶ hmkvXp-hn-ZymssienIÄ cq]s¸«Xv a[yIme¯m-Wv. Cu ssienIfnepÅ Nne \nÀanXn Isf \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.



]T-\-t\«§Ä

• kn.C. A©mw \q-äm-ïpap-XÂ kn.C. ]-Xn-\©mw \q-äm-ïp-h-sc-bp-Å tem-I-¯n-se hnhn-[ km-am-Py§-sf hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• ^yq-U-en-k-¯n-sâ A-[x]-X-\ Im-cW-§Ä hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.

• In-g-¡n-s\bpw ]-Sn-ªm-dn-s\bpw _-Ôn-¸n-¨ncp-¶ hm-Wn-Py]m-X-Ifpw hm-Wn-Py-_-Ô-hpw Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp¶p.

• a-[y-Im-e-L-«-¯n-se hm-Wn-PytI-µ-§fpw \-K-c-§fpw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

• bq-tdm¸v, a-t[yjy, ssN-\ F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-se hn-Zym-`ym-kþim-kv-X ta-J-e-bn-se ]p-tcmK-Xn hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• kpÂ¯m-t\äv `-c-W-¯n-sâbpw ap-KÄ `-c-W-¯n-sâbpw k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p¶p.

• a-[y-Im-e-L-«¯nÂ C-´y `-cn-¨ncp-¶ cm-P-hw-i§-sf hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• a-[yIm-e C-´ybnse km-¼-¯n-Iþkm-aq-ln-I, I-em-ta-J-eI-sf hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

• `-ànþkq-^n ]-Øm-\-§-fp-sS h-fÀ-¨ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

anÀ k¿nZv Aen, A_vZpkaZv apKÄ XpS-§nbhÀ NnXIemssienbpsS D]Úm-Xm-¡-fmWv. PlmwKodnsâ Ime¯v NnX§fpsS Kp-W-ta· hÀ²n¨p. X©m-hqÀ t£X¯nse NphÀNnX§Ä a[y-Ime NnXIebpsS ][m\ khnti-jXbmWv. ]m-c¼cy ssienbpw apKÄ ssienbpw ka\zbn¨ NnXIemcoXnbm-Wv cmPØm³ NnXIemco-Xn.

_rltZizc t£Xw sNt¦m«

JPp-cmslm



hne-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä

• "F'bp-am-bp-Å _-Ôw a-\-kn-em-¡n "_n' ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-I.

F : ^m-¦n-jv km-amPyw þ jm-eao³

_n : .................................... þ P-Ìo-\n-b³

F : I¦³aqk þ am-en

_n : lm-dq¬þAÂþ-joZv þ ....................................

• PÌo-\n-b³ N-I-hÀ-¯n-bp-sS ][m-\ kw-`m-h\-IÄ F-s´Ãmw?

• a-[y-Im-e-L-«¯nÂ hm-WnPyw h-fcm³ C-S-bm-¡n-b km-l-N-cy-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

• a-[y-Im-eL-«¯nÂ C-ä-enbnÂ \-Kc-§Ä h-fcm³ C-S-bm¡n-b km-l-N-cyw hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

• a-[y-Im-e-L«-¯n-se ]-[m-\ im-kv-X-Im-c-·mÀ B-scÃmw?

• ap-KÄ `-c-W-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ hn-h-cn-¡pI.

• tNm-f -`-c-W-Im-e-s¯ Km-a-`c-Ww hn-h-cn-¡p-I.

• hm-Wn-Py -]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡m-bn a-[yIm-e C-´-bn-se `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-IÄ \n-ch-[n \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ssIs¡mïp? kaÀ-°n-¡pI.

A B

ssNX\y a-lm-cm-ã

Xp-¡mdmw Im-ivaoÀ

ao-cm-_mbv _wKmÄ

i-¦-c-tZ-h IÀ-WmSIw

_-kh® cm-PØm³

• C-ý-bn-se `-ànþ-kq-^n ]-Øm-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

• tN-cpw]-Sn tNÀ-¡pI.

Xp-SÀ ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä

• B-[p\n-I C-ý-bp-sS kmw-kv-Imcn-I cwK-¯v a-[yIm-e C-ý- \ÂInb kw-`m-h-\-sb-¡p-dn-¨v Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

• a[yIm-e tem-I-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n H-cp BÂ-_w X-¿m-dm-¡pI.



kzbw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

]qÀWambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


^yq-U-en-k-¯n-sâ A-[x]-X-\ Im-cW-§Ä hn-h-cn-¡p¶p

a-[y-Im-e-L-«-¯n-se hm-Wn-Py tI-µ-§fpw \-K-c-§fpw hy-à-am-¡p¶p

bq-tdm-¸v, a-t[yjy, ssN-\ F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-se hn-Zym-`ym-k, im-kv-X ta-J-e-bn-epïm-b ]p-tcmK-Xn hn-e-bn-cp-¯p-¶p

kpÂ¯m-t\äv ap-KÄ`-c-W k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p¶p

a-[y-Im-e-L-«-¯n-se C´y³ cm-P-hw-i§-sf hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p

`-àn, kq-^n ]-Øm-\-§-fp-sS h-fÀ-¨ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p


B[p\n-I Cý


1757þse ¹mkn bp²t¯mSpIqSnbmWv _n«ojv kmamPy-Xz¯n\v CýbnÂ ASn¯dbn«Xv. AhÀ _wKmfnemWv A[nIm-cw Øm]n¨Xv. AXn \ptijw CýbnÂ \n¶pw k¼ v sImÅbSn¡m³ XpS§n. AXn\mbn _n«ojpImÀ Cý bnÂ \S¸nem¡nb Nne km¼¯nI NqjW§sf \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

B[p\n-I C´y


Cu hmÀ¯IÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv F´mWv? IrjnbnS§fpsS KWyamb Ipdbepw F¶mÂ AXv ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\v Kh¬saâv kzoIcn¨ \S]SnIfpamWv. _n«ojv `cWIme v `£y DÂ¸¶§fpsS DÂ¸mZ\s¯ \ncpÕmls¸Sp¯pIbpw hmWnPy DÂ¸¶§fpsS (]cp¯n, NWw, \oew) DÂ¸mZ\s¯ t]mÕmln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CXns\bmWv IrjnbpsS hmWnPyhÂ¡cWw F¶v hnfn¡p¶Xv.

]nÂ-¡me¯v sX§v, Im¸n, tXbne, dºÀ XpS§nb hm-WnPyhnfIfpsS Irjnsb _n«ojpImÀ tIcf¯nÂ t]mÕmln¸n¨p.

\nehnÂ `q\nIpXn \ÂIp¶ ckoXnsâ NnX-am-WnXv. \nIpXn \ÂIp¶ coXn FÃm Ime¯pw \ne\n¶n«pïv. ChnsS \ap¡v _n«ojpImÀ \S¸m¡nb Nne \nIpXn k¼Zmb§sf ]cnNbs¸Smw.

\nIp-Xn k-¼-Zmb§Ä

imizX`q\nIpXn hy-hØ

• _wKmfnÂ \S¸m¡nb kwhn[m-\w

• \nIpXn ]ncn¡phm\p Å AhImiw skaoµmÀamÀ¡p \ÂIn

• sk-aoµmÀamsc `qanIfp sS DSaI-fm¡n amän

• IÀjI\v `qanbpsS DSaØmhImiw \jvSs¸«p

db«vhmcn k¼Zm-bw

• IÀjIcnÂ\n¶v t\-cn«v \nIpXn tiJcn ¡p¶ k¼Zmbw

• IÀjI\v `qanbpsS D-S-aØmhImiw e`n¨p

alÂhmcn k¼Zmbw

• Kma§fnÂ\n¶pw Kma¯eh·mÀ hgn \nIpXn ]ncn¡p¶ k¼Zmbw

C´ybnse _n«ojv \nIpXn k¼Zmb§sf Ipdn¨pÅ ^vtfmNmÀ«v X¿mdm-¡p-I.

IrjnbpsS hm-WnPyhÂ¡cWw

s\Â¸mS§Ä tIcf¯nÂ Iam\pKXambn Ipdbp-¶p

X®oÀ¯S ]²Xn¡v \nbakm[pX \ÂIpw


B[p\n-I Cý

IrjnbpsS hmWn-PyhÂ¡cWw tIcfs¯ kzm[o\n¨sX§s\-sb¶v hnhcn¡pI.

]c¼cmKX hyhkmb-§Ä

]c¼cmKX hyhkmb§Ä kwc£n¡pw

Iiphïn taJebnÂ ]Xnk-Ôn

ssI¯dn DÂ¸¶§Ä¡v 20% dnt_-äv

tIcf¯nse ]c¼cmKX hy-hkmb§Ä t\cnSp¶ ]XnkÔnI fpw ]cnlmcamÀ-K-§-fp-amWv Cu hmÀ¯IÄ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv. _n«o-jv `cWw CýbnÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶ ]c¼cmKX hyhkmbs¯ XIÀ¡pI bmWv sNbvXXv. ]c¼cmKX XpWn-hyhkmbw XIcm\pÅ ImcW§Ä Fs´ms¡sb¶v \ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw. •b´\nÀanX _n«ojv DÂ¸¶§fpsS

Cýbnte¡pÅ Cd¡paXn• dbnÂthbpsS hym]\w

• _n«\ntebv¡v IbäpaXn sN-bvXn cp-¶ DÂ¸¶§Ä¡v GÀs¸Sp¯nb AanX \nIpXn

tIcf¯nse ]c¼cmKX hyhkmb§Ä

IbÀ, Iiphïn, HmS,v _oUn, ssI¯dn¯pWn XpS§nbhbmWv tIcf¯nse ]c¼cmKX hyhkmb§Ä. Ch tIµoIcn¨ncn¡p¶ ]tZi§Ä ]«nIbnÂ NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.

]c¼cmKX hyhkmbw ]tZ-iw

IbÀ B-e¸pg

Iip-hïn sImÃw

HmSv ^dq¡v, sImÃw, HÃqÀ

ssI-¯dn I®qÀ, tImgnt¡m-Sv

_oUn I®qÀ

Cýbnse ]c¼cmKX hyhkmb§Ä tIµoIcn¨ncn¡p¶ ]tZi-§sf Ipdn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡pI.

B[p\n-I C´y


B[p\nI hyhkmb§Ä]-s¯m³]Xmw \qämïnemWv

B[p\nI hyhkmb§fmb XpWn, Ccp¼pcp¡v, t]¸À, NWw XpS§nb hyh-km-b-§Ä C´ybnÂ Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. XncphnXmwIqdnepw sIm¨nbnepam-Wv tIcf¯nÂ Cu hyhkmb§Ä Bcw`n¨Xv.

Cu hy-hkmbimeIfnÂ sXm gnÂ sN¿p¶ sXmgnemfnIÄ NqjW¯n\v Ccbmbn«pïv. Ah NphsS \ÂIp¶p.•Ipdª thX-\w•ssZÀLytadnb sXmgnÂka-bw•A\mtcmKyIcamb Npäp]mSp-IÄ

Cu NqjW¯ns\Xnsc sXm gnemfnIÄ kwLSn¡pIbpw kacw sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. t_mws_, IÂ¡« F¶nhnS§fnse sXmgnemfnkac§Ä C-Xn\pZmlcWamWv.

_n«ojpImÀs¡Xnsc \S¶ BZyIme sN-dp¯p

\nÂ¸p-IÄ

\oew IÀjIcpsS Iem-]w_n«ojv hyhkmb§Ä¡v A

kwkvIrX hkvXp¡Ä e`n¡p¶Xn \mbn IÀjIÀ¡v ap³Iqdmbn ]Ww \ÂIn. CXneqsS \oewIrjn sN¿m³ _n«ojpImÀ IÀjIsc t]mÕmln¸n¨p. XÂ -e-ambn `t£ymÂ-¸mZ-\w Ipd-ªp. £m-aw ]-SÀ-¶p- ]n-Sn¨p. CXv IÀjIcpsS PohnXs¯ tZmjIcambn _m[n¨p. XpSÀ¶v 1859þÂ _wKmfnÂ \oew Irjn¡mÀ _n«o-jpImÀs¡Xnsc kwLSn¡pIbpw Iem]w \S¯pIbpw sNbvXp.

am¸nf Iem]§Ä ssakqÀ `cWIme¯v IÀjIÀ

`qanbpsS DSaØ·mcmbn. F¶mÂ _n«ojpImÀ ae_mdnÂ A[nImcw Øm]n¨tXmSpIqSn P·namÀ¡v `qan bpsS DSaØmhImiw XncnsI \ÂIn. CXns\Xnsc ae_mdnse IÀjIcmb apkveo§Ä \S¯nb Iem]amWv am¸nf Iem]§Ä. Ccp]¯nctïmfw Iem]§fmWv ae_mdnsâ hyXykvX ]tZi§fnÂ \S¶Xv.

k´mÄ Iem-]wtKmXhn`mKamb k´mfpIsf

_n«ojpImÀs¡Xnsc Iem]w \S ¯m³ t]cn¸n¨ kmlNcyw \ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw. • _n«ojpImÀ \S¸nem¡nb h\ \nb-

a§Ä. • k´mfpIfpsS \nb´W¯nepÅ

`qanbnÂ Npa¯nb AanX \nIpXn.

kn±p, Im\p

Cu NqjW§Äs¡XnscbmWv k´mfpIÄ Iem]w \S-¯nbXv. kn±p hpw Im\phpamWv CXn\v t\XrXzw \Â InbXv.

]gÈn Iem-]-§ÄtIm«bw cmPIpSpw_¯nse

tIcfhÀ½ ]gÈncmPmhmWv ae_mdnÂ _n«ojv B[n]Xy¯ns\Xnsc Iem]w \bn¨Xv. iocwK]«Ww DS¼Sn¡ptijw


B[p\n-I Cý

ae_mÀ _n«ojpImcpsS \nb´W¯nem-bn. AhÀ \nIpXn ]ncn¡m\pÅ AhImiw ]gÈnbpsS A½mh\mb Ipdp¼ \mSv cmPmhn\v \ÂIn. Cu \S]Sn s¡XnscbmWv ]gÈn Iem]w kwL-Sn¸n¨Xv. 1805þHmSpIqSn Cu Iem]s¯ _n«ojpImÀ ASnäÀ¯n.

thep¯¼n -Z-f-hthep¯¼n Zfh Xncphn

XmwIqdnse Zn-hm\mbncp¶p. Xncphn XmwIqdnse B`y´-c `cW¯nÂ _n«o-

]-g-ÈncmP

thep¯¼n Z-fh

jpImÀ CSs]«XmWv _n«ojpImÀs¡Xn-sc kwLSn¡phm³ At±ls¯ t]cn¸n¨Xv. 1809þse Ipïdhnfw_c¯n-eqsS _n«ojpImÀs¡Xnsc t]mcmSm³ Blzm\w sNbvXp. Cu t]mcm«¯ns\m

SphnÂ thep¯¼n a®Snbnse t£X-¯nÂ h¨v B-ßlXy sNbvXp.IpdnNy Iem-]w

_n«ojv NqjW ns\Xnsc hb\m «nse tKmX P\hn mKamb IpdnNyÀ Iem]w \S n. 1812þemWv Cu Iem]w \S¶Xv.CXn\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbXv cm-a\¼n bmWv. _n«ojpImÀ Iem]s¯ ASn aÀ¯pIbpw cma\¼nsb h[n¡pIbpw sN-bvXp.

_n«ojpImÀs¡Xnsc CýbpsS hnhn[ `mK§fnÂ \S¶ BZyIme

hn¹h§sf ]«nIs¸Sp¯pI.

1857þse H¶mw kzm-Xýk-acw

awKÂ]msÞ F¶ NnX¯nsâ IhÀ t]mÌmWv CXv. awKÂ ]msÞ BcmWv? At±lw 1857þse H¶mw kzmX- ykac nse BZys¯ càkm£nbm-Wv. Cu kw`h n-te¡v \bn kmlN-cy§Ä \ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw.

ssk\nIÀ¡v ]pXnb F³ôÂUv tXm¡pIÄ \ÂIn. CXnÂ D]tbm-Kn¡p¶ XncbnÂ ]p-c-«n-bncp-¶ Ko-kv ]-¶n-bp-sSbpw ]-ip-hn-sâbpw sIm-gp-¸v sImï v \nÀan-¨-Xm-sW¶pw ssd^n-fnÂ

B[p\n-I Cý


UÂln _lZqÀjm cïma³

Qm³kn dmWn e£vao`m-bn

Im¬-]qÀ \m\mkmln_v

eJv-\u _oKw lk¯v a-lÂ

\nd-bv¡p-¶-Xn\p ap¼v Xn-c s]m-Xn-ª-n cp-¶ t]-¸À hm-b sIm-ïv I-Sn-¨p-Io-dphm³ ssk-\nI-sc \nÀ-_-Ôn¨-Xv X-§-fp-sS a-XhnIm-c-s¯ hWs¸Sp¯nsb¶p apÅ Inw-hZ-ń ]-SÀ¶p. C-Xv ssk-\nI-sc tcm-jm-Ip-e-cm-¡n. _wKmfnse _mcIv ]qcnÂ awKÂ ]msÞ F¶ ssk\nI³ ]pXnb Xnc D]tbmKn¡m³ hnk½Xn¨p. CXn\v t]cn¸n¨ _n«ojv DtZymKØs\ At±lw h[n¨p. XpSÀ-¶pïm-b ssk \n-I I-em-]-s¯ _n-«o-jpImÀ A-Sn-¨-aÀ¯n. _n«ojpImÀ awKÂ ]mÞsb Xq¡nteän.

Cu I-em-]w ssk-\n-I-cwK-¯p amXw H-Xp-§n-bnÃ. Cu Iem]¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInb t\Xm¡·mcpw Iem]tIµ§fpw NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.

_lZqÀjm cïma³

\m\mkmln_v dmWn e£vao`m-bn _oKw lk¯v a-lÂ

_n«ojpImcpsS ssk\nIiàn¡p ap¶nÂ Iem] ¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbhÀ¡v ]n-Sn¨p\nÂ¡m³ Ign ªnÃ. AXn\mÂ Iem]s¯ _n«ojpImÀ ]qÀWambpw ASnäÀ¯n.


B[p\n-I C´y

tZ-iob-XPmXn, a-X, hÀ-Kþ]-mtZin-I

hyXymk-§-fnÃm-sX H-cp cm-Py-s¯ P-\-§Ä¡n-SbnÂ \n-e-\nÂ¡p-¶ sF-Iy-t_m-[-am-Wv tZ-iob-X.

te¡v \bn¨ Nne LSI§sf \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

kmaqly ]cnjvIcW ]Øm\-§Ä

bpàn Nn´, B[p\nIhÂ¡cWw F¶nhbmWv kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW ]Øm\§fpsS cq]oIcW¯n-te¡v \bn¨ LSI§Ä. AhbpsS e£y§Ä NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.• ]mÝmXy hnZym`ymkw kzoIcn-¡p-I• PmXnhyhØ CÃmXm¡p-I• kvXoIÄs¡Xncmb A\oXnIÄ

Ahkm\n¸n¡p-I• hn[hm ]p\Àhnhmlw \S¸nem¡p-I

tZiobXbpsS D-Zbw ]s¯m³]Xmw \qämïnsâ ]Ip-

XntbmSpIqSnbmWv C´ybnÂ tZiobX Xg¨phfÀ¶Xv. tZiobXbpsS hfÀ¨bn-

Nne kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW ]Øm\§fpw Øm]Icpw e£y§fpw NphsS \ÂIp¶p.

_ÒkamPw cmPmdmw taml³tdm-bv Cw¥ojv hnZym`ymks¯ t]mÕmln ¸n-¨p, kXn \nÀ¯em¡n

BcykamPw kzman Z-bm\µkckzXn ip²n]Øm\w Bcw-`n¨p, "thZ-§fntebv¡v Xncn¨p t]m-IpI' F¶ B-ibw

cmaIrjvW anj³ kzman hnthIm\µ³ kmaqlnI Xn·IÄ \nÀ¯em-¡m³ ]hÀ¯n-¨p

AenKUv ]Øm\w kÀ k¿nZv Alv½ZvJm³ apkveo§fpsS kmaq-ln-I D¶a\¯n\mbn ]hÀ¯n-¨p

kXytim[Iv kamPw tPymXn_m ^qse ]nt¶m¡ hn`mK§fp-sS D-bÀ¨bv¡mbn ]hÀ¯n-¨p

io\mcmbW [Àa ]cn-]me\ tbmKw

io \mcmbW-Kp-cp PmXnhyhØ, ]nt¶m-¡ hn`mK§fpsS D¶-a\w

km[pP\ ]cn]me\ kwLw

A¿³Imfn IÃpame ]t£m`w

cmPmdmw taml³tdm-bv

kzman Z-bm\µ kckzXn

kzman hnthIm\µ³

kÀ k¿nZv Alv½ZvJm³

tPymXn_m ^qse

io\mcmbW-Kp-cp

A¿³Imfn

B[p\n-I Cý


]s¯m³]Xv þ Ccp]Xv \qämïpIfnÂ Cýbnepw tIcf¯nepw Øm]n¡s¸« kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW ]Øm\§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂInbhcpsS

NnX§Ä tiJcn¨v BÂ_w X¿mdm¡pI.

Cu NnX§Ä kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv ]X§Ä¡v ssZ\wZn\ PohnX¯nep Å ]kànbmWv. tZiobX ]Ncn¸n¡p¶ Xn\v A¡mes¯ ]X§Ä hln¨ ]¦v \ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw.

•s]mXpP\m`n]mbw cq]oIcn¨p

• cmjvSob ]Øm\§sf kwLSn¸n¨p

• tZiobX ]Ncn¸n¨p

Nne hÀ¯am\¸X§sfbpw AhbpsS Øm]Iscbpw NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.

Øm]IÀ hÀ¯am\ ]X§Ä

_meKwKm[c XneIv tIkcn, adm-¯

ankv B\n-_kâv \yq Cý, tIma¬ hoÂ

a-lmßmKmÔn bMv Cý, lcnP³

auem\ A_pÂ Iemw B-km-Zv AÂþlnemÂ

tZio-b-Xbpw hÀ¯-am-\-]-X-§fpw


B[p\n-I Cý

tZiobXbpw hnZym`ymkhpwCw¥ojv hnZym`ymk¯nsâ NcnXw

CýbnÂ Bcw`n¡p¶Xv 1813þse NmÀ«À \nbat¯mSpIqSnbmWv. Hcp GIoIrX `mjbmbn CýbnÂ ]nÂ¡me¯v CXv amdn. ]mÝmXy Bib§sfbpw kwkv Imc§sfbpw Ipdn¨v a\knem¡m³

Cw¥ojv `mj ]Tn¨ Cý¡mÀ¡v Ign ªp.

tZiob hnZymeb§Ä Øm]n¡pI F¶XmWv tZiobt_m[w h-fÀ¯phm \pÅ ][m\ amÀ¤w. CýbnÂ Øm ]n¨ Nne tZinb hnZymeb§sf \-ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

U¡m¬ FPyqt¡j³ skmsskänPn.Pn.AKmÀ¡À, _meKwKm[c Xne-Iv, almtZh tKmhnµ dm\sU

hniz`mcXn kÀhIemime choµ\mY SmtKmÀ

PmanA anÃnb Ckvemanbauem\ apl½Zen, ju¡¯en, tUm. km¡oÀ lpssk³, Fw.F.A³-kmcn

U¡m¬ FPyqt¡j³ skmsskän hniz`mcXn kÀhIemime PmanA anÃnb Ckvemanb

tZiobXbpw kmlnXyhpw""hcnI hcnI klPtc kl\ kac kabam-bv

Icfpd¨p ssIIÄ tImÀ¯v ImÂ\Sbv¡v t]mI \mw''þ Awin \mcmbW]nÅ

Cu IhnXbpsS hcnIÄ tZiobXsb kqNn¸n¡p¶p. C¯c¯nÂ tZiobX h-fÀ¯p¶XnÂ kmlnXyw hln¨ ]¦v ]cntim[n¡mw.•IhnXIÄ, IYIÄ, \mSI§Ä, t\mhepIÄ F-¶n-h-I-fn-eqsS ]Xn

tj[§Ä ]¦ph-¨p •P\§fpsS ZpcnX§fpw ]XnkÔnIfpw IhnXIfneqsS AhXcn¸n¨p

B[p\n-I Cý


Cu ImeL«¯nÂ cNn¨ Nne kmlnXy§sf \ap¡v a\knem¡mw.

ininÀIpamÀtLmjv, ktXyµ\mYv SmtKmÀ

`mcXamXm \mSIw

_¦nw NµNmäÀPn B\µaTw t\m-hÂ

Zo\ _ÔpanX \oÂZÀ¸³ \mS-Iw

apl½Zv CIv_mÂ"kmtc Plmw tk AÑm, lnµpØm³ l-amcm'

IhnX

tZiobX ]Ncn¡p¶Xn\mbn aebmf¯nÂ cNn¡s¸« IrXnIfpsS-bpw cNbnXmIfpsSbpw BÂ_w X¿mdm¡pI.

tIm¬Kknsâ cq]oIcWw1885 Unkw_dnÂ t_mws_bnÂ

tNÀ¶ kt½f\ nemWv tIm¬Kkv cq]oIcn Xv. CýbpsS hnhn[ `mK§ fnÂ\n¶pw 72 ]Xn\n[nIÄ CXnÂ ]s¦Sp¯p. 1885 apXÂ 1947 hscbpÅ _-«ojvhncp² kzmXýkac t]mcm « n\v ][m\ ]¦phln Xv tIm¬Kkm bncp¶p.

_n«sâ km¼¯nI NqjWs¯ Xncn¨dnbÂ

_n«ojpImcpsS km¼¯nI NqjWs¯ Xncn¨dnª BZyIme tIm¬Kkv t\Xmhmbn-cp¶p ZmZm`mbv \hvtdmPn. At±lw apt¶m«ph¨ Bibam-Wv tNmÀ¨mkn²m´w.

kztZin ]-Øm-\w1905þse _wKmÄ hn`P\¯ns\

Xnsc Bcw`n¨ ]Øm\amWv kz-tZin ]Øm\w. ChbpsS khntijXIÄ Fs´Ãmsa¶v \ap¡v t\m¡mw.

ZmZm`mbv \hvtdmPn

tNmÀ-¨kn-²m´wC-ý-bn-se k¼-¯v _n-«-\n-

te--¡v H-gp-Ip-¶p-sh¶pw Cu k-¼-¯n-sâ H-gp-¡m-Wv C-ý-bp-sS Zm-cn-Zy-¯n-sâ Im-cWw F¶pw.

_wKmÄ hn`-P\w 1905þÂ Igvk¬ ]`p \S

¸m¡nbXmWv _wKmÄ hn`P\w. `cW kuIcy¯n\mbn _wKmfns\ Ing¡³ _wKmÄ, ]Snªmd³ _wKmÄ F¶n§s\ cïmbn hn`Pn¨p. Ing¡³ _wKmÄ apkvenw `qcn]£ ]tZihpw ]Snªmd³ _wKmÄ lnµp `qcn]£ ]tZihpambncp¶p. `n¶n¸n¨v `cn¡p I F¶ _n«ojv \bamWv Cu hn`P\ ¯nsâ ASnØm\ ImcWw.


B[p\n-I Cý

•hntZi DÂ¸¶§fpsS _ln-jvIcWw

•Xt±inb DÂ¸¶§fpsS D]tbm Kw

•hntZihkvXp¡Ä tiJcn v I n ¡p-I

kztZin ]Øm\t¯mSp IqSn CýbnÂ tZiobX IqSpXÂ iàambn. _«ojv `cW- ns\Xnsc Xohamb \ne]mSv ssIs¡mï BZy-Ime t\Xm¡·mcmbncp¶p emem ePv]Xvdmbv, _meKwKm [c XneIv, _n]n³ Nµ-]mÂ. Chsc emÂ, _mÂ, ]mÂ F¶dnbs¸«p.

emem ePv]Xv dmbv _meKwKm[c XneIv

_n]n³ Nµ-]mÂ

tIm¬Kknsâ cq]oIcWw apXÂ 1915 hscbpÅ Cý³ kzm-Xýkac¯nse ][m\ kw`h§sf¡pdn¨v ssSwsse³ X¿mdm¡pI.

Cu IhnXbneqsS NnXoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv KmÔnPnsbbmWv. Cý³ tZiob ]Øm\¯nÂ At±lw hln¨ t\XrXz]camb ]¦v ]cntim[n-¡mw.

Z£nWm^n¡bnÂ\n¶pw 1915þÂ CýbnÂ Xncns¨¯n-b KmÔnPn, At±l¯nsâ BZyIme kac§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn. Ahsb \ap¡v ]cn-Nbs¸Smw.

KmÔnPnbpw tZiob ]Øm\hpw

InkvXptZhsâ ]cnXymKioehpw km£mÂ IrjvW\mw `Khmsâ [À½ct£m]mb-hpw _p²sâ Alnwkbpw i¦cmNmcycpsS _p²niàn-bpw cńtZhsâ Zbmhmbv]pw iolcnÝµ\pÅ kXy-hpw apl½Zn³ kvssYcyhpw HcmfnÂ tNÀs¶m¶v ImWWsa-¦nÂ sNÃphn³ `hm·msc³ Kpcphphn³ \nIS-¯nÂ AÃmbvIehnSps¯ NcnXw hmbn¡phn³.

hÅt¯mÄ þ Fsâ Kpcp-\m-Y³

B[p\n-I Cý


N¼mc³ kXyKlw 1917 _olmÀ \oew IÀjIcpsS kacw

tJU -kXyKlw 1918 KpP-dm¯v IÀjIkacw

Al½Zm_mZv XpWnanÂ kacw

1918 KpP-dm¯v sXmgnemfn kacw

KmÔnPn Cu BZyIme aq¶p kac-§sf h³hnPbam¡pIbpw P\Iob i² t\SpIbpw sNbvXp.

\nÊlIcW ]Øm-\wKmÔnPnbpsS BZys¯ _lpP\

]t£màmb \nÊlIcW ]Øm\s¯ vtfmNmÀ«nsâ k-lm-bt¯mSpIqSn \ap¡v a\knem¡mw.

• 1920þse \mKv]qÀ tIm¬Kkv kt½ f\t¯mSpIqSn Bcw`n-¨p

• ]©m_v ]iv\w ]cnlcn¡pI, kzcm Pv t\SpI, Jnem^¯v ]iv\¯n-\v ]cnlmcw ImWpI F¶nhbmbncp¶p e£yw.

• \nÀ½mW ]²-XnIÄ, _lnjvIcW ]-²-Xn-IÄ F¶n§s\ cïmbn Xcw Xncn-¡mw. Ah NphsS \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p.

\nÀ½mW ]²XnIÄ _lnjvIcW ]²Xn-IÄ

tZiob kvIqfpIsf t]mÕmln¸n-¡pI

_n«ojv \nb´W¯n-epÅ Kh¬saâv kvIqfpIfpw tImSXnIfpw _lnjvIcn¡pI

Xt±iob DÂ¸¶§Ä ]Ncn¸n-¡pI

\nIpXn \ÂImXncn¡pI, hntZi DÂ¸¶ §Ä _lnjvIcn¡p-I

• 1922þse NucnþNuc kw`ht¯mSpIqSn \nÊlIcW ]Øm\w ]n³hen¨p

dueäv \nbaw

1919þÂ kÀ knUv\n du-eäv ]mkm¡nb

\n-baw. CX\p kcn¨v GsXmcp hy-ànsbbpw

hnNmcW IqSmsX XShneSbv¡m³

Ign-bpw.

Pmenb³ hmem_mKv

1919þÂ \S¸m¡nb dueäv \nba-¯ns\Xnsc ]Xntj[n¡m³ KmÔnPn Blzm\w

sNbvXp. ]Xntj[w ]©m_nÂ iàambncp¶p. ]mtZ-inI t\Xm-¡-fpsS Ad-ÌnÂ ]Xn-tj-[n-¨p-sImï v Pmen-b³ hm-em _mKnÂ kam[m\ambn kwLSn¨

P\§Ä¡pt\sc t]meokv shSnh-¨p. XXvêambn [mcmfw P\§Ä

h[n¡s¸«p. Cu kw`hs¯bmWv Pmenb³ hmem_mKv Iq«-s¡me F¶v

Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.


B[p\n-I Cý

Jnem^¯v ]Øm\w

Jeo^bpsS Øm\s¯ ]p\xØm-]n¡p¶Xn\mbn CýbnÂ apkveo§Ä Bcw`n¨ ]Øm\amWv Jnem^¯v ]Øm\w. CXn\v t\XrXzw \ÂIn-

bXv Aen ktlmZc §fmWv.

]qÀ-® kz-cmPpw em-tlmÀ tIm¬-Kkpw

NnXw \nco£n¡pI: CýbpsS BZys¯ ][m\ańbmb PhlÀemÂ s\lvdphnsâ NnXamWv. At±lam-Wv 1929þse emtlmÀ tIm¬Kknsâ

A[y£X hln¨Xv. AXnse Nne Xo-cpam\§Ä \ap¡v t\m¡mw.

• ]qÀ® kzcm-Pv• \nbaewL\ ]Øm\w

KmÔnPnbpsS t\XrXz¯nÂ Bcw`n¡m³ Xocpam\n¨p

• P\phcn 26 CýbpsS kzmX-ýZn\ambn BtLmjn¡m³ Xocpam\n¨p

\nbaewL\ ]Øm\w

KmÔnPnbpw A\pbmbnIfpw k_À aXnbnÂ\n¶v ZÞn IS¸pdt¯¡v \S ¯p¶ amÀ nsâ NnXamWnXv. ZÞn amÀ¨ns\¡pdn¨v hniZambn a\kn em¡mw.•etlmÀ tIm¬Kknsâ Xocpam\

]ImcamWv 1930þÂ \nbaewL\ ]Øm\w KmÔnPn Bcw`n¡p¶Xv

• 78 A\pbmbnIfpambn k_À aXnbnÂ\n¶v bmX Xncn v ZÞn IS¸pd v F n D¸p \nÀ-½n psImïv D¸p \nbas¯ ewLn p

NucnþNuc kw`-hw

D¯À]tZinse Nucn NucbnÂ P\§fpw t]meokpw Gäp-ap-«n. XpSÀ¶v

tcmjm-Ip-e-cmb P\§Ä t]meokv tÌj³ BIan v Xobn«p.

CXv Ccp]¯ncïv t]meokpImcpsS acW¯nte¡v \bn¨p.

CXns\ NucnþNuc kw-`hsa¶v A-dn-b-s¸-«p.

B[p\n-I Cý


• \nbaewL\ ]Øm\w \S¶ ]tZi§Ä þ ]¿¶qÀ (tI-c-fw), thZmcWyw (Xangv-\mSv), t_mws_, \hJmen (_wKmÄ)

•kvXoIfpsS ]-¦m-fn¯w CXnsâ k-hn-tijXbmWv

•KmÔnþCÀhn³ DS¼SntbmSpIqSn \nbaewL\ ]Øm\w ]n³hen¨p

Iznäv Cý ]Øm\w""]hÀ¯n¡pI AsÃ¦nÂ acn-

¡pI'', Iznäv Cý kacIme¯v KmÔn-PnbpsS P\§tfmSpÅ Blzm\ambn cp¶p. 1942þse t_mws_ kt½f\¯nÂ Iznäv Cý kacw ]Jym]n¨p. KmÔn-Pn DÄs¸sSbpÅ ][m\ t\Xm¡sf AdÌv sNbvXXns\ XpSÀ¶v cïmw \ncbnse tIm¬Kkv t\Xm¡fmWv CXn\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbXv.

CýbnÂ tZiobXbnÂ KmÔn-Pnbpambn _Ôs¸« NnX§Ä

tiJcn¨v BÂ_w X¿mdm¡pI.

thdn« hgnIÄ

`KXv knwKv

kmbp[ hn¹h¯neqsS Cýsb kzXám¡m³ ian¨ hn¹hImcnbmbn cp¶p `KXv knwKv. 1928þÂ lnµpØm³ tkmjy-enÌv dn¸»n¡v Atkmknt-bj³ F¶ kwLS\bv¡v At±lw cq]w \ÂIn. 1931 amÀ¨v 23þ\v _n«o-jpImÀ At±ls¯ Xq¡nteän.

kp`mjv Nµt_m-kv

KmÔnb³ kaccoXntbmSv hntbm Pn¸v ]ISn¸n¨ t\Xmhmbncp¶p kp`m-jv Nµt_mkv. At±lw cq]oIcn¨ cmjvSob ]mÀ«nbmWv t^mÀthUv t»m¡v. ]n¶oSv At±lw Cý³ \m jWÂ BÀanbnÂ (INA) tNÀ¶p. _n«-sâ i-Xphmb P¸msâ klmbt¯m-SpIqSn Cýsb kzXám¡m³ ian¨p. P¸msâ ]cmPbt¯mSpIqSn AXv hnêambn.

sXmgnemfnþIÀjI ]Øm\-§ÄtZiob ]Øm\Ime¯v Cýbn

Â cq]oIcn¨ Nne sXmgnemfnþIÀjI ]Øm\§sf \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.• 1920þÂ F³.Fw.tPmjn, emem ePv]Xv

dmbn F¶nhÀ cq]oIcn¨ AJnteý tSUv bqWnb³ tIm¬Kkv (AITUC).

• F³.Pn.cwKbpsS iaêambn IÀ-jIcpsS ]iv\§Ä ]cnlcn¡m³ cq]oIcn¨ IÀjI]Øm\amWv AJnteý Inkm³k`.


B[p\n-I C´y

NnXw i²n¡q. tIcf¯nsâ NnX-amWv X¶n-«p-ÅXv. tIcf¯nsâ cq]o IcW¯n\pap¼v Cu ]tZi§sf XncphnXmwIqÀ, sIm¨n, ae_mÀ F¶n§s\ hn`Pn¨ncp¶p. ae_mÀ _n«ojpImcpsS t\cn-«p-Å `cW¯nepw \m«p-cm-Py-§fmb Xncphn XmwIqdpw sIm¨nbpw _n«ojv kJy¯n³ Io-gn-ep-am-bn-cp¶p.tIcf¯nse tZiob ]Øm\hpambn _Ôs¸« Nne kw`h§sf Hcp ^vtfmNmÀ«nsâ klmb-t¯mSpIqSn \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

B[p\n-I Cý


ae_mÀ

•KmÔnPnbpw ju¡¯enbpw tImgn-t¡ms«¯n Jnem^¯v ]Øm-\¯n\v ]n´pW ]Jym]n¨p (1920)

• ae_mdnse IÀjIcmb am¸nfamÀ \S¯nb Iem]amWv am¸nf Iem]w (1921)

•sI.tIf¸sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ D¸p kXyKlw \S¶p (1930)

• t£X]thi\w A\phZn¡p¶Xn\v thïn sI.tIf¸sâ t\XrXz¯nÂ \S¶ kXyKlamWv KpcphmbqÀ kXyKlw (1931)

• tkmjyenÌv ]mÀ«n IayqWnÌv ]mÀ«nbmbn cq]o¡s¸«p (1939)

•Iznäv Cý ]t£m`¯nsâ `mKambn ae_mdnÂ \S¶ kw`hamWv Iogcn-bqÀ t_mw_v tIkv (1942)

sIm-¨n

•CeIvSnknän kact¯mSpIqSn sIm¨nbnÂ D¯c hm-ZnXz `cW¯n\mbn ]t£m`w Bcw`n¨p (1936)

•sIm¨n ]PmaÞensâ cq]oIcWw (1941)

XncphnXmwIqÀ

• aebmfn sat½mdnbÂ almcmPmhn\v kaÀ¸n¨p (1891)

•k©mc kzmXý¯n\mbn Sn.sI.am[hsâ t\XrXz¯nÂ \S-¯nb kXyKlamWv ssh¡w kXy-Klw (1924)

• InkvXym\nIÄ¡pw apkveo§Ä¡pw CughÀ¡pw Kh¬saâv Xe-¯nÂ sXmgnehkc§Ä e`yam¡p¶Xn\v Bcw`n¨XmWv \n-hÀ¯\ ]t£m`w (1932)

• io Nn¯ncXncp\mÄ t£X ]thi\ hnfw_cw \S¯n (1936)

•XncphnXmwIqÀ tÌäv tIm¬Kkv cq]oIcn-¨p (1938)

•kÀ kn.]n.cmakzman A¿cpsS `cW ]cnjvImc§Ä¡v FXnsc ]p¶] hb-emÀ kacw IayqWnÌpImÀ kwLSn¸n¨p (1946)


B[p\n-I Cý

tZiob ]Øm\¯nse kvXo km¶n[yw

tZiob ]Øm\¯nsâ `mKambn kvXoIÄ AhcptSXmb ]¦v hln ¨n«pïv. AhcnÂ NnecpsS NnXw Nph-sS \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

B\n- _kâv ktcm-Pn\n \mbnUp

F.hn.Ip«nam-fp A½ A¡½ sNdnbm³

B\n akv-Io³

kzmXý¯n-tebv-¡v

cïmw temIbp²¯n\ptijw _n«\nÂ A[nImc ¯nÂh¶ te_À ]mÀ«n CýbpsS kzmXý¯n\v A\pIqeambncp¶p. 1947 PqssebnÂ _n«ojv ]mÀesaâv Cý³ kzmXý\nbaw ]mkm¡n. CX\pkcn¨v Cýþ]mIn Øm³ F¶o cïp kzX´ cmPy§Ä 1947 BKÌv 15þ\v \nehnÂ h¶p.

]T\t\«-§Ä

• _n«ojpImÀ \S¸m¡nb \nIpXn k¼Zmb§sf XmcXayw sN¿p¶p

• _n-«ojv Ime-L«¯nse ImÀjnIþhyhkm-b NqjW§sf ]cn-tim[n¡p¶p

• _n-«ojv Imes¯ BZyIme sN-dp¯p-\nÂ¸pIsf hnebncp¯p¶p

• tZiobX hfcphm\pÅ hyXykvX kmlNcy§sf hnhcn¡p¶p

•CýbpsS kzmXýkac NcnXs¯ hniIe\w sN¿p¶p

hnebncp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä

• _n«ojpImÀ \S¸m¡nb ][m\ \nIpXn k¼Zmb§Ä GsXÃmw?

•IrjnbpsS hmWnPyhÂ¡cWw F¶mÂ F´v?

B[p\n-I Cý


F _n

thep¯¼n Zfh cma\-¼n

Ip-dnNy Iem]w km´mÄ Iem-]w

\m\mkmln_v Ipïd hnfw_-cw

kn±p Im¬]qÀ

•kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW ]Øm\§fpsS e£y§Ä ]cntim[n¡p-I.

• tZiob ]Øm\¯nÂ KmÔnPn hln¨ ]¦v hnhcn-¡pI.

•kp`mjv Nµt_mkpw `K-Xv knwKpw hln¨ ]¦v hyàam¡p-I.

• ae_mdnse tZiob ]Øm\§sf¡pdn¨v Hcp Ipdn¸v X¿mdm-¡p-I.

•emtlmÀ tIm¬Kknsâ cïp ][m\ Xocpam\§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

• tZiobX hfÀ¯p¶XnÂ kmlnXy¯n\pÅ ]¦v hnebncp¯pI.

XpSÀ]hÀ¯\-§Ä

• tZiobXbpambn _Ôs¸«v cNn¡s¸« KÙ§Ä hmbn¨v Ipdn-¸v X¿mdm¡p-I.

• tZiob t\Xm¡fpsS NnX§Ä tiJcn¨v BÂ_w X¿mdm-¡pI.

kz-bw hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â

]qÀ-W-am-bn I-gn-bp¶p

`m-Kn-I-am-bn I-gn-bp¶p

sa-¨-s¸-tS-ï-Xp-ïv

\nIpXn k¼Zmb-§Ä

Irjnbpw hyhkmb§fpw

BZyIme sN-dp¯p\nÂ¸p-IÄ

1857þse H¶mw kzmXý ka-cw

tZiobXbpsS DZ-bw

tIm¬Kknsâ cq]oIc-Ww

kztZin ]Øm-\w

KmÔnPnbpw tZiobXbpw

thdn« hgn-IÄ

sXmgn-emfnþIÀjI ]Øm\-§Ä

tIcf¯nse tZiob ]Øm-\w

tZiob ]Øm\¯nsâ kvXo km¶n²yw

kzmXý¯n-te¡v


\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


""kzm-X-ýw X-s¶b-arXwkzm-X-ýw X-s¶ Po-hnXw]m-c-X-ýw am-\n-IÄ¡par-Xn-tb¡mÄ `-bm-\-Iw''

lnw-kbpw hn-tZz-jhpw Xo-ïm-¯ H-cp a-\-kpw amÀ-Khpw B-bn-cp-¶p C-ý-bnse kzm-X-ýk-a-ctk-\m-\n-I-fp-tSXv. H-cp X-e-ap-d-bn-se P-\-§-fm-sI _n-«-t\m-Sp-Å k-a-c¯nÂ kÀ-hhpw ]-cn-Xy-Pn¨p. Zp-cn-X-]qÀ-Wam-b km-l-N-cy-§-fnepw kzm-X-ýw

\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


F¶ Nn-´ Ah-sc ap-t¶m-«p \-bn¨p. H-SphnÂ _n-«o-jp-ImÀ-¡v C-ý hn-«p- t]m-tI-ï km-l-N-cy-ap-ïmbn. AI-a-cm-ln-Xy-am-bn-cp-¶p Km-Ôn-Pn-bp-sS \bw. 1947 B-K-Ìv 15þ\v C-ý kz-X-´-bm-bn. _n-«o-jv ]-Xm-Ibm-b bq-Wn-b³ Pm-¡nsâ Øm\¯v C-ý-bp-sS XnhÀ-W ]Xm-I B-Im-i¯nÂ ]m-dn-¡-fn¨p.

C-\n-sb´v?Cý kz-X-´-bm-sb-¦nepw ]-iv\-

§Ä ]-e-Xm-bn-cp¶p. A-`-bmÀ-Yn-I-fp-sS H-gp¡v, \m-«p-cm-Py-§-fp-sS kw-tbm-P\w, hn-`-h-§-fp-sS A-]-cym-]v-X-X... ]-iv\-§Ä ]n-s¶bpw _m¡n.

hn-`P-\w X-¶ Xo-cm-s\m-¼c§Ä""\-c-¨ Xm-Sn-bp-Å hr-²-

\m-b H-cp kn-¡p-Im-c³ X-sâ sIm-¨p-aI-s\ R§-sf GÂ-¸n¡m³ i-an-¨ Zp-c-´-NnXw C-t¸mgpw F-\n-¡v HmÀ-a-bpïv; "F-sâ Ip-Spw-_ nÂ B-sI DÅ-Xv C-h-\mWv' F-¶p ]-d-ªp-sIm-ïm-bn-cp-¶p B

Ip-«n-sb R-§Ä-¡p-t\-tc AbmÄ \o-«n-b-Xv. "Ch-s\ C-ý-bn-te-¡p sIm-ïp-t]mIq, Ip-Spw-_-¯n-se B-sc-¦nepw H-cm-sf-¦nepw Po-hn-¡-s«'. a-säm-cp kvXo H-cp Ip-ªn-s\ Po-¸n-te-¡p X-Ån-s¡m-ïp ]-dªp: "Rm³ \n§-sf UÂ-lnbnÂ Xnc-ªp I-ïp-]n-Sn-¨v Ch-s\ kzo-I-cn-t¨m-fmw'. F-sâ X-s¶ `m-hn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v B-i¦-IÄ am-X-ap-Å Rm³ F§-s\ Ch-sc kzo-I-cn-¡pw. Rm³ \n-È-Ð-\m-bn C-cn¡p-I amXw sN-bvXp. F-§-s\-bm-Wv C-Xv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I? F-§s\? F-§s\?

\n-cm-ew-_cm-b Cu a-\p-jy-sc D-t]-£n-¨p-t]mIp-I F¶-Xv lr-Z-b-t`-Z-I-am-bn-cp¶p. ]-t£ F-\n-s¡m¶pw sN¿m³ ]-äp-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. `q-X-Im-ew \-ã-s¸-Sp-I bpw `m-hn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v ]-Xo-£-bnÃm-Xm-Ip-Ibpw sNbv-X A-h-Ø-bm-WnXv. \-ap-¡v iq-\y-XbnÂ\n-¶v FÃmw hoïpw B-cw-`n-¡-Ww''.

þ IpÂ-Zo-]v \-¿mÀ

hn-`-P-\-bm-X



\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw

C-ý þ- ]m-In-Øm-³ hn-`-P-\-s¯ Xp-SÀ-¶v C-cp-`m-K-t¯-¡pw ]-h-ln-¨ A-`-bmÀ-Yn-I-fp-sS ]-iv-\-am-Wv ap-Ifn-Â kq-Nn-¸n-¨Xv.

\-h-`m-c-X k-¦Â¸wkzm-X-ý--ka-cw \-S¡p-¶ Im-e-

¯pX-s¶ cm-jv-S-t\-Xm-¡-fp-sS a-\ÊnÂ H-cp \-h-`m-c-X k-¦Â-¸w cq]-s¸-«n-cp¶p. F-s´m-s¡-bm-bn-cn¡pw AXv?

• FÃm-hÀ¡pw hn-Zym-`ymkw.

• I-¨-h-S-¡m-À¡pw Ir-jn-¡mÀ¡pw sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ¡pw sa¨s¸« Po-hnXw.

• Km-ao-WÀ-¡v ku-I-cy-]qÀ-Wam-b Po-hnXw.

• im-kv-X-km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS t\«-§Ä cm-Py-¯n-sâ Hmtcm tIm-Wn-ep-sa-¯n¡Â.

• P-e-tk-N-\ ku-I-cy-§fpw ssh-Zyp-Xn-bpw.

• an-I-¨ ^m-Î-dn-Ifpw sXmgnÂ ssh-Z-Kv[yw t\Sn-b P-\-X-bpw.

• tem-I cm-Py-§Ä-¡n-SbnÂ C-ý-¡v am-\yam-b ]-Zhn.

\h`mc-Xw F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïv F-´m-Wv AÀ-°-am-¡n-bn-cp-¶Xv?

C-t¸mgpw B Bi-bw ]-k-à-atÃ?

\m-«p-cm-Py kw-tbmP\w

_n-«o-jpImÀ C-ý hn-Sp-t¼mÄ A-dp-\q-dnÂ¸-cw \m-«p-cm-Py-§Ä C-ý-bn-ep-ïm-bn-cp¶p. kzm-X-ý-e-Ïn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn Cu \m-«p-cm-Py§-sf Cý³ bq-Wn-b \nÂ e-bn-¸n-t¡ï-Xv A-\n-hm-cy-ambn. s]m-Xphm-b P-\-hn-Im-cw cm-Pm-¡-·mÀ-s¡-Xn-cm-bn-cp¶p. s\lp a-´-nk-`-bnÂ D-]-]-[m-\-a-ń-bm-bncp-¶ kÀZmÀ hÃ-`v`m-bv ]-t«-en-sâbpw tÌ-äv Un-¸mÀ-«p-saânsâ

sk-I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp-¶ a-e-bm-fnbm-b hn. ]n.ta-t\msâbpw t\-Xr-Xz¯nÂ \m«p-cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS `c-Ww A-h-km-\n-¸n¨p. \m-«p-cm-Py§-sf Cý³ bq-Wn-b\nÂ Iq-«n-t¨À¯p. tZio-b kp-c-£-bp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« X-´-]-[m-\am-b Ø-e§-sf tI-µ K-h¬-saân-sâ t\-cn-«p-Å \n-b-´-W-¯n-em¡n. ITn-\ ]-b-Xv-\¯mÂ \m-«p-cm-Py§-sf Cý³ bq-Wn-b\nÂ e-bn-¸n-¨-Xp-sIm-ïv kÀZmÀ ]-t«-en-s\ "C-ý-bn-se D-cp-¡p-a-\p-jy³' F-¶p hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-dpïv.

"Htc H-cn-ý H-scm-ä P\-X' F-¶ ]-kv-Xm-h\-sb \m-«p-cm-Py kw-tbm-P-\-hp-am-bn F§-s\

_-Ôn-¸n-¡mw?

kÀZmÀ hÃ-`v`m-bv ]-t«Â

hn.]n.ta-t\m³

\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


t]m-ïn-t¨-cnbpw tKm-hbpw1947þÂ _n-«o-jpImÀ C-ý hn«p. ]-t£ ^m³-kv, t]mÀ-¨p-KÂ F-¶o

cm-Py-§Ä X§fp-sS ssI-h-i-ap-ïm-bncp-¶ Ø-e-§fnÂ\n¶v hn-«p-t]mIm³ a-Sn-¨p-\n¶p. P\§-fp-sS F-XnÀ-¸n-s\ Xp-SÀ¶v t]m-ïn-t¨cn, amln, bm\w, Im-c-bv-¡Â F-¶o ]-tZi-§fnÂ\n¶pw ^m³-kv hn-«p-t]mbn.

Cý³ ssk\yw t]mÀ-¨p-Ko-kv A[o-\]-tZ-iam-b tKm-h-bn-te--¡p \o§nbtXmsS 1961þÂ t]mÀ-¨p-Kepw C-ý hn«p. tKm-h, ZmZ, \m-KÀ-l-th-en F-¶o ]-tZi-§Ä Cým K-h¬-saân-sâ \n-b-´-W-¯n-embn.

`-c-WL-S-\ cq-]-s¸-Sp¶p

¢-ºpIÄ, ]n.Sn.F. F-¶n-h-bp-sS \n-b-amh-en I-ïn-«p-tïm? AXp-t]mse cmPyw `-cn-¡-s¸-tSï-Xv F-§-s\-sb-¶p-Å F-gp-Xs¸-« H-cp `-c-WL-S-\ C-ý-bv-¡v th-Ww F-¶pÅ-Xv A-Sn-b-´-cam-b H-cm-h-iy-am-bn-cp¶p. C-ý-¡v X-\Xm-b H-cp `-c-WL-S-\ D-ïm¡m³ Xo-cp-am-\n ¨p. `-c-W-LS-\m \nÀ-amW-k-`bpsS A-[y-

£-\m-bn tUm. cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zn-s\bpw I-c-Sp-ïm-¡m-\p-Å I-½n-än-bp-sS sN-bÀ-am-\m-bn tUm. _n.BÀ.Aw-t_-Zv-I-sdbpw Np-a-X-e- GÂ-¸n-¨p. 1949 \-hw-_À 26þmw Xob-Xn `-c-W-LS-\m \nÀ-amW-k-` sF-I-I-Wv-tTy-\ Cý³ `-cW-L-S ]m-km-¡n. 1950 P-\p-h-cn 26þ\v C-ý kz-bw H-cp dn-¸-»n-¡m-bn ]-Jym-]n¡s¸«p. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-J¯nÂ A-Xn-sâ A-´xk-¯ DÄs¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.

tUm. cm-tP-µ-]-kmZv

tUm. _n.BÀ.Aw-t_-ZvIÀCý³ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-apJw


\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw

`cW-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-J¯nÂ\n¶pw I-sï¯m³ I-gnbp-¶ ]-[m-\m-ib-§Ä G-sXÃmw?

s]m-Xp-Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v1952þÂ C-ý-bn-se B-Zy-s¯

s]m-Xp-Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v ]qÀ-¯n-bmbn. ][m-\-ań Øm-\-t¯¡v P-h-lÀemÂ s\lphpw cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-bn tUm. cm-tP-µ-]-kmZpw D-]-cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bm-bn tUm. F-kv.cm-[m-Ir-jv-W\pw Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s¸«p.

k¼-Zv hy-h-Økzm-X-ým\-´-c C-ý

ap-X-em-fn-¯-s¯bpw tkm-jy-en-k-s¯bpw k-a-\z-bn¸n-¨v H-cp an-i k¼-Zv hy-hØbv-¡v cq-]w \ÂIn.

tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b\nÂ \n-e-\n-¶ncp-¶ B-kq-Xn-X k-¼-Zv-LS-\, ]-©h-Õ-c ]-²-Xn- Km-Ôn-Pn-bp-sS Km-a-kz-cm-Pv F-¶o B-i-b-§Ä¡v \-½p-sS k¼-Zv hy-h-Ø ]m-[m\yw \Â-In-.

hy-Xykv-X hnI-k-\ ]-²-Xn-IÄ-¡v kz-X-´ C-ý ]m-[m\yw sIm-Sp¯p. ]-[m-\-a-ń- PhlÀemÂ s\-lv-dp-hnsâ A-[y-£-XbnÂ B-kq-X-W¡-½o-j³ \n-ehnÂ h¶p. hntZ-i cm-Py-§-fnÂ ]-Wn-sb-Sp¡p-¶ im-kv-X-Ú-·m-scbpw km-¼¯n-I hn-Z-Kv-[-scbpw C-ý-bn-te--¡p £-Wn-¨p sIm-ïph-¶v cm-jv-S-hn-I-k-\-s¯ Xz-cn-X-s¸-Sp¯n. hntZ-i cm-Py-§-fp-sS k-lm-bhpw C-ý kzo-I-cn-¨p.

C-cp-¼p-cp-¡p hy-h-km-b-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v C-ý-sb k-lm-bn-¨ cm-Py-§Ä G-sXm-s¡-bm-Wv? ]«n-I t\m¡q.

P-h-lÀemÂ s\-lp tUm. F-kv.cm-[m-Ir-jvW³

kwØm-\ ]p-\xkwLS-\C-ý-bp-sS `m-K-am-b \m-«p-cm-Py-

§sf hy-Xykv-X kw-Øm-\-§-fm-¡n ]p-\:kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xpw H-cp hen-b ]-iv-\-am-bn-cp¶p.

`mj-sb A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n kw-Øm-\§-sf ]p\xkw-L-Sn-¸n-¡m³ Xo-cp-am-\n-¨p. 1956 \-hw-_À 1þ\m-Wv Cý³ ]mÀ -e-saâv ]mkm¡nb kwØm-\ ]p\xkw-LS-\m \nb-aw ]m-_-ey¯nÂ h-¶Xv. CXn³ ]-Im-cw ]-Xn-\m-ev kw-Øm-\-§ fpw B-dv tI-µ`-c-W ]-tZ-i-§-fpw \n-e-hnÂ-h¶p.• tI-c-f kw-Øm-\-¸nd-hn F-¶mWv?

Cý-bnse kw-Øm-\-§fpw Ahn-Ss¯ `m-j-Ifpw DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ H-cp ]«n-I X-¿m-dm-¡m-tam?

\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


Ccp-¼p-cp¡v hy-h-km-bim-e k-lm-bn-¨ cmPyw

`n-embv tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wnb³

dqÀt¡-e PÀa\n

ZpÀ-Km]qÀ _n«³

]-©h-Õ-c ]-²-Xn-IÄA-©p hÀ-jwsIm-ïv ]qÀ-¯n-bm-

¡mhp-¶ ]-²-Xn-IÄ F-¶ co-Xn-bn-em-Wv ]-©h-Õ-c ]-²-Xn-IÄ B-cw-`n-¨Xv. 1951þÂ B-cw-`n¨ H¶mw ]-²-XnbnÂ Ir-jn¡pw 1956þÂ B-cw-`n¨ cïmw ]-²-XnbnÂ hy-h-km-b-¯n\pw ]m-[m\yw \ÂIn. h-¼³ A-W-s¡-«p-IÄ \nÀ-an-¨v P-e-tk-N-\ ta-J-e sa-¨-s¸-Sp¯n. cm-k-h-fw, Io-S-\m-in-\n, ^m-Î-dnIÄ, ImÀjn-I K-th-j-W Øm-]\-§Ä F¶n-h cm-Py-¯v Ir-jn ta-J-e A-`n-hr-²n-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p Im-c-W-ambn.

P-e-tk-N\w, Ir-jn-b-´§Ä, cm-k-hfw, Io-S-\m-in-\nIÄ, A-Xyp-Â¸m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-Å hn-¯p-IÄ F-¶n-h-bp-sS \nÀ-am-W-¯n-\v h³-tXmXnÂ aqe-[-\ \n-t£-]w \-S-¶-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn C-ý-bn-se ImÀ-jn-tImÂ-¸mZ-\w K-Wy-am-bn hÀ-²n¨p. C-Xm-Wv lcn-X hn¹-hw F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. I-¶p-Im-en ]-cn-]m-e\w, ]m- epÂ-¸mZ-\w F-¶o ta-J-e-IfnÂ Dïm-b h³ hÀ-²-\-hm-Wv [-h-f hn¹-hw F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïv D-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv.

im-kv-Xþkm-t¦Xn-I ta-JeIÄkzm-X-ým\-´-c C-ý im-kv-X-

þkm-t¦Xn-I cw-K-§fnÂ anI-hv ssI-h-cn¨p. Xp-SÀ-¨bm-b hn-I-k-\-¯n-\m-bn \n-ch-[n K-th-j-W Øm-]\-§Ä \n-ehnÂh¶p. • im-kv-Xþhym-h-kmbn-I K-th-j-W-

kanXn (CSIR - Council of Scientific and Industrial Research)

• C-ý³ ImÀjn-I K-th-j-W-k-anXn (ICAR - Indian Council for Agricultural Re-search)

• Cý³ sa-Un-¡Â K-th-j-W-k-anXn (ICMR - Indian Council of Medical Re-search)

im-kv-Xþhym-h-km-bn-I K-th-j-W-k-an-Xn-bp-sS ]-²-Xn-IÄ-¡v t\-XrXzw \Â-Inb-Xv tlm-an P-lmwKoÀ `m-`bpw F-kv.F³.`-Sv-\m-Kdpw B-bn-cp¶p.

F¨v.sP.`m-` F-kv.F³.`-Sv-\m-KÀ


\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw

im-kv-Xta-J-ebnÂ G-ähpw an-I-¨ e-t_m-d-«-dn-IÄ DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ K-th-j-W Øm-]\-§Ä th-Ww F-¶ B-i-b-s¯ ap³-\nÀ-¯n-bm-Wv C-ý-bnÂ 5 sF.sF.SnIÄ (Cý³ C³-Ìn-äyq-«v Hm-^v sS-Iv -t\m-fPn) B-cw-`n-¨Xv. A-h F-hn-sS-sbm-s¡-bm-sW-¶-dn-bm-tam?• UÂln •• •

Ct¸mÄ C-ýbnÂ F-X sF.sF.Sn-IÄ Dïv? A-h F-hn-sS-sbÃmw

ØnXn sN-¿p¶p?

hn-Zym-`ym-k taJekz-X-´ Cý³ -kÀ¡mÀ hn-Zym- ym-

kta-J-e-bn-se ]-cn-jv-Im-c- n-\m-bn 1948þÂ tUm. F-kv.cm-[m-Ir-jvW-sâ t\-Xr-Xz¯nÂ H-cp D-¶-X hn-Zym- ym-k-¡-½oj-s\ \n-b-an¨p. sk-¡â-dn hn-Zym- ym-kta-J-e-sb-¡p-dn- v e-£v-a-W -kzm-an ap-X-en-bm-cp-sS t\-Xr-Xz nÂ a-säm-cp I-½o-j³ \n-b-an-X-ambn. hn-Zym- ym-kta-J-ebnÂ k-a-Kam-b amä-§Ä \nÀ-t±-in- tIm- m-cn I-½o-j³ cq-]o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv 1964þemWv.

hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ taÂ-t\m-«w tI-µ- K-h¬-saân-sâ Io-gn-ep-Å am-\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jn hnI-k-\ h-Ip-¸n-sâ Io-gn-em-Wv. kw-Øm-\-§fnÂ hn-Zym-`ym-k-a-ń, h-Ip-¸p-sk-I«-dn F-¶n-hÀ t\XrXzw \Â-Ip¶p. F-kv.F-kv.F., BÀ.Fw. F-kv.F. F-¶o t]m-P-Îp-IÄ C-t¸mÄ kw-Øm-\- X-e¯nÂ tbm-Pn-¸n-¨v k-a-K-in-£, tIc-fw F-¶ t]cnÂ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p. bq-Wn-t^mw, D-¨-`-£Ww, s]¬-Ip-«n-I-fp-sS hn-Zym-`ymkw, ]-tXy-I ]-cnK-W-\ th-ï Ip-«n-I-fp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-kw F-¶n-hbnÂ Cu t]mP-Îv i-² sIm-Sp-¡p-¶p. 2009þse hn-Zym- ym-k A-hIm-i \n-b-aw 6

ap-XÂ 14 h-b-Êph-sc-bp-Å Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v hn-Zym-`ym-kw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am¡n. Ip-«n-IÄ-¡p-Å ]mT-]p-kv-XI-§Ä X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\v tZ-io-b-X-e¯nÂ F³.kn.C.BÀ.Sn. (NCERT) bpw kw-Øm-\-X-e¯nÂ Fkv.kn.C.BÀ.Sn. (SCERT) bpw ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p.

hn-tZ-i\bwC-ý¡p kzm-X-ýw In«p-¶ Ime-

¯v temI-¯v c-ïv im-àn-I-tN-cn-IÄ cq-]-s¸Sm³ Xp-S-§n-bn-cp¶p. A-ta-cn-¡-bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å ap-X-em-fn-¯ tN-cnbpw tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wnb-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯n-ep-Å I-ayq-Wn-Ìv tN-cn-bpw. C-ý taÂ-¸-d-ª c-ïptN-cn-I-sf-bpw ]n-W-¡m-sX c-ïptN-cn-bnepw tN-cm-¯ H-cp hn-tZ-i-\-b-am-Wv kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. C-Xm-Wv tN-cn-tN-cm-\bw.

\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


C-ý-bp-sS hn-tZ-i-\-b-¯n-sâ ][m-\ X-¯z-§Ä G-sXm-s¡-sb-¶v t\m¡q.• km-am-Py-Xz-t¯mSpw sIm-tfm-Wn-bÂ

hy-h-Ø-tbm-Sp-ap-Å F-XnÀ¸v.• hw-io-b-hm-Z-t¯m-Sp-Å hn-tZzjw.• sF-Iy-cm-jv-S kw-L-S-\-bn-ep-Å hn-

izmkw.• k-am-[m-\-]-cam-b k-l-hÀ-¯n-Xzw.• ]-©-io-e- X-¯z§Ä.• hntZ-i k-lm-b-¯n-sâ B-h-iy-I-X-bn-

ep-Å Du¶Â.• tN-cn-tN-cm-\bw.

Cý³ hn-tZ-i-\-b-¯nsâ t\«-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

]-©io-e X-¯z-§Ä1954þÂ ssN-\-bp-am-bn H¸n-« I-cm-

dm-Wv ]-©io-e X-¯z§Ä. A-h Xm-sg-s¡m-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p.• cm-Py-¯n-sâ A-XnÀ-¯nbpw ]-c-am-[n-

Im-chpw ]-c-kv]-cw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡pI.• ]-c-kv]-cw B-I-an-¡m-Xn-cn-¡pI.• B-`y-´-c Im-cy-§fnÂ ]-c-kv]-cw C-S-

s]-Sm-Xn-cn-¡pI.• k-a-Xzhpw ]-c-kv-]-c k-lm-bhpw ]p-e

À-¯pI.• k-am-[m-\-]-cam-b k-l-hÀ-¯n-Xzhpw

]m-en-¡pI.

A-bÂ cm-Py-§-fp-am-bn C-ý C-S-s]-Sp-¶Xn-t\m-Sp-Å ssN-\-bp-sS k-ao]-\w ]-©io-e X-¯z-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-

¯n hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI

C-ýbpw _-ln-cmIm-i K-th-j-Whpw

1969þÂ cq-]w-sIm-ï Cý³ _-ln-cmIm-i K-th-j-W kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv CýbnÂ _-ln-cmIm-i K-th-j-W§Ä-¡v t\XrXzw \Â-Ip-¶Xv. Xn-cp-h-\-´- ]p-c-s¯ Xp-¼-bn-em-Wv C-ý-bn-se B-Zy-s¯ tdm¡-äv hn-t£-]-W tIµw B-cw-`n-¨Xv. Im-emh-Ø, hmÀ-¯m-hn-\n-abw, Irjn, hn-Zym-`ym-kw Xp-S§n-b

B-cy`«

ta-J-e-I-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-¯n-\v C-ý-bn-se _-ln-cmIm-i K-thj-Ww XpS-¡w Ip-dn¨p. C-ý B-Zy-am-bn hn-t£-]n-¨ D-]-K-l-am-Wv B-cy`«.

an-sskÂ km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bnepw C-ý ]p-tcmK-Xn ssI-h-cn¨p. Aán, ]r-Yzn, \m-Kv Xp-S§n-bh C-ý hn-I-kn-¸n-¨ an-ssk-ep-I-fmWv. tUm. F.]n.sP.AÐpÂ Iemw Cu cwK-¯v hn-es¸-« kw-`m-h-\ \ÂIn.

tUm. F.]n.sP.AÐpÂ Iemw


\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw

C-ý-bp-sS B-Zy-s¯ Nm-µ-]-co-£-W Zu-Xyam-b N-µ-bm-³ 2008 H-Iv-tSm-_dnÂ XpS-¡w Ip-dn¨p. Cý³ _-ln-cmIm-i h-Ip-¸n-sâ sNm-Æm Zu-Xy-¯n-sâ t]-cm-Wv aw-KÄ-bm³. sNm-Æ-bp-sS \n-ch-[n Nn-X-§Ä aw-KÄ-bm-sâ Iym-ad-IÄ H-¸n-sb-Sp-¯v \-ap-¡v X¶p.

cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-¶-XnÂ \o-Xn B-tbm-Kv ][m-\ ]-¦p h-ln-¡p¶p.

B-kq-XWwhy-Xykv-Xta-J-e-IfnÂ \-S-t¡-ï

hnI-k-\ ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä B-kq-X-Ww sN-bv-Xp \-S-¸n-em-t¡-ï-Xpïv. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§fnÂ \n-¶p-am-Wv B-kq-X-W-¯n-sâ D-t±-iy-e-£y-§Ä cq]w-sIm-ïXv. kzm-X-ým-\´-cw s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bv-¡m-Wv Du-¶Â \Â-In-bn-cp-¶Xv. C-¶v s]m-Xp-ta-J-ebpw kz-Im-cy-ta-J-e bpw Hcp-t]mse ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p.

ap-¼v B-kq-X-W-¯n-\m-bn cq]w -\ÂInb B-kq-X-W I-½oj-\p ]I-cw 2015þÂ \n-ehnÂ h-¶ kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv \nXn B-tbmKv (NITI AYOG - National Institution for Transforming India). C-Xn-sâ A[y£³ ]-[m-\-a-ń-bmWv. tI-µ K-h¬-saân-sâ \-b-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ

Cý-bp-sS ]pXn-b _-ln-cmIm-i Zu-Xy-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v Iq-Sp-XÂ hn-hc-§Ä ti-J-cn¡q

\-h-tIcfwPm-XnþP-·nþ\m-Sp-hm-gn-¯- ta-[m-

hn-Xz-¯n\pw _n-«o-jv `-c-W-¯n\pw F-Xncm-b sN-dp-¯p-\nÂ-¸p-I-fm-Wv C-ý-bp-sS kzm-X-ýk-a-c ]-Øm-\¯nÂ k-Po-h-am-bn ]-s¦-Sp¡m³ tI-c-fob-sc k-lm-bn-¨Xv. tZio-b ]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h-t¯m-sS sF-Iy-tIc-fw F-¶ k-¦Â-¸w a-e-bm-fn-IfnÂ th-cp-d-bv¡m³ Xp-S§n. H-tc `m-j kw-km-cn-¡p¶-hÀ hy-Xykv-X ]-tZ-i-¡m-cm-bn \n-¶-Xn-sâ A-\p`-hw tI-c-fo-bÀ-¡v D-ïm-bn-cp¶p. Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-IqÀ, sIm¨n, a-e_mÀ F-¶ thÀ-Xn-cn-hv a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS sF-Iy-t_m-[-¯n-\v X-S-Ê-am-bn-cp¶p. tZio-b ]-Øm-\-¯n-sâ A-e-sbm-en-IÄ C-ý-bp-sS hn-h-[ tIm-Wp-IfnÂ D-bÀ-¶-t¸mÄ a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS sFIyw F-¶ B-i-bhpw h-fÀ-¶p-h¶p.

1924þse ssh-¡w k-Xy-K-l-hpw 1931þ32 Im-e-s¯ Kp-cp-hmbqÀ k-Xy-

Cý-bp-sS hnI-k-\]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä ap-t¶m-«p sIm-ïp-t]m-Ip-¶XnÂ

\n-Xn B-tbm-Kn-sâ ]k-àn F´v?

\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


K-lhpw tI-c-f-¯n-sâ FÃm `m-K-¯p-ap-Å B-fp-I-fp-sS ]-¦m-fn-¯w sIm-ïv i-t²-b-ambn. sF-Iy-tIc-fw F-¶ Bi-bw i-àn-s¸-«p. 1945þÂ sF-Iy-tI-c-f cq- ]o-I-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v NÀ-¨ sN¿m³ H-cp I-½n-än cq-]o-I-cn¨p. C-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯nÂ 1947þÂ Xr-ÈqcnÂ h-¨v sF-Iy-tI-c-f I¬-sh³-j³ \-S-¶p. 1949 Pq-sse 1þ\v Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iqdpw sIm-¨nbpw kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡-s¸«p. C´y³ ]mÀ-e-saâv 1956 \-hw_À 1þ\v `m-jm-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ kw-Øm-\§-sf cq-]o-I-cn¡p-¶ \nb-aw D-ïm-¡n-b-tXm-sS tIc-fw a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS kw-Øm-\-am-bn amdn.

D-Å kw-Øm-\-am-Wv tI-cfw. N-cn-X-]-c hpw `q-an-im-kv-X-]-c-hpam-b Im-cW-§Ä sIm-ïv tIc-fw a-äv C´y³ kw-Øm-\-§fnÂ\n¶pw th-dn-«p-\nÂ-¡p¶p. DbÀ-¶ km-£c-Xm \n-e-hmcw, ]-cn-an-Xam-b hn-`h-§ÄsImïpw Xm-c-X-tay-\ Xmgv-¶ ]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am-\¯nÂ\n-¶p-sImïpw B-tcm-Kyw, hn-Zym-`ym-kw F-¶o ta-J-e-IfnÂ t\Sn-b ]p-tcm-KXn, kp-J-io-X-f hpw l-cn-Xm-`-hpam-b ]-IrXn, hnhn-[ kw-kv-Im-c§-sf DÄ-s¡m-Åm-\p-Å k¶-²-X Xp-S§n-b \n-ch-[n L-S-I-§-fm-Wv tI-c-f-¯n-\v k-hn-ti-jam-b H-cp Øm-\w t\-Sn-s¡m-Sp-¯Xv.

tIc-fw ap-t¶m«vkm-aq-ly \-thm°m-\ ]-Øm-\

hpw sXm-gn-em-fn IÀ-j-I ]-Øm-\-§fpw tZio-b ]-Øm-\hpw H-cp-¡n-b h-f-¡q-dp-Å a-®n-em-Wv tI-c-f kw-Øm-\w D-S-se-Sp-¯Xv. Irjn, hm-Wn- Pyw, tXm-« hy-h-kmbw, B-[p\n-I hy-h-kmb-§Ä F-¶o ta-J-e-IfnÂ tI-c-f-¸n-d-hnbv-¡p ap-¼pX-s¶ hnI-k-\ ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡p XpS-¡wIp-dn-¨n-cp¶p. km-aq-ly \-thm°m-\ ]-Øm-\-§-fmI-s« A-Ô-hn-izm-k-§fnÂ\n-¶pw A-\m-Nm-c-§fnÂ \n¶pw tam-Nn-Xcm-b H-cp P-\X-sb cq-]-s¸-Sp¯m³ i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cp¶p.

tI-c-f kw-Øm-\w cq-]w sIm-ïn-«v 60 hÀ-jw I-gn-ªn-cn-¡p¶p. hy-àn-Ifpw ]-Øm-\-§fpw kw-L-S-\-I-fp-aS-¡w \-S¯n-b [m-cm-fw In-bm-ß-Iam-b ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv tIc-fw h-fÀ-¶p-h-¶Xv. \n-ch-[n k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ

tIc-f kw-kv-Im-c¯nÂ\n¶pw DuÀ-Pw kw-`-cn-¨v \mw tem-I a-e-bm-fn

B-bn am-dp¶p. ]-kv-Xm-h-\-bp-sS ]m-[m\yw NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.

hy-Xy-kvX ta-J-e-IfnÂ tIc-fw F-hn-sS \nÂ-¡p-¶p F-¶v ]-cn-tim-[n-¡mw.

B-tcmKywkm-¼-¯n-I-am-bn ]n-t¶m-¡am

-b H-cp kw-Øm-\-am-sW-¦n-epw hn-I kn-X cm-Py-§-tfm-Sp In-S-]n-Sn¡p-¶ t\«-§Ä B-tcm-Kyta-J-ebnÂ ssh-cn¡m³ tI-c-f-¯n-\p I-gn-ªn-«pïv. s]m-Xp-a-c-W-\n-c¡v, in-ip-a-c-W-\n-c¡v, B-bpÀ-ssZÀLyw F-¶n§-s\ s]m-Xp-th Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn¡p-¶ B-tcm-Ky kq-NnI-IÄ C-Xm-Wv kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv. B-tcm-Ky-cw-K-s¯ tI-c-f-¯n-sâ t\-«§-sf ]-ecpw A-Ûp-X-t¯m-sS t\m-¡n-¡m-Wm-dpïv. km-¼¯n-I ]n-t¶m-¡m-h-Ø-bnepw B-tcm-Kyta-J-ebnÂ Ip-d-ª Xp-I-amXw sN-e-hn-«v C-X-tb-sd t\«-§Ä ssIh-cn¡m³ I-gnª-XpsIm-ïv "tI-c-f B-tcm-Ky-am-Xr-I' kmÀ-h-tZ-io-b-am-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡-s¸«p.

"\-h-tI-c-f-¯n-te-¡v' F¶ hn-j-b-s¯-¡p-dn¨v H-cp Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI


\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw

F¶mÂ hy-àn-ip-Nn-Xz¯nÂ Iq-Sp-X-Â i-²n¡p-¶ tI-c-fo-bÀ km-aq-ly-ip-Nn-Xz¯nÂ Im«p-¶ A-ew-`m-hw ]-IÀ-¨-hym-[n-IÄ hym-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-bn ]-d-bm-dpïv. ]p-Xn-b X-cw ssh-d-kp-IÄ s]m-«n-¸p-d-s¸-Sm-Xn-cn¡m³ B-tcm-Ky-h-Ip-¸v InW-ªp ]-cn-i-an-¡p¶p.

§Ä kv-Xo-IÄ DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å-h-cp-sS km-£-c-Xm-\n-e-hm-c-¯n-ep-Å D-bÀ-¨ bpw ss]a-dn hn-Zym-e-b-§-fn-se hÀ-²n-¨ ]-th-i-\-t¯m-Xp-amWv. Xn-cp-hn-Xm-Iq-dnÂ 1870þI-fnepw sIm-¨n-bnÂ 1890þI-fnepw hn-Zym-eb-§Ä Øm-]n-¨p Xp-S-§n-bn-cp¶p. `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-W-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v "Ir-jn `q-an IÀ-j-I\v' In-«n-b-tXm-sS-bm-Wv tI-c-f¯nÂ kmÀ-h-Xn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw i-àn-s¸-«Xv.

D-¶-X hn-Zym-`ym-k taJ-e, km-t¦-Xn-I hn-Zym-`ym-k taJ-e, sa-Un-¡Â ta-J-e F-¶n-hbpw tI-c-f¯nÂ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p.

Po-hn-X-ssi-eo tcm-K-§Ä hÀ-²n-¨p-h-cp-¶-Xm-bn ]T\-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. lr-tZmKw, Iym³kÀ, c-à-k-½À±w, U-b-_-än-kv Xp-S§n-b Po-hn-X-ssi-eo tcm-K§-sf X-Sbm³ \-ap-¡v F-s´m-s¡ sN-¿mw?• cm-k-]-ZmÀY-§Ä tNÀ-¡m-¯ B-lmcw• ]-Ir-Xn ku-lr-Z-]-cam-bn hn-f-bn-¨

]-¨-¡-dnIÄ•••hn-Zym-`ymkw

tI-c-f-¯n-sâ hn-Zym-`ym-k ]p-tcm-K-XnbnÂ C-¶p ImWp-¶ an-I-¨ t\«-

\n-] ssh-d-kp-t]m-ep-Å kq-£v-a-Po-hn-IÄ ]-c¯p-¶ A-kp-J§-sf

\-½Ä \n-b-´n-¡p¶-Xv F-§s\?

hy-h-kmbwIm¸n, tX-bn-e, d-_À F-¶n-h-bp-

am-bn _-Ôs¸-« hy-h-kmb-§Ä _-«o-jv `-c-W-Ime-¯pX-s¶ tIc-f¯nÂ cq-]w-sIm-ïn-cp¶p. C-tXm-sSm-¸w IbÀ, ssI-¯dn, I-ip-h-ïn Xp-S-§n-b-h-bp- am-bn _-Ôs¸-« ]-c-¼-cm-K-X hy-h-km-b-§-fpw C-hn-sS h-fÀ-¶p-h¶p. Uo-kÂ F©n³sIm-ïp ]-hÀ-¯n¡p-¶ F-®-bm-«v anÃp-IÄ Øm-]n-¡-s¸«p. C-cp-]Xmw \q-äm-ïn-sâ ]-Ip-Xn-tbm-sS-bm-Wv B-[p\n- I hy-h-km-b-ime-IÄ Xn-cp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm-¨n-bnepw Øm-]n-X-am-bXv. Nn-e hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fp-sS t]-cp t\m¡q.• t]-¸ÀanÂ þ ]p-\eqÀ• ^mÎv (FACT) þ I-f-a-tÈcn• kn-dm-an-Iv-kv þ Ipï-d• Sm-ä HmbnÂ anÂ-kv þ sIm¨n

]-Ån-hm-kÂ ssh-Zyp-Xn\ne-bw Øm-]n-¡-s¸«-Xv B-[p\n-I hy-h-km-b-§-fp-sS h-fÀ-¨ Xz-cn-X-s¸-Sp¯n.

kmÀ-h-Xn-I hn-Zym-`ym-kw tI-c-f-¯n-ep-ïm¡n-b amä-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


]-Ir-Xn-hn-`-h-§fmÂ k-¼-¶-am-bn-cp-¶n«pw tIc-fw C´y³ kw-Øm-\-§-fp-sS Iq-«¯nÂ km-¼-¯n-I-am-bn ]n-t¶m-¡w \nÂ¡p-¶ H-cp kw-Øm-\-amWv. DÂ-¸m-Z-\£-a-X IqSn-b B-[p \n-I b-´-hÂIr-X hy-h-km-b§Ä (DZm: tem-lhy-h-km-b§Ä, b-´\nÀ-amWw, hm-l-\-km-a-Kn-I-fp-sS \nÀ-amWw) tI-c-f¯nÂ h-f-sc-¡p-d-hm-Wv F-¶-Xm-Wv Cu ]nt¶m-¡m-h-Ø-bv-¡v Im-cWw. sXm-gn-enÃm-bv-abpw P-\-km-µ-Xbpw IqSn-b tI-c-f kw-Øm-\-¯n-\v Zp-X-K-Xn-bn-ep-Å hy-h-km-b-hÂ¡c-Ww sIm-ïp am-X-ta km-¼¯n-I kzm-i-bXzw ssI-h-cn¡m³ I-gn-bp-I-bpÅq.

IrjnG-Xp `q-]-Ir-Xn ta-J-e-bn-em-Wv

\n-§Ä h-kn-¡p-¶Xv? \n-§-fp-sS Np-äp-]mSpw ImWp-¶ Ir-jn-IÄ G-sXm-s¡-sb-¶v ]«n-I-s¸-Sp¯pI.• s\Ãv • Gew• sX§v •• d_À •

]cn-Øn-Xn ku-lr-Z-]-cam-b hy-h-km-b-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å \n-§-fp-sS Im-gv-N-¸m-Sv hy-à-am-¡p-I. "]-cn-Øn-Xnbpw hy-h-km-bhpw' F-¶ B-i-b-s¯ ap³-\nÀ-¯n H-cp sk-an\mÀ kw-L-Sn-¸n¡q.

* Ir-jn-bn-S-¯n-sâ h-ep-¸¯nÂ F-´p hy-Xym-k-am-Wv ImWm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv?

* asä-s´Ãmw B-h-iy-§Ä-¡p-th-ïn-bm-Wv Ir-jn-bnS-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn¡m³

Irjn-sb a-e-\mSv, C-S-\mSv, Xo-c-]-tZ-iw F-¶n-h-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n

]«n-I X-¿m-dm¡q.

i-an-¡p-¶Xv?* C-Xp-sIm-ïv D-ïm-Imhp-¶ ]-iv\-§Ä

F-s´ms¡? NÀ-¨ kw-L-Sn-¸n¡q. `q-]-cn-jv-I-c-Whpw A-\p-_-Ô-

am-bpïm-b km-aq-lyam-ä-§-fpw (Iq-«p-Ip-Spw-_¯nÂ\n¶pw A-Wp-Ip-Spw-_-¯n-te¡p-Å amäw) \-½p-sS ImÀjn-I ta-Je-sb G-Xp-hn-[¯nÂ am-än F-¶v ]-cn-tim-[n-¡-s¸-tS-ï-Xpïv. ho-«p-h-f-¸p-Ifpw Xp-ïp-`q-an-Ifpw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn F¶-Xv Ir-jn-sb F§-s\ _m-[n-¨p F-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡Ww. h-b-ep-IÄ X-cn-inSp-¶ ]-h-W-Xbpw h-b-epI-sf a-äm-h-iy-§Ä-¡v ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯n-bXpw Ir-jnta-Je-sb ]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn _m-[n-¨n-«pïv.

tI-c-f¯nÂ C-t¸mgpw Ir-jn Xp-Scp-¶ hn-f-I-fp-sS hÀ-¯-am-\Im-e A-h-Ø ]-cn-tim-[n¡q.

• s\Ãv • d_À• sX-§v • I-ip-amhv• I-hp§v • kp-K-Ô- hnfIÄ•]-¨¡-dn hnfIÄ • Ing-§p hnfIÄ

F-¶o Ir-jn-IÄ \n-§-fp-sS ta-J-ebnÂ \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶p-tïm? a-Õy-Ir-jn, ]p-jv-]-Ir-jn F-¶n-h-bp-sS km[y-X F-X-t¯mfw?

A-Xyp-Â¸m-Z-\-ti-jn-bp-Å hn-¯p-I-fp-sS D-]-tbm-Kw \-½p-sS DÂ- m-Z-\£-a-X hÀ-²n- n-¡p-a-tÃm. ImÀjn-I K-th-j-W tI-µ§Ä, kÀ¡mÀ ^m-ap-IÄ F-¶n-hnS-§Ä k-µÀ-in- v \Ã- bn-\w hn- p-IÄ ti-J-cn- v Ir-jn sN¿q. \Sp-¶ A-Iew, C-tS-ï hf-§Ä F-¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn- v Iq-Sp-X-e-dnbm³ i-an¡q.


\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw

]T-\t\«§Ä

• \m-«p-cm-Py§fpsS kw-tbm-P-\-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

• `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS ]k-àn hni-Z-am-¡p¶p.

• kwØm-\ ]p-\xkw-L-S-\- hni-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• kzm-X-ým-\´-cw C-ý A-\p-hÀ-¯n-¨ k-¼-Zv-L-S-\-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp¶p.

• kzm-X-ým\-´-c C-ý- hnhn-[ ta-J-e-I-fnÂ (im-kv-Xþkm-t¦-Xn-I-cwKw, hn-Zym-`ymkw, hn-tZ-i-\bw, _-ln-cmIm-i K-th-jWw, Irjn) t\Sn-b hn-I-k-\w NÀ-¨ sN-¿p¶p.

• sF-Iy-tIc-fw cq-]s¸-« km-l-Ncyw Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp¶p.

• tI-c-f kw-Øm-\-¸n-d-hn-¡pti-jw hy-Xykv-X ta-J-e-I-fnÂ (B-tcm-Kyw, Irjn, hn-Zym-`ym-kw, hy-h-kmbw) Dïm-b ]p-tcmK-Xn hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p.

• tI-c-f amXrI hnI-k-\ k-¦Â-¸-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-IÄ cq-]o-I-cn-¡p¶p.

hne-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä

• C-ý--¡v kz´-ambn `-c-WL-S-\ cq-]-s¸« km-l-Ncyw hy-à-am-¡pI.

• kzm-X-ým\-´-c C-ýbnÂ kw-Øm\-§Ä cq-]-s¸-«-Xn-s\-¡p-dn-¨v e-Lp Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

• an-i-k¼-Zv hy-h-Ø F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïv F-´m-Wp-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv?

• ]-©h-Õ-c ]-²-Xn-I-fp-sS ]m-[m-\y-sa´v?

• l-cn-X-hn-¹-hhpw [-h-f-hn-¹-hhpw F§-s\ hy-Xym-k-s¸-Sp¶p?

• C-ý-bn-se hn-tZ-i-\-b-¯n-sâ ][m-\ X-¯z-§Ä G-sXms¡?

• C-ý-bp-sS _-ln-cmIm-i K-th-j-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v H-cp hn-hc-Ww X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

• \nXn B-tbm-Kv F-¶m-se´v?

• a-e-bm-fn-I-fp-sS sF-Iy-t_m-[w tI-c-f kw-Øm-\-¸n-d-hn-bn-te-¡v \-bn-¨-sX-§s\?

• tI-c-famXr-I F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïv F-´m-Wp-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv?

\h`mc-Xw \-h-tIcfw


Xp-SÀ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä

• C-ý hn-t£-]n-¨ D-]-Kl-§Ä, D-t±-iy-§Ä F¶nh-sb Ip-dn¨v NmÀ-«p X-¿m-dm¡q.

• ]pXn-b Ir-jn km-[yX-IÄ þ NÀ¨ (B-Zm-b-¸-g§Ä, ]p-jv-]-Irjn, a-Õy-Ir-jn, A-Xyp-Â¸m-Z-\ ti-jn-bp-Å hn-¯n-\-§Ä...)

kzbw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


\h`mc-Xw F-¶ Bi-bw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m\pw k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡m\pw I-gnbpw

\-h-tIc-fw F-¶ Bibw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡m\pw k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡m\pw I-gnbpw

kzm-X-ým\-´-c C-ý-bn-se hnhn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn-se hn-Ik-\w hn-i-Zo-I-cn¡m³ I-gnbpw

kzm-X-ým\-´-c tIcf¯n-se hnhn-[ ta-J-e-I-fn-se hn-Ik-\w hn-i-Zo-I-cn¡m³ I-gnbpw

C-ý-bp-sS hn-tZ-i-\-b-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ B-\p-Imen-I kw-`-h-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-Sp-¯n hn-i-Zo-I-cn¡m³ I-gnbpw

tI-c-f am-Xr-Im-hn-Ik-\w F-¶ Bi-bw hy-à-am¡mw

_-ln-cmIm-i K-th-j-W-hp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« \q-X-\ ]-h-WX-IÄ hne-bn-cp¯m³ I-gnbpw


B[p\n-I temIw


tem-I-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ `m-K-§fnÂ \n-e-\n-¶ncp-¶ `-c-Why-h-Ø-bv¡v F-Xn-sc P\§Ä kacw \-S¯n-bncp-¶p. \nehn encp¶ hyhØsb amän ]pXnb H¶ns\ Øm]n¡m³ e£yan« XpsImïv Chsb hn¹h§Ä F¶v hnfn¡p¶p. Nne hn¹h§sf \ap ¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

A-ta-cn-¡³ kzm-X´yka-cw

hmÄ kv-So-äv ]-t£m-`w

NnXw i²n¡q: 2011þÂ A-ta-cn-¡bnÂ (Ata-cn-¡³ sF-Iy-\m-Sp-IfnÂ) \-S-¶ ]-t£m`amWnXv. km-¼¯n-I A-k-a-Xzw, cm-jv-So-b

B[p\n-I temIw

78 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n78 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

A-gna-Xn Xp-S§n-b ]-iv\-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn¡m³ P\§Ä \-S-¯n-b-Xm-Wv CXv. Cu cm-Py-s¯ P\§Ä CXn\pw ap¼v ]t£m`§Ä \S¯nbn«pïv. AXnÂ BZyt¯Xpw Gähpw ][m\s¸«Xpam-

Wv Atacn¡bnse 13 Cw¥ojv tImf\n IÄ \S¯nb kzmX´y kacw. CXv 13 tIm-f-\n-IfnÂ Øn-c-Xm-a-k-am¡n-b Cw-¥o-jv Ip-Sn-tb-ä¡mÀ am-Xr--cm-Pyam-b _n-«-s\-Xn-sc \-S¯n-b k-a-c-am-bn-cp-¶p.

`q-]-S¯nÂ\n-¶pw 13 tIm-f-\n-IÄ I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

AXn-te--¡v \-bn-¨ Nn-e ImcW-§Ä \-ap-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.hym-]m-cn-IÄ amXrcmPyamb Cw-¥-ïn-sâ k-lm-b-t¯m-Sp Iq-Sn tIm-f-\nbnÂ

\-S-¸m¡n-b \n-b-a-am-Wv saÀ-¡â-en-Ìv (I¨-h-S\n-b´-W) \n-b-a§Ä. CXnsâ ][m\ ImcW§Ä \ap¡v t\m¡mw.

tIm-f-\n-I-fn-te--¡v C-d-¡pa-Xn sN¿p-¶ tXbne, ¥mkv, ISemkv F¶nhbv¡v

\nIpXn \Â-IWw

tIm-f-\n-IfnÂ \nÀ-½n¡p-¶ I-¸-ep-I-fntem _n-«o-jv I-¸-ep-I-fntem am-X-sa tIm-f-\n-

DÂ-¸¶-§Ä I-b-äm³ ]m-SpÅq.

tIm-f-\n-I-fn-se DÂ-¸¶-§Ä _n-«-\n- te-¡v am-X-sa I-b-äpa-Xn sN¿m³

]m-SpÅq

$

$$saÀ-¡â-en-Ìv \n-ba§Ä


B[p\n-I temIw

CXn\p ]pdsa tPm¬-tem¡nsâbpw tXma-kv s]-bn\n-sâbpw B-ib-§Ä tIm-f -\n-hm-kn-IÄ-¡v ]-tNm-Z-\-taIn.

_n-«o-jv \-b-§Ä-s¡-Xn-sc ]-Xn-tj-[n-¡m³ tIm-f-\n-IfpsS ]Xn\n[nIÄ ^n-em-UÂ-^n--bbn-Â H-¯p-tNÀ-¶p. CXns\ h³Ic kt½f\§Ä F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

h³Ic k-t½-f\-§Ä

H¶mw h³Ic k½-f\w 1774hym]mc \nb´Ww Hgnhm¡W-sa¶p Bhiys¸«psImïv _n«ojv cmPmhn\v \nthZ\w kaÀ¸n¨p

cïmw h³Ic k-½f\w 1775tPmÀ-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S-Wn-s\ tIm-f-\n-I-fp-sS ssk-\n-I-X-e-h-\m-bn sX-c-sª-Sp¯p

aq¶mw h³Ic k½f-\w 1776 kzm-Xýk-a-c ]-Jym]-\w \-S¯n

kzm-Xý ]-Jym-]-\-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn _n-«\pw tIm-f-\n-Ifpw X½nÂ B-cw-`n-¨ bp-²w 1781þÂ A-h-km- \n¨p. _n-«o-jv ssk-\y-s¯ A-ta-cn-¡¡mÀ ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp¯n. F-¶mÂ 1783þse ]m-co-kv D-S-¼-Sn-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv _n-«³ tIm-f-\n-I-fp-sS kzm-X-ýw Aw-Ko-I-cn-¨Xv.

A-ta-cn-¡³ kzm-X-ýkacw tem-I-s¯ kzm-[o-\n¨-Xv F-§-s\-bm-sW-¶v \-ap-¡v ]-cn-tim-[n-¡mw.

$

$

$$

]nÂ¡m-e hn-¹-h-§Ä-¡v ]-tNmZ\w \ÂIn

sÛ-dÂ cmãw F-¶ Bibw cq]w-sImïp

dn-¸-»n-¡³ `-c-W-coXn tem-I-¯n-\v

am-Xr-I-bmbn

enJn-X `-c-WL-S\bv¡v Xp-S-¡-ambn

ê§Ä

tPmÀ-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S-¬

B[p\n-I temIw


^-©v hn¹-hw

""kzm-X-ýw F-sâ P-·m-h-Im-i-amWv, A-Xv Rm³ t\-Sp-I X-s¶ sN-¿pw.''

C-ý-bp-sS kzm-X-ý-k-a-cIme-¯v _m-e-Kw-Km-[-c Xne-Iv \-S¯n-b ]-kv-Xm-h-\-bm-Wn-Xv. kzmXý¯n\v FXamXw ]m[m\yapsï¶v CXnÂ \n¶pw a\-knem¡mhp¶XmWv. kzm-X-ýsa-¶ B-i-b-s¯ ap³-\nÀ-¯n 18þmw \q-ämïnÂ ^m³knÂ \-S-¶ hn-¹-h-am-Wv ^-©v hn-¹hw. Cu hn-¹-h-¯n-te-¡v \-bn-¨ Im-cW-§Ä \-ap-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.• _qÀ-_³cm-Phw-i cm-Pm-¡-·m-cp-sS

GIm[n-]-Xy-`cWw

• ^-©v P-\-X-bp-sS Zp-cn-X-]qÀ-Wam-b Po-hnXw

• `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sS B-Uw-_-c Po-hn Xw

• ^m³knÂ \ne\n¶ncp¶ kmaqlnI hn`P\w

• sam-ï-kvIyp, thmÄ«À, dqtÊm XpS §nb NnÍ³amcpsS kzm[o\w

• P\§-fpsStaÂ Npa¯nb AanX \n IpXn

thmÄ«bÀ dq-tÊm

sam-ï-kvIyq

^©p kaqls¯ aq¶v X«pIfmbn hn`Pn¨ncp¶p. Ah FtÌäpI-sf¶p hnfn ¡s¸«p. Ah GsXÃmsa¶v NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.

H-¶m-a-s¯ F-tÌäv ]p-tcm-lnXÀ

c-ïm-a-s¯ F-tÌ-äv ]-`p-¡·m-À

aq-¶m-a-s¯ F-tÌ-äva[yhÀKw, IÀ-jIÀ, ssI-s¯m-gn-epImÀ

1789þÂ ^m³-kv I-Sp-¯ km-¼¯n-I ]-Xn-k-Ôn-bn-embn. ]pXnb \n IpXnIÄ GÀs¸Sp¯p¶Xn\mbn ^©v N-I-hÀ-¯n eqbn ]-Xn-\m-dma³ ]mÀ-e-saâv hn-fn-¨p-tNÀ¯p. Hmtcm FtÌän \pw Hmtcm thm«v F¶Xn\p ]Icw Hmtcm hyàn¡pw Hmtcm thm«v F¶ Bibw aq¶mw F-tÌ-äv apt¶m«v h¨p. CXv \n cmIcn¨t¸mÄ aq¶mw F-tÌ-änsâ ]-Xn-\n-[nIÄ ]mÀ-e-saân-\v sXm-«-Sp-¯p-Å sS-¶o-kv tImÀ«nÂ H-¯p-tNcpIbpw aq¶mw FtÌ-äns\ tZio-b A-kw-»n B-bn ]-Jym-]n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. ^m³kn\v Hcp `cWLS\ Dïm¡p¶Xphsc ]ncn ªv t]mIpIbnÃsb¶pw ]-Xn-Ú-sb-Sp¯p. C-Xn-s\ sS-¶o-kv tImÀ-«v ]-Xn-Ú-sb-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. cmPhmgvNbpsS ]XoIambncp¶ _m-ÌbnÂ PbnÂ 1789 Pqssebv 14þ\v X-IÀ-¡p-¶-tXm-Sp- Iq-Sn-bm-Wv ^-©v hn-¹-h-¯n-\v B-cw-`w Ip-dn-¡p-¶Xv.

FtÌäpIÄ¡v ^©v k-aq-l¯nÂ D-ïm-bncp-¶

A-h-Im-i-§-sf¡p-dn¨v Hcp kw-hm-Zw kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-I.


B[p\n-I temIw

_mÌnÂ PbnÂ X-IÀ-¡Â þ H-cp Nn-Xo-

IcWw

^-©v hn-¹-h-¯n-te¡v \bn¨ ][m-\ kw-`-h-§-Ä DÄs¸Sp¶ ssSw-sse³ X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

^-©v hn-¹-hw temI¯pïm¡nb kzm[o\§Ä F-s´Ãm-sa-¶v \-ap-¡v t\m-¡mw.

tkz--Ñm-[n]-Xy -c-W-Iq-S-§Ä-¡v o-jWn

a-[y-hÀ-K-¯n-sâ h-fÀ-¨

^yq-U-en-k-¯n-sâ Aýw

tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS B-hnÀ-`m-hw

^-©v hn¹-hw þ kzm[o\§Ä

$$

$$

^m³kv s\-t¸m-fnb-sâ IognÂ

""Akm-[yw F¶Xv hn-UvVn-IfpsS amXw \nLïphnÂ ImWp-¶ ]-Z-am-Wv.'' a-\p-jy-sâ Akmam\yamb IgnhpIsf kqNn¸n¡p¶ Cu hm¡pIÄ BcpsSsX¶v Adnbmtam? ^©p hn¹h\mćw ^m³kv `cn¨ s\t¸mfnbtâX-mWv CXv. kzmXýw, kaXzw, kmtlmZcyw F¶o Bib§Ä ap³\nÀ¯n \S¶ ^©v hn¹h¯n\v Ah ]qÀWambpw t\Sm³ IgnªnÃ. F¶mÂ s\t¸mfnbsâ G-Im[n]Xy¯n\v km£nbmtIïn h¶p. F¦nepw At±lw ^©phn¹h¯nsâ Bib§Ä ap³\nÀ¯nbmWv `cWw \S¯nbXv. Ah GsXÃmamsW¶v \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

IÀj-Isc Irjn`q-an-bp-sS D-SaIfm-¡n

]pXn-b \n-b-a kwln-X \S¸m¡n

_m-¦v Hm-^v ^m³-kv cq-]o-Icn-¨p

]ptcm-lnX·m-cpsStaÂ \nb´Ww GÀs¸Sp-¯n

s\t¸m-fn-bsâ `-c-W ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§Ä

$

$$

$

B[p\n-I temIw


s\-t¸m-fnb-sâ ]-cn-jv-Im-c-§fnÂ `-b-¶ bq-tdm]y³ i-àn-IÄ At±l¯ns\Xnsc kw-L-Sn-¡p-I-bpw 1815þse hm-«Àeq bp²¯nÂ s\-t¸m-fnb-s\ ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯p-Ibpw sN-bvXp.

s\-t¸m-fn-b³

s\t¸mfnbsâ `cW ]cnjvImc§Ä bqtdm]y³ iànIÄ `b¶Xv

F´psImïmWv? hnebncp-¯p-I.

emän\tacn¡³ hn¹-hw

s]te a-d-tUmW

lnKzn-äi-²n¡q: ChcpsS cmPy§Ä¡v Hcp

]tXyIXbpïv. Ahsb emän\tacn¡³ cmPy§Ä F¶mWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.

sX-t¡ A-ta-cn-¡bpw a-[y A-ta-cn-¡bpw DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ ]-tZ-i-am-Wv em-än-\-ta-cn-¡. emän³ `m-j-bp-am-bn _-Ô-ap-Å t]mÀ-¨p-Kokv, kv-]m-\n-jv `m-j kw-km-cn-¡p¶-hÀ C-hn-S-§fnÂ Ip-Sn-tb-dn Øn-c-Xm-a-k-am-¡n-b-Xp-sIm-ïm-Wv Cu ]-tZ-iw em-än-\-tacn-¡ F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

`q-]Sw: em-än-\-tacn¡

Ch bq-tdm-]y³ cmPy§fmb kvs]bn\nsâbpw t]mÀ¨pKensâbpw tIm-f-\n-bm-bn-cp¶p. tImf\nhÂ¡cWw emän\tacn¡sb _m[n-¨sX§s\sb¶v NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p.• bqtdm]y-·m-cp-sS `m-jbpw B-Nm-chpw


B[p\n-I temIw

]-N-cn-¸n¨p• bq-tdm]y³ co-Xn-bp-Å ho-Sp-Ifpw tZ-hm-

e-b-§fpw \nÀ½n¨p• bqtdm]y³ Irjn-co-Xn-Ifpw ImÀ-jn-I-

hn-f-Ifpw tIm-f-\n-IfnÂ \-S-¸m¡n • tImf\nP\XtbmSv hwiobhnthN\

t¯msS s]cpamdnF¶mÂ ]nÂ-¡me-¯v tIm-f-

\n-hm-gvNbvs¡Xn-sc sN-dp-¯p-\nÂ-¸p-IÄ em-än-\-ta-cn-¡bnÂ i-àn-s¸«p. ^m-kn-kvtIm an-cm³-U, ssk-a¬ s_m-fnhÀ, tPm-sk Un km³-amÀ-«n³ Xp-S§n-b t\Xm¡fmWv kzm-X-´y-k-a-c-¯n-\v t\-XrXzw \Â-In-b-Xv. 1825þHmSp IqSn an¡-hmdpw emän\-ta-cn-¡³ cm-Py-§fpw kz-X-´-ambn.

ssk-a¬ t_m-fnhÀ

^m-kn-kvtIman-cm³-U

tPmsk Un km³amÀ«n³

bq-tdm-]y³ B-[n-]-Xy¯nÂ\n¶pw kz-X-´am-b em-än-\-ta-cn-¡³

cm-Py§-sf I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

djy³ hn-¹-hw

ImÄ amÀ-Iv-kn-sâ 200þmw P-·-Zn-\¯nÂ ]-kn-²o-I-cn-¨ teJ\§fp sS NnX§-fmWv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. At±lw apt¶m«ph¨ Bibambn cp¶p amÀIvknkw. CXv tem-I-s¯ hf-sc A-[n-Iw kzm-[o-\n-¨n«pïv, hn-ti-jn¨pw sXm-gn-em-fnhÀ-Ks¯. Cu B-i-b-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n temI-¯p \-S-¶ B-Zy-s¯ hn-¹-h-am-Wv djy³ hn-¹hw. A-Xn-sâ Im-cW-§Ä \ap--¡v ]-cn-tim-[n-¡mw.• kÀ N-I-hÀ-¯n-am-cp-sS GIm[n]Xy-

`cWw• IÀ-j-I-cp-sSbpw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw

Zp-cn-X-]qÀ-Wam-b PohnXw • ImÀ-jn-Ita-J-e-bn-se DÂ-¸m-Z-\-Ip-dhv• Ip-d-ª hy-mh-kmbn-I DÂ-¸m-Z\w• am-Ivknw tKmÀ¡n, entbm tSmÄ-tÌmbn

Xp-S§n-b F-gp-¯p-Im-cp-sS kzm[o\w.• Im-Ä amÀ-Ivkpw s^-U-dn-Iv Gw-KÂ

kpw B-hn-jv-I-cn-¨ amÀ-Iv-kn-b³ B-i-b§Ä

B[p\n-I temIw


Im-Ä amÀ-Ivkv

s-^U-dn-Iv Gw-KÂkv

am-Iv-knw tKmÀ-¡n entbm tSmÄ-tÌm-bn

djy³hn-¹-hpambn _Ôs¸« Nne ][m-\ kw-`h-§Ä \-ap-¡v a\knem-¡mw.

sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sS ]-iv\-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn-¡m\mbn cq]oIcn¨ tkmjyÂ sU-tam-Im-än-Iv hÀt¡gvkv ]mÀ-«n ]nÂ ¡me¯v cïmbn ]ncnªp. A-hbpw t\-Xm-¡-fp-sS t]-cp-Ifpw NphsS \ÂIn-bncn¡p¶p.

djy³ tkmjyÂ sUtamImänIv ]mÀ-«n

sa³-sj-hn-¡pIÄ (\yq-\-]£w)

t_mÄ-sj-hn-¡pIÄ (`q-cn-]£w)

A-e-Iv-km-ïÀ sI-c³-kvIn se-\n³, tSmSvkv-In

se-\n³

d-jy³hn¹h¯nte¡v \bn¨ kw`h§sf ^vtfmNmÀ«nsâ klmb-t¯msS \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.• 1905-þse djyþP¸m³ bp²¯nÂ

djy¡v Dïmb ]cmPbw• sNdn-b cm-Pyam-b P¸m³ Gähpw

hen-b cm-Pyam-b d-jy-sb ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv kmÀ N-I-hÀ-¯n-am-tcm-Sv sh-dp-¸v hÀ-²n-¸n¨p

• P\Iob ]-t£m`s¯ XpSÀ¶v Zyqa F¶ P\Io-b k` cq]oIcn¨p

• ZyqabpsS FXnÀ¸ns\ AhKWn¨ djy H¶mw temIbp²¯nÂ ]s¦ Sp¯p

• bp²¯nÂ d-jy Z-b-\o-b-am-bn ]-cm-P-b-s¸-«p-sIm-ïn-cp¶p

• bp²¯nepïmb Xncn¨Sn P\PohnXw Zpxklam¡n

• 1917þse s^_phcn hn¹ht¯msS kmÀ NIhÀ¯nsb ]pd¯m¡n

• djybnÂ N-I-hÀ-¯n `c-Ww A-h-km- \n¸n¨p

s^_phcn hn¹ht¯msS A[n Imc¯nÂ h¶ sI-c³-kv-In K-h¬-saâv H-cp ]-cm-P-b-am-bn-cp¶p. Cu km-l-N-cy-s¯ D-]-tbm-Kn-¨p-sImïv se-\n-sâ t\-Xr-Xz¯nÂ t_mÄ-sj-hn-¡p-IÄ A-[n-Im-cw ]n-Sn-s¨-Sp-¯p. C-Xn-s\ H-Iv-tSm-_À hn-¹-h-sa-¶v hn-fn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶p. hn¹hm\´cw se\nsâ t\XrXz¯nÂ ]pXnb Kh¬saân\v I½yqWnÌpIÄ cq]w \ÂIn. tem-I¯nÂ B-Zy-am-bn sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fp-sSbpw IÀ-j-I-cp-sSbpw `-c-W-Iq-Sw \n-e-hnÂh¶pdjy³ hn-¹-h-w tem-I-¯p-ïm¡n-b kzm-[o\-§Ä Nph-sS \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. • tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wnb-sâ cq-]o-I-cWw• I½yqWnk¯nsâ hym-]\w• km¼¯nIþimkv Xþkmt¦XnI

cwK§fnÂ djybpsS Ip-Xn¸v


B[p\n-I temIw

]nÂ¡me tem-IN-cn-X¯nsâ KXn \nÀWbn¡p¶XnÂ tkmhnbäv

bqWnb³ hln¨ ]¦ns\¡pdn¨v hnhcn¡pI.

ssN-\o-kv hn¹hwssN-\-bn-se s_-bv-Pnw-Kv þ jmw-Km-bn

_pÅ-äv sS-bn-\n-sâbpw H-fnw-_n-Iv-kv \-S-¶ ssN-\-bp-sS ]-[m-\-th-Zn-bp-sSbpw Nn-X-§-fm-Wv C-h. Cu c-ïp Nn-X-§fpw ssN-\-bp-sS B-[p-\n-I-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-sâbpw km-¼¯n-I A-`n-hr-²n-bp-sSbpw kq-N-\-IfmWv. F¶mÂ ssN-\-bp-sS `q-X-Im-ew C-Xp-t]m-se a-l¯m-b H-cp Im-e-L-«-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. Cu cmPyw km-am-Py-Xz¯n \pw km-¼¯n-I Nq-j-W-¯n-\pw C-c-bm-

s_-bv-Pnw-Kv þ jmwKmbn _pÅ-äv sSbn³

ssN-\bnÂ H-fnw-_n-Iv-kv \S-¶ ]-[m-\-thZn

amthm sk Xpw-Kv

Nn-bm-Mv ssIj-¡v

tUm. k³-bm-Xv sk³

Ip-an-´mMvk¬-bm-Xv sk³ Øm-]n-¨ cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-bm-Wv Ip-an-´m--Mv

bn-«pïv. CXnÂ\n¶pw ssN-\-bp-sS D-bÀ-s¯-gp-t¶Â-¸v F-§-s\-sb-¶v \-ap-¡v ]cntim[n¡mw.

ssN\-sb B-[p-\n-I-X-bn-te¡v \-bn-¡p-¶XnÂ ]-[m-\s¸-« ]-¦v h-ln-¨ hy-àn-bm-Wv tUm. k¬-bm-Xv-sk³. A-t±-l-¯n-sâ B-ib-§Ä Nph-sS \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p.• tZ-iob-X• P-\m-[n-]Xyw • tkm-jy-en-kw

1911þÂ a©p cm-P-hw-i-s¯ ]p-d-¯m-¡n-s¡m-ïv k³-bm-Xvsk³ Ip-an-´m-Mp-I-fp-sS t\-XrXz¯nÂ dn¸-»n-¡³ `c-Ww cq]oIcn¨p. 1921þÂ ssN-\o-kv I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ-«n Øm]n¨p.F¶mÂ I-½yq-Wn-ÌpI-sf A-Sn-¨-aÀ¯p-¶ \-b-am-Wv k³-bm-Xvsk-\n-\p-ti-jw A-[n-Im-c¯nÂ h-¶ Nn-bm-Mv ssIj-¡v kzo-I-cn-¨Xv. C-tX-Im-e-b-fhnÂ I-½yq-Wn-Ìv ]mÀ«nbpsS t\-Xr-Xz\n-c-bn-te¡v

B[p\n-I temIw


tem-Mv amÀ-¨v1934þÂ I-ayq-Wn-ÌpImÀ am-thm-

bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz¯nÂ sX-¡³ ssN-\-bn-se In-bmM-v-knbnÂ \n ¶pw bm-X B-cw-`n-¡p-Ibpw hS-¡p ]-Sn-ªm-dv sb-\m\nÂ A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXp. G-I-tZ-iw 12000 In-tem-ao-äÀ k-©-cn-¨ Cu bm-X- tem-Mv amÀ-¨v F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

1949þ\p-ti-jw ssN-\bnÂ \S¶ km-¼¯n-I A`nhr²nsb hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

Hcp bp²¯nte¡v \bn¡s¸«Xv F-´p- sIm-ïmWv? AXnsâ ImcW§Ä \ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw.• kmamPyXz cmjvS§Ä X½nepÅ

iXp-X• ssk\n-I k-Jy-§-fp-sS cq-]o-I-cWw

Ah NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p

XnI-£n kJyw Xn-I-£n ku-lmÀZw

PÀ½\n Cw¥ïv

B-kv-Sn-bþlwKdn ^m³kv

Cäen d-jy

km-am-Py-Xzcm-jv-S§ÄCh-sb c-ïm-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p¶p

þ ]-g-b km-am-Py-Xz cm-jv-S§Ä (Cw-¥-ïv, ^m³kv, t]mÀ- pKÂ, tlm-f-ïv), ]pXn-b km-am-Py-Xz cm-jv-S§Ä (PÀ-½\n, C-ä-en, djy, P¸m³ Xp-S-§n-bh).

amthmsk Xpw-Kv D-bÀ-¶p- h-¶p. 1934þÂ amthm sk Xpw-Kn-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯nÂ I-½yq-Wn-Ìp-IÄ N-cn-X-]-kn-²am-b tem-Mv-amÀ-¨v kw-L-Sn-¸n¨p. CXv I½yqWnÌpIfpsS kzm[o\w ssN\okv P\XbpsS CSbnÂ hÀ[n¸n¨p. cïmw tem-I-bp-²m-\´cw ssN\bnÂ B-`y-´-c-bp-²w hnïpw s]m-«n-¸p-d-s¸-«p. Nn-bm-Mv ssI-j-¡n-s\ ]p-d-¯m-¡n -s¡m-ïv amthm sk Xpw-Kv P-\Io-b ssN-\ dn-¸-»n-Iv 1949 H-Iv-tSm-_À 1þ\v cq-]o-I-cn¨p. djy³ hn-¹-h-¯n-\v sXm-gn-em-fn-I-fm-Wv t\-XrXzw \Â-In-bXv. F¶mÂ ssN-\-bn-se hn-¹-h-¯n-\v t\-XrXzw \Â-Inb-Xv IÀ-j-I-cmWv.

H¶mw tem-I-b-p²w

H¶mw tem-I-bp-²-hp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« Nn-X-§-fm-Wn-h. tem-Iw C¯cw


B[p\n-I temIw

• Xo-htZ-io-b-X-bp-sS DZbw

Cu Im-e-L-«¯nÂ cq]oIcn¨ Xo-h-tZio-b ]-Øm\-§Ä Nph-sS \Â-Ip¶p.

]-Øm-\w cmPyw e£yw

]m³-(hn-ime)Ém-hv ]-Øm-\w

djyIng-¡³ bq-tdm-¸n-se Ém-hv hw-iP-sc G-Io-I-cn-¡pI

]m³ (hn-ime) PÀ-½³ ]-Øm\w

PÀ½\na-[y bq-tdm-¸n-tebpw _mÄ-¡-\n- tebpw Syq-t«m-Wn-¡v hÀ-K-¡m-sc G-tIm-]n-¸n-¡pI

]-XnIm-c ]-Øm\w ^m³-kvAÄ-ssk-kv, sem-ssd³ ]tZi§Ä PÀ½-\nbnÂ \n¶pw Xn-cn-sI ]n-Sn¡m³ B-cw-`n-¨Xv

• A´ÀtZiob ]XnkÔnIÄ, Ahsb \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

sam-tdm-¡³ ]-XnkÔn1904þÂ ^m³kpw _n«\pw

X½nÂ clky DS¼Sn Dïm¡n. CX\p kcn¨v _n«ojpImÀ B^n-¡-bp-sS h-S-¡pÅ samtdmt¡msb ^m³kn\v \Â IpIbpw ]Icambn CuPn]vXv _n«o-jpImÀ¡v hn«p-\Â-Ip-Ibpw sN-bvXp. Cu DS¼-Snbn³taepÅ PÀ½³ CSs]SemWv satdm¡³ ]XnkÔnbnte¡v \bn¨Xv. 1871þÂ cq-]w-sIm-ï PÀ-½-\n-bpw tIm-f-\n-IÄ Øm-]n-¡m³ a-äp cm-Py-§-fp-am-bn a-Õ-cn¨p.

_mÄ-¡³ ]-XnkÔnHmt«mam³ kmamPy¯nsâ

`mKambncp¶ _mÄ¡³ taJesb 1912þse bp²¯neqsS _mÄ¡³ kJyw ]nSns¨Sp¯p. bp²¯nÂ e`n¨ ]tZi§Ä ]¦nSp¶Xn\v _mÄ¡³ cmjvS §Ä X½nepïmb A`n]mb hyXymkw Cu cmjvS§sf hoïpw bp²¯nte¡v \bn¨p. ChÀ X½nepÅ iXpX temIbp ²¯n\pÅ ImcW§fn-sem-¶mbn.

1914 PqWnÂ B-kv-Sn-b³ In-co-Sm-h-Im-inbm-b ^m³-kn-kv s^À-Un-\ân-s\ t_m-kv-\n-b³ X-eØm-\am-b k-c-bmthm bnÂh-¨v skÀ-_n-b³ bp-hmhm-b Km-hvsem ]n³k-¸v sh-Sn-sh-¨p sIm¶p. Xp-SÀ-¶v skÀ_nb¡v Cu kw`-h¯nÂ ]¦psï¶v B-kv-Sn-b Btcm]n¡pI bpw A-hÀ¡v FXnsc bp²w ]Jym ]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AXn\ptijw tem-I cm-jv-S-§Ä, ]tXy-In¨pw bq-tdm ]y³ cm-Py§Ä c-ïp tN-cn-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-ªv Cu bp-²¯nÂ ]s¦Sp¯p. Cu bp-²¯nÂ A´n-a-am-bn PÀ-½\n-bpw B-kv-Sn-b-bpw ]-cm-P-b-s¸«p.

bp-²m-\´-cw PÀ-½\n-bp-am-bn H-¸p- h-¨ D-S-¼-Sn-bmWv th-gv-km-bn kÔn. A-Xn-se hy-hØ-IÄ Nph-sS \Â-Ip¶p.• PÀ-½-³ tIm-f-\n-IÄ kJyI£nIÄ¡v

hn«p\ÂIn • PÀ½\nsb \n-cm-bp-[o-I-cn¨p• bp²\jvS ]cnlmcambn PÀa\n h³

Xp-I \Â-tIïn h¶p• AÄ-ssk-kvþsem-ssd³ ]tZi§Ä

PÀ½\n ^m³kn\v Xncn¨p -\ÂIn

B[p\n-I temIw


]cm-P-bs¸-« PÀ-½³-Im-tcm-Sv Iq-c-am-bn s]-cp-am-dnb-Xv PÀ-½³-ImÀ-¡v hn-P-bn-¨ i-àn-Itfm-Sv sh-dp¸pw ]-Xn-Im-chpw h-fÀ-¶p-h¶Xn\pw a-säm-cp tem-I-bp-²-¯n-\pw Im-c-W-ambn.H¶mw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-sâ ê-§Ä \-ap-¡v t\m-¡mw.

kÀ-Æcm-jv-S k-Jy-(eoKv Hm-^v t\-j³kv)¯n-sâ

cq-]o-IcWw

bq-tdm]y³ ta-[m-hn-Xz- ¯n-sâ X-IÀ¨

G-jy, B-^n-¡ F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-se kzm-X-ý-ka-c§Ä i-àn-s¸-«p

km-¼¯n-I ]-Xnk-ÔnZm-cn-Zyw, sXm-gn-enÃmbv-a

ê§Ä

$

$ $

$$

kÀ-Æcm-jv-S kwJyw (eoKv Hm-^v t\-j³kv)H¶mw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-\pti-jw tem-Ik-am-[m-\-¯n-\m-bn cq-]o-I-cn-¨

A-´À-tZio-b kw-L-S-\-bm-WnXv. 1920 emWv \n-ehnÂh-¶-Xv, C-Xn-sâ B-Øm-\w P-\o-h-bmWv.

th-gv-km-bn D-S-¼-Sn-bn-eq-sS k-Jy-I-£n-IÄ PÀ-½-\n-tbm-Sv A-\o-Xn Im-Wn-¨p-sh-¶v \n-§Ä I-cp-Xp-¶p-tïm? NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-I.

^m-jn-khpw \m-kn-khpw ]nb In-än,

Zpx-J-I-cam-b hmÀ-¯-I-fm-Wv F-\n-¡v ]-d-bm-\p-ÅXv. R-§-fp-sS ]-e blq-Z kp-lr-¯p-¡-sfbpw sK-Ì-t¸m-IÄ ]nSn-¨p-sIm-ïp t]m-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv... I-¶p-Im-enI-sf sIm-ïp-t]mIp-¶ S¡nÂ a-\p-jy-sc Ip-¯n-\n-d-bv-¡p-¶p... c-£-s¸Sp-I A-km-[y-am-Wv... H-cp-]t£, a-cn-¡m-\p-Å G-ä-hp-sa-fp-¸-h-gn A-Xm-bn-cn-¡mw... CÃ ln-äv-eÀ R-§-fp-sS tZ-io-bXsb F-t¶ \-in-¸n-¨p...

F-¶v \n-sâ B³CXv B³ ^m-¦n-sâ U-b-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-IfnÂ\n-¶p-Å

hn-h-c-W-§-fm-Wv. \m-kn `-c-WIm-e-s¯ Pq-X-th-«-bp-sS A-\p-`-h hn-h-c-W-am-Wv Cu U-b-dn-¡p-dn-¸p-IÄ. H¶mw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-\pti-jw cq-]w-sIm-ï Cu ]-Øm-\-s¯ ^m-jn-kw F-¶v hn-fn-¡-p¶p. A-Xn-sâ Nn-e k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ \-ap-B³ ^m-¦v


B[p\n-I temIw

¡v ]-cn-tim-[n-¡mw.• P-\m-[n-]-Xy-t¯m-Sv hn-tbm-Pn¸v • bp-²-s¯ ]-IoÀ-¯n-¡Â• Xo-h-tZ-iob-X • tkm-jy-en-k-t¯m-Sv F-XnÀ¸v • ssk\n-I tkz-Ñm-[n-]Xyw

C-ä-en-bn-se ^m-jn-kwC-ä-enbnÂ ^m-jn-k- n-\v t\-Xr

Xzw \Â-Inb-Xv s_-\n-täm- ap-tkm-fn-\n-bmWv. ^m-jn-Ìp-IÄ C-ä-enbnÂ A[nImc¯nÂ h-cp-hm-\p-Å km-l-Ncy§Ä NphsS \Â Inbncn¡p¶p.• bp-²m-\´-cw C-ä-en-bnepïm-b km-

¼¯n-I ]-Xn-kÔn• Cw¥-ïv, ^m³-kv Xp-S§n-b cm-Py-§-

tfm-sSm-¸-amWv Cä-en bp-²w sN-bv-X-sX-¦nepw k-Jy-I-£n-IÄ C-ä-en-¡v AÀ-lam-b ]-cnK-W-\ \Â-Im-¯Xv

• Cä-en tkm-jy-en-k-¯n-te-¡v am-dptam F-¶ ap-X-em-fn-am-cp-sS `bw

ln-äv-edpw \m-kn-khpwB³ -^m-¦n-sâ U-b-dn-¡p-dn- p-I

fnÂ \n¶pw \m-kn-I-fp-sS Im-gv-N- m-Sv \-ap-¡v a-\-kn-em-¡m³ I-gn-bp-w. \m-kn-IÄ- PÀ-½\n bnÂ A-[n-Im-c- nÂ hcm³ k-lm-bn- L-SI-§Ä \-ap-¡v Isï¯mw.• PÀ½-\n-sb ]qÀ-W-ambpw X-IÀ¡p¶

th-gv-km-bn D-S¼Snbnse hyhØ-IÄ• I-ayq-Wn-k-t¯m-Sp-Å `-bw• PÀ-½³ `-c-W-Iq-S-¯n-sâ ]-cmP-bw• PÀ-½-\n-bn-epïm-b km-¼¯n-I X-IÀ-

¨, ]-tXy-In-¨pw 1929þse B-tKm-f km-¼¯n-I am-µyw

s_-\n-täm- ap-tÊm-fn-\n-

C-ä-enbnÂ A-[n-Im-c¯nÂ h-¶ ap-tkm-fn-\n tkm-jy-en-Ìp-I-sfbpw sXm-gn-em-fn-I-sfbpw P\m[n]XyhmZnIsf bpw A-Sn-¨aÀ¯n. I-cn-¦-p¸m-b¡mÀ F-¶ ssk\y¯n\v cq-]w\ÂIn. At±-lw tkzÑm[n]Xy \S]SnIÄ ]n³XpScpI bpw F-tXym]y, AÂ-t_\n-b XpS§nb ]tZi§Ä BIan¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ap-tkm-fn-\n-bp-sS Cu km-am-Py-Xz a-t\m-`m-h-am-Wv tem-I-s¯ cïmw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-te¡v \-bn¨ Hcp ][m\ ImcWw.

PÀ-½\nbnÂ A-[n-Im-c¯nÂ h-¶ ln-äv-eÀ tkm-jy-en-Ìp-I-sfbpw I-ayq-Wn-Ìp-I-sfbpw Pq-X-·m-scbpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-hm-Zn-I-sfbpw sIm-s¶m-Sp¡n. Pq-X-·m-sc Iq-«-s¡m-e sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\m-bn tIm¬-sk³-tS-j³ Iym-¼p-IÄ cq-]o-I-cn¨p. At±lw X-hn-«v Ip-¸m-b¡mÀ F-¶ ssk-\y-¯n-\v cq-]w\ÂIn. Iq-Sm-sX B-kv-Sn-b, sN-t¡m-tÉm-hm-Iy Xp-S§n-b ]-tZi-§Ä lnäv-eÀ B-I-an-¨p Io-g-S¡n. C-ä-enbpw P-¸m-\p-am-bn ssk\n-Ik-Jy¯nÂ GÀ-s¸-«p-. At±l¯nsâ Cu \b§fmWv tem-I-s¯ cïmw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-te-¡v \-bn¨Xv.

lnäveÀ

^m-jn-Ìp-IÄ tem-I-¯v krjvSn¨ A-]-I-S§-sf Ip-dn-¨v NÀ-¨ sN-¿p-I.

B[p\n-I temIw


cïmw tem-I-bp-²w

lntcmjnacïmw tem-I-bp-²Ime- v A-tacn-¡

A-Wp-t_mw-_v hÀ-jn- P¸m³ \-K-c-am-Wv ln-tcm-jn-a. A-tacn-¡sb F- p-sIm-ïm-Wv C- -c- n-ep-Å \-S]-Sn kzo-I-cn-¡m³ t]cn¸n¨Xv? AXn-te¡v \bn¨ ImcW§Ä \ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw.• th-gv-km-bn D-S¼-Sn PÀ-a-\n-tbm-Sp Im-

Wn-¨ A-\oXn • ssk\n-Ik-Jy-§-fp-sS cq-]oIc-Ww Ah NphsS \ÂInbncn¡p¶p

A-¨p-X-ïpi-àn-IÄ k-Jy-i-ànIÄ

PÀ-½\n Cw¥ïv

Cäen ^m³kv

P-¸m³ ssN\

• kÀ-Æ-cm-jv-S k-Jy-¯n-sâ ]cm-P-bw• ap-X-em-fn-¯ cm-Py-§-fpsS ]o-W-\ \

bw• PÀ-½-\n-bp-sS t]m-f-ïm-I-a-Ww

PÀ½\nbpsS t]m-f-ïm-I-aW-t¯m-Sp-Iq-Sn k-Jy-i-àn-IÄ PÀ-½\n-¡v

F-Xn-sc bp-²w ]-Jym-]n¨p. C-Xv -cïmw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-sâ B-cw-`-am-bn. 1939þÂ c-ïp k-Jy-§Ä X½nÂ tem-I-bp-²w B-cw-`n¨p. A-ta-cn-¡-bp-sSbpw tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b-sâbpw I-S-¶p-hc-hv bp-²-¯n-sâ K-Xn-amän. ln-äv-eÀ tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wnb-s\ B-I-an¨p. F¶mÂ djy³ssk\yw \m-knI-sf Ing-¡³ bq-tdm¸nÂ ]qÀ-W-am-bpw ]-cm-P-b-s¸-Sp-¯n. A-tacn-¡ A-¨pX-ïv k-Jy-¯n-s\-Xn-sc bp-²w ]-Jym-]n¨p. XpSÀ¶v C-ä-enbpw PÀ-½-\nbpw Io-g-S§n. P-¸m-s\ Io-g-S-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-ïn ln-tcm-jn-abnepw \m-K-km-¡nbnepw A-tacn-¡ A-Wp-t_mw-_v hÀ-jn-¨-tXm-SpIqSn cïmw tem-I-bp-²w A-h-km-\n¨p.cïmw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-sâ ^e-§Ä GsXÃmsa¶v \ap¡v t\m¡mw• A-ta-cn-¡bpw tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b\pw

h³-i-àn-I-fmbn• sF-Iy-cm-jv-S kw-L-S-\-bp-sS (bp.

F³.H.) cq-]o-I-cWw • io-X-k-a-c-¯n-sâ Xp-S¡w• G-jy-bnsebpw B-^n-¡-bn-s-ebpw cm-

Py§Ä kzm-X-´yw t\-Sn • bq-tdm]y³ cm-Py-§Ä km-¼¯n-I

]-Xn-k-Ôn-bn-embn

io-X-kacwcïmw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-\p

ti-jw ap-X-em-fn-¯cm-jv-S-§Ä A-ta-cn-¡bp-sS t\-Xr-Xz-¯nepw tkm-jyenÌv cm-jv-S-§Ä tkm-hn-bäv bq-Wn-b-sâ t\-Xr-Xz-¯nepw \-S-¯nb B-i-b-]-c-am-b G-äp-ap-«-em-Wv io-X-k-acw.


B[p\n-I temIw

sF-Iy-cm-jv-S kwLS-\cïmw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-\p ti-jw tem-I-k-

am-[m-\w \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶-Xn-\m-bn cq]oIcn¨ kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv sF-Iy-cm-jv-S kw-L-S-\. 1945 H-Iv-tSm-_À 24þ\m-Wv \n-ehnÂ h-¶Xv, C-Xn-sâ B-Øm-\w \yqtbmÀ-¡mWv.

G-jy³þB-^n-¡-³ cmPy§fnÂ kzm-X-ý-k-a-c-¯n-\v t\-XrXzw \ÂIn-b t\-Xm-¡Ä

a-lm-ßm- KmÔn (C-ý)

s\Â-k¬ a-tï-e (B-^n¡)

Izm-an F³-Iq-a (Lm\)

tPmtam sI-\n-bm-¯ (sI-\n-b)

]Ýn-a Gjy

i²n¡q. ]Ýn-a G-jy-bn-se C-km-tbÂ ]m-e-kvXo³ kw-LÀ-j-§fpsS ]-X-hmÀ-¯-I-fm-Wv. Cu kw-LÀ-j§fpsS Im-cW-§Ä ^vtfmNm À«nsâ klmbt¯mSpIqSn \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.• kn-tbm-Wn-Ìv ]-Øm-\- n-sâ cq-]o-I-c-

Ww• H¶mw tem-I-bp-²w h-sc ]e-kvXo³

XpÀ-¡n-kmamPy¯nsâ `m-Kambncp¶p.

• bp²m\ćw Cu ]tZiw _n«sâ \n b´W¯nembn

• Pq-X-·mÀ-¡m-bn H-cp cm-jvSw cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-sa-¶v _n«-sâ ]-Jym-]\w

• 1948þÂ Ckmtbensâ cq]oI-cWw• CkmtbÂ Ad_v cmjvS§Ä X½n

epÅ bp-²hpw ]mekvXosâ ]cm Pbhpw

• ]n.FÂ.H þ bmkÀ Adm^¯v t\XrXzw \ÂIn.

sh-Ìv _m-¦nÂ kw-LÀjw

Km-kbnÂ C-km-tbÂ G-äp-ap-«Â: 16 ]-e-kv-Xo-\n-IÄ sImÃs¸«p

bmkÀ Adm^¯v

B[p\n-I temIw


CkmtbÂ þ ]ekvXo³ kwLÀ-j¯nsâ ]X¡pdn¸pIÄ

tiJcn-¡pI.

tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wnb-sâ X-IÀ-¨- Ccp]Xmw \qämïnsâ Aý¯nÂ

temI¯nse Hcp ]_e cmjvSambn cp¶ tkmhnbäv bqWnb³ XIÀ¶p. AXnsâ XIÀ¨bnte¡pÅ ImcW§Ä \ap¡v t\m¡mw.• tkm-jy-en-Ìv X-¯z-¯n-Â\n-¶p-Å hy-

Xn-N-e\w• tKmÀ-_-t¨-hn-sâ `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-

§fm-b ¥m-kv-t\m-kvXv, s]-cn-kv-tSm-bn-¡

]n.FÂ.H]ekvXos\ kzX´

am¡p¶Xn\pthïn cq]oIcn ¨XmWv ]ekvXo³ en_tdj³ HmÀKss\tkj³ (]n.FÂ.H).

kn-tbm-Wn-Ìv ]-Øm-\w

Pq-XÀ-¡v kz-´-am-bn H-cp cm-jvSw Øm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-th-ïn cq-]o-I-cn-¨-Xm-Wv kn-tbm-WnÌv ]-Øm-\w. CXv 1897 Â kzn--äv-kÀ-emân-em-Wv cq-]o-I-cn-¨Xv.

tKmÀ-_-t¨-hv

¥m-kv t\m-kvXv,

s]-cn-kv-tSmbn-¡

an-JmtbÂ tKmÀ-_-t -hv \-S- nem ¡n-b -c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-c-§-fm-Wv. cm-jv-So-b cwK- v Xp-d-¶ k-ao]-\w \-S- m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ¥m-kvt\m-kvXv. k-¼-Zv-L-S\-sb ]p-\:kw-L-Sn- n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv s]-cn-kv-tSm-bn¡.

1991Â tKmÀ-_-t¨-hv Øm-\w H -gn -ª-tXm-Sp -Iq -Sn tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b³ XIÀ¶p. tkm-hn-b-äv bq-Wnb-sâ X-IÀ-¨-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn A-ta-cn-¡ B-tKm-fi-àn-bm-bn amdn.

tem-Iw \-h-km-am-Py-¯n-te¡v

tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b\nÂ\n¶pw kz-X-ám-b cm-jv-S§-sf

I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

B-tKm-f ò-a\m-b hmÄamÀ«v C-ý-bn-te¡v

_-lp-cm-jv-S I-¼-\n-I-fp-sS I-S-¶p-I-bäw:

sN-dpIn-S hy-h-kmb-§Ä A-]-I-S-¯nÂ

s]m-Xp-ta-Je-sb

kz-Im-cy-h-Â-¡-cn-¡m-\p-Å ia§Ä

i²n¡q. Cu hmÀ¯-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶-Xv km-am-Py-¯n-sâ ]pXn-b cq-]am-b \-h-km-am-Py-Xz-¯n-sâ I-S-¶p-h-c-hn-s\-bmWv. \-h-km-am-Py-Xz-sa-s´-¶v \-ap-¡v t\m-¡mw.

_lpcmjvS I¼\nIÄ H-cp cm-Py-¯v Øm-]n-¡p-Ibpw AhcpsS XmÂ¸-cy§Ä kwc£n¡p¶Xn\pthïn hnI kzchpw AhnIknXhpamb cmPy§fpsS km¼¯nI, kmaqlnI, kmwkvImcnI taJebnÂ kzm[o\w sNep¯pIbpw sN¿p¶ ]-Xn-`m-k-s¯ \-h-km-am-PyXzw


B[p\n-I temIw

F-¶v hn-fn-¡-p¶p. CXnsâ khntijXIÄ NphsS \Â Inbncn¡p¶p.• D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-cWw, kz-Im-cy-hÂ-

¡-cWw, B-tKm-f-h-Â-¡-c-Ww Xp-S-§n-b-h-bm-Wv \-h-km-a-Py-Xz-¯n-sâ B-i-b§Ä

• hn-Ikn-X cm-jv-S-§-fn-se DÂ-¸¶-§Ä hn-Ikz-c cm-jv-S-§-fn-se I-t¼m-f-§fnÂ F-¯n-¡p¶p

B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡c-Ww C-´y-bnepïm¡n-b Kp-W-§tfbpw

tZm-j-§tfbpw Ip-dn-¨v kw-hm-Zw \-S-¯p-I.

]Xns\«mw \q-äm-ïp ap-XÂ Ccp]Xmw \q-äm-ïp h-sc-bp-Å tem-I-¯nse Nne ]-[m-\s¸-« kw-`-h§-sf Ip-dn-¨m-Wv \mw C-Xph-sc NÀ-¨ sN-bv-XXv. C-h ]nÂ¡m-e tem-I-N-cn-X-¯n-sâ K-Xn \nÀ-W-bn-¡p-¶X-nÂ \nÀ-Wm-b-I ]-¦v h-ln-¨n-«pïv.

]T-\t\-«-§Ä

• tem-I¯nse hn-¹h-§sf Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p¶p.

• s\-t¸m-fnb-sâ `-c-W-]-cn-jv-Im-cw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• H¶mw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-sâbpw cïmw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-sâbpw Im-c-W-§fpw ^-e-§fpw hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.

• \m-kn-k-¯n-sâbpw ^m-jn-k-¯n-sâbpw h-fÀ-¨ hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.

• ]-Ýn-aþGjy³ ]-iv\-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

• tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wn-b-sâ X-IÀ-¨ hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.

• \-h-km-am-Py-Xz-s¯ hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.

hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä

• ^-©v k-aq-l-s¯ aq-¶m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p¶p. A-h G-sX-Ãmw?

• em-än-\-ta-cn-¡³ hn-¹-h¯n\v t\XrXzw \ÂInbXv BscÃmw?

• C-ä-en-bnepw PÀ-½-\n-bnepw ^m-jn-kw h-f-cm-\p-Å Im-cW-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

F _n

amthm sk XpwKv cïmw tIm-ïn\âÂ tIm¬-Kkv

se\n³ X-hn-«p Ip-¸m-b-¡mÀ

tPmÀ-Pv hm-jn-MvS¬ tem-Mv amÀ¨v

ln-äveÀ t_mÄ-sj-hn-¡pIÄ

B[p\n-I temIw


• saÀ-¡â-en-Ìv \n-ba-§Ä G-sXÃmw?

• H¶mw tem-I-bp-²-¯n-sâ Im-c-W-§fpw ^-e-§fpw hn-i-Z-am-¡p-I.

• \-h-km-am-Py-Xz-s¯¡p-dn-¨v H-cp Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

• k¬-bm-Xv- sk-sâ B-ib-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

• djy³hn-¹-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hn-h-cn-¡p-I.

Xp-SÀ ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä

• tI-c-f¯nÂ _-lp-cm-jv-S I-¼-\n-IÄ-s¡-Xn-sc \-S-¶ sN-dp-¯p-\nÂ-¸p-I-sf Ip-dn-¨v Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI

• sF-Iy-cm-jv-S kwL-S-\ temI¯v \-S¯p-¶ k-am[m-\ i-a§-sf Ip-dn-¨v Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

• Cu ]mT`mKhpambn _-Ôs¸-« t\-Xm-¡-·m-cp-sS Nn-X-§Ä ti-J-cn-¨v BÂ-_w X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.


]qÀ-W-am-bn I-gn-bp¶p

`m-Kn-I-am-bn I-gn-bp¶p

sa-¨-s¸-tS-ï-Xpïv

A-ta-cn-¡³ kzm-X-´y-kacw

^-©p hn¹hw

em-än-\-ta-cn-¡³ hn¹-hw

djy³ hn¹hw

ssN-\o-kv hn¹hw

H¶mw tem-I-bp²w

\m-kn-khpw ^m-jn-khpw

cïmw tem-I-bp²w

tkm-hnb-äv bq-Wnb-sâ X-IÀ-¨

]-Ýn-a G-jy

\-h-km-am-PyXzw


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


X¶n-cn-¡p-¶ Nn-X-§Ä \n-co-£n-¡p-I. cm-Py-s¯ sXc-sª-Sp-¸v ]-In-b-bp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« Nn-X-§-fm-Wv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. hnhn-[ sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IfnÂ \n-§ fpw ]-¦m-fn-bm-bn-«p-ïm-Ip-a-tÃm. \n-§-fp-sS sXc-sª-Sp-¸v A-\p-`h-§Ä ]-¦ph-bv¡q.

cmPyw B-cv `-cn¡-Ww F¶v \nÀ-W-bn-¡m-\p-Å D- ]m-[n-bm-Wv sXc-sª-Sp¸v. P-\m-[n]-Xy kw-hn-[m-\¯nÂ \nÝn-X Im-e-b-f-hp-I-fnÂ sXc-sª-Sp-¸v \-S-¡m-dpïv. sXc-sª-Sp-¸v \n-b-a-hn-t[-bhpw \o-Xn-]qÀ-h-Ihpw B-bn-cn-¡Ww. G-sXm-cp ]u-c\pw _m-e-än-eq-sS X-sâ ]-Xn-\n-[n-sb

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


\nÀ-W-bn-¡m-\p-Å A-h-Im-i-am-Wv thm-«-h-Imiw.

Cý H-cp P-\m-[n]-Xycm-Py-amWv F¶v \n-§Ä-¡-dn-bm-a-tÃm. P-\m-[n]-Xy cm-Py-§fnÂ K-h¬-saâp-IÄ cq-]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv sXc-sª-Sp¸neq-sS-bmWv. P\-§Ä A-h-cp-sS ]Xn-\n-[nI-sf sXc-sª-Sp-¡p-Ibpw sXc-sª-Sp-¯ ]-Xn-\n-[nIÄ `-c-W-]-cam-b Np-a-Xe-IÄ \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.

kmÀ-h-Xn-I ]m-b-]qÀ-¯n thm-«-h-Im-iw F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïv F-´m-Wv AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xv? kzm-X-ým\-´-c C-ýbnÂ sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ \-S-¯p¶-Xv ]m-b- ]qÀ-¯n thm-«-h-Im-iw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv.

PmXn, aXw, hÀWw, hÀKw, enw-Kw, P-\-\Ø-ew, `mj F¶o hy-Xym-kw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡m-sX ]m-b-]qÀ-¯nbmb FÃm- ]uc·mÀ¡pw thm-«p sN-¿m-\p-Å A-h-Im-iamWv kmÀ-h-Xn-I ]m-b-]qÀ-¯n thm-«-h-Im-iw C-ýbnÂ thm-«p sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\p-Å G-ähpw Ip-d-ª ]m-bw 18 h-b-ÊmWv.

sXc-sª-Sp-¸pIme-¯v cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-IÄ kPo-h ]-hÀ¯-\w \-S-¯p¶-Xp Im-Wm-a-tÃm. P\m-[n]-Xy hy-h-Ø-bp-sS A-hn-`m-Py L-S-I-am-Wv cm-jv-So-b I-£nIÄ. P-\m-[n-]-Xy¯nÂ cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-I-fp-sS ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä G-sXm-s¡-bmWv? ]«n-I F-gp-Xn ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡q.• ]-I-S-\-]-Xn-I ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.• s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-]m-bw cq]o-I-cn-¡p¶p.•••

\½p-sS cm-Py-¯v [m-cm-fw cm-jv-So-b I-£n-IÄ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶pïv. C-h tZio-b I-£nIÄ, kwØm-\ I-£nIÄ, c-Pn-kv-tS-Uv ]mÀ-«n-IÄ F-¶n§-s\ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

Cý-bn-se hnhn[ cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-I-fp-sS NnÓ-§Ä sIm-Sn-IÄ F¶n-h ]-cn-Nn-X-am-tWm? A-h H-cp NmÀ«nÂ hc-¨p tNÀ¡q. G-sXÃmw sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IfnÂ \n-§Ä H-cp thm-«À F-¶ \n-ebnÂ ]-s¦-Sp-¯n-«pïv?• ]mÀ-e-saâv Xn-c-sª-Sp¸v• \n-b-ak-`m Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v•••FÃm sXc-sª-Sp- nepw s]m-Xp-hm-b F-s -¦nepw ]-tXy-IX-IÄ I-sï¯m³ I-gn-ªn- «p-tïm? Ah tc-J-s -Sp¯q.• c-lk-y-am-bn thm-«p sN¿m³ I-gnbpw•••

tZio-bI-£nIÄcm-Py-s¯-¼mSpw kw-L-S-\mX-

ew D-ÅXpw P-\-]n-´p-bp-Å-Xpam-b cm-jv-So-bI-£n-I-fm-Wv tZio-b I-£n IÄ. H-cp cm-jv-So-b I-£n-sb tZ-io-b I-£n-bm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v sX-c-sª-Sp¸nÂ \nÝn-X i-X-am-\w thmt«m ko-äp-Itfm t\-Sn-bn-cn-¡Ww.

kw-Øm-\ I-£nIÄG-sX-¦nepw H-cp kw-Øm\-¯v

amXw ]-hÀ-¯n¡p-¶ I-£n-I-fm-Wv kwØm-\ I-£nIÄ. kwØm-\ \n-b-ak-`m sX-c-sª-Sp¸nÂ \nÝn-X thm-«v t\Sp-¶ I-£nI-sf sX-c-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j³ kw-Øm-\ I-£n-bm-bn Aw-Ko-I-cn-¡p¶p.


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

sª-Sp-¸p I-½o-jWÀ?

sXc-sª-Sp-¸p I-½oj-sâ ap-Jy Np-aXeIÄ F-s´Ãmw?Ah Xm-sg X-¶n-«p-Å hm-b-\m-¡p-dn¸nÂ \n-¶v I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

cmjv-S-]Xn, D-]-cm-jv-S]-Xn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸pIÄ, ]mÀ-e-saâv Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v, kwØm-\ \n-b-ak`m Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ Xp-S-§n-b-h \-S-¯p-¶-Xv C-ý-bpsS Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j-\m-Wv. apJy Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-jWÀ (Chief Election Commissioner), c-ïv AwK-§Ä F-¶n-hÀ DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶-Xm-Wv C-ý-bpsS Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v I-½oj³. apJy Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j-W-td-bpw I-½o-j³ Aw-K-§-tfbpw \n-b-an-¡p¶-Xv ]-kn-UâmWv. kw-Øm-\-§fnÂ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v taÂ-t\m-«w h-ln-¡p¶-Xv apJy Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v D-tZym-K-Ø-³ (Chief Elector-al Officer) BWv. Xnc-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j³ \nÀ-Æ-ln¡p-¶ hn-hn-[ Np-a-Xe-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p-¶ NmÀ-«v \n-co-£n¡q.

kwØm-\ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v I-½oj³

FÃm kw-Øm-\-§-fnepw ]m-tZin-I K-h¬-saân-te-bv-¡p-Å (]-©m-b¯v, \-K-c `-c-W Øm-]-\§Ä) Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v \-S-¯p-¶-Xn-\v kwØm\ Xn-c-sª-Sp- v I-½oj-\v cq-]w \Â-In-bn-«pïv. ]mÀ-e-saâv \n-b-ak-`m Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p-IfnÂ Cu I-½oj-\v bm-sXm-cp D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯hpw CÃ.

NnXw \n-co-£n¡q. C-ý-bp-sS sXc-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j³ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶ Hm-ô-kn-sâ Nn-X-am-Wv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cm-Py-¯v hnhn-[ sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ \-S¯p-I sXc-sª-Sp-¸v I-½oj-sâ Np-a-X-e-bmWv. sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ kz-X-´hpw \n-jv-]-£-hp-am-I-W-sa¦nÂ H-cp kz-X-´ sXc-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j³ B-h-iy-amWv. C-ý-bp-sS sXc-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j³ H-cp kz-X-´ Øm-]-\-amWv. B-cm-Wv \nehnÂ \-½p-sS apJy sXc-

kab-_-Ôn-X-am-bn Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸v \-S-¶-Xp-sIm-ïp amXw P-\m-[n-]Xyw kw-ip-²-am-I-W-sa-¶nÃ. Nn-e cm-Py-§fnÂ \-S¡p-¶ sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ bYmÀ° s]m-Xp-P-\m-`n-]m-bw ]-Xn-^-en-¸n-¡p-¶-XmI-Ww F-¶nÃ.

sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-IÄ kz-X-´hpw \o-Xn-]qÀ-h-Ihpw B-I-W-sa¦nÂ Nn-e L-SI-§Ä A-\n-hm-cy-amWv. A-h F-s´m-s¡ F-¶p ]-cn-tim-[n¡q.

Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p I-½oj³

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


sXc-sª-Sp-¸p-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« C¯-cw Np-a-X-e-I-tfm-sSm-¸w sXc-sª-Sp-¸v I-½o-j³ a-äv Nn-e Np-a-Xe-IÄ Iq-Sn \nÀ-Æ-ln-¡p-¶pïv. A-h F-gp-Xn ]«n-I ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡pI.• Øm-\mÀ-°n-I-Ä-¡p-Å s]-cp-am-ä¨-«w

cq-]o-I-cn-¡p¶p.• cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-IÄ-¡p-Å s]-cp-am-

ä¨-«w cq-]o-I-cn-¡p¶p.• sXc-sª-Sp-¸v ]-cm-Xn-IÄ ]-cn-tim-[n-

¡p¶p.• cm-jv-Sob I-£n-IÄ-¡v sXc-sª-Sp-¸v

Nn-Ów A-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶p.• kz-X-´ Øm-\mÀ-°n-IÄ-¡v NnÓ-

§Ä A-\p-h-Zn-¡p¶p.• cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-IÄ-¡v Aw-Ko-Im-cw

\Â-Ip¶p.• •

P-\-]-Xn-\n-[nI-sf Xn-cn-¨-dnbmwhmÀ-Up sa-¼À ap-XÂ temIv-k

-`mw-Kw h-sc-bp-Å P-\-]-Xn-\n-[nI-sf P\-§Ä t\-cn-«v thm-«p sN-bvXp sX-c-sª-Sp-¡p¶p. \n-§-fp-sS P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sS t]-cv t\m-«p-_p¡nÂ Ip-dn¡q.

th-m«-À ]«nI X¿m-dm¡Â/]p-Xp¡Â

sXc-sª-Sp-¸p hn-Úm]-\w ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn¡Â

\m-a-\nÀtZ-i ]-Xn-I kzoIcn¡Â

kq£v-a ]-cn-tim[-\

\m-a-\nÀtZ-i ]-Xn-I ]n³-h-en¡p¶-Xn-\pÅAt]£-I-fnÂ Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡Â

A´na Øm-\mÀ-°n-¸«n-I X-¿m-dm¡Â

sXc-sª-Sp¸v

thm-s«-®Â

^-e ]-Jym]\w

$

$

$

$

$

$

$

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• F-sâ hmÀUv hmÀ-Uv sa¼À(Km-a -]-©mb¯v)

• F-sâ t»m¡v t»m-¡v ]-©mb-¯v sa-¼À

••• Fsâ tem-Ik`m \n-tbm-P-I-aÞew Fw.]n.


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

tI-c-f-¯n-se ]mÀ-e-saâv a-Þe-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ `q]-Sw \nco-£n¨v \n-§-fp-sS \n-tbm-P-I-aÞ-ew I-sï¯q.

sXc-sª-Sp-¡s¸-«ti-jw P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-I-fp-sS ][m-\ ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä F-s´m-s¡-bmWv?

X§fp-sS \n-tbm-P-I-a-Þ-e-s¯ ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN¿p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv H-cp P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-bp-sS ap-Jy Np-aX-e. ]m-tZin-I hn-Ik-\w, P-\Io-b ]-iv-\-§fnÂ

C-S-s]-«v ]-cn-lm-cw Isï¯Â Xp-S-§n-b-h FÃm P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Ifpw \nÀ-h-ln-t¡-ï-XmWv. C-Xn-\m-bn ]m-tZin-I hnI-k-\ ^-ïv P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-IÄ-¡v A-\p-h-Zn-¨n-«pïv.

\n§-fp-sS P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-IÄ Hmtcm X-e-¯nepw sNbv-X ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-am-

bn _-Ôs¸-« ]-X-hmÀ¯-IÄ NÀ-¨ sN¿q.

\-½p-sS K-h¬-saâv

tIc-f kw-Øm-\-s¯ K-h¬-saâp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« aq-¶v Nn-X-§-fm-Wv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶-Xv. G-sXÃm-amWh?

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


• skI-«-dnb-äv þ a-ń-am-cp-sS Hm-ô-kv a-µncw••

ańamÀ Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`m-K-s¯bpw \n-ba-k-` \n-b-a-\nÀam-W hn-`m-K-s¯bpw ssl-t¡mS-Xn \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-s¯-bp-am-Wv ]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶Xv. C-h aq¶pw tNÀ-¶-Xm-Wv kwØm-\ K-h¬-saâv. \n-b-a-\nÀam-W hn-`mKw, Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`mKw, \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-Kw F-¶n-h-bm-Wv K-h¬-saân-sâ L-S-I§Ä. F-s´m-s¡-bm-Wv Hmtcm hn-`m-K-¯n-sâbpw Np-a-X-e-sb-¶v U-bKw t\m-¡n a-\-kn-em¡q.

kwØm-\-§-fn-te-Xp-t]mse tZio-b-X-e-¯nepw Kh¬saânsâ aq-¶v L-S-I-§fpw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p. C-ý-bn-se K-h¬-saân-sâ L-SI-§Ä kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ NmÀ-«v ]-cn-tim-[n¡q.

\n-§Ä \n-b-a-\nÀ-am-W-k-`-bn-te¡v

Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯ hyàn. Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W

hn-`m-K¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-«n-«p-tïm?

\n-b-a-\nÀam-W hn-`mKw\n-b-a-§Ä \nÀ-an-¡p¶p.

Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`mKw\n-ba-§Ä \-S-¸m-¡p¶p.

\o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`mKw\n-ba-§Ä

hym-Jym-\n-¡p¶p.

C-ý-bn-se K-h¬-saâv

\n-b-a\nÀam-W hn-`m-Kw cm-jv-S]XntemIk-`cm-Pyk-`

Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`mKwcm-jv-S]Xn

D-]-cm-jv-S]Xn]-[m-\-ańa-ńk-`

D-tZym-K-Ø-hrµw

\o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`mKwkp-]ow tImSXnssl-t¡m-S-XnIÄPnÃm tIm-S-Xn-IÄk-_v tIm-S-XnIÄ

ap³-kn-^v tIm-S-XnIÄa-Pn-kv-tS-äv tIm-S-XnIÄ

kwØm\w, cmPyw F-¶n-h-bp-sS K-h¬-saâp-Ifpam-bn _-Ôs¸-« L-S-I§-sf Xm-c-Xayw sN¿p-¶ H-cp Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm¡q.


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

\n-b-a-\nÀ-am-Wk`cmPy¯v \n-ba-§Ä \nÀ-an-¡p¶-Xv F-§-s\-bmWv?

C´y-bp-sS \n-b-a-\nÀam-W hn-`m-Kw ]mÀ-e-saâv F-¶ t]cnÂ A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p. cmjv-S-]Xn, tem-Ik-`, cm-Py-k-` F¶n-h

temIk-` cm-Pyk`

P\-§Ä t\-cn-«p Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p-¶ 543 AwK§Ä

Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡-s¸-« 238 AwK§Ä

\m-a-\nÀ-tZ-iw sN-¿-s¸« 2 AwK§Ä \m-a-\nÀ-tZ-iw sN-¿-s¸-« 12 AwK§Ä

P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-k-` F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶pkw-Øm-\-§-fp-sS Iu¬knÂ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p

A-©p hÀ-j-am-Wv Im-emh[n Øn-cw k-`

kv-]o-¡À A-[y-£w h-ln-¡p¶p D-]-cm-jv-S]-Xn A-[y-£w h-ln-¡p-¶p

DÄ-s¸-Sp-¶-Xm-Wv C-´y-bp-sS ]mÀ-e-saâv. tem-I-k-` A-t[m-k-`bpw cm-Py-k-` D-]-cn-k-`-bp-amWv.\-½p-sS tem-I-k-`-bpsSbpw cm-Py-k-`bp sSbpw LS\ Xm-c-Xayw sN¿p-¶ ]«n-I hni-Ie-\w sN¿q.

Imem-Im-e-§fnÂ cm-Py-¯v B-h-iyam-b \n-ba-§Ä \nÀ-a-n¡pI ]mÀ-e-saân-sâ kp-][m-\ Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv. \n-b-a-¯n-sâ Ic-Spcq-]w _nÂ F¶dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. tem-I-k-`-bnepw cm-Py-k-`-bnepw NÀ-¨ sNbv-X ti-j-am-Wv _nÂ ]m-km-¡p-I. ]mÀ-e-saâv ]m-km¡n-b _nÃn\v cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw Iq-Sn In-«p-t¼m-gm-Wv AXv \n-b-a-am-bn am-dp-¶Xv. C-¯-c¯nÂ ]mÀ-e-saâv ]m-km¡p-¶ \n-ba-§Ä cm-Py-¯n-\p ap-gp-h³ _m-[-I-amWv.

kw-Øm-\-§Ä-¡pamXw Xo-cp-am\-§Ä F-Sp¡m-³ I-gnbp-¶ Nn-e ta-J-e-I-fp-ïv. (DZm: t]m-eo-kv). ]m-tZin-I ]m-[m-\y-ap-Å hn-j-b-§fnÂ \nb-aw \nÀ-an-¡p-¶Xv kwØm-\ \n-b-a-k-`-I-fm-Wv. K-hÀ-W-dp-sS Aw-Ko-Im-cw e-`n-¡p-¶-tXm-sS _nÂ \n-b-a-am-bn am-dp¶p.

Hcp _nÂ \n-b-a-am-Ip-¶-Xp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« ]-X-hmÀ¯-IÄ ti-J-cn¡q.

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`mKw (Executive)

\n-b-ak-`m k-µÀi-\w \S-¯n A-hn-sS \-S¡p-¶ ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS

Ip-dn-¸p X-¿m-dm¡q.

tI-µ Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`mKw

kwØm-\ Im-cy-\nÀh-

l-W hn-`mKw

cm-jv-S]XnD]cm-jv-S]XntI-µ-a-ńk-`

D-tZym-K-Ø-hrµw

K-hÀWÀkwØm-\ a-ńk-`

D-tZym-K-Ø-hrµw

cmjv-S]XnC-ý-bp-sS cm-jv-S-¯-e-h-\m-Wv cm-

jv-S-]Xn. FÃm Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W A-[n-

Imcy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ X-e-h\m-b cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bp-sS Hu-tZym-Kn-I h-k-Xn-bp-sS Nn-X-am-Wv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. \-b-§Ä cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw \n-ba-§Ä \-S-¸m-¡p-Ibpw cm-Py-s¯ ssZ-\w-Zn-\ `-c-W-\nÀ-h-l-Ww \-S-¯p-Ibpw sN¿p¶ K-h¬-saân-sâ L-S-I-am-Wv Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`mKw. C-ýbnÂ c-ïpX-e-§fnÂ Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`m-Kw ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p. tI-µ Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`m-Khpw kwØm-\ Im-cy-\nÀh-l-W hn-`m-K-hpw. Hm-tcm-¶nepw DÄ-s¸-Sp¶-Xv B-scm-s¡ F-¶p ]-cn-tim-[n¡q.

tUm. cm-tP-µ-]-km-Zvþ BZy cm-jv-S]Xn

Im-chpw cm-jv-S-]-XnbnÂ \n-£n-]v-X -amWv. A-t±-lw \m-a-am-X `-c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-bmWv. C-ýbnÂ ]mÀ-e-saâ-dn `-c-W-hy-h-Ø \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ tI-µ a-ń-k-`-bp-sS D-]-tZ-i-a-\p-k-cn-¨v cm-

jv-S]-Xn X-sâ A-[n-Imc-§Ä hn-\n-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p. cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bp-sS Im-em-h-[n 5 hÀ-j-amWv. A-t±-l-¯n-\v Im-cy-\nÀ-h-l-]-chpw \n-b-a-\nÀ-am-W-]-chpw \o-Xn-\ym- b-]-c-hpam-b A-[n-Imc-§Ä Dïv. IqSmsX Nne ASn-b-ńc A[n-Im-c-§-fpw `c-W-L-S\ cmjvS-]-Xn¡v \ÂIn-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bp-sS A-`m-h¯nÂ A-t±-l-¯n-sâ Npa-X-e \nÀ-h-ln-¡p¶-Xv D-]-cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bmWv.

Cý-bp-sS C-t¸m-g-s¯ cm-jv-S]-Xn B-sc-¶v I-sï¯q.


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

PhlÀemÂ s\-lvdpþ BZy ]-[m-\-ań

Cý-bp-sS C-t¸m-g-s¯ ]-[m-\-ań B-cmWv?

][m-\-a-ńbpw a-ń-k-`bpwC-ý-bn-se b-YmÀ-° Im-cy-\nÀ

h-l-W hn-`m-Kw ]-[m-\-ań X-e-h-\m-bp-Å a-ń-k-`-bmWv. FÃm \-b-]-c-am-b Xo-cp-am\-§fpw F-Sp-¡p¶-Xv a-ń-k-`-bm-Wv. a-ń-k-`-bv-¡v t\-XrXzw \ÂIp-¶ hy-àn F-¶ \n-ebnÂ hf-sc DbÀ-¶ Øm-\-am-Wv ]-[m-\-a-ń-¡p-ÅXv. tem-I-k-` bnÂ `q-cn-]-£-ap-Å cm-jv-So-bI-£n-bp-sS AY-hm ap-¶-Wn-bp-sS t\-Xm-hn-s\-bm-Wv ]-[m-\-a-ń-bm-bn \n-b-an-¡p-I. ]-[m-\-a-ń-sb-bpw a-ń-am-scbpw \n-b-an-¡p¶-Xv cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bmWv. tem-I-k-`bnÂ `q-cn-]-£-ap-Å A-Xbpw Im-ew am-X-ta ]-[m-\-a-ń-¡v A-[n-Im-c¯nÂ Xp-Scm³ I-gnbq. ]-[m-\-ań \nÀ-h-ln¡p-¶ G-Xm\pw Np-a-Xe-IÄ ]-«n-IbnÂ \n-co-£n-¡pI.• a-ńamsc \nÝ-bn-¡p-Ibpw hIp-

¸p-IÄ hnX-cWw sN¿p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶p.

• a-ńk-`m tbm-K¯nÂ A-²y-£-X h-ln-¡p¶p.

• ]-kn-Uân-s\bpw a-ń-k-`-sbbpw ]-c-kv]-cw _-Ôn-¸n-¡p¶p.

• tem-I-k-`-bp-sS t\-Xm-hm-bn ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p.

• hnhn-[ h-Ip-¸p-I-fp-sS ]-hÀ¯-\w G-tIm-]n-¸n-¡p¶p.

• A-´À-tZio-b th-Zn-IfnÂ cm-Py-s¯ ]-Xn-\n-[m-\w sN-¿p¶p.

•••

ań-k-`-bv-¡pÅnÂ ]-Y-a-Øm-\-am-Wv ]-[m-\-a-ń-¡p-ÅXv. a-ń-k-`-bv-¡v Iq-«p-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w D-ïv. a-ńk-`m Xo-cp-am\-§Ä A-\p-k-cn-¡m³ FÃm a-ń-amcpw _m-²y-Ø-amWv. ]-[m-\-ań cm-Pn-h¨mÂ a-ń-k-` cm-Pn-h-¨-Xm-bn I-W-¡m-¡pw.

\o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`mKw (Judiciary)

Nn-X-§Ä \n-co-£n-¡qH - ¶ m - a - s ¯

Nn-X¯nÂ Im-Wp¶-Xv cm-Py-s¯ ]-c-tam-¶-X \o-Xn-]oTam-b kp-]ow tIm-S-Xn-bmWv. \oXn-tZ-h-X-bp-sS Nn-X-am-Wv c-ïm-a-Xm-bn \Â-In-bn-

B-bn-cw Ip-ä-hm-fn-IÄ c-£-s¸-«mepw H-cp \n-c-]-cm-[n t]mepw in-£n-¡-s¸-S-cpXv.

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


«p-ÅXv. Ch cm-Py-s¯ \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-s¯ ]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-¡p-¶p. \n-ba-§Ä hym-Jym-\n-¡p-Ibpw XÀ¡-§Ä XoÀ-¸m-¡n \o-Xn \-S-¸m-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶ L-S-I-am-Wv \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`mKw. kz-X-ám-b H-cp \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-am-Wv \-½p-sS cm-Py-¯p-ÅXv.

C-ý-bn-se \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ L-S-\ kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ U-bKw t\m¡q.

kzX´ \oXn-\ym-b hn-`mKw\oXn-\ym-b hn-`m-Kw H-cp kz-X-´ Øm-]-\-amWv. \n-b-a-\nÀ-am-W hn-

`m-K-¯n\pw Im-cy-\nÀ-h-l hn-`m-K-¯n-\pw \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-s¯ kzm-[o-\n¡p-I km-[yaÃ. C-Xv `-b-c-ln-X-am-bn hnhn-[ tI-kp-IfnÂ hn-[n IÂ-¸n-¡m³ tIm-S-Xn-sb k-lm-bn-¡p¶p. P-Uv-Pn-am-cp-sS \n-b-a-\-coXn, tk-h-\ hy-h-ØIÄ, \o-¡w sN¿Â, hn-aÀ-i-\¯nÂ\n-¶p-Å kw-c£-Ww F¶n-h \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ kz-X´-X D-d-¸m¡p-¶ L-S-I-§-fmWv.

kp-]ow tImSXncm-Py-s¯ ]-c-tam-¶-X \o-Xn-]oTwC-ý ap-gp-h³ A-[n-Im-c]-cn[nNo-^v P-Ìn-kpw P-Uv-Pn-amcpw

ssl-t¡m-S-XnIÄkw-Øm-\-s¯ DbÀ-¶ tImSXnA-[n-Im-c-]-cn-[n þ kw-Øm\w

kw-Øm-\-¯pïmIp-¶ tI-kp-IÄ ]-cn-tim-[n-¡p¶p.

k-_v tIm-S-XnIÄ, ap³-kn-^v tIm-S-XnIÄ, a-Pn-kv-tS-äv tIm-S-XnIÄ

Xm-eq-¡p X-e-¯n-ep-Å tI-kp-IÄ ]-cn-tim-[n-¡p¶p

PnÃm tIm-S-XnIÄknhn-epw In-an-\-epamb tI-kp-IÄ ]-cn-tim-[n-¡p-¶p.

A[n-Im-c-]-cn[n þ d-h\yq PnÃ.


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

G-sXm-s¡ X-c-¯n-ep-Å XÀ-¡-§-fm-Wv tIm-S-Xn-I-fp-sS ap-¼m-sI F-¯pI?• hy-àn-IÄ þ hy-ànIÄ• hy-àn-IÄ þ K-h¬-saâv• kw-Øm-\ K-h¬-saâv þ kwØm-\

K-h¬-saâv• kw-Øm-\ K-h¬-saâv þ tI-µ K-h¬-

saâvXÀ-¡-§Ä-¡v XoÀ-¸p IÂ-¸n-¡p¶-Xv tIm-S-Xn-I-fmWv. cmPys¯ ]c-tam-¶X tImS-Xn-bmb kp]ow tImS-Xn¡v DÛh A[n-Im-cw, A¸o-e-[n-Im-cw, D]-tZ-iI A[n-Im-cw, dn«-[n-Imcw F¶n-§s\ \mep-Xcw A[n-Im-c-§-fpï- v.

tI-kp-IÄ \o-ïp-t]m-Im-sX thK¯nÂ XoÀ-¸p IÂ-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS b-Ym-ka-bw \o-Xn e-`y-am¡p-I C¯-cw \o-Xn-\ym-b Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯-amWv. XÀ¡-§Ä th-K¯nÂ XoÀ-¸p IÂ-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v a-äp Nn-e ]-tXy-I kw-

hn-[m-\-§-fpw cq-]o-I-cn-¨n-«pïv. lcn-X Sn-_yqWÂ, P-e Sn-_yq-WÂ Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbm-s¡ C-Xn-\v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

s]m-Xp-`cWwX-¶n-«p-Å ]-Z-kq-cy\nÂ \n-§-fp-sS Np-äp- ]m-Sp-ap-Å s]m-Xp Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS t]-cp-IÄ Iq-«n-t¨À¡q.

Hm-ô-kp-I-fn-se ][m-\ D-tZymK-Ø³ B-cmWv? C-hn-sS\n¶pw \-ap-¡p e-`y-amIp-¶ tk-h\-§Ä F-s´Ãmw? ]-«n-IbnÂ F-gpXq.

s]m-Xp Øm-]\§Ä

k-_v c-Pn-kv-SmÀ Hm-ôkv

hn-Zymebw

Hm-ôkv ][m-\ D-tZymKØ³ tk-h\§Ä

hntÃ-Pv Hm-ô-kv hn-tÃ-Pv Hm-ô-kÀ h-cpam-\ kÀ-«n-^n¡-äv \Â-Ip¶p

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


F-´m-Wv Cu Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS ]m-[m-\yw?

K-h¬-saâv cq-]w\ÂIp-¶ hnhn-[ \-b-§fpw hnI-k-\ ]-²-Xn-Ifpw \-S-¸m-¡p¶-Xv Cu Øm-]-\-§-fmWv. C-h-sbÃmw s]m-Xp`-c-W Øm-]-\-§-fmWv.

F´mWv s]m-Xp-`cWw?cm-Py-¯v \n-e-hn-ep-Å \n-b-a-§-

fpw K-h¬-saâv cq-]-w\ÂIp¶ \-b-]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw hnI-k-\ ]-²-Xn-Ifpw tIm-S-Xn-hn-[n-Ifpw ^e-]-Z-ambn \-S-¸m-t¡-ï-Xpïv. C-Xn-\m-bn a-\p-jyhn-`-h-§fpw `uXn-I km-l-N-cy-§fpw ^-e-]-Z-am-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn-¡-s¸-SWw. Kh¬-saâv F-Sp¡p-¶ Xo-cp-am\-§Ä sIm-ïp-amXw C-h-bp-sS ]-tbmP-\w P-\-§fnÂ F-¯p-I-bnÃ. K-h¬-saâv cq-]o-I-cn¡p-¶ \-b-§fpw ]-cn-]m-Sn-Ifpw tImS-Xnhn-[n-Ifpw P-\-

§-fn-te-¡v F-¯p¶-Xv s]m-Xp`-c-W kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv. K-h¬-saâv Øm-]-\-§-sfÃmw s]m-Xp`-c-W kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ `m-K-amWv. cm-Py-s¯ P-\-§-fp-sS t£-aw ap³-\nÀ-¯n-bm-Wv A-h ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶Xv. K-h¬-saâp-IÄ-¡v \n-e- \nÂ-¡m\pw ]-hÀ-¯n-¡m\pw `-c-Wkw-hn-[m-\w B-h-iy-amWv. s]m-Xp-`c-Ww F-X-amXw Im-cy-£-a-am-Ipt¶m A-X-am-Xw ^-e-]-Zam-b co-XnbnÂ K-h¬-saâv tk-h\-§Ä P-\-§fnÂ F-¯pw. A-Xmb-Xv K-h¬-saâp-I-fp-sS hn-P-bhpw ]-cm-P-bhpw s]m-Xp-`-c-W-¯n-sâ Im-cy-£-a-X bnÂ A-[n-jvTn-X-amWv.

s]m-Xp-`-c-W-¯n-sâ k-ao-]-\-§fnÂ `-c-W-co-Xn-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v am-äw h-cp¶p. P-\m-[n]-Xy `-c-W-c-o-XnbnÂ P-\-t£-a-I-cam-b ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v ap³-Xq-¡w- e-`n-¡p¶p. F¶mÂ cm-P- `-c-W-¯nÂ cm-Pm-hn-sâ XmÂ-¸-cy-§Ä-¡m-Wv ]m-[m\yw e-`n-¡p-¶Xv.s]m-Xp-`-c-W-¯n-sâ ]m-[m\yw kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ U-bKw t\m¡q.

s]m-Xp`cW Øm-]-\-§-fp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v \n-§Ä-¡p In-«n-bn-«p-Å

tk-h\-§Ä F-s´Ãmw? A-\p-`h-§Ä ]-¦p h-bv¡q.

K-h¬-saâv \b-§Ä cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p

km-[-\-§fpw tk-h-\-§fpw e-`y-am-¡p¶p

P-\-t£-aw D-d-¸m-¡p¶p

P-\Io-b ]-iv-\-§Ä-¡v ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wp¶p

s]m-Xp-`-c-W-¯n-sâ ]m-[m\yw


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

tI-µ kwØm-\ K-h¬-saâp-IÄ \-S-¸m-¡p-¶ Nn-e ]-²-Xn-I-fp-sS t]-cp-hn-hc-§Ä ]-X-hmÀ¯-IÄ ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v I-sï-¯pI. Ah P-\-§-Ä-¡v F-X-am-Xw Kp-W-I-c-sa¶pw ]-cn-tim-[n¡q.DZm: s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-`ym-k kw-c-£-W bÚw (tI-c-f kÀ-¡mÀ)

i-²n¡q.apIfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn¡p-¶ ]-hÀ-

¯-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ \-S-¸m-¡p-¶ h-Ip-¸p-IÄ F-gp-Xn ]«n-I ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡pI.• hr-£-ss¯ hn-Xc-Ww þ h-\w h-Ip¸v•••

K-h¬-saâv cq]w\ÂIp¶ C¯cw P-\-t£-a-I-cam-b Xo-cp-am\-§Ä P-\-§fn Â \S¸m-¡p¶Xv B-cmWv? a-ń-amÀ¡pw P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-IÄ¡pw am-X-am-bn ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä \nÀ-h-ln¡m³ I-gn-bp-tam?

ań-amsc `-c-W-\nÀ-h-l-W¯nÂ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw D-]-tZ-in-¡p-¶-Xn \pw \-S-¸m-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-am-bn H-cp D-tZym-K-Ø-hr-µ-¯n-\v cq-]w\Â-In-bn-«pïv.

D-tZym-K-Ø-hrµw

kzIm-cy Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS \-S-¯n-¸n-\p th-ïn cq-]o-I-cn-¨n-cn¡p-¶ kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-\v kz-Im-cy-`c-Ww F-¶p ]-d-b-p¶p. kz-Im-cy-`c-Ww \nÀ-h-ln-¡-s¸-Sp¶-Xv kz-Im-cy am-t\-Pv-saâv kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-eq-sS-bmWv. A-hn-sS tPm-en sN-¿p-¶-h-cp-sS tk-h-\-th-X-\ hy-hØ-IÄ \nÀ-W-bn-¡p¶-Xv hy-àn-Itfm kz-Im-cy I-¼-\n-Itfm BWv.

kz-Im-cy`cWw(Private Administration)

_n.]n.FÂ. ImÀ-Up-S-a-IÄ¡v

Ip-d-ª hn-e-bv-¡v A-cn \Â-Ipw.

l-cn-X-an-j³ þ hr-£-

ss¯ hn-Xc-Ww \S¯n

X-cn-ip-\ne-§Ä G-säp-Sp¡m³ Ip-Spw-_-ioI-sf k-Ö-am¡pw

I-SÂ-t£m-`w Zp-cn-Xm-izm-k ^-ïv hn-Xc-Ww \-S¯n

]f-b-Zp-cn-Xm-izm-k ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v If-ÎÀ t\-cn-«v t\-XrXzw \ÂIn

K-h¬-saâv ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ P-\-§-fn-te--¡v F-¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ssI-s¡m-ïn-«p-Å hnhn-[ \-S-]-Sn-IÄ DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ sIm-fm-jv

tIc-fw, C-ý F-¶n-h-bp-am-bn _-Ôs¸« "hy-Xykv-X a-ń-amcpw þ

h-Ip-¸p-I-fpw' F-¶ ]«n-I X-¿m-dm¡q.

ap³-]v X-¿m-dm¡n-b "Øm-]-\-§fpw tk-h-\-§-fpw' F-¶ ]-«n-I-tbm-sSm-¸w a-ń-am-cp-sS h-Ip-¸p-IÄ Iq-«n-t¨À¡m³ i-an-¡p-a-tÃm.

tI-µ kwØm-\ K-h¬-saâpIfp-sS Io-gnepw s]m-Xp-taJ-em Øm-]-\-§-fnepw ]-hÀ-¯n¡p-¶ apgp-h³ D-tZym -K-Ø-tc-bp-am-Wv D-tZym-K-Ø-hr-µw F¶ XpsIm-ïv AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶Xv. s]m-Xp`-c-W irw-Je-sb N-e-\m-ß-I-am-¡p-¶Xpw K-h¬-saân-sâ FÃm tk-h-\-§fpw P-\-§-fn-se-¯n¡p-¶Xpw C-h-cn-eq-sS-bmWv. cm-Py-¯n-sâ ssZ-\wZn\ `-c-W-Im-cy-§Ä \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-Ibpw s]m-Xp-`-c-W-¯n-\p IognÂ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿p-¶ D-tZ-ym- KØ-sc D-tZym-K-Ø-hrµw (bureaucracy) F-¶p ]-d-bp¶p.

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


D-tZym-K-Ø-hr-µ-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jXIÄ

\n-§Ä hy-Xykv-X Hm-^o-kp-IÄ k-µÀ-in-¨n-«ntÃ? A-hn-S-s¯ DbÀ-¶ D-tZymK-Ø³ B-sc-¶pw a\kn-em-¡n-bn-«p-tïm? A-t±-l-¯n-sâ IognÂ ]hÀ-¯n¡p¶ a-äv D-tZym-K-Ø·mÀ BscÃmw F¶pw \n-§Ä i-²n-¨n-«p-tïm? D-tZym-K-Ø-hr-µ-¯n-\v A-Xn-tâXm-b Nn-e k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ Dïv. Ah \n-co-£n¡q.

D-tZym-K-Ø-hr-µ-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-j-XIÄ

• ti-Wo-]-cam-b kw-Lm-S\w (DbÀ-¶ X-e¯nÂ H-cp D-tZym-K-Ø\pw Xm-tg-¡p-h-cp-t¼mÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ D-tZym-K-Ø-·mcpw DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ co-Xn).

• Ønc-X (\nÝn-X ]m-bw h-sc tk-h-\-Im-em-h[n)

• tbmKy-X A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n \n-b-a\w (hnZym-`ym-kw, ]mbw)

• cm-jv-So-b \n-jv-]£X (cm-jv-So-b ]-£-]m-Xn-Xz-t¯m-sS ]-hÀ-¯n¡m³ ]m-SnÃ)

• ssh-Z-Kv[yw (IÀ-¯-hy-§Ä, Ir-Xy-X, kq-£v-a-X F-¶n-h-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn \nÀ-h-ln-¡m-\p-Å tijn)

D-tZym-K-Ø-\mImw

Nn-X-¯n-se `-c-W-LS-\m Øm-]-\§-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm-tam?

tI-c-f¯nÂ kw-Øm\-X-e D-tZym-KØ-sc Xn-c-sª-Sp¡p-¶ Øm-]-\-am-Wv tI-c-f ]-»n-Iv kÀ-ho-kv I-½oj³ (KPSC). kam-\ co-XnbnÂ FÃm kw-Øm-\-§-fnepw ]n.F-kv.kn. Dïv. ]n.F-kv.kn sN-bÀ-am-t\bpw Aw-K-§-tfbpw \n-b-an-¡p¶-Xv K-hÀ-WÀ BWv.

tZ-io-b-X-e¯nÂ D-tZym-KØ-sc Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p¶-Xv bq-Wn-b³ ]-»n-Iv kÀ-ho-kv I-½o-j-\mWv (UPSC). bp.]n.F-kv.kn sN-bÀ-am-t\bpw Aw-K-§-tfbpw \n-b-an-¡p-¶-Xv cm-jv-S-]-Xn-bmWv.

D-tZym-KØ-sc Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡m-\m-bn sh-_v-ssk-än-epw ]ap-J ]-X-§-fnepw hn-Úm]-\w ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn-¡pw. Xp-SÀ-¶v F-gp-¯p ]-co-£, CâÀhyq F-¶n-h-bp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ G-ähpw tbm-Ky-cm-bh-sc Xn-c-sª-Sp-¯v hnhn[


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

K-h¬-saâv Hm-ô-kp-IfnÂ \n-b-an-¡p¶p. bp.]n.Fkv.knbpsSbpw sI.]n.Fkv.knbpsSbpw hnÚm]\§Ä ]cntim[n¨v ]«nI hn]peoIcn¡pI.

I-a \¼À

XkvXnI hn-Zym-`ym-k tbmKy-X \nba\ GP³kn

1 Cý³ t^mdÌv kÀhokv UnKn bp.]n.Fkv.kn.

2 Cý³ sdbnÂth kÀhokv UnKn bp.]n.Fkv.kn.

3 sU]yq«n IfÎÀ UnKn sI.]n.Fkv.kn.

4

5

"sXm-gnepw hn-Zym-`ym-k tbm-Ky-X-bpw' F-¶ hn-j-b-hp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«v H-cp NÀ-¨ kw-L-Sn-¸n¡q.

A-Jn-teým kÀ-ho-kv (All India Civil Service)

tI-µ kÀ-hokv (Central Service)

kwØm-\ kÀ-hokv (State Service)

• tZ-io-b-X-e¯nÂ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p¶p.

• tI-µ kÀ-ho-kntem kwØm-\ kÀ-ho-kntem \n-b-an-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.

DZm: Cý³ A-Uv-an-\n-kv-tS-äo-hv kÀ-hokv (IAS), Cý³ t]m-eo-kv kÀ-hokv (IPS)

• tZ-io-b-X-e¯nÂ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p¶p.

• tI-µ K-h¬-sa-ân-\v amXw A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å `-c-W-h-Ip-¸p-IfnÂ \n-b-an-¡p¶p.

D-Zm: Cý³ t^mdn³ kÀ-hokv (IFS), Cý³ t]m-kv-äÂ kÀ-hokv (IPS)

• kw-Øm-\-X-e-¯nÂ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¡p¶p.

• kwØm-\ K-h¬-saân-\p Io-gnÂ-hcp-¶ h-Ip-¸p-Ifn Â \n-b-an-¡p¶p.

DZm: sk-bnÂ-kv Sm-Iv-kv Hm-ôkÀ, tIcf AUvan- \nkvtSäohvv kÀhokv.

I-sï¯n-b D-tZym-K-t¸-cp-IÄ A-Jn-teým kÀ-ho-kv, tI-µkÀ-hokv, kwØm-\ kÀ-ho-kv F-¶n§-s\ X-cw-Xn-cn¡mhp¶XmWv. Cu aq¶p kÀhokpIfpw tNÀ¶Xm-Wv CýbpsS knhnÂ kÀhokv. Cýbnse knhnÂ kÀhokv kqNn¸n¡p¶ ^vtfm NmÀ«v t\m¡q.

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


Kh¬saâv tkh\§Ä ê]Zambn P\§fnÂ F¯n¡p¶Xn\mWv apIfnÂ kqNn¸n¨ hnhn[X-cw kÀhokpIÄ¡v cq]w\ÂInbXv.F¶ncp¶mepw bYmkabw ê]Zamb coXnbnÂ Kh¬saâv tkh\§Ä P\§fnte¡v F¯p¶nÃ F¶ ]cmXn \ne\nÂ¡p¶p. CXn\pÅ ]cnlmcw F¶ \nebnemWv `cW\hoIcW \S]SnIÄ¡v XpS¡wIpdn¨Xv. ][m\s¸« `cW\hoIcW \S]SnIÄ \nco£n¡q.

CþKthW³kv\n-§fnÂ F-X-t]À-¡v sam-

ss_Â t^mWnÂ CâÀ-s\-äv IW-£³ Dïv? G-sX-¦nepw tkmjyÂ s\-äv hÀ-¡nw-Kv kÀ-hoknÂ Aw-K-am-tWm? _m¦nÂ\n¶pw ]-W-an-S-]m-SpI-sf kw-_-Ôn-¨ A-dn-bn-¸p-IÄ sam-ss_Â t^mWnÂ h-cm-dp-tïm?

CâÀ-s\äv, C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« ]m-Y-an-I A-dn-hm-Wv Cþkm-£c-X. hy-àn-IÄ Im-e-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv km-£-c-cm-Ip-¶-t]m-se K-h¬-saâp-Ifpw A-h-cp-sS tk-h\-§Ä CâÀ-s\-äp h-gn B-¡p-¶pïv. C-Xv `-c-W-\-ho-I-c-W-¯n- te--¡v \-bn-¡p¶p.A-£-b tI-µ-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨v tI-«n-«ntÃ? \n-§Ä A-£-b tIµw k-µÀ-in-¨ H-c-\p`-hw ]-¦p-h-bv¡q.• B-[mÀþ_m-¦v A-¡u-ïv F¶n-h en-¦p

sN-bv-XXv.• ]m³ ImÀ-Uv þ _m-¦v A-¡u-ïp-am-bn

_-Ôn-¸n-¨Xv.• h-cpam-\ kÀ-«n-^n-¡-än-\v A-t]-£n-¨Xv.••

im-kv-X-km-t¦Xn-IcwK- v \mw ssI-h-cn- ]p-tcmK-Xn -c-W-cwK- v ]-tbm-

P-\-s -Sp- p¶p. -c-W-cwK- v C-e-Iv-tSm-Wn-Iv km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy ]-tbm-P-\-s¸Sp- p-¶-Xn-s\ CþK-th-W³-kv F-¶p ]-d-bp¶p. K-h¬-saâv tk-h\-§Ä th-K-¯nepw F-fp-¸-¯nepw e-`n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v CþK-th-W³-kv k-lm-b-I-am-Wv.

CþK-th-W³-kv sIm-ïv s]m-Xp-P-\-§Ä-¡v F-s´Ãmw t\-«-§-fm-Wp-ÅXv?• tk-h-\-¯n-\m-bn kÀ¡mÀ Hm-ôknÂ

Im-¯p-\nÂ-t¡-ï-XnÃ.• hn-h-c-km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS k-lm-

b¯mÂ tkh-\w t\-Smw.• kÀ¡mÀ tkh-\w Ip-d-ª sN-e-hnepw

th-K-¯nepw e-`n-¡p¶p.• Hm-ô-kp-I-fp-sS Im-cy-£-a-Xbpw tk-h-

\-¯n-sâ Kp-W-ta-·bpw hÀ-²n-¡p¶p.

hnhcmh-ImiwG-sXm-cp kÀ¡mÀ Øm-]-\¯nÂ

\n¶pw A-h-bp-sS ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« hn-hc-§Ä A-dn-bm-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw s]m-Xp-P-\-§Ä-¡p-ïv. 2005 se hn-h-cm-hIm-i \nb-aw h-gn-bm-Wv P-\-§Ä-¡v Cu A-h-Im-iw e-`n-¨Xv.

Cu \nb-aw F-ń-\p-thïn?• A-gna-Xn \n-b-ń-¡p-¶-Xn\v.• D-tZym-K-ØÀ-¡n-SbnÂ D-¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-

t_m-[w Du-«n-bp-d-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\v.• K-h¬-saâv ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä kp-Xm-cy-

am-¡p-¶-Xn\v.• s]m-Xp-Øm-]-\-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å hn-hc-

§Ä ]u-c-·mÀ-¡v e-`y-am-¡p-¶-Xn\v.hn-h-cm-hIm-i \nb-aw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n A-t]-£ k-aÀ-¸n-t¡-ï km-l-Ncyw \n-§Ä-¡p-ïm-bn-«p-tïm? A-t]-£ k-aÀ-¸n-t¡ï-Xv F-§s\?• sh-Å t]-¸dnÂ F-gpXn-b A-t]-£

aXn.


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

• 10 cq-]-bp-sS tImÀ-«v-ô kv-äm-¼v H-«n-¡Ww.

• Øm-]-\ ta-[m-hn/hn-h-cm-hIm-i Hm-ô-kÀ-¡m-Wv A-t]-£ k-aÀ-¸n-t¡-ïXv.

• s]m-Xp-Im-cy-s¯-¡p-dn-¨m-bn-cn¡-Ww A-t\z-jWw.

• A-t]-£I-sâ taÂ-hn-em-kw D-ïm-IWw.

hn-h-cm-hIm-i I-½oj³

"Cu Hm-ôknÂ\n¶pw e-`y-amIp-¶ tk-h-\§Ä' F-¶ ]-ZÀ-i-\ t_mÀ-Uv G-sX-¦nepw Hm-ôknÂ I-ïn-«p-tïm? F-s´m-s¡-bm-Wv AhÀ \ÂIp-¶ tk-h-\§Ä?

tk-h-\m-hIm-i \n-b-a-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-Wv C¯-cw t_mÀ-Up-IÄ Hm-ô-kp-IfnÂ ]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¨n-«p-ÅXv. Hmtcm tk-h\-§fpw F-X Zn-h-k-§Ä-¡p-ÅnÂ \Â-I-W-sa¶pw B-h-iyam-b ô-kv D-sï¦nÂ F-X-bm-sW¶pw t_mÀUnÂ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡pw. kÀ¡mÀ tk-h\-§Ä Ir-Xy-am bpw D-d-¸mbpw P-\-§Ä-¡v e-`y-amIm³ A-h-k-c-sam-cp¡p-¶ \n-b-a-am-Wv tk-h-\m-hIm-i \n-baw. CXv s]m-Xp`-c-W kw-hn-[m-\-s¯ i-àhpw Im-cy-£-a-hp-am-¡p¶p.

`-c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c I-½o-j³ (arc.kerala.gov.in)

kw-Øm-\-s¯ s]m-Xp`-c-W kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ Im-cy£-a-X hn-e-bn-cp-¯n sa¨-s¸-Sp¯p¶Xn-\pÅ \nÀ-t±i-§Ä \Â-Ip-I F-¶-Xm-Wv `-c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c

kw-Øm-\-X-e-¯nepw tI-µ-X-e-¯nepw hn-h-cm-hIm-i I-½o-j-\p-IÄ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p. hn-h-cm-hIm-i \n-b-a]-Im-c-ap-Å A-[n-Im-c-§-fp-sS ]-tbm-Khpw Np-a-Xe-IÄ \nÀ-h-ln-¡-ep -am-Wv I-½o-j-\p-I-fp-sS Np-aXe. Ft¸m-gm-Wv hn-h-cm-hIm-i I-½oj-s\ k-ao-]n-t¡-ïXv? ]«n-I \n-co-£n¡q.• Ir-Xy-k-a-b-¯n\-Iw a-dp]-Sn X-cm-Xn-cn¡Â• \n-c-kn¡Â• A-]qÀ-Wam-b a-dp]-Sn \ÂIÂ• sXäm-b a-dp]-Sn \Â-IÂ• Xr-]v-Xn-I-c-aÃm-¯ a-dp]-Sn \Â-IÂ

C¯cw km-l-N-cy-§fnÂ ]-cm-Xn-¡mc-\v I-½oj-\p ap-¼m-sI A¸oÂ sIm-Sp-¡m-hp-¶-XmWv. hn-hc-§Ä \Â-Im-¯ D-tZym-K-Ø-\ptaÂ a-dp]-Sn \Â-Ip-¶-Xph-sc Hmtcm Zn-h-k-hpw 250 cq-]m \nc¡nÂ ]n-g-in-£ hn-[n¡m-³ I-½oj-\v A-[n-Im-c-apïv.Cu Hm-ôknÂ \n-¶pw...

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


I-½o-jsâ e-£y-w. t£-a-cm-jvSw cq-]-s¸-Sp¯p-I F-¶-Xn-\v I-½o-j³ ]m-[m\yw \Â-Ip¶p. B-cm-Wv tI-c-f-¯n-se -c-W-]-cn-jvIm-c I-½oj-sâ sN-bÀ-am³?• D-tZym-K-Ø-cp-sS sa-¨s¸-« ]-IS-\w D-d-

¸m-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-ïn A-h-cp-sS \n-b-a\w, Øm-\-\nÀ-Wbw, Øm-\-¡b-äw F¶n-h A-h-temI-\w sN-¿pI.

• K-h¬-saâv L-S-I-§fpsS P-\m-[n-]-Xy-h-Â¡-c-W-¯n-\p-Å co-Xn-IÄ \nÀ-t±-in-¡p-I-bpw ]-¦m-fn-¯ `-c-W-km-[yX-IÄ hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pI.

• ]-[m-\s¸-« s]m-Xp-tk-h\-§Ä F-X-t¯m-fw \-S-¸n-em-Ip-¶p F-¶p hn-e-bn-cp-¯n A-h-bp-sS Im-cy£-a-X sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯p-I.

s]m-Xp-`c-Ww Im-cy-£-a-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v kÀ¡mÀ ssI-s¡m-ïn-«p-Å a-äp \-S-]-Sn-IÄ G-sXm-s¡-bmWv?

tem-Iv-]mepw tem-Im-bp-àbpwF-´m-Wv A-gn-aXn? C-Xv G-sXÃmw X-e-§-fnÂ?

A-gna-Xn `-c-W-X-e-¯ntem D-tZym-K-Ø-X-e-¯ntem cm-jv-So-b-X-e-¯ntem kw-`-hn-¨mÂ A-h X-S-bp-¶-Xn-\p-Å Øm-]-\-§-fm-Wv tem-Iv-]mepw tem-Im-bp-à-bpw. tImS-Xn \-S-]-Sn-I-fp-sS co-Xn-bm-Wv C-h-bv-¡p-ÅXv. tZ-io-b-X-e¯nÂ tem-Iv- ]mepw kw-Øm-\-X-e¯nÂ tem-Imbp-à bpw ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p. s]m-Xp-]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-s¡-Xn-scbpw D-tZym-K-ØÀ-s¡-Xn- scbpw D-¶-bn-¡-s¸Sp-¶ A-gn-a-Xn-IfnÂ tI-sk-Sp-¯v A-t\z-jn-¡m\pw \-S-]-Sn-IÄ \nÀ-t±-in-¡m\pw C-h-bv-¡v A-[n-Im-c-apïv.

sk³SÂ hn-Pn-e³-kv I-½oj³K-h¬-saâv Hm-ô-kp-I-fn-se A-gn-

a-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v A-t\z-jn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å Np-a-X-e-bm-Wv hn-Pn-e³-kn-\p-ÅXv. tI-µ K-h¬-saâv Hm-ô-kp-I-fp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-

« hn-Pn-e³-kv tI-kp-IfnÂ A-t\zj-Ww \S-¯n \-S-]-Sn-IÄ kzo-I-cn¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv sk³SÂ hn-Pn-e³-kv I-½oj-sâ Np-aXe.

sk³SÂ hn-Pn-e³-kv I-½oj-sâ X-e¸-¯v H-cp hn-Pn-e³-kv I-½oj-WÀ D-ïv. A-Xp-t]m-se FÃm h-Ip-¸p-I-fnepw ap-Jy hn-Pn-e³-kv Hm-ô-kdpw ]-hÀ-¯n-¨p-h-cp¶p.

kw-Øm-\-§fnÂ kwØm-\ hn-Pn-e³-kv I-½o-j³ cq-]o-I-cn-¨n-«pïv. kwØm-\ K-h¬-saâv Hm-ô-kp-I-fn-se A-gn-a-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v A-t\z-jn-¡p-I-bm-Wv kwØm-\ hn-Pn-e³-kv I-½o-j-sâ Np-aX-e. hn-Pn-e³-kv tI-kp-IfnÂ XoÀ-¸p-IÂ-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v hn-Pn-e³-kv tIm-S-Xn- Ifpw \n-e-hn-epïv.Hmw-_p-Uv-kvam³

P-\-]-Xn-\n-[n-Itfm D-tZym-K-Øtcm A-gn-a-Xn, kz-P-\-]-£-]m-Xw, [-\-ZpÀ-hn-\n-tbm-K-w XpS§n-b \-S-¯nbmÂ ]-cm-Xn \Â-Im-\p-Å a-säm-cp kw-hn-[m-\-am-Wv Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am³. kÀ-hoknÂ\n-¶p hn-c-an-¨ ssl-t¡mS-Xn P-Uv-Pn-sb-bm-Wv Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am-\m-bn \n-b-an-¡p-¶Xv. P-\-§Ä-¡v ]-cm-Xn-bp-am-bn t\-cn-«v Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am-s\ k-ao-]n-¡mw. ]-cm-Xn e-`n¨mÂ B-scbpw hn-fn-¨p-h-cp-¯n A-t\zj-Ww \-S-¯m-\pw \-S]-Sn ip-]mÀ-i sN-¿m\pw A-t±-l-¯n-\v A-[n-Im-c-apïv.


\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶

hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä• Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸n-sâ ]m-[m-\y-sa´v?• Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« L«-§Ä ^v-tfm-NmÀ«nÂ I-a-s¸-Sp-¯n F-gp-XpI.

• P-\m-[n-]-Xy¯nÂ cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-I-fp-sS ]m-[m-\y-sa´v?• Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p I-½o-j³ F-ń-\p-th-ïn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p?• K-h¬-saân-sâ L-SI-§Ä G-sXÃmw? Hmtcm L-S-I-¯n-sâbpw Np-a-X-e-sb´v?• C-ýmK-h¬-saân-sâ Hmtcm L-S-I-¯nepw DÄ-s¸-Sp¶-Xv B-scms¡? F-s´ms¡?• tem-I-k-`bpw cm-Py-k-`bpw Xm-c-Xayw sN¿p-¶ H-cp ]«n-I X-¿m-dm-¡pI.• C-ý-bn-se \o-Xn-\ym-b hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ L-S-\ kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ H-cp U-bKw X-¿m-dm-

¡pI.• \n-§-fp-sS ]-tZi-¯v ImWp-¶ G-sX-¦nepw c-ïv Hm-ô-kp-I-fp-sS t]-sc-gp-Xn A-h

\ÂIp-¶ tk-h\-§Ä en-Ìp sN-¿p-I.• s]m-Xp-`c-Ww F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïv F-´m-Wv D-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv?• CþK-th-W³-kv F-¶m-se´v? C-Xp-sIm-ïv s]m-Xp-P-\-§Ä-¡v F-s´Ãmw t\-«-§-fm-

Wp-ÅXv?• hn-h-cm-hIm-i \nb-aw A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n A-t]-£ k-aÀ-¸n-t¡-ï-sX-§s\?• `-c-W-]cn-jvIm-c I-½o-j³ F-ń-\p-th-ïn \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p?• tem-Iv-]mÂ, tem-Im-bp-à F-¶n-h-bp-sS ]k-àn F´v?• sk³SÂ hn-Pn-e³-kv I-½oj-sâ Npa-X-e F´v?• Hmw-_p-Uv-kvam³ F-¶ kw-hn-[m-\-¯n-sâ A-[n-Im-cw F-s´Ãmw?

Hmw-_p-Uv-kv-am-\p-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« ]-X-hmÀ¯-IÄ NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.

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Xn-c-sª-Sp¸v ^-e ]-Jym]\w

Ańa Øm-\mÀ-°n-¸«n-I

X-¿m-dm¡Â

thm-s«-®Â

\m-a-\nÀtZ-i ]-Xn-I k-aÀ-¸n¡Â

kq£v-a ]-cn-tim[-\

Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p hn-Ú

m]-\w

]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn¡Â

th-t«-gv-kv en-Ìv X¿m-dm¡Â/ ]p-Xp¡Â

\m-a-\nÀtZ-i ]-Xn-I ]n³-h-en¡Â

\ap-¡m-bn \mw Xs¶


Xp-SÀ-]-hÀ-¯\§Ä• kwØm-\ \n-b-a-k-ÌÄ, ]mÀ-e-saâv F-¶n-hn-S-§-fn-te--¡v \-S-¡p-¶ Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p

hmÀ-¯IÄ, Nn-X§Ä, ê-§Ä kw-_-Ôn-¨ I-W-¡p-IÄ F¶n-h DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ ]-X-hmÀ¯-IÄ ti-J-cn-¨v H-cp ]-Xn-¸p X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

• hnhn-[ cm-jv-So-b ]mÀ-«n-I-fp-sS t]cv, A-h-bp-sS NnÓw, sIm-Sn F¶n-h DÄ-s¸Sp-¶ H-cp NmÀ-«v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

• Cu bq-WnänÂ kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ Hu-tZymKn-I Øm-\-§-fp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« hy-àn-IfpsS e-Lp-hn-hcw, Nn-X-§Ä F¶n-h ti-J-cn-¨v H-cp Po-h-N-cn-X \nL-ïp X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

kzbw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


tZio-b I-£n-I-sfbpw kwØm-\ I-£n-I-sfbpw thÀ-Xn-cn-¡m-\m-Ipw

Xn-c-sª-Sp-¸p I-½o-jsâ ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS ^v-tfm-NmÀ-«v X-¿m-dm-¡m-\mIpw

K-h¬-saân-sâ 3 L-S-I-§-fp-sS ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä F-s´m-s¡-sb-¶v hÀ-Ko-I-cn¡mw

s]m-Xp-`-c-W-¯n-sâ ]m-[m\yw t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯m-\mIpw

C-ý-bn-se knhnÂ kÀ-ho-kn-s\ thÀ-Xn-cn-¨p ]-d-bm-\m Ipw

`-c-W \-ho-I-c-W \-S-]-Sn-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v hn-hc-Ww X-¿m-dm¡mw


C´y³ `-c-W-LS-\: au-en-Im-h-Imi§Ä


k-ao-]-Ime-¯v kp-]ow tImS-Xn ]-Jym-]n-¨ hn-[n-IfnÂ kp-]-[m-\-am-b H-¶m-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. k-am-\am-b a-tä-sX-¦n-epw hn-[n \n-§Ä-¡v Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn-¡m-tam. kz-Im-cy-X-bv-¡p-Å A-h-Im-iw C-Xn-\v ap³-]v au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn-cp-¶nÃ. CXnÂ\n¶pw \-ap-¡v F-´m-Wv a-\-kn-em-IpI.

• Nn-e A-h-Imi-§Ä au-en-I-amWv.• a-äpNn-e A-h-Imi-§-f au-en-IaÃ.

au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïÀ-°-am-¡p-¶-sX-´mWv? cm-Py-s¯ ]-c-tam-¶-X \n-b-a-am-b `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-epÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n FÃm P-\-§Ä¡pw Xpey-\n-ebnÂ D-d-¸p-\ÂIp-¶ A-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv au-en-Im-h-Im-i§Ä. C¯-cw A-h-Im-i§-sf au-en-I-am¡p-¶ L-SI-§Ä \n-co-£n-¡pI.

kz-Imcy-X au-en-Im-h-Im-iw: kp-]ow tImSXn

kz-Imcy-X au-en-Im-h-Im-i-sa-¶v kp-]ow tIm-S-Xn-bp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\m_-©v hn-[n¨p. C-Xp kw-_-Ôn-¨ ap³Im-e hn-[n-IÄ C-tXm-sS d-±mbn. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 21þmw h-Ip-¸v hn-]p-e-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xm-Wv Cu hn[n.


116 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n116 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

F-s´Ãmw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv \-ap-¡v e-`y-am-bn-«pÅ-Xv F-¶v \n-§Ä Nn-ń-¨n-«p-tïm? NmÀ-«v \n-co-£n¡q.

k-a-Xz-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

kzm-X-ý-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

Nq-j-W-¯n-s\-Xncm-b A-h-Imiw

a-X-kzm-X-ý-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw hn-Zym-`ym-k- ]-c-hpam-b A-h-Imiw `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-cam-b ]-cn-lm-c- ¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

Nn-e A-h-Imi-§Ä au-en-Iw F-¶p hnti-jn-¸n¡m³ Im-c-W-sa´v?

• bm-sXm-cp Im-c-W-h-imepw Ah \n-tj-[n¡m³ ]m-SnÃ.

• ]qÀ-Wam-b hy-àn-Xzhn-Im-k-¯n-\v A-\n-hm-cy-ambh.

• A-´-tÊm-sS-bp-Å Po-hn-Xw \-bn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-h-iyam-b A-h-Im-i§Ä.

tImf-\nhmgv-N \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶-Xn- \mÂ 1947 h-sc C-ý-bn-se P-\-§Ä-¡v au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä e-`n-¨n-cp-¶nÃ. kzm-X-ým-\´-cw ]pXn-b `-c-W-L-S-\-bv-¡v \mw cq-]w \Â-In-b-t¸mÄ A-hIm-i ]-Xn-I AXnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp¯m³ `-c-W-LS-\m \nÀ-am-Xm-¡Ä ]-tXy-Iw i-²n¨p.

A-hIm-i ]-Xn-I

FÃm P-\m-[n]-Xy cm-Py-§ fpw ]uc-\v D-d-¸p-\ÂIp-¶ A-h-Im-i-§-fp-sS H-cp ]«n-I `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯m-dpïv. Cu A-h-Im-i-§-fp-sS ]«n-I A-hIm-i ]-Xn-I F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. Cý-bn-se A-hIm-i ]-Xn-I au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä F-¶ t]-cn-em-Wv A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

s\-lv-dp dn-t¸mÀ«v

C-ý-bn-se P-\-§-fp-sS au-en-Im-hIm-i cq-]o-I-c-W¯nÂ ]-Y-a-Øm-\w s\-lv-dp dn-t¸mÀ-«n-\mWv. \yq UÂ-lnbnÂ tNÀ-¶ kÀ-ÆI-£n k-t½f-\w tam-«nemÂ s\-lv-dp A-²y-£-\m-bn kz-X-´ C-ýbnÂ \-S-¸n-em-t¡-ï `-c-W-LS-\m \n-b-a-¯n-sâ cq-]tc-J X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶-Xn-\v H-cp I-½n-än-sb \n-b-an¨p. C-Xv s\-lv-dp I-½n-än F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. cm-Py-s¯ P-\-§Ä-¡v D-d-¸m-t¡-ï A-h-Im-i-§-fp-sS H-cp ]-«n-I 1928 se s\-lv-dp dn-t¸mÀ-«n-ep-ïm-bn-cp¶p. C-Xn-sâ Np-h-Sp-]n-Sn-¨m-Wv ]nÂ-¡me-¯v au-en-Im-h-Im-i-§Ä-¡v cq-]w \Â-In-bXv.

au-e

n-Im-h

-Imi

§Ä

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_

kz¯-h-ImiwCý³ `-c-W-L-S-\ 1950 P-\p-h-

cn 26\v \n-e-hnÂ h-¶-t¸mÄ 7 au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä ]uc-\v Dd-¸p \Â-In-bn-cp¶p. kz-¯-h-Imiw, au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn 31þmw h-Ip-¸n-eq-sS `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cp¶p. C-X-\p-k -cn-¨v \n-b-am-\p-kr-Xw kz-¯v k-¼m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ssIh-iw h-¨v A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw D-Å A-h-Im-iw au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn-cp-¶p. 1978þÂ 44þmw `-c-W-LS-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eq-sS kz-¯-h-Im-iw H-cp km-[m-c-W A-h-Im-i-am-¡n amän. C-Xn-\m-bn 300F h-Ip-¸v `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp¯n.



Cý³ ]uc-\v D-d-¸p-\ÂIp-¶ B-dv au-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS `mKw III em-Wv C-h DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. Cu au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä G-sXÃmw X-c-¯n-em-Wv ]uc-\v e-`y-am-hp-¶Xv.

k-a-Xz-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Im-iwPm-Xo-bam-b A-k-a-Xzhpw hn-

th-N-\hpw \n-e-\n-¶ncp-¶ H-cp k-aq-l-am-bn-cp-¶p C-ý-bn-te-Xv F-¶v \n-§Ä-¡v A-dn-bm-a-tÃm. FÃm¯-cw A-k-a-Xz-§fpw A-h-km-\n-¸n-¨v k-aXzw ssI-h-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv k-a-Xz-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw e-£y-an-Sp-¶Xv. k-a-Xzm-h-Im-i¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-Å hnhn-[ B-ib-§Ä Nn-X¯nÂ \n-co-£n¡q.

\n-b-a-¯n-\p ap-¶n-se k-aXzw

sXm-«p-Iq-Smbv-a \nÀ-¯-em¡Â

Øm-\-t¸-cp-IÄ \nÀ-¯-em¡Â

hn-thN-\w \n-tcm-[n¡Â

A-h-k-c-k-aXzw D-d-¸m¡Â

k-a-Xzm-h-Imiw

k-a-Xzm-hIm-i ]-Jym]-\w sIm-ïp-amXw k-a-Xz-¯n-sâ t\«-§Ä FÃm-h-cnepw F-¯n¡m³ I-gn-bnÃ. \q-äm-ïp-I-fm-bn A-k -aXzw \n-e\n-¶ k-aq-l¯nÂ ZpÀ-_-e hn-`m-K-§Ä-¡v k-a-Xzm-h-Im-i-¯n-sâ t\«-§Ä e-`n-¡-W-sa¦nÂ Nn-e A-\pIq-e \-S-]-Sn-IÄ B-h-iy-amWv. cm-Py-¯v `-c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-am-bn \-S-¸m¡p-¶ A-\pIq-e \-S-]-Sn-IÄ F-gp-Xn ]«n-I hn-]p-eo-I-cn-¡pI.• ]-«n-I-Pm-Xn ]-«n-IhÀ-K hn-`m-K-§Ä¡v sXmgnÂ kw-hc-Ww GÀ-s¸-Sp¯n.••

C¯-cw ]tXyI ]-cn-K-W\-IÄ \Â-Ip-¶-Xv k-a-Xzm-h-Im-i¯n\v F-XncÃ. F-´p-sIm-sï¶mÂ C-h-bp-sS-sbÃmw e£yw B-Xy-ń-I-am-bn k-aXzw ssI-h-cn-¡-emWv.

k-a-Xzm-h-Im-iw ]qÀ-Wam-b AÀ-°¯nÂ \-ap-¡v e-`n-¡p-¶p-tïm?



kzm-X-ý-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw K-am-bn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. \n-§-fp-sS _-Ôp-¡Ä cm-Py-s¯ a-äp kw-Øm-\-§fn-Â Xm-a-k-am-¡n-bn«pw D-ïm-hp-a-tÃm. -c-WL-S-\ D-d-¸p-\ÂIp-¶ G-sXm-s¡ kzm-X-ý-am-Wv C-Xn-eq-sS A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv.• kw-LS-\m kzm-X-ýw.• cm-Py-s¯-hn-sSbpw Øn-c-Xm-a-k-am-¡m-

\p-Å kzm-X-ýw.C-h-sbÃmw auen-I kzm-X-ý-

§-fm-Wv. Cu kzm-X-ý-§Ä H-cn-¡epw A\n-b-ńXaÃ. cm-Py-¯n-sâ sF-Iyw, A-JÞ-X, k-aq-l-¯n-sâ D-¯-a XmÂ-¸cyw F¶n-h e-£y-an-«v A-\p-tbm-Pyam-b Nn-e \n-b-´W-§Ä cm-jv-S-¯n-\v GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯mw.C-h Iq-SmsX,• Po-h\pw hy-àn-kzm-X-ý-¯n\pw kw-

c-£Ww.• ]-Xn-\m-ep h-b-kp-h-sc-bp-Å Ip-«n-IÄ-¡v

ku-P-\yhpw \nÀ-_-Ôn-X-hpam-b hn-Zym-`ymkw.

• A-\ym-bam-b A-dÌv, XS-¦Â F-¶n-h bnÂ\n¶pw kw-c-£Ww.

Xp-S-§n-b-hbpw kzm-X-ý-ń-\p-Å A-h-Im-i-¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p. C-h-sbm-s¡ \-ap-¡v H-cp P-\m-[n]-Xy Po-hn-Xw D-d-¸m-¡p¶p.

sIm-fm-jv \n-co-£n¡q. C-h-sbÃmw \½psS \n-Xy-Po-hn-X¯nÂ A-\p-`-hn-¡m-dp-Å Nne kzm-X-ý-§-fpam-bn _-Ô-s¸-«-h-bmWv. G-sXÃmw kzm-X-ý-§-fm-Wv C-Xn-eq-sS \mw A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv. ]«n-I \n-co-£n¡q. • kw-km-c-¯n\pw B-i-b]-I-S-\-¯n-\p-

ap-Å kzm-X-ýw.• k-am-[m-\-]-c-am-bn B-bp-[-anÃm-sX

k-t½-fn-¡m-\p-Å kzm-X-ýw.• G-Xp sXm-gn-en-epw, hym-]m-cw, hm-Wn-

Pyw F-¶n-h-bnepw GÀ-s¸-Sm-\p-Å kzm-X-ýw.

• kz-X-´-am-bn cmPy-s¯-hn-sSbpw k-©-cn-¡m-\p-Å kzm-X-ýw.

\n-§Ä hnhn-[ kw-L-S-\-IfnÂ Aw-

hnZym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

`cWL-S-\ \n-ehnÂ h-cp-t¼mÄ hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw au-en-Im-h-Im-iw B-bn-cp-¶nÃ. 2010þÂ 86þmw `-c-W-LS-\m t`-Z-K-Xn-bn-eqsS 6þ14 h-b-kp-h-sc-bp-Å Ip-«n-I-fp-sS hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw H-cp au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-¡n amän. C-Xn-\m-bn 21 F h-Ip-¸v `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ Iq-«n-t¨À¡p-I D-ïmbn.



Nq-j-W-¯n-s\-Xncm-b A-h-Imiw

`-c-W-LS\:• \nÀ-_Ôn-X sXm-gnÂ, a-\p-jy-¡-¨h-Sw

F-¶n-h \n-tcm-[n-¡p¶p.• hy-h-km-b-im-eIÄ, J-\n-IÄ XpS-

§n A-]-I-S-I-cam-b ta-J-e-I-fnÂ 14 h-bknÂ Xm-sg-bp-Å Ip-«nI-sf ]-Wn-sb-Sp-¸n-¡p¶-Xv \n-tcm-[n-¡p¶p.

auen-I kzm-X-ý-§Ä-¡p-ta-ep-Å \n-b-´Ww

• cm-Py-¯n-sâ sF-Iyhpw AJ-Þ-Xbpw Im-¯p-kq-£n¡m³

• I-em]-§Ä \n-b-ń¡m³• I-a-k-am-[m-\w ]m-en¡m³• P-\-§-fp-sS B-tcm-Ky-¯n-\v

lm-\n-I-c-amIp-¶ hym-]m-cw, hm-WnPyw F¶n-h \n-b-ń-¡m³.

• hy-àn-IÄ-¡v am-\-lm-\n-bp-ïm-¡p-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å A-`n-]m-b-§Ä \n-b-ń-¡m³.

t\-gv-kp-am-cp-sS N

p-cp§n-b thX-\w

hn-Úm-]-\-am-b

n

2.3 tIm-Sn Ip-«n-IÄ cmPy¯v _m-eth-e sN-¿p¶p

thX-\w ]p-Xp-¡n \n-Ý-bn¡Â, _m-e-th-e F-¶n-h-bp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« hmÀ-¯-I-fm-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. F-ń-\m-Wv Np-cp§n-b thX-\w \n-Ý-bn-¨p \Â-Ip-¶Xv. hnhn-[ ta-J-e-IfnÂ \ne-\nÂ¡p¶ Nqj-Ww X-S-bp-I-bm-Wv C-Xn-sâ e-£yw. FÃm-¯-c-¯nepw D-Å Nqj-Ww A-h-km-\n-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Nq-j-W-¯n-s\-Xncm-b A-h-Im-iw e-£y-an-Sp-¶Xv. C-Xn-sâ `m-K-am-bn

A-Sn-a-¯w, _m-eth-e Xp-S-§n-b-h FÃm AÀ-°-¯nepw A-h-km-\n-¸n-t¡-ï-Xn-

sâ B-h-iy-I-X NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.



`mc-X-¯n-sâ `-c-WLS-\

B-apJw

`m-c-X-¯n-se P-\-§fm-b \mw `m-c-X-s¯ Hcp 1(]-c-am-[nIm-c Øn-Xn-ka-Xz a-tX-X-c P-\-[n]-Xy dn-¸-»n-¡mbn) kw-hn-[m-\w sN-¿p-hm\pw A-Xn-se

]u-c-·mÀ-s¡Ãmw

km-aq-ln-I-hpw km-¼-¯n-Ihpw cm-jv-So-bhpw B-b \o-Xnbpw

Nn-´-bv-¡pw B-i-b-]-I-S-\-¯n\pw hn-izm-k-¯n\pw a-X-\n-jvT-bv¡pw B-cm-[-\-bv¡pw D-Å kzm-X-ýhpw:

]-Z-hn-bnepw A-h-k-c-¯n-epw k-a-Xzhpw kw-]m-]v-X-am-¡p-hm\pw:

A-hÀ-s¡Ãm-an-S-bnÂ

hy-àn-bp-sS A-´-Êpw 2(cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ sF-Iyhpw A-J-Þ-X-bpw) D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯n-s¡m-ïv km-tlm-Zcyw ]p-eÀ-¯p-hm\pw:

k-Kuc-hw Xo-cp-am-\n-¨n-cn-¡p-I-bmÂ:

\-½p-sS `-c-W-LS-\m \nÀ-½m-W-k-`bnÂ Cu 1949 \-hw-_À Ccp-]-¯mdmw Znhkw C-Xn\mÂ Cu `-c-W-L-S\-sb kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw \n-b-a-am-¡p-Ibpw

\-ap-¡pX-s¶ ]-Zm-\w sN-¿p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.

1 1976þse `-c-W-L-S-\ (42þmw t`-Z-KXn) B-Îv 2þmw h-Ip-¸v ]-Im-cw "]-c-am-[nIm-c P-\m-[n]-Xy dn-¸-»n-Iv' F-¶-Xn-\v ]I-cw tNÀ-¯-Xv (3.1.1977 ap-XÂ ]m-_-eyw)

2 taÂ ]-d-ª B-Îv cïmw h-Ip-¸v ]-Im-cw "cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ sF-Iyw' F-¶-Xn-\v ]I-cw tNÀ-¯-Xv (3.1.1977 ap-XÂ ]m-_-eyw)

a-X-kz-mX-´-y¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

G-Xp a-X-¯nepw hn-iz-kn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw B-N-cn-¡p-¶-Xn\pw ]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-ap-Å A-h-Imiw.

a-X-t]m-Õm-l-\-¯n-sâ t]cnÂ \n-Ip-Xn sIm-Sp¡m³ \nÀ-_-Ôn-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-Xncm-b A-h-Imiw.

a-X-Po-h-Im-cp-Wy Øm-]\-§Ä Øm-]n-¡m\pw t\m-¡n-\-S-¯m\pw D-Å A-h-Imiw.

K-h¬-saânÂ\n¶pw [-\-k-lm-bw ]-äp¶ hn-Zym-e-b-§fnÂ a-X-t_m-[\w \n-tcm-[n-¡p¶p.

$$

$ $ $

a-X-kzm-X-ý-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

Cý³ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS B-ap-Jw ]-cn-tim-[n¡q. C-ý-sb H-cp atXXc P-\m-[n]-Xy dn-¸-»n-¡m-bn B-ap-J¯nÂ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. cm-Py-s¯ FÃm P-\-§Ä¡pw a-X-kzm-X-ýw A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p F-¶pw CXnÂ\n¶pw a-\-kn-em-¡mw. a-X-]-c-am-b hn-j-b¯nÂ F-s´Ãmw kzm-Xý-§-fm-Wv \n-§Ä A-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv. NmÀ-«v ]-cn-tim-[n¡q.



kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-c-hpam-b A-h-ImiwC-ý-bn-se hnhn-[ a-X-`m-jm \yq-\-]-£§-sf kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ ]«n-I ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡q.

a-X-`m-jm \yq-\-]£-§Ä [m-cm-f-ap-Å cm-Py-am-Wv Cý. ssh-hn-[y-§Ä \n-d-ª C-ýbnÂ \yq-\-]-£-§Ä-¡n-SbnÂ kp-c-£n-X-Xz-t_m-[w D-d-¸m-t¡-ï-XmWv. kmw-kv-Im-cn-Ihpw hn-Zym-`ym-k-]-c-hpam-b A-h-Imi-§Ä Cu e-£y-t¯m-sS-bp-Å-XmWv. C-X-\p-k-cn¨v:• \yq-\-]-£-§Ä-¡v `m-j, -en-]n, kw-kv-

Im-cw F¶n-h kw-c-£n-¡m\pw ]-cn-t]m-jn-¸n-¡m\pw A-h-Im-i-apïv.

• a-X -`m-jm \yq-\-]-£-§Ä-¡v kz-´w C-ãm-\p-kc-Ww hn-Zym-`ym-k Øm-]\-§Ä Øm-]n-¡p-¶-Xn-\pw t\m-¡n-\-S-¯p-¶-Xn\pw A-h-Im-i-apïv.

a-X-kzm-X-ý-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw a-tX-X-c C-ý-sb i-à-am-¡p-¶p-tïm? A-\p-`-h-§-fp-sS ]-Ým-¯-e¯nÂ hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

a-X-\yq-\ ]£w `m-jm-\yq-\ ]£w

• kn-Jv aXw

••

• sIm-§n-Wn `m-j

••

\yq-\-]-£ I-½oj³

\yq-\-]-£ hn-`m-K-§-fp-sS XmÂ-¸-cy-§Ä kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn tZ-io-b-X-e¯nÂ cq-]o-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶ I-½o-j-\m-Wv tZio-b \yq-\-]-£ I-½oj³. \yq-\-]-£ A-hIm-i kw-c£-Ww \yq-\-]-£ hn-Zym-e-b-§Ä-¡v A¯-cw ]Z-hn \Â-IÂ Xp-S-§n-b-h-bnÂ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p¶-Xv \yq-\-]-£ I-½o-j-\mWv. A-h-cp-sS t£-a-¯n-\v B-h-iyam-b hnhn[]-²-Xn-IÄ¡pw I-½o-j³ cq-]w\Â-Ip¶p.

`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-cam-b ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wm-\p-Å A-h-Imiw

\yq-\-]-£ A-h-Imi-§Ä C-ý-bp-sS ssh-hn-[y-s¯ kw-c-£n¡m³

k-lm-b-I-am-tWm. hn-i-Ie-\w sN¿q.

Cu `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ G-ähpw ]-[m-\s¸-« h-Ip-¸v G-Xv F-¶p-tNm-Zn¨mÂ F-sâ D¯-cw -c-W-L-S-\m-]-cam-b ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wm-\p-Å

A-h-Im-iw D-d-¸p-\Â-Ip-¶ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se 32þmw h-Ip-¸v F-¶m-bn-cn-¡pw. C-Xv Cý³ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS lr-Z-bhpw B-ßm-hp-amWv.

þ tUm. _n.BÀ.Aw-t_-ZvIÀ

`-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS 32þmw h-Ip-¸n-s\ Ip-dn-¨v F-´p-sIm-ïm-Wv tUm. _n.BÀ.Aw-t_-Zv-IÀ C-]-Im-cw A-`n-]m-b-s¸-«Xv. au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xp-sIm-ïp amXw ]-tbm-P-\-anÃ. A-h \n-tj-[n-¡-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å amÀ-Khpw `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ D-ïm-h-Ww. 32þmw h-Ip-¸-\p-k-cn-¨p-Å



`-c-W-L-S-\m-]-cam-b ]-cn-lm-c-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw C-Xv D-d-¸m-¡p¶p. C-X-\p-k-cn-¨v G-sX-¦nepw au-en-Im-h-Im-iw \n-tj-[n-¡-s¸«mÂ t\-cn-«v kp-]ow tIm-S-Xn-sb k-ao-]n-¨v dn-«p-IÄ ^-bÂ sN-¿m\pw A-h-Imi-§Ä ]p-\xØm- ]n-¡m\pw km-[n-¡pw.

tl-_nb-kv tImÀ-¸kv, a³Um-akv, s]m-ln-_nj³, tIzm-hm-d-tâm, skÀ-tjym-dmdn F-¶n-h-bm-Wv au-en-Im-hIm-i kw-c-£-W-¯n-\p-th-ïn kp-]ow tImS-Xn ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn¡p-¶ dn-«p-IÄ. 226þmw h-Ip-¸-\p-k-cn-¨v ssl-t¡m-S-Xn¡pw Cu dn-«p-IÄ ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn-¡mw. a-äv Io-gv-t¡m-S-Xn-IÄ-¡v C¯-cw dn-«p-IÄ ]pd-s¸-Sp-hn¡m³ A-h-Im-i-anÃ.

X-¶n-cn¡p-¶ hmÀ-¯m X-e-s¡-«p-IÄ ]-cn-tim-[n¡q. K-h¬-saân-sâ C¯-cw ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä G-sXÃmw ta-J-e-bp-am-bn _-Ô-s¸-«-h-bmWv. ]«n-I ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡q.• ]-cn-Øn-Xn kw-c£Ww• •

tI-µþkwØm-\ K-h¬-saâp-IÄ C¯-c¯nep-Å \n-ch[n ]-²-Xn-IÄ \-S-¸m-¡m-dpïv. k-am-\am-b ]-²-Xn-IÄ \-S-¸m-¡p-¶-XnÂ \n-§Ä ]-¦m-fn-I-fm-Ip-Itbm ]-²-Xn-bp-sS KpW-§Ä A-\p-`-hn-¡p-Itbm sN-bv-Xn-«p-tïm. A-\p`-hw ]-¦p-sh-bv¡q.

K-h¬-saâp-IÄ C¯-cw ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä G-sä-Sp-¯p \-S-¸m-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-sa´v? FÃm P-\-§-fp-sSbpw t£-aw D-d-¸m-¡p-I-bm-Wv C-h-bp-sS e-£yw. P-\-t£-aw e-£y-an-«v C¯-cw ]-²-Xn-IÄ \-S-¸m-¡p-hm³ tI-µþkwØm-\ K-h¬-saâp-I-tfm-Sv `-c-WL-S-\ \nÀ-t±-in-¡p¶p. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS `mKw IV Â DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn¡p-¶ C¯-cw \nÀ-t±i-§Ä cm-jv-S-\-b-¯n-se \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§Ä F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

H-cp t£-acm-jvSw kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-ïn-bm-Wv C¯-cw ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p-¶Xv. `-c-W-L-S-\bnÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-Xp-t]m-se C-h-sbÃmw \nÀ-t±-i-§-fmWv. hnhn-[ \b-§Ä cq-]o-I-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ K-h¬-saâp-IÄ C-h ]-cn-K-Wn-t¡ï-XmWv. km-aq-ln-Iþkm-¼-¯n-I-\o-Xn D-d-¸m-¡p-I, au-en-Im-h-Im-i-§fnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp¯m³ I-gn-bm-¯ A-h-Imi-§Ä kw-c-£n¡p-I Xp-S-§n-b-h C-Xn-eq-sS e-£y-an-Sp¶p. F¶mÂ \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§Ä \-S-¸m-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-ïn au-en-Im-h-Im-i-§-fn-te-Xp-t]m-se ]uc\v tIm-S-Xn-sb k-ao-]n¡m³ I-gn-bnÃ.

\nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z§Ä

k-ao-]-Ime-¯v tI-c-f ssl-t¡m-S-XnbnÂ ^-bÂ sN-¿s¸-« G-Xm-\pw

tl-_nb-kv tImÀ¸-kv lÀ-Pn-IÄ I-sï-¯n ¢mknÂ NÀ-¨ sN¿q.

tIc-f¯nÂ ¹m-Ìn-Iv \n-tcm-[-\w

\ne-hnÂ-h-cp¶p

2020þHm-sS FÃm-hÀ¡pw ]mÀ-¸n-Sw

e-£y-an-«v sse-^v ]-²Xn

sXm-gn-epd-¸v ]²-Xn t\-«w sIm-bv-Xv tIcfw

am-bw IeÀ-¶ sh-fn-s¨-® _mâp-IÄ

hnÂ-¸-\ \n-tcm-[n¨p

A-t´ym-Z-b ImÀ-Up-S-a-IÄ-¡v kuP-\y \n-c¡nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ A-cn



F¶mÂ au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä ]qÀ -W-am-b AÀ-°¯nÂ e-`n-¡-W-sa¦nÂ \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§Ä \-S-¸m-¡Ww.

au -en -Im -h -Im -i -§-tfm -sSm -¸w auen-I IÀ-¯-hy-§-fp-apïv. `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS `mKw IV em-Wv auen-I IÀ-¯-hy-§fpw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cm-jvSw A-h-Imi-§Ä e-`y-am-¡p-t¼mÄ cm-jv-S-t¯mSpw k-aq-l-t¯mSpw \-ap-¡v I-Sa-IÄ D-ïv F-¶v C-Xv \-s½ t_m-[y-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä \-½p-sS hy-àn-Xz-hn-Im-k-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-t¼mÄ \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§Ä P-\-t£-ahpw cm-jv-S-]p-tcm-K-Xnbpw D-d-¸m-¡p¶p. A-tXm-sSm-¸w auen-I IÀ-¯-hy-§Ä D-¯-a ]u-c-t_m-[-ap-Å H-cp P-\-Xsb kr-ãn-¡p¶p.

\nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§Ä t£-acm-jv-S- s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\? NÀ-¨

sN¿q.

au-en-I IÀ-¯-hy§Ä

\nÀ-t±-i-I X-Xz-§fpw t£-acm-jv-Shpw F-¶ hn-j-b¯nÂ H-cp NÀ-¨

¢mknÂ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡q.

hn-Zym-`ym-k A-hIm-i\nb-aw \-S-¸m-¡n-b-Xn-s\ Xp-SÀ-¶v `-c-W-L-S-\-bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp¯n-b H-cp auen-I IÀ-¯-hy-am-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. k-am-\am-b a-äpNn-e auen-I IÀ-¯-hy-§Ä \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. A-h \n-§Ä ]m-en-¡m-dptïm F-¶v hn-e-bn-cp-¯pI.

B-dn\pw ]-Xn-\m-en\pw CS-bv¡v ]m-b-ap-Å X-sâ Ip-«nt¡m X-sâ kw-c-£-W-bn-ep-Å Ip-«n-IÄ-t¡m A-Xm-Xp kwK-Xnt]m-se am-Xm-]n-Xm-¡tfm c-£-IÀ-¯mthm hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\p-Å A-h-kc-§Ä GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

s]m-Xp-kz-¯v kw-c-£n-¡m-dpïv

D-ïv CÃ

h-\-§fpw \-Zn-Ifpw X-Sm-I-§fpw kw-c-£n-¡p¶p.

D-ïv CÃ

`-c-W-L-S\-sb A-\p-k-cn-¡p¶p.

D-ïv CÃ

auen-I IÀ-¯hyw D-¯-a ]uc-s\ kr-ãn-¡p-¶XnÂ h-ln¡p-¶ ]-¦v

hn-i-Ie-\w sN¿q.

]u-c-t_m-[w

tIc-f¯nÂ k-ao-]-Im-e-¯pïm-b ]-f-b-k-a-b-s¯ c-£m-]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä



kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ Nn-X-§fpw Xm-bv-emân-se Kp-lbnÂ A-Is¸-« Ip-«n-I-sfbpw ^p-Sv -t_mÄ tIm¨n-s\bpw ]p-d-s¯-¯n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v \-S¯n-b c-£m-]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS Nn-X-§-fpam-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. c-ïv km-l-N-cy-§-fnepw K-h¬-saâpw hn-Z-Kv-[cpw km-[mc-W P-\-§fpw H-s¯m-cp-an-¨v \-S¯n-b ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fm-Wv Po-h-lm-\n ]-c-amh-[n H-gn-hm¡n Zp-cn-X-_m-[nX-sc c-£n-¡m³ k-lm-bn-¨Xv. ]-f-b-k-ab-¯v a-Õy-s¯m-gn-em-fn-Ifpw ]m-tZin-I P-\-§fpw K-h¬-saâv kw-hn-[m-\hpw c-£m-]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-\v t\-Xr Xzw \Â-Inbt¸mÄ tem-I-s¯-¼m-Sp-ap-Å P\-§Ä Zp-cn-X-_m-[n-XÀ-¡v B-h-iyam-b `-£-Whpw a-äv DÂ-¸-¶-§fpw e-`y-am-¡p-¶-Xn-\v A-´À-tZio-b X-e¯nÂ X-s¶ ]-hÀ-¯n-¨p F-¶v Im-Wmw. k-am-\am-b kw-`h-§Ä \n-§Ä-¡v Nq-ïn-¡m-Wn¡m³ I-gn-bp-tam? F-´m-Wv C-hbn-seÃmw s]m-Xp-hm-bp-Å L-SIw. ¢mÊnÂ NÀ-¨ sN-bv-Xv Xm-sg tcJ-s¸-Sp¯q.• tk-h-\ k¶²-X• am-\p-jnI-X• aq-ey-t_m[w••

F-Ãm-h-cnepw C -cw a-t\m- m-hw I-sï-¯m³ \-ap-¡v km-[n-¡p-I-bnÃ. D- -a-am-b H-cp kaq-lkr-ãn-¡v C -cw ]u-c-t_m-[w FÃm-h-cn-epw h-fÀ-¶p-h-cWw. F-´m-Wv ]u-c- t_m-[w? Hmtcm ]u-c\pw k-aq-l-¯n-\p-th-ïn-bp-Å-Xm-sW¶pw k-aq-l-¯n-sâ

D-¯-a XmÂ-¸-cy-§-fm-Wv ]uc-\v D-ïm-bn-cn-t¡-ï-sX-¶p-ap-Å Xn-cn-¨-dn-hm-Wv ]u-c-t_m[w. C-¯-c-sam-cp A-h-t_m-[w i-cnbm-b H-cp tem-I kr-ãn-¡-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv. FÃm-h-cnepw D-¯-aam-b ]u-c-t_m-[w kr-ãn-¡m-\mbmÂ k-aq-l-¯n-se ]-iv-\-§Ä-¡v F-fp-¸¯nÂ ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wm- \pw hniz-am\-h³ F-¶ k-¦Â-¸w \n-e- \nÀ-¯m\pw I-gn-bpw.

X-¶n-cn¡p-¶ X-e-s¡-«p-IÄ \n-co-£n-¡q. \mw kÀ-h-km-[m-c-W-am-bn ImWp-¶ hmÀ-¯-I-f-tÃ C-h. C¯-cw ]-iv-\-§-fp-sS t]cnÂ \mw K-h¬-saân-s\ Ip-ä-s¸-Sp-¯mdpw C-tÃ? F¶mÂ C¯-cw ]-iv-\-§Ä-¡v ]-cn-lm-cw Im-Wm³ K-h¬-saâp-I-sf-s¡m-ïp amXw I-gn-bnÃ. ]u-c-t_m-[-ap-Å P-\X-sb kr-ãn-¡m-\mbmÂ C¯-cw ]-iv\-§Ä k-aq-l¯nÂ D-ïm-hp-I-bnÃ F-¶-Xm-Wv h-kv-Xp-X. D-¯-a ]u-c-t_m-[-¯n-sâ A-`m-h¯mÂ s]m-Xp-k-aq-lw A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn¡p-¶ Nn-e ]-iv\-§Ä \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p¶p. D-¯-a ]u-c-t_m-[-¯n-\p-S-abm-b \n-§Ä Ch-sb t\-cn-Sp-¶-sX-§-s\-sb-¶v tc-J-s¸-Sp¯q.

`-£y DÂ-¸-¶-§-fnÂ Aan-X

Io-S-\m-in-\n ]-tbmKw

Ip-an-ªp-IqSp-¶ am-en\yw tam-iw

]u-c-t_m-[-¯n-sâ e£Ww

]-iv\§Ä ]-cn-lmcw

P-e-a-en-\o-IcWw • P-e tkm-X-Êp-Isf kz-bw a-en-\-am-¡nÃ.• P-e tkm-X-Êp-I-fp-sS kw-c£-Ww G-sä-Sp-¡pw.

A-gnaXn ••

am-bw tNÀ¡Â ••



CXnÂ\n¶pw FÃm-h-cnepw ]u-c-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp¯mÂ \mw A-`n-ap-Jo-I-cn¡p-¶ ]-iv-\-§Ä-¡v D-Nn-Xam-b ]-cn-lm-c-ap-ïmIpw F-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡mw. A-Xp-sIm-ïpX-s¶ sa-¨s¸-« ]u-c-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp¡m³ FÃm cm-Py-§fpw t_m-[-]qÀ-Æam-b ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä \-S-¯m-dpïv.

]u-c-t_m-[w F§-s\ h-fÀ-¯n-sb-Sp-¡mw

P-\-§fnÂ ]u-c-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¶p-h-cp-¶-sX-§-s\-sb-¶v Nn-´n-¨n-«p-tïm. hnhn-[ km-aqln-I Øm-]\-§Ä CXnÂ \nÀ-Wm-b-I ]-¦p-h-ln-¡p¶p. ]u-c-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯p-¶ XnÂ \nÀ-Wm-b-I ]-¦p-h-ln¡p-¶ Nn-e Øm-]-\-§fpw A-h-bp-sS ]¦pw kq-Nn- n¡p-¶ NmÀ-«v \n-co-£n¡q.

]u-c-t_m-[hpw [mÀ-an-I-Xbpw\Â-In-bn-cn¡p-¶ sN-¡v-en-Ìv ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡pI.

Ip-Spw_w • ap-XnÀ-¶h-sc _-lp-am-\n¡m³ io-en-¸n-¡p¶p.• IÀ-¯-hy-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯p¶p.• tk-h-\ k¶-²-X cq-]o-I-cn-¡p¶p.

hn-Zym-`ymkw • aq-ey-t_m[w, t\-Xr-KpWw, im-kv-X-t_m-[w F¶n-h h-fÀ-¯p¶p.

• km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy i-cn-bm-bn D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp¯p¶p.

kw-L-S\IÄ • tk-h-\ k¶-²-X h-fÀ-¯p¶p.• cm-jv-So-b-t_m-[hpw P-\m-[n-]-Xy-t_m-[hpw h-fÀ-¯p¶p.• Nn-´bpw ]-hÀ-¯-\-hpw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

am-[ya§Ä • hn-hc-§Ä P-\-§-fn-se-¯n-¨v B-i-b-cq-]o-Ic-W¯n\v k-lm-bn-¡p¶p.

• Xp-d-¶ kw-hm-Z-§-fn-eq-sS i-cnbm-b \n-Ka-\w cq-]-s¸-Sp¯m³ k-lm-bn-¡p¶p.

P-\m-[n-]Xyw • kzm-X-´yw, k-aXzw Xp-S-§n-b-h D-d-¸m-¡p¶p.• A-hIm-i kw-c-£-W-¯n-\p-th-ïn ]-hÀ-¯n¡m³

t]-cn-¸n-¡p¶p.

]-hÀ-¯\§Ä D-ïv CÃ

am-Xm-]n-Xm¡-sf D-Nn-X-am-bn kw-c-£n-¡p¶p

Zp-cn-X-a-\p-`-hn-¡p-¶h-sc k-lm-bn-¡p¶p

k-aq-l-¯n-\p-th-ïn AÀ-¸-W-a-t\m-`m-h-t¯m-sS ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶p



C-h-sbm-s¡ \mw \n-c -cw sN-¿p-¶ Nn-e ]-hÀ- -\-§-fmWv. [mÀ-an-I-X-bm-Wv C-h-bp-sS-sbm-s¡ A-Sn-Øm\w. \-·-Xn-·I-sf Xn-cn- -dn-ªv ]-hÀ- n-¡m³ \-ap-¡v I-gn-bWw. A-h-Imi-§Ä A-\p- -hn-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm- w Hmtcm ]u-c\pw X-sâ IÀ- -hy-§Ä

\nÀ-hln-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿Ww. ]u-c-t_m-[-ap-Å D-¯-a ]u-c³ cm-jv-S-¯n-\v ap-XÂ-¡q-«mWv. ]u-c-Xz-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å Cu A-h-t_m-[w kr-ãn-¡m³ km-aq-ly im-kv-X-]T-\w \n§-sf k-lm-bn-¡pw.

kw-Klw• ]uc-\v H-gn-¨p-IqSm³ I-gn-bm-¯ A-h-Im-i-§-fm-Wv au-en-Im-h-Im-

i§Ä.• A-hIm-i ]-Xn-I au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä D-d-¸m-¡p¶p.• Cý³ `-c-WL-S-\ `m-Kw aq-¶n-eq-sS B-dv au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä D-d-

¸p-\Â-Ip¶p.• t£-a-cm-jvSw F-¶ e£yw km-£m-Â¡-cn-¡m³ \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-

§Ä e-£y-an-Sp¶p.• A-h-Im-i-§-sf-¡q-Sm-sX auen-I IÀ-¯-hy-§fpw `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-epÄ-

s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pïv.• IÀ-¯-hy-§Ä D-¯-a ]u-c-t_m-[w kr-ãn-¡p-¶-Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-am-

Wv.• Ip-Spw_w, hn-Zym-`ym-kw Xp-S-§n-b-h ]u-c-t_m-[w h-fÀ-¯m³ k-lm-

bn-¡pw.• FÃm-h-cnepw [mÀ-an-I-t_m-[w h-fÀ¯m³ ]u-c-t_m-[w e-£y-an-

Sp¶p.

]T-\-t\«§Ä• au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä C-ýbnÂ cq-]-s¸-«-sX-§-s\-sb-¶v I-sï-

¯p¶p.• A-hIm-i ]-Xn-I \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p¶p.• Cý³ `-c-WL-S-\ D-d-¸p-\ÂIp-¶ au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä ]-kv-Xm-hn-

¡p¶p.• hnhn-[ au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.• \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§-fp-sS ]m-[m\yw I-sï-¯p¶p.• auen-I I-Sa-IÄ A-\p-jvTn-¡p¶p.• ]u-c-t_m-[-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p¶p.• ]u-c-t_m-[w h-fÀ¯m³ k-lm-bn¡p-¶ L-SI-§Ä hn-i-Ie-\w

sN¿m³ k-lm-bn-¡p¶p.• ]u-c-t_m-[hpw [À-an-I-Xbpw X-½n-ep-Å _-Ôw I-sï-¯p¶p.



hn-e-bn-cp¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä

• A-hIm-i ]-Xn-I F¶mÂ F´v?• au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä C-ý³ `-c-W-L-S-\-bp-sS G-Xv `m-K-¯m-Wv DÄ-s¸-Sp-

¯n-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv?• k-a-Xzm-h-Im-i-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-bn-hcp-¶ hnhn-[ B-ib-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?• kzm-X-ý-¯n-\p-Å A-h-Im-iw D-d-¸p-\ÂIp-¶ au-en-I kzm-X-ý-§Ä

]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯n hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.• Nq-j-W-s¯ CÃm-Xm-¡p-¶-Xn-\v -c-WL-S-\ ap-t¶m-«p-h-bv¡p-¶ \-S-]-Sn-IÄ

G-sXÃmw?• a-X-kzm-X-ýw a-tX-X-c-Xz-s¯ \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶XnÂ h-ln¡p-¶ ]-¦v hn-i-Z-

am-¡pI.• \yq-\-]-£-§Ä-¡v \Â-In-bn-cn¡p-¶ ]-tXy-I A-h-Imi-§Ä G-sXÃmw?• au-en-Im-h-Im-iw kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn¡p-¶ dn-«p-IÄ G-sXÃmw?• \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§Ä F¶mÂ F´v? A-h t£-a-cm-jv-S cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-\v

k-lm-b-I-am-Ip-¶-sX-§s\?• auen-I IÀ-¯-hy-§Ä F¶mÂ F´v?• ]u-c-t_m-[w F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïÀ-°-am-¡p-¶-sX´v? ]u-c-t_m-[ cq-]o-I-c-

W-s¯ k-lm-bn¡p-¶ L-SI-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?• [mÀ-an-I-X ]u-c-t_m-[ cq-]o-I-c-W-s¯ k-lm-bn-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

Xp-SÀ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä

• tI-c-f¯nÂ k-ao-]-Im-e-¯pïm-b tl-_nb-kv tImÀ¸-kv lÀ-Pn-IÄ ti-J-cn-¨v hn-i-I-e-\-¡p-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

• au-en-Im-h-Im-i-¯n-sâ hym-]v-Xn hn-]p-e-am¡n-b k-ao-]Im-e kp-]ow tImS-Xn hn-[n-IÄ ti-J-cn-¡pI.

• \nÀ-t±-i-I X-¯z-§Ä \-S-¸m-¡p-¶-Xn-\v tI-µ kwØm-\ K-h¬-saâp-IÄ ssI-s¡m-ï \-S-]-Sn-IÄ ti-J-cn-¨v Np-hÀ amkn-I X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

• DbÀ-¶ ]u-c-t_m-[w ]-I-Sn-¸n¡p-¶ al-Xv hy-àn-I-fp-sS Po-h-N-cnXw X-¿m-dm-¡pI.



]qÀ-®-ambn Ignbp¶p

`m-Kn-I-ambn Ignbp¶p

sa-¨-s¸tSï-Xpïv

A-h-Im-i-¸-Xn-I \nÀ-h-Nn¡m³

C´y³ `-c-W-L-S-\-bn-se au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp¯m³

au-en-Im-h-Imi-§Ä hn-i-Ie-\w sN¿m³

\nÀ-t±-i-I X-Xz-§-fp-sS ]m-[m-\yw hn-e-bn-cp¯m³

au-en-I IÀ-¯-hy-§-Ä \nÀ-h-Nn¡m³

]u-c-t_m-[-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn¡m³

]u-c-t_m-[-s¯ kzm-[o-\n¡p-¶ L-SI-§Ä hn-i-Z-am¡m³



cmjv-Shpw cmjv-S-X-´ im-kv-Xhpw


tem-I-¯nsâ cm-jv-So-b`q-]-S-am-Wv \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. `q]-S¯nÂ\n¶pw F-´m-Wv \n-§Ä-¡v I-sï-¯m-\m-Ip-¶Xv? tem-I-¯msI 195 cm-jv-S-§-fm-Wv D-ÅXv. A-Xmb-Xv


130 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n130 tIc-f --kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

cm-jvSw H-cp kmÀ-h-Xn-I Øm-]-\-amWv. a-\pjy³ cq-]w\ÂIn-b \nch[n Øm-]-\-§fnÂ G-ähpw ]-[m-\-s¸-«Xpw cm-jv-S-amWv. P-\-t£-aw D-d-¸m-¡p-¶Xn \pw kp-c-£n-Xhpw k-am-[m-\-]qÀ-W-hpam-b Po-hn-Xw km-[y-am-¡p-¶-Xn\pw A-h-Imi-§Ä kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw cm-jvSw A-\n-hm-cy-amWv.

F-´m-Wv cm-jvSw?a\pjyk-aq-l-¯n-\v C-¶v H-gn-

¨p-IqSm³ I-gn-bm-¯ Øm-]-\-am-Wv cm-jv-Sw. hy-Xykv-X cq-]-§fnÂ Bbn «msW¦nepw am-\-hPohnX¯n-ep-S-\o-fw cm-jvSw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶p F-¶v N-cn-Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. F-¶m epw B-[p\n-I AÀ-°¯nÂ cm-jvSw F-¶ ]-Zw B-Zy-am-bn D-]-tbm-Kn¨-Xv ]m-Ým-Xy Nn-´-I\m-b \n-t¡mtfm am-Iy-hÃn-bmWv. ]pcmX\ Ko¡pImcmIs« \

KccmjvSw F-¶ AÀ-°w hcp-¶ "t]m-fn-kv' F-¶ ]-Z-am-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¨n- cp-¶Xv.hy-Xykv-X Im-e-§fnÂ hnhn-[ Nn-´-I·mÀ cm-jv-S-s¯ \nÀ -h -Nn -¡p -I-bpïm-bn.CXnÂ G-ähpw]-[m-\-amb-Xv s]m^kÀ KmÀ-WÀ \ÂIn-b \nÀ-h-N-\-am-Wv. ""H-cp \n-Ýn-X q-]-tZi-¯v Øn-c-am-bn A-[n-h-kn-¡p-¶-hcpw ]-c-am-[nIm-c K-h¬-sa-tâm-SpIq-Sn-b-Xpamb P-\-X-bm-Wv cm-jv-Sw''. \nÀ-hN-\w ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ L-SI-§Ä Isï-¯n NmÀ-«v ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¡pI.

am-IyhÃn

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ L-SI§Ä

P\§Ä ........................................................ ............................

cm-jv-Scq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-\v ]-[m-\-ambpw \m-ev L-S-I-§-fm-Wv D-Å-Xv F-¶v a-\-kn-em-b-tÃm. cm-jv-S cq-]o-I-c-W¯nÂ Ch kp-][m-\ ]-¦p-h-ln-¡p¶p.

P\§Ä

tem-I P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS

17.2 i-X-am-\w C-´ybnÂ C-´y P-\-kw-Jym\-bw ]-Jym-]n¨p

P-\-kw-JybnÂ `q-«m³

164þmw Øm-\¯v

hnhn-[ cm-Py-§-fn-se P-\kw-Jy-bp-am-bn _-Ô s¸-« hmÀ-¯m X-e-s¡-«p-I-fm-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-b-Xv.



cm-jvSw cq-]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-S-W-sa¦nÂ P\-§Ä D-ïm-hWw. cm-Py-¯v F-X-amXw P\-§Ä D-ïm-hWw? Cu tNm-Zy-¯n-\v D¯-cw \ÂIp-I km-[yaÃ. Imc-Ww H-cp cm-Py-s¯ Ip-d-ª P-\-kw-Jytbm IqSn-b P-\-kw-Jytbm \n-Ý-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«nÃ. IqSn-b P-\-kw-Jy cm-jv-S-¯n-\v _m-²y-X-bm-hp-t¼mÄ Ip-d-ª P-\-kw-Jy cm-jv-S-hn-I-k-\-s¯ ]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn _m-[n-¡pw.

P\-§Ä H-cp a-X-hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-«-htcm H-tc `m-j kw-km-cn-¡p-¶-htcm B-h-W-sa-¶nÃ. temI-¯v FÃm cm-Py-§-fnepw ssh-hn-²y kz-`m-h-ap-Å P-\-§-fm-Wv D-ÅXv. C-ý-bn-se P\-§Ä `m-j, aXw, kw-kv-Im-cw Xp-S-§n-b-h-bn-seÃmw hy-Xy-kv-X-cm-W-tÃm. ssh-hn-²y-§Ä \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-t¼mÄ X-s¶ H-s¯m-cp-a-tbm-sS Po-hn-¡p-¶-h-cmh-Ww Hcp cm-jv-S-¯nse P-\§Ä.

`q-]-tZiw

C-ý-bp-sS `q-]-S-am-Wv ap-I-fnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. `q]-Sw ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v C-ý A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦p-h-bv¡p-¶ cm-Py-§-Ä, P-e-ta-J-e F-¶nh F-gp-Xn Xm-sg X-¶n-cn¡p¶ ]«n-I ]qÀ-¯o-I-cn-¡pI.• ]m-In-Øm³ • t\¸mÄ • Cý³ -kapZw• • •• • •

F-´m-Wv CXnÂ\n¶pw \mw a-\-kn-em-¡p-¶Xv. C-ý, ]m-In-Øm³, ssN-\, t\-¸mÄ, `q-«m³, _w-¥m-tZ-iv F-¶o cm-Py-§-fp-am-bn A-XnÀ-¯n ]-¦p-h-bv-¡p-¶-tXm-sSm-¸w P-e A-XnÀ-¯nbpw C-ý-¡p-ïv. Cu A-Xn-cp-IÄ-¡pÅnÂ hcp-¶ `q-]tZ-ita-J-e C-ý-bp-sS ]-c-am-[nIm-c `q-]-tZ-i-amWv. Ir-Xy-am-b H-cp `q-]-tZ-ita-J-e cm-jv-Scq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-\v B-h-iy- amWv. P\-§Ä \n-Ýn-Xam-b `q-]-tZi-¯v Øn-c-am-bn Xm-a-kn-¡p-



t¼mÄ am-X-ta cm-jvSw \n-ehnÂ hcq. `q-]-tZ-iw F¶mÂ A-XnÀ-¯n-¡pÅnÂ

hcp-¶ I-c, hmbp, P-eta-Je-IÄ F-¶m-Wv AÀ-°-am-¡p-¶-Xv.

h-en-¸w IqSn-b djy, Im\-U, A-ta-cn-¡ t]m-se-bp-Å cm-Py-§fpw kmâv saco-t\m, h-¯n¡m³ \K-cw Xp-S§n-b sNdn-b cm-Py-§fpw `q-]-S¯nÂ Im-Wmw. F-´m-Wv CXnÂ \n¶pw \-mw a-\-kn-em-t¡-ïXv. `q-]-tZ-i-]-cam-b h-en-¸w cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-s\ _m-[n-¡p-¶nÃ. Ir-Xyam-b A-XnÀ-¯n-tbm-Sp-IqSn-b `q-]-tZ-iw D-ïmbmÂ aXn. F¶mÂ `q-]-tZ-i-]-cam-b h-en-¸w hn-`-h-§-fp-sS e-`y-X-sb-bpw A-Xn-eq-sS cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ hn-I-k-\-s¯-bpw kzm-[o-\n-¡pw.

tem-I cm-jv-So-b `q]-Sw \n-co-£n¡q

`q-]-tZ-i-]-cam-b h-en-¸w cm-jv-S-hn-I-k-\-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\? hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿pI.



K-h¬-saâv

hnhn-[ cm-Py-§-fn-se K-h¬-saâp-I-fp-am-bn _-Ôs¸« hmÀ-¯m X-e-s¡-«p-I-fm-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. Hmtcm cm-jv-S-¯n\pw A-Xn-tâXm-b K-h¬-saâv D-sï¶pw hnhn-[ cm-Py-§ fnÂ hy-Xy-kv-X§fmb K-h¬-saâp-I-fm-Wv \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv F¶pw CXnÂ \n¶pw a-\-kn-em-¡mw. Nn-e cm-Py-§ fnÂ P-\m-[n]-Xy `-c-Whpw a-äp Nn-e cm-Py-§fnÂ cm-P-`-c-Wtam ssk\n-I `-c-Whptam B-hmw \n-e-\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. K-h¬-saâv G-Xp-X-c-¯n-ep-Å-Xm-bmepw cm-jvS¯nsâ \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-\v K-h¬-saâv Iq-Sn-tb Xo-cq F-¶-Xm-Wv h-kv-XpX. K-h¬-saân-sâ L-S-\tbm kz-`m-htam am-dn-bmepw cm-jv-S-¯n-\v am-ä-ap-ïm-hp-I-bnÃ.

cm-jvSw P-\-§-fn-te--s¡-¯p¶-Xv K-h¬-saân-eq-sS-bmWv. cm-jv-S-¯n-\m-h-iyam-b \n-ba-§Ä \nÀ-an-¡p-I, A-h \-S-¸m-¡p-I, P-\-§Ä-¡v \o-Xn e-`y-am¡p-I Xp-S-§n-b-h-sbÃmw K-h¬-saân-sâ D-¯-c-hm-Zn-Xz-amWv. K-h¬-saânÃm-¯ ]-£w P-\-§Ä-¡v k-am-[m-\-]qÀ-hw H-s¯m-cp-a-tbm-sS Po-hn¡p-I km-[yaÃ.

ZznZn-\ k-µÀ-i-\-¯n-\v ku-Zn

cm-Pm-hv C-¶v X-e-Øm-\-s¯¯pw

tN-cn-tN-cm D-¨-tIm-SnbnÂ ]-s¦-Sp¡m³

]-[m-\-ań sh-\n-tkz-ebnÂ

A-ta-cn-¡³ ]-kn-Uâm-bn tUm-WÄ-Uv Sw-]v C-¶v k-Xy-]-Xn-Ú sN¿pw

]-c-am-[n-Imcw

cmjv-Sw, K-h¬-saâv F-¶o B-ib-§Ä F§-s\ hy-Xym-k-s¸-Sp¶p?

B-tKm-f ò-I-c-hm-Z-s¯ t\-cn-Sp-¶-Xn-\v

Cý, d-jy D-`-bI-£n k-l-IcWw

hy-hkm-b ImÀjn-I ta-J-e-I-fp-sS

]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v Iq-Sp-XÂ ]-Ww h-I-bn-cp¯pw

l-cn-XKr-l hm-X-I-§-fp-sS _-lnÀ-Ka-\w Ip-d-bv¡m³ ]pXn-b IcmÀ B-tem-N-\bnÂ

tZio-bX-e¯nÂ K-h¬-saâp-IÄ F-Sp¡p-¶ Xo-cp-am-\-§fpw A-´À-tZio-b hn-j-b-§-fn-se \n-e-]m -Sp-Ifpw cm-Py-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å D-`-bI-£n _-Ô-hp-am-Wv hmÀ-¯bnÂ ]-Xn- ]m-Zn-¡p-¶-Xv. 1947 B-K-Ìv 15þ\v ap³- ]v C¯-cw hn-j-b-§fnÂ Xo-cp-am-\w F-Sp¡m³ C-ý--¡v I-gn-ªn-cp-¶nÃ. Cý--¡v th-ïn _n-«o-jv K-h¬-saâm-Wv Xo-cp-am\-§Ä F-Sp-¯n-cp-¶Xv. C-ý kz-X-´-am-b-tXm-sS Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡m-\p-Å A-[n-Im-cw cm-Py-s¯ P-\-§Ä-¡v e-`n¨p.

cm-jv-Scq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-\-\n-hm-cy-am-b Hcp L-S-I-am-Wv ]-c-am-[n-Imcw. a-äv aq-¶p L-S-I-§fpw D-ïm-bmepw cm-jvSw \n-ehnÂh-c-W-sa¦nÂ ]-c-am-[n-Im-cw D-ïm-hWw. F-´m-Wv ]-c-am-[n-Imcw? B-`y-´-chn-j-b-§fnÂ Xo-cp-am-\w F-Sp-¡m\pw A-´À-tZio-b hn-j-b-§fnÂ kz-X-ám-b \n-e-]m-sS-Sp-¡m\pw D-Å cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ ]-c-tam-¶-X A-[n-Im-c-am-Wv AXv. ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ Cu c-ïpXe-§Ä NmÀ«nÂ \n-co-£n-¡q.



]-c-am-[n-Im-cw hn-`-Pn¡m³ I-gn-bm-¯Xpw k-¼qÀ-Whpw A-]-cn-an-X-hp-am-Wv. hn-`-Pn¨mÂ ]pXn-b cm-jvSw cq-]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-Spw.

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ e£yhpw Npa-X-ebpw kw-_-Ôn-¨ s_-´m-an-sâ Bi-bw ]-cn-tim-[n¡q. cm-jv-S-¯n-se ]-c-amh-[n P-\-§-fp-sS t£-a-w Dd¸p-h-cp¯p-I F-¶-XmWv cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ e-£yw. FÃm-hÀ¡pw kp-c-£n-X-Xzhpw sa-¨s¸-« Pohn-Xkm-l-N-cy-§fpw ]-Zm-\w sN¿p-I F-¶-XmWv F-¡m-e¯pw cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ Np-a-X-e-bm-bn I-W-¡m-¡-s¸«n«p-ÅXv. cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ Np-a-Xe-IÄ kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ NmÀ-«v \n-co-£n¡q.

]-c-am-[n-Im-cw

B-`y-´-cXewcm-jv-S-¯n-sâ `q-]tZ-i ]-cn-[n-¡pÅnÂ hcp-¶ Im-cy-§fnÂ Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.

_m-lyXewA-´À-tZio-b hn-j-b-§fnÂ

\n-e-]m-sS-Sp-¡m-\p-Å A-[n-Imcw.

C-´y A-´À-tZio-b hn-j-b-¯nepw B-`y-´-cIm-cy-§-fnepw F-Sp-¯n-«p-Å Xo-cp-am\-§Ä I-sï-¯n ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ e£yw G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ t]À-¡v G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ \-· sN-¿-emWv.

þ sPÀ-an _´mw

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ Np-a-XeIÄ

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ Np-a-XeIÄ

\nÀ-_Ôn-X NpaX-e

•A-XnÀ-¯n kw-c-£Ww.

• I-a-k-am-[m-\w D-d-¸m¡Â.

• \o-Xn \-S-¸m¡Â.

• ]uc-sâ Po-h-\pw kz¯pw kw-c-£n-¡Â.

hn-th-N-\-]-cam-b NpaX-e

•B-tcm-Kykw-c-£Ww.

•hn-Zym-`ym-kku-Icyw e-`y-am-¡pI.

•K-Xm-K-Xku-Icyw hÀ-²n-¸n-¡pI.

•hnI-k-\]-²-Xn-IÄ

\-S-¸m-¡pI.



cm-jvSw FÃm-bv-t¸mgpw \nÀ-h-ln-t¡-ï Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv \nÀ-_Ôn-X Np-a-X-eIÄ. \nÀ-_Ôn-X Np-a-Xe-IÄ \nÀ-h-ln-¡m-¯ ]-£w cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ \n-e-\nÂ¸pw P-\-§-fp-sS Po-h\pw A-]-I-S-¯n-em-hpw. F-¶mÂ cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ km-¼¯n-IØn-Xn A-Sn-Ø-m\-am-¡n \nÀ-h-ln¡p-¶ Np-a-X-e-I-fm-Wv hn-th-N-\-]-cam-b Np-aX-eIÄ. km-¼¯n-I Øn-Xn A-\p-hZn-¡m-¯ ]-£w C-h \nÀ-h-ln-¡p¶-Xv ]cnanXs¸Sp¯pItbm Hgnhm¡pItbm B-hmw. A-tX-ka-bw \nÀ-_Ôn-X Np-a-X-e-bp-sS Im-cy¯nÂ A-Xv km-²yaÃ.

hn-Zym-`ymkw, B-tcm-Kykw-c-£Ww, sXm-gn-e-hk-cw Dïm¡Â Xp-

C-´y \nÀ-h-ln¡p-¶ \nÀ-_Ôn-X hn-th-N-\ Np-a-Xe-IÄ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n ho-Untbm BÂ-_w X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

cm-jvSw \nÀ-h-ln¡p-¶ \nÀ-_-Ôn-Xh-pw hn-th-N-\-]-chpw B-b Np-a-Xe-IÄ

X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw ]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p-I?

S§n-b hn-th-N-\-]-cam-b Np-a-Xe-IÄ G-sä-Sp-¯v \-S-¸m-¡p-t¼mÄ cm-jvSw AXnsâ e£y¯nÂ t£-a-cm-jv-S-am-bn am-dpw.

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`mhwcm-jvSw F§-s\ \n-ehnÂ

h-¶p F¶-Xv F-¡m-e-¯pw H-cp kw-hm-Z hn-j-b-amWv. cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hy-Xykv-X Im-gv-N-¸m-Sp-I-fm-Wv Nn-´-IÀ-¡n-SbnÂ \n-e -\nÂ-¡p-¶Xv. F-´p X-s¶-bm-bmepw ]p-cm-X-\-Im-ew ap-XÂ cm-jvSw \n-e-\n-¶n-cp-¶p F¶-Xv h-kv-Xp-X-bmWv. cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-hw kw-_-Ôn-¨v [m-cm-fw kn-²m´-§Ä D-¶-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«pïv. A-hbnÂ ]-[m-\-am-b-h U-b-K¯nÂ \n-co-£n¡q.

• cm-jv-Scq-]o-Ic-Ww kw-_-Ôn-¨v G-ähpw ]-g-¡-ap-Å kn-²m´w.

• cm-jvSw ssZ-hkr-ãn-bmWv.•ssZ-h¯nÂ\n¶pw cm-Pm-hn-\v

A-[n-Im-cw e-`n-¡p¶p.•ssZ-h-t¯m-Sp am-X-am-Wv

cm-Pm-hn-\v I-S-¸mSv.

•P\-§Ä cq-]w\ÂIn-b I-cm-dn-sâ ^-e-am-Wv cm-jv-Sw.

•A-h-Imi-§Ä kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw B-h-iy-§Ä t\-Sp-¶-Xn\pw P\-§Ä cm-jv-S-¯n-\v cq-]w \ÂIn.

•bp-²hpw A-[n-\n-th-i-hp-am-Wv cm-jv-S cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-te--¡v \-bn-¨Xv.

•i-àÀ ZpÀ-_-e-cp-sStaÂ B-[n-]-Xyw t\-Sn-b-Xn-sâ ^-e-am-Wv cm-jv-Sw.

cm-jv-S cq-]oI-c-W kn-²m´§Ä

ssZ-h-Z-¯ kn-²m´wkm-aq-ly D-S¼-Sn

kn-²m´w

i-ànkn-²m´w]-cnWm-akn-²m´w

• cm-jvSw N-cn-Xkr-ãn-bmWv.•km-aqln-I ]-cn-Wm-a-¯n-eq-sS

cm-jvSw \n-e-hnÂ-h¶p.



cm-jv-Scq-]o-I-c-W-hp-am-bn _-Ô -s¸-«v s]m-Xp-sh kzo-I-m-cyam-b kn-²m-´w ]-cnWm-akn-²m-´-amWv. Cu kn-²m-´-a-\p-k-cn-¨v tKmXw, tKm-X-`c-Ww F-¶n-hbnÂ XpS-§n hn-hn-[ L-«-§-fn-eq-sS C-¶-s¯ \n-ebnÂ F-¯n-sb-¶v I-cp-X-s¸-Sp¶p. B-[p\n-I cm-jv-S-§Ä an¡h bpw tZ-i-cm-jv-S-§-Ä F¶ t]-cn-em-Wv A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. s]m-Xphm-b tZ-io-b-X-bp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ cq-]o-I-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv C-]-Im-cw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. cmjvSt¯mSpÅ P\§fpsS DZm¯amb kvt\lhpw ]Xn_²X bpw sFIyhpamWv tZicmjvS¯nsâ apJapZ.

cm-jv-Shpw ]u-c\pw

cm-jvScq-]o-I-c-W-hp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« ][m-\ kn-²m´-§Ä F-s´Ãmw?

hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.

2016þÂ Iym-\-U-bn-te-¡v Ip-Sn-tb-dn-b-Xv

300000 P\§Ä

H-cp cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ \n-b-a-\nÀam-W \-S-]-Sn-I-fnepw \o-Xn\nÀ-h-l-W-

¯nepw ]-s¦-Sp¡m³ A-[n-Im-c-ap-Å G-Xp

hy-àn-sbbpw B cm-jv-S-¯n-se ]u-c³ F-¶v hn-fn-¡mw.

þ A-cn-tÌm«nÂ

]apJ Ko¡v NnÍ\mb Acn tkväm«nÂ cmjvSX´ imkvX¯nsâ bpw aäv At\Iw ]mTyhnjb§fp sSbpw ]nXmhv F¶v Adnbs¸Sp¶p. cm-jvSs¯bpw cmjvSX´ imkvXs¯ bpw kaKambn hniIe\w sN¿p¶ At±l¯nsâ ]apJ IrXnbmWv s]mfnänIvkv.

Cý³ hw-i-PÀ-¡v

C-ý³ ]u-c-Xz-¯n-\v

A-t]-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å

A-hkm-\ Xob-Xn

Un-kw-_À 31þte--¡v \o«n

hmÀ-¯ \n-co-£n¡q. Cý³ hw-i-P-cm-b-hÀ-¡v Cý³ ]u-cXzw t\-Sp-¶-Xn-\v C-Xn-eq-sS A-hkcw e-`n-¡p¶p. CXnÂ

cm-jv-Scq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-\v P\-§Ä B-h-iy-am-sW-¶v I-ï-tÃm. cm-jv-Shpw hy-ànbpw X-½n-ep-Å _-Ôw \n-Ý-bn-¡p¶-Xv ]u-c-Xz-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bmWv. \Â-In-bn-cn¡p-¶ hmÀ-¯m X-e s¡«v \n-co-£n¡q.

cm-jv-Shpw ]u-c\pw X-½n-ep-Å ]-c-kv-]-c_-Ôw A-cn-tÌm-«n-en-sâ Cu \nÀ-h-N-\¯nÂ\n¶pw a-\-kn-em-¡mw. H-cp cm-Py-s¯ ]qÀ-W-hpw XpÃy-hpam-b Aw-K-Xz-am-Wv ]u-c-Xzw. ]u-cXzw H-cp hy-àn-sb cm-jv-So-b A-h-Im-i-§Ä¡pw ]u-cm-h-Im-i-§Ä¡pw ]m-]v-X-\m-¡p¶p. A-h-Im-i-§-tfm-sSm-¸w I-Sa-Ifpw D-sï¶ Imcyw ]u-cXzw P-\-§-sf HmÀ-a-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.



\n¶pw ]u-cXzw c-ïp-X-c-ap-ïv F-¶v a-\-kn-em-¡mw. NmÀ-«v \n-co-£n¡q.

]u-cXzwkzm-`mhn-I ]u-c-Xzw

P·-\m e-`n¡p-¶ ]u-cXzw

BÀPn-X ]u-cXzw

\n-b-a-]-cam-b \-S-]-Sn-I-fn-eq-sS t\Sp-¶ ]u-cXzw

H-cp cm-Py--s¯ A-[n-h-kn¡p-¶ FÃm P-\-§fpw B cm-Py-s¯ ]u-c³ B-I-W-sa-¶nÃ. [m-cm-fw C´y³ sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ hntZ-icm-Py-§fnÂ sXmgnÂ sN-¿p-¶p-ï-tÃm. ]uc-\v e- n¡p-¶ FÃm A-h-Im-i-§ fpw hntZ-i sXm-gn-em-fn-IÄ-¡v e-`n-¡nÃ. ]uc-\v am-X-am-Wv P-\m-[n]-Xy cm-Py-§ fnÂ cm-jv-So-b A-h-Imi-§Ä e-`n-¡pI.

cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kvXw

cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kvXw cm-jv-S¯nÂ Xp-S-§n

cm-jv-S¯nÂ A-h-km-\n-¡p¶p. þ KmÀWÀ

B-Zy-am-bn \nÀ-h-Nn-¨ hy-ànsb-¶ \n-ebn Â A-t±-lw cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-¯n-sâ ]n-Xm-hm-bn A-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. \-K-c-cm-jvSw F-¶À-°w hcp-¶ t]m-fn-kv F-¶ Ko-¡v ]-Z¯nÂ\n-¶m-Wv t]m-fn-än-Iv-kv F-¶ hm-¡v cq-]w sIm-ï-Xv.

cm-jv-Sw, K-h¬-saâv F-¶o Øm-]-\-§-sf-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]T-\sa-¶ \n-e-bn-em-Wv cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kvXw \n-ehnÂh-¶Xv. F¶mÂ ]nÂ-¡me-¯v cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X ]T-\-¯n-sâ ta-J-e h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw hn-]p-e-ambn. A-[n-Imcw, A-[n-Im-c-hn-\n-tbm-Kw F-¶n-h-bv-¡v ]nÂ-¡me-¯v ]m-ap-Jyw e-`n¨p. P-\m-[n]-Xy hy-h-Ø h-fÀ-¨ ]m-]n-¨-tXm-sS cm-jv-So-b ]-¦m-fn-¯-¯n \pw ]m-[m\yw e-`n¨p. cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-¯n-sâ ][m-\ ]T-\ta-Je-IÄ NmÀ«nÂ \n-co-£n¡q.cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-s¯-¡p-

dn-¨p-Å KmÀ-W-dp-sS \nÀ-h-N-\-am-Wv ap-IfnÂ \Â-In-bn-cn-¡p-¶Xv. cm-jv-S-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]T-\-am-Wv cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-sa-¶v KmÀ-WÀ C-hn-sS A-`n- ]m-b-s¸-Sp¶p. cm-jv-S-s¯ ka-K hn-i-I-e-\-¯n-\v hn-t[-b-am-¡nb-Xv Ko-¡v Nn-´-I\m-b A-cn-tÌm-«n-emWv. cm-jv-Sw, K-h¬-saâv F-¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]T-\-am-bn cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-s¯ A-cn-tÌm«nÂ \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p¶p. cm-jv-Sw, K-h¬-saâv F¶n-h k-a-K-am-bn hn-i-Ie-\w sN¿p-¶ "s]m-fn-än-Ivkv' F-¶ X-sâ Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-s¯ A-t±-lw C-]-Im-cw \nÀ-h-Nn-¨-Xv. cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-s¯

cm-j

v-S-X

-´ i

m-kv-X

w: ]

T-\

ta-J

eI

Ä cm-jv-So-b kn-²m´§Ä

A-´À-tZio-b cm-jv-Sobw

Xm-c-X-ay cm-jv-Sobw

s]m-Xp-`cWw



kw-Klw•P-\§Ä, q-]-tZiw, K-h¬-saâv, ]-c-am-

[n-Im-cw F-¶n§-s\ \m-ep L-S-I-§-tfm-Sp-IqSn-b Øm-]-\-am-Wv cm-jv-Sw.

• ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-¯n-\v B-`y-´-c_m-ly-Xe-§Ä Dïv.

• cm-jvSw \nÀ-_-Ôn-Xhpw hn-th-N-\-]-c-hpam-b Np-a-Xe-IÄ \nÀ-h-ln-¡p¶p.

•A-XnÀ-¯n kw-c-£Ww, I-a-k-am-[m-\-]me-\w F-¶n-§-s\-bp-Å Np-a-Xe-IÄ \nÀ-_Ôn-X Np-a-X-e-I-fmWv.

•B-tcm-Ky kw-c£-Ww, hnI-k-\ ]-²-Xn-IÄ \-S-¸m¡p-I Xp-S§n-b hn-

]qÀ-®-ambn

`m-Kn-I-ambn

sa-¨-s¸SWw

cm-jv-S-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn¡m³ I-gnbpw

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ L-SI-§Ä hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿m³ I-gnbpw

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h-s¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å kn-²m´-§Ä hn-i-Z-am¡m³ I-gnbpw

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ Np-a-Xe-IÄ X-cw-Xn-cn-¨v ]-kv-Xm-hn¡m³ I-gnbpw

]u-c-Xz-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn-¡m³ I-gnbpw

]u-c\pw cm-jv-Shpw X-½n-ep-Å _-Ôw hn-i-Z-am¡m³ I-gnbpw

cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn¡m³ I-gnbpw

cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ ta-Je-IÄ ]-«n-I-¸-Sp¯m³ I-gnbpw

th-N-\-]-cam-b Np-a-Xe-IÄ cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ km-¼¯n-I Øn-Xn--¡-\p-kr-X-am-bn \nÀ-h-ln-t¡-ï-h-bmWv.

• cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ B-hnÀ-`m-h-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hnhn-[ kn-²m´-§Ä \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p.

• cm-Py-s¯ P-\-§Ä ]u-c³ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

• ]u-cXzw kzm-`-mhn-I ]u-c-Xzw, BÀPn-X ]u-cXzw F-¶n§-s\ c-ïp-X-c-¯n-epïv.

• cm-jv-S-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å ]T-\w F-¶ \n-ebnÂ B-hnÀ-`-hn-¨ H-cp ]T-\-im-J-bm-Wv cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-Xw.

]T-\t\«§Ä• cm-jv-S-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn-¨v A-Xn-sâ kmÀ-h-Xn-I kz-`m-hw hy-à-am-¡p¶p.• cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ L-SI-§Ä hn-i-Ie-\w sN-¿p¶p.• ]-c-am-[n-Im-c-¯n-sâ B-`y-´-c _m-ly-Xe-§Ä hn-e-bn-cp-¯p¶p.• cm-jv-S-¯n-sâ \nÀ-_-Ôn-Xhpw hn-th-N-\-]-c-hpam-b Np-a-Xe-IÄ thÀ-Xn-cn-¨v hn-i-Z-am-

¡p¶p.• cm-jv-Scq-]o-I-c-W-s¯-¡p-dn-¨p-Å kn-²m´-§Ä hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.• ]u-c-Xz-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn-¨v cm-jv-Shpw ]u-c\pw X-½n-ep-Å _-Ôw I-sï-¯p¶p.•kzm-`mhn-I ]u-c-Xzhpw BÀPn-X ]u-c-Xzhpw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw ]-kv-Xm-hn-¡p¶p.• cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-s¯ \nÀ-h-Nn-¡p¶p.• cm-jv-S-X-´ im-kv-X-¯n-se hnhn-[ ]T-\ ta-Je-IÄ ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

Xp-SÀ ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä• ]ap-J cm-jv-So-b Nn- -I-cp-sS Nn-X-§fpw A-h-cp-sS ][m-\ Ir-Xn-Ifpw DÄ-s -Sp- n

BÂ-_w X-¿m-dm-¡pI.•C- y-bn-se tI-µ kwØm-\ K-h¬-saâp-IÄ \nÀ-h-ln¡p-¶ hn-th-N-\ Np-a-Xe-IÄ

A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n tUm-Iyp-saâ-dn X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.



kaql¯nsâ imkvXw


hc«mÀ ]p\cpÖoh\w XnI¨pw P\Iobw... \m«pImcpsS hnfntI«v ]pg Xncns¨¯nbXnsâ kt´mj¯nemWv BZn ]¼bpsS

Xoc¯pÅhÀ. ]gb \ZoXSw XncnsI F¯ptam F¶XmWv Cu ]tZis¯ P\§ fpsS ][m\ kwkmchnjbw.

Hcn¡Â hänt¸mb ]pgsb ]p\cpÖohn¸n¡Wsa¶ \m«pImcpsS Dd¨ Xo-cpam\amWv hc«mÀ ]p\cpÖoh\ ]²Xn¡v XpS¡an«Xv. XnI¨pw P\Iob ]¦mfn ¯t¯msSbmWv ]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¡p¶Xv. cmãob, kmaqlnI, kmwkv--ImcnI ]hÀ¯Icpw hntZi aebmfnIfpw \m«pImÀ¡v klmbhpamsb¯n.

hc«mdnsâ Xoc¯pÅ ]©mb¯pIfnse P\§Ä ]mtZinI kanXnIÄ cq]oIcn¨mWv ]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶Xv. \ZnbpsS apJw Xpd¡Â DÕham¡m³ \msSmcp§pIbmWv...

apIfnÂ \ÂInbncn¡p¶ hnhcWw hmbn¨phtÃm? hfsctbsd P\i²bpw ]iwkbpw ]nSn¨p]änb Hcp ]hÀ¯-\s¯¡pdn¨mWv ChnsS ]kvXmhn¨Xv. ChnsS hc«mdnsâ Xo-c¯pÅhcpw ]cnØnXn ]hÀ¯Icpw H¶n¨ncp¶v BkqX-Ww sNbvX ]cn]mSnIfpsS ASnØm\¯nembncp¶p Ch-cpsS ]hÀ-¯\§Ä. hc«mdnsâ ]p\cpÖoh\w F¶ e-£yw \ndthän¡gnªmÂ Cu Iq«mbva CÃmsXbmIpw.

kaql¯nsâ imkvXw


""]ckv]cw klIcn¡p¶ ctïm AXne[nItam hyànIfpsS kwL§fm-Wv kmaqly kw-L-§Ä.'' þ tabÀ \nw t¡m^vCu \nÀhN\§fpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ kmaqlykwL§Ä¡v DZm-lcWw Fgp Xmtam?• IpSpw_w • Htc Øm]\¯nÂ tPmen sN¿p¶-

hÀ• Htc kwLS-\bnÂ AwKambn«pÅhÀ

IpSpw_-¯nsâ khnti-jXIÄ Fs´Ãmam-sW¶v t\m¡mw.

• ]ckv]cw Adnbp¶-hÀ• ]ckv]ckvt\-lw• ]cnNn-XÀ• DbÀ¶ kwLt_m-[w• s]mXphmb Nne ]hÀ¯\ coXn-IÄ• AwK§fpsS Bhiy§Ä \ndth-

äp¶p • hyàn-Xzs¯ kzm[o\n¡p¶p

H-cp _-kv tÌm¸nÂ _kv Im¯p\n Â¡p¶hcpw Hcp kt½f\¯nÂ ]s¦Sp¡p¶-hcpw ]ckv]cw Adn-bWw F-¶nÃ. ]ckv]c Bibhn\n abhpw \nÀ_ÔanÃ. \nÝnX _ÔhpanÃ. C¯cw BfpIfpsS Iq«s¯ kmaqlyk©bw (Social Agre-gate) AsÃ¦nÂ AÀ²kwL§Ä (Quasi Groups) F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

CtXt]mse Dt±iye£yw \n dthän¡gnbpt¼mÄ CÃmXmIp¶ kwL§fpw PohnXImew apgph³ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶ kmaqlykwL§fpapïv. \½psS IpSpw_wXs¶ DZmlcWambn FSp¡mw. IpSpw_w F¶Xv AÑ³, A½, a¡Ä F¶nhcS§p¶ Hcp kmaqly kw-LamWv.

kmaqlykwL§Ä¡v DZmlcW-amWv: • IpSpw_w • ¢_p-IÄ• Iq«pImÀ • kwLS\IÄ XpS§nbh

kmaqlykwLw kaqlPohnbmb a\pjy\v kmaqly kwL§fnÃmsX \ne\nÂ¸nÃ.

F´mWv kmaqlykwLw? ""ctïm AXne[nItam BÄ¡mÀ

H¶n¨pIqSpIbpw ]ckv]cw kzm[o\w sNep¯pIbpw sN¿pt¼mÄ AXns\ Hcp kmaqly kwLw F¶v hnfn¡p-¶p.'' þ hneyw HmKv--_¬

kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

klPohnItfm, kmaqlnI kwL§t-fm CÃm¯ kmlNcy§fnÂ

Dïmhm\nSbp-Å ]iv\§Ä NÀ¨ sNbv--Xv-- Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡pI.


kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

cïp hyXykvXXc¯nepÅ kwL§fpsS NnX§fmWv X¶ncn¡p-¶Xv. Ch X½nepÅ hyXymk§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

B-Zys¯ NnX¯nÂ A-Ñ\pw A½bpw a¡fpamWv. cïmas¯ NnXw Hcp k-vIqfnse t\¨À ¢_v AwK§fptSXm Wv. Ch cïpw hyXykvXkwL§sf ]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶p. AwK_ew, AwK §-fpsS ]ckv]c_Ôw, ]hÀ¯\ amÀ-K§Ä, \nÀhlW ia§Ä XpS§nbh ASnØm\am¡n kmaqly kwL§sf XcwXncn¨ncn¡p¶p.

km-aqlykw-L-§-fp-sS k-hn-ti-j-Xsb´v?

km-aqly kw-L-§-fp-am-bp-Å _-Ôw CÃm-XmbmÂ D-ïmIp-¶ ]-iv\-§Ä NÀ-¨ sN-bv-Xv

Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

1. ]m-YanI kwLw (Primary Group)2. ZznXob kwLw (Secondary Group)

]mYanI kwLwASp¯ _Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶hcpw

apJmapJw Bibhn\nabw \S¯p¶h-cpw ]ckv]cw klIcn¡p¶Xpamb a \pjycpsS sNdpkwLamWv ]mYanI kwLw. ]mYanI kwL§fpsS khnti-jXIÄ Fs´Ãmsa¶p ]cntim[n¡mw.

• AwK§Ä ]ckv]cw Adnbp¶hÀ• AwK§Ä¡nSbnÂ Bß_Ôw• AwK§Ä¡nSbnÂ \nc´camb

Bibhn\nabw• AwK§fpsS t£aamWv ][m-\

e£yw• AwK§Ä ]ckv]cw klIcn-¡p¶p

ZznXob kwLwF®¯nÂ IqSpXepw Hu]NmcnI

_Ôw amXapÅ kwLam-Wv ZznXob kwL§Ä. s]mXphmb Bhiy§Ä \ndthäp¶Xn\mWv ZznXob kwL§Ä cq]oIcn¡p¶Xv. hyàn]camb ]tbm P\amWv Cu kwL§fnse AwKXz ¯nsâ ASnØm\w. kmaqlnI kwL§ fpsS e£y§fnÂ NneXv NphsS \Â Inbncn¡p¶p.

• Iq«mbva hfÀ¯pI• s]cpamäioe§Ä ]cnioen¸n¡pI• klhÀ¯nXzw hfÀ¯pI• km-aqlyaqey§Ä hfÀ¯nsbSp¡pI• ]c-kv]cklIcWw Dd¸phcp¯p-I

kaql¯nsâ imkvXw


kmaqly\nb´Ww (Social Control)

hyànI-fpsStaÂ kaqlw Nne \nb´W§Ä Npa¯nbncn¡p¶p. XXv ^eambn \½Ä Nne s]cpamäcoXnIfpw ioe§fpw ]ISn¸n¡p¶p.

• hkvX[mc-Ww• apXnÀ¶hsc _lpam\n-¡Â• \nba§Ä A\pkcn-¡Â

kam[m\]-chpw kulrZ]chp amb PohnX¯n\p kaqlw A\pim-kn¡p¶ N«§fpw ]ment¡ïXpïv. kzØ]qÀ-Wamb Npäp]mSv Dd¸ph-cp¯m\pw \ne\nÀ¯m\pambn Hmtcm kmaqlykwLhpw AwK§fpsS taÂ GÀs¸Sp¯p¶ k½À±§sfbpw CSs]SepIsfbpamWv kmaqly\nb´Ww (Social Control) F¶v ]dbp¶Xv. kmaqly \nb´Ww \S¯p¶Xv km-aqly Øm]\§fmWv (Social Institutions). kmaqlnI \nb´W kwhn[m\§Ä¡v DZmlcWamWv IpSpw_w, aXw, hnZyme-bw, km¼¯nI þ cm-ãobØm]\§Ä, t]meokv, tImSXn, PbnÂ, ]«mfw XpS§nb-h.

Hu]NmcnI kmaqly \nb´Ww

(Formal Social Control)]cnjvIrX kaql§Ä, t]meokv,

tImSXn, PbnÂ F¶o kwhn[m\§Ä D]tbmKn¨v Hu]NmcnIamb kmaqly \n b´Ww \S¯p¶p. kaql¯nse hy-hØIfpw, \nba§fpw ewJn¡p¶Xns\ kmaqlyhyXnbm\w F¶p ]dbp ¶p. kmaqlyhyXnbm\w hÀ[n¨mÂ kmaqly-inYneoIcWw (Social Disorganisation) kw`hn¡pw.

A\u]NmcnI kmaqly \nb-´-Ww (Non-Formal Social Control)

\nbaambn tcJs¸Sp¯m¯ BNm c§Ä, \m«p\S¸pIÄ hnizmk§Ä, ]m c¼cy§Ä XpS§nbh A\u]NmcnI kmaqly\nb´W¯nsâ amÀK§fm-Wv. Ch ewLn¨mÂ Hu]NmcnI in£ e`n¡p¶nÃ.

km-aqly\n-b-´-Ww a-\p-jy-\v hf-sc D-]-Im-c-]-Z-amWv. k-aÀ-Yn-¡pI.

kmaqly]iv\§fpw ]cnlm-chpw

\n§fpsS \m«nÂ NneÀ sshIpt¶c§fnÂ aZy]n¨v hoSpIfnÂ _lfwDïm¡pIbpw D]Zhw Dïm¡pI bpw sN¿p¶Xp Iïn«ntÃ? ChÀ Dïm¡p¶ ]-iv\w Ah-cpsS hoSp-I fnÂ amXamtWm H-Xp§n\nÂ¡p¶Xv?

kaql¯nse FÃmhscbpw t\cnt«m AÃmsXtbm _m[n¡p¶ ]iv\§sfbmWv kmaqly]iv\ambn IW¡m¡p¶Xv. hyànIfpsS ]iv\tam s]mXphmb ]iv\tam kaqls¯ _m[n¡pIbpw ZoÀLImew \ne\nÂ ¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼mÄ AXv kmaqly ]iv\-ambn amdp¶p. kaql¯nse s]mXp s]cpamäcoXnIfpsS ewL\w, kmaqlnI \nba§fpsS \ntj[w F¶nh kaql¯nsâ \ne\nÂ¸n\p `ojWnbm Ipt¼mÄ AXv Hcp kmaqly]iv\ambn amdpw. kmaqly]iv\§Ä ]ckv]cw _-Ô-s¸«p InS¡p¶Xpw s]mXpkz`mhapÅXpamWv.

km-aqly\n-b-´-W-¯n-\m-bn k-aq-lw kzo-I-cn¡p-¶ \-S-]-Sn-IÄ

hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.


kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

C¶v \½psS kaqlw t\cnSp¶ ]iv\ §fnÂ NneXmWv.• ZmcnZyw• sXmgnenÃmbva• ]mÀ¸nS ]iv-\w• hr²P\§fpsS A\mYXzw• kvXoIÄs¡XnscbpÅ AXnIa-§Ä• IuamcIpäIrXy-§Ä• elcn]ZmÀY§fpsS D]tbm-Kw• ssk_À IpäIrXy-§Ä• Ip«nIÄs¡Xncmb IpäIrXy§Ä

\ãs¸Spt¼mÄ ChÀ BtcmKy]iv\§Ä, am\knI ]ncnapdp¡w F¶nh t\cntSïnhcp¶p.

PohnXw, BtcmKyw, Imcy£aX F¶n-h-bv-¡p thï Gähpw Ipdª D]-t`mKhkvXp¡Ä t\Sp¶Xn\pÅ IgnhnÃmbvabmWv Zmcn-Zyw. ZmcnZyw C´ybnÂ amXaÃ, temI¯v-- apgph³ Hcp kmaqly]iv\amWv. B^n-¡m h³-I-c-bn-se k-_v- k-lm-dm]-tZ-i-§fnÂ Zm-cn-Zyw Hmtcm hÀ-jhpw Iq-Sn-¡q-Sn h-cp¶p.

sXmgnenÃmbv-a F¶Xv ZmcnZyhp ambn _Ôs¸« kmaqly]iv\amWv. ]WnsbSp¡m\pÅ imcocnIhpw am\knIhpamb Ignhpw AXn\pÅ ]m-b hpw k½Xhpw Dïmbncp¶n«pw tPmen e`n¡m¯ AhØbmWv sXmgnenÃm bva.

Hcp hyànt¡m IpSpw_¯nt\m BtcmKyIcamb coXnbnÂ Pohn¡m³ ]änb hmkØeanÃm¯ AhØsbbm-Wv ]mÀ¸nSanÃmbv-a F-¶p hnfn¡p¶Xv.

AWpIpSpw_§-fpsS hfÀ¨ bpw \Kc§fn-te¡pÅ IpSntbä hpw hr²P\§fpsS A\mYXz¯n\p ImcWamIp¶p. thïs¸«hcpsS Icp XÂ, kvt\lw, ]cnNcWw F¶nh

k-m-aq-ly]-iv-\w F¶mÂ F´v?

C¶s¯ kaql¯nÂ kvXo IÄ ]eXc¯nepÅ hnthN\§Ä t\cnSp¶p. enwK\oXn \ntj[hpw Ahkc \ntj[hpw kvXoIÄs¡Xnsc hÀ²n ¨phcp¶ IpäIrXy§fpw Hcp henb kmaqly ]i\amWv.

hÀ²n¨phcp¶ elcn ]ZmÀY§fp sS D]tbmKw C¶v kaqlw t\cnSp¶ Gähpw henb ]iv\§fnÂ H¶mWv. Hcp hyàn elcn¡Snabmbn IgnªmÂ DïmImhp¶ ]eXc¯nepÅ ]iv \§fnÂ NneXmWv:

• imco-cnIþam\knI ]iv\§Ä • IpäIrXy§fnÂ DïmIp¶ hÀ²\hv • Bßl-Xy• tdmU]IS§Ä • IpSpw_ ]iv\w • km¼¯nI]iv\§Ä

]Xns\«p hbÊnÂ XmsgbpÅ Ip«nIÄ IpäIrXyw sNbvXmÂ Ahsc Iuamc Ipähm-fnIÄ (Juvenile Delinquent) F¶v hnfn¡p¶p. C¶v kaqlw t\cnSp ¶ Hcp henb ]iv--\amWv Iuam-c-Ip-äIr Xyw. Ip«nIÄ Ipä-hmk\ DÅhcmbn Xo-cp¶Xn\pÅ ImcW§fnÂ NneXm-Wv:• XIcp¶ kmaqlyaqey§Ä • kaql¯nÂ hÀ-²n¨phcp¶ elcn

bpsS D]tbmKw • hÀ²n¨phcp¶ kmaqly am[ya§fp

sSbpw Zriyam[ya§fpsSbpw kzm-[o-\w

sXm-gn-enÃm-bv-abpw Zm-cn-Zyhpw ]-c-kv]-cw _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p¶p.

hn-i-Z-am-¡pI.

kaql¯nsâ imkvXw


• XIcp¶ IpSpw__Ô§Ä XpS§n-bh

Iuamc IpäIrXy§Ä Ipd¨p sImïphcp¶Xn\pth-ïn kvIqfp IÄ, t]meokv ]n´pW kwhn[m\w, t_m[hÂ¡cWw F¶nhbpsS ]hÀ ¯\w hfscb[nIw klmbIamWv.

hnhc kmt¦XnIcwK¯pïmIp¶ amä§Ä ]pXnb Hcp kmaqly]iv\¯n\v ImcWamIp¶p. hnhckmt¦XnIhnZy bpsS Zpcp]tbmKw s]mXpPohnX¯nepw kzImcyPohnX¯nepw hfsctbsd ]iv\§Ä krãn¡p¶p. C¯cw Ipä IrXy§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶Xn\mbn cq]oIcn¨n«pÅXmWv ssk_À skÂ.

Ip«nIÄs¡XnscbpÅ AXnIa §fnÂ ][m\s¸«XmWv _me-the, ssiih hnhmlw, Nq-jWw, t]mjIm-lmc e`yX¡p-dhv, AhKW\ XpS§n-bh.

kaqlimkvXw Hcp am\hnI hnjbw F¶ \nebnÂ

imkvX hn¹hw, ^©v hn¹hw, hyh-kmbnIhn¹hw F¶o aq¶v hn¹h§fmWv ][m\ambpw kaqlimkvX¯nsâ hfÀ¨bv¡p ImcWambXv. ^©v NnÍ\mb BKkv--Xv-- tImwsX BWv kaqlimkvX¯nsâ ]nXmhv F¶ dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. BZyIme¯v CXv kmaqly ùXnI imkvXw F¶dn bs¸«p. kaqlimkvX¯nsâ h-fÀ¨bv ¡v kw`mh\ \ÂInb aäp ][m\ NnÍcmWv ImÄ amÀI-vkv, F-ssaÂ ZpÀ-Jnw amÀI-vkv sh_À XpS§nbhÀ.

a\pjy\pw Ahsâ Npäp]mSpw X½nepÅ ]ckv]c_Ô§sf Ipdn ¨pÅ imkvXob]T\amWv kaqlim-kvXw.

kaqls¯Ipdn¨pÅ icn bmb [mcW cq]oIcn¡p¶Xn\pw kz´w kaqls¯bpw aäpÅhcpsS kaqls¯bpw hkvXp\njvTambn a\knem¡m³ klmbn¡p¶p. kmaqly]iv\§sf¡pdn¨p ]Tn¡pIbpw hyàn bpw kmaqlnI Øm]\§sf Ipdn¨pÅ _Ôw Xncn¨dnbp¶Xpw kaqlim-kvX ]T\¯nsâ `mKamWv. kmaqly]iv\§Ä¡p ]cnlmc§Ä Isï¯pI bpw kmaqlyhnIk\¯n\pw BkqX-W¯n\pw kaqlim-kvX ]T\w klmbn ¡p¶p.

kaqlimkvX¯nsâ ]T\coXnIÄ kaqlimkvX ]T\¯nÂ ][m\ambpw \mepcoXnIfmWv ]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶Xv.

1. tkmjyÂ kÀth kaqlimkvX ]T\¯nsâ

`mKambn \S¯p¶ kÀthIfnÂ km[mcWbmbn ap³Iq«n X¿mdm¡nb tNmZym-h-enIfmWv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. kÀthbnÂ ]s¦Sp¡p¶hÀ¡v tNmZym-hen \ÂInbmWv hnhctiJcWw \S¯p¶Xv.

2. A`napJw A`napJ¯nÂ t\cn«v ]Xn

IÀ¯mhnÂ\n¶pw KthjI³ hnhc tiJcWw \S¯p¶ coXnbmWv. km[mcWbmbn Hcp hy-ànbpsS at\m`mhw, ImgvN¸mSv, hnizmkw PohnXN-cy XpS§nb Imcy§Ä a\knem¡m³ A`napJw klmbn¡pw. kÀthbpw A`napJhpw X½nepÅ ][m\ hyXymk§Ä Fs´Ãmsa¶v t\m¡mw.


kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

3. \nco£Ww ImWpIbpw tIÄ¡pIbpw A

\p`hn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Imcy§Ä kXykÔambn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ coXnbm-Wv \nco£Ww. ]¦mfn¯ \nco£Ww, ]¦mfn¯clnX \nco£Ww F¶n§s\ cïpXcw \nco£WcoXnIfpïv. ]¦mfn¯ \nco£Ww: KthjI³ ]T\hnt[bam¡p¶ kwLt¯m sSm¸w Xmakn¨p hnhctiJcWw \S¯p¶ coXnbmWv CXv. AhcpsS `mjmkwk-vImcw, PohnXcoXn F¶nh ]Tn¡pIbpw AhcpsS PohnX¯nsâ

`mKambn hnhctiJcWw \S¯pIbp amWv sN¿p¶Xv. \chwiimkvX ]T \¯nÂ ][m\ambpw Cu co-Xn-bmWv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. ]¦mfn¯clnX \nco£Ww: KthjI³ ]pd¯p\n¶p \nco£Ww \S¯p¶ coXn bmWv CXv.

4. tIkv ÌUn hyXykvXhpw A-]qÀ-h-hpamb

kmaqlnI ]Xn`mk§sfbpw ]iv\§s-fbpw Ipdn¨v \S¯p¶ ]T\amWv tIkv ÌUn.

kÀth A`napJw

ap³Iq«n tNmZymhen \ÂIp¶p. DNnXamb tNmZy§Ä Hcp¡n hmsamgnbmbn hnhctiJcWw \S¯p¶p.

]XnIÀ¯m¡Ä hnhc§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.

KthjI³ hnhc§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.

]T\t\«§Ä • hyXykvX kmaqlykwL§sf Xncn¨dnbp¶p. • kaql¯nsâ \n-e-\nÂ¸nÂ km-aqly\nb´W¯nsâ ]m[m\yw hn-

hcn¡p¶p. hyXykvX kmaqly\nb´W¯nsâ amÀK§Ä Xncn¨dn bp¶p.

• kmaqly]iv\§Ä F´msW¶p Xncn¨dnbp¶p. • hnhn[ kmaqly]iv\§Ä hniIe\w sN¿p¶p.• kaqlimkvX¯nsâ ]m[m\yw hniZoIcn¡p¶p. • BZyIme kaqlimkvX Nn´Isc Xncn¨dnbp¶p. • kaqlimkvX¯nse hnhn[ ]T\coXnIÄ hnhcn¡p¶p.

kaql¯nsâ imkvXw


hnebncp¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä • ]mYanI kwLhpw ZznXob kwLhpw X½nepÅ ][m\ hyXymk§Ä Fs´Ãmw? • kmaqly\nb´W¯n\pÅ ][m\ kwhn[m\§Ä GsXÃmw? • hÀ[n¨phcp¶ elcnbpsS D]tbmKw Hcp kaq-l-¯n\v ]iv\amsW¶p ]dbp

¶Xn\pÅ ImcWsas´Ãmw? • Iuamc IpäIrXy§Ä hÀ²n¨phcp¶Xn\pÅ ImcW§Ä Fs´Ãmw?• F´mWv kaqlimkvXw?• kaqlimkvX¯nsâ ]nXmhv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv BcmWv? • kaqlimkvX¯nsâ hnhn[ ]T\coXnIÄ GsXÃmw?

XpSÀ ]hÀ¯\§Ä • \½psS \nXyPohnX¯nÂ \½Ä CS]gIp¶ kwL§sf ]mYanI kwLw F¶pw

ZznXob kwLw F¶pw X-cw-Xncn¨p ]«nI X¿mdm¡pI. • elcn]ZmÀ°§Ä aqew kaql¯nÂ DïmIp-¶ ]iv\§sf Ipdn¨v Hcp At\z

jW dnt¸mÀ«v X¿mdm-¡pI.

kzbw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


kmaq-ly-kwL§Ä

km-aq-ly\n-b´-W amÀK§Ä

km-aqln-I ]-iv\§Ä

k-aq-l-im-kv-X-¯n-sâ ]m-[m\yw

k-aq-l-im-kv-X-¯n-se ]T-\-co-XnIÄ


inem-aÞew


`qan-bnse hnhn-[ a-Þ-e-§fm-b in-em-a-Þew, P-e-a-Þew, hm-bp-aÞ-ew F-¶nh-sb B-i-bn-¨m-Wv Poh-sâ \n-e-\nÂ-¸v F-¶v \n-§Ä-¡-dn-bm-a-tÃm. `q-an-sb H-cp Po-h-K-l-am-bn \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶XnÂ hm-bp hpw P-e-hp-sa-¶-t]m-se Ø-e-¯n-\pw (`qan) ][m-\ ]-¦pïv. `qan-bnÂ \n-c´-cw am-ä-§-fp-ïm-bn-s¡m-ïn-cn -¡p-¶p-sh-¶v t\-cn«pw AÃm-sXbpw \-ap-¡v t_m-[y-ap-Å-Xm-W-tÃm. `u-a-N-e\-§Ä ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ `q-cq-]-§fpw a-®n-\-§fpw kr-ãn¡p-I h-gn ssP-h

ssh-hn-[y-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-¶-sX-§-s\-sb-¶v Cu A-[ym-b-¯n-eq-sS \-ap-¡v a-\-kn-em-¡mw.

`q-an-bp-sS LS-\`q-an-¡v ]m-fn-I-fm-bp-Å L-S-

\-bm-Wp-Å-sX-¶v ]T-\-§-fn-eq-sS sX-fn-bn-¡-s¸-«n-«pïv. ][m-\ `ua-]m-fn-IÄ G-sXÃm-sa-¶v NnXw \n-co-£n-¨v I-sï¯q.

inem-aÞew

148 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n148 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

Hmtcm ù-a-]m-fn-bp-tSbpw k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ F-s´m-s¡-sb-¶v t\m¡q.

`q-hÂ¡wXm-c-X-tay-\ I-\w Ip-d-ª ]p-dw-

]m-fn-bm-Wv `q-h-Â¡w. i-cm-i-cn 40 In-tem-ao-äÀ I-\-ap-Å `q-hÂ-¡-¯n-\v c-ïp `m-K-§-fp-ïv þ h³-I-c `q-h-Â-¡hpw k-ap-Z-X-S `q-hÂ-¡-hpw.

ap-Jy-ambpw kn-en-¡, A-epan-\ F-¶o aq-e-I-§fmÂ \nÀ-an-Xam-b h³-I-c `q-h-Â-¡-s¯ knbmÂ (SIAL) F¶pw kn-en-¡, a-áojyw F-¶o aq-e -I-§fmÂ \nÀ-an-Xam-b I-SÂ-¯-d `q-h-Â-¡-s¯ kna (SIMA) F¶pw hn-fn-¡p¶p.

amânÂ`q-h-Â-¡-¯n-\v sXm-«v Xm-sg-bm-bn

G-I-tZ-iw 2900 In-tem-ao-äÀ hsc hym- ]n-¨n-cn¡p-¶ ]m-fn-bm-Wv amânÂ. kn-en-¡¬ kw-bp-à-§fmÂ \nÀ-an-Xam-b D-]-cnamânÂ J-cm-h-Ø-bnepw tem-l-§fpw kn-en-¡-bp-w Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-¶v \nÀ-½n-Xam-b A-t[m-amânÂ AÀ-²-Zhm-h-Ø-bnepw \n-e-sIm-Åp¶p.

Im¼vamân-en-sâ Xm-sg A-XnÀ-hc-

¼pap-XÂ (2900 km) ù-a-tIµwh-sc (6371 km) bm-Wv Im¼v. tem-l-\nÀ-½n-Xam-b Im-¼n-s\ c-ïp `m-K-am-bn Xn-cn¡mw þ ]p-d-¡m¼pw A-I-¡m-¼pw. ]p-d-¡m¼nÂ h-kv-Xp-¡Ä Z-hm-h-Ø-bn-

emWv. F-¶mÂ A-I-¡m-¼v _m-ly-]m-fn-I-fp-sS k-½À-±¯mÂ J-cm-h-Ø-bn-em-Wv Øn-XnsN-¿p-¶Xv. Ccp¼v (Fe), \n¡Â (Ni) F-¶o teml-§ÄsIm-ïv \nÀ-an-X-am-b-Xn\mÂ `q-an-bp-sS Im-¼n-\v \ns^ (NIFE) F¶pw t]-cpïv.

in-em-a-Þ-ehpw A-kv-X-t\m-kv-^n-bdpw

`q-h-ev-¡hpw amân-en-sâ D-]-cn-`m-K hpw tNÀ-¶ in-em-\nÀ-an-Xam-b `q-an-bp-sS ]p-dw-]m-fn-sb in-em-aÞew (Lithosphere) F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p. in-em-a-Þ-e-¯n-\v G-I-tZ-iw 60 ap-XÂ 100 In-tem-ao-äÀ h-sc-bm-Wv I\w. in-em-a-Þ-e-¯n-\v sXm-«p Xm-sg-bm-bn h-kv-Xp-¡Ä D-¶-X- Xm-]¯mÂ AÀ-²-Z-hm-h-ØbnÂ Øn-XnsN¿p-¶ `m-K-s¯ A-kv-X-t\m-kv-^n-bÀ F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p. A-án-]À-h-X-§-fn-eq-sS ù-tam-]-cn-X-e-¯n-se¯p-¶ in-em-Z-h-¯n-sâ tkmX-Êv A-kv-X-t\m-kv-^n-b-dm-Wv.

ineIÄ`q-an-bp-sS J-c-cq-]- n-ep-Å ]p-dw-

]m-fn in-em-\nÀ-an-X-am-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv C-Xn-s\ in-em-aÞ-ew F-¶p hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv. \n-d- nepw ImTn-\y- n-ep-saÃmw ssh-hn[yw ]p-eÀ¯p-¶ hn-hn-[X-cw ine-IÄ \n-§Ä-¡v ]-cn-Nn-X-atÃ. cq-]o-I-c-W-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n in-eI-sf aq-¶m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡mw.


inem-aÞew

• hn-hn-[X-cw in-em km-¼n-fp-IÄ ti-J-cn-¨v hy-Xym-kw Xn-cn-¨-dnbm³ i-an¡q.

in-em-a-Þ-e ^-eI§ÄH-cp ap-«-bp-sS s]m«n-b ]p-d-t´m-Sn-\v

k-am-\-am-bn in-em-aÞ-ew hnhn-[ m-K-§-fm-bn- «m-Wv Øn-XnsN-¿p-¶Xv. h-epXpw sN-dp-Xpam-b Cu `m-K§-sf in-ema-Þ-e -eI-

§Ä F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p. in-em-a-Þ-e- n-\v tI-h-ew 100 In-tem-ao-äÀ am-X-am-Wv i-cmi-cn I\w. Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-ª I-\hpw A-Xn-hn-kv-Xr-X-hp-am-bXn-\m-em-Wv inema-Þ-e `m-K-§Ä¡v -eI-§Ä F-¶v t]cv. G-gv hen-b

-e-I-§fpw \n-ch-[n sNdn-b -e-I-§fpw DÄ-s -Sp-¶-Xm-Wv in-em-a-Þew.NnXw \n-co-£n-¨v hen-b in-em-a-Þ-e ^-eI-§Ä Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp¯q.

ineIÄ

$$ $

B-tá-b-ine-IÄ A-h-km-Z-in-eIÄ Im-bm-´-cn-ine-IÄ

A-án-]À-Æ-X-§-fn-eq-sStbm AÃm-Xtbm `u-tam-]-cn-X-e¯ntem `q-hÂ-¡-¯n-\p-Ån-se hn-Å-ep-I-fntem F¯p¶ in-em-Z-hw X-Wp-¯pd-ªv cq-]w sIm-Åp¶p. DZm: _-kmÄ«v, Km-ss\-äv...

ine-IÄ s]m-Sn-ªpïm-b A-h-km-Z-§tfm k-kyþP-´p-Pm-e-§-fp-sS A-h-in-ã-§tfm Xmgv-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ \n-t£-]n-¡-s¸-«v Zr-Vo-I-cn-¨v cq-]wsIm-Åp¶p. DZm: Np-®m-¼v-IÃv, a-WÂ-IÃv, IÂ-¡-cn...

Btá-b-in-e-Itfm A-h-km-Z-in-e-Itfm D-¶-X Xm-] aÀ-± am-ä-§Ä-¡v hn-t[-b-am-Ip-t¼mÄ A-h-bv-¡v ]p-\x]-c-eo-Ic-Ww kw-`-hn-¨v cq-]w-sIm-Åp¶p. DZm: \-bnkv, amÀ-_nÄ, jn-kv-äv...

$ $ $

in-em-a-Þ-e ^-eI§Ä

inem-aÞew


• ]-k-^n-Iv ê-Iw••••••

n-en-ss]³, tIm-tIkv, \m-kv-I, I-co-_n-b³, kv-tIm-jy, A-td_y³ XpS-§n \n-ch-[n sNdn-b -e-I-§-fp-ïv. ]-k- n-Iv -e-I-am-Wv G-ähpw hen-b in-ema-Þ-e -eIw. G-d-¡p-sd ]qÀ-Wambpw h³-I-cI-sf DÄ-s¡mÅp-¶ -e-I§-sf h³-I-c -e-I-§-sf¶pw G-d-¡p-sd ]qÀ-®-am-bpw I-SÂ- -dI-sf DÄ-s¡m-Åp-¶h-sb k-ap-Z -eI-§Ä F¶pw hn-fn-¡p¶p. ]k n-Iv ê-Iw H-cp k-ap-Z- -e-I-amWv.

^-e-I-N-e-\hpw ^-e-I-ko-a-IfpwA-kv-X-t\m-kv- n-b-dn-\p-Ån-se in-em-

Z-hw DbÀ-¶ Xm-]¯mÂ \n-c -cw kwh-l-\ hn-t[-b-am-Ip¶-Xv in-ema-Þ-e^-e-I-§-fp-sS km-h-[m-\-ap-Å N-e-\-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip¶p. \-ap-¡v Zr-iy-aÃm-¯-hn-[w km-h-[m-\-¯n-ep-Å ^-e-I-N-e\-§Ä ^-e-I A-cn-Ip-IfnÂ k-hn-ti-jam-b `q-cq-]-§fpw ù-a]-Xn-`m-k-§fpw kr-ãn-¡p¶p. ZpÀ-_-eta-J-e-I-fm-b-Xn\mÂ ^-e-I A-cn-Ip-IÄ A-án-]À-Æ-X-§Ä, `q-I-¼§Ä, `wi-\w, he-\w Xp-S-§n-b-h-sIm-ïv ]-£p-_v²- am-bn-cn-¡pw. ^-e-I-§-fp-sS B-t]£n-I N-e-\w A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n ]-[m-\-ambpw aq-¶v X-cw ^-e-I A-cn-Ip-I-fm-Wp-ÅXv.• ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw A-Sp-¯p-hcp-¶

A-cn-Ip-IÄ þ kw-tbm-P-I ko-aIÄ.

• ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw A-Iep-¶ A-cn-Ip-IÄ

þ hn-tbm-P-I ko-aIÄ.• ^-eI-§Ä H-¶n-s\m-¶v D-c-kn-\o§p-

¶ ^-e-I- koa-IÄ þ tO-Z-I ko-aIÄ.

kw-tbm-P-Iko-a-IÄ H-tc km-µ-X-bp-Å c-ïv ^-eI-

§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw A-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS -e-I A-cn-Ip-IfnÂ he-\w kw-`-hn-¨v aS-¡v ]À-ÆX-§Ä cq-]w-sIm-Åp¶p. DZm: Cý³ ^-e-I-¯n\pw bq-tdjy³ -e-I-¯n-\p-an-S-bn-epïm-b he-\w aq-e-am-Wv ln-am-e-b ]

kwtbm-P-Ikoa : ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw A-Sp-¯p-h-cp¶p.

À-h-X\n-c cq-]w-sIm-ïXv. hy-Xy-kvX km-µ-X-bp-Å c-ïv ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw A-Sp-¡p-t¼mÄ kmµ-X IqSn-b ê-Iw amân-en-\p-Ån-te--¡v X-Ån-Xm-gv-¯-s¸-Sp¶p. C¯-cw ^-e-I A-cn-IpI-sf \n-a-Rv-P-\ ta-Je-IÄ AY-hm k-_vU-£³ (Sub-duction) tkm-WpIÄ F-¶p-hn-fn-¡p¶p. k-ap-Zm-´À KÀ¯-§Ä cq-]w-sIm-Åp-¶-Xv k-_vU-£³ tkm-WpI-fn-emWv. DZm: ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-Z-¯n-se Ne-©À KÀ¯w.

hn-tbm-P-I ko-a-IÄ ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw AI-

¶p am-dp-¶-Xn-eq-sS cq-]-s¸Sp-¶ hn-S-hp-I-fn-eq-sS in-em-Z-hw ]p-d-t¯-bv-¡v h-cn-Ibpw H-gp-In-¸c-¶v X-Wp-¯v L-\o-`-hn-¨v ]pXn-b I-SÂ-¯d-IÄ cq-]-s¸-Sp-


inem-aÞew

Ibpw sN-¿p-¶-Xn-s\ k-ap-Z-X-S-hym]-\w F-¶p-hn-fn-¡p¶p. C¯-cw ^-e-I A-cn-Ip-IfnÂ A-án-]À-h-X-§-fp-sS ti-WnX-s¶ cq-]-sa-Sp-¡p¶p. C-Xn-eq-sS ]p-d-s¯¯p-¶ in-em-Z-hw \n-t£-]n-¡-s¸-«v k-ap-Zm-´À ]À-h-X-\nc-IÄ cq-]-s¸-Sp¶p. DZm: sXt¡ A-ta-cn-¡³ ^-e-I-¯n\pw B-^n-¡³ ^-e-I-¯n-\p-an-SbnÂ cq-]w-sIm-ï a-[y-A-äv-emân-Iv ]À-hX-\nc.

tO-Z-Iko-aIÄ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw D-c-kn-\o

§p-¶ C¯-cw ^-e-I ko-a-IfnÂ `q-cq]-§Ä ]p-Xp-Xm-bn kr-ãn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶nÃ. tO-

Z-Iko-a-IÄ `w-ita-J-e-I-fmWv. hS-t¡ A-ta-cn-¡-bn-se km³ B³-Un-bm-kv `w-i-ta-J-e C¯-cw ta-J-e-IÄ-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-amWv.

ù-a-N-e-\-§Äh-epXpw sN-dp-Xpam-b `q-cq]-§Ä

sIm-ïv ssh-hn-[y-]qÀ-W-am-WtÃm ù-tam-]-cn-Xew. Cu `qcq-] ssh-hn-[y-§Ä-¡v Imc-Ww hn-hn-[-X-c-¯n-ep-Å ù-a-N-e-\-§-fmWv. ù-a-N-e-\§-sf F§-s\ X-cw-Xn-cn¡mw F-¶v t\m¡q.

hntbm-P-I-koa : ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw A-I-ep¶p. tOZ-Ikoa : ^-eI-§Ä ]-c-kv]-cw

D-c-ªp-\o-§p¶p.

ù-a-N-e\-§Ä

A-´À-P-\yN-e\§Ä _m-lyN-e\§Ä

^-e-I-Ne\w A-]£bw A-]-cZ\w \n-t£]Ww

$$

Zp-XN-e\§Ä a-µ-N-e\§Ä

$

A-án-]ÀhXw `qI¼w

$$

$ $ $ $$

$$

$

inem-aÞew

152 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n152 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

A-´À-P-\y-N-e\§Äù-am-´À `mK-¯v P-·-saSp¡p-¶

_-e-§-fm-Wv A-´À-P-\y-N-e\§Ä¡v ImcWw. A-´À-P-\y-_-e-§fm-Â a-µ-N-e-\-§fpw Zp-X-N-e-\-§-fp-apïmIp¶p.

^-e-IN-e\-§Ä a-µ-N-e-\-§Ä-¡p-Zm-l-c-W-amWv. ZoÀ-L-Im-e-s¯ \n-co-£-W-¯n-eq-sS am-X-ta C¯-cw N-e-\-§-fp-sS e-§Ä \-ap-¡v Xn-cn-¨-dn-bm- \mIq. F¶mÂ Zp-X-N-e\-§Ä am-\ -h-cm-in-sb Iq-Sp-XÂ ]Xy-£¯nÂ _m-[n-¡m-dpïv. A-án-]À-h-X-§fpw `q-I-¼-§fpw C¯-cw N-e-\-§fnÂ ]-[m-\-am-Wv.

`q-I¼§Ä`q-h-Â-¡-¯n-\p-Ån-se in-em-]m-fn-

IÄ-¡v ^-e-I-N-e-\-¯mtem a-äv Im-c-W-§-fmtem Øm-\ `w-iw kw-`-hn-¡p-t¼mÄ in-em-a-Þ-e¯nÂ sN-ep-¯-s¸Sp-¶ k-½À-±¯mÂ DuÀ-Öw tam-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p. C-Xv aq-ew FÃm Zn-i-I-fn-te-¡pw hn-\y-kn-¡-s¸Sp-¶ BLm-X X-cwK-§Ä `q-h-Â-¡¯nÂ kr-ãn¡p-¶ I-¼-\-am-Wv `q-I¼w.

^-e-IN-e-\hpw `w-i-\hpw Iq-Sm-sX `q-I-¼-§Ä-¡p-Å a-äv Im-c-W-§-sf-s´m-s¡-sb-¶v t\m¡q.• `qKÀ-`Kpl-IÄ AY-hm J-\n-IÄ X-IÀ-

¶-Sn-bp-¶Xv.• P-em-ib-§Ä sN-ep¯p-¶ k-½À±w.• A-án-]À-h-X kv-t^mS\w.

`qI-¼w D-ïmIp-¶ ù-am-´À tI-µ-s¯ q-I-¼-N-e-\-tIµw (Focus) F¶pw N-e-\tI-µ-¯n-\v t\À-ap-IfnÂ B-Lm-X X-cwK-§Ä BZyw F-¯n-t¨cp-¶ ù-tam-]-cn-X-e tI-µ-s¯ A-[n-tIµw (Epicen-tre) F¶pw hn-fn-¡p¶p.

`q-I-¼-Xoh-X A-f-¡p¶-Xv dn-ÎÀ kv-sIbnÂ F-¶ G-I-I-¯n-emWv. `q-I-¼ X-cw-K§-sf tc-J-s¸-Sp¯p-¶ D-]-I-c-W-

am-Wv ko-kv-tam-Km^v.

A-án-]À-h-X-§Äin-em-Zhw, in-em-J-Þ§Ä, hm-

X-I§Ä, Nmcw, s]m-Sn-]-S-e-§Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h A-kv-X-t\m-kv-^n-bdn Â\n¶pw ù-tam-]-cn-X-e-¯n-te-bv-¡v _-lnÀ-K-an¡p-¶ amÀ-K-§-fm-Wv A-án-]À-hX-§Ä. ^-e-I A-cn-Ip-I-fn-em-Wv A-án- ]À-h-X-§-tf-sdbpw Øn-Xn-sN-¿p-¶Xv.

tem-I-s¯ 80 iXam\¯n-te-sd A-án-]À-h-X-§fpw ]-k-^n-Iv A-XnÀ-¯n ]-tZ-i-§-fn-em-Wv Øn-Xn-sN-¿p-¶Xv. Cu ta-Je-sb ]-k-^n-Iv Xo-hebw (Ring of Fire) F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p.

_m-ly-N-e\§ÄA-]-£bw, A-]-c-Z\w, \n-t£]-

Ww F-¶n§-s\ aq-¶p hn-[-¯n-em-Wv _m-ly-N-e\-§Ä ù-tam-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶Xv.

A-]£bwù-tam-]-cn-X-e-¯n-se ine-IÄ

hnhn-[ Im-c-W-§fmÂ in-Yn-eo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm hn-L-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp-Itbm sN-¿p-¶-Xns\bm-Wv A-]£-bw F-¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv. hn-hn-[X-cw A]-£-b ]-Inb-IÄ G-sXm-s¡-sb-¶v t\m¡q.


inem-aÞew

A-]-£-b-¯n-\v Im-c-W-amIp-¶ hnhn-[ a-\p-jy]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä G-sXÃm-sa-¶v I-sï¯q?• J\-\w••

•A-]-£-b-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ ^-e-§

fnÂ G-ähpw ]-[m-\-am-Wv a-®n-sâ cq- ]o-I-cWw. A]-£-b hn-t[-bam-b in-em-]-ZmÀ-°-§Ä-¡ptaÂ ssP-hm-h-in-ã§Ä, Pew, kq-£vam-Wp-¡Ä F¶n-h Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-¶p-Å hf-sc ZoÀ-Lhpw k-¦oÀ-W hpam-b ]-In-b-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv a-®v cq-]w- sIm-Åp-¶Xv. H-cn-©v I-\¯nÂ a-®v cq-]w-sImÅm³ G-I-tZ-iw B-bn-cw hÀj-§Ä th-ïn-hcpw F-¶m-Wv I-W-¡m-¡p-¶Xv. a-®n-sâ cq-]o-I-c-W-s¯ kzm-[o-\n ¡p-¶ ][m-\ L-SI-§Ä G-sXÃm-sa-¶v t\m¡q.

kp-\manI-SÂ-¯-d-bn-ep-ïmIp-¶ i-àam-b

`q-I¼-§Ä kr-ãn¡p-¶ hn-\m-i-Im-cn-Ifm-b Iq-ä³ I-SÂ¯-n-c-am-e-I-fm-Wv kp-\m-anIÄ. Xo-c-¯nc-IÄ F-¶À-°-ap-Å Pm-¸-\o-kv ]-Z-am-Wv kp-\man.

A-]£bw

$_-eIr-X A-]£bw cmkn-I A-]£bw ssPhn-I A-]£bw

• [m-Xp-¡-fp-sS Xm]o-b hn-Im-khpw k-t¦m-N-hpw.

• in-em-hn-Z-c-§fnÂ B-hÀ-¯n-¨p-Å P-e-¯n-sâ X-Wp-¯p-d-bepw D-cp-I-epw.

• Hm-Iv-knP³, ImÀ-_¬ U-tbm-Iv-sskUv, P-ew F¶n-h in-e-I-fn-se [m-Xp-¡-fp-am-bn cm-k-]-In-bbnÂ GÀ-s¸-Sp¶-Xv Imc-Ww ine-IÄ hn-L-Sn-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.

• k-ky-§-fp-sS th-cp-IÄ in-e-I-fn-te-¡v B-gv-¶n-d-§p-¶Xv.

• ssP-h-PoÀW-\w aq-e-ap-Å cm-k-]-hÀ-¯-\§Ä.

• Fen, D-dp¼v, Nn-XÂ Xp-S§n-b a-®v Xp-c¡p-¶ Po-hn-I-fp-sS ]-hÀ-¯\w.

• Irjn, J-\\w, ]m-d-s]m-«n-¡Â Xp-S§n-b a-\p-jy]-hÀ-¯-\§Ä.

$ $ $

inem-aÞew


C-ý-bn-se hn-hn-[-bn-\w a-®n-\-§-sf¸-än a-\-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xn-\v C-ýbpsS ùXn-I `q-an-im-kvXw F-¶ ]mT-`m-Kw hm-bn¡q.a-®n-sâ \m-i-¯n-\v Im-c-W-amIp-¶ a-\p-jy]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä I-sï-¯n-sb-gpXq?• h-\-\-io-IcWw••a-®v kw-c-£-W-¯n-\m-bn \-ap-¡v F-s´m-s¡ sN-¿m-\m-Ipw?

A-]-c-Z-\hpw \n-t£-]-Whpwhn-hn-[-X-c nÂ A-]£-bw kw- -hn-

in-em-]-ZmÀ-°§-sf H-gp-¡pshÅw, Im-äv, ln-am-\nIÄ, `q-KÀ- -Pew, Xn-c-ame-IÄ Xp-S§n-b _m-ly-i-àn-IfmÂ H-cn-S- p-\n¶pw a-säm-cn-S- t -¡v \o-¡w sN-¿-s¸Sp-¶ ]-In-b-bm-Wv A-]-c-Z\w. C-¯-c¯nÂ \o-¡w sN-¿-s¸Sp-¶ h-kv-Xp-¡Ä Xmgv-¶]-tZ-i-§f-nÂ \n-t£-]n-¡-s¸-Sp¶p.

A-]-c-Z-\-¯n-eq-sS D-bÀ-¶ ]-tZ-i-

§Ä tX-bvam-\ hn-t[-b-am-bn Xmgp-Ibpw Xmgv-¶]-tZi-§Ä \n-t£-]-W-¯n-eq-sS Dbcp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. X-·q-ew ù-tam-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ ssh-hn-[y-amÀ-¶ A-]c-Z-\ `q-cq-]-§fpw \n-t£-]-W `q-cq-]-§fpw D-ïm-Ip¶p. A-]-c-Z-\þ\n-t£-]-W ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v k-lm-b-I-amIp-¶ H-gp-¡p-shÅw, Imäv, ln-am\n, `q-KÀ-`-Pew, Xn-cam-e F-¶o _m-ly-i-ànI-sf `q-cq-] cq-]oI-c-W k-lm-bn-IÄ F-¶v hn-fn-¡mw.

Hmtcm ]-tZ-i-¯n-tâbpw Im-em-h-Øm km-l-N-cy-§Ä-¡-\p-k-cn-¨v hy-Xy-kv-X `qcq-] k-lm-bn-I-fm-bn-cn¡pw A-hn-sS ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶Xv. D-Zm-l-c-W-¯n\v, \-½p-sS ]-tZi-¯v H-gp-¡p-sh-Åhpw Xn-c-am-e-bp-am-Wv ][m-\ `qcq-] cq-]oI-c-W k-lmbnIÄ. F¶mÂ a-cp-`q-an-If-nÂ Im-äpw, io-X-]À-h-X ta-J-e-Ifnepw [p-h-]-tZ-i-§-fnepw ln-am\n (N-en¡p-¶ a-ªv) bp-am-Wv ][m-\ `q-cq-] cq-]oI-c-W i-ànIÄ.

Hm-tcm `q-cq-] cq-]oI-c-Wk-lm-bn-Ifpw `q-apJ-¯v krãn¡p¶ A-]c-Z-\ \n-t£-]-W `q-cq-]§-sf ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.

Im-emh-Øk-kyþP-´p-Pme§Ä

a-®n-sâ cq-]oI-c-W L-SI§Ä

Imew am-Xrin-e

`q-]-IrXn


inem-aÞew

taÂ-¸-d-ª A-]c-Z-\ \n-t£-]-W `q-cq-]-§-fp-sS Nn-X-§Ä CâÀ-s\änÂ\n ¶pw I-sï-¯n a-\-kn-em-¡p-a-tÃm.

`utam-]-cn-X-e ssh-hn-[y-§fpw A-h-bv-¡p-Å Im-c-W-§fpw a-\-kn-em-bntÃ. Cu ssh-hn-[y-§-fm-Wv `q-an-sb F®-a-ä k-ky-P-´p-Pm-e-§-fp-sS Po-h-Kr-l-am-bn \n-e-\nÀ-¯p-¶Xv. Cu ssh-hn-

[y§-sf \mw F-§-s\-sbÃmw ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p-sh-¶v Nn-´n¡q.

hcpwX-e-ap-d-IÄ-¡v C-hn-sS hm-kw km-[y-am-I-W-sa¦nÂ Cu ssh-hn-[y§-sf k-´p-en-X-am-bn kw-c-£n-¨p \n-e-\nÀ-¯n-tb a-Xn-bmhq. A-Xv \-½p-sS I-S-a-bm-Wv.

cq-]oI-c-W k-lmbn A-]c-Z-\ `q-cq]§Ä \n-t£-]-W `q-cq]§Ä

H-gp-¡v-shÅw • Xm-gvhcIÄ, sh-Å-¨m«w • ]-f-b-k-a-Xe§Ä

• UÂäIÄ

Imäv • Ip-anÄ-ineIÄ • a-WÂ-Iq\IÄ

`q-KÀ-`P-ew • Np-®m-¼vIÂ Kpl-IÄ • Ìme-Ivssä-äpIÄ

• Ìme-Kvssa-äpIÄ

• Np-®m-¼v kv-Xw`§Ä

ln-am-\nIÄ • U cq-] Xm-gvhcIÄ

• knÀ-¡pIÄ

• sam-sd-bv-\pIÄ

Xn-came • ¢n-^p-IÄ

• I-SÂ kv-Xw`§Ä

• _o-¨pIÄ

• a-WÂ-Xn«IÄ

V cq] Xm-gvhc Ip-anÄ-inesh-Å-¨m«w Np-®m-¼pIÃvKpl U cq] Xm-gv hc

¢n^v ]-f-b-k-a-XewI-SÂkv-Xw`§Ä a-WÂ-Iq\ _o¨v

inem-aÞew


]T\-t\«§Ä• `q-an-bp-sS L-S-\ Nn-Xo-I-cn-¡m\pw hnhn-[ ù-a-]m-fn-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-jX-

IÄ hn-i-Z-am-¡m\pw I-gn-bp¶p.• in-e-I-fp-sS hnhn-[ X-c§-sf D-Zm-l-c-W-k-ln-Xw hn-i-Z-am-¡m-\m-Ip¶p.• in-ema-Þ-e ^-e-I§-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv hn-hn-[X-cw ^-e-I-ko-a-Ifpw A-\p-

_-Ô `q-cq-]-§fpw ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.• ù-a-N-e-\§-sf X-cw-Xn-cn-¨v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• hn-hn-[X-cw A]-£-b ]-In-b-I-sf-¡p-dn¨pw A-]-£-b-¯n-sâ ]m-[m-\y-

s¯-¡p-dn¨pw hn-hc-Ww X-¿m-dm¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.• a-®n-sâ cq-]o-Ic-Ww hn-i-Z-am¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.• hnhn-[ `q-cq-]-§Ä-¡v Im-c-W-am-b cq-]oI-c-Wi-ànI-sf Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv A-]-

c-Z-\ cq]-§Ä, \n-t£-]-W cq]-§Ä F-¶v X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p¶p.• `q-an-bn-se ssh-hn-[y§-sf \n-e-\nÀ-t¯-ï-Xn-sâ ]m-[m\yw Xn-c-n¨-dn-ªv

ssh-hn-[y-§Ä kw-c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-teÀ-s¸-Sp¶p.

hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä• \nÀ-hNn-¡pI. * knbmÂ * ko-a• A-h-km-Z-ine-IÄ cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-§s\? A-h-km-Z-in-e-IÄ-¡v D-Zm-l-c-W-

§-sf-gp-XpI.• k-_vU-£³ ta-Je-IÄ F-¶m-se´v?• A-]£-bw F-¶m-se´v? hn-hn-[X-cw A]-£-b ]-Inb-IÄ hn-h-cn-¡pI.• Nph-sS \Â-In-bn-«p-Å `q-cq-]§-sf A-]c-Z-\ `q-cq]-§Ä F¶pw \n-t£-

]-W `q-cq-]-§-sf¶pw X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p-I. Hm-tcm¶pw G-tX-Xv `qcq] -cq-]oI-c-W i-ànbmÂ cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh¶pw F-gp-XpI.

* UÂä-IÄ * IpanÄine-IÄ * Ìm-e-Iv-ssä-äpIÄ

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


`qanbpsS LS\

ine-Ifpw inem-a-WvU-ehpw

ê-I-§fpw ....

A´ÀP\y Ne-\-§fpw

A]-c-Z\ \nt£]W `qcq] §Ä

XpSÀ]-hÀ¯\w• hnhn-[-Xcw `qcq-]-§-f-fp-SsS NnX-§Ä tiJ-cn¨v Hcp BÂ_w X¿m-dm-¡pI


`u-am-´-co£w


\mw A-[n-h-kn¡p-¶ `q-an H-cp Po-h-Kr-l-am-bn \n-e- \nÂ-¡p¶-Xv hnhn-[ a-Þ-e§-fp-sS ]mc-kv-]-cy-¯m-em-sW¶v GgmwX-c¯nÂ\n ¶pw \mw a-\-Ên-em-¡n-bn-«p-ÅXm-W-tÃm. Ø-eþP-eþhm-bp a-Þ-e-§-fp-sï-¦n-te a-\p-jy-cpÄs¸-« Po-h-a-Þ-e-¯n\v \n-e-\nÂ-¸pÅq. Poh-sâ \n-e- \nÂ¸nÂ ]-Y-a-Øm-\w Po-h-hm-bphn-\m-W-tÃm. \-ap¡v Po-h-hm-bp C-S-X-S-hnÃm-sX ]-Zm-\w sN-¿p¶-Xv `q-an-sb B-hc-Ww sN-bv-Xv \n-e-\nÂ¡p-¶ hm-bp-aÞ-ew AY-hm A-´-co-£-amWv. \-½p-sS \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-\v A-Xy-´m-t]-£-nXam-b `u-am-´-co-£-¯n-sâ kw-cN-\, LS-\, A-´-co-£ A-h-Ø-I-

fn-ep-ïmIp-¶ Ø-eþIm-e am-ä-§Ä Xp-S§n-b B-i-b-§-fm-Wv Cu A-²ym-b¯nÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ÅXv.

`q-an-sb kw-c-£n-¨v ]-cn- ]m-en¡p-¶ hm-X-I-¸p-X-¸m-Wv A-´-co£w. `q-an-sb s]m-Xn-ªv \nÂ ¡p-¶ A-´-co-£-s¯ `q-an-tbm-Sv tNÀ-¯p-\nÀ-¯p¶-Xv `q-an-bp-sS Kp-cp-Xzm-IÀ-j-W-_-e-amWv.

A-´-co-£w G-sXÃmw hn-[¯nÂ \-ap-¡v ]-tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-Ip-¶p-sh-¶v NÀ-¨v sN-bv-Xv Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm¡q.

A-´-co-£-kw-cN\hm-X-I§Ä, s]m-Sn-]-S-e§Ä,

\o-cm-hn F-¶n-h-bm-Wv ][m-\ A-´-co-£L-S-I§Ä. A-´-co-£-¯nÂ A-S-§n-bn-«p-Å ][m-\ hm-XI-§Ä A-h-bp-sS B-\p-]mXn-I A-f-hn-sâ

`u-am-´-co£w


kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

I-a¯nÂ ]-«n-IbnÂ \Â-In-bn-«pïv.

]-«nI 1

A-´-co-£¯nÂ G-ähpw Iq-Sp-XÂ A-S-§n-bn-«p-Å hm-X-I-taXv?

ss\-S-P³ Øn-co-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS A-´-co-£-¯n-se ss\-S-P³ hm-X-I-s¯ k-ky-h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡m-bn ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p. Hm-Iv-kn-P³ `q-an-bn-se P-´p-Pm-e--§Ä-¡v Po-h-hm-bp- hmWv. ImÀ-_¬ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-UmI-s« ]-Im-i-kw-tÇ-j-W-¯n-\m-bn l-cn-X-k-ky-§Ä ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. am-X-aÃ, A-´-co-£-Xm-]w \nb-´n-¡p-¶XnÂ

G-ähpw ]m-[m-\y-ap-Å H-cp l-cn-X-Kr-l-hmX-Iw Iq-Sn-bm-Wv ImÀ-_¬ U-tbm-Iv-sskUv.

`q-an-bn-se P-e-tkm-X-kp-IfnÂ \n¶pw _m-jv-]o-I-c-W-¯n-eq-sS F-¯n-t¨cp-¶ \o-cm-hn-bm-Wv a-säm-cp ][m-\ A-´-co-£LSIw. ta-L-cq- ]o-I-cWw, a-g Xp-S§n-b A-´-co-£ ]-Xn-`mk-§Ä A-´-co-£ \o-cm-hn-bp-sS A-f-hn-s\ B-i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.

Imäv, A-án-]À-h-X ]-hÀ-¯-\§Ä, DÂ-¡m-Z-l-\w Xp-S§n-b amÀ-¤-§-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv A-´-co-£¯nÂ s]m-Sn-]-Se-§Ä F-¯p-¶Xv. t\À-¯ kq-£v-a-[q-fnI-sf Np-än¸-än L-\o- Ic-Ww th-K¯nÂ \-S-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ ta-L-cq-]o-I-c-W-¯n-\v C-Xv A-\n-hm-cy-amWv. A-Xn\mÂ A-´-co-£-¯n-se t\À-¯ kq-£v-a-[q-fn-IÄ-¡v "L-\o-I-c-W-aÀaw' F¶pw t]-cpïv.

l-cn-X-Kr-l-]-`m-hhpw B-tKm-f-Xm-]-\-hpw

ssi-Xy-cm-Py-§fnÂ k-ky§-sf sIm-Spw-X-Wp¸nÂ\n¶pw kw-c-£n-¡p-¶

hm-XI§ÄA-´-co-£-¯n-se

B-\p-]mXn-I A-fhv (i-X-am-\-¯nÂ)

ss\-SP³ 78.08%

Hm-Iv-kn-P³ 20.95%

BÀK¬ 0.93%

ImÀ-_¬ U-tbm-Iv-sskUv 0.037%

a-äv hm-X-I§Ä (Hm-tkm¬, \n-tbm¬, lo-enbw, In-]vä³, ssl-U-P³ Xp-S-§nbh)

0.01%

lcn-X-Krlw


ù-am-´-co£w

-Xn-\m-bn X-¿m-dm¡p-¶ I-®m-Sn/kv-^ Sn-I taÂ-¡q-c-bp-Å \nÀ-an-Xn-I-sf-bm-Wv l-cn-X-`-h\§Ä (Green houses) F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶-Xv. kv-^-Sn-IX-e-§Ä-¡v ku-c-hn-In-c-W-s¯ A-I-t¯-¡p I-S-¯n-hn-Sm\pw ù-a-hn-In-c-W-s¯ ]p-d-t¯-¡v t]m-Im-sX X-S-ªp \nÀ-¯m\pw I-gn-bpw F-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv C¯-cw \nÀ-an-Xn-IÄ D-ïm-¡p-¶Xv. A-´-co-£-¯n- se ImÀ-_¬ U-tbm-Iv-sskUv, ImÀ-_¬ tam-tWm-Iv-sskUv, ao-sY-bv³, \o-cm-hn Xp-S§n-b hm-X-I-§Ä¡pw ù-a- hn-I-c-W-s¯ B-Knc-Ww sN-bv-Xv A-´-co-£ Xm-]w \n-e-\nÀ-¯m-\m-Ipw. C-Xn-s\ l-cn-X-Kr-l-]-`m-hw F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p. taÂ-¸-d-ª hm-X-I§-sf l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI-§Ä F¶pw hn-fn-¡mw.

B-[p\n-IIme-¯v a\p-jysâ hnhn-[ ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-eqsS (t^mknÂ C-Ô\-§Ä I-¯n¡Â, h-\-\-io-I-c-Ww Xp-S§n-b ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä) h³-tXm XnÂ l-cn-X-Kr-l-hm-XI-§Ä, ]-tXyIn-¨v

ImÀ-_¬ U-tbm-Iv-ssk-Uv A-´-co-£-¯n-se-¯p¶p. C-Xv l-cn-X-Kr-l-]-`m-hw Iq-«p-¶-Xn\mÂ A-´-co-£-Xm-]-\n-ebnÂ Ita-W hÀ-²-\-hp-ïm-¡p¶p. C-Xn-s\ B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p.

B-tKm-f-Xm]-\w sN-dp-¡p-¶-Xn-\v \-ap-¡v F-s´m-s¡ sN-¿m-\m-Ipw?

A-´-co-£LS-\

ù-am-´-co-£-¯n-\v ]m-fn-I-fm-bp-Å L-S-\-bm-Wp-ÅXv. `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ\n¶pw ap-I-fn-te-¡v hnhn-[ X-e-§fnÂ Xm-]-\n-e-bn-ep-ïmIp-¶ am-ä-s¯ A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bm-Wv A-´-co-£-s¯ hnhn-[ ]m-fn-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-¨n-«p-Å-Xv.

NnXw \n-co-£n-¨v A-´-co-£-]m-fn-IÄ G-sXÃm-sa-¶pw, Hmtcm ]m-fn-bnepw Xm-]-\n-ebnÂ F-´v am-ä-am-Wv D-ïm-Ip-¶-sX¶pw A-h-bv-¡n-S-bn-se kw-I-a-W- ta-J-e-I-Ä G-sXÃm-sa¶pw a-\-kn-em¡q.

lcn-X-Kr-l ]-`mhw

`u-am-´-co£w



`u-am-´-co£w

hnhn-[ A-´-co-£-]m-fn-Ifpw A-h-bp-sS k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-am-Wv ]«n-IbnÂ

]m-fnIÄ Dbcw k-hn-ti-j-X-IÄ

tSm-t]m-kv-^nbÀ `u-tam-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ \n-¶v 8 ap-XÂ 17 In-tem-ao-äÀ hsc.

•`q-an-tbm-Sv G-ähpw A-Sp-¯v Øn-Xn- sN-¿p¶p.

•D-b-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v Hmtcm 165 ao-ä-dn-\pw 10 skÂ-jy-kv F-¶ I-a¯nÂ Xm-]\n-e Ip-d-ªp-h-cp¶p. CXn-s\ I-aam-b Xm-]-\-ã- \nc-¡v F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p.

•FÃm A-´-co-£-Øn-Xn/Im-emh-Øm am-ä-§fpw C-hn-sS-bm-Wp-ïm-Ip-¶Xv.

kv-tSm-täm-kv-^nbÀ tSm-t]m-kv-^n-b-dn-sâ ap-IfnÂ Xp-S-§n 50 In-tem-ao-äÀ Db-cw hsc.

•Xm-sg-`mK-¯v Xm-]\n-e am-ä-anÃm-sX Xp-S-cp¶p, D-b-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v hÀ-²n-¨p-hcp¶p.

•hm-bp ]-hm-l-§-fnÃ. Xn-c-Ýo-\-X-e-¯n-ep-Å Im-äp-IÄ am-X-am-Wp-ÅXv. A-Xn\mÂ P-äv hn-am\-§Ä kp-K-aam-b k-©m-c-¯n-\v kv-Sm-täm-kv-^n-b-dn-s\ ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

• 20 ap-XÂ 50 In-tem-ao-äÀ D-b-c-]-cn-[n-bnÂ. kq-cy-]-Im-i-¯n-se AÄ-Sm-h-be-äv In-c-W-§-tf-äv Hm-Iv-kn-P³ X-·m-X-IÄ Hm-tkm¬ hm-X-I-am-¡n am-ä-s¸-Sp¶p. Hm-tkm¬ hmX-Iw tI-µo-I-cn-¨n-cn¡p-¶ Cu ta-Je-sb Hm-tkm¬ ]m-fn F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶p.

an-tkm-kv-^n-bÀ 50 ap-XÂ 80 In-tem-ao-äÀ hsc.

•D-b-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v Xm-]\n-e K-Wy-am-bn Ip-d-ªp-h-cp¶p.

•A-´-co-£-¯n-se G-ähpw Xmgv-¶ Xm-]-\n-e-bmb þ1000 C h-sc Xm-gp¶p.

•DÂ¡-IÄ I-¯n-Xo-cp¶-Xv Cu A-´-co-£- ]m-fnbnÂ h-¨mWv.

sXÀ-tam-kv-^n-bÀ 80 In-tem-ao-ä-dn-\v ap-I-fnÂ.

•D-b-c-¯n-\-\p-k-cn-¨v Xm-]\n-e h³-tXm XnÂ Iq-Sn-h-cp¶p.

•Cu A-´-co-£-a-Þ-e-¯n-sâ Iogv`m-K-s¯ A-b-tWm-kv-^n-bÀ F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p. A-tbm-Wp-IÄ tI-µo-I-cn-¨p-Å ssh-Zyp-X-Nm-e-I-X-bp-Å Cu A-´-co-£- ]m-fn-sb td-UntbmX-cw-K -]-k-c-W-¯n-\m-bn \mw ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

]-«nI 2

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162 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n162 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

Hm-tkm¬]m-fnbpw Hm-tkm¬- kp-jn-chpw

kv-Sm-täm-kv- n-bdnÂ Hm-tkm¬-hmX-Iw cq-]-s -«v tI-µo-I-cn¡p-¶ `m-K-s¯ Hm-tkm¬- ]m-fn F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p. kq-cy\nÂ \n-¶p-Å lm-\n-Ic§fm-b AÄ-Sm-h-be-äv In-c-W§-sf X-S-ªp-\nÀ- n `q-an-bn-se Poh-Pm-e§-sf kw-c-£n-¡p¶-Xv Hm-tkm¬]m-fn-bm-Wv.

\mw \n-tXy-\ Bi-bn¡p¶ d-^n-P-td-ä-dpIÄ, hn-hn-[X-cw kv-t]IÄ, A-áni-a-\ h-kv-Xp-¡Ä Xp-S-§n-b-h t¢m-tdm-^v-fqtdm ImÀ-_-Wp-I-fp-sS tkm-X-kp-I-fmWv. C¯-cw hm-XI-§Ä A-´-co-£-¯n-eq-sS D-bÀ-¶v Hm-tkm¬- ]m-fn-bn-se-¯p-t¼mÄ A-Xv Hm-tkm¬ hm-X-I-s¯ hn-L-Sn-¸n-¨v \-in-¸n-¡p¶p. C-¯-c¯nÂ A-´-co-£ Hm-tkm¬- ]m-fnbnÂ I-ta-W-bp-ïmIp-¶ tim-j-W-s¯ Hm-tkm¬ kp-jn-cw F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶p. Hm-tkm¬-]m-fn X-I-cp¶-Xv AÄ-Sm-h-be-äv In-c-W§-sf `q-an-bn-te-¡v I-S-¯n-hn-Spw F-¶-Xn\mÂ A-Xv Kp-cp-X-cam-b B-tcm-Ky-]-iv-\-§Ä-¡pw Po-h-I-e-I-fp-sS \m-i-¯n\pw h-gn-h-bv-¡pw.

A-´-co-£-Xm]\w`q-anbnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw Xm-]

\n-e H-tc A-f-hn-eÃ tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶Xv. A-Xp-t]m-se Hmtcm ]-tZ-i¯pw hy-Xykv-X k-a-b-§-fnepw Im-e-§-fn-epw A-\p-`-h-s¸Sp-¶ Xm-]\n-e hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. kq-cy-]Im-i e-`y-X-bn-ep-ïmIp-¶ G-ä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-I-fm-Wv Ø-eþIm-e Xm-]-hy-Xym-k-§Ä-¡v Im-cWw. kq-cy\nÂ\n-¶v l-kz-Xcw-K cq-]-¯n-em-Wv DuÀ-Pw `q-an-bnÂ F-¯n-t¨-cp-¶Xv. C-Xn-s\ ku-c-hn-IncWw (Insolation) F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p.

ku-c-hn-In-c-W-¯n-eq-sS ù-tam-]-

cnX-ew Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-¡p¶p. Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-¨ u-tam-]-cn-Xe-¯nÂ \n-¶pw Ita-W A-´-co-£-¯n-te¡pw Xm-]w ]-I-cp¶p. `q-anbnÂ\n ¶pw ZoÀ-L-Xcw-K cq-]¯nÂ iq-\ym-Im-i-t¯-¡v DuÀ-Pw ]p-\x hn-Inc-Ww sN-¿-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-s\ ù-a-hn-Inc-Ww F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p (Terrestrial Radiation). q-an-bn-se-¯n-t¨cp-¶ ku-c-hn-In-c-Whpw `q-anbnÂ \n¶pw tam-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸Sp-¶ ù-a-hn-In-c-W-hpw X-½n-ep-Å k-´p-e-\-s¯ lo-äv _P-äv F-¶v hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p¶p. lo-äv _P-äv F-¶ Cu ssZ-\wZn-\ Xm-]-k-´p-e-\ ]-In-b D-Å-Xp-sIm-ïm-Wv ù-tam-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ Poh-sâ \n-e-\nÂ-¸n-\v A-\p-Kp-Wam-b Xm-]\n-e \n-e-\nÀ-¯m-\m-Ip-¶Xv.

Xm-]-hn-X-c-W-s¯ kzm-[o-\n¡p-¶ L-SI§Ä

ù-tam-]-cn-X-e Xm-]-hn-X-c-W-s¯ kzm-[o-\n¡p-¶ ][m-\ L-SI-§Ä G-sX-Ãm-sa-¶v t\m¡q.

loäv _Päv


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1) A-£mwiw: `q-a-[y-tc-J-tbm-S-Sp-¯ ]-tZ-i-

§fnÂ kq-cy-c-iv-an-IÄ ew-_-am-bn ]-Xn-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ A-hn-sS DbÀ-¶ Xm-]w A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶p. a-[y-tc-JbnÂ\n¶pw [p-h-§-fn-te-¡v A-I-ep-t´mdpw kq-cy-c-iv-an-IÄ Iq-Sp-XÂ N-cn-ªp ]-Xn-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ Ita-W Xm-]w Ip-d-ªp-h-cp¶p.[ph-§Ä ln-am-hr-X-am-bn-cn-¡m³ Im-c-W-sa´v?aq¶mÀ, h-b-\m-Sv Xp-S§n-b DbÀ-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ Xm-c-X-tay-\ Ip-d-ª Xm-]\n-e A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-sX-´p-sImïv?

2) k-ap-Z-\n-çnÂ\n-¶p-Å D-bcw: k-ap-Z-\n-çnÂ \n-¶pw D-b-cp-t´m-

dpw Hm-tcm 165 ao-ä-dn-\pw 10 skÂ-jy-kv F-¶-tXmXnÂ Xm-]\n-e Ip-d-ªp-h-cp¶p. C-Xn-s\ I-aam-b Xm-]-\-ã \nc-¡v F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p.

3) k-ap-Z-km-ao-]yw: I-S-en-s\ A-t]-£n-¨v I-c th-

K¯nÂ Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-¡p-Ibpw X-Wp-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. A-Xn\mÂ I-c-bv-¡v ap-I-fnepw I-S-en-\p ap-I-fn-epw F-t¸mgpw Xm-]\n-e hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn-cn-¡pw. ]-IÂ I-SenÂ\n¶pw I-c-bn-te¡pw cmXn I-c bnÂ\n¶pw I-S-en-te¡pw Im-äv ho-ip-¶-Xn \mÂ Xo-c-tZ-i-§fnse Xm-]\n-e an-X-am-bn \n-e-\nÂ¡p¶p.Xoc-]-tZ-i§-sf A-t]-£n-¨v DÄ-\m-S³ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ cm-Xnþ]-I-ep-IÄ X½nÂ hen-b Xm-]m´-cw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. F-´p-sImïv?

Im-äp-Ifpw k-ap-Z-P-e ]-hm-l-§fpw

Im-än-eq-sSbpw k-ap-Z-P-e ]-hm-l-§-fn-eq-sSbpw H-cp Øe-¯p \n-¶pw a-säm-cp Ø-e-t¯-¡v Xm-]-hym-]-\-ap-ïm-Ip¶p.

k-a-Xm-]-tcJIÄ (Isotherms)

H-tc Xm-]-\n-e-bp-Å ]-tZ-i-§sf X½nÂ tbm-Pn-¸n-¨p sIm-ïv `q-]-S-§ fnÂ h-c-bv¡p-¶ km-¦Â¸n-Itc-J-I-fm-Wv k-a-Xm-]-tc-JIÄ. ù-tam-]-cn-X-e Xm-]-hn-Xc-Ww ]-ZÀ-in-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-\v G-ähpw im-kv-Xo-bam-b co-Xn-bm-WnXv.

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Xm-]-\n-ebpw A-´-co-£-am-ä-§fpwA-´-co-£-aÀ-±-hy-Xym-k§Ä, Im-

äpIÄ, ta-L-cq-]o-I-cWw, a-g Xp-S§n-b hy-Xykv-X A-´-co-£ Øn-Xn-am-ä-§Ä-¡v Im-c-W-am-Ip¶-Xv A-´-co-£ Xm-]-\n-e-bn-ep-ïmIp-¶ G-ä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-I-fmWv.A-´-co-£ Øn-XnbnÂ F-s´m-s¡ am-ä-§-fm-Wv \-ap-¡v ImWm³ I-gn-bp-¶Xv?A-´-co-£-aÀ-±hpw Im-äp-Ifpw

a-säÃm h-kv-Xp-¡-sfbpwt]m-se hm-bp-hn\pw `m-c-apïv. A-´-co-£-hm-bp sN-ep¯p-¶ `m-c-am-Wv A-´-co-£-aÀ±w (Atmospheric Pressure). _m-tcm-ao-äÀ F-¶ D-]-Ic-Ww D-]-tbm-Kn-¨v H-cp Ø-e-s¯ A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯m-\m-Ipw. anÃn-_mÀ, sl-Iv-tSm-]m-kv-¡Â F-¶o G-I-I-§fnÂ aÀ-±w tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯mw. ù-tam-]-cn-X-e-¯nÂ A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶ im-ci-cn A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w 1013.2 anÃn_mÀ AYhm 1013.2 sl-Iv-tSm-]m-kv-¡-emWv.

ù-tam-]-cn-X-e A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w FÃm-bn-S¯pw H-cp-t]m-sebÃ. G-sXm-s¡ L-S-I-§-fm-Wv aÀ-±-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶-sX-¶v t\m¡q.

1) D-bcw: Db-cw Iq-Sp-t¼mÄ A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w

Ip-d-ªp-h-cp¶p. A-´-co-£-¯n-sâ Xm-sg X-e-§fnÂ Hm-tcm 10 ao-ä-dn-\pw 1 an-Ãn_mÀ F-¶-tXmXnÂ aÀ-±w Ip-d-bp¶p. \mw a-e-tbm-c]-tZ-i-§-fn-te-¡v bm-X sN-¿p-t¼mÄ sN-hn-b-S-¸v A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶-Xv A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w Ip-d-bp-¶-Xn-\m-emWv.

2) Xm]w: Xm-]\n-e Iq-Sp-t¼mÄ hm-bp hn-

I-kn-¨p-b-cp¶p. A-Xn\mÂ B ]-tZi-¯v hm-bp-hn-sâ kmµ-X Ip-d-bp-¶-Xn-eq-sS A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w Ip-d-bp¶p. Xm-]\n-e Ip-dbp-¶ A-h-k-c-§fnÂ hm-bp k-t¦m-Nn-¨v Xm-gv-¶n-d-§p-¶-Xn\mÂ

A-hn-sS A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w Iq-Sp¶p.`q-a-[y-tc-Jm ]-tZ-i¯pw [p-h ]-tZ-i-§-fnepw A-´-co-£-aÀ-±¯nÂ F-´v hy-Xym-k-am-Wv A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-I?

3) BÀ-Z-X: A-´-co-£-¯n-se P-emw-iw AY-

hm \o-cm-hn-bp-sS A-f-hm-Wv BÀ-Z-X. PeX-·m-X-IÄ¡v hm-bp-X-·m-X-Itf-¡mÄ m-cw Ip-d-hmWv. P-ew _m-jv-]-am-Ip-t¼mÄ D-bÀ-¶p t]m-Ip¶-Xv I-ïn-«ntÃ. \o-cm-hn- ]q-cn-Xam-b A-´-co-£¯nÂ aÀ-±w Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. h-c-ï A-´-co-£¯nÂ DbÀ-¶ A-´-co-£-aÀ-±-am-bn-cn¡pw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-I.k-ap-ZXo-c ]-tZ-i-§-fn-se A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w s]m-Xp-sh Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-¡pw. F-´p-sImïv?

D-bcw, Xm]w, BÀZ-X F-¶o L-SI-§Ä A-´-co-£-aÀ-±-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¡p¶-Xv F-]-Im-c-am-sW-¶v I-ïntÃ.

k-aaÀ-±-tcJIÄ (Isobars)k-ap-Z-\n-çnÂ H-tc A-´-co-

£-aÀ-±-ap-Å ]-tZ-i§-sf X½nÂ tbm-Pn-¸n-¨p sIm-ïv `q-]-S-§fnÂ h-c-bv¡p-¶ km-¦Â¸n-I tc-J-I-fm-Wv k-aaÀ-±-tc-JIÄ. ù-tam-]-cn-X-e aÀ-±hn-Xc-Ww tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\p-Å G-ähpw A-\p-tbm-Pyam-b co-Xn-bm-WnXv.


ù-am-´-co£w

D-¨-aÀ-±hpw \yq-\-aÀ-±hpwNp-äp-]m-SpI-sf A-t]-£n-¨v DbÀ-

¶ A-´-co-£-aÀ-±w A-\p-`-h-s¸Sp-¶ ta-J-e-I-fm-Wv D-¨-aÀ-± ta-J-eIÄ (H). Np-äp-]m-Sp-I-fp-am-bn Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ Ip-d-ª A-´-co-£-aÀ-±-ap-Å ]-tZ-i§-sf \yq-\-aÀ--± ta-JeIÄ (L) F¶pw hn-fn-¡p¶p.

B-tKm-f- aÀ-±ta-JeIÄNn-e A-£mw-i-§Ä-¡n-Sbn

Â A- -co-£-aÀ-±w G-sd-¡p-sd H-cp- t]m-se-bm-sW-¶v ]T\-§Ä sX-fn-bn- n-«pïv. C-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ ù-tam-]-cn-X-e-s¯ hnhn-[ aÀ-±-ta-J-e-I-fm-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. G-gv ][m-\ aÀ-±-ta-J-e-Ifpw A-h-bp-sS Øm-\hpw Nn-Xw t\m-¡n a-\-kn-em¡q.Cu aÀ-±-ta-J-eI-sf B-tKm-f- aÀ-±ta-Je-IÄ F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p.

Hmtcm aÀ-±-ta-J-e-Ifpw cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p- Å Im-c-W-§-fm-Wv ]-«n-I-bnÂ

B-tKm-f aÀ-±-ta-JeIÄ cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn-\p-Å ImcWw

a-[y-tc-Jm \yq-\-aÀ-±-taJ-e DbÀ-¶ Xm-]\n-e Imc-Ww a-[y-tc-Jm ]-tZ-i-s¯ hm-bp hn-I-kn-¨v D-b-cp-¶-Xn-eq-sS Cu \yq-\-aÀ-±-ta-J-e cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶p. (`q-a-[y-tc-J-bv-¡v 50 hS-¡p ap-XÂ 50 sX-¡p hsc)

D-t]mjv-W D-¨-aÀ-±-taJ-e a-[y-tc-Jm ]-tZi-¯p\n-¶v Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-¨v D-bÀ-¶p- s]m§p-¶ hm-bp Ita-W X-Wp-¯v D-t]mjv-W ta-J-e-IfnÂ Xm-gv-¶n-d-§p¶p. C-Xp-aq-ew 300 D-¯-cþZ£n-W A-£mw-i]-tZi-§Ä tI-µo-I-cn-¨v D-¨-aÀ-±-ta-Je-IÄ cq-]-s¸-Sp¶p.

D-]-[pho-b \yq-\-aÀ-±-ta-JeIÄ `q-an-bp-sS à-Ww \n-an-¯w G-Xm-ïv 600 D-¯-cþZ£n-W A-£mw-i ta-J-e-I-fn-se hm-bp B-Im-i-t¯-¡v Np-g-än-sb-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xn\mÂ C-hn-S-§fnÂ \yq-\-aÀ-±-ta-J-e-I-Ä D-ïm-Ip¶p.

[pho-b D-¨-aÀ-±-ta-JeIÄ D-¯-cþZ£n-W [p-h]-tZ-i-§-fnÂ A-Xn-ssi-Xyw Imc-Ww hm-bp k-t¦m-Nn-¨v Xm-gv-¶n-d-§p-¶-Xn\mÂ D-¨-aÀ-±-ta-Je-IÄ D-ïm-Ip¶p.

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Im-äpIÄA-´-co-£-aÀ-±-¯n-se G-ä-¡p-d-¨n-

ep-IÄ Im-äp-IÄ cq-]wsIm-Åp-¶-Xn-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip¶p. D-¨-aÀ-± ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ \n ¶pw \yq-\-aÀ-± ]-tZ-i-§-fn-te-¡p-Å hm-bp-hn-sâ Xn-cÝo-\ N-e-\-am-Wv Imäv. C-fw- Im-äp-IÄ ap-XÂ sImSp¦m-äp-IÄ h-sc hn-hn-[X-cw Im-äp-IÄ \n-§Ä-¡v ]-cn-Nn-X-atÃ. G-Xv Zn-ibnÂ\n¶pw ho-ip-¶p F-¶-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv Im-äp-IÄ-¡v t]-cv \Â-Im-dp-ÅXv. D-Zm-l-cWw: hS-¡p Zn-ibnÂ\n-¶p hoip-¶ Im-än-s\ h-S-¡³ Im-sä¶pw Ing¡p\n¶pw hoip-¶ Im-än-s\ Ing-¡³ Im-äv AY-hm ]qÀ-Æhm-Xw F-¶pw hn-fn-¡p¶p.Im-än-sâ th-K-Xbpw Zn-ibpw Xm-sg-¸-dbp-¶ L-S-I§-sf B-i-bn-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.

1) aÀ-±-N-cn-hv: Xn-cÝo-\ Zq-c¯nÂ aÀ-±-¯n-se

hy-Xym-k-am-WnXv. aÀ-±-hy-Xym-kw Iq-Sp-X-se¦nÂ Im-äv Iq-Sp-XÂ i-àhpw aÀ-±-hy-

Xym-kw Ip-d-sh¦nÂ Im-äv ZÀ-_-e-hp-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

2) tIm-dn-tbm-en-kv _ew: `q-an-bp-sS à-Ww \n-an- w D- -cmÀ-²

tKm-f¯nÂ Im-äp-IÄ-¡v k-©m-c-Zn-i-bp-sS h-e-t¯m-«pw, Z-£n-WmÀ-² tKm-f¯nÂ k-©m-c-Zn-i-bp-sS C-S-t¯m«pw hy-Xn-N-en-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å ]-h-W-X-bpïv. C-Xm-Wv tIm-dn-tbm-en-kv _ew.

3) LÀ-jWw: \n-c-¸nÃm-¯Xpw ac-§Ä \n-d-ª-

Xpam-b `q-]-Ir-XnbnÂ LÀj-Ww Iq-Sp-X-em-b-Xn\mÂ Im-än-\v kp-K-a-am-bn k-©-cn -¡m-\m-InÃ. F¶mÂ \n-çm-b `q-]-tZ-i-§-fnepw k-ap-tZm-]-cn-X-e-§-fnepw Im-än-\v X-S-k-§-fnÃm-sX ho-im-\m-Ip¶p.

hn-hn-[X-cw Im-äp-IÄ^vt-fm-NmÀ-«v \n-co-£n-¨v q-apJ-¯v ho-

ip-¶ hn-hn-[X-cw Im-äp-IÄ G-sXÃm-sa-¶v a-\-kn-em¡q.

Im-äpIÄ

a¬kq¬ Im-äpIÄ

I-SÂ-¡m-äp-IÄ

I-c-¡m-äp-IÄ

B-tKm-fhmX§Ä ]m-tZ-in-IhmX§ÄImen-I-hmX§Ä

hm-Wn-PyhmX§Ä

]-Ýn-a hm-X§Ä

[p-ho-bhm-X§Ä

eq, Nn-\q¡v, s^m³, lÀ-amä³, amw-tKm j-th-gv-kv...


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B-tKm-fhmX§ÄB-tKm-f aÀ-±-ta-J-e-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v

\n-§Ä a-\-kn-em-¡n-b-tÃm. Cu aÀ-±-ta-J-e-IÄ-¡n-S-bnÂ (D-¨-aÀ-± ta-J-e-IfnÂ\n ¶pw \yq-\-aÀ-± ta-J-e-I-fn-te¡v) \n-c´-cw hoip-¶ Im-äp-I-fm-Wv B-tKm-fhm-X-§Ä. B-tKm-f-hm-X§-sf aq-¶m-bn X-cw-Xn-cn-¡mw.

\n¶pw Z-£n-WmÀ-²tKm-f¯nÂ hS-¡p ]-Sn-ªm-dp\n¶pw ho-ip¶p. A-Xn-\m-em-Wv ]-Ýn-a hmX-§Ä F-¶ t]cv.

3. [p-ho-b]qÀhhmX§Ä[pho-b D-¨-aÀ-±ta-J-e-IfnÂ \n¶pw D-]-[pho-b ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v ho-ip¶p.hm-Wn-Py-hm-X§-sf ]qÀ-h-hmX-§Ä F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶-Xv F-´p-sIm-ïm-bn-cn-¡mw?

Im-en-I-hm-X§Ä\n-Ýn-Xk-a-b C-S-th-f-IfnÂ amXw

hoip-¶ Im-äp-I-fm-Wv Im-en-I-hm-X§Ä. Im-en-I-hm-X-§Ä-¡v G-ähpw \Ã D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv a¬kq¬ Im-äpIÄ.

a¬kq¬ Im-äpIÄC-ý DÄs¸-« Z-£n-tWjy³

]-tZ-i-§-fn-em-Wv a¬kq¬ Im-äp-IÄ ap-Jy-ambpw A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. D-jv-W-Ime-¯v D-¯-cmÀ-²tKm-f-¯n-se h³-Ic-IÄ K-Wy-am-bn Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-¨v A-hn-sS \yq-\-aÀ-±w cq-]-s¸-Sp¶p. Xm-c-X-tay-\ DbÀ-¶ aÀ-±w \n-e-\nÂ¡p-¶ k-ap-tZm-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ\n¶pw Cu \yq-\-aÀ-± ta-J-e-bn-te-¡v Im-äv ho-ip¶p. sIm-dn-tbm-en-kv ]-`m-h¯mÂ Cu Im-äp-IÄ h-e-t¯m-«v hy-Xn-N-en-¨v sX-¡v ]-Sn-ªm-dv Zn-ibnÂ\n¶pw ho-ip-¶-Xn\mÂ C-Xn-s\ sX¡p]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ Im-äp-IÄ F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p. Pq¬ ap-XÂ sk -]vXw-_À am-kwh-sc I-SenÂ\n¶pw I-c-bn-te-¡v hoip-¶ Cu a¬kq¬ Im-än-eq-sS C-ý-bpÄ-s¸-sS Gjy³ cm-Py-§fnÂ [m-cm-fw a-g e-`n-¡p¶p.

sk-]v-Xw-_À am-kw ]n-¶n-Sp-¶-tXm-sS kq-cy³ Z-£n-WmÀ-² tKm-f- n-te-¡v Ab-\w sN-¿p-¶-Xn\m Â C- y-bpÄs -« D- -c h³-I-c-Ifn Â Xm-]\n-e Ip-d-bp-Ibpw D- -aÀ-±w cq-]-s -Sm³ C-S-bm-Ip-Ibpw sN-¿pw. Xm-c-X-

1. hm-Wn-Py-hmX§ÄD-t]mjv-W D-¨-aÀ-±ta-J-e-IfnÂ \n

¶pw a-[y-tc-Jm \yq-\-aÀ-± ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v ho-ip¶p. tIm-dn-tbm-enkv _-e¯mÂ Cu Im-äp-IÄ D-¯-cmÀ-²tKm-f¯nÂ hS¡pIng-¡p \n-¶pw, Z-£n-WmÀ-² tKm-f¯nÂ sX¡pIng¡p \n-¶p-am-Wv ho-ip-¶Xv.

2. ]-Ýn-a-hmX§ÄD-t]mjv-W D- -aÀ-±ta-J-e-Ifn Â \n¶pw

D-]-[pho-b \yq-\-aÀ-± ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v ho-ip-¶p. tIm-dn-tbm-enkv _-e¯mÂ Cu Im-äp-IÄ D- -cmÀ-²tKm-f nÂ sX-¡v ]-Sn-ªm-dv

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tay-\ aÀ-±w Ip-d-ª Z£n-W k-ap-Z-`m-K-t¯-¡v D-¯-c h³-I-cbnÂ\n¶pw Im-äv ho-ip¶p. tIm-dn-tbm-en-kv ]-`m-h¯mÂ Cu Im-äp-IÄ hS¡pIng-¡v Zn-ibnÂ \n-¶m-IbmÂ C-Xn-s\ hS¡pIn-g-¡³

a¬kq¬ Im-äp-IÄ F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p. H-Iv-tSm-_Àþ\-hw-_À am-k-§fnÂ G-sd k-Po-ham-b Cu Im-äv s]m-Xp-sh h-c-ï Im-äp-I-fmWv.

sX¡v ]-Sn-ªm-d³ a¬kq¬ hS-¡v In-g-¡³ a¬kq¬

Im-en-I-am-bn Im-äp-IÄ hn-]-co-X-Zn-i-bn-emIp-¶ a¬kq¬ F-¶ ]-Xn-`m-k-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v t_m-[y-am-b-tÃm.

ssZ-\wZn-\w cm-Xn-]-I-ep-IfnÂ hn-]-co-X-Zn-i-I-fn-te-¡v amdp-¶ Nn-e ]m-tZin-I Im-en-I-hm-X§-sf ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.

I-c-¡mäpw I-SÂ-¡mäpwXo-c-tZ-i-§fnÂ ssZ-\wZn-\ B-hÀ-¯n¡p-¶ Im-en-I-

hm-X-§-fm-Wn-h. ]-IÂk-ab-¯v I-c k-ap-Z-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v Iq-Sp-XÂ Nq-Sp-]n-Sn-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ I-cbv-¡p ap-IfnÂ aÀ-±w


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Ip-d-bp¶p. Xm-c-X-tay-\ D-bÀ-¶ aÀ-±-ap-Å k-ap-tZm-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ\n¶pw I-c-bn-te-¡v Im-äv -ho-ip¶p. s]m-Xp-sh D-¨-Xn-cn-ªv hoip-¶ Cu Im-äpI-sf I-SÂ-¡m-äp-IÄ F-¶p hn-fn-¡mw.

cm-Xn-bm-Ip-¶-tXm-sS I-c-th-K¯nÂ X-Wp-¡p¶Xn\mÂ A-hn-sS aÀ-±w IqSp¶p. Xm-c-X-tay-\ aÀ-±w Ip-d-ª k-ap-tZm-]-cn-X-e-¯n-te-¡v I-cbnÂ\n¶pw Im-äv ho-ip-¶p. C-Xm-Wv I-c-¡mäv.

I-c-¡mäpw I-SÂ-¡mäpw cm-Xn-]-I-ep-IfnÂ B-hÀ-¯n-¨p-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn\mÂ Xo-ctZ-i Im-em-h-Ø an-X-am-bn \n-e-\nÀ-¯m-\m-Ip¶p.

]À-Æ-X-¡mäpw Xm-gvh-c-¡mäpw]-IÂ-ka-bw ]À-Æ-X-N-cn-hn-se hm-

bp kq-cy-c-iv-an-IfmÂ Nq-tS-äv D-b-cp¶p. C-Xv Xm-gvh-cbnÂ\n¶pw ]À-hX-N-cn-hn-eq-sS ap-I-fn-te-¡v Im-äp-hoim³ C-S-bm-Ipw. C-Xm-Wv Xm-gvh-c-¡mäv. cm-Xn-Im-e-§fnÂ ]Àh-X-N-cn-hn-se hm-bp k-t¦m-Nn-¨v Xm-gv-¶n-d-§p-¶-Xn\mÂ ]À-h-X ap-IfnÂ\n¶pw N-cn-hn-eq-sS Xm-gvh-c-bn-te-¡v Im-äp-ho-ip¶p. C-Xm-Wv ]Àh-X-¡mäv.

]-tZ-in-I-hmX§ÄXm-c-X-tay-\ sNdn-b ]-tZi-¯v am-

X-am-bn A-\p-`-h-s¸Sp-¶ Im-äp-I-fm-Wv ]m-tZ-in-I-hm-X§Ä. ]m-tZ-in-Iam-b Xm-] -aÀ-± hy-Xym-k-§-fm-Wv C¯-cw Im-äp-IÄ-¡v Im-c-Ww. Nn-e ][m-\ ]m-tZ-in-I-hm-X-§fpw A-h ho-ip-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fpw ][m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fp-am-Wv ]-«n-I-bnÂ

]m-tZ-in-I-hmXw ]-tZiw k-hn-ti-jXIÄ

eq D-¯-tcý³ k-a-Xew.

h-c-ï D-jv-W-¡m-äv.

Nn-\q¡v hS-t¡ A-ta-cn-¡-bn-se tdm-¡n ]À-Æ-X-¯n-sâ In-g-t¡-N-cnhv.

]À-Æ-X-N-cn-hn-se a-ªp-cp¡p-¶ h-c-ï Im-äpIÄ.

s^m³ bq-tdm-]n-se BÂ-]v-kv ]À-Æ-X-N-cnhv.

]À-Æ-X-N-cnhnÂ k-½À-±¯mÂ Nq-Sm Ip-¶ Cu Im-äv X-Wp-¸n-sâ ImTn\yw Ip-d-bv-¡p¶p.

lÀ-amä³ B-^n-¡-bn-se klm-d a-cp-`qan.

]-Sn-ªm-d³ B-^n-¡-bn-se A-kp-J-I-cam-b Im-em-h-Ø-bv-¡v B-izm-kw \Â-Ip¶p.

amw-tKm-j-th-gvkv Z-£n-tWý D-jv-W-Ime-¯v am¼-gw ]gp-¡p-¶-Xn \pw s]m-gn-¡p-¶-Xn\pam-emWv Cu t]cv.

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A-´-co-£-¯n-se PewA-´-co-£-¯n-se P-emw-i-

s¯ A-´-co-£ BÀZ-X F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p. `q-an-bn-se P-em-i-b-§fnÂ \n¶pw Xm-]-ta-äv \o-cm-hn-bm-bm-Wv A-´-co-£¯nÂ P-e-sa-¯p-¶Xv. A-´-co-£- ¯n-e-S-§n-bn-cn¡p-¶ P-e-_m-jv-]-¯n-sâ b-YmÀ-° A-f-hn-s\ tI-h-e BÀZ-X F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p. \nÝn-X Du-jv-amhnÂ A-´-co-£-¯n-\v DÄ-s¡mÅm³ I-gnbp-¶ P-emw-i-¯n-\v H-cp ]-cn-[n-bpïv. A-´-co-£w ]qÀ-W-ambpw P-e-]q-cn-X-amIp-¶ A-hØ-sb ]q-cn-Xm-h-Ø F-¶p hn-fn-¡mw. A-´-co-£w ]q-cn-Xm-h-Ø-bn-em-Ip-¶-tXm-sS L-\o-Ic-Ww B-cw-`n-¡pw. L-\o-Ic-Ww B-cw-`n¡p-¶ Du-jv-am-hn-s\ ln-am-¦w F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p. P-e-I-Wn-I-I-fm-bn amdp-¶ ]-In-b- bm-Wv L-\o-I-cWw.

A-´-co-£-¯n-sâ B-sI P-em-Kn-c-W-ti-jn-bp-sS F-X i-X-am-\-am-Wv \n-ehnÂ A-´-co-£-¯n-epÅ-Xv F-¶-Xn-s\ B-t]£n-I BÀZ-X F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p.

L-\oI-c-W cq-]§ÄA-´-co-£w P-e-]q-cn-X-am-Ip-¶-tXm-

sS L-\o-Ic-Ww B-cw-`n-¡p-sa-¶v ]-d-ª-tÃm. L-\o-Ic-Ww G-sXÃmw cq-]-¯n-emImw F-¶v t\m¡q.

Xp-jmcw: ]-`m-X-§fnÂ ]pÂ-\m-¼p-I-fnepw

C-e-I-fnepw a-äv X-Wp-¯ ]-X-e-§-fnepw P-e-¯p-Ån-IÄ ]-än-¸n-Sn-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv

A-´-co-£ BÀZ-X A-f-¡p-¶-Xn-\v ssl-tKm-ao-äÀ AY-hm sh-äv Bâv

ssU _Ä-_v sXÀ-tam-ao-äÀ F-¶ D-]-I-c-W-am-Wv D-]-tbm-Kn-¡p-¶Xv.

I-ïn-«ntÃ. `u-tam-]-cnX-ew X-Wp-¡p-¶-Xp-aq-ew sh-Å-¯p-Ån-I-fp-sS cq-]-¯n-ep-ïmIp-¶ Cu L-\oI-c-Wcq-]-am-Wv Xp-jmcw.kq-tcym-Z-b-t¯m-sS Xp-jm-cw A-]-Xy-£-am-Ip¶p. F-´p-sImïv?

lnaw: cm-Xn-Xm-]-\n-e 00 skÂ-jyknÂ

Xm-sg-bmIp-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ t\À-¯ ln-a-]-c-ep-I-fp-sS cq-]-¯n-em-Wv L-\o-Ic-Ww D-ïm-Ip-¶Xv. C-Xm-Wv lnaw.

aq-SÂ-aªv: A-´-co-£w X-Wp-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS

L-\o-`-hn-¨p-ïmIp-¶ t\À-¯ P-e-I-WnI-IÄ A-´-co-£-¯nÂ¯-s¶ X-§n-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv aq-SÂ-aªv. A-´-co-£-¯n-sâ Xm-gv-¶-hn-Xm-\-§fnÂ cq-]-s¸Sp-¶ taL-§Ä F-¶v C-Xn-s\ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡m-dpïv. aq-SÂa-ªv ]-e-t¸mgpw Im-gvN-sb X-S-k-s¸-Sp-¯m-dpïv.


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ta-L§Ä: A-´-co-£-¯n-sâ DbÀ-¶ X-e-§

fnÂ t\À-¯ s]m-Sn-]-S-e§-sf Np-än L- \o-Ic-Ww \-S-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS-bm-Wv taL-§Ä cq-]-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. B-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw D-b-c-¯n-sâbpw A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ hn-hn-[X-cw ta-L-§-fpïv.

sS ta-L-§fnÂ P-e-I-Wn-I-I-fp-sS h-en-¸w Iq-Sn-h-cp¶p. Kp-cp-Xzm-IÀ-j-W-s¯ ]-Xn-tcm-[n¡m³ I-gn-bm¯-X h-en-¸-amÀ-Ön-¡p-¶-tXm-sS P-e-I-WnI-IÄ ta-L-§fnÂ\n¶pw tam-Nn-¸n-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw hnhn-[ cq-]¯nÂ `q-anbnÂ ]-Xn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. C-Xm-Wv hÀ-jWw.hÀ-j-W-¯n-sâ hnhn-[ cq]-§Ä G-sXm-s¡-sb-¶v t\m¡q.

•a-g: P-e-¯p-Ån-I-fp-sS cq-]¯nÂ `q-anbnÂ ]-Xn¡p-¶ km-[m-c-W hÀ-j-W-co-Xn-bm-Wv a-g.

•a-ªv ho-gv-N: Xm-]-\n-e 00 skÂ-jyk-nÂ Xm-sg-bm-Ip-t¼mÄ t\À-¯ ln-a-]-c-ep-I-fp-sS cq-]¯nÂ `q-anbnÂ ]-Xn-¡p¶p.

•Be-n¸-g ho-gv-N: ta-L¯nÂ\n¶pw tam-Nn-¸n-¡s¸-« P-e-I-WnI-IÄ hnhn-[ X-e-§fnÂ h-¨v X-Wp-¯ A-´-co-£-]m-fn-I-fn-eq-sS I-S-¶p-h-cp-t¼mÄ A-h ]m-fn-I-fm-bn X-Wp-¯pd-ªv a-ªp I-«-I-fp-sS cq-]¯nÂ `q-anbnÂ F-¯p¶p.

• knd-kv ta-L§Ä: sX-fn-ª A-´-co-£Øn-XnbnÂ DbÀ-¶ hn-Xm-\-§ fnÂ cq-]-s¸Sp-¶ t\À-¯ Xq-h-ep-IÄ-¡v k-am-\am-b ta-L§Ä.

• kv-Smä-kv ta-L§Ä: I-\-¯ ]m-fn-I-fm-bn Im-W-s¸Sp-¶ ta-L§Ä.

• Iyp-ape-kv ta-L§Ä: Iq-ä³ ]-ªn-s¡-«pI-tfm-Sv km-Zr-iy-ap-Å ta-L§Ä.

• \nw_-kv ta-L§Ä: C-cp-ï a-g-ta-L§Ä.

taÂ-¸-d-ª taL-§Ä s]m-Xp-sh ]-c-kv]-cw Iq-Sn-¡-eÀ-¶m-Wv Zr-iy-am-Ip-¶Xv.B-Im-iw \n-co-£n-¨v hn-hn-[X-cw ta-L§-sf Xn-cn-¨-dnbm³ i-an¡q.

hÀjWwXp-SÀ-¨bm-b L-\o-I-c-W-¯n-eq-

knd-kv kv-Smä-kv

\nw_-kvIyp-ape-kv

a-g

a-ªv ho-gv-N

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\n-§Ä-¡v G-ähpw ]-cn-Nn-Xam-b hÀ-j-W co-Xn-tb-XmWv?

a-g hn-hn-[-X-c¯nÂ]À-h-X-hr-ãn/ssi-e-hrãn:

CuÀ-¸w h-ln¡p-¶ Im-äv ]À-hX-N-cnhnÂ X-«n D-bÀ-¯-s¸-«v L-\o-`-hn-¨v

Be-n¸-g ho-gv-N

ta-L-cq-]o-I-c-Whpw a-g-bp-ap-ïm-Ip¶p. C-Xm-Wv ]Àh-X-hrãn.kw-h-l-\-hrãn:

D-jv-W-ta-J-e-bnÂ, ]-tXy-In-¨v a-[y-tc-Jm ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ DbÀ-¶ Nq-Sv Imc-Ww hm-bp hn-I-kn-¨p-bÀ-¶v a-g-ta-L-§fpïm-Ip-¶-Xn-eq-sS D-¨-bv-¡p ti-jw a-g-bp-ïm-Ip¶p. C-Xm-Wv kw-h-l-\-hrãn.Xo-c-tZ-i-hrãn:

k-ap-tZm-]-cn-X-e-¯n-se hm-bp I-c-bn-se hm-bp-hp-am-bn Xo-c-tZ-i-§fnÂ h-¨v k-Ôn-¡p-t¼mÄ D-jv-W-hm-bp ap-I-fnte-¡p-b-cp-Ibpw L-\o-`-hn-¨v a-g-bm-bn s]-¿p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p. C-Xm-Wv Xo-c-tZ-i-hrãn.

Po-h-K-lam-b \-½p-sS `q-an-bn-se k-I-e kv-]-µ-\§fpw \n-b-´n-¡p¶-Xv kq-cy-\m-sW-¶v t_m-[y-am-bntÃ. Po-h-a-Þ-e-¯n-sâ \n-e-\nÂ-¸pX-s¶ ku-tcmÀ-

]À-h-X-hr-ãn kw-h-l-\-hrãn

Xo-c-tZ-i-hrãn


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P¯nÂ A-[n-jvTn-X-amWv.`q-an-¡v H-cp kzm-`mhn-I Xm-]-k-´p-e

kw-hn-[m-\-ap-sï-¶v \n-§Ä a-\-kn-em-¡n-b-tÃm. hnhn-[ a-\p-jy-]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fn-eq-sS A-´-co-£ kw-c-N-\bnÂ am-ä-§-fp-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn-eq-sS `q-an-bp-sS kzm-`mhn-I Xm-]-k-´pe-\w km-[y-am-Im-sX h-cp-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv Im-em-h-Ø am-äw F-¶ Øn-Xn-

hn-ti-jw kw-Pm-X-am-Ip-¶Xv. A-im-kv-Xo-bam-b ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä kz-bw \n-b-ń-¨v A-´-co-£-¯n-sâ tem-e-k-´pe-\w \n-e-\nÀ¯p-I h-gn C-\nbpw X-e-ap-d-IÄ-¡v ò-j-Wn-bnÃm-sX Po-hn¡m³ I-gnbp-¶ Po-h-K-l-am-bn `q-an-sb kw-c-£n¡m³ I-gnbpw F-¶v \-ap-¡v ]-Xym-in-¡mw.

]T\-t\-«-§Ä•A-´-co-£ L-SI-§Ä Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv Hmtcm L-S-I-¯n-sâbpw ]m

-[m\yw hn-i-Zo-I-cn¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.

•Xm-]-\n-e-bn-se amä-§Ä A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n A-´-co-£-s¯ ]m-fn-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-¡m\pw k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ hn-i-Z-am-¡m\pw I-gn-bp¶p.

•Xm-]-hn-X-c-W-s¯ kzm-[o-\n¡p-¶ L-SI-§Ä hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p.

•A-´-co-£ aÀ-±-¯n-se G-ä-¡p-d-¨n-ep-IÄ-¡v Im-cW-§Ä hn-i-Z-am¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.

•B-tKm-f aÀ-±ta-J-eI-sf Nn-Xo-I-cn¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.

•hn-hn-[X-cw Im-äp-Ifpw A-h cq-]-s¸Sp-¶ km-l-N-cyhpw hn-h-cn-¡m-\m-Ip¶p.

•A-´-co-£ BÀ-Z-Xbpw A-Xp-aq-e-ap-Å A-´-co-£ Øn-Xn-am-ä-§fpw hy-à-am-¡m-\m-Ip¶p.

•L-\o-I-c-W cq-]§Ä, ta-Lcq-]§Ä, hÀ-j-Wcq]-§Ä F¶n-h X-cw-Xn-cn-¨v hn-i-Z-am¡m³ I-gn-bp¶p.

`u-am-´-co£w


hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä•Nph-sS tNÀ-¯n-«p-Å hm-X-I§-sf A-´-co-£-¯n-se B-\p-]mXn-I

A-f-hn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ ]p-\xI-ao-I-cn-¡pI. ImÀ-_¬-ssU-Hm-Iv-ssk-Uv þ Hm-IvknP³ þ BÀ-K¬ þ ss\-SP³

•l-cn-X-`-h\-§Ä F-¶m-se´v? l-cn-X`-h-\ ]-`m-hw F-s´-¶v hy-à-am-¡pI.

•kq-N-\-IfnÂ\n¶pw A-´-co-£-]m-fn G-sX-¶v Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv ]-kv-Xp-X ]m-fn-bp-sS a-äv k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ F-gp-XpI.

* `q-an-tbm-S-Sp-¯p-Å ]m-fn. * 50 In-tem-ao-äÀ ap-XÂ 80 In-tem-ao-äÀ h-sc D-b-c-¯nÂ \n-e-sIm-

Åp¶p.

•A-´-co-£aÀ-±w F-¶m-se´v? D-bcw, Xm]w, BÀZ-X F-¶o L-SI-§Ä A-´-co-£aÀ-±-s¯ kzm-[o-\n-¡p-¶-sX-§s\?

•B-tKm-f aÀ-±ta-Je-IÄ NnXw hc-¨v A-S-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

XpSÀ]-hÀ¯-\-§Ä•Hcp hÀj-¯nÂ hnhn[ Ime-§-fnÂ \n§-fpsS ]tZ-i¯v e`n-¡p¶ ag-bpsS

]tXy-I-X-IÄ \nco-£n¨v Ipdn¸v X¿m-dm-¡pI.

kzbw-hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


A´-co£¯nse hmX-I-kw-c-N-\, A´co£ L-S\F¶n-h-sb¡pdn¨v Bib [mcW t\Sn-bn«pï.v

BtKm-f-aÀ±-ta-J-e-IÄ, hnhn-[-X-Xcw ImäpIÄ F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v [mc-W-IÄ cq]-s¸-«n«pï.v

hnhn-[-Xcw L\o-I-c-W-cq-]-§Ä, ]co-£-W-cq-]-§Ä, ag-IÄ F¶n-h-sb-¡p-dn¨v Bi-b-cq-]o-I-cWw \S-¯n-bn-«pï.v

A´-co£aÀ±s¯ kzm[o-\n-¡p¶ LS-I-§--sf-¡p-dn¨v hni-Zo-I-cn-¡m³ Ign-bp-¶p-− v.


Pea-Þ-ew


`u-tam-]-cn-X-e-¯n-epw A-´-co-£-¯n-epw `q-KÀ-`-¯n-ep-am-bn hnhn-[ cq-]¯nÂ \n-e-sImÅp-¶ ap-gp-h³ P-ehpw DÄ-s¡mÅp-¶ a-Þ-e-am-Wv P-e-a-Þew.

ku-c-bq-Y-¯n-se H-tc-sbm-cp Po-h-K-l-am-Wv `q-an F-¶v \n-§Ä-¡-dn-bm-a-tÃm. `q-anbnÂ Poh-sâ \n-e-\nÂ-¸v km-[y-am¡p-¶ ]-c-a-]-[m-\am-b L-S-I-am-Wv Pew. F-X-tb-sd D-]-tbm-Kn-¨mepw P-e-]-cn-hr-¯n F-¶ Nm-In-Iam-b ]-In-b-I-fn-eq-sS hoïpw ]p-\xØm-]n-¡-s¸Sp-¶ hn-`-h-am-b-Xn\mÂ P-e-s¯ H-cp Nm-In-I-hn-`-h-am-bn ]-cn-K-Wn-¡mw.

P-e-]-cn-hr¯n

NnXw \n-co-£n-¨v P-ew G-sXÃmw A-h-Ø-I-fn-eq-sS I-S-¶p-t]m-Ip-¶p F-¶p a-\-Ên-em¡q.

Pea-Þ-ew


kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

Xp-SÀ-¶v Nph-sS ImWp-¶ tNm-Zy-§Ä-¡v D-¯-c-sa-gp-XpI.• P-em-i-b-§-fn-se P-e¯nÂ kq-cy-Xm-]-taÂ-¡p-t¼mÄ F-´p kw-`-hn-¡p¶p?

• \-Zn-I-fn-te¡pw X-Sm-I-§-fn-te¡pw P-e-sa-¯p-¶-sX-§s\?

• Cu P-e-¯n-\v Xp-SÀ-¶v F-´p kw-`-hn-¡p¶p?

`q-an-¡v P-e-K-lw F¶pw t]-cpïv. A-sX-´p-sIm-ïm-bn-cn-¡mw? X-¶n-cn¡p-¶ NnXw i-²n¡q.

• \o-cp-dhIÄ••Nph-sS \ÂIn-b U-bKw \n-co-£n¡q.

`q-an-bp-sS hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-sS ap-¡mÂ-]¦pw P-e-am-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv C§-s\ hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-sX-¶v t_m-[y-am-bn-cn-¡p-a-tÃm. D-]-cn-X-e-¯n-sâ G-Xm-ïv 71 i-X-am-\hpw P-e-am-b-Xn\mÂ _-ln-cm-Im-i-¯p-\n-¶p t\m-¡p-t¼mÄ `q-an H-cp \o-e-tKm-f-am-W-tX.

k-ap-Z§-sf Iq-Sm-sX a-tä-sXÃmw P-e-tkm-X-kp-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v \n-§Ä-¡-dn-bmw?

• q-anbnÂ e-h-W-P-e-amtWm ip-²-P-e-amtWm Iq-Sp-X-ep-ÅXv?

• q-an-bn-se B-sI P-e-¯n-sâ F-X i-X-am-\-am-Wv e-h-W-Pew?

• a-\p-jy-\v e-`yam-b ip-²P-ew F-X i-X-am-\-apïv?

ip-²P-ewip-²-P-e-tkm-X-kpI-sf D-]-cn-X-e

-P-e-tkm-X-ÊpIÄ, `q-KÀ-` -P-e-tkm-X-kp-IÄ F-¶n§-s\ c-ïm-bn Xn-cn-¡mw.

\-ZnIÄ, X-Sm-I§Ä, Im-b-ep-IÄ F-¶n-h-sbm-s¡-bm-Wv D-]-cn-X-e P-e-tkm-X-kpIÄ. q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-t¯m-Sv hf-sc A-Sp-¯m-bn-cn¡pw C-h-bn-se P-e-\n-c¸v. InWÀ, Ipfw, Ip-gÂ-¡n-WÀ Xp-S-§n-b-h `q-KÀ-` P-e-tkm-X-Êp-I-fmWv.

[p-h-]-tZ-i-§-fnepw DbÀ-¶ ]À-h-X-§-fnepw D-d-ªp-In-S¡p-¶ aªpw Nn-e ]-tZ-i-§-fn-se `q-KÀ-`-P-ehpw \-ap-¡v A-]m-]yam-b ip-²-P-e-amWv.


Pea-Þ-ew

a-®n-\-Sn-bn-se Pewa-g-bm-Wv a-®n-te-¡p sh-Å-sa-¯n-

¡p-¶-Xv. a-g-¯p-Ån-IÄ a-®n-se kq-£v-a-kp-jn-c-§-fn-te-¡p In-\n-ªn-d-§p-I-bpw A-hn-sS ti-J-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.

`q-anbnÂ s]-bv-Xn-d§p-¶ a-g-sh-Åw a-g-bnÃm-¯ Im-e-§-fn-te-¡v kw-`-cn-¨p-h-bv-¡m-\p-Å kw-hn-[m-\w ]-Ir-Xn GÀ-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pïv. a-g-sh-Åw a-®n-\-Sn-bn-te-¡v DuÀ-¶n-d-§m-\p-Å A-hk-cw \mw X-S-ks¸-Sp-¯nbmÂ th-\Â-¡me-¯v P-e-ZuÀ-e-`y-am-bn-cn¡pw ^ew.

In-W-dp-\nÀ-am-W-¯n\pw a-äm-h-iy-§Ä-¡p-sam-s¡ Ip-gn-sb-Sp-¡p¶-Xv \n-§Ä i-²n-¨n-«p-ïm-hpw. B-gw-Iq-Sp-t´mdpw s]m-Xp-sh a-®n-sâ \\-hv hÀ-²n-¡p¶-Xp Im-Wmw. hoïpw B-gw Iq-«n-bm-tem? in-e-I-fn-se kp-jn-c-§fnÂ \n-d-ªn-cn¡p-¶

P-ew In-\n-ªnd-§n Ip-gnbnÂ \n-d-bp¶p. FÃm kp-jn-c-§fpw P-ew-sIm-ïv \n-d-ªn-cn¡p-¶ `m-K-am-b-Xn-\m-em-Wv Cu P-e-k-ar²n. `q-an-¡-Sn-bn-se P-e-k-ar-²am-b `m-K-¯n-sâ ap-IÄ-¸-c-¸m-Wv "P-e-]oTw' (water table) F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. `q-an-¡-SnbnÂ kw-`-cn-¡-s¸-«n-cn¡p-¶ P-e-am-Wv `q-KÀ-`-Pew (underground water).

A-Iyp-^-dpIÄ (Aquifers)

taÂ-a-®nÂ-\n-¶v DuÀ-¶n-d §p-¶ P-ew a-®n-se kp-jn-c-§-fnepw ]m-d-bn-Sp-¡p-I-fnepw kw-`-cn-¡p-s¸Sp-¶ \o-c-d-I-fm-Wv A-Iyp-^-dpIÄ (Aquifers). C§-s\ ti-J-cn-¡-s¸Sp-¶ P-e-am-Wv In-W-dn-eq-sS \-ap-¡p e-`n-¡p-¶Xv.

a-g-¡me-¯v P-e-]oTw D-b-cp¶p. th-\Â-¡me-¯v Xm-gp¶p. C-sX-´p-sIm-ïm-bn-cn-¡mw?

Pea-Þ-ew


\o-cpdh (Spring)\-½p-sS \m«nÂ a-g-¡me-¯v ]-d-¼p-

I-fnepw Ip-¶n³-N-cn-hp-I-fn-ep-sam-s¡ D-dh-IÄ cq-]w-sIm-Åp¶-Xv I-ïn-«ntÃ? Nn-e Ø-e-§fnÂ C-Xv Øn-c-am-bn D-ïm-Ipw, a-än-S-§fnÂ A-h a-g-¡m-ew I-gn-bp-¶-tXm-sS h-än-t¸m-Ipw.

P-e-]oTw `u-tam-]-cn-X-e-s¯ kv-]À-in¡p-¶ C-S-§fnÂ P-ew `q-an-¡p-ÅnÂ-\n-¶v D-]-cn-X-e-¯n-eq-sS H-gp-Ipw. C-Xm-Wv \o-cpdh (Spring). Nn-e Ø-e-§fnÂ C-§-s\-sbm-gpIp-¶ sh-Å-¯n-\v Nq-Sp-ïm-bn-cn-¡pw. C-Xv Np-Sp-\o-cpdh (Hot spring) F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p.

Ko-k-dpIÄ (Geysers)`q-an-¡pÅnÂ \n-¶p \n-Ýn-X C-S-th-

f-IfnÂ Nq-Sp-sh-Åhpw \o-cm-hnbpw i-à-am-bn ]p-d-t¯-¡p ]-h-ln¡p-¶ ]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv Ko-k-dpIÄ.

`q-an-¡p-Ån-se hn-S-hp-I-fn-eq-sS Xm-Wn-d§p-¶ P-ew am-Ü-bp-am-bn k-¼À-¡-¯n-em-hp-¶-Xp-sIm-ïm-Wv Nq-Sp-\o-cp-d-h-Ifpw Ko-k-dp-Ifpw cq-]w-sIm-Åp-¶Xv.

X-®oÀ-¯S§ÄD-]-cn-X-eP-ew kw-`-cn-¡-s¸Sp-¶

kzm-`mhn-I C-S-§-fm-Wv X-®oÀ-¯-S§Ä. h-b-epIÄ, Ip-f§Ä, N-Xp-¸p-\ne-§Ä

XpS-§n FÃm Xmgv-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fpw X-®oÀ-¯S-§Ä F-¶ hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-Spw.

C-hn-S-§fnÂ ti-J-cn-¡-s¸Sp-¶ P-e-am-Wv `q-KÀ-`-P-e-¯n-sâ `m-K-am-Ip-¶Xv. ]-Ir-Xn-bn-se kzm-`m-hn-I P-e-kw-`-c-Wn-Ifm-b X-®oÀ-¯S-§Ä \n-I-¯p¶-Xv Xm-sg kq-Nn-¸n¡p-¶ X-c¯nÂ \n-ch-[n ]m-cn-ØnXn-I ]-iv-\-§Ä-¡p h-gn-sX-fn-¡pw.• In-W-dp-IfnÂ P-e-\nc-¸p Xm-gp¶p.• sNdn-b a-g-bnÂ-t¸mepw \-Zn-IfnÂ sh-Å-s¸m-¡-ap-ïm-Ip¶p.

Xp-Ån- Ip-Sn-¸m-\nÃtXe-`yam-b ip-²-P-e-tkm-X-kp-

IÄ-t]mepw ]-e-bn-S¯pw C-¶v h-än-hc-ïp Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

`q-an-bn-se B-sI P-e-¯n-sâ Af-hv Øn-c-am-Wv. A-Xp-sIm-ïpX-s¶ P-\-kw-

tem-I-P-e-Zn-\w 2008P-e-£m-aw Xc-Ww sN-¿p-I,

P-ew kw-c-£n¡p-I F-¶o k-tµ-i-§-fp-am-bm-Wv ""`-£yþImÀjn-I kw-L-S\'' (FAO) A-Xn-sâ B-Øm-\am-b tdm-anÂ 2008 amÀ-¨v 22þ\v tem-I-P-e-Zn-\-¯n-\v B-cw-`w Ip-dn-¨Xv. FÃm hÀ-jhpw amÀ-¨v 22 P-e-Zn-\-am-bn \mw B-tLm-jn-¡p¶p.


Pea-Þ-ew

Jy hÀ-²n-¡p-t¼mÄ B-tfml-cn P-e-e-`y-X Ip-d-bp¶p. P-e-¯n-sâ D-]-t`m-Kw hÀ-²n-¨Xpw P-e-e-`yX-sb _m-[n-¡p-¶pïv.

P-e-a-en-\o-IcWwNph-sS tNÀ-¯ Nn-X-§Ä i-²n¡q.

G-sXm-s¡ km-l-N-cy-§-fm-Wv P-e-

a-en-\o-I-c-W-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip-¶Xv?• hy-h-km-b-im-e-I-fnÂ-\n-¶p-Å am-en-\y §Ä.•P-e-¯n-sâ `u-Xn-I-Kp-W-§-fnepw cm-k-Kp-W-§-fnepw ssP-h-]-cam-b k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fnepw hcp-¶ lm-\n-I-cam-b am-ä-am-Wv P-e-a-en-\o-I-cWw. B-[p-\n-I-tem-Iw t\-cnSp-¶ Ku-c-h-tadn-b ]-iv-\-am-WnXv.an-¡ cm-Py-§-fnepw C-Xv tZ-io-b-]m-[m-\y-ap-Å hn-j-b-am-bn am-dn-¡-gn-ªp. P-e-a-en-\o-Ic-Ww \n-b-´n-¡p-¶-Xn-\p \-½p-sS cm-Py-¯v \nb-aw \n-e-hn-epïv.

P-e-a-en-\oI-c-W \n-tcm-[\ þ \n-b´-W \nb-aw F-¶m-Wn-Xv A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

P-e-a-en-\o-Ic-Ww X-S-bp-¶XnÂ hy-àn-IÄ¡pw k-aq-l-¯n\pw

F-s´m-s¡ sN-¿m-\m-Ipw?

ip-²am-b Ip-Sn-sh-Åw P-\-§-fp-sS au-en-Im-h-Im-i-am-bn am-td-ï-Xpïv.

P-e-kw-c£Ww

sF-Iy-cm-jv-S kw-L-S-\-bp-sS I-W-¡p-IÄ ]-Im-cw ]-Xn-Zn-\w C-cp]-Xp e-£w S¬ am-en-\y-§-fm-Wv tem-I-sam-«m-sI P-e-¯n-te-¡p X-Å-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.

\Â-In-bn-cn¡p-¶ ]-X-hmÀ¯-IÄ hm-bn-¨-tÃm. P-ew kw-c-£n-¡-s¸-tS-ï-XmsW-¶ a-l¯m-b k-tµ-i-am-Wv C-h \Â-Ip-¶Xv. ]-Ir-Xn \-ap-¡v B-h-iy-¯n-\v ip-²P-ew e-`y-am-¡p-¶pïv. a-g-bn-eq-sS e-`n¡p-¶ Cu ip-²P-ew -e-]-Z-am-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn¡m³ km-[n¨mÂ \-ap-¡v ip-²-P-e-£m-ahpw hcÄ-¨bpw ]-cn-l-cn-¡mw; H-cp ]-cn-[nh-sc sh-Å-s¸m-¡-hpw. a-®m-Wv G-ä hpw hen-b P-e-kw-`-cWn. Hmtcm Xp-Ån a-g-sh-Åhpw hogp-¶ Øe-¯pX-s¶

Pea-Þ-ew


Xmgm³ A-\p-h-Zn-¡p-I-sb-¶-Xm-Wv P-e-kw-c-£-W-¯n-se A-Sn-Øm-\-X-¯zw.

a-g-sh-Åw ti-J-cn-¡mwhÀ-jw tXm-dpw 300 skâo-ao-ä-dn-e-[n-

Iw a-g In«p-¶ tI-c-f¯nÂ th-\Â-¡me-¯v ip-²-P-e-£m-aw cq-£-amWv. F-´p-sIm-ïm-Wv C§-s\ kw-`-hn-¡p-¶Xv?

tI-c-f-¯n-sâ `q-]-Ir-Xn-sb-¡p-dn-¨v

Ip¶p. A-Xp-sIm-ïv C-¶v a-g-sh-Å-kw-`-c-W-¯n-\p-Å km-l-Ncyw H-cp¡m³ \mw t_m-[-]qÀ-ham-b ia-§Ä \-S-¯ Ww.

a-g-sh-Åw kw-`-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv ip-²-P-e-£m-aw ]-cn-l-cn-¡m-\p-Å G-ähpw \Ã amÀKw. a-g-sh-Å-kw-`c-Ww ]-e co-Xn-I fnÂ km-[y-amWv.• taÂ-¡q-c- a-g-sh-Åkw-`-cWw• D-]-cn-X-e -\o-scm-gp-¡n-sâ kw-`cWw

taÂ¡q-c a-g-sh-Åkw-`cWwsI-«n-S-§-fp-sS taÂ-¡q-cbnÂ

]-Xn¡p-¶ a-g-sh-Åw kw-`-c-Wn-IfnÂ

\n-§Ä Xmgv-¶ ¢m-kp-IfnÂ ]Tn-¨n-«p-ï-tÃm? Ing-¡p\n-¶p ]-Sn-ªm-td-¡v N-cn-ªm-Wv tI-c-f-¯n-sâ In-S¸v. e-`n¡p-¶ a-g-bp-sS 70 i-X-am-\hpw C-Xp-aq-ew h-f-sc-th-Kw I-S-en-te-¡v H-gp-In-t¸m-Ip¶p. Cu a-g-sh-Å-s¯ a®nÂ Xm-gv¯m³ ]-Ir-Xn H-cp¡n-b kw-hn-[m-\-§-fm-bn-cp-¶p h-\§Ä, Ip-f§Ä, X-®oÀ-¯-S§Ä, Im-hp-IÄ F-¶n-h. F¶mÂ a-\p-jy-sâ A-im-kv-Xo-bam-b C-S-s]-SÂ-aq-ew Cu kzm-`mhn-I kw-hn-[m\-§Ä CÃm-Xm-

[m-cm-fw a-g e-`n¡p-¶ kw-Øm-\-am-Wv tI-cfw. A-´-co-£ a-en-\o-Ic-Ww CÃm-¯ km-l-N-cy-¯nÂ a-g-sh-Åw G-ähpw ip-²am-b P-e-am-Wv. tI-c-f¯nÂ amXw G-Xm-ïv 120 L-\-In-tem-ao-äÀ P-e-am-Wv H-cp hÀ-jw a-g-bm-bn s]-¿p-¶Xv.



Pea-Þ-ew

ti-J-cn-¡p-Itbm `q-an-bn-te-¡v C-d-¡n-hn-«v `q-KÀ-`-P-e-hn-Xm-\w D-bÀ-¯p-Itbm sN-¿mw.

a-g-sh-Å-kw-`-c-Wn-IÄ Øm-]n-¨n-«p-Å Øe-§Ä k-µÀ-in-¨v A-h-bp-sS ]-hÀ¯-\-co-Xn a-\-kn-em-¡n Ip-dn-¸p

X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

D-]-cn-X-e \o-scm-gp-¡n-sâ kw-`cWw

a-g-sh-Åw `q-an-bp-sS D-]-cn-X-e-¯n-eq-sS H-gp-In-t¸m-Im-sX a-®n-\-Sn-bn-te-¡v Xm-gv-¯m\pw ti-J-cn-¡m\pw Xm-sg-¸-dbp-¶ ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä k-lm-bn-¡pw.• X-®oÀ-¯S-§Ä kw-c-£n¡p-I• h\-§Ä \n-e-\nÀ¯p-I• ac-§Ä \-«p-h-fÀ¯p-I• _-lp-\n-e-Irjn• X-«p-Irjn• ]p-X-bnSÂ• X-S-bW-IÄ \nÀ-an¡p-I• I-¿me-IÄ \nÀ-an¡p-I• a-g-¡p-gn-IÄ \nÀ-an¡p-I

sh-Åw a-®n-\p-Ån-te-¡v Xm-gm-\m-bn \mw \-S¯p-¶ Hmtcm

]-hÀ-¯-\hpw H-tc-ka-bw P-e- kwc£-W]-hÀ-¯-\hpw a-®p-

kwc-£-W ]-hÀ-¯-\hpw B-hp-¶-sX-§-s\? NÀ-¨ sN¿q.

P-e-kw-c£-Ww hn-j-b-am-¡n H-cp ]-Xn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡p-I.

k-ap-Z§Ä_-ln-cm-Im-i-¯p-\n-¶p t\m-

¡nbmÂ H-cp hen-b P-e-¸-c-¸m-bm-Wv `q-an Zr-iy-am-Ip-¶Xv. `q-tKm-f-hn-kv-Xr-Xn-bp-sS G-Xm-ïv 71% P-e-`m-K-amWv. I-c-`m-K-§Ä-¡n-S-bn-em-bn hym-]n-¨p-In-S¡p-¶ hnim-e P-e-¸-c-¸p-I-fm-Wv k-ap-Z§Ä. ]-k-^n-Iv k-ap-Zw, A-äv-emân-Iv k-ap-Zw, C´y³ k-ap-Zw, BÀ-«n-Iv k-ap-Zw, AâmÀ-«n-Iv k-apZw F-¶n-h-bm-Wv ][m-\ k-ap-Z§Ä. ap-I-fnÂ kq-Nn-¸n-¨ Hmtcm k-ap-Zhpw A-t\-Iw I-S-ep-Ifpw DÄ-¡-S-ep-Ifpw I-S-en-Sp-¡p-Ifpw aäpw tNÀ-¶-XmWv. aq-¶p hi-§Ä I-cbmÂ Np-ä-s¸-«-Xm-Wv DÄ¡SÂ (Bay). c-ïp I-c-IÄ-¡n-S-bn-ep-Å C-Sp§n-b k-ap-Z-`m-K-am-Wv I-S-en-Sp¡v (Strait). k-ap-Z-¯n-sâ I-c-tbm-Sp tNÀ-¶ `m-K-am-Wv s]m-Xp-sh ISÂ (Sea) F-¶v A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶Xv.


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`q]-Sw \n-co-£n-¨v ][m-\ k-ap-Z-§-fp-sS Øm-\w a-\-kn-em¡q.

tem-I-k-ap-Z-§Ä H-ä-t\m-«¯nÂ

A-äve-kv ]-cn-tim-[n-¨v Hmtcm k-ap-Z-¯n-sâbpw `m-Kam-b I-S-ep-IÄ, DÄ-¡-S-epIÄ, I-S-en-Sp-¡p-IÄ F¶n-h I-sï-¯n ]«n-I X-¿m-dm-¡pI.


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k-ap-Z-¯n-sâ ][m-\ k-hn-ti-j-X-I-fm-Wv Xm]w, e-h-W-Xzw F-¶n-h. C-h FÃm k-ap-Z-§-fnepw H-cp-t]m-se-bÃ A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. C-Xn-\p-Å Im-cW-§Ä ]-cn-tim-[n-¡mw.

k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-se Xm-]-hn-XcWwA-£mwio-b hy-Xn-bm-\-§Ä-¡-

\p-kr-X-am-bn k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ Xm-]-\n-ebnÂ hy-Xym-kw D-ïm-Ip¶p. G-ähpw DbÀ-¶ Xm-]\n-e tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶-Xv `q-a-[y-tc-J-bp-sS C-cp-h-i-§-fn-em-bn G-Xm-ïv 10 UnKn h-sc A-£mw-i-ta-J-e-I-fn-emWv. a-[y-tc-Jm-]-tZi-¯p\n-¶p [p-ho-b-ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡p t]m-Ip-t´mdpw Xm-]-\n-ebnÂ K-Wyam-b Ipd-hv tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. a-[y A-£mwio-b ta-J-e-I fnÂ Xm-]-\n-e 10 Un-Kn-tbm-fw Xm-gp¶p. [p-ho-b-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ þ2 Un-Knh-sc Xm-] \n-e Xm-gp-¶-Xm-bn I-W-¡m-¡p-¶p. ku- tcmÀ-P e-`y-X-bn-se A-k-´p-en-Xm-h-Ø-bm-Wv k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ Xm-]-\n-ebnÂ D-ïmIp-¶ Cu hy-Xym-k-§Ä-¡v Im-c Ww. k-ap-Z-P-e-]-hm-l-§fpw Im-äp-Ifpw k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ Xm-]-\n-ebnÂ kzm-[o-\w sN-ep-¯p-¶pïv.

k-ap-Z-P-e e-h-WXzwI-SÂ-sh-Å-¯n-sâ ]-tXy-I k-hn-

ti-j-X-bm-Wv D-¸p-ckw. \nÝn-X hym -]v-Xw k-ap-Z-P-e¯nÂ A-S-§n-bn-«p-Å e-h-W-¯n-sâ A-f-hn-s\ k-ap-Z e-h-W Xzw (Salinity) F-¶p-hn-fn-¡p-¶p. 1000 Kmw P-e¯nÂ F-X Kmw eh-Ww A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶ hn-[-¯n-em-Wv e-h-W Xzw I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xv. k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ i-cmi-cn e-h-W-Xzw 35 k-l-kmw-i-am-Wv. (35 0/

00) C-Xv AÀ-Y-am-¡p-¶-Xv 1000 Kmw

k-ap-Z-P-e-¯nÂ 35 Kmw eh-Ww A-S-§n-bn-cn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶mWv. k-ap-Z-§fnÂ FÃm-bn-S¯pw e-h-WXzw H-cp-t]m-sebÃ. e-h-W-Xz-¯n-sâ G-ä-¡p-d-¨n-en-\v Im-c-W-amIp-¶ km-l-N-cy-§-fm-Wv Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶Xv.• DbÀ-¶ A-fhnÂ _m-jv-]o-Ic-Ww

\-S¡p-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ e-h-WXzw Iq-Sp¶p.

• DbÀ-¶ A-fhnÂ a-ªp-cp-In P-ew F¯p-¶ k-ap-Z-`m-K-§fnÂ e-h-W Xzw Ip-d-bp¶p.

• [m-cm-fw \-Zn-IÄ h-¶p-tNcp-¶ k-ap-Z-`m-K-§fnÂ e-h-WXzw Ip-d-bp¶p.

• DbÀ-¶ A-fhnÂ a-g e-`n-¡p¶-Xv e-h-WXzw Ip-d-bp-¶-Xn-\v C-S-bm-¡p¶p.

[p-h-]-tZ-i§-sf A-t]-£n-¨v `q-a-[y-tc-Jm-]-tZi-¯v DbÀ-¶ e-h-WXzw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p. F-´m-bn-cn¡mw C-Xn-\p

Im-cWw?

k-ap-Z-P-e-N-e\§ÄXn-c-ameIÄ (Waves), th-enIÄ

(Tides), P-e-]-hml§Ä (Ocean currents) F-¶n-h-bm-Wv k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ N-e-\§Ä.

Zzo-]p-Ifpw

D-]-Zzo-]p-Ifpw]qÀ-W-ambpw k-ap-Z¯mÂ

Np-äs¸-« I-c-`m-K-§-fm-Wv Zzo-]p IÄ (Islands). aq-¶p hi-§Ä k-ap-Z¯mÂ Np-äs¸-« h³-I-c-`m-K-§-fm-Wv D-]-Zzo-]p-IÄ (Peninsula).

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Xn-c-ameIÄ

NnXw i-²n¡q. k-ap-Z-P-e D-]-cn-X-e-¯n-sâ \n-av-t\m-¶-X cq-]-¯n-ep-Å N-e-\-§-f-m-Wv Xn-cIÄ.

Nn-X¯nÂ Im-Wp-¶-Xp-t]m-se Xn-c-bp-sS DbÀ-¶ `m-K-s¯ Xn-cm-inJ-cw F¶pw Xmgv-¶ `m-K-s¯ Xn-cmX-Sw F¶pw ]-d-bp¶p. A-Sp-¯-Sp-¯p-Å c-ïv Xn-cm-in-Jc-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å A-I-e-s¯ Xn-cm-ssZÀLyw F¶pw Xn-cm-X-S-¯n-\pw Xn-cm-in-J-c-¯n-\p-an-S-bn-se ew-_-Zq-c-s¯ Xn-tcm¶-Xn F¶pw ]-d-bp¶p.

Im-äp-IÄ k-ap-Z-P-tem-]-cn-X-e¯nÂ GÂ-¸n¡p-¶ LÀ-j-W-am-Wv Xn-c-IÄ-¡p Im-cWw. hf-sc i-àam-b Im-äp-I-fp-sS ^-e-am-bn D-ïmIp-¶ i-àn-IqSn-b Xn-c-ame-IÄ Xo-c-§fn Â I-S-em-I-a-W-¯n-\p Im-c-W-am-Ip¶p. tI-c-f-¯n-se I-SÂ-¯oc-§Ä C-¯-c¯nÂ I-S-em-I-a-W-§Ä-¡p hn-t[-b-am-Ip-¶-Xm-bn ]-X-hmÀ-¯-IfnÂ \n-¶p \n-§Ä a-\-kn-em-¡n-bn-«p-ïm-Ip-a-tÃm. I-SÂ-¯o-c-§-fn-se P-\-hm-k-¯n-\v `o-j-Wn-bm-bn -amdp-¶ I-S-em-I-a-W-s¯ ]-Xn-tcm-[n¡m³ Nn-e amÀK§Ä kzo-I-cn-¨p-h-cp¶p. A-h F-s´m-s¡-sb-¶v t\m¡q.• ]md-IÄsIm-ïp-Å I-SÂ-`n-¯n


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\nÀ-amWw• ]p-en-ap-«p-IÄ \n-t£-]n¡Â• I-ïÂ-¡m-Sp-IÄ h-¨p-]n-Sn-¸n¡Â

I-c-bnÂ-\n-¶p I-S-en-te¡pw a-dn¨pw \o-¡w sN-¿-s¸Sp-¶ a-WÂ A-t\ym\yw X-S-b-s¸-«v Xo-c-§fnÂ cq-]w-sImÅp-¶ a-WÂ-`n-¯n-IÄ I-S-em-I-a-W-s¯ ]-Xn-tcm-[n¡m³ ]-Ir-XnX-s¶ kr-ãn¡p-¶ H-cp amÀ-K-amWv.

I-SÂ-¯-d-I-fnÂ D-ïmIp-¶ A-án-]À-h-X-§fpw `q-I-¼-§fpw hn-\m-i-Im-cn-Ifm-b h³ Xn-c-am-e-IÄ-¡p Im-c-W-am-Im-dpïv. C¯-cw Xn-c-ame-IÄ ko-kv-an-Iv I-SÂ-¯nc-IÄ AY-hm kp-\m-an-IÄ F-¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶p. C¯-cw Xn-c-am-e-IÄ-¡v a-Wn-¡qdnÂ i-cm-i-cn 800 In.ao. h-sc th-K-ap-ïm-Im-dpïv.

tI-c-f¯nÂ kp-\m-an-IÄ D-ïm-bn-«p-tïm? A-t\z-jn-¨-dnbq.

th-enIÄ\nÝn-X C-S-th-f-IfnÂ k-ap-Z-P-e-

\n-c-¸n-\p-ïmIp-¶ D-bÀ-¨bpw Xm-gv-N-bp-am-Wv th-enIÄ. k-ap-Z-P-e hn-Xm-\-¯n-sâ D-bÀ¨-sb th-en-tb-ä-sa¶pw Xm-gv-N-sb

NmI-ca¬kq¬ Im-e-¯n-sâ

B-cw-`-¯ntem A-h-km-\-¯ntem A-d-_n-¡-SenÂ cq-]w-sImÅp-¶ ]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv NmI-c. sN-fn A-Sn-ªp-Iq-Sn D-ïmIp-¶ Nn-d-I-fn-se t]m-j-I-k-ar-²am-b I-e-¡-sh-Å-¯n-se ¹-h-I-§fpw sN-fnbpw -£n¡m³ sN-½o³, a¯n, A-b-e ap-Xem-b a-Õy-§Ä Iq-«w-Iq-«-am-bn F-¯p¶p. Cu ]-Xn-`m-k-am-Wv NmIc.

th-en-bn-d-¡-sa¶pw hn-fn-¡p¶p.`q-an-bp-sStaÂ N-µ\pw kq-cy\pw

sN-ep¯p-¶ B-IÀ-j-W-_-ehpw `q-an-bp-sS `-a-W-^-e-am-bp-ïmIp-¶ A-]-tIµ-_-e-hp-am-Wv th-en-IÄ-¡v Im-cWw.

NnXw i-²n¡q. N-µ-\v A-`n-ap-Jam-b `q-an-bp-sS `m-K-s¯ P-e-\nc-¸v D-b-cp¶p. Nµ³ `q-anbnÂ sN-ep¯p-¶ B-IÀ-j-W-_-e-¯n-sâ ^-e-am-bn Cu `m-K-s¯ P-e-\nc-¸v D-bÀ-¶v th-en-tbäw (High tide) D-ïm-Ip¶p. N-µ-\v ]-Xn-ap-Jam-b `m-K-s¯ P-e-\n-c¸pw D-bÀ-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wp-¶ntÃ. Cu `m-K-s¯ P-e-\nc-¸v D-b-cp-¶-Xn-\p Im-c-Wam-b LS-Iw `q-an-bp-sS `-a-W-^-e-am-bp-Å A-]-tI-µ-_-e-am-Wv (Centrifugal force). th-en-tb-ä-§Ä-¡p hn-t[-b-amIp-¶ Ø-e-§Ä-¡v 90 UnKn A-I-se-bp-Å ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ P-e-\nc-¸v Xm-gp-¶-Xm-bn Im-Wmw. Cu ]-tZ-i-§-fn-se P-ew th-en-tb-ä-]-tZ-i-§-fn-te-¡v H-gp-In-t¸m-Ip-¶-Xn-\m-em-Wv C-hn-sS P-e-\nc-¸v Xm-gp-¶Xv. P-e-\nc-¸v Xmgp-¶ Cu ]-Xn-`m-

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k-am-Wv th-en-bnd¡w (Low tide).N-µ-sâ B-IÀ-j-W_-ew am-X-aÃ

th-en-IÄ-¡v Im-cWw. kqcy³ `q-anbnÂ sN-ep¯p-¶ B-IÀ-j-W-_-ehpw th-en-IÄ-¡v Im-c-W-am-Ip¶p. kq-cy-s\ A-t]-£n-¨v N-µ-\v h-ep-¸w Ip-d-hm-sW-¦nepw `q-an-tbm-Sv G-ähpw A-Sp-¯p-\nÂ-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ N-µ-sâ B-IÀj-Ww kq-cy-s\ A-t]-£n-¨v hf-sc i-à-am-bn-cn-¡pw.

Nn-Xw i-²n¡q. Hmtcm am-k-¯nepw

A-am-hmkn (I-dp-¯-hmhv) Zn-h-k-¯nepw ]uÀ-Wan (sh-fp-¯-hmhv) Zn-h-k-¯nepw kq-cy\pw N-µ-\pw `q-anbpw t\À-tc-JbnÂ h-cp¶p. Cu Zn-h-k-§fnÂ kq-cy-sâbpw N-µ-sâbpw kw-bp-àam-b B-IÀj-Ww aq-ew a-äp Zn-h-k§-sf A-t]-£n-¨v Iq-Sp-XÂ i-àam-b th-en-tb-äw D-ïm-Ip¶p. C¯-cw th-en-tb-ä§-sf hm-hp-th-enIÄ (Spring tides) F-¶v hn-fn-¡p¶p.

A-am-hmkn, ]uÀW-an F-¶o Zn-h-k-§Ä-¡p ti-jw G-gv Znh-kw I-gn-bp-t¼mÄ kq-cy\pw `q-anbpw N-µ -\pw 90 UnKn tImWo-b A-I-e-§fnÂ F-¯p¶p. Cu Zn-h-k-§fnÂ kq-cy\pw N-µ- \pw 90 UnKn tImWo-b A-I-e-§-fnÂ-\n-¶v B-IÀ-jn-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ hf-sc ZpÀ-_-eam-b th-en-I-fm-Wv D-ïm-Ip-¶Xv. ZpÀ-_-eam-b C¯-cw th-enI-sf k]v-X-an-th-enIÄ (Neap tides) F-¶p hn-fn-¡p¶p.

th-en-IÄ \-ap-¡v F§-s\ ]-tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-Ip-¶p-sh-¶v t\m¡q.


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th-en-IÄ kr-ãn¡p-¶ ^e§Äth-en-tb-ähpw th-en-bn-d-¡hpw H-t«-

sd ^-e-§-fm-Wv kr-ãn-¡p-¶Xv. A-h F-s´m-s¡-sb-¶v t\m-¡mw.• th-en-tb-ä-k-a-b-§fnÂ D-¸-f-§fnÂ

I-SÂ-sh-Åw I-bäm³ I-gn-bp¶p.• ao³-]n-Sn-¯-¯n-\m-bn I-S-en-te-¡v I-«-a-

c-§fnÂ t]m-Ip-¶-Xn\pw h-cp-¶-Xn\pw th-enI-sf ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

• th-en-tb-ä-i-àn-bnÂ-\n-¶p ssh-Zyp-Xn DÂ-¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p¶p (Tidal energy).

• B-gw Ip-d-ª Xp-d-ap-J-§-fn-te-¡v I-¸-ep-IÄ A-Sp-¸n-¡p¶-Xv th-entb-ä k-µÀ-`-§-fn-emWv. DZm: sImÂ¡-¯m Xp-d-apJw.

k-ap-Z-P-e-]-hml§ÄH-cp Zn-i-bnÂ-\n-¶v a-säm-cp Zn-i-bn-

te-¡p-Å k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ Xp-SÀ-¨bm-b ]-hm-l-am-Wv k-ap-Z-P-e-]-hmlw. D-jvW-P-e]-hml-§Ä F¶pw io-X-P-e-]-hml-§Ä F¶pw ]-hml-§Ä c-ïp-X-c-¯n-epïv. D-jv-W-ta-J-e-bnÂ-\nt¶m D-t]m-jv-W-ta-J-e-bnÂ-\nt¶m k-©-cn-

¨v [p-ho-bþD-]-[pho-b ta-J-e-I-fn-te-¡v H-gpIp-¶ k-ap-Z-P-e ]-hm-l-§-fm-Wv D-jv-W-P-e-]-hm-l§Ä. C-h-bv-¡v H-gp-In-sb¯p-¶ ]-tZ-i-§-fn-se P-e-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v Nq-Sv Iq-Sp-X-em-bn-cn-¡pw. A-Xp- t]m-se [p-ho-bþD-]-[pho-b ta-J-e-I-fnÂ-\n-¶v D-jv-W-ta-J-e-bn-tet¡m D-t]m-jv-W-ta-J-e-bn-tet¡m H-gp-In-sb¯p-¶ k-ap-Z-P-e-]-hm-l-§-fm-Wv io-X-P-e-]-hm-l§Ä. C-h-bv-¡v H-gp-In-sb¯p-¶ ]-tZ-i-s¯ P-e-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v Nq-Sv Ip-d-hm-bn-cn-¡pw.

k-ap-Z-P-e e-h-W-Xzw, Xm-]\n-e F¶n-h Hmtcm k-ap-Z-¯nepw hy-Xy-kv-X-amWv. Cu hy-Xym-kw k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ km-µ-Xm-hy-Xym-k-¯n-\v Im-c-W-am-Ip¶p. k-ap-Z-P-e-¯n-sâ km-µ-Xm-hy-Xym-kw P-e-]-hm-l-§Ä-¡p Im-c-W-amIp-¶ L-S-I-§-fn-sem-¶mWv.

NnXw \n-co-£n-¨v hnhn-[ k-ap-Z-§-fn-se D-jv-W-P-e-]-hm-l-§-fp-sSbpw io-X-P-e-]-hm-l-§-fp-sSbpw t]-cp-IÄ Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp¯q.

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1. D-¯-c-a-²y-tc-Jm-]-hm-lw 11. _³-Kzme ]-hm-lw2. Z-£n-W-a-²y-tc-Jm-]-hm-lw 12. A-KpÂ-lm-kv ]-hm-lw3. a-²y-tc-Jm-]-Xn-]-hm-lw 13. ]Ýn-a B-kv-tX-en-b³ ]-hm-lw4. KÄ-^v-kv-Sow ]-Xn-]-hm-lw 14. ]qÀ-h B-kv-tX-en-b³ ]-hm-lw5. D-¯-c A-äv-emân-Iv ]-hmlw 15. s]-dp ]-hm-lw6. Im\-dn ]-hm-lw 16. Ip-tdm-jntbm ]-hm-lw7. em-_-tUmÀ ]-hm-lw 17. D-¯-c-]-k-^n-Iv ]-hm-lw8. t\mÀ-Æo-Pn-b³ ]-hm-lw 18. Im-en-t^mÀWn-b ]-hm-lw9. _koÂ ]-hm-lw 19. a¬kq¬ ]-hmlw10. ]-Ýn-ahm-X ]-hm-lwk-ap-Z-P-e-]-hm-l-§-fp-sS ^e§Ä• k-ap-Z-¯n-eq-sS-bp-Å bm-X-IÄ A-\m-bmk-am-¡p¶p.• k-ap-Z-Xo-c-]-tZ-i-§-fn-se Im-em-hØ-sb kzm-[o-\n-¡p¶p.• D-jv-Wþio-X-P-e-]-hml-§Ä k-Ôn¡p-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ aq-SÂa-ªv D-ïm-Ip¶p.• D-jv-Wþio-X-P-e-]-hml-§Ä k-Ôn¡p-¶ ]-tZ-i-§fnÂ a-Õy-]-P-\-\-¯n-\v A-\p-

Iq-eam-b km-l-N-cy-§Ä D-ïm-Ip¶p.

Kmâv _m-¦vkvtem-I-¯n-se ][m-\ a-Õy_-Ô-\ tI-µ-§fnÂ H-¶m-Wv Kmâv _m-¦vkv.

hS-t¡ A-ta-cn-¡-bp-sS Ing-¡v \yq-^u-ïv-emân-sâ Xo-c-¯m-Wv Kmâv _m-¦v-kv Øn-Xn-sN-¿p-¶Xv. KÄ-^v-kv-Sow D-jv-W-P-e-]-hm-lhpw em-_-tUmÀ io-X-P-e-]-hm-lhpw k-Ôn-¡p-¶-Xn\mÂ C-hn-sS a-Õy-h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡m-h-iyam-b Im-em-h-Ø cq-]-s¸-Sp¶p. am-XaÃ, em-_-tUmÀ ]-hm-lw a-Õym-lm-cam-b ¹-h-I§-sf [m-cm-f-am-bn Cu ta-J-e-bn-te-¡v sIm-ïp-h-cp¶p.

k-ap-Z-§Ä ]-e-hn-[¯nÂ a-\p-jyÀ-¡v ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp¶p. A-h F-s´m-s¡-sb-¶v t\m-¡mw.• Xo-c-]-tZ-i-§-fn-se Im-em-hØsb I-SÂ-¡m-äp-I-fpw I-c-¡m-


Pea-Þ-ew

äp-Ifpw h-gn k-ap-Z-§Ä an-X-am-¡p¶p. a-g, Imäv, N-I-hmX-§Ä Xp-S§n-b Im-emh-Øm ]-Xn-`m-k-§-fp-sS cq-]o-I-c-W¯nÂ k-ap-Z-§Ä-¡v ]-¦pïv.

• I-cbnÂ e-`y-amIp-¶ H-«pan-¡ [m-Xp-¡ fpw k-ap-Z-§-fnepw Im-W-s¸-Sp¶p. I-dn-bp¸v, t_m-an³, a-áo-jyw, C-cp-¼-bncv, IÂ-¡cn, s]-tSm-fnbw, ]-Ir-Xn-hmX-Iw F-¶n-h-bp-sS ][m-\ tkm-X-km-Wv k-ap-Z§Ä.

• Xn-c-am-e-IÄ, th-en-IÄ F¶n-h ssh-Zyp-Xn DÂ-¸m-Z-\-¯n-\v D-]-tbm-K-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.

• hn-hn-[X-cw a-Õy-hn-`-h-§-fp-sS I-e-h-d-bm-Wv k-ap-Z§Ä.• I-S-en-se k-ky-P-´p-Pme-§Ä Hu-j-[ \nÀ-am-W-¯n-\m-bn ]-tbm-P-\-s¸-Sp-¯p¶p.• k-ap-ZP-ew ip-²o-I-cn-¨v Ip-Sn-sh-Å-am-¡mw.• a-Õy-_-Ô\w, a-Õy-kw-kv-I-cWw, a-Õy-hn-]W-\w Xp-S§n-b ta-J-e-IfnÂ [m-cm-fw

sXm-gnÂ-km-[yX-IÄ ]-Zm-\w sN-¿p¶p.• Xo-ctZ-i hn-t\m-Z-k-©m-c-¯n-sâ km-[yX-IÄ \Â-Ip¶p.• `m-c-tadn-b h-kv-Xp-¡Ä sN-e-hp-Ip-d-ª amÀ-K-¯n-eq-sS h³-I-c-I-fnÂ-\n-¶p h³-I-c-

I-fn-te-¡v sIm-ïp-t]mIm³ k-ap-Z-K-XmK-Xw ]-tbm-P-\-]-Z-amWv.

]T-\-t\«§Ä• `q-an P-e-K-l-am-sW-¦nepw ip-²P-ew hf-sc Ip-d-hm-sW-¶v k-aÀ-Yn-¡p¶p.• P-e-]-cn-hr-¯n F-¶ Bi-bw Nn-X-¯n-eq-sS A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶p.• P-e-hn`-hw t\-cnSp-¶ a-en-\o-I-c-W-`oj-Wn kw-_-Ôn-¨v \n-K-a\-§Ä tc-J-s¸-Sp-

¯p¶p.• hnhn-[ a-g-sh-Åkw`-c-W amÀK-§Ä hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p.• hy-àn-K-X-ambpw Iq-«mbpw P-e-kwc-£-W amÀ-K-§fnÂ GÀ-s¸-Sp¶p.• hnhn-[ k-ap-Z-§-fp-sS Øm-\w a-\-kn-em-¡n tem-I-¯n-sâ cq-]-tc-JbnÂ A-S-bm-f-s¸-

Sp-¯p¶p.• k-ap-Z-§-fp-sS h-ep¸w, Bgw, a-äp ]-tXy-IX-IÄ F-¶n-h hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• k-ap-Z-P-e-N-e-\-§fm-b Xn-c-am-eIÄ, th-enIÄ, P-e-]-hml-§Ä F¶n-h F-s´-¶v

hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• Xn-c-am-eIÄ, th-en-IÄ F¶n-h G-sXm-s¡-¯-c¯nÂ a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X¯nÂ ]-tbm-

P-\-s¸-Sp-¶p-sh-¶v Xn-cn-¨-dnªv hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• ]-k-^nIv, A-äv-emânIv, C´y³ k-ap-Z-§-fn-eq-sS H-gpIp-¶ P-e-]-hm-l§-sf D-jv-

W-P-e-]-hm-l§Ä, io-X-P-e-]-hml-§Ä F-¶n§-s\ X-cw-Xn-cn-¨v ]«n-I X-¿m-dm-¡p¶p.

• k-ap-Z-§Ä a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X¯nÂ sN-ep¯p-¶ kzm-[o-\w hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¨v D-]-\ym-kw X-¿m-dm-¡p¶p.

Pea-Þ-ew


hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä• `q-anbnÂ P-ew aq-¶v A-h-Ø-IfnÂ Øn-Xn-sN-¿p-¶-Xn-\p-Å km-l-N-cy-sa´v?• `q-an-sb P-e-K-lw F-¶p hn-fn-¡m-\p-Å Im-c-W-sa´v?• P-e-]-cn-hr-¯n Nn-Xo-I-cn-¡pI.• Xm-sg ]-dbp-¶ ]-hÀ- \-§Ä P-e-kwc-£-W ]-hÀ- -\§-sf F§-s\ _m-[n-¡p¶p? * X-S-b-W-I-fp-sS \nÀamWw. * ap-äw tIm¬-Io-äv sN-¿p¶p. * a-g-¡p-gn-I-fp-sS \nÀ-amWw. * h-b-ep-IÄ \n-I-¯p¶p.• \n-§-fp-sS ]-tZ-i-s¯ ip-²-P-e-tkm-X-Êp-IÄ a-en-\-s¸-Sp¶-Xv F-§-s\-sbÃm-am-

sW-¶v hy-à-am-¡pI.• Nph-sS sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-Å-hbnÂ G-Xm-Wv C´y³ k-ap-Z-hp-am-bn _-Ô-anÃm-¯ ]-kv-

Xmh\? * k-ap-Z-¯n-sâ Z£n-W-`m-Kw AâmÀ-«n-Iv k-ap-Zwh-sc hym-]n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p. * i-cmi-cn B-gw A-äv-emân-Iv k-ap-Z-t¯-¡mÄ Iq-Sp-X-emWv. * ]yq-dn-t«m-dnt¡m KÀ-¯w Cu k-ap-Z-¯n-em-Wv Øn-XnsN-¿p-¶Xv. * hn-kv-Xr-XnbnÂ aq-¶mw-Øm-\-am-Wp-ÅXv.• Nph-sS kq-Nn-¸n-¨n-«p-Å-hbnÂ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv e-h-WXzw Ipd-hv A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv?

F-´p-sImïv? * I-cbmÂ Np-äs¸-« I-SÂ-`mKw * DbÀ-¶ A-f-hnÂ a-g e-`n¡p-¶ ]-tZi§Ä * DbÀ-¶ _m-jv-]o-Ic-Ww \-S¡p-¶ ]-tZi§Ä• hm-hp-th-enIÄ, k-]v-X-an-th-en-IÄ F¶n-h Nn-X-§-fp-sS k-lm-b-t¯m-sS hn-i-Zo-I-

cn¡p-I.• am-\-h-Po-hn-X-¯nepw `u-a-]-cn-Øn-Xn-bnepw k-ap-Z-§Ä sN-ep¯p-¶ kzm-[o-\w A-f-h-ä-XmWv. km-[q-I-cn-¡pI.

Xp-SÀ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä• Hcp Nmµ-am-k-¯nse Nµsâ Ie-I-fnÂ D −m-Ip¶- amäw \nco-£n¨v Hcp dnt¸mÀ«v

X¿m-dm-¡pI

kz-bw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


Pe ]cn-hr¯n

Pe-tkm-X-Êp-IÄ

Pe-a-en-\o-I-cWw

Pe-kw-c-£-W-amÀ¤-§Ä

temI-k-ap-Z-§Ä

kap-Z-Pe Ne-\-§Ä


kab\nÀ®bhpw EXpt`Z§fpw


Zp_mbnÂ tPmen e`n¨ _mep hcm\ncn¡p¶ Xsâ \Ã \msfIsf¡pdn ¨v Nnń¨ncn¡pt¼mgmWv B Adnbn¸v DïmbXv.

hnam\w Zp_mbv FbÀt¸mÀ«nÂ emâv sN¿m³ t]mIp¶p. FÃmh-cpw koävs_Âäv CSpI. Gh-cpw XnSp¡¯nÂ koävs_ÂäpIÄ CSm³ XpS§n. At¸mtg¡pw ASp¯ Adnbn¸v F¯n. Zp_mbnÂ Ct¸mÄ kabw cmhnse 8.30. FÃmhcpw Ahch-cpsS hm¨pIfnÂ kabw Ia oIc n t¡ ïXmW v . _mep Xsâ hm¨nte¡v t\m¡n. Xsâ hm¨nÂ

kabw cmhnse 10 aWn Bbncn¡p¶p. kab¯nÂ Dï mb Cu hyXymkw F´v F¶ Nn´ _mephns\ hÃmsX AkzØ\m¡n. _mephnsâ Cu kwib¯n\v adp]Sn \ÂIm³ \n§Ä¡v Ignbptam?

`qanbpsS Ne\§Ä`qanbpsS c ïv ][m\ Ne\§fm-

Wv àWhpw ]cnIaWhpw. `qan AXnsâ km¦Â¸nI A¨pX ïnÂ kzbw Id§p¶Xns\bmWv àWw F¶p]dbp ¶Xv. ZoÀLhr¯mIrXnbnepÅ Hcp ]cn IaW]Y¯neqsS `qan kqcy\v Npäpw k©cn¡p¶Xns\bmWv ]cnIaWw F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.

C\n \ap¡v àWhpambn _Ôs¸« Nne hkvXpXIÄ ]cntim[n¡mw.

• Hcp àWw ]qÀ¯nbm¡m³ 24



kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

aWn¡qÀ AYhm 1440 an\n«v thWw.

• `qan¡v NpäpapÅ tImWob AIew 360 UnKnbmWv.

• AXmbXv 360 UnKn Xncnbm³ 1440 an\n«v th ïnhcp¶Xn\mÂ 1 UnKn Xncnbphm³ thï kabw 4 an\n«mWv.

• `qanbpsS àWw ]Snªmdp \n¶pw Ingt¡m«mWv. AXn\mem-Wv kqtcymZbw Ing¡pw kqcymkvX-a\w ]Snªmdpw A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv. X•qew Ingt¡m«v kab¡qSpXepw ]Snªmtdm«v kab¡pdhpw tc-Js¸Sp¯p¶p. Ingt¡m«v Hmtcm UnKn tcJmwi¯n\pw 4 an\n«v IqSpXepw ]Snªmtdm«v Hmtcm UnKn tcJmwi¯n\pw 4 an\n«v Ip-dhpw kab¯nÂ kw-`-hn-¡p¶p.

]mtZinI kabwHmtcm ]tZi¯pw kqcy³

Xebv¡papIfnÂ F¯pt¼mÄ D¨bv¡v 12 Bbn IW¡m¡n kabw \nÀWbn¡s¸Sp¶Xns\bmWv ]m tZinIkabw F¶v ]dbp¶Xv.

am\IkabwHmtcm cmPy¯n\pw s]mXp

hnÂ _m[IamIp¶ Hcp kabw ]cnKWnt¡ ïXv B[p\nI ImeL«¯nsâ A\nhmcyXbmWv. AXn\mÂ Hmtcm cmPy¯nsâbpw GXmï v a[y`mK¯pIqSn IS¶p t]mIp¶ Hcp tcJmwitcJsb am\ItcJmwiambn IW¡m¡p¶p. Cu tc-Jbnse ]mtZinIkabs¯ B cmPy-

v apgph³ _m[IamIp¶ kabambn ]cnKWn¡p¶p. CXmWv am\Ikabw (Standard Time).

Cý³ am\Ikabw (Indian Standard Time)

CýbpsS tcJmwihym]vXn In-g¡v tcJmwiw 68 UnKnbnÂ\n¶pw Bcw`n¨v Ing¡v tcJmwiw 97 UnKn-hscbmWv. AXmbXv tcJmwihym]vXn GXmï v 30 UnKn. Cu tcJmwi§fpsS a[y`mK¯pIqSn IS¶pt]mIp¶ tcJm-wiw 82½ UnKn tcJmwiamWv. AXn\mÂ Cý³ am\Ikabw IW¡m¡m³ 82½ UnKn Ing¡v tcJmwis¯ am\ItcJm-wiambn ]cnKWn¡p¶p.

Ko\n¨v kabhpw Cý³ am\Ikabhpw X½nepÅ kabhyXymkw 5½ aWn¡qdmWv. Cý³ kabw Ko \n¨v kabs¯¡mÄ 5½ aWn¡qÀ ap¶nemtWm ]n¶nemtWm F¶v Is ï¯pI.

Ko\n¨v kabw (GMT)]qPyw UnKn tcJmwitcJ

Ko\n¨v tcJsb¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. Cw¥-ïnse tdmbÂ _n«ojv hm\\n co£Wime ØnXnsN¿p¶ Ko\n¨v F¶ Øe¯pIqSn IS¶pt]mIp¶Xn \memWv Cu tcJbv¡v Ko\n¨v tcJ F¶ t]cv \ÂIs¸«Xv.

Ko\n v tcJsb ASnØm\am¡nbm-Wv temI v FhnsSbpapÅ kabw \nÀ Wbn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. AXn\mÂ Cu tcJsb ss]w sadoUnb³ (Prime Meridian) F¶pw hnfn¡s¸Sp¶p.

Ko\n¨v tcJbnse ]mtZinI ka-bamWv Ko\n¨v kabw.

NphsS \ÂInbn«pÅ NnXw \nco£n¡q. Ko\n¨nÂ Xn¦fmgvN cmhnse 10 aWn Bbncn¡pt¼mÄ Cu tcJbpsS Ingt¡m«pw ]Snªmtdm «pw Hmtcm 15 UnKn tcJmwi§ fnepw kab¯nÂ hcp¶ amäw i²n¡q.



NnX¯nÂ Hcp \nÝnXtcJmw itcJbpsS Ccphi§fnembn 7½ Un-Kn tcJmwihym]vXnbnÂ Hcp kabam-Wv tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv. 15 UnKn hym]vXnbpff Cu taJesb kabta-Je F¶mWv Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ASp ¯Sp¯pÅ cï v kabtaJeIÄ X½nepÅ kabhyXymkw 1 aWn¡qd-mWv. Cu hn[w FX kabtaJeIÄ Ds ï¶v Isï¯pI.

A´mcmjvS Zn\m¦tcJ (International Date Line)

180 UnKn tcJmwis¯ i²n¡q. Cu tcJbpsS Ccphi§fn embn kabw cmXn 10 aWnbmWv. F¶mÂ Cu tcJbpsS In-g¡pw ]Snªmdpw cï v Znhk§fmbn«mWv tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv. Cuhn[w Hcp kabtaJebv¡pÅnÂ cï v hyXykvX Znhk§Ä h¶mÂ D ïmtb¡m-hp¶ ]bmk§Ä Fs´ms¡bmbn cn¡pw? Cu ]bmkw F§s\ adnIS¡m\mIpw?

NnX¯nÂ A F¶ Øe¯p IqSnbmWv 180 UnKn tcJmwitcJ IS¶pt]mIp¶Xv. Cu tcJbpsS ]Snªmdv shÅnbmgvNbpw Ing¡v hymg-mgvNbpw tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv i²n¡q. A F¶ Øe¯v Xm-a-kn-¡p-¶-hÀ-¡v Xob-Xn G-Xm-bn-cn-¡pw?

• NnX¯nÂ 180 UnKn tc-JmwitcJsb apdn-ª h-c-IfmÂ hf¨v hc¨ncn¡p¶Xv i²n¨tÃm? Ct¸mÄ Cu tcJ IS¶pt]mIp¶ Øe§fnÂ Ic`mK§Ä Dt ïm? • a\pjyhmkw CÃm¯ kapZ`mK§

fneqsS tcJsb hf¨v hc¨ncn¡p¶ Xn\mÂ cï v Znhk§fpambn _Ôs¸« XÀ¡w ]cnlcn¡m³ Ign bnsÃ?

Cu tcJ apdn¨v Ingt¡m«v t]m Ip¶hÀ Xsâ Ieï dnÂ HcpZnhkw Ip-d¨pw ]Snªmtdm«v t]mIp¶bmÄ Hcp Zn-hkw Iq«nbpw IaoIcnt¡ ïXmWv. Cu hn-[w 180 UnKn tc-Jmw-i-¯n-sâ C-cp-h-i-§fnÂ Xo-b-Xn-IÄ I-ao-I-cn-¡p¶p. Cu tcJsb A´mcmjvS Zn\m¦tcJ F¶m-Wv Andbs¸Sp¶Xv.



kabw Is ï¯mwKo\n¨nÂ Xn¦fmgvN cmhnse 10 aWn

Bbncn¡pt¼mÄ Xmsg kqNn¸n¨n«pÅ tcJmwi§fnse kabw IW¡m¡pI.• 30 UnKn ]Snªmdv

• 90 UnKn Ing¡v

• 135 UnKn ]Snªmdv

• 180 UnKnbpsS Ing¡v

EXpt`Z§ÄIme-¯n\--\p-k-cn¨v ]IrXn

Hcp¡p¶ hnkva-b-§Ä A\-h-[n-bm-Wv. sImSpwssiXy-¯nsâ ]nSn-bn-e-aÀ¶v kI-eXpw aªpaqSp¶ Ime-am-Wv ssiXy-Im-ew. ssiXy-Imew ]n³hm-§p-¶-tXmsS ]pÂ\m-¼p-I fpw hr£-¯e-¸p-I-fp-saÃmw sasÃ ho-ïpw ]¨-¸-Wn-bp-¶p. \m\m-hÀW-§-fnÂ Ce-Ifpw ]q¡-fp-sams¡bmbn hk´w h¶-W-bp-¶p. hk´-¯n-sâ tX-tcm-«-¯n-\v A-h-[n- \Â-In-s¡m-ïv Ko-jv-a-Im-ew h-c-hmbn. Ko-jv-a-Ime-¯v s]m-Xp-sh Xo-h-X-tbdn-b A-´-co-£-Øn-Xn-bm-Wv A-\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-¶Xv. Ko-jv-a-Im-e-¯n-sâ A-h-km-\-t¯m-sS tl-a-´-Im-e-¯n-\v Xp-S-¡-am-Ip¶p. C-e-s]m-gnbpw Im-e-am-Wv tl-a-´-Imew. FÃm hr£-¯-e-¸p-Ifpw GXm \pw BgvN-IÄsImï v kIe Ce-Ifpw s]mgn¡p¶p; hcm³t]mIp¶ ssiXys¯ hc-thÂ¡m-\pÅ X¿m-sd-Sp-¸v. AXm ho-ïpw ssiXyw F¯p-I-bm-bn. C\n amk-§-tfmfw sImSpwXWp-¸mWv.• Cuhn[w ]IrXnbnÂ hyXykvX

Ime§Ä A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv F´p sIm ïmWv?

`qanbpsS ]cnIaWw, A¨pX-ïnsâ Ncnhv, A¨pXï nsâ kam´cX F¶nhbmWv `qanbnÂ EXpt`Z§Ä D ïmIm³ ImcWamIp¶ LSI§Ä.

Ch Hmtcm¶pw F´msW¶v t\m¡mw.

]cnIaWw

`qan AXnsâ km¦Â¸nI A¨pXï nÂ `aWw sN¿p¶Xnt\msSm ¸w kqcy\v Npäw hewhbv¡p¶p. `qan bpsS Cu Ne\s¯bmWv ]cnIaWw F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.

Hcp ]cnIaWw ]qÀ nbm¡m³ `qan¡v 365 Znhkhpw 6 aWn¡q dpw th ïXpï v. CXnÂ 365 Znhk s¯ DÄs¸Sp nbmWv Hcp hÀjw IW¡m¡p¶Xv. tijn¡p¶ 6 aWn¡qdns\ XpSÀ¨bmb \memas¯ hÀj¯nÂ s^_phcn amkt¯msSm¸w tNÀ¯v 29 ZnhkapÅ A[nhÀjambn IW¡m¡p¶p.

A¨pX ïnsâ Ncnhv

`qan-bp-sS A-¨p-X-ïn-\v N-cn-hp-Å-



Xm-bn Nn-X¯nÂ ImWm³ I-gn-bp-¶nsÃ? Cu N-cn-hn-s\ tImWob AIe¯nÂ F§s\ IW¡m¡mw? A¨pXï nsâ Ncnhns\ cï phn[¯nÂ IW¡m¡mhp¶XmWv.• ]cnIaWXe¯nÂ\n¶pw 66½ Un-

Knbpw• ]cnIaWXe¯nsâ ew_¯nÂ

\n¶pw 23½ UnKnbpw

A¨pX ïnsâ kam´cX]cn-I-a-W-th-f-bn-ep-S-\ofw `qan

A¨pXï nsâ Ncnhv Htct]mse \ne- \nÀ¯p-¶p. ]cnIaWw ImWn¨n«pÅ

NnXw i²n¡pI. CXns\ A¨p-Xï- nsâ kam-´-cX (Parallelism of axis) F¶mWv ]dbp¶-Xv.

`qan kq-cy-\v Npäpw Hcp ]cnIaWw ]qÀ¯nbm¡p¶Xn\nSbnÂ D¯cmb\ tcJbv¡pw Z£nWmb\tcJbv¡pw CSbnÂ kqcy]Imiw ew_ambn ]Xn¡p¶p. kqcy]Imi¯nsâ e`yXbn epÅ Cu Gä¡pdhv `qanbnÂ hyXykvX ]tZi§fnÂ cmXnbpsSbpw ]Iensâ bpw ssZÀLyhyXymk¯n\v ImcWam Ip¶p. Cu hkvXpXbpsS ASnØm\ ¯nÂ NphsS \ÂInbn«pÅ NnX§sf hniIe\w sN¿mw.

• amÀ¨v 21 \v kqcy³ `qa[ytcJbv¡v t\ÀapIfnembncn¡pw. Cu Zn-hkw kqcy]Imiw ew_ambn ]Xn¡p¶Xv a[ytcJbnemWv. X•qew `qanbnÂ FÃmbnS¯pw Xpeyamb ]Iepw cmXnbpw Dï mIp¶p. Cu Znhks¯ kacm-X-Zn\w (hn-jphw) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.


196 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n196 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n196 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

• Pq¬ 21 \v kqcysâ Bt]£nI Øm\w D¯cmb\tcJbv¡v t\À apIfnembncn¡pw. D¯cmb\ tcJ bnÂ ew_civanIÄ ]Xn¡p¶p. D¯cmÀ²tKmf¯nÂ ssZÀLytadnb ]Iepw ssZÀLyw Ipdª cmXnbpw Bbncn¡pw A\p`hs¸SpI. Cu Zn-hks¯ Kojva Ab\m´Zn\w (Sum-mer Solstice) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.

F´mbncn¡pw? * Cu Znhks¯ GXpt]cnÂ Adn

bs¸Spw? • Unkw_À 22 \v kqcysâ Øm\w

Z£nWmb\tcJbv¡v apIfnembn cn¡pw. Z£nWmb\tcJbnÂ kqcy]Imiw ew_ambn ]Xn¡p¶Xn\mÂ ]Iensâ ssZÀLyw D¯cmÀ-²-tKm-f¯nÂ G-ähpw Ip-d-hmbncn¡pw. Cu Znhks¯ ssiXy Ab\m´Zn\w (Winter Solstice) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.* Cu Znhkw D¯cmÀ² tKm-

f¯nÂ ]Iensâbpw cmXn bpsSbpw ssZÀLyw GXphn[ ambncn¡pw? F´psImï v?

EXpt`Z§Ä

• sk]vXw_À 23 \v hoï pw `qa[ytc-JbnÂ kqcy]Imiw ew_ambn ]Xn¡p¶p.

* Cu Znhk¯nsâ ]tXyIX




Ccp AÀ²tKmf§fnepw hyXykvX EXp¡Ä A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv GtXXv amk §fnemsW¶v ]«nIbnÂ\n¶pw Isï¯n Ipdns¸gpXpI.

hyXykvX EXp¡fnÂ ]IrXnbnÂ ImWm\mIp¶ ]tXyIXIfmWv NphsS ]«nIbnÂ sImSp¯n«pÅXv. Ah Hmtcm¶pw GtXXp EXp¡fpambn _Ô s¸«ncn¡p¶psh¶v Xncn¨dnªv ]«nIbnÂ tcJs¸Sp¯pI.

* DjvWIme¯n\pw ssiXyIme¯n\pw CSbv¡pÅ ]cnhÀ¯\Imew GXmWv?* ssiXyIme¯n\pw DjvWIme¯n\pw CSbv¡pÅ ]cnhÀ¯\Imew GXmWv?

`qanbpsS Ne\§fmb àWhpw ]cnIaWhpw GsXms¡ Xc¯nÂ a\pjy-PohnXs¯ kzm[o\n¡p¶psh¶v a\knembtÃm?

]tXyIXIÄ E-Xp¡Ä

sNSnIÄ XfnÀ¡p¶p, ]pjv]n¡p¶p, amhp]q¡p¶p, ¹mhpIfnÂ N¡bpïmIp¶p.

s]mXpsh DbÀ¶ Aćo£ Xm]\ne A\p`hs¸Sp¶p

ac§Ä s]mXpsh Ces]mgn¡p¶p

s]mXpsh XWp¯ Aćo£ØnXn

]T\t\«§Ä• `qanbpsS àWw, ]cnIaWw F¶nhbpw AhbpsS ê§fpw hniZoI

cn¡p¶p.• Ko\n¨v tcJ, A´mcmjvS Zn\m¦tcJ F¶nhbpsS ]m[m\yw hniIe\w

sNbvXp Ipdn¸pIÄ X¿mdm¡p¶p.• Ko\n¨v tcJsb ASnØm\am¡n Cýbnsebpw hnhn[ tcJmwi§fnse

bpw kabw \nÀWbn¡p¶p.• EXpt`Z§Ä¡pÅ ImcW§Ä hniIe\w sNbvXp Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡p¶p.• hnhn[ EXp¡Ä, kacmXZn\§Ä, hnjph§Ä F¶nh hniIe\w

sNbvXp \nKa\§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.

hnebncp¯Â tNmZy§Ä• Nph-sS sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-Å C-ý-bn-se kw-Øm-\-§fnÂ F-hn-sS-bm-Wv kq-

tcymZ-bw BZyw Im-Wp-¶Xv? a. KpPdm¯v b. tIcfw c. AcpWmNÂ]tZiv d. P½p ImivaoÀ• amÀ¨v 21 \v kqcycivan ew_ambn ]Xn¡p¶Xv FhnsSbmWv? a. `qa[ytcJbnÂ b. Ko\n¨v tcJbnÂ



c. D¯cmb\tcJbnÂ d. Z£nWmb\tcJbnÂ• FÃm cmPy§fpw am\I kab¯n\v ]m[m\yw \ÂIp¶p. F´psImï v? • EXpt`Z§Ä¡pÅ ImcW§Ä Fs´Ãmw?• Kojva Ab\m´Zn\w, ssiXy Ab\m´Zn\w Cu Znhk§fnse cmXnbpsSbpw

]Iensâbpw ssZÀLyhyXymkw XmcXaywsNbvXp Ipdns¸gpXpI.• C´ybnÂ Xn¦fmgvN cmhnse 10 aWn Bbncn¡pt¼mÄ Ko\n¨v kabw FXbmbn

cn¡pw?

XpSÀ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä• ~Hcp hÀj-s¯ Ie- ïÀ \nco-£n¨v DZ-bm-kvX-a-k-a-b-§Ä DÄs¸-Sp¯n Hcp ]«nI

X¿m-dm-¡p-I. cmXn-bp-tSbpw ]I-en-tâbpw ssZÀLy-¯n-ep-−mhp¶ amäw \nco-£n-¡p-I.

• CâÀs\-änsâ klm-b-t¯msS temI-¯nse hnhn-[-cm-Py-§-fpsS ka-b-ta-J-e-IÄ Isï¯pI. Ahn-S-§-fnse ka-b-hy-Xym-kw a\-Ên-em-¡p-I.


]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


k-a-b-\nÀ®-bw

E-Xp-t`-Z-§Ä-¡p-Å Im-cW-§Ä hn-i-Zo-I-cn¡m³

]m-tZin-I ka-bw am-\-I k-abw, Ko-\n-¨v kabw

A-´m-cm-jv-S `n-\m-¦tc-J

k-a-cm-XZn\-§Ä A-b-\m-´-Zn\§Ä


sshhn[y§fpsS C-´y


apI-fnÂ ImWp-¶ Nn-X-§Ä i-²n-¨-tÃm? C´ybnÂ FÃmbnS¯pw `q]tZi§Ä H¶pt]msebmtWm? P\PohnXw Hcpt]msebmtWm? CXpt]mepÅ Fs´ms¡ sshhn[y§fmWv \n§fpsS i²-bnÂs¸«n«pÅXv?

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

CýbpsS `q]Sw \nco£n¨v `q]IrXnhn`mK§Ä GsXms¡sb¶v Xncn¨dnªv ]«nIs¸Sp¯p-I.

• D¯c-]ÀhXta-Je••••

D¯c-]ÀhXtaJeCýbpsS Gähpw hS¡mbn

ØnXnsN¿p¶ `q]IrXnhn`mKam-Wv D¯c]ÀhXtaJe. D¯c]ÀhX-taJesb aq¶mbn XcwXncn¨ncn¡p¶p. Sm³kv lnamebw, lnamebw, Ing¡³ ae\ncIÄ F¶nhbmWv Ah.

Cý³ D]-Zzo]vaq¶phi-§fpw kap-Z-¯mÂ

Np-ä-s¸« `qhn-`m-K-amWv D]-Zzo-]v. Cý³ D]-`q-J-Þ-¯nsâ sX¡p `mKw kap-Z-¯mÂ Np-ä-s¸«p ImW-s¸-Sp--Xn-\mÂ Cu `mKw Cý³ D]-Zzo]v F¶-dn-b-s¸-Sp¶-p.

`q]IrXn, a®v, ImemhØ F¶n-hbnsems¡ CýbnÂ sshhn[y§Ä ImWm\mIpw. Cu sshhn[y§fmWv CýbpsS hyXykvX taJeIfnÂ hkn¡p¶ a\pjycpsS PohnXs¯ hyXykvXam¡p¶Xv. `qanimkvX]camb sshhn[y§Ä ImÀjnIhnfI fnepw ss\-kÀKnI kkyPme§fnepw kzm[o\w sNep¯p¶p. Cýbnse Cu sshhn[y§fpambn _Ôs¸« hkvXpX-IÄ a\Ênem¡mw.

`q]IrXnhn`mK§Ä-


sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

• ]«nIbnÂ sImSp¯n«pÅ Hmtcm ]ÀhX\ncIfpsSbpw Øm\w | \ÂInbn«pÅ `q]S¯nÂ Isï¯p-I.

D¯c]ÀhXtaJe

Sm³kv lnamebw lnamebw Ing¡³ ae\nc-IÄ

a ImdtImdw b eUm-¡vc kkv-IÀ

I lnamZnII lnam-NÂIII knhmen-Iv

1 ]XvImbn_pw2 \mKm Ip¶p-IÄ3 Kmtcm, Jmkn, 4 Pbńb, 5 antkm Ip¶pIÄ

D¯c]ÀhXtaJeIfpsS khntijX-IÄ•Cýbnse Gähpw Dbcw IqSnb sImSpapSnbmb auïv K2 AYhm

tKmUvhn³ HmÌo³ (8661 aoäÀ Dbcw) Sm³kv lnameb¯nÂ ØnXn-sN¿p¶p.

• aq¶v kamć]ÀhX\ncIÄ DÄs¡mÅp¶XmWv lnamebw taJe. lnamZn, lnamNÂ, knhmenIv F¶nhbmWv A-h.

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


•lnamZnþ Gähpw Dbcw IqSnb taJebmWv ChnSw. ic-micn 6000 aoädmWv Cu taJe bpsS Dbcw. KwK, bap\ \ZnIfpsS DÛhØm\amWv ChnSw. Im©³ PwK, \µmtZhn F¶nhbmWv Cu ta-Jebnse DbcwIqSnb sImSpapSnIÄ.

•lnamNÂ þ lnamZnbpsS sX¡mbn ØnXnsN¿p¶ Cu taJebpsS icmicn Dbcw 3000 aoädmWv. jnwe, UmÀPnenMv XpS§nb kpJhmk-tIµ§Ä ChnsS ØnXnsN¿p¶p.

•knhmenIv þ lnamNen\v sX-¡mbn `mK¯v ØnXnsN¿p¶ ]ÀhX\n cbmWv ChnSw. 1220 aoädmWv Cu ta-JebpsS icmicn Dbcw. \oftadn-bXpw hnkvXrXhpamb XmgvhcIÄ ImWs¸Sp¶p. Chsb UqWpIÄ F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. UqWpIÄ¡v DZm-lcWamWv sUdmUq¬.

•kapZ\nçnÂ\n¶pw GItZiw 500 apXÂ 3000 aoäÀ hsc DbcapÅ ]tZiamWv ]qÀhmNÂ AYhm Ing¡³ ae\ncIÄ. temI¯nÂ Gähpw IqSpXÂ ag e`n¡p¶ Nndm]p©n

ChnsS ØnXnsN¿p¶p.* Ing¡³ ae\ncIÄ ØnXnsN¿p¶

Cýbnse kwØm\§Ä GsXms¡bmWv?

* CýbpsS cq]tcJbnÂ D¯c]ÀhXtaJebnÂ DÄs¸Sp¶ ]À hX\ncIÄ ASbmfs¸Sp¯n t]scgpXp-I.

]maoÀ ]oT-`qan þ temI-¯nsâ taÂ¡qc

at[yjybnÂ ØnXnsN¿p¶ ]maoÀ ]oT-`qan Adn-b-s¸-Sp¶-Xv C§-s\-bm-Wv. lnµp-¡pjv, kpsse-am³, Snbm³jm³, Ip³ep³, Imd-tImdw apX-emb ]ÀhX\nc-IÄ ]maoÀ ]À-h-Xs¡«nÂ\n¶p hn`n¶ Zni-I-fn-te¡v ]ncnªpt]mIp¶--p. Imd-tImdw ]ÀhX\nc-bpsS XpSÀ¨-bmWv Sn_-änse ssIemk ]ÀhX-\n-c-IÄ.

auïv Fh-dÌv temI-¯nse Gähpw Db-c-

apÅ Cu sImSp-apSn lnam-e-b]Àh-X-¯n-em-Wv. CXv t\¸m-fnÂ ØnXnsN¿p¶-p. CXnsâ Dbcw 8848 aoä-dm-Wv.


sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

D¯c]ÀhXtaJebpsS ]m[m\yw

•D¯c]ÀhXtaJesImïpÅ ]tbmP\§Ä hniZoIcn¨v Ipdns¸gp-XpI.

sshhn[y-amÀ¶ kkyþP´pPme§Ä

sshtZinI BIaW¯nÂ \n¶pw

Cýsb kwc£n-¡p¶p

a¬kq¬ Imäns\ XSªp\nÀ¯n ags]¿n-¡p¶p

\ZnIfpsS DÛh]-tZiw

hS¡p\n¶pÅ ioX¡mäns\ CýbnÂ IS¡msX

X-Sbp-¶p

D¯c]ÀhXtaJe

Cýbnse ImÀjnI sshhn[y§fpsS t\À¡mgvNbmWv apIfnse NnX§fnÂ kqNn¸n¨n«pffXv. CýbnÂ FÃmbnS¯pw C¯c¯nepÅ ImÀ-jnIhnfIÄ Irjn sN¿m\mIptam? C¯cw ImÀjnIhnfIfpsS hfÀ¨bnÂ `q]IrXn¡pw a®n\pw ]¦ptïm?

D¯calmkaXewlnameb¯nÂ\n¶v HgpInsb¯p¶ \ZnIfpsS At\Imbncw hÀ-

j§fmbn XpSÀ¶phcp¶ \n-t£]W ]InbbpsS êambn cq]wsImï kaXeamWv D¯calmkaXew. •GXmïv Ggpe£w NXpci IntemaoäÀ hnkvXrXnbnepw IntemaoädpI

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

204 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n204 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n204 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

tfmfw I\¯nepw AhkmZ§Ä \n t£]n¡s¸«pïmbXmWv.

• temI¯nse Gähpw henb F¡Â kaXeamWv ChnSw.

•knÔpþKwKþ_Ò]pXm kaXew F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

•sshhn[yamÀ¶ ImÀjnIhnfIÄ¡v Cu ]tZiw ê]ZambXn\mÂ Cu taJesb CýbpsS [m\y¸pc F¶ dnbs¸Sp¶p.

• temI¯nse Gähpw P\\n_nUamb ]tZi§fnÂ H¶mWv ChnSw.

•Cu taJebpsS ]Snªmdv `mK¯v ag Xosc IpdhmWv. ag IpdhpÅ Cu ]tZis¯ YmÀ acp`qan F¶dn bs¸Sp¶p.

D]Zzo]ob ]oT`qan

D¯calmkaXe¯n\pw Xo-ckaXe§Ä¡pw CSbnembn ØnXn sN¿p¶Xpw Ddt¸dnb ineIfmÂ \nÀ anXambXpamb `q]tZiamWv D]Zzo]o b ]oT`qan. Cu taJebpsS aäv khnti-jXIÄ t\m¡mw.•GItZiw 15 e£w NXpci Intemao-

ädmWv hnkvXrXn.• ]ÀhX§Ä, ]oT`qanIÄ, XmgvhcIÄ

F¶n§s\ sshhn[yamÀ¶ `q]Ir

XnbmWv ChnsSbpÅXv.•Cu taJebnse Gähpw Dbctadnb

sImSpapSn B\apSnbmWv (2695 ao-äÀ).•hnhn[Xcw [mXp¡fpsS H«\

h[n \nt£]§Ä Cu ta-JebnepÅXn\mÂ D]Zzo]nb ]oT`qansb "[mXp¡fpsS Iehd' F¶pw hnfn¡s¸Sp¶p.

•DjvWtaJem Ces]mgnbpw ImSpIfm-Wv Cu ]tZi¯v ImWs¸Sp¶Xv. tX¡v, kmÂ, Nµ\w, apf F¶nhbm-Wv Cu taJebnÂ ImWs¸Sp¶ ][m\ hr£§Ä.

•BtábineIfpw ImbmćnXine-Ifpw ImWs¸Sp¶p.

• sN½®v, Idp¯a®v, emässdäv a®v F¶nhbmWv Cu taJebnÂ Im-Ws¸Sp¶ a®n\§Ä.

XockaXe§ÄKpPdm¯nse dm³ Hm^v I¨nÂ

XpS§n KwKþ_Ò]pX sUÂäm ]tZiw hsc \ofp¶ Cu Xoc]tZi¯n\v GItZiw 6100 Intem-aoäÀ \ofapïv. CýbpsS XockaXes¯ cïmbn Xncn¡mw. ]Snªmd³ XockaXew, Ing¡³ XockaXew F¶nhbmWv Ah. ChbpsS khntijXIÄ Fs´ms¡s-b¶v ]«nIbnÂ\n¶pw a\knem¡p-I.

]Snªmd³ XockaX-ew Ing¡³ XockaX-ew

•Ad_n¡Sen\pw ]ÝnaL«¯n\pw CS-bnÂ.

• dm³ Hm^v I¨v apXÂ I\ymIpamcn h-sc.

•XmcXtay\ hoXn Ipd-hv.•KpPdm¯v XockaXew, sIm¦¬

XockaXew, ae_mÀ XockaXew F¶n§s\ Xncn¡mw.

•ImbepIfpw AgnapJ§fpw ImWs¸Sp¶p.

• _wKmÄ DÄ¡Sen\pw ]qÀhL«¯n\panS-bnÂ.

•kpµch\]tZiw apXÂ I\ymIpamcn hsc.

•hoXn XmcXtay\ IqSpXÂ.• tImdaWvUÂ XockaXew,

hS¡³ knÀImÀkv XockaXew F¶n§s\ Xncn¡mw.

•sUÂä cq]oIcWw \S¡p¶p.


sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n 205

hbmWv ][m\ lnameb³ \ZnIÄ. Ch lnameb¯nÂ\n¶pw DÛhn¡p¶p. D]Zzo]nb ]oT`qanbnÂ hnhn[ taJeIfnÂ \n¶pw DÛhn¨v HgpIp¶ \ZnIfmWv D]Zzo]ob \ZnIÄ.

Cýbnse \ZnIÄCýbnse \ZnIsf s]mXpsh

cïmbn Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. lnameb³ \ZnIÄ, D]Zzo]ob \ZnIÄ F¶nhbmWv Ah. knÔp, KwK, _Ò]pX F¶n-

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


CýbpsS ImemhØ`q]IrXnbnepÅ sshhn[yw

t]mseXs¶ CýbpsS ImemhØbn epw sshhn[yapïv. CýbpsS Imem-hØm sshhn[y¯nÂ Nne LSI§Ä kzm[o\w sNep¯p¶p. Ah Fs´ms¡s-b¶v t\m¡q.•A£mwiobØm-\w

lnameb³ \ZnIÄ

\ZnbpsS t]-cv

DÛh-Øm-\w \o-fw t]mjI\-Zn-IÄ F¯nt¨cp¶ kapZw

knÔp Sn_änse am\kktcmhÀ XSmIw

2280 In.aoäÀ Qew, Nn\m_v, chn, kXvePv, _nbmkv

Ad_n¡SÂ

KwK KwtKmXn lnam\nbnse tKmapJv Kpl

2500 In.aoäÀ bap\, tKmaXn, LmLvc, KmWvUIv, tImkn

_wKmÄ DÄ¡SÂ

_Ò-]pX Sn_änse sNaþbpMvþ ZpMv ln-am-\n

2900 In.ao-äÀ ep_m³kncn, eplnXv, am\-kv

_wKmÄ DÄ¡-SÂ

D]Zzo]nb \-Zn-IÄ

alm\Zn ssa¡mem\ncIÄ (a[y]tZiv)

857 In.ao C_v, sSÂ _wKmÄ DÄ¡-SÂ

tKmZmh-cn ]ÝnaL«w (almcmjvSbnse \mknIv PnÃ)

1465 In.ao CµmhXn, i_cn _wKmÄ DÄ¡-SÂ

IrjvW ]ÝnaL«w (almcmjvSbnse alm_teizÀ Ip¶pIÄ)

1400 In.ao òa, XpwK`Z _wKmÄ DÄ¡-SÂ

Imthcn ]ÝnaL«¯nse _ÒKncn\ncIÄ (IÀWmSIw)

800 In.ao I_\n, AacmhXn _wKmÄ DÄ¡-SÂ

\ÀaZ ssa¡emem\ncIÄ (O¯okvKUv)

1312 In.ao lnc¬, _³P³ Ad_n¡-SÂ

Xm]vXn ap³Xmbv ]oT`qan (a[y]tZinse ss_XpÂ PnÃ)

724 In.ao B\À, KnÀ\ Ad_n¡SÂ

• `q]Ir-Xn•kapZkmao]yw•kapZ\nçnÂ\n¶pÅ Db-cw

CýbnÂ \mev hyXykvX EXp ¡Ä A\p`hs¸Sp¶p. ssiXyImew, DjvWImew, sX¡vþ]Snªmd³ a¬kq¬ Imew, hS¡vþIng¡³ a¬kq¬ Imew F¶nhbmWv Ah.


sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

sX¡p]Snªmd³ a¬kq¬Imew

Pq¬, Pqsse, BKÌv, sk ]vXw_À amk§fnemWv CýbnÂ sX¡p]Snªmd³ a¬kq¬ Imew A\p `hs¸Sp¶Xv. sX¡vþ]Snªmdv Znibn Â Cýbnte¡v hoip¶ ImäpIfmWv Cýbnse Gähpw henb ag¡me¯n\v ImcWamIp¶Xv.

Cu Ime¯v kqcysâ Bt]£nIØm\w D¯-cmÀ²tKm-f¯nembncn¡p¶Xn\mÂ Cýbn Â s]m-Xpsh DbÀ¶ NqSv A\p `hs¸Sp¶p. X·qew ChnsS \yq\aÀ±w krãn¡s¸Sp¶p. XmcXtay\ NqSv IpdhpÅ Cý³ kapZ¯nÂ DäÀ±ambncn¡pw. aÀ±w IqSnb Cý³ kapZ¯nÂ\n¶pw Cýbnte¡v hmbp BIÀjn¡s¸Sp¶p. tImdntbmenkv ]`mh¯mÂ hmbphnsâ Cu k©mcw het¯m«v Xncnbp¶Xn\mÂ Imäv sX¡vþ]Snªmdv Znibnembncn¡pw.

sX¡vþ]Snªmd³ a¬kq¬ Imän\v cïv imJIfpïv. Ad_n¡SÂ imJ, _wKmÄ DÄ¡SÂ imJ. Cu cïv imJIfpw hoint¸mIp¶ ]tZi§fnse Imän\v A`napJamb ]ÀhX NcnhpIfnÂ \Ã ag s]¿n¡p¶p. Imäv apt¶dp¶Xn\\pkcn¨v agbpsS Afhv Ipdªphcp¶p. cïv imJI fpw ]-©m_vþlcnbm\ taJe-IfnÂh¨v H¶mbn lnameb¯nte¡v hoip¶p.

hS¡pIng¡³ a¬kq¬ Imew

HIvtSm_À, \hw_À amk§fn emWv s]mXpsh hS¡pIng¡³ a¬kq¬Imew A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv. C¡me¯v Cý³kapZ¯nÂ \yq\aÀ±hpw D¯tcýbnÂ DäÀ±hpw A\p `hs¸Sp¶p.

ssiXyImewUnkw_À, P\phcn, s^_phcn

amk§fnemWv CýbnÂ ssiXyImew A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv. kapZkmao]yapÅ kwØm\§fnÂ C¡me¯v ssiXy-Imew XohXbpÅXÃ. F¶mÂ kapZkmao]yanÃm¯ D¯tcýbn Â ssiXyImew s]mXpsh Xoh ambncn¡pw. ssiXyIme¯v D¯ tcýbnÂ ]IÂ kab¯v anXamb NqSpw cmXnIme§fnÂ ssiXyhpw A\p `hs¸Sp¶p. aWmen, jnwe XpS§nb DbÀ¶ ]tZi§fnÂ C¡me¯v aªphogvN kÀhkm[mcWamWv.

ssiXyIme¯v A\p`hs¸Sp¶ asämcp ImemhØm ]Xn`mkamWv "]Ýna AkzØX'. ssiXyIme¯v saUnätd\nb³ ISenÂ iàamb \yq\aÀ±w cq]wsImÅp¶p. Cu \yq\aÀ±w Ingt¡m«v \o§n Cýbnse¯p¶p. CXv D¯calmkaXe¯nÂ ]tXyIn¨v ]©m_nÂ ssiXyIme ag¡v ImcWamIp¶p. CXns\ ]Ýna AkzØX F¶t]cnÂ Adnbs¸Sp¶p. ssiXyIme hnfIfpsS hfÀ¨bv¡v Cu ImemhØm ]Xn`mkw Gsd klm-bIamWv.

DjvWImewamÀ¨v, G]nÂ, tabv amk§fn

emWv CýbnÂ DjvWImew A\p `hs¸Sp¶Xv. C¡me¯v Xoc]tZi§sf At]£n¨v D¯tcýbnÂ DjvWImew Gsd Xohambncn¡pw. DjvWIme¯v CýbnÂ Gähpw DbÀ¶ NqSv A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv cmPØmsâ ]Sn ªmdp`mK¯pÅ _maÀ (Barmer) F¶ Øe¯mWv. C¡me¯v Cýbp sS hnhn[ `mK§fnÂ hoip¶ ]mtZ inI hmX§fmWv eq, amwtKmjthgvkv, ImÂss_imJn apXembh.

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


Cu aÀ±hyXymkw CýbnÂ\n ¶pw Cý³ kapZ¯nte¡v hmbphns\ BIÀjn¡s¸Sp¶p. tImdntbmenkv ]`mh¯mÂ Imänsâ Zni het¯m«v Xncnbp¶Xn\memWv Imäv hS¡p Ing¡p ZnibnÂ\n¶pw hoip¶Xv. IcbnÂ\n ¶pw hoip¶Xn\mÂ s]mXpsh hcï Imämbncn¡pw. C¡me¯v s]mXpsh ag Xosc Ipdhm-bncn¡pw. F¶mÂ _wKmÄ DÄ¡SÂ apdn¨pIS¶v tImdam-WvUÂ Xocs¯¯p¶ Cu Imäv AhnsS

iàamb agbv¡p ImcWamIp¶p. Cu Ime¯v Cýsbm«msI A\p`hs¸Sp¶ DbÀ¶ Dujvamhpw BÀZXbpw ]IÂkab§sf ZpÊlam¡p¶p. Cu "]Xn`mkw HIvtSm_À NqSv' (October heat) F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p.

CýbnÂ agbpsS hnXcWwagbpsS hnXcWw NnXoIcn¨n«pÅ

`q]Sw hniIe\w sNbvXv \ÂInbn«pÅ tNmZy§Ä¡v D¯cw Isï¯pI.


sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

• 200 skânaoädnÂ IqSpXÂ ag e`n¡p¶ ]tZi§Ä GsXms¡?

• 100 apXÂ 200 skânaoäÀ hsc ag e`n¡p¶ ]tZi§Ä GsXÃmw?

• 60 apXÂ 100 skânaoäÀ hsc ag e`n¡p¶ ]tZi§Ä GsXms¡?

• 60 skânaoädnÂ Xmsg ag e`n¡p¶ ]tZi§Ä GsXÃmw?

• agbpsS Cu Ak´penXmhØbv ¡pÅ ImcW§Ä Fs´Ãmw?

Irjnbpw Irjnb[njvTnX hyhkmb§fpw

Hmtcm ImÀjnIhnfbv¡pw A\p Iqeamb `qanimkvX kmlNcy§Ä A\nhmcyamWv. hnfbnd¡Â Imew, hnf-shSp¸pImew F¶nhsb ASnØm\am¡n ImÀjnIIme§sf Jmcn^v, dm_n, sskZv F¶n§s\ aq¶mbn XcwXn cn¨ncn¡p¶p.

ImÀjnI Ime-§Ä hnfbnd¡Â Im-ew hnfshSp¸p Im-ew ][m\ hnf-IÄ

Jmcn^v a¬kq¬ Bcw`¯nÂ (Pq¬)

a¬kqWnsâ Ahkm\w (\hw_À BZyhmcw)

s\Ãv, tNmfw, ]cp¯n, Xn\hn-fIÄ, NWw, Icn¼v, \ne¡-Se

dm_n ssiXyImemcw`w (\hw_À a[yw)

th\ensâ B-cw`w (amÀ¨v)

tKmX¼v, ]pIbne, ISpIv, ]bÀhÀK-§Ä

sskZv th\ensâ Bcw`w (amÀ¨v)

a¬kqWnsâ Bcw`w (Pq¬)

]ghÀK§Ä, ]¨¡-dnIÄ

Cýbnse Irjnb[njvTnX hyhkmb§fnÂ NneXm-Wv ]cp¯n¯pWnhyhkmbw, ]©kmchyhkmbw, NWhyh-kmbw F¶nh.

]cp¯n¯pWn hyhkmbw

Cýbnse Gähpw henb Irjnb[njvTnX hy-hkmbamWv ]cp¯n¯p-Wnhyhkmbw. Cýbnse BZys¯ ]cp¯n¯pWn anÂ Øm]nambXv 1818þÂ sImÂ¡¯bv¡p kao]apÅ t^mÀ«v ¥mÌdnem-Wv. F¶mÂ h³tXmXnÂ DÂ¸mZ\amcw` n¡p¶X v

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


1854þÂ apwss_bnemWv. Cýbnse Gähpw ][m\ ]cp¯n¯pWn DÂ¸mZ\tIµw apwss_ BbXn\mÂ Cu \Kcs¯ tIm-t«m-tWm-t]m-fnkv F¶p hn-tijn¸n¡p¶p.

Icn¼pIrjn sN¿p¶ ]tZ i§fnemWv ]©km-c ^mÎdnIÄ Øm]n¨n«pÅXv. Icn¼v hnfshSp¯p IgnªmÂ DS³Xs¶ ^mIvSdnI fnse¯n¨v AXnsâ \oscSpt¡ï Xpïv. AsÃ¦nÂ Icn¼nse kqtIm-knsâ Afhv Ipdbp¶p. kptImknsâ Afhns\ Bibn¨mWv ]©kmcbp sS Afhv IqSpItbm IpdbpItbm sN¿p¶Xv.

XmcXtay\ hneIpdª \mcphn-

fbmWv NWw. CýbnÂ DÂ¸mZn¸n¡p¶ NW\mcn\pw DÂ¸¶§Ä¡pw A´mcm-jvS hym]mc¯nÂ Gsd ]m[m\yapïv. NWapÂ¸mZ\¯nÂ Cý¡v tem-Icm-Py-§fnÂ cïmw Øm\amWpÅXv.[mXp¡fpw [mXp A[njvTnX hyhkm-b§fpw

sshhn[yamÀ¶ [mXphn-`h§Ä sImïv A\pKrloXamb cmPyamWv Cý. Cýbnse [mXphn`h§fnÂ Gdnb ]¦pw D]Zzo]ob ]oT`qanbnse BtábþImbmćnX ineIfpambn _Ôs¸«v ImWs¸Sp¶p. Cýbnse ][m\ [mXp¡sf NphsS ImWp¶ hn[w hÀKo Icn¨ncn¡p¶p.

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

Ccp¼pcp¡phyhkmbwCcp¼pcp¡phyhkmb nse ]

[m\ AkwkvIrX hkvXp¡fmWv Ccp¼bn cv, IÂ¡cn, amwK\okv, Np®m¼pIÃv, tUmf

ssaäv F¶nh. Cýbnse ][m\ Ccp¼pcp¡v hyhkmbieIsf kw_Ôn pÅ hkvXp XIÄ NphsS ]«nIbnÂ\n¶pw a\knem ¡pI.

Cýbnse K-XmKX amÀK§Ä

sshhn[yamÀ¶ K-Xm-KX amÀK§Ä DÅ cmPyamWv Cý. Hmtcm ]tZi¯nsâ bpw ùXnI kmlNcy§Ä¡v CW§pw hn[amWv K-XmKX amÀK§Ä ImWs¸Sp¶Xv.tdmUvKXmKXw

Cýbnse tdmUpIsf ][m\ambpw tZiob ]mXIÄ, kwØm\ ]mXIÄ, PnÃm tdm UpIÄ, KmaoW tdmUpIÄ

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


F¶n§s\ XcwXncn¨ncn¡p¶p.• cmPys¯ hnhn[ kwØm\§Ä, ]

[m\ \Kc§Ä, XpdapJ§Ä XpS§nb tIµ§sf _Ôn¸n¡p¶ ][m\ tdm UpIfmWv tZiob]mXIÄ. Chbp sS \nÀ½mW \nÀhlW NpaXe tIµkÀ¡mcn\mWv.

•kwØm\ XeØm\§sf PnÃm BØm\§fpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶ ][m\ tdmUp IfmWv kwØm\ sslthIÄ. C¯cw tdmUpIfpsS \nÀamW \nÀhlW NpaXe kwØm\ kÀ¡mcpIÄ¡mWv.

•PnÃm BØm\§sf PnÃbnse ][m\ tIµ§fpambn _Ôn¸n¡p¶ tdmUpIfmWv PnÃm tdmUpIÄ. ChbpsS \nÀamW \nÀhlW NpaXe PnÃm ]©mb¯pIÄ¡mWv.

• Kma§fnse B`yćk©mcw Dd¸m¡p¶ tdmUpIfmWv KmaoW tdmUpIÄ. Cýbnse BsI tdm UpssZÀLy¯nsâ 80 iXam\hpw Km-aoW tdmUpIfmWv. ChbpsS \nÀam-Whpw ]cn]me\hpw \nÀhln¡p¶Xv Xt±i kzbw`cW Øm]\§fmWv.

•Cýbnse h³\Kc§fmb UÂln, apwss_, sNss¶, sImÂ¡¯ F¶nhnS§sf X½nÂ _Ôn¸n¨p \nÀan¨n«pÅ Bdphcn ]mXIfmb kq¸À sslthIsf tNÀ¯v kphÀW NXpjvtImW kq¸Àsslth F¶dn bs¸Sp¶p.

sdbnÂ KXmKXwGjybnse Gähpw henb sdbn

Âth irwJe CýbnemWv. Cýbnse Gähpw henb s]mXptaJem Øm]\amWv CXv. CýbpsS hymhkmbnI

hfÀ¨bnÂ Cý³ sdbnÂthbv¡v \nÀWmbI ]¦mWpÅXv. `cW\nÀhl-W¯n\mbn Cý³ sdbnÂthsb 16 taJeIfmbn Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. ]mf§Ä X½nepÅ AIe¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ Cý³ sdbnÂth t_mUvtKPv, aoäÀt-KPv, \mtcmtKPv F¶n§s\ aq¶mbn Xncn¨ncn¡p¶p. IqSmsX ][m\ \Kc§Ä tIµoIcn¨v satSm sdbnÂ ]²Xn \S¸m¡nbncn¡p¶p.

PeKXmKXwaäv K-XmKX amÀK§sf At]£n¨v

PeKXmKX¯n\v Nne ta·IÄ ImWm \mIpw. •Gähpw sNehp Ipdª K-XmKX

amÀKw.•h³tXmXnep-Å Nc¡p KXmKX¯n\v

D¯aw.• ]cn-ØnXn aen\oIcWw DïmIp¶nÃ•A´mcm-jvS hym]mc¯n\v Gähpw

tbmPn¨Xv.PeKXmKXs¯ DÄ\mS³ PeKXm

KXw, k-apZ PeKXmKXw F¶n§s\ XcwXncn¡mw. CýbnÂ Nne ]tZi§ fnÂ P\§Ä DÄ\mS³ PeKXmKXs¯ Bibn¡p¶p. DÄ\mS³ PeKXm-K¯n\v km[yXsbmcp¡p¶ Pemib-§Ä GsXms¡sb¶v t\m¡mw.•KwK, _Ò]pXm \ZnIfpw AhbpsS

t]mjI\ZnIfpw• tKmZmhcn, IrjvW \ZnIfpw t]m

jI\ZnIfpw• _¡nMvlmw I\mÂ (BÔm]tZiv,

Xangv\mSv)• amWvtUmhn, kphmcn \ZnIÄ (tKm-h)•ImbepIÄ (tIcfw)

XpdapJ§fpambn _Ôs¸«mWv kapZPeKXmKXw \nesImÅp¶Xv. CýbpsS Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpambn 12


sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

][m\ XpdapJ§fpw 185 Hmfw sNdnb XpdapJ§fpw Dïv. ][m\ XpdapJ§Ä

GsXms¡sb¶v NphsS \ÂInbn«pÅ `q]S¯nÂ\n¶pw Isï¯p.

]T-\-t\-«-§Ä•Cý-bpsS sshhn-[y-amÀ¶ q]-IrXn khn-ti-j-X-IÄ a\-kn-em¡n hni-I-

e\w sN¿p-¶p.•Cý-bnse \Zn-Isf lnam-e-b³ \Zn-I-sf¶pw D]-Zzo-]o-b \Zn-I-sf¶pw

hÀKo-I-cn¨v ]«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.•Cý-bpsS Imem-h-Ø-bnÂ lnam-e-b ]Àh-X-\n-c-Ifpw a¬kq¬ Imäp-I

fpw sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o\w hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.•Cý-bn-se EXp-¡fpsS khn-ti-j-X-IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.•Cý-bnse ImÀjn-I-Im-e-§Ä¡-\p-k-cn¨v hnf-Isf hÀKo-I-cn-¡p-¶p.•Irjn-b-[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-§-fp-sSbpw [mXp A[n-jvTnX hyh-km-b-§-fp-

sSbpw ]«n-I X¿m-dm-¡p-¶p.

sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý


]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


Cý-bpsS `q]-Ir-Xnhn`mK§Ä

Cý-bpsS \Zn-IÄ

Cý-bpsS Imem-hØ

Cý-bpsS ImÀjnI-hn-f-IÄ

Cý-bnse hyh-km-b§Ä

Cý-bnse KXm-K-X-amÀK§Ä

•[mXp-¡sf hÀKo-I-cn¨v DZm-l-c-W -k-lnXw ^vtfmNmÀ«v X¿m-dm-¡p-¶p.•Cý-bnse ][m\ KXm-KX amÀK-§Ä kw_-Ôn¨ hnh-cWw X¿m-dm-¡p-

¶p.• cmPy-hn-I-k-\-¯nÂ KXm-K-X-¯nsâ ]¦v hne-bn-cp-¯p-¶p.• ][m\ Xpd-ap-J-§sf Cý-bpsS cq]-tc-J-bnÂ AS-bm-f-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

hne-bn-cp¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä•lnam-e-b ]Àh-X-\n-c-IÄsImïpÅ ]tbmP\§Ä Fs´Ãmw?• \ÂInbn«pÅ kqNI§fpsS ASnØm\¯nÂ lnameb³ \ZnIsf hniZ-

oIcn¨v Ipdns¸gpXp-I. * DÛhØm-\w * t]mjI\ZnIÄ * \o-fw * ]X\Øm-\w•D¯c almkaXe¯nsâ khntijXIÄ hniZoIcn¡p-I.•sshhn[yw GsdbpÅ `q]-IrXn hn`mKamWv D]Zzo]nb ]oT`qan.

kaÀYn¡p-I.•Cýbnse hnhn[ ImÀjnIIme§Ä GsXÃmw? XmcXayw sNbvXp

hyXymkw tcJs¸Sp¯p-I.•DÄ\mS³ PeKXmKX¯nsâ ]tbmP\§Ä ]«nIs¸Sp¯p-I.

XpSÀ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä• Cý-bnse hnhn[ kwØm-\-§-fnse P\-Po-hnXw ImWn-¡p-¶ NnX-§Ä

tiJ-cn¨v Hcp BÂ_w Xbm-dm-¡p-I.• Cý-bpsS Hcp Aävekv \nÀ½n-¡p-I, `q]-IrXn hn`m-K-§Ä þ kwØm-\-

§Ä þ \Zn-IÄ þ a-®n-\-§Ä þ KXm-K-X-amÀK-§Ä



km¼¯nIimkvX Nn´Icpw D]t`màr kwc-£-Whpw


hyhkmb hn¹hs¯ XpSÀ¶v hfÀ¶p hnIkn¨ apXemfn¯ kaql¯nse b-´-hÂ-¡-c-W-s¯ kw-_-Ôn¨v KmÔnPnbpsS ImgvN¸mSmWv apIfnÂ tNÀ¯Xv. km¼¯nI ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ hyàamb \ne]mSv kzo-I-cn¨ alm\mbncp¶p KmÔnPn.

""b´kmaKnIÄ a\pjym²zm\s¯ em`n¡p¶p. HSphnÂ At\Imbncw t]À sXmgnenÃm¯hcmbn hni¶p sXcphpI fnÂ acn¡p¶p. a\pjyhÀK¯nÂ Hcp hn`mK¯n\p amXaÃ kIeam\t]À¡pw tPmenbpw PohnXamÀKhpw Dïm¡ns¡m-Sp¡Wsa¶mWv Fsâ BKlw. kapZmbs¯ sISp¯n Ip-tdt¸sc k¼¶cm¡p¶Xns\ Rm³ A\pIqen¡pIbnÃ.

Ct¸m-gmIs« b´kmaKnIÄ P\kmam\ys¯ NqjWw sNbvXv Pohn¡m³ Hcp \yp\]£s¯ klmbn¡pIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. Cu \yq\]£¯nsâ ]hÀ¯\iàn a\pjyXztam klPohnkvt\ltam AÃ, AXymÀ¯nbpw ZpcmibpamWv. Cu ØnXnKXnsbbmWv Rm³ kÀÆiànbpw D]tbmKn¨v FXnÀ¡p¶Xv.'' þ KmÔnPn



kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

\mw Hmtcmcp¯cpw hyXykvX sXmgnÂ sN¿p¶hcmWtÃm. \½psS Iq«¯nepff NnecmIs« sXmgnÂcln XcpamWv. \½psS PohnXmhiy§Ä \n dthäp¶Xn\pff hcpam\w e`n¡p¶Xn \p thïnbmWtÃm \man§s\ Hmtcm sXmgnepw sN¿p¶Xv. In«p¶ hcpam\w

sImïv Blmcw, hkvXw, ]mÀ¸nSw, hn-Zym`ymkw, BtcmKyw XpS§nb hnhn[ Bhiy§Ä \nd-th-äp-Ibpw sN¿p¶p.

\mw km[mcW GÀs¸«psImïncn¡p¶ hnhn[km¼¯nI ]hÀ¯\§Ä GsXm-s¡-bm-sW¶v ]dbmtam.

* IcIu-iew * K-Xm-K-Xw* I-¶p-Im-en h-fÀ¯Â * I-¨hSw* ssI-s¯m-gn-epIÄ ** ssI¯-dn Xp-Wn-s\-bv¯v *

Irjn I¶p-Im-en h-fÀ¯Â

XpWn-s\bv¯v KXmKXw

I¨hSw



a\pjy³ GÀs¸«ncn¡p¶ hnhn[§fmb ]hÀ¯\§fpsS km-¼¯n-IX-e-s¯ Ip-dn¨v ]Tn¡p¶ Hcp imkvXimJbmWv km¼¯nIimkvXw. CXv

k¼¯ns\¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\w amXaÃ a\pjyscbpw kaqls¯bpw Ipdn¨pÅ ]T\w IqSnbmWv.

km¼¯nIimkvXcwK¯v hnes¸« kw`mh\IÄ \ÂInb GXm\pw NnÍ·mcpsS t^mt«m Xmsg sImSp¯ncn¡p¶p. ChcnÂ Bscsb¦nepw Ipdn¨v ap¼v Ft¸msg¦nepw \n§Ä tI«n«ptïm?

NmWIy³ BUw kvan¯v KmÔnPn ZmZm`mbv \htdmPn

ImÄ amÀIvkv AaÀXymsk³ BÂÛv amÀjÂ ebWÂ tdm_n³kvv

Cu t^mt«mbnÂ ImWp¶hcnÂ \n¶pw Cý¡mcpw ]mÝmXycpamb NnÍ·msc thÀXncn v ]«nIs¸Sp¯mtam. AXn\ptijw Xmsg sImSp¯ncn¡p¶ ]«nIbpambn H¯p t\m¡patÃm.

Cu NnÍ·mÀ km-¼¯n-IimkvXcwK¯v \ÂInb kw`mh\IÄ \aps¡m¶v ]cn-Nbs¸Smw.

Cý¡mÀ ]mÝmXyÀ

NmWIy³ BUw kvan¯v

ZmZm`mbv \htdmPn ImÄ amÀIvkv

KmÔnPn BÂÛv amÀjÂ

AaÀXymsk³ ebWÂ tdm_n³kv



]mÝmXy km-¼¯n-IimkvX NnÍÀ

NnÍÀ kw`mh\IÄ

BUw kvan¯v * km¼¯nIimkvX¯nsâ ]nXmhv F¶dnbs¸Sp¶p. * k¼¯ns\¡pdn¨pff ]T\amWv km¼¯nIimkvXsa¶`n

]mbs¸«p.* km¼¯nI ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ kÀ¡mÀ CSs]SÂ ]cnanXs¸Sp

¯Wsa¶ setks^bÀ kn²m´¯nsâ h-àmhv.

ImÄ amÀIvkv * imkvXob tkmjyenk¯nsâ ]nXmh.v * DÂ]mZ\ ]InbbnÂ sXmgnemfnIfpsS ]¦mfn¯¯n\v

]m[m\yw \ÂIn. * anäqey kn²m´w BhnjvIcn¨p. * AkaXzw CÃm-¯ k-aq-lw Øm-]n-¡p-I-bm-bn-cp-¶p e-£yw.

BÂÛv amÀjÂ * t£a km¼¯nIimkvXw \nÀ-ÆN\w AhXcn¸n¨p. * k¼¯v a\pjyt£a¯n\v thïnbmWv. km¼¯nI ]hÀ

¯\§sfÃmw a\pjyt£a¯n\v ]m[m\yw \ÂIWw F¶ Bibw AhXcn¸n¨p.

ebWÂ tdm_n³kv * a\pjysâ Bhiy§Ä AXncäXpw hn`h§Ä ]cnanXhpamWv. * AXp-sIm-ïv hn-`-h-§-fp-sS _-ZÂ D-]-tbm-Kw ]-cn-K-Wn-¡Ww.* a\pjysâ AXncä Bhiy§fpw ]cnanXambXpw _ZÂ

D]tbmKapffXpamb hn`h§fpw X½nepff _Ôsa¶ \ne bnÂ a\pjysâ s]cpamäs¯¡pdn¨v ]Tn¡p¶ imkvXamWv km¼¯nIimkvXw.

km¼¯nI ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ kÀ¡mÀ CSs]SÂ ]cnanXs¸Sp¯Wsa¶ setks^bÀ kn²m´t¯mSv \n§fpsS ]XnIcWsa´v?



Cý³ km¼¯nIimkvX NnÍÀ

anäqeyw

* ImÄ amÀIvkmWv anäqey kn²m´w AhXcn¸n¨Xv.

* Hcp Nc¡nsâ aqeysa¶Xv AXv DÂ]mZn¸n¡m³ BsI sNehgn ¨n«pff A²zm\¯nsâ aqeyamWv.

* sXmgnemfnIfpsS A²zm\¯nsâ aqey¯nÂ Hcp `mKw amXta apXem-fn sXmgnemfnIÄ¡v \ÂIp¶pffq. _m¡n apgph³ apXemfn emàm¡n amän kzám¡p¶p. C§s\bpff aqeyamWv anäqeyw.

* an¨-aq-ey-s¯ Ip-dn-¨v ]-Xn-]m-Zn¡p¶ ]kn² KÙw þ aqe[\w (DAS KAPITAL)

km-¼¯n-I imkvX NnÍÀ

KÙ§Ä

BUwkvan¯v shÂ¯v Hm^v t\j³kv (B³ C³Izbdn C³Sp Zn \m¨zÀ Bâv tImkkv Hm^v shÂ¯v Hm^v t\j³kv)

ImÄ amÀIvkv aqe[\w (Zmkv Im¸näÂ)

BÂÛvamÀjÂ

km¼¯nIimkvX XXz§Ä (]n³kn¸nÄkv Hm^v C¡tWmanIvkv)

ebWÂ tdm_n³kv

B³ FtÊ Hm¬ Zn t\¨zÀ & knKv\n^n¡³kv Hm^v C¡tWmanIv kb³kv

A[n-I hmb\

NmWIy³ * Irjn, ]-ip-]m-e\w, hm-WnPyw F¶n-h ap-Jy-sXm-gn-ep-I-fm-bn I-W-¡m¡n.

* kzIm-cy kz-¯n-\v A-h-Im-i-ap-Å-t¸mÄ¯-s¶ kÀ¡mÀ h-Ibpw `q-an-bp-ïm-bn-cp¶p.

* Icw, _en, ZÞw, `m-Kw F-¶n-§-s\ 4 h-cpam-\ amÀ-¤§Ä.* cmPy¯nsâ km¼¯nI ]ptcmKXn¡v icnbmb \bw thWw. * ê]Zamb km¼¯nI ]hÀ¯\w hcpam\ \jvSw XSbpw.

ZmZm`mbv \htdmPn * tNmÀ¨mkn²m´w BhnjvIcn¨p. * _n«ojv `cWw CýbnÂ \n¶pw k¼¯v tNmÀ¯p¶p. * i¼fw, s]³j³, \nIpXn, AkwkvIrX hkvXp¡fpsS

IbäpaXn, _n«ojv DÂ]¶ hnÂ]\ F¶nhbneqsSbmWv k¼¯v tNmÀ¯p¶X.v

* Cýbnse ZmcnZy¯nsâ ImcWw k¼¯nsâ tNmÀ¨bmWv.

KmÔnPn * ImÀjnI KmaoW k¼Zv hyhØ¡v ]m[m\yw \ÂIn. * SÌnjn¸v k¼Zmbw AhXcn¸n¨p. * sNdpInS IpSnÂ hyhkmb§Ä¡v apJy]cnKW\ \ÂIn. * kXy¯nepw Alnwkbnepw Bhiy-¯nepw (NEED-Â) A[njvTn

Xamb k¼Zv hyhØ.

AaÀXymsk³ * a\pjyt£aw, km¼¯nI kaXzw, hnIk\w kw_Ôn¨v Bib§Ä AhXcn¸n¨p.

* kmaqlyt£aw kq£vaXe¯nÂ hniIe\w sNbvXp. * ]«nWn, ZmcnZyw, £maw XpS§nb ]iv\§sf km¼¯nI

imkvX¯nsâ ][m\ tIµam¡n.* kzm-X-ý-am-Wv hn-I-k-\sa-¶ Bi-bw A-h-X-cn-¸n¨p.


220 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n220 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n220 tIc-f kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

D]t`màr kwc£WwD]t`màmhv (Consumer)

hne \ÂIntbm, \ÂImsa¶ hy-hØbntem GsX¦nepw km[\§fpw tkh\§fpw hm§n D]tbmKn¡p¶ BfmWv D]t`màmhv.

IqSpXÂ km¼¯nIimkvXÚsc Ipdn¨v hnhc§Ä tiJcn¨v Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡pI.

km¼¯nIimkvX Nn´IfnÂ hnes¸« kw`mh\ sNbvX cmPyamWv C´y þ kaÀ°n¡pI.

I¨hSØm]\§fnÂ hnÂ¸\bv¡mbn sh¨ km[\§Ä \n§Ä i²n¨phtÃm. Ah \mw hnesIm-Sp¯p hm§mdpïtÃm. km[\§fpw tkh\§fpw hnesImSp¯p hm§m dpff \n§Ä¡v Ft¸msg¦nepw ]cmXn Dïmbn«ptïm? F´m-bn-cp-¶p \n-§-fp-sS ]-cm-Xn¡v ImcWw? \n§fpsS A\p `hw ]dbmtam?

\mw D]t`mK¯n\mbn hm§n¨ km[\§fpw tkh\§fpw D]t`m àmhmb \ap¡v kwXr]vXn \ÂImXncn ¡pt¼m-gm-WtÃm \mw ]cmXns¸Sp-¶Xv. C¯cw kmlNcy§fnÂ \mw F´v sN¿-Ww F-¶-Xn-s\-¡p-dn¨v \ap¡v IqSpXÂ Adnbm³ ian¡mw.

D]t`màmhv cmPmhmWv

D]t`màmhv AXnYnbmWv þ almßPn

D]t`mKw (Consumption)a\pjysâ Bhiy§sf Xr]vXn

s¸Sp¯p¶Xn\mbn km[\§fpw tkh\§fpw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶Xns\bmWv D]t`mKw F¶p]dbp¶Xv. C§s\ B-h-iy-§Ä Xr-]v-Xn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn-\v DÂ-¸-¶-§Ä-¡p-Å I-gn-hn-s\ D-]-bpàX (UTILITY) F¶pw hn-fn-¡p¶p.

D]t`màmhnsâ kwXr]vXnkm[\§fpw tkh\§fpw hne

sImSp¯p hm§n D]tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ D]t`màm¡fpsS Bhiy§Ä \ndthä s¸Sp¶Xns\bmWv D]t`màmhnsâ kwXr]vXn F¶p ]dbp¶Xv.

\n§Ä Hcp CeIvtSmWnIvkv IS bnÂt¸mbn Hcp hmjnw Kvsajn³ hm§p¶p-

D]t`màmhpw D]t`mKhpw X½nepÅ hyXymksa´v?




sh¶v IcpXpI. Hcp D]t`màmhmb \n §Ä¡v kwXr]Xn e`n¡Wsa¦nÂ \n§Ä ]Xo£n¡p¶sXs´ms¡bmbncn¡pw? Hcp t]¸dnÂ Ipdn¡pI.

* D]bpàX* KpWta·

Sp¯ncn¡p¶ ]«nIbnÂ IqSpXÂ Im-cy§Ä Isï¯n FgpXpI.

D]t`màr kwc£Ww km[yam-

* \ymbhne * hnizmkyX* IrXyamb Afhv* hnÂ¸\m\´ctkh\w* *

C§s\ Iptdtbsd KpW-§ fpw k-hn-ti-j-X-Ifpw \n§Ä ]Xo£n ¡p¶pïv. F¶mÂ ]et¸mgpw CsXm¶pw e`n¡msX \mw NqjWw sN¿s¸SpIbpw h©n¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶ kµÀ`§fp ïmbn«ntÃ? hmÀ¯mam[ya§fneqsS C¯cw \nch[n kw`h§Ä \n§Ä Adn bm\pw CSbmbn«pïtÃm? Xmsg sIm-

D]t`màmhv h©n¡s¸Sp¶

kµÀ`§Ä

* hmKv-Zm-\w sN-¿s¸-« D-]-bp-à-X-bn-ep-Å Ip-dhv

* AanX hne CuSm¡Â * hymP DÂ-¸¶§Ä \ÂIÂ * ambw tNÀ¡Â * AfhpXq¡¯nÂ hyXymkw

hcp¯Â * KpWta·bnÃm¯

km[\§Ä \ÂIÂ * bYmkabw \ÂImXncn¡Â *

IWsa¦nÂ \½psS D]t`màr ioe§fnepw KpW]camb amä§Ä DïmIWw. Fs´ms¡bmWv \mw hfÀ¯nsbSpt¡ïp¶ ioe§Ä?

hfÀ¯nsbSpt¡ïp¶ D]t`màr ioe§Ä

* _nÃpIÄ tNmZn¨p hm§pI* AfhpXq¡§Ä IrXyamsW¶v t_m

[ys¸SpI* DÂ-]mZIsâbpw hnXcW¡mcsâbpw

taÂhnemkw Dsï¶v Dd¸phcp¯pI* ]mbv¡v sNbvX XobXn, Imemh[n, ]

camh[n hnÂ-¸\ hne Ch i²n¡pI* icnbm-b D-]-tbm-K-co-Xn-IÄ a-\-kn-em-

¡pI*



1986þse D]t`màr kwc£W \nbaw* D]t`m-àm-¡-fp-sS XmÂ-¸-cy-§Ä kw-

c-£n-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn 1986þem-Wv Cu \n b-aw \n-ehnÂh-¶Xv.

* D]t`màmhnsâ AhImi§Ä hyà ambn \nÀhNn¡s¸« \nbaw.

* D]t`màm¡fpsS AhImi kw-c£W¯n\mbn D]t`màr tImSXn IÄ cq]oIcn¨XvCu \nbaw hgnbmWv.

*

D]t`màmhv NqjWw sN¿s¸Sp¶ kµÀ`§Ä F§s\sbÃmw

Hgnhm¡mw? \n§fpsS A`n]mbw FgpXpI.

1986þse D]t`màrkwc£W \nbaw þ D]t`màmhnsâ ][m\ AhImi§Ä

* kwc£Ww þ Poh\pw kz¯n\pw lm\nIcamIp¶ km[\§Ä hn]W\w sN¿p¶XnÂ\n¶pw kwc£Ww.

* KpWta· þ km[\§fpsSbpw tkh\§fpsSbpw KpWta· kw_Ôn¨v hnhc§Ä e`n¡p¶Xn\pÅ AhImiw.

* \ymbhne þ \ymbhnebv¡v km[\§fpw tkh\§fpw e`n¡phm\pÅ AhImiw.

* XÀ¡]cnlmcw þ XÀ¡]cnlmcw tXSn tImSXnsb kao]n¡m\pÅ AhImiw.* D]t`màr hnZym`ymkw þ D]t`màr hnZym`ymkw e`n¡phm\pÅ AhImiw.

A[n-I hmb\

NqcnZmdn\p \jvS]cnlmcwHcp tImtfPv hnZymÀ°n\n

]ikvXamb Hcp hkvXhym]mc Øm]\¯nÂ\n¶pw 3000cq] \ÂIn NqcnZmÀ hm§n. B hkvXw [cn¨v AhÀ AhcpsS kplr¯nsâ hnhml NS§nÂ ]s¦Sp¡m³ t]mbn. A¶v A-]-Xo-£n-X-am-bn a-g s]-¿m-\n-S-bmbn. ag \\bm\n SbmbtXmsS AhcpsS NqcnZmdnsâ Un-ssk\nsâ `mKambn Xbv¨ncp¶ ISpw

D]t`màrkwc£W \nba¯nsâ ]m[m\yw hniIe\w sN¿pI.



\nd¯nepff XpWnbnÂ\n¶pw NmbanfIn hkvXamsI ]SÀ¶p. hfscb[nIw am\knI]bmkt¯m sSbmWv AhÀ hnhml NS§nÂ ]s¦Sp¯v ho«nte¡v aS§nbXv. ASp¯ \mfnÂ AhÀ ]kvXpX hkvXhpw _n Ãpambn hkvXhym]mcnsb kao]n¨p. hkvXw am-än \Â-Imt\m hkvX¯nsâ hne XncnsI \Â-Imt\m hkvXhym]m cn X¿mdmbnÃ. AhÀ PnÃm D]t`màr XÀ¡ ]cnlmc t^md¯nÂ ]cmXn \ÂIn. AhÀ-¡pïm-b am-\kn-I]-bm-k-§fpw I-ã-\-ã§fpw I-W-¡n-se-Sp-¯v h-kv-Xhym-]m-cn 5000cq] ]-cm-Xn-¡m-cn-¡v \Â-I-W-sa-¶v PnÃm D]t`màr XÀ¡ ]cnlmc t^mdw hn[n ]kvXmhn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

_ÊnÂ bm-X sN¿p-¶ BÄ-¡v A-hÀ-¡n-d-t§ïp-¶ tÌm¸nÂ _-Êv \n À-¯m-sX h-¶ kw-`hw, ]-c-amh-[n do-s«

bnÂ hn-e (Fw.BÀ.]n.)tb¡mÄ IqSn-b hn-e-bv-¡v km-[\-§Ä hnÂ¡p-¶ kw-`hw, Im-emh-[n I-gn-ª DÂ-¸¶-§Ä hnÂ-¸-\ \-S-¯p¶-Xv Xp-S§n-b \n-ch-[n A-\p-`-h§Ä \n-§-fp-sS Adn-hn-ep--ap-ïm-Ip-a-tÃm. C¯-cw ]-iv-\-§fnÂ ]cnlmcw tXSn \n§Ä tImSXnsb kao ]n¨n«ptïm? \n§fnÂ IqSpXÂ t]cpsS bpw D¯cw CÃ F¶mbn cn¡pw. AsÃ? F´mbncn¡pw AXnsâ ImcW§Ä? * ]cmXn BÀ¡v, F§s\, F-hnsS \

ÂIWsa¶dnbnÃ.* GsXm-s¡ km-l-N-cy-§fnÂ ]-cm-Xn

\Â-Im-sa-¶-dn-bnÃ.* ]cmXntbmsSm¸w Fs´ms¡ \ÂI-

Wsa¶pw AdnbnÃ. \nch[n ImcW§Ä \n§Ä¡v ]dbm \pïmIpsa¶dnbmw. CXn\v ]cnlmcw DïmIWsa¦nÂ IrXyam-b t_m-[-hÂ-¡c-Ww \-S-t¡-ï-Xpïv.

]cmXn \ÂIp¶Xmcv?

km[\§tfm tkh\§tfm hne sImSp¯v hm§n D]tbmKn¡p¶ D]t`màmhv, cPnkväÀ sNbvX kwLS\IÄ, tIµþkwØm\ kÀ¡mÀ, kam\ XmÂ¸cyapÅ D]t`màm¡fnÂ Ht¶m AXne[nItam t]À Iq«mtbm ]cmXn \ÂImhp¶XmWv.

A[n-I hmb\

]cmXn FhnsS \ÂIpw?

]cmXn¡SnØm\amb CS]mSv ]qÀWamtbm `mKnIamtbm \S¶ PnÃbn-setbm, FXnÀI£nIÄ Xmakn¡pItbm, ]hÀ¯\w \S¯pItbm sN¿p¶ PnÃbnsetbm D]t`màr t^md¯nemWv ]cmXn \ÂtIïXv.

A[n-I hmb\



D]-t`màr XÀ¡ ]cn-lmc kwhn-[m-\-§ÄC\n \ap¡v D]t`màrXÀ¡]cn-lmc¯n\v C´ybnÂ \nehnepÅ kwhn[m\§Ä ]cnNbs¸Smw.

D]t`màrXÀ¡]cnlmc¯n\v C¶v C´ybnÂ XnXe D]t`màr tImS XnIÄ \nehnepïv. AhbpsS LS\bpw A[nImchpw XmsgsImSp¯ncn¡p¶ ]«nIbneqsS ]cnNbs¸Smw.

D]t`màr tImSXnIÄ

LS\ A[nImcw

PnÃm D]t`màr XÀ¡]cnlmc t^mdw

* PnÃmXe¯nÂ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶p.

* ]knUïpw 2 AwK§fpw.

* HcwKsa¦nepw h\nX.

20 e£w cq] hscbpff XÀ¡§fnÂ XoÀ¸p IÂ¸n¡p¶p.

kwØm\ D]t`màr XÀ¡]cnlmc I½oj³

* kwØm\ Xe¯nÂ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶p.

* ]knUïpw 2 AwK§fpw. HcwK-sa¦nepw h\nX.

* IqSpXÂ AwK§sf \nban¡m³ kwØm\ kÀ¡mdn\v A[nImcapïv.

20 e£w cq] apXÂ 1 tImSn cq] hscbpff XÀ¡§fnÂ XoÀ¸p IÂ¸n¡p¶p.

tZiob D]t`màr XÀ¡]cnlmc I½oj³

* tZiob Xe¯nÂ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶p.

* ]knUïpw 4þÂ Ipdbm¯ AwK§fpw.

* IqSpXÂ AwK§sf \nban¡m³ tIµ kÀ¡mdn\v A[nImcapïv.

HcptImSn cq]¡v apIfnepff XÀ¡§fnÂ XoÀ¸p IÂ¸n¡p¶p.

1986þse D]t`màrkwc£W \nba]Imcw D]t`màr tImSXnIÄ¡v ]pdsa PnÃ, kw-Øm-\, tZio-b X-e¯nÂ

D]tZiI kanXnIÄ ]hÀ-¯n-¡p-¶pïv.



h©n¡p¶ ]cky§ÄHcp tamt«mÀ ss_¡v I¼\n Hcp

enäÀ s]tSmfn\v 101 In.aoäÀ ssatePv In«psa¶v ImWn¨v DÕh kokWnÂ ]ckyand¡n. Hcp bphmhv ]ckyw hniz-kn¨v tamt«mÀ ss_¡v hm§n¨p. F¶mÂ AbmÄ FX XhW ]co£n¨n«pw I¼\n ]ckyw sNbvX ssatePv In«nbnÃ. HSphnÂ AbmÄ I¼\ns¡Xn-sc PnÃm D]t`màr t^md¯nÂ ]cmXn \ÂIn. ]cmXnbnÂ D¶bn¨ Im-cy§Ä icnbmsW¶v Isï¯nbXn \mÂ I¼\n \jvS]cnlmcw \ÂI-Wsa¶v t^mdw hn[n XoÀ¸pïm¡pI bpw sNbvXp.

]cky§Ä ]et¸mgpw D]t`màmhns\ h©n¡p¶pïv. AXp-sImïv \mw ]cky§sf AanXambn hnizkn¡cpXv.

]cmXn \ÂIpt¼mÄ i-²n-t¡ïp-¶ Im-cy§Ä

]cmXn¡SnØm\amb CS]mSv \S¶v cïphÀj¯n\Iw ]cmXn \ÂIWw. ]cmXn¡mcsâ t]cv, hbÊv, AUkv F¶nh Dïmbncn¡Ww. FXnÀI£nbpsS ]qÀW hnhc§fpw ]cmXn¡SnØm\amb Imcy§fpw IrXyambn FgpXWw. ]cmXn¡mcsâ H¸v, tcJIÄ F¶nhbpïmbncn¡Ww. Xmsg ]dbpw ]Imcw ^okpw ]cmXn¡mÀ \ÂIWw.

* Hcpe£¯nÂ Xmsg \jvS]cnlmcw e`n¡m³ þ 100I * Hcpe£wapXÂ 5 e£w hsc þ 200cq]* 5 e£wapXÂ 10 e£w hsc þ 400cq] * 10 e£¯n\p apIfnÂ þ 500cq]

A[n-I hmb\

hgn sX-än¡p-¶ ]-c-ky-§Ä-s¡-Xnsc GAMA (GRIEVANCE AGAINST MISLEADING ADVERTISEMENTS)

sXäm-b hn-hc-§Ä \Â-In ]-ckyw ]p-d-s¸-Sp-hn-¨v D-]-t`m-àm¡-sf h-©n-¡p-¶-hÀ-s¡-Xn-sc Hm¬-sse³ ]-cm-Xn \ÂIm³ https://gama.gov.in F-¶ t]cnÂ H-cp t]mÀ-«Â h-Ip-¸p-X-e kw-hn-[m-\-am-bn B-cw-`n-¨n-«pïv.

A[n-I hmb\

]cky§fpsS KpWtZmj§Ä Fs´ms¡? Hcp NÀ¨ kwLSn¸n¡pI



sshhn[y§fpsS C-ý

D]t`màr tImSXnIÄ hgn e`n¡p¶ ]cnlmc§Ä

* A[nIambn CuSm¡nb ]Ww Xncn¨p \ÂIÂ. * ]Icw km[\w \ÂIÂ. * \jvS]cnlmcw \ÂIÂ. * ]cmXnsëhv \ÂIÂ. * BtcmKy¯n\v lm\nIcamb `£yhkvXp¡fpsS hnÂ¸\ \ntcm[n¡Â. * tZmjIcamb hym]mc \S]SnIÄ \nÀ¯nbv¡Â. * tkh\¯nse tIm«§Ä ]cnlcn¡Â. * *

A[n-I hmb\

Hm¬ sse³ hym]mchpw D]t`màr XÀ¡ ]cn[nbnÂ

2015þse \nbat`ZKXnbneqsS Hm¬sse³ hym]mchpw D]t`màr XÀ¡ ]cn[nbnÂ hcp¶XmWv.

tZinb D]t`màr Zn\w

1985þÂ sFIycmjvS kwLS\ D]t`màrkwc£Ww kw_Ôn¨ amÀK tcJIÄ DÄs¡mÅp¶ ]tabw AwKoIcn¨p. AXnsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ Cým Kh¬saâv D]t`màrkwc£W \nbaw ]mkm¡n. 1986 Unkw_À 24þ\mWv Cu \nbaw \nehnÂ h¶Xv. AXpsImïv FÃm hÀjhpw Unkw_À 24 tZiob D]t`màrZn\ambn BNcn¡p¶p.

A[n-I hmb\

Xmsg sImSp¯n-cn-¡p¶ NnÓ§Ä \nco-£n¡pI. CXpt]msebpÅ NnÓ§Ä FhnsSsb¦nepw \n§Ä Iïn«ptïm? Fń\mWv CXp \ÂIp¶sX¶dnbmtam?

km[\§fpsSbpw Øm]\§fpsSbpw KpWta· D]t`màmhn\v Ffp¸w Xncn ¨dnbm³ thïnbmWv C¯cw Nne NnÓ§Ä \ÂIp¶Xv. Ahsb \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

DÂ]¶§fpsS KpW\nehmcw Dd¸phcp¯p¶p.

CýbS¡w 120þe[nIw cmjvS§fnse km[\§fpsSbpw tkh\§fpsSbpw KpWta· km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.



kzÀWm`cW§fpsS ]cnip²n kqNn¸n¡p¶p.

CeIvtSmWn¡v, CeIvSn¡Â D]IcW§fpsS kpc£ Dd¸phcp¯p¶p.

ImÀjnIþh\ DÂ]¶§fpsS KpWta· Dd¸phcp¯p¶p.

kkyþktkyXc Blmc hkvXp¡Ä Xncn¨dnbp¶p.

]gwþ]¨¡dnIfnÂ \n¶pff DÂ]¶§fpsS \nehmchpw kpc£nXXzhpw Dd¸phcp¯p¶p.

C\napXÂ CS]mSpIÄ \S¯pt¼mÄ C¯cw NnÓ§Ä i²n¡patÃm.

D]t`màr kwc£W¯nÂ kmaqly CSs]SepIÄ

em -w e-£ywshbv¡p¶ It¼mfhy-hØbnemWv \man¶v Pohn¡p¶Xv. ]cky §fpsS amkvacnI ]]©¯nÂ D]t`màm¡Ä ]et¸mgpw h©n¡s¸Sp¶p. em`s¡mXnaq¯hÀ a\pjysâ Btcm

Kyw t]mepw ]cnKWn¡msX It¼m-f¯nÂ DÂ¸¶§Ä hnÂ-¸-\ \-S-¯p¶p. It¼mfw Xs¶ \s½ `cn¡p¶ kmaq-lyI-a-¯nsâ CcIfmbn \mw amäs¸Sp¶p. CXns\ AXnPohn¡m³ \mw ]m]vXn ssI-h-cn¡Ww. D]t`màr NqjWw XSbs¸SWw. C¡mcy¯nÂ kPo-hamb kmaqly CSs]SepIÄ D-ïm-tI-ï-Xpïv.

]T\t\«§Ä* a\pjysâ ssZ\wZn\ km¼¯nI ]hÀ¯\§Ä Isï-¯p-Ibpw \n

À-Æ-Nn-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.* ]ap-Jcm-b G-Xm\pw km-¼-¯n-Iim-kvX Nn´Iscbpw AhcpsS

kw`mh\Isfbpw hniZoIcn¡p¶p.* D]t`mKw, D]t`màmhv, D]t`màmhnsâ kwXr]vXn F¶nh hniZoI

cn¡p¶p.* D]t`màm¡Ä NqjWw sN¿s¸Sp¶ kµÀ`§Ä Xncn¨dnªv

hyàam¡p¶p.



* D]t`màrkwc£W \nba§Ä AhXcn¸n¡p¶p.* D]t`màrtImSXnIfpsS LS\bpw A[nImc§fpw AhXcn¸n¡p¶p. * D]t`m-àrhn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ ]m-[m\yw hn-h-cn-¡p¶p.* D]t`màrkwc£W¯nÂ kmaqly CSs]SepIfpsS km[yX hniZoI

cn¡p¶p.

hnebncp¯Â tNmZy§Ä* ""km¼¯nIimkvX cwK¯v ]KÛsc kw`mh\ sNbvX \mSmWv Cý''.

Cýbnse GsX¦nepw cïv km¼¯nIimkvXNnÍcpsS kw`mh\Isf ASnØm\am¡n Cu ]kvXmh\ km[q-I-cn¡pI.

* km¼¯nI imkvXÚcmb BUw kvan¯nsâbpw ImÄ amÀIvknsâbpw ImgvN ¸mSpIsf XmcXayw sN¿pI.

* ZmZm`mbv \htdmPn AhXcn¸n¨ tNmÀ¨mkn²m´w hniZoIcn¡pI.* BÂÛv amÀjensâbpw ebWÂ tdm_n³knsâbpw km¼¯nI ImgvN¸m-

SpIÄ XmcXayw sN¿pI.* KmÔnPn AhXcn¸n¨ km¼¯nI\b¯nsâ ImenI]kàn hniIe\w

sN¿pI.* ""D]t`màmhnsâ kwXr]vXnbmWv FÃm km¼¯nI]hÀ¯\§fpsSbpw

e£yw.'' Cu ]kvXmh\ hnebncp¯pI.* D]t`màmhv NqjWw sN¿s¸Sp¶ GsX¦nepw 3 kmlNcy§Ä Isï¯n

FgpXpI.* D]t`màrNqjWw XSbm³ \mw hfÀ¯nsbSpt¡ïp¶ D]t`màrioe§Ä

Fs´Ãmw? * 1986þse D]t`màr kwc£W \nba¯nsâ ]m[m\yw hniZam¡pI.* D]t`màrtImSXnIfpsS LS\bpw A[nImchpw hniZoIcn¡pI.* D]t`màrhnZym`ymk¯nsâ ]m[m\yw hniZoIcn¡pI.

XpSÀ ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä* temI-¯nse ][m\ km¼-¯nI imkvX-Ú-cpsS t^mt«m tiJ-cn¨v Hcp

BÂ_w Xbm-dm-¡p-I.* D]-t`mIvXrNqjWw XS-bm³ t_m[-hÂ¡-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ kwL-Sn-¸n-¡p-I.

kz-bw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


Cý-bn-sebpw ]mÝm-Xy-cmP §fntebpw imkvXÚcpsS kw`m-h-\IÄ hnh-cn-¡p-¶p.

D]-t`m-àm-hnsâAh-Im-i-§-fpw, D]-t`mIvXrkw-c-£-W-\n-b-ahpw D]-t`mIvXrkw-c-£-W kwhn-[m-\-§fpw hni-Z-am-¡p¶p.


tZio-b h-cp-am\w, k-m¼¯n-I h-fÀ-¨, am-\-h hn-`-h-ti-jn hn-Ik\w


B-apJwG-sXm-cp cm-Py-¯n\pw ]p-tcm-K-Xn-bp-ïm-I-W-sa¦nÂ cm-Py

-¯n-sâ h-cp-am-\w hÀ-²n-¡Ww. h-cp-am-\w hÀ-²n-¨-Xp-sIm-ïp am-X-am-bnÃ, P-\-§-fp-sS Pohn-XKp-W-\n-e-hm-c-¯n-Â D-bÀ-¨-bp-ïm-IWw. am-\-h-hn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-kn-¡p-Ibpw thWw. tZio-bh-cp-am-\w kw-_-Ôn-¨v [m-cW-IÄ D-ïm-Ip-¶-Xn\pw km-¼¯n-I h-fÀ-¨-bpw km¼¯nIhn-I-k-\-hpw X½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-¶-Xn \pw am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jn hnI-k-\km-[yX-IÄ a-\-kn-em-¡p-¶-Xn \pw k-lm-bn¡p-¶ H-cp ]mT-`m-K-am-WnXv.



kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

\-½-sfm-s¡ tPm-en sN-¿p-¶-sX-ń- \mWv?h-cp-am-\w e-`n¡m³ F-¶m-bn-cn-¡p-atÃm \n-§-fp-sS D-¯cw. Cu h-cp-am-\-sam-s¡ F-ń-\mWv?

\n-§-fp-sS Ip-Spw-_¯nÂ FÃm-hÀ¡pw h-cp-am-\w e-`n¡p-¶ sXmgnÂ D-tïm?

I-gn-ª H-cphÀ-j-s¯ \n-§-fp-sS Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ h-cp-am-\-sa-X-sb-¶v ]-d-bm-\m-Ip-tam? F-s´m-s¡-bm-Wv \n-§-fp-sS Ip-Spw-_-¯n-sâ h-cpam-\ amÀ-K§Ä?

h-cpam-\amÀK§Ä• Ir-jnbnÂ\n¶v• I-¨-h-S¯nÂ\n¶v• Iq-en-bn-\¯nÂ••C§-s\ Ip-td h-cpam-\tkm-X-Êp-IÄ \n-§Ä-¡v I-sï-¯m-\m-b-tÃm?

Ip-Spw-_ h-cp-am-\w hÀ-²n-¡p¶-Xv \n-§-fp-sS Po-hn-XKp-W-\n-e-hm-c¯nÂ F-s´-¦nepw am-ä-§-fp-ïm-¡p-tam? F-§-s\-sbÃmw þ NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.C-\n \-ap-¡v cm-Py-¯n-sâ h-cp-am-\-s¯ Ip-dn-¨v Nn-ń-¡mw.

tZio-bh-cp-am\wcm-Py-¯v H-cphÀ-jw DÂ-¸m-Zn-

¸n¡p-¶ km-[-\-§-fp-sSbpw tk-h-\-§-

fp-sSbpw `m-K-am-bn e- n¡p-¶ B-sI h-cp-am-\-am-Wv tZio-b h-cp-am\w. ImÀjn-I taJ-e (]m-Yan-I taJe), hym-h-kmbn-I taJe (ZznXo-b taJ-e), tk-h-\ taJ-e (XrXo-b taJe) F-¶n§-s\ aq-¶p ta-J-e-IfnÂ \n-¶p-ap-Å h-cp-am\w -tNÀ-¶-Xm-Wv tZ-io-b h-cp-am\w.

tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xm-cmWv?, F-ń-\m-Wv C-Xv I-W-¡m-¡p-¶Xv?, F-§-s\-bm-Wv C-Xv I-W-¡m-¡p-¶Xv?, C§-s\ \n-ch-[n kw-ib-§Ä \n-§Ä-¡ntÃ? \-ap-¡v A-h-bp-sS D-¯c-§Ä I-sï¯m³ i-an-¡mw.

tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ e-£y-§-Ä• cm-Py-¯n-sâ km-¼¯n-I

h-fÀ-¨ a-\-kn-em¡m³• ]-²-Xn-I-fp-sS B-kq-X-W-

¯n\v• hnhn-[ ta-J-e-I-fp-sS kw-`m-

h-\-I-f-dnbm³• k¼-Zv hy-h-Ø-bp-sS ]-iv\-

§Ä ]Tn¡m³• a-äp cm-Py-§-fp-am-bn Xm-c-

Xayw sN¿m³••Iq-Sp-XÂ Im-cy-§Ä I-sï-¯n C-Xp ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡p-a-tÃm.

hnhn-[ cm-Py-§-fn-se tZio-bh-cp-am-\-¯n-sâ ]«n-I Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p. ]«n-I hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.



tZio-bh-cp-am-\w þ Nn-e ][m-\ B-ib§Ä

tZio-bh-cp-am-\-hp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« Nn-e ][m-\ B-ib-§Ä \mw A-dn-tb-ï-Xpï v. Ah-sb \-ap-s¡m-¶v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.

sam-¯ B-`y-´-c DÂ]mZ\w (Gross Domestic Product - GDP)H-cp km-¼¯n-I hÀ-j¯nÂ cm-Py-¯n-sâ B-`y-´-c A-XnÀ-¯n-¡pÅnÂ DÂ-]m-Zn-

¸n¡p-¶ km-[-\-§-fp-sSbpw tk-h-\-§-fp-sSbpw B-sI hn]Wn-aq-ey-am-Wv sam-¯ B-`y-´-c DÂ-]mZ\w.

sam-¯ tZio-b DÂ¸mZ\w (Gross National Product - GNP)H-cp cm-Py-¯v H-cp km-¼¯n-IhÀ-jw DÂ-¸m-Zn-¸n¡p-¶ Ań-a km-[-\-§-fp-sSbpw

tk-h-\-§-fp-sSbpw A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv sam-¯ tZ-io-b DÂ-¸mZ\w. DÂ-¸m-Zn-¸n-¡s¸-« Ań-a km-[-\-§-fp-sSbpw tk-h-\-§-fp-sSbpw hn]Wn-aq-ey-am-bn-cn¡pw CXv. GDP tbm-Sv hn-tZi-¯v tPm-en sN¿p-¶ C-ý¡mÀ \m-«n-te-¡-b¡p-¶ h-cp-am-\hpw C-ýbnÂ tPm-en sN¿p-¶ hn-tZ-in-IÄ A-h-cp-sS \m-«n-te-¡-b¡p-¶ h-cp-am-\hpw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-khpw Iq--«n-t¨À-¡p-t¼mÄ e-`n-¡p-¶-XmWv GNP.

A-ä tZio-bDÂ¸mZ\w (Net National Product - NNP)sam-¯ tZio-b DÂ-¸-mZ\¯nÂ\n¶pw tX-bv-am-\-së-hv Ip-d-bv-¡p-t¼mÄ e-`y-am-Ip-

¶Xm-Wv A-ä tZ-io-tbmÂ-¸mZ\w.NNP = GNP - tX-bv-am-\-sëhvA-ä tZio-b DÂ¸-mZ\w = sam-¯ tZio-b DÂ¸-mZ\w þ tX-bv-am-\-s¨-ehv

tZio-bh-cp-am\w (National Income - NI)AätZio-b DÂ-¸m-Z-\¯nÂ (NNP bnÂ) \n¶pw ]-tcm-£ \n-Ip-Xn Ip-d-bv-¡pbpw

k-_v-kn-Un-IÄ Iq-«n-t¨À-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p-t¼mÄ e-`n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv tZio-bh-cp-am\w.

]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am\w (Per Capita Income)tZio-bh-cp-am-\-s¯ cm-Py-s¯ sam-¯w P-\-kw-Jy sIm-ïv `m-Kn-¡p-t¼mÄ In-«p-¶

-Xm-Wv ]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am\w.

]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am-\w tZ-io-b h-cp-am-\wB-sI P-\-kwJy

A[n-I hmb\

cmPywtZio-b h-cp-am\w

(_nÃy³ tUm-f-dnÂ)

2010 2013 2014

bp.F-kv.F. 16663.20 17348.10 17968.20

ssN-\ 9490.80 10356.50 11384.80

P¸m³ 4919.60 4602.40 4116.20

PÀa\n 3746.50 3874.40 3371.00

bp.sI. 2678.40 2950.00 2864.90

^m³kv 2811.10 2833.70 2422.60

Cý 1875.20 2051.20 2182.60

Cäen 2137.60 2014.70 1819.00

_koÂ 2391.00 2346.60 1799.00

A-h-ew_w: IMF World Eco-nomic Outlook Oct. 2015



tZio-b-h-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ coXnIÄ

tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ aq¶p co-Xn-IÄ C-\n \-ap-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s -Smw. DÂ- ¸m-Z-\coXn, h-cp-am-\coXn, sN-e-hp-co-Xn F-¶n-h-bm-Wv tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m-¡p--¶ aq-¶p co-XnIÄ.

1. DÂ-]m-Z-\-coXncm-Py-¯v DÂ-¸m-Zn-¸n¡p-¶ Nc¡p-I-

fp-sSbpw tk-h-\-§-fp-sSbpw B-sI hn]Wn-aqey¯nsâ A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-WnXv. Hmtcm DÂ-¸m-Z-\L-«-¯nepw D-ïmIp-¶ aqey-hÀ-²\-hv I-W-¡m-¡n-bm-Wv C-Xv I-sï-¯p-¶Xv. A-Xp-sIm-ïv C-Xv aq-ey-hÀ-²-\-co-Xn F¶pw A-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶p.

2. h-cp-am-\-coXnDÂ-¸m-Z-\ L-S-I-§fm-b `qan,

sXm-gnÂ, aq-e-[\w, kw-L-m-S\w F-¶n-h-bv-¡v e-`n¡p-¶ ]-Xn-^-e-§fm-b ]m«w, th-X\w, ]-en-i, -em-`w F-¶n-h-bp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ tZio-b h-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ co-Xn-bm-WnXv.

3. sN-e-hp-coXnH-cp km-¼ n-IhÀ-j nÂ cm-Py-s¯

hy-àn-I-fpw Øm-]-\-§-fpw kÀ-¡m-cp-saÃmw sN-e-h-gn¡p-¶ B-sI Xp-I-bp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\ nÂ tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ co-Xn- bm-WnXv.

tZio-bh-cp-am-\¯nÂ hnhn-[ ta-Je-IÄ \ÂIp-¶ kw-`m-h-\-I-fp-sS H-cp ]«n-I Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶p. ]«n-I hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv \n-Ka-\w cq-]-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ G-P³kn

C-´ybnÂ tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-Å G-P³-kn

sk³SÂ Ìm-än-Ìn-¡Â HmÀ-K-ss\-tkj³ (CSO) BWv.

A[n-I hmb\

C-´ybnÂ GDP bn-se hnhn-[ ta-J-e-I-fp-sS hn-lnXw (i-X-am-\-¯nÂ)

taJ-e 2011-þ12 2012-þ13 2013-þ14

Irjnbpw A-\p-_-Ô ]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fpw (]m-Yan-I taJe)

17.9 17.5 18.2

hy-h-kmbw (ZznXo-b taJe)

27.2 26.2 24.8

tk-h-\ taJ-e (XrXob taJe)

54.9 56.3 57.0

BsI 100 100 100

tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m-¡p-¶ XnÂ \mw t\-cnSp-¶ Nn-e ][m-\ ]-iv-\-§-fm-Wv hn-izm-k-tbm-Kyam-b Øn-Xn-hn-h-c-¡-W-¡p-I-fp-sS A-`mhw, P-\-§-fp-sS \n-c£-c-X ap-X-emb-h. a-tä-sXÃmw ]-iv\-§Ä \-½p-sS cmPyw t\-cn-Sp-¶pïv. NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.



km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨bpw hn-I-k-\hpw

• ap³ hÀ-j-t¯¡mÄ DÂ-¸mZ-\w hÀ-²n-¨n-cn-¡p¶p.

• DÂ-¸m-Z-\ hÀ-²\-hv h-cpam-\ t\-«-¯n-\n-S-bm-¡n-bn-cn-¡p¶p.

• km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨ t\-Sn-bn-cn-¡p¶p.••km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨

H-cp k¼-Zv hy-h-Ø-bn-se Nc¡p-I-fp-sSbpw tk-h-\-§-fp-sSbpw DÂ- ]m-Z-\¯nÂ ap³ hÀ-j-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v D-ïmIp-¶ hÀ-²-\-hm-Wv km-¼¯n-Ih-f À-¨. Cu km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨ i-Xam-\ A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ I-W-¡m-¡p-t¼mÄ e-`n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv km-¼¯n-I h-fÀ-¨m-\n-c¡v.

s\ÃpÂ-¸m-Z-\-¯nÂ

30% hÀ-²\hv

C-§-s\-bp-Å hmÀ¯-IÄ \n§ fpw Iï- p-Im-Wp-atÃm? Cu hmÀ-¯-IfnÂ \n¶pw \n-§-sf¯p-¶ \n-K-a-\-sa-´mWv?

sam-ss_Â t^m¬ DÂ-

¸m-Z-\-¯nÂ

3 aS-§v hÀ-²-\-hv

tZio-bh-cp-am-\¯nÂ Ggv i-Xam\w hÀ-²\hv

\-½-sfÃm-hcpw sa-¨s¸-« Pohn-X Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw D-ïm-I-W-sa-¶m-K-ln-¡p-¶-h-cm-W-tÃm. km-¼-¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨ D-ïm-b-Xp-sIm-ïv Pohn-X Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw ssI-h-¶p-sh-¶v ]-d-bm-\m-Ip-tam?

Pohn-XKp-W-\n-e-hm-cw D-ïm-I-W-sa¦nÂ F-s´m-s¡ ku-I-cy-§Ä sa-¨-s¸-tS-ï-Xpïv? NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.• sa-¨s¸-« B-tcm-Ky kw-hn-[m\§Ä• t]m-j-Im-lmcw• ip²-P-e e`y-X• FÃm-hÀ¡pw hn-Zym-`ym-kku-I-cy§Ä••km-¼¯n-Ihn-Ik\w

k¼-Zvhy-h-ØbnÂ ap³ hÀ-j-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v km-[-\-§-fp-sSbpw tk-h-\-§-fp-sSbpw DÂ-¸m-Z-\-¯nÂ Dïm-b hÀ-²-\-hm-WtÃm km-¼¯n-I h-fÀ-¨.

km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bn-ep-ïm¡p-¶ Kp-W-]-cam-b

am-ä-§-sf-s´ms¡?


234 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n234 tIc-fw-kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n234 tIc-f -kw-ÿm\ km£-c-Xm-an-j≥ AtXm-dn‰n

F¶mÂ km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨-tbm-sSm-¸w Pohn-X Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw Iq-Sn D-b-cp-¶-Xm-Wv km-¼¯n-Ihn-I-k\w.

Pohn-X Kp-W-\n-e-hm-c -kqNn-I, am-\-h hnI-k-\ kqNn-I, k-t´m-j kqNn-I F-¶n§-s\ hn-hn-[X-cw kq-NnI-IÄ temI-¯v \n-e-hn-ep-ïv.

]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am\w• H-cp ]-c-¼-cm-K-XhnI-k-\ kqNn-I• tZio-b h-cp-am-\-s¯ P-\-kw-Jy-sIm-

ïv l-cn-¨p In«p-¶ kw-Jy-bm-Wv ]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am\w.

• P-\-kw-Jy-bp-sS h-fÀ- m-\n-c-¡n-t\¡mÄ IqSn-b h-fÀ- m-\nc-¡v tZio-b h-cp-am-\¯nÂ D-ïmbmÂ am-X-ta ]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am-\w hÀ-²n-¡p-I-bpÅq.

C-ýbp-sS hn-Ik-\w t\-cnSp-¶

km¼¯n-Ihn-I-k-\-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ cm-Py§-sf X-cw-Xn-cn-¡m-dpïv. GXn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv cm-Py-§-fp-sS hn-I-k-\-s¯ \nÀ-W-bn-¡p-Ibpw X-cw-Xn-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xn-cn-¡p-¶Xv?

Nne kq-Nn-I-I-fp-sS A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-em-Wv C-Xv sN-¿p-¶Xv. A¯-cw Nn-e kq-Nn-II-sf \-ap-¡v ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw.

hn-I-k-\-kq-NnIIÄ]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am\w, ùXn-I

km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨bpw km-¼¯n-Ihn-I-k-\hpw X-½n-ep-Å

hy-Xymk-§Ä I-sï-¯pI.

]Xn-ioÀ-j- h-cp-am-\-s¯ H-cp hnI-k-\ kq-Nn-I-bm-bn kzo-I-cn-¡p-t¼m-gp-Å

]-cn-an-Xn-IÄ F-s´ms¡? NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.

ùXn-IPohn-XKp-W\n-ehm-c kqNn-I

• ]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cpam-\ kq-Nn-Itb¡mÄ sa-¨-s¸-«Xv.• ]-Xo£n-X B-bpÀ-ssZÀ-Lyw, in-ip-a-c-W \n-c¡v, A-SnØm-\ km£-c-X F-¶o aq-¶p

L-S-I§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bn-«p-Å hnI-k-\ kq-NnI.

am-\-hhnI-k-\ kqNn-I

• am-\-h hn-Ik-\w A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å kq-NnI.• ]-Xn-ioÀ-j h-cp-am\w, hnZym-`ymkw, BbpÀ-ssZÀLyw F¶o L-S-I§sf A-Sn-Øm-

\-am-¡n-bp-Å hnI-k-\ kq-NnI.

k-t´m-j kqNn-I

• `q«m³ hn-I-kn-¸n-¨Xv.• B-tcm-Kyw, hn-Zym-`ymkw, Pohn-X\n-e-hmcw, A-gn-a-Xn-cln-X -cWw, am-\-kn-Im-tcm-Kyw,

]-Ir-Xn-bp-sSbpw ssP-hssh-hn-[y-¯n-sâbpw kw-c-£Ww, kmw-kv-Imcn-I ssh-hn-[yw, k-a-b-¯n-sâ ^-e-]-Zam-b D-]-tbm-Kw F-¶o L-S-I§-sf A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å kqNn-I-bm-WnXv.

A[n-I hmb\




\½psS cmPyw t\cn-Sp¶ ][m-\ shÃp-hn-fn-I-sf-s´ms¡? NÀ-¨ kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡pI. aäp ]-iv\-§Ä I-sï-¯pI.• sXm-gn-enÃmbva• Zm-cn-Zyw• \n-c£c-X• t]m-j-Im-lm-c-¡pdhv

• A-k-aXzw• ]-«nWn••am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jn hn-Ik\w

tZio-bh-cp -am\w, km-¼¯n-I h-fÀ-¨, km¼ ¯nI hn-Ik-\w F¶o B-ib-§Ä a-\-Ên-em-bn-¡m-Wp-a-tÃm Hmtcm cm-Py-¯n-sâbpw b-YmÀ-° k¼-¯v A-hn-Sp-s¯ P-\-§-fmWv. cmPyw km¼¯n -Ihn -Ik -\w t\-S-W-sa¦nÂ am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jnhn-Ik-\w ssI-h-cn-¡Ww. C-sX§-s\ km-[y-am¡mw F-¶v \-ap-¡v ]-cn-tim-[n-¡mw.

am-\-hhnI-k-\ kq-Nn-I-bp-sS aq-ey-¯n-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\-¯n-ep-Å cm-Py-§-fp-sS hn-`P\w

]q-Pyw ap-XÂ 1 h-sc-bm-Wv hnI-k-\ kq-Nn-I-I-fp-sS aq-eyw. ]qPyw H«pw hn-I-k-\-an Ãm-bva-sb kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p. H-¶v G-ähpw DbÀ-¶ hn-I-k-\-s¯ kq-Nn-¸n-¡p¶p.

UNDP bm-Wv C§-s\ ]«n-I X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶Xv.1990 apXÂ UNDP hÀ-jw-tXmdpw dn-t¸mÀ-«v ]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p¶p.

HDI aqeyw hn-`mKw

]qPyw (0) þ 0.5540.550 þ 0.6990.700 þ 0.7990.800 þ 1.000

Xmgv-¶C-S¯-cwDbÀ-¶Xv

hfsc D-bÀ¶Xv

A[n-I hmb\



am-\-hhn-`-h--tijn hn-Ik\wa-\p-jy-sâ Im-bn-Ihpw am-\-kn-I-

hpam-b I-gn-hp-IÄ hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-s\-bm-Wv am-\-h hn-`-hti-jn hn-Ik-\w F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv.

hn-Zym-`ymkw, B-tcm-Ky-]-cn-]m-e\w, ]-cn-ioe-\w F-¶n-h-bn-eq-sS-sbÃm-am-Wv am-\-h hn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-¶Xv.

am\-h- hn-`-htijn -hn-Ik-\w þ kzm-[o-\- L-SI§Ä

am-\-h hn-`-htijn hnI-k-\-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ]Tn-¡p-t¼mÄ A-Xn-sâ K-W-]-c-hpw Kp-W-]-c-hpam-b kzm[o-\ L-SI§Ä \mw a-\-kn-em-t¡-ï-Xp-ïv. A-Xn-\v k-lm-b-I-amIp-¶ H-cp ^v-tfm-NmÀ-«v Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p¶-Xv \nco-£n¡pI.

am¸n-f J-em-knamÀ1988 Pq-sse 8þ\v tI-c-f-¯n-se s]-cp-a¬

]m-e¯nÂ cm-Py-s¯ \-Sp¡n-b H-cp h³ Xoh-ïn Zp-c-´-ap-ïmbn. _w-K-fqcphnÂ\n¶pw Xn-cp-h-\-´ -]p-c-t¯-¡v t]m-hp-I-bm-bncp-¶ sSbn³ A-ã-ap-Sn Im-b-en-te-¡v a-dnªp. \n-c-h-[n-bm-fp-IÄ a-c-W-s¸«p. Im-benÂ ho-Wp-In-S-¶ sSbn³ t_m-Kn-IÄ s]m¡n-sb-Sp-¡p-¶-Xn-\v \n-ch-[n D-]-I-c-W-§-fp-am-bn \q-dp-I-W-¡n-\m-fp-IÄ I-ã-s¸-«n«pw D-t±-in-¨ e£yw ]qÀ-¯n-bm-¡m-\m-bnÃ. A-t¸m-gm-Wv tIm-gn-t¡m-s« am¸n-f J-em-kn-¡m-sc Ip-dn-¨v A-dn-bm-\n-Sbm-b D-tZymK-ØÀ A-h-cp-sS k-lm-bw tX-Sn-bXv. F-®¯nÂ hen-b kw-Jy-sbm-¶p-anÃm-bn-cp-¶p-sh-¦nepw A-hÀ B tPm-en A-\m-bm-kw ]qÀ-¯n-bm¡n. F-§-s\-bm-Wv A-hÀ-¡n-Xv km-[n-¨Xv? am-¸n-f J-em-kn-am-cp-sS sXmgnÂssh-Z-Kv-[y-am-Wv A-Xn-\h-sc k-lm-bn-¨Xv. sXmgnÂssh-Z-Kv[yw t\-Sp-¶-Xn-\v ]-cn-ioe-\w B-h-iy-amWv. P-\-§-fp-sS F-®w Iq-Sn-b-Xp-sIm-ïp am-X-am-bnÃ, P-\-§-fp-sS Im-cy -]m-]v-Xn-bm-Wv ]-[m\w. C-sX-§-s\-sbm-s¡ t\Smw F-¶m-Wv \m-an-hn-sS hn-Nn´-\w sN-¿p-¶Xv.

am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-k-\¯nÂ kaqlw, kÀ¡mÀ,

hnhn-[ Øm-]-\§Ä, G-P³-knIÄ, F¶nh h-ln¡p-¶ ]-¦v

NÀ-¨ sN-¿pI.



P-\-kwJym h-ep¸wH-cp \nÝn-X k-ab-¯v H-cp cm-Py-¯v Xm-a-kn¡p-¶ P-\-§-fp-sS B-sI F-®-am-Wv

B cm-Py-s¯ P-\-kwJym h-ep¸w.

am-\-hhn`htijn hnI-k\w

]m-bLS-\kv-Xo-]pcp-j A-\p-]mXw

B-ib-Xz \nc¡v

sXmgnÂ ]-¦m-fn-¯

\nc¡v

P-\-\ \nc-¡v

a-c-W \nc¡v

km£c-Xm \nc¡v

BbpÀ -ssZÀLyw

P-\-kwJym h-ep¸w

P-\-kmµ-XP-\-kw-Jym

h-fÀ-¨P-\-kwJym

LS-\hn-Zym-`ymkw

B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]me\w

K-W-]-cam-b kzm[o-\ L-SI§Ä

Kp-W-]-cam-b kzm[o-\ L-SI§Ä

P-\-kmµ-XH-cp N-Xpc-i In-tem-ao-äÀ ]-tZi-¯v Xm-a-kn¡p-¶ P-\-§-fp-sS i-cmi-cn F-®-

am-Wv P-\-km-µX.

P-\-kwJym im-kvXw

P-\-kw-Jy-sb Ip-dn-¨p ]Tn¡p-¶ im-kv-X-im-J- bm-Wv P-\-kwJym im-kvXw (Demography)

tem-I-P-\-kwJym Zn\w þ Pq-sse 11Pq-sse 11 B-Wv tem-I P-\-kwJym Zn-\w

1987 Pq-sse 11þ\v tem-I P-\-kw-Jy 500 tIm-Sn Xn-Iªp. A-Xm-Wv Pq-sse 11 sX-sª-Sp¡m³ Im-cWw.

sF-Iy-cm-jv-S-k-`-bp-sS hnI-k-\ ]-cn-]mSn (UNDP) bp-sS B-lzm-\ ]-Im-c-am-Wv 1989 ap-XÂ P-\-kwJym Zn-\w B-N-cn-¨p-h-cp-¶Xv.

P-\-kwJym I-W-s¡-Sp¸v

C-´y-bnÂ 10 hÀ-j-¯n-sem-cn-¡-em-Wv P-\-kwJym I-W-s¡-Sp¸v.

t]m-¸p-te-j³ c-Pn-kv-SmÀ P\-dÂ Bâv sk³k-kv I-½o-j-W-dp-sS Hm-^o-km-Wv C-Xn-\v t\-XrXzw \Â-Ip-¶Xv.

2011 amÀ-¨v 1 A-Sn-Øm-\-am-¡n-bp-Å-Xm-Wv G-ähpw H-Sp-hn-em-bn \-S-¶ P-\-kwJym I-W-s¡-Sp¸v.

A[n-I hmb\



A-h-ew_w: sk³k-kv C-´y 2011\n-§-fp-sS Ip-Spw-_-¯n-ep-Å Aw-

K§-sf Xm-sg ]-dbp-¶ ]-Im-cw Kq-¸v Xn-cn-¨v A-h-cp-sS F-®w Ipdn-¡pI.0 ap-XÂ 14 h-b-kph-sc ]m-b-ap-Å-h-À15 ap-XÂ 59 h-b-kph-sc ]m-b-ap-Å-h-À60 ap-XÂ ap-I-fn-tem-«v ]m-b-apÅhÀ

\n-§-fp-sS BsI Ip-Spw-_mw-K-§ fnÂ Cu Hmtcm Kq-¸nepw D-Å-h-cp-sS A-\p-]m-Xw I-sï-¯n F-gp-XpI.

]m-bLS-\P-\-kw-Jy-sb 0 ap-XÂ 14 h-b-kp-

h-sc, 15 ap-XÂ 59 hsc, 60 \v ap-IfnÂ F-¶n§-s\ Kq-¸p-I-fm-bn Xn-cn-¨v B-sI P-\-kw-JybnÂ Hm-tcm Kq¸pw F-X-sb-¶v B-\p-]m-Xn-I-am-bn hn-ti-jn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xm-Wv ]m-b-LS\.

sXmgnÂ ]-¦m-fn-¯ \nc-¡v15 h-b-kn-\pw 59 h-b-kn\pw C-S

Km-a-]-tZ-i¯pw \-K-c-]-tZ-i-§-fnepw P-\-km-µ-X-bn-ep-Å hy-Xym-k-sa´v? F-´m-bn-cn¡pw C-Xn-sâ Im-c-W§Ä?

hÀjwP-\-kwJy

(tIm-Sn-bnÂ)Z-im-Ð h-fÀ-¨m \n-c¡v

(i-X-am-\-¯nÂ)

1951

1961

1971

1981

1991

2001

2011

36.11

43.90

54.82

68.33

84.64

102.87

121.02

13.31 (1941þ-51)

21.64 (1951-þ61)

24.80 (1961-þ71)

24.66 (1971-þ81)

23.87 (1981-þ91)

21.54 (1991-þ2001)

17.64 (2001-þ2011)

P-\-kwJy h-fÀ-¨m\nc¡v

P-\-kw-Jy ap³ hÀ-j-s¯ A-t]-£n-¨v F-X i-X- am-\w hÀ-²n-¨p-sh-¶-Xm-Wv P-\-kwJym h-fÀ-¨m\n-c¡v.

bnÂ ]m-b-ap-Å sXm-gn-ep-Å-hcpw sXm-gn-e-t\z-j-I-cp-am-b-h-cp-sS F-®hpw B-sI P-\-kw-Jybpw X-½n-ep-Å A-\p-]m-X-am-Wv sXmgnÂ ]-¦m-fn-¯ \n-c¡v.

B-ib-Xz \nc-¡v0 ap-XÂ 14 h-b-kp-h-sc-bp-Å-hcp-w

60 h-b-kn-\v ap-I-fn-ep-Å-h-cpam-b B-ib-Xz hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ F-®hpw B-sI P-\-kw-Jybpw X-½n-ep-Å A-\p-]m-X-am-Wv B-ib-Xz \n-c¡v.

am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-k-\hpw hn-Zym-`ym-khpw

hn-Zym-`ym-kcwK-¯v G-ähpw i-t²-bam-b t\«-§Ä ssI-h-cn-¨ kw-Øm-\-am-WtÃm tI-cfw. tI-c-f-¯n-se s]m-Xp-hn-Zym-eb-§Ä A-´m-cm-jv-S \n-e-hm-c-¯n-te--¡v D-b-cp-¶Xpw \n-§Ä A-dn-bp-¶p-ï-tÃm? F´p-sIm-ïm-Wv kÀ¡mÀ hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-\v C-Xbpw



hen-b ]-cnK-W-\ \Â-Ip-¶Xv? \n-§-fp-sS A-`n-]m-bw ]-I-Sn-¸n-¡pI.

taÂ- tNÀ-¯ NmÀ-«v hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv Ip-dn-¸p X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

hn-Zym-`ymkw

hy-àn-I-fp-sS tijn

hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p

km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-IÄ D-]-tbm-Kn¡m³ I-gn-hp-t\-Sp¶p

an-I-¨ sXmgnÂ e-`n-¡p¶p

h-cp-am-\w hÀ-²n-¡p¶p

Pohn-X \n-e-hm-cw D-b-cp¶p

C-ý-bn-se km-£c-Xm\nc¡v

kv-Xo-IÄ þ 65.46 ]p-cp-j·mÀ þ 82.14 B-sI þ 74.04

A-h-ew_w: sk³k-kv C-ý 2011

km¼¯n-I hn-Ik\w

ti-jn-Ifpw ss\-]p-Wn-Ifpw hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn\pw hn-Zym-`ym-k cwK-¯v t\«-§Ä ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-am-bn Cým K-h¬-saâv \-S-¸n-em¡n-b

Nn-e ]-²-Xn-IÄ ]-cn-N-b-s¸-Smw

kÀ-Æ in-£m A-`nbm³ (SSA) • kmÀ-Æ-Xn-I ]m-Yan-I hn-Zym-`ymkw• hn-Zym-`ym-k ku-I-cy-§Ä sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

cm-jv-So-b am-[y-an-Iv in-£m A-`nbm³ (RMSA)

• sk-¡ï-dn hn-Zym-`ym-k hn-Ik\w• hn-Zym-`ym-k ku-I-cy-§Ä sa-¨-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

cm-jv-So-b D¨mXÀ in-£m A-`nbm³ (RUSA)

• D-¶-X hn-Zym-`ym-k e`y-X hÀ-²n-¸n-¡pI.• D-¶-X hn-Zym-`ym-k Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw D-bÀ-¯pI.

ka-K in-£m A-`nbm³ • kÀÆ in-£m A-`n-bm\pw cm-jv-So-b am-[y-an-Iv in-£m A-`n-bm\pw kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-¨v cq-]o-I-cn-¨Xv.

• ]o-ss]adn ap-XÂ 12 h-sc ¢m-Êp-I-fp-sS Im-cy-§Ä ]-cn-K-Wn-¡p¶p.



am-\-h hn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-k-\hpw B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]m-e-\hpw

A-h-ew_w: sk³k-kv C-ý 2011

NmÀ-«v hn-i-Ie-\w sN-bv-Xv B-tcm-Ky]-cn-]me-\w am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-k-\-¯n-\pw A-Xph-gn cm-Py-¯n-sâ km-¼¯n-Ihn-I-k-\-¯n\pw F-]-Im-cw k-lm-bn-¡p-¶p-sh-¶v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.

am-\-h hn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-kn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS cm-Py-¯v DÂ-¸m-Z-\ hÀ-²\-hv ssI-h-cn¡m³ km-[n-¡pw. DÂ-¸m-Z-\ hÀ-²\-hv

B-tcm-Ky ]-cn-]me\w

A-²zm-\-ti-jn hÀ-²n-¸n-¡p¶p

Im-cy£-a-X Iq-«p¶p

DÂ-¸mZ-\w hÀ-²n-¡p¶p

]-Ir-Xn hn-`h-§Ä i-cn-bm-bn hn-\n-tbm-Kn-¡p¶p

Nn-In-Õm-së-hv Ip-d-bp¶p

h-cp-am-\w hÀ-²n-¡p¶p

Pohn-X \n-e-hm-cw D-b-cp¶p

BbpÀ-ssZÀLyw hÀ-²n-¡p¶p

B-tcm-KycwK-¯v Nn-In-Õmkw-hn-[m-\w

H-cp¡p-¶ Øm-]\§Ä

sa-Un-¡Â tIm-tf-PpIÄ

PnÃm B-ip-]-XnIÄ

km-aqln-I B-tcm-Ky tI-µ§Ä

]m-Yan-I B-tcm-Ky tI-µ§Ä

B-tcm-Ky D-]-tI-µ§Ä

B-bqÀ-ssZÀLyw C-ýbnÂ

kv-Xo-IÄ þ 67.7 ]p-cp-j·mÀ þ 64.6 B-sI þ 66.1

B-tcmKyw

im-co-cn-Ihpw am-\-kn-Ihpw km-aq-ly-hpam-b kp-Øn-Xn-bm-Wv B-tcm-Kyw.

þ tem-I B-tcm-Ky kw-LS-\

km¼-¯n-I hn-Ik\w

ssI-h-cn-¡p-¶-Xn-eq-sS P-\-§-fp-sS Pohn-X Kp-W-\n-e-hm-cw D-b-cp-Ibpw cm-Py-¯n-sâ hn-Ik-\w km-[y-am-hp-Ibpw sN-¿pw. am-\ -hhn-`-htijn hn-I-k-\-¯n-\v G-ähpw I-cp-X-tem-sS-bp-Å ]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä hn-Zym -`ym-kta-J-e-bnepw B-tcm-Kycw-K-¯pw kw-L-Sn-¸n-t¡-ï-Xpïv.



]T-\t\«-§Ä• tZio-bh-cp-am-\w F-s´¶pw tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ co-Xn-I-tf-

sXm-s¡-sb¶pw hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• tZio-bh-cp-am-\¯nÂ ]m-Yan-I taJ-e, ZznXo-b taJ-e, Xr-Xo-b ta-J-e-I-

fp-sS kw-`m-h\-IÄ Xn-cn-¨-dn-bp-Ibpw hn-i-Ie-\wsN-bv-Xv Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿p¶p.

• km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨bpw hn-I-k-\hpw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xymk-§Ä hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.

• km-¼¯n-IhnI-k-\ kq-NnI-IÄ G-sXÃm-sa-¶v Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv hy-à-am-¡p¶p.

• C´ybpsS hn-Ik-\w t\-cnSp-¶ shÃp-hn-fn-IÄ hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jn hn-Ik-\w hy-à-am-¡p¶p.• am-\-hhn-`-h-¯n-sâ K-W-]-chpw Kp-W-]-c-hpam-b k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ ]-«n-I-

s¸Sp-¯p¶p.• P-\-kw-kwJybpw P-\-km-µ-Xbpw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xymk-§Ä Xn-cn-¨-dn-ªv

hy-à-am-¡p¶p.• sXmgnÂ ]-¦m-fn-¯ \n-c¡v, B-ib-Xz \nc-¡v C-h X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw

hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• am-\-hhn-`-h-ti-jn hn-I-k-\¯nÂ hn-Zym-`ym-k-¯n-sâ ]-¦v hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p.• am-\-hhn`-h-tijn hn-I-k-\¯nÂ B-tcm-Ky]-cn-]m-e-\-¯n-sâ ]-¦v hn-i-Zo-

I-cn-¡p¶p.

hn-e-bn-cp-¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä• tZio-bh-cp-am-\w I-W-¡m¡p-¶ hnhn-[ co-Xn-I-sf-s´ms¡? hn-i-Zo-I-cn-

¡p-I.• km-¼¯n-Ih-fÀ-¨bpw hn-I-k-\hpw X½nÂ hy-Xym-k-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶-sX-

§s\?• Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn-¡p-¶h-sb km¼-¯nI hfÀ¨, km¼-¯n-I-hn-I-k\w

F¶n-§s\ ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI. tKm-X-¼pÂ-]m-Z-\-¯nÂ 150 S-®n-sâ hÀ-²\hv ]pXn-b sa-Un-¡Â tIm-tf-Pp-IÄ Øm-]n¨p \m-fntI-c DÂ-¸m-Z-\¯nÂ c-ïpaS-§v hÀ-²\hv hy-hkm-b kw-cw-`-IÀ-¡v ]-tXy-I ]-cn-io-e-\ ]-cn-]m-Sn-IÄ B-cw-`n-¨p P-\-§Ä-¡m-bn ]pXn-b Ip-Sn-sh-Åhn-Xc--W ]²-Xn I-½o-j³ sN-bvXp C-cp-¼bnÀ J-\-\-¯nÂ 30% hÀ-²\-hv t\Sn



• km-¼¯n-Ihn-Ik-\w IW¡m-¡p-¶-Xn\v hn-I-k-n-¸n-¡s¸-« kq-NnI-IÄ G-sXms¡?

• C-´ybpsS hn-Ik-\w t\-cnSp-¶ ]-[m-\ shÃp-hn-fn-I-sf-s´ms¡? C-Xp ]-cn-l-cn¡m³ \n-§-fpsS \nÀ-t±-i-§-sf-s´ms¡?

• am-\-h hn-`-h- ti-jn hn-I-k-\-sa-¶m-se´v?• am-\-h hn-`-h-¯n-sâ K-W-]-cam-b kzm[o\ LS-I§Ä F-s´ms¡?• am-\-hhn-`-h-¯n-sâ Kp-W-]-cam-b kzm[o\ LS-I§Ä F-s´ms¡?• C-´ybnÂ B-ib-Xz \nc-¡v hÀ-²n-¡p-¶-Xn-sâ Im-c-W-§-sf-s´m-s¡-bm-bn-cn-

¡pw? hni-Ie-\w sN-¿pI.• am-\-h hn-`-h tijn hn-I-k-\¯nÂ hn-Zym-`ym-kta-J-e h-ln¡p-¶ ]-¦v hn-i-Zo-

I-cn-¡p-I.• sa-¨s¸-« B-tcm-Ky]-cn-]me-\w cmPy-¯n-sâ km-¼¯nIhn-I-k-\-¯n-\v k-lm-

bn-¡p-¶-sX-§ns\?XpSÀ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä• tIc-f-¯nse s]mXp hnZym-`ym-k-ta-J-e-bn-epw Btcm-Ky-ta-J-e-bn-ep-ap- -ïmb

hfÀ¨ tIc-f-hn-I-k-\s¯ F]-Imcw kzm[o-\n-¨p-sh¶v At\z-jn-¨-dnªv Hcp dnt¸mÀ«v X¿m-dm-¡p-I.

•kz-bw hn-e-bn-cp¯Â

]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


km¼-¯nI hnI-k-\hpw hfÀ¨-bpw X½n-epÅ hyXym-k-§Ä

km¼-¯n-IhnI-k\w IW-¡m-¡p¶ hnhn[ kqNn-I-IÄ

am\-h-hn-`-h-tijn hnI-k-\-¯nsâ KW-]-chpw KpW-]-c-hp-amb khn-ti-j-X-IÄ

am\-h-hn-`-h-tijn hnI-k-\-¯nÂ hnZym-`ym-khpw Btcm-Ky-hpw sNep-¯p¶ kzm[o\w


k¼Zv hy-h-Øbpw kÀ-¡mcpw


B-apJw\-½p-sS k-aq-l¯nÂ kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ C-S-s]-S-en-sâ B-h-

iy-I-Xbpw A-´m-cm-jv-S_-Ô-§fpw H-cp hy-àn A-dn-ªn-cn-t¡ï-Xv A-Xym-h-iy-amWv. Cu ]mT-`mK-¯v ]-[m-\-ambpw DÄ-s¡m-Ån-¨n-cn-¡p¶-Xv kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ Np-a-X-eIÄ, kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ hn-hn-[X-cw h-cpam-\ amÀ-K§Ä, sN-e-hpIÄ, hn-hn-[X-cw _-Päv, temI-¯v \n-e-sImÅp-¶ hn-hn-[X-cw k¼-Zvhy-h-ØIÄ, B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-cWw, ]p-¯³ km-¼¯n-I ]-cn-jv-¡mc-§Ä F-¶n-h-bmWv.

kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ NpaX-e\mw Po-hn¡p-¶ k-aq-l¯nÂ H-cp kÀ¡mÀ CÃm-¯ A-h-Ø

\-ap-¡v Nn-´n¡m³ ]-änÃ F-¶v FÃm-hÀ¡pw A-dn-bm-a-tÃm. \-½Ä D-]-tbm-Kn¡p-¶ s]m-Xptdm-UpIÄ, B-ip-]-XnIÄ, A-W-s¡-«p-IÄ ap-X-em-b-h Bcm-Wv Øm-]n-¨Xv? F-´p-sIm-ïv C¯-cw ]-hr¯n-IÄ-¡v kz-Im-cyta-J-e ap-t¶m-«p h-cp-¶nÃ F-¶v F-t¸m-sg-¦nepw B-tem-Nn-¨n-«p-tïm? kÀ¡mÀ ]-hÀ-¯n-¡p¶-Xv H-cn-¡epw em-`w ]-Xo-£n-¨p-sImïÃ. A-tXka-bw kz-Im-cyta-J-e ]-hÀ-¯n- ¡p¶-Xv ]-[m-\-ambpw em-`w ]-Xo-£n-¨p-sIm-ïmWv. A-Xp-sIm-ïm-Wv ap-IfnÂ ]-d-ª ]-hÀ-¯n-IÄ-¡v kz-Im-cyta-J-e ap-t¶m-«p h-cm-¯Xv.



kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

F-§-s\-bm-Wv kÀ¡mÀ k-aq-l¯n Â C-S-s]-Sp¶-Xv F-¶v Nn- n- n-«p-tïm? s]m-Xp-sh hn-hn-[X-cw s]m-Xp-sN-e-hp-I fnÂ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv kÀ¡mÀ k-aq-l¯nÂ C-S-s]-Sp-¶Xpw k-aq-l-¯n-\p th-ï ]-hÀ-¯-\-§fnÂ GÀ-s¸-Sp-¶-Xpw.

F-´m-Wv s]m-Xp-sN-e-hpIÄ?kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ sN-e-hpI-sf

B-Wv s]m-Xp-sN-e-hp-IÄ F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv. J-P-\mhnÂ\n¶pw k-aq-l-¯n-sâ s]m-Xp B-h-iy-§fm-b tdm-UpIÄ, A-W-s¡-«pIÄ, s]m-Xp-P-\m-tcm-Kyw, ]-Xn-

tcm-[w, B-`y-´-ckpc-£, km-aq-ly-t£-aw, Zm-cnZy \nÀ-amÀ-P\w, hnI-k-\]-hÀ-¯\-§Ä ap-Xem-b B-h-iy-§Ä \nÀ-h-ln-¡p-¶-Xn-\p-th-ïn-bp-Å kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ sN-e-hp-I-fm-WnXv.s]m-Xp-sN-e-hpI-sf c-ïm-bn Xn-cn¡mw• hn-I-k-\-s¨ehv• hn-I-k-t\-X-c sN-e-hv

hn-I-k-\-s¨ehvkm-aqln-I km-¼¯n-I hn-I-k-\-

¯n-\m-bn ]-XypÂ-¸-m-Z-\-]-cam-b ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡p-th-ïn sN-e-hn-Sp-¶-Xn-s\-bm-Wv hn-I-k-\-s¨-e-sh-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv. D-Zm-l-cWw: ImÀjn-Ita-J-e-bv¡pw hy-h-km-b-¯n\pw th-ïn-bp-Å sN-e-hp-IÄ hn-I-k-\-s¨-e-hp-I-fmWv.

hn-I-k-t\-X-c sNe-hv]-Xy-£¯nÂ ]-XypÂ-¸m-Z-\]

c-aÃm-¯ sN-e-hpI-sf hn-I-k-t\-X-c sN-e-hp-I-sf-¶v hn-fn-¡mw. D-Zm-l-cWw: Po-h-\-¡mÀ-¡p-Å i-¼fw, ]-en-i, s]³-j³ ap-X-embh.

kÀ¡mÀ sN-e-hn-sâ ][m-\ ta-JeIÄ

X-¶n-cn¡p-¶ ]-«n-IbnÂ sIm-Sp-¯n-cn¡p-¶ sN-e-hn-\§-sf hn-I-k- s¨-e-hp-I-sf¶pw hn-I-k-t\-X-c sN-e-hp-I-sf¶pw X-cw-Xn-cn-¡pI.

•cm-Pyc-£•B-`y-´-c kpc-£•B-tcmKyw•hn-Zym-`ymkw•A-SnØm-\ kuI-cy hn-Ik\w•K-Xm-KXw, hmÀ-¯m-hn-\nabw•ImÀjn-ItaJ-e•Zm-cnZy \nÀ-amÀP\w•i¼fw••



F-´p-sIm-ïm-Wv Hmtcm hÀ-jhpw kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ sN-e-hp-IÄ hÀ-²n-¨p-h-cp¶-Xv F-¶v Nn-´n-¨n-«p-tïm?

kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ sN-e-hp-IÄ hÀ-²n¡m³ ]-e Im-cW-§Ä Dïv. AXnÂ ]-[m-\-s¸-«-h C-h-bmWv.•hÀ-²n-¨p-hcp-¶ P-\-kwJy•Iq-Sn-hcp-¶ B-h-iy§Ä•hnI-k-\]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fp-sS hÀ-²\hv•kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ km-aq-lyt£-a C-S-s]

SÂ•Zm-cn-Zyhpw sXm-gn-enÃm-bv-abpw ]-cn-l-

cn-¡m-\p-Å C-S-s]SÂ

• ]-cn-Øn-Xn kw-c£Ww•hÀ-²n-¨p-hcp-¶ ]-Xn-tcm-[ B-h-iy-

§Ä ap-X-emb-h

s]m-Xp-h-cp-am\wkÀ-¡m-cn-te-¡v h-¶p-tNcp-¶ h-cp-

am-\-s¯-bm-Wv s]m-Xp-h-cp-am-\w F-¶p ]-d-bp-¶Xv.

kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ h-cpam-\ amÀK§Ä]-[m-\-ambpw kÀ-¡m-cn-\p h-cp-am-

\w h-cp¶-Xv c-ïp tkm-XknÂ\n-¶mWv. \n-Ip-Xn, \n-Ip-Xn-tbX-cw F-¶n-h-bmWv.

s]m-Xp-h-cp-am\w

\n-IpXn \n-Ip-Xn-tbXcw

]-Xy-£ \n-IpXn

]-tcm-£ \n-IpXn

]n-g ss^³ ]en-i em`w hmbv-]



\n-Ip-XnIÄF-´m-Wv \n-IpXn? \n-§Ä

F-t¸m-sg-¦nepw \n-Ip-Xn sIm-Sp-¯n-«p-tïm? \mw A-dnªpw A-dn-bm-sX bpw [m-cm-fw \n-Ip-Xn-IÄ kÀ-¡m-cn-\p sIm-Sp-¡p-¶pïv. \n-§Ä sIm-Sp¡p-¶ \n-Ip-Xn-IÄ G-sXm-s¡-bm-sW-¶v ]-d- bm-tam?

]-Xy-£-t\-«w ]-Xo-£n-¡m-sX H-cp cm-Py-s¯ P\-§Ä \nÀ-_-Ô-am-bn k-À-¡m-cn-te-¡v \ÂIp-¶ ]-W-am-Wv \n-IpXn. A-Xv c-ïpX-cw Dïv. ]-Xy-£ \n-Ip-Xnbpw ]-tcm-£ \n-Ip-Xnbpw

]-Xy-£ \n-IpXnG-Xp hy-àn-bmtWm \n-Ip-Xn- m-cw

h-ln-¡p¶-Xv AbmÄ t\-cn-«p kÀ-¡m-cn-\p A-S-bv¡p-¶ \n-Ip-Xn-bm-Wv ]-Xy-£ \n-IpXn. D-Zm-l-cWw: B-Zm-b \n-IpXn, h-kv-Xp \n-Ip-Xn ap-X-embh.

]-tcm-£ \n-Ip-Xn\n-Ip-Xn-`m-cw h-ln¡p-¶ hy-

ànbpw \n-Ip-Xn kÀ-¡m-cn-te--¡v A-Sbv ¡p-¶ hy-ànbpw c-ïm-sW¦nÂ A-Xv ]-tcm-£ \n-IpXn. D-Zm-l-cWw: hnÂ¸--\ \n-IpXn, I-Ìw-kv \n-Ip-Xn ap-X-em-bh.

G-Xn-sâ A-Sn-Øm-\- n-em-Wv H-cp h-kv-Xp-hnt·Â \n-Ip-Xn Np-a- p¶-Xv F-¶v A-dn-bm-tam? km-[m-c-W c-ïpco-XnbnÂ \n-Ip-Xn Np-a- mw. H-¶v h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ A-f-h-\p-k-cn v. C-Xn³- ]-Im-cw h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ Af-hv Iq-Sp-¶-Xn-\-\p-k-cn- v \n-Ip-Xnbpw Iq-Spw. c-ïm-a-Xm-bn H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ aq-ey- n-\-\p-k-cn v. C-Xn³ -]-Im-cw h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ aqeyw hÀ-²n-¡p-¶-Xn-\-\p- k-cn- v \n-Ip-Xnbpw Iq-Spw.

N-c-¡p-tk-h-\ \n-IpXnCu A-Sp-¯-Im-e-¯m-bn C-´y-

bp-sS \n-Ip-Xn L-S-\bnÂ hen-b am-äw kw-`-hn-¨-Xm-bn \n-§Ä-¡-dn-bm-a-tÃm. 2017 Pq-em-bv 1 ap-XÂ \-S-¸m¡n-b N-c-¡p-tk-h-\ \n-IpXn (AY-hm Pn.F-kv.Sn. þ Goods andServiceTax) B-Wv Cu am-ä-¯n-\v Im-cWw. F-´m-Wv Pn.F-kv.Sn.? F-´m-Wv A-Xn-sâ ]m-[m-\yw?

]-[m-\s¸-« ]-Xy-£ \n-Ip-XnIÄ

• BZm-b \n-IpXn * hy-àn-K-X BZm-b \n-Ip-Xn þ

H-cp \nÝn-X h-cp-am-\-¯n-\p ap-I-fn-ep-Å hy-àn-I-fp-sS B-Zm-b-¯nt·Â Np-a¯p-¶ \n-Ip-Xn.

* I¼-\n BZm-b \n-Ip-Xn þ c-Pn-ÌÀ sNbv-X I-¼-\n- bp-sS B-Zm-b- n- \ptaÂ Np-a¯p-¶ \n-IpXn.

• h-kv-Xp \n-Ip-Xn þ h-kv-Xp-¡-fp-sS taÂ Np-a¯p-¶ \n-IpXn.

]-[m-\s¸-« ]-tcm-£ \n-Ip-XnIÄ

• N-c-¡p-tk-h-\ \n-Ip-Xn þ N-c-¡p-I-fp-tSbpw tk-h-\-§-fp-tSbpw taÂ Np-a¯p-¶ \n-IpXn.

•I-Ìw-kv \n-Ip-Xn þ h-kv-Xp-¡Ä C-d-¡pa-Xn sN-¿p-t¼mgpw I-b-äpa-Xn sN-¿p-t¼mgpw Np-a¯p-¶ \n-IpXn.

• F-Iv-ssk-kv \n-Ip-Xn þ H-cp km-[-\-¯n-sâ DÂ-¸m-Z-\-¯nt·Â Np-a¯p-¶ \n-IpXn.



C-ýbnÂ \n-Ip-Xn Np-a-¯m\pw ]n-cn-¡m\pw D-Å tI-µþkwØm-\ kÀ-¡m-cp-I-fp-sS A-[n-Im-cw `-c-WL-S-\ ]-Im-cw \nÀ-hln-¨n-«p-Å-XmWv. A-Xn³ -]-Im-cw N-c-¡p-I-fp-sStaÂ Np-a¯p-¶ hnÂ-]--\ \n-Ip-Xn kw-Øm-\-§Ä¡pw

\n-Ip-Xn-Ifpw kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-¨m-Wv Pn.Fkv.Sn. D-ïm-bXv.

kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡s¸-« tI-µ \n-Ip-Xn-IÄ C-h-bmWv:•tI-µ F-Iv-sskkv•A[n-I F-Iv-sskkv•tk-h-\ \n-IpXn• ]-tXy-I A[n-I I-Ìwkv

kw-tbm-Pn-¸n-¡s¸-« kwØm-\ \n-Ip-Xn-IÄ C-h-bmWv:•hnÂ-¸--\ \n-IpXn•hn-t\m-Z \n-IpXn•tI-µ hnÂ-¸\ \n-IpXn•kwØm-\ A-XnÀ-¯n \n-IpXn•hm-§Â \n-IpXn•B-Uw-_-c \n-IpXn•tem-«dn, Nq-Xm-«w ap-X-em-b-h-bv-¡p-ta-

ep-Å \n-IpXn

Pn.F-kv.Sn. \n-c-¡pIÄPn.F-kv.Sn. h-¶-Xn-\p-ti-jw Nn-e

h-kv-Xp-¡Ä-¡v hn-e-Iq-Sp-Ibpw Nn-e-Xn-\p Ip-d-bm\pw C-S-bmb-Xv F-´p-sIm-ïm-Wv F-¶v ]-d-bm-tam? A-Xn-sâ Imc-Ww Pn.F-kv.Sn.bp-sS `m-K-am-bn hnhn-[ km-[-\ tk-h-\-§-fp-sS taÂ Np-a¯p-¶ \n-Ip-Xn-bp-sS \n-c-¡p-I-fn-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw sIm-ïmWv. Nn-e A-Xymh-iy km-[-\§-sf \n-Ip-XnbnÂ\n¶pw H-gn-hm-¡n-bn-«pïv. ]-c-amh-[n \n-c-¡m-b 28% Np-a-¯n-bn-cn-¡p¶-Xv B-Uw-_-ch-kv-Xp-¡Ä-¡m-Wv. C-¯-c¯nÂ e-`n¡p-¶ h-cp-am-\w tI-µþkwØm-\ kÀ-¡m-cp-IÄ Xp-ey-am-bn-«v ho-Xn-s¨-Sp-¡p¶p. C-ýbnÂ Pn.F-kv.Sn. \nÀ-h-l-W-¯n-sâ ]qÀ-Wam-b taÂ-t\m-«w h-ln-¡p¶-Xv Pn.F-kv.Sn. Iu¬knÂ BWv.

][m-\ \n-Ip-Xn-tb-X-c h-cpam-\amÀK§Ä

• ôkv•ss^³•s]m-Xp-taJ-em Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS em`w•s]m-Xp-ap-XenÂ\n-¶p-ap-Å h-cp-am\w•hmbv-]

tk-h-\-§-fp-sS ta-ep-Å \n-Ip-Xn tI-µ kÀ-¡m-cp-IÄ¡pw e-`n-¨n-cp¶p. ]t£, Pn.F-kv.Sn. ]-Im-cw N-c-¡p-IÄ¡pw tk-h-\-§Ä¡pw H-ä \n-Ip-Xn Np-a¯n. AXnÂ \n-¶p-ap-Å h-cp-am-\w tI-µhpw kw-Øm-\-§-fpw ]-¦n-s«-Sp-¡p¶p. \n-ehnÂ tI-µ hpw kw-Øm-\-§fpw ]n-cn-s¨-Sp¡p-¶ ]-e

aq-ey-hÀ²n-X \n-Ip-Xn

F¶mÂ F´v?

H-cp h-kv-Xp-hn-sâ \nÀ-am-W-¯n-se Hmtcm L-«-¯nepw Iq-«n-t¨À¡p-¶ aq-ey-¯n-\ptaÂ Np-a¯p-¶ \n-IpXn.



s]m-XpISw]-e-t¸mgpw \mw ]-X-§fnÂ hm-bn-¡m-dp-ïtÃm s]m-XpI-Sw hÀ-²n-

¨p h-cp-¶-Xm-bn«v. F-´p-sIm-ïm-Wv s]m-XpI-Sw hÀ-²n-¡p-¶Xv. kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ h-cp-am-\-t¯¡mÄ sNe-hv Iq-Sp-t¼mÄ, kÀ¡mÀ cm-Py-¯n-\pÅnÂ \n¶pw hn-tZi-¯p\n¶pw hm-bv]-IÄ F-Sp-¡p¶p. C-Xn-s\ s]m-XpI-Sw F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶p.

Pn.F-kv.Sn. \n-c-¡pIÄ

• 0% (\n-Ip-Xn-bnÃ)•5%•12%•18%•28%

Pn.F-Êv.Sn. Iu¬-kn-en-sâ ][m-\ Np-a-XeIÄ

• N-c-¡p-tk-h-\ \n-Ip-Xn \nc-¡v \n-Ý-bn-¡pI.•Pn.F-kv.Sn.bnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯p-hm-\p-Å km-[-\-§fpw tk-h-\-§fpw \n-Ý-bn-¡pI.•kw-Øm-\hpw tI-µhpw X½nÂ Pn.F-kv.Sn.bn-t·-ep-Å ]-cm-Xn-Ifpw XÀ-¡-§fpw

]-cn-l-cn-¡pI.•kw-Øm\-§Ä X½nÂ Pn.F-kv.Sn.bn-t·-ep-Å ]-cm-Xn-Ifpw XÀ-¡-§fpw ]-cn-l-cn-

¡pI.

s]m-XpISw

B-`y-´-c-ISw (cm-Py-¯n-\pÅnÂ\n¶pw k-am-l-cn¡p-¶ ISw)

hntZ-i ISw (hn-tZi-¯p\n-¶pw

k-am-l-cn¡p-¶ ISw)




Xm-sg sIm-Sp-¯n-cn¡p-¶ NnXw tI-µkÀ-¡m-cn-sâ 2016þ17 hÀ-j-¯n-se \n-IpXn, \n-Ip-Xn-tb-X-c h-cp-am-\-¯n-sâ b-YmÀ-° I-W-¡p-IÄ Nn-Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-

¡p¶p. Nn-X¯nÂ\n¶pw tI-µ kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ hn-hn-[X-cw \n-IpXn, \n-Ip-Xn-tb-X-c h-cp-am-\w A-h-temI-\w \S-¯n Ip-dn-¸v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

tI-µ \n-Ip-Xn h-cp-am\w (cq-] tIm-Sn-bnÂ) 2016þ17

tIµ-\n-Ip-Xn-tb-Xc hcp-am\w (cq] tImSn-bn-Â) 2016-þ17



_PävkÀ¡mÀ k-aq-l- n-sâ \m-\mhn-[

hn-I-k-\þt£-a ]-hÀ- -\-§fnÂ GÀ-s -«p-sIm-ïn-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶v \mw I-ï-tÃm. F-§-s\-bm-Wv k-aq-l-¯n-\p-th-ï sN-e-hp-IÄ Im-te-¡q-«n \n-Ý-bn-¡p-¶Xv? A-hn-sS-bm-Wv _P-äv B-h-iy-am-bn h-cp-¶Xv. Hmtcm hÀ-j-t¯bpw _-PänÂ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv k-aq-l-¯n-\p-th-ï sN-e-hp-IÄ \n-Ý-bn-¡p-¶Xv. hcm³ t]mIp-¶ hÀ-j-¯n-se ]-Xo-£n¡p-¶ h-cp-am-\hpw A-X-\p-k-cn-¨psIm-ïp-Å sN-e-hn-tâbpw H-cp kw-K-l-am-Wv _P-äv F-¶v ]-d-bp-¶Xv. h-c-hn-tâbpw sN-e-hn-tâbpw A-Sn-Øm-\¯nÂ \-ap-¡v _-P-än-s\ aq-¶m-bn Xn-cn-¡mw: k-´pen-X _-Päv, I-½n _-Päv, an-¨ _-Päv.hn-hn-[X-cw _P-äv1. k-´pen-X _-Päv: sN-ehpw h-cp-am-\

hpw Xpeyw2. I-½n _-Päv: sNe-hv h-cp-am-\-t¯¡mÄ

Iq-SpXÂ3. an-¨ _-Päv: sNe-hv h-cp-am-\-t¯¡mÄ

Ipdhv

hnhn-[ k¼-Zv hy-hØIÄG-Xp cm-Py¯pw km-[-\-§-fp-sS

bpw tk-h-\-§-fp-tSbpw DÂ-¸m-Z-\-¯n-eq-sS B-Wv h-fÀ-¨ D-ïm-Ip-¶Xv. DÂ-¸-m-Z-\

L-SI-§Ä D-]-tbm-Kn-¨m-Wv DÂ-¸-mZ-\w \-S-¯p-¶Xv. F¶mÂ DÂ-]-m-Z-\ L-S-I-§-fp-sS \n-b-´-Ww ssI-Imcyw sN¿p-¶ co-Xn hnhn-[ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bnÂ hy-Xy-kv-X-amWv. ]-e cm-Py-§-fnepw ]-e X-c-¯n-ep-Å k-¼-ZvL-S-\ \n-e-\nÂ-¡p¶p. ]-[m-\-ambpw Ah-sb aq-¶m-bn Xn-cn-¡mw: ap-X-em-fn-¯ k¼-Zvhyh-Ø, tkm-jy-en-Ìv hyh-Ø, an-i k¼-Zvhyh -Ø. C-h X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-kw F-´m-sW-¶p t\m-¡mw.

hnhn-[ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-I-fp-sS k-hn-ti-jX-IÄ

1) ap-X-em-fn-¯ hyh-Ø •DÂ-¸-m-Z-\ D-]m-[n-IÄ kz-Im-cy D-S-a-

Ø-X-bnÂ. •kÀ-¡m-cn-\p \m-a-am-X ]-¦pw kz-Im-cy

ta-J-e-bv-¡v Iq-Sp-XÂ kzm-X-´yhpw D-ïm-bn-cn-¡pw.

•km-¼¯n-I ]-iv\-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn-¡p¶-Xv kz-X-´ I-t¼m-f hy-h-Ø-bp-sS k-lm-b- m-emWv.

•em-`-am-Wv ][m-\ e-£yw.

2) tkm-jy-en-Ìv hy-h-Ø

•DÂ-¸-m-Z-\ D-]m-[n-IÄ s]m-Xp D-S-a-Ø-X-bnÂ.

•kz-Im-cy ta-J-e-bv-¡v ]m-[m\yw Ip-dhv.

•tI-µoIr-X B-kqX-W kw-hn-[m-\¯nÂ Iq-Sn-bm-Wv km-¼-¯n-Iþkm-aq-ly]-iv\-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn-¡p-¶Xv.

•P-\-t£-a-am-Wv e-£yw.

3) an-i k¼-Zvhyh-Ø •s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bv¡pw kz-Im-cyta-J-e-

bv¡pw GXmïv Xp-ey ]-¦m-fn¯w. •em`w e-£y-am-¡n ]-hÀ¯-\w



\-S¯p-¶ ta-Je-IÄ kz-Im-cykw-cw-`-IÀ¡pw P-\-t£-aw e-£y-am-¡n ]-hÀ¯-\w \-S-¯p-¶ ta-Je-IÄ s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bv¡pw \Â-Ip¶p.

• I-t¼m-f-¯n-sâbpw B-kq-X-W-¯n-tâbpw k-lm-b-t¯m-sS km-¼-¯n-Iþkm-aq-ly ]-iv\-§Ä ]-cn-l-cn-¡p¶p.

•P-\t£-a ]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v ]m-[m- \yw.

•kz-Im-cy kz-¯n-\-h-Im-iw Dïv.

tem-I-¯n-se aäv ][m-\ cm-Py-§-fnÂ \n-e-hn-ep-Å k-¼-Zvhy-h-Ø G-sX-¶v I-sï-¯n Ah-sb ]-«n-I-s¸-Sp-¯pI.B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-Whpw A-Xn-sâ ]-Xym-Lm-X-§fpw

Cu A-Sp-¯-Im-e-¯m-bn \-½p-sS I-t¼m-f¯nÂ a-äp cm-Py-§fnÂ DÂ-¸m-Zn-¸n¡p-¶ \n-ch-[n km-[\-§Ä kp-e-`-am-bn e-`n-¡p¶-Xp \mw Im-Wp-¶p-ï-tÃm. D-Zm-l-cWw: hntZ-i sam-ss_-epIÄ, Im-dp-IÄ ap-X-emb-h. C-Xv F-´p-sIm-ïv km-[n-¡p¶p? C-Xn-sâ Imc-Ww \-½p-sS cmPyw a-äp cm-Py-§-fp-am-bn hmWn-Py-]-c-ambn Iq-Sp-XÂ _-Ô-s¸-«n-cn-¡p-¶p F-¶-Xp-sIm-ïmWv. B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-am-Wv C-Xn-\p ][m-\ Im-cWw.

hnhn-[ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-IÄ-¡v D-Zm-l-cW§Ä

• ap-X-em-fn-¯ hy-hØ þ A-tacn-¡•tkm-jy-en-Ìv hy-hØ þ ssN-\•an-i k¼-Zvhy-hØ þ C´y

F-´m-Wv B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-cWw? hnhn-[ cm-Py-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å kz-X-´hm-Wn-Py-¯n-\p-Å X-S-k-§-sfÃmw \o-¡p-Ibpw tem-IwX-s¶ H-cp hn-]-Wn-bm-bn amdp-Ibpw sN¿p-¶ ]-In-b-bm-Wv km-¼¯n-Icw-K-s¯ B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡cWw. tem-I-¯n-se cm-Py-§-fp-sS G-Io-Ic-Ww F¶pw ]-d-bmw. C-Xph-gn k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-sSbpw km-aq-l-¯n-sâbpw kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâbpw k-a-\z-b- am-Wv e£yw h-bv-¡p-¶Xv. cm-Py-§-fp-sS A-XnÀ-¯n-¡-¸p-d-t¯-bv-¡v km-[-\-§-fp-sSbpw sXm-gn-en-sâbpw aq-e-[-\-¯n-sâ bpw kz-X-´am-b ]-hm-l-¯n\v B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-cWw e£y-an-Sp¶p.

B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ k-hn-ti-jXIÄ•k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-sS G-Io-I-cWw.•tem-Iw H-scm-ä I-t¼m-f-ambn.•A-XnÀ-¯n-¡v A-¸p-d-t¯--¡v kz-X-´-

am-bn N-c-¡p-I-fp-sSbpw tk-h-\-§-fp-sSbpw aq-e-[-\-¯n-sâbpw ]-hmlw.

•km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bp-sS hn-]-W\w.•cm-Py-§Ä X½nÂ hÀ-²n¡p-¶

a-Õ-c-_p²n.• _-lp-cm-jv-S Ip-¯-I-I-fp-sS hÀ-

²n¡p-¶ kzm-[o\w.•D-]-t`m-àr kw-kv-Im-c-¯n-sâ h-fÀ¨.•hn-Ikn-X cm-Py-¯n-sâ kzm-[o-\w

A-hn-Ikn-X cm-Py-§-fp-sS taÂ hÀ-²n-



¡p¶p.•cm-Py-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å In-S-aÕ-cw tem-

I-cm-Py-§-fp-sS C-SbnÂ km-¼¯n-I A-k-´p-en-Xm-h-Ø kr-ãn-¡p¶p.

B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡c-Ww C-ýbnÂC-ýbnÂ B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-Ww

1980þÂ B-cw-`n-s¨-¦n-epw 1991 ap-X-em-Wv A-Xn-sâ th-K-X Iq-Sn-b-Xv. 1991 ap-XÂ ]p-¯³ km-¼¯n-I]-cn-jv-Imc-§Ä C-ýbnÂ \-S-¸m-¡n-¯p-S§n. s]m-Xp-sh ]-d-ªmÂ Cu ]-cn-jv-Imc-§Ä aq-¶p hn-`m-K-¯nÂ-s¸-Spw.•D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡cWw•kz-Im-cy-hÂ-¡c-Ww•B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡cWw

F-´m-Wv D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡-cWw?k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-sS h-fÀ-¨-bv-¡m-

bn \n-e-hn-ep-Å \n-b-´W-§Ä F-Sp-¯pI-f-bp-I, kz-Im-cyta-J-e-tbm-Sv DZm-c k-ao]-\w kzo-I-cn¡p-I F-¶-Xm-Wv D-Zm-c-hÂ-¡c-Ww sIm-ïp-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv. C-ýbnÂ \n-b-´W-§Ä F-Sp-¯p-amän-b ta-Je-IÄ C-h-bmWv:•hn-e \n-b-´-Ww kÀ-¡mcnÂ\n¶pw

F-Sp-¯p-amän.•hn-e \nÝ-bn¡Â I-t¼m-f-mSn-Øm-\-

¯n-embn.•hy-h-kmb-§Ä Xp-S-§m-\p-Å \n-b-

´W-§Ä e-Lq-I-cn¨p.•C-d-¡pa-Xn Np-¦hpw \n-Ip-Xn-Ifpw Ip-

d¨p.•DÂ-¸m-Z-\ ta-J-e-bn-ep-Å \n-b-´W-

§Ä F-Sp-¯p-amän.•km-¼¯n-Ita-J-ebnÂ D-ïm-bncp-¶

\n-b-´-W-§Ä-¡v A-b-hp- h-cp¯n. D-Zm-l-cWw: sse-k³kv, s]À-an-äv ap-X-em-b-h F-Sp-¯p-amän.

•tk-h-\ta-J-ebm-b _m-¦nwKv, C³-jz-d³-kv ap-Xem-b ta-J-ebnÂ kÀ-¡m-

cn-sâ kzm-[o-\w Ip-d-bm-\p-Å \-S-]-Sn-IÄ F-Sp¯p.

F-´m-Wv kz-Im-cy-hÂ-¡-cWw?kz-Im-cyta-Je-sb t]m-Õm-ln-¸n-

¡p-Ibpw kÀ¡mÀ h-I Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS D-Sa-Ø-X kz-Im-cy I-¼-\n-¡v \Â-Ip-¶-XpamWv C-Xp-sIm-ïv D-t±-in-¡p-¶Xv. C-Xn-sâ ^-e-ambn:•Nn-e s]m-Xp-taJ-em Øm-]-\-§-fp-sS

Hm-l-cn-IÄ kz-Im-cyta-J-e-bv-¡v ssI-amdn.

•C-ýbnÂ s]m-Xp-ta-J-e-bp-sS ]m-[m \yw Ip-dªp.

•kz-Im-cy aq-e[-\w hÀ-²n-¸n-¡m-\p-Å \-S-]-Sn-IÄ F-Sp¯p.

•Iq-Sp-XÂ hntZ-i aq-e[-\w kz-cq-]n-¡m-\p-Å \-S-]-Sn-IÄ F-Sp¯p.

•Ip-¯-II-sf \n-b-ń-¡m-\p-Å \n-b-a¯nÂ Ab-hp h-cp¯n.

•kz-Im-cyta-Je-sb k-lm-bn-¡m-\m-bn t\-c-s¯ D-ïm-bncp-¶ sse-k³kv, s]À-an-äv ap-X-em-b-h F-Sp-¯p-amän.

A-Xp-t]m-se B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ th-K-X Iq-«m-\m-bn Nn-e \-S-]-Sn-IÄ F-Sp¯p. A-hbnÂ ]-[m-\-s¸«h:•hntZ-i \m-W-b \n-b-´-Ww F-Sp-¯p-I-

fªp.•I-b-äp-a-Xn, C-d-¡pa-Xn \n-b-´-Ww F-Sp-

¯p-amän.•C-ý-bp-sS I-t¼m-fw tem-I-cm-Py-§Ä-

¡v Xp-d-¶p-sIm-Sp-¡-s¸«p.•hntZ-i\n-t£-]-§Ä-¡p-Å \n-b-´-

Ww Ip-d¨p.•hntZ-i\n-t£-]-§Ä-¡v t]m-Õml-\w

\ÂIn.C- y-sb-t¸m-se-bp-Å hn-Ikz-c cm-Py-

§fnÂ B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡c-Ww sIm-ïv Nn-e Kp-W-§fpw tZm-j-§fpw D-ïm-¡n-bn-«pïv.



B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-s¯ k-lm-bn¡p-¶ A-´m-cm-jv-S kw-L-S\-IÄ

B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯nsâ th-K-X Iq«n-b \n-ch-[n kw-L-S-\-Ifpw Øm-]-\-§fpw Dïv. AXnÂ ]-[m-\-s¸«h:

B-tK-fm-hÂ-¡c-WwsIm-ïpïm-b KpW§Ä

• a-äp cm-Py-§fnÂ DÂ-¸m-Zn-¸n-¡p-¶ km-[-\-§fpw tk-h-\-§fpw Iq-Sp-X-em-bn \-½p-sS \m-«p-ImÀ-¡v e-`n-¡m-\n-S-h¶p.

•cm-Py-¯n-sâ DÂ-¸m-Z-\-¯nÂ Iq-Sp-XÂ a-Õ-c-_p-²n h-¶p-tNÀ¶p.•a-äp cm-Py-§-fp-sS km-t¦-Xn-I-hn-Zy s]-s«-¶pX-s¶ e-`n-¡m-\n-S-h¶p.•a-äp cm-Py-§fnÂ \n-e-hn-ep-Å kw-kv-Im-c-s¯¸-än Iq-Sp-X-em-bn

A-dn-bm-\n-S-h¶p.•cm-Py-¯n-sâ hn-I-k-\-¯n-\m-bn a-äp cm-Py-§fnÂ\n-¶pw aq-e[-\w

Iq-Sp-X-em-bn e-`n-¡m-\n-S-h¶p.

B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡c-WwsIm-ïpïm-b tZmj§Ä

• km-¼¯n-I A-k-aXzw hÀ-²n¨p.• _-lp-cm-jv-S Ip-¯-I-I-fp-sS kzm-[o-\w hÀ-²n¨p.•A-kw-LSn-X ta-J-ebm-b Ir-jnbpw ]-c-¼-cm-K-X hy-h-km-b-§fpw

X-I-cm-\n-S-h¶p.•D-]-t`m-àr kw-kv-Im-cw hÀ-²n¨p.•kÀ-¡m-cn-\p k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bn-ep-Å \n-b-´-Ww Ip-dªp.• ]-Ir-Xnhn-`-h-§-fp-sS Aan-X Nq-jWw.

•tem-I -hym]m-ckwLS\ (World TradeOrganization-WTO)

•A-´m-cm-jv-S \m-Wy-\n[n (InternationalMonetaryFund-IMF)

•tem-I _m¦v (WorldBank)



tem-I-hym]m-ckwLS-\B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-¯n-sâ Cu Im-

e-L-«¯nÂ cm-Py-§Ä X-½n-ep-Å hym- ]mc-w _-lp-cm-jv-S hym]m-c IcmÀ ]-Im-c-am-Wv \-S-¡p-¶Xv. C-Xn-sâ Np¡m³ ]n-Sn-¡p¶-Xv tem-I-hym]m-c kw-L-S-\-bm-Wv (WorldTradeOrganization-WTO). 1995þÂ \n-e-hnÂh¶p. tem-I-hym]m-ckw-L-S-\-bp-sS ][m-\ e-£y-§Ä C-h-bmWv:•FÃm cm-Py-§fpw X-½n-ep-Å

_-lpap-J hym-]m-cw t]m-Õm-ln-¸n-¡pI.

•FÃm hym]m-c\n-b-´-W-§fpw \n-b-am-[n-jvTn-X-am-¡pI.

•km-[\-§Ä hym-]m-cw sN-¿p¶-Xp t]m-se tk-h\-§Ä hym-]m-cw sN-¿p-¶Xpw I-cmdnÂ DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

•A-´m-cm-jv-S hym-]m-c¯nÂ \n-Ip-Xn H-gn-sI-bp-Å FÃm ]-Xn-_-Ô-§fpw \o-¡pI.

•A-´m-cm-jv-S hym-]m-c-¯n-sâ ]-cn-[n-bnÂ _u²n-I kz-¯-h-Im-ihpw \nt£-] \-S-]-Sn-Ifpw DÄ-s¸-Sp-¯pI.

A-´m-cm-jv-S \m-Wy-\n[nA-´m-cm-jv-S \m-Wy-\n[n (Inter-

nationalMonetary Fund-IMF) 1945þÂ Øm- ]n-X-ambn. A-´m-cm-jv-S \m-Wy-\n-[n-bp-sS ][m-\ e-£y-§Ä C-h-bmWv:•hn\n-a-b \n-c-¡n-ep-Å A-Øn-cm-h-Ø

]-cn-l-cn-¡pI.

• hntZ-i hym]m-c AS-hvin-ã -\n-e-bn-se A-k-´p-en-Xm-h-Ø ]-cn-l-cn-¡pI.

• A-´m-cm-jv-S hym-]m-c-¯n\pw hn-I-k-\-¯n\pw ku-Icyw H-cp-¡pI.

• l-kzIm-e hmbv-] \Â-IpI.•hn-\n-a-b \nc-¡v Xn-«-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶-Xn\pw

\n-b-ń-¡p-¶-Xn\pw k-lm-bn-¡pI.•B-tKm-f-X-e¯nÂ [-\-Imcyw hn-\na-

bw \n-b-ń-¡p-Ibpw kp-Øn-c-am-¡p-Ibpw sN-¿pI.

•Aw-K cm-Py-§Ä-¡v [-\-Imcyw \n-b-ń-¡p-¶-Xn-\m-bn km-t¦Xn-Ik-lm-bw \Â-IpI.

tem-I _m¦vtem-I _m-¦v 1946þÂ Øm-]n-X-

ambn. tem-I _m-¦n-sâ ][m-\ Np-a-Xe-IÄ C-h-bmWv:•cmPy-§-fp-sS hn-I-k-\¯nÂ k-lm-bn-

¡pI.•Aw-K-cm-Py-§Ä-¡v ZoÀ-LIm-e hm-bv]-

IÄ \Â-IpI.•hnI-k-\]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡v km¼¯n-

I k-lm-bw \Â-IpI.•hntZ-i kz-Im-cy \n-t£-]w t]m-Õm-

ln-¸n-¡pI.



•bp-²waq-ew sI-Sp-Xn A-\p-`-hn-¨ cm-jv-S-§Ä-¡v ]p-\À \nÀ-am-W-¯n-\v km-¼¯n-I k-lm-bw \Â-IpI.

ap-IfnÂ kq-Nn- n- -Xp-t]m-se B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡c-Ww C- y-bp-sS ]p-tcm-K-Xn-¡v B-¡w Iq-«nb-Xp Iq-Sm-sX Nn-e tZm-j-h-i-§-fpw kr-

ãn- p F-¶v \-½Ä I-ï-tÃm. \-½Ä A-Xn-sâ km-[yX-IÄ ]-c-amh-[n ]-tbm-P-\-s -Sp- p-Ibpw ]-cn-an-Xn-IÄ a-dn-I-S-¡m-\p-Å \-S-]-Sn-IÄ kzo-I-cn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bvXmÂ am-X-ta ]p-tcmK-Xn ssI-h-cn¡m³ km-[n-¡p-I-bpÅq.

]T-\-t\«-§Ä• \-½p-sS k-aq-l¯nÂ kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ Np-a-X-e-sb¸-än ]Tn-Xm-hv hni-Zo-I-cn-

¡p¶p.• hnhn-[X-cw \n-Ip-Xn, \n-Ip-Xn-tb-X-c h-cpam-\amÀK-§Ä hn-i-Z-am-¡p¶p.• s]m-Xp sN-ehpw A-Xv hÀ-²n-¡m-\p-Å Im-c-W-§fpw I-sï-¯n hn-h-cn-

¡p¶p.• s]m-XpI-S-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• hn-hn-[X-cw _-P-äp-I-sf-¡p-dn-¨v hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡p¶p.• hnhn-[ k¼-Zvhy-h-ØI-sf Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿p¶p.• B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡-c-W-hpw A-Xn-sâ ]-Xym-Lm-X-§-fpw kw-_-Ôn-¨v dn-t¸mÀ«v

X-¿m-dm-¡p-¶p.

hn-e-bn-cp¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä• hnI-k-\sN-ehpw hn-I-k-t\-X-c sN-ehpw D-Zml-c-W k-ln-Xw hn-h-cn-

¡pI.• B-[p\n-I Ime-¯v s]m-XpsNe-hv hÀ-²n-¨p-h-cp--¶Xn-sâ Im-c-W-§-sf-

s´ms¡?• ]-Xy-£ \n-Ip-Xnbpw ]-tcm-£ \n-Ip-Xnbpw X-½n-ep-Å hy-Xym-k-§-sf-

s´ms¡? D-Zml-c-W k-ln-Xw hn-h-cn-¡pI.• Pn.Fkv.Sn. h-gn \n-e-hn-ep-Å \n-Ip-Xn k-¼-Zm-b¯nÂ h¶- ][m-\ hy-

Xym-k-§-sf-s´ms¡?• s]m-Xph-cp-am-\w F¶mÂ F-´v? • Ip-Spw-_-¯n-se h-chpw sN-e-hpw I-W-s¡-Sp-¯v H-cp Ip-Spw-_ _P-äv X-¿m-

dm-¡pI.• ap-X-em-fn-¯hy-h-Ø-I-fp-sSbpw tkm-jy-en-Ìv hy-h-Ø-I-fp-sSbpw k-hn-

ti-jX-IÄ Xm-c-Xayw sN-¿pI.• ap-X-em-fn-¯ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-sS ]-iv-\-§Ä-¡v an-i k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø ]-cn-

lm-c-am-Ip--¶sX-§s\? C´y³ k¼-Zvhy-h-Ø-bp-sS ]-Ým-¯-e¯nÂ



hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.• B-tKm-f-hÂ-¡c-Ww sIm-ïv k-aq-l¯nÂ h¶-p-tNÀ¶- amä-§Ä hn-i-Zo-I-

cn-¨p-sIm-ïv H-cp A-t\z-j-W dn-t¸mÀ-«v X-¿m-dm-¡pI.

XpSÀ]-hÀ-¯\§Ä• tIµkwØm\-kÀ¡m-cp-IÄ Ah-X-cn-¸n-¡p¶ _P-äp-IÄ hni-I-e\w sN-

bvXv Ipdn¸v Xbm-dm-¡p-I.•


]qÀ®ambn Ignbp¶p

`mKnIambn Ignbp¶p


kÀ¡m-cnsâ Npa-X-e-IÄ

hnhn-[-Xcw \nIp-Xn-IÄ

kÀ¡m-cnsâ hcp-am\ tkmX-Êp-IÄ

hnhn-[-Xcw _UvP-äp-IÄ

BtKm-f-hÂ¡-cWw C´y-bnÂA´m-cm-jvS-kw-L-S-\-I-fpsS]¦v


C´y³ [\Imcy Øm]\§Ä


BapJw C´ybnse [\Imcy Øm]\§sf Ipdn¨pÅ hnÚm\w

BÀPn¡m³ \n§sf klmbn¡p¶XmWv Cu ]mT`m-Kw. IqSmsX Cu [\Imcy Øm]\§Ä P\§Ä-¡pw Øm]\§Ä¡pw, kÀ¡mcn\pw sN¿p¶ km¼¯nI tkh\§sf¡pdn¨pw NÀ¨ sN¿p¶p.

1. `mcXob dnkÀÆv _m¦v



kaql¯nsâ imkvXw

`mcXob dnkÀÆv _m¦nsâ apw ss_bnse BØm\ aµnc¯nsâ NnXamWn-Xv. Cu NnX¯nÂ dnkÀÆv _m¦nsâ apZ i²nt¨m? h«¯nepÅ apZbnÂ \½psS tZiob arKamb tdm-bÂ _wKmÄ ISph Hcp ]\bpsS ap¶nÂ \nÂ¡p¶Xv ImWmw. dnkÀÆv _m¦ns\ Ipdn¨pÅ hmÀ¯IfnÂ ]X am[ya§Ä an¡t¸mgpw Cu apZ D]tbmKn¡mdpïv.

FÃm cmPy§Ä¡pw Hcp tIµ _m¦psï¶v \n§Ä¡dnbm-tam? \½psS cmPy- nsâ tIµ _m ¦mWv `mcXob dnkÀÆv _m¦v. Hcp cm-Py-s¯ I-d³-kn-IÄ A-¨-Sn-¡p-I, ]-W-¯n-sâ e-`y-Xbpw tN-mZ-\hpw \n-b-ń-¡p-I, a-äv km-¼¯n-I C-S -]m-Sp-I-fp-sS taÂ-t\m-«w \-S¯p-I F-¶n-h-bm-Wv tI-µ _m-¦n-sâ ap-Jy-am-b Np-a-X-eIÄ. Cýbnse Cu ]ctam¶X _m¦n\p [mcmfw [Àa§ fpïv. \ÂInbn«pÅ NmÀ«neqsS Ah a\knem¡mw.

Id³kn A¨Sn¡Â \n§fpsS ssIbnepÅ GsX-

¦nepw Hcp Id³kn t\m«v FSp¯p t\m¡q. AXnÂ Fs´ms¡bmWv A¨Sn ¨ncn¡p¶Xv? Bcp-sS H¸mWv AXnÂ tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶Xv? Cu Id³kn t\m«v A¨Sn¡p¶Xv BcmsW¶v \n§ Ä¡dnbmtam? Hcpcq] t\m«v HgnsIbpÅ FÃm Id³kn t\m«pIfpw A¨Sn¡p¶Xv dnkÀÆv _m¦mWv. Imem-Im-e-§fnÂ cm-Py-¯m-h-iy-ap-Å I-d³-kn-IÄ F-X-am-X-sa-¶v hn-e-bn-cp-¯nbpw ]-W-e`y-X D-d-¸p-h-cp-¯n-bp-am-Wv I-d³-kn-IÄ A-¨-Sn-¡p-¶Xv.

`mcXob dnkÀÆv _m¦v

lnÂ«¬ þ bMv I½n j³ BWv CýbnÂ Hcp tIµ_m¦v Dïm¡p¶Xn \pÅ ip]mÀi BZyambn \ÂIn-bXv. CXv 1926þÂ Bbncp¶p. K-h¬-saânÂ\n¶pw ]Whpw hmbv]bpw \n bń¡pI, cmPy¯pS \ofw _m¦nMv kuIcy§Ä hÀ²n¸n ¡pI apX-em-b-h-bmbncp¶p e£yw. 1934þse Cý³ dnkÀÆv _m¦v BÎv ]ImcamWv dnkÀÆv _m¦v Øm ]n¡s¸«n«pÅXv. 1935 apXÂ ]hÀ ¯\w XpS§n. 1949þÂ tZikm XvI-cn¨p.

hmbv-] \n-b-´Ww

kÀ-¡m-cn-sâ _m¦v

_m-¦p-I-fp-sS _m¦v

I-d³-kn A-¨-Sn¡Â

`m-cXo-b dnkÀÆv _m¦v

2016 \hw_À 8þ\v tIµ kÀ¡mÀ A¶v \nehnepïmbncp¶ 500, 1000 cq]bpsS I-d³-kn t\m«pIÄ Akm[phm¡n ]Jym]n¡pIbpw ]pXnb Id³kn t\m«pIÄ ]pds¸Sphn¡pIbpw sN-bvXp. CXneqsS cmPys¯ 86 iXam\w aqeyapÅ t\m«pIfmWv Akm[phmbn ]Jym]n¡s¸-«Xv.

Hcpcq] t\m«pw A\p_Ô \mWb §fpw A¨Sn¡p¶Xv tIµ [\Imcy

hIp¸mWv.



hmbv] \nb´Ww \½psS cmPy¯v hne¡bäw

kÀhkm[mcWamWv. F´psImïmWv \ntXym]tbmK km[\§Ä¡n§s\ hne Ibdp-¶Xv? AXpïm¡p¶ ] XymLmX§Ä Fs´ms¡bmsW¶p \n§Ä Nnń¨n«ptïm? s]mXpsh ]Ws¸cp¸apïmIpt¼mgmWv cq£amb hne¡bäw DïmIp-¶Xv. C¯cw kµÀ`§fnÂ dn-kÀ-Æv _m¦v ]Ws¸cp¸w XSbm³ CSs]Smdpïv. hne¡bäw Dïm Ipt¼mÄ `mcXob dn-kÀ-Æv _m¦v ]eni \nc¡pIÄ DbÀ¯nbpw hne¡bäw Ipdbpt¼mÄ \nc¡pIÄ Xmgv¯nbpam-Wv C-S-s]-Sep-IÄ \-S-¯p-¶Xv.

hmbv] \b¯nsâ D]m[n-IÄ• _m¦v \nc¡v (Bankrate) • ]Ww IcpXÂ A\p]mXw (CReserve Rate) • \nba]camb ZhyX A\p]mXw (Stat utoryLiquidityRato) •Xpd¶ hn]-Wn ]hÀ¯\w (OpenMar ketOperation)kÀ¡mcnsâ _m¦v

tIµþkwØm\ kÀ¡mcpI fpsS km¼¯nI CS]mSpIÄ ê]

Zambn \S¸m¡p¶Xv `mcXob dn-kÀ-hv _m¦v BWv. `mcXob dn-kÀ-Æv _m¦v kÀ¡mcns\ F§s\ klmbn¡p¶p F¶v t\m¡mw.• kÀ¡mÀ A¡uïpIfnÂ \nt£

]n¨ sN¡pIÄ, Um^väpIÄ F¶nh tiJcn¡p¶p.

• Kh¬saân\v lkzIme hmbv] \ÂIp¶p.

• km¼¯nI Imcy§fnÂ kÀ¡mcn\v D]tZiw \ÂIp¶p.

_m¦pIfpsS _m¦v `mcXob dn-kÀ-Æv _m¦v cq]o-

I-cn¡p¶ hyhØIÄ¡v A\pkrXam bmWv _m¦pIÄ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv. AXpsImïmWv CXv _m¦pIfpsS _m¦v F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. _m¦pIÄ¡pthïn sN¿p¶ km¼¯nI Imcy§Ä Fs´¶v t\m-¡mw.

`mcXob dn-kÀ-Æv _m¦ns\ Ipdn¨pÅ ]X hmÀ¯IÄ ¢mknÂ

NÀ¨ sN-¿p-I.

• _m-¦pIÄ¡v km¼¯nI klmbw \ÂIp¶p.

• _m¦pIÄ¡v \nÀt±i§Ä \ÂIp¶p.

• _m¦pIfpsS ]hÀ¯\w GtIm]n ¸n¡p¶p.

`mcXob dn-kÀ-Æv _m¦n-sâ [Àa§ sf¡pdn¨v \n§Ä a\knem¡nbtÃm. C\n Cýbnse _m¦pIfpsS LS\sb¡pdn¨pw AhbpsS ]hÀ¯\§ sf¡pdn¨pw ]cntim[n-¡mw.



2. _m¦pIÄ

\n§Ä t]mbn«pÅ Hcp _m ¦nÂ Fs´ms¡ ]hÀ¯\§Ä BWv \S¡p¶sX¶v i²n¨n«p-tïm? NneÀ ]Ww \nt£]n-¡p¶p, NneÀ ]Ww ]n³hen-¡p¶p, sN¡pIÄ \Â-Ip¶p, Um^väpIÄ FSp¡p¶p,

hm-bv-]-bp-am-bn _-Ôs¸-« Im-cy-§Ä \-S-¡p¶p XpS§nbhsbms¡bm-Wv. \nt£]§Ä kzoIcn¡pIbpw Bhiy¡mÀ¡v hmbv]IÄ \ÂIpI bpw sN¿pI F¶XmWv _m¦pIf-psS ]hÀ¯\§fnÂ ][m-\w. Xmsg X¶ncn¡p¶ ^vtfm NmÀ«nÂ _m¦pIf-psS ]hÀ¯\w hnebncp¯mw.

\n-t£]-IÀ

P\-§Ä Øm-]\-§Ä

kÀ¡mÀ

hmbv-] hm-§p-¶-hÀ

P\-§Ä Øm-]\-§Ä

kÀ¡mÀ

_m¦v

\n-t£]w hmbv-]

hm-bv-] Xncn-¨-Shpw ]-en-ibpw\n-t£-]w ]n³-h-en-¡epw

]-en-ibpw

>

> >

>

Hcp hyàn AbmfpsS ]Ww _m¦nÂ \nt£]n¡p¶p F¶v k¦Â¸n¡q. _m¦v B \nt£]¯n\v ]eni \ÂIp¶p. AsX kabw _m¦v asämcmÄ¡v hmbv] \ÂIpIbpw AXnÂ \n¶v ]eni CuSm¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ChnsS hmbv]bpsS ]eni \nt£]¯nsâ ]enitb¡mÄ IqSpXembncn¡pw. hmbv]bpsSbpw \nt£]¯nsâbpw ]enibpsS hyXymkam-Wv _m¦nsâ em`w. C]Imcw _m¦pIÄ Øm]\§Ä¡pw Kh¬saân\pw \nt£]þhmbv] kuIcy§Ä sN¿p¶p.

_m¦pIsf AhbpsS ]-hÀ¯\coXn A\p kcn¨p ]eXmbn XcwXncn¨ncn¡p¶p. AhbnÂ NneXnsâ ]hÀ¯\w \ap¡v a\knem¡mw.

_m¦p-IÄ

hmWnPy _m¦pIÄ

hnIk\ _m¦pIÄ

khntij _m¦pIÄ

klIcW _m¦pIÄ

> >> >



hmWnPy _m¦pIÄ

s]mXpP\§Ä¡pw Øm]\ §Ä¡pw ]c¼cmKX \nt£]þhmbv] tkh\§Ä \ÂIp¶ _m¦pIfmWnh.

dnkÀÆv _m¦nsâ \nb´W¯nepw taÂt\m«¯nepamWv hmWnPy _m ¦pIÄ CS]mSpIÄ \S¯p¶Xv. ChnsS hnhn[Xcw hmWnPy _m¦pIsf Ipdn¨v a\knem¡mw.

hmWnPy _m¦p-IÄ

s]mXptaJem hmWnPy _m¦pIÄ kzImcy hmWnPy _m¦p-IÄ

Cý³ kzImcy hmWnPy _m¦pIÄ hntZi kzImcy hmWnPy _m¦pIÄ

> >

>>

kÀ¡mÀ DSaØXbnepÅ hmWnPy _m¦pIfmWv s]mXpta-Jem hmWnPy _m-¦pIÄ. ][m\ambn mcXob tÌäv _m¦v, tImÀ]tdj³ _m¦v, tZ\ _m¦v, _m¦v Hm^v _-tdmU, ]©m_v \mjWÂ _m¦v F¶nhbmWv s]mXptaJem _m¦pIÄ.

kzImcy hyànIfpsSbpw tImÀ¸tdäv amt\PvsaâpIfpsS bpw DSaØXbnepÅ _m¦pIfmWv kzImcy hmWnPy _m¦pIÄ. CýbnÂ cPnÌÀ sNbvXn«pÅXpw kzImcy D-SaØXbnepÅXpamb _m¦pIsfbmWv kzImcy hmWnPy _m¦pIÄ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶Xv. sÛ-dÂ _m¦v, F¨v.Un.F^v.kn. _m¦v, sF.kn.sF.kn.sF. _m¦v F¶nh CXn\pZmlcW-amWv.

CýbnÂ ]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw F¶mÂ AXnsâ BØm\w hntZi¯pw Bbn«pÅ _m¦pIfmWv hntZi kzIm-cy hmWnPy _m-¦pIÄ. _m¦v Hm^v Ata-cn¡, _m¦v Hm^v _ldn³ & Ipsshäv, F¨v.F-kv._n.kn. F¶nh CXn\pZmlcW§fm-Wv.hmWnPy _m¦pIfpsS [Àa§Ä hm-Wn-Py _m¦pIfpsS Nne ][m\ [À½§Ä \ap¡v a\knem¡mw.

\nt£]§Ä kzoIcn¡pI: hmWnPy _m¦pIfpsS Hcp ][m\ [ÀaamWv \nt£]§Ä

kzoIcn¡pI F-¶Xv. ][m\ambpw \mepXcw \nt£]§Ä ChÀ kzoIcn¡p¶p. NphsS \ÂInbn«pÅ NmÀ«neqsS Ah a\Ênem¡mw.



k¼mZy \nt£]w (tk-hnwKvkv sUt¸m-kn-äv)

hyànIÄ¡pw Øm]\§Ä¡pw ]Ww \nt£]n¡mw. Ft¸mÄ thWsa¦nepw ]Ww ]n³hen-¡mw. P\§fpsS k¼mZyioew hÀ²n¸n¡p¶ Cu \nt£]¯nÂ Ipdª ]eni bmWv e`n¡p¶Xv.

]NenX \nt£]w (Idâv sUt¸m-kn-äv) Hcp Znhkw Xs¶ ]e ]mh

iyw ]Ww \nt£]n¡m\pw ]n³hen¡m \pw Ignbp¶ \nt£]amWnXv. C¯cw \nt£]§Ä IqSpXembn D]tbm-Kn¡p¶Xv hyhkmbnIfpw hym]mcnI fpamWv. C¯cw \nt£]¯n\v ]eni-bnÃ.

Ønc \nt£]§Ä (^nIvkUv sUt¸m-kn-äv)

Hcp \nÝnX Imemh[nbpÅ \nt£]§Ä BWv Ønc \nt£]§Ä. Imemh[n Ignªp XpI ]eni k lnXw ]n³hen¡mw. _m¦pIÄ Cu \nt£]§fnÂ DbÀ¶ ]eni \ÂIpw. Imemh[n ]qÀ¯nbmIp¶Xn\p ap³ ]v Cu \nt£] XpI ]n³hen¨mÂ ]eni \nc¡v Ip-d-bpw.

BhÀ¯nX\ \nt£]w Hcp \nÝnX XpI Hcp \nÝnX

Imet¯¡v ]Xnhmbn _m¦nÂ \nt£ ]n¡p¶XmWv BhÀ¯nX \nt£]w.

Imemh[n I-gnªv apXepw ]enibpw ]n³hen¡mw. k¼mZy \nt£]t¯¡mÄ IqSnb ]eni \nc¡v e`n¡pw. F¶mÂ Ønc \nt£]t¯¡mÄ ]eni \nc¡v Ipdhmbncn¡pw.

hmbv]IÄ (Loans)hy-hkm-b Øm-]-\-§Ä-¡v ]-hÀ-

¯\-§Ä \-S¯m³ hen-b Xp-I B-h-iy-apïv. Hcp kz]v\ `h\w AsÃ¦nÂ Hcp hml\w GsXmcp hyànbpsSb-pw BKl-amWv. CXn\mbn h³ XpI kamlcn¡m³ FÃmhÀ¡pw IgnbnÃ F¶v \n§Ä¡dnbmatÃm. C§s\bpÅ kµÀ`§fnemWv hmbv]sb Bibn¡p¶-Xv. hmWnPy _m¦nsâ ][m\ [Àa§fnÂ H¶mWv hmbv] A\ph-Zn¡Â. _m¦pIÄ hmbv]IÄ \ÂIpt¼mÄ AXn\v B\p]mXnIamb CuSv kzoIcn-¡p¶p. kzÀWw, hm-l\w, hkvXp¡Ä, B[mcw XpS§nbhbmWv CuSv Bbn hm§p¶Xv. Hmtcm hmbv]bv¡pw Hmtcm ]enibmWv.

HmhÀUm^väv (Overdraft)_m¦nÂ Idïv A¡uïv

DÅhÀ¡pÅ Hcp kuIcyamWv Hm-hÀUm^väv. _m¦v A¡uïnepÅ ]Wt¯¡mÄ IqSpXÂ XpI ]n³hen¡m³ A\phZn-¡p¶p. DZmlcW¯n\v Hcp hyàn¡v 10000 cq]bpsS Bhiy-apïv. ]t£ AbmfpsS _m¦v A¡uïnÂ 9000

k-¼m-Zy \n-t£]w

B-hÀ¯n-X \n-t£]w

]-Nen-X \n-t£]w

Øn-c \n-t£]w

\n-t£]§Ä

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>

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cq] amXta-bpÅq. _m¦n\v hnizkvX\m b AbmÄ¡v _m¦v 1000 cq] \Â-Ipw. ChnsS _m-¦v 1000 cq] A[nIambn \ÂInbXmWv HmhÀUm-^vSv. A[nIambn \ÂInb 1000 cq] ]eni DÄs¸sS AbmÄ Xncn¨Sbv¡Ww.

_m¦pIfpsS s]mXphmb [Àa-§Ä•\nt£-]w kzo-I-cn¡p-I•hmbv-] \ÂIpI•kpc£nX tem¡À kuIcyw •F.Sn.Fw. kuIcyw •sN¡vþUm^väv kuIcy§Ä • ]Ww CâÀs\-änsâ klm-b-t¯msS Sm³^À sN¿pI• Smhtegvkv sN¡v \ÂIpI•km-¼¯nIImcy D]tZiw

_m¦nwKv cwKs¯ ]h-W-X-IÄ_m¦pIfpsS ASnØm-\

[Àa§sf IqSmsX kmt¦XnIambn [mcmfw amä§Ä Cu taJebnÂ h¶p sImïncn¡p¶p. A-hbnÂ NneXp \ap¡v ]cnNbs¸Smw.

CetÎmWnIv _m¦nMv \-ap-¡p Npäpw CetÎmWnIv _m¦nMv

D]tbmKn¡p¶ \nch[n BfpI-fpïv. Hcp _m¦nÂ t\-cn-«v sN-¶v ]-c-¼-cm-K-X-am-bn \-S¯p-¶ _m-¦nMv C-S-]m-SpIÄ I-¼yq «À hgntbm sam-ss_Â t^m¬ hgntbm C¶v Ffp¸¯nÂ sN¿m³ Ignbp¶p. Cu kmt¦XnIhnZy D]tbmKn¡p¶Xp sImïv _m¦pIfnÂ t]mbn Im¯p \n Â¡-ï. F³.C.F^v.Sn. (NationalElec-tronic Fund Transfer (NEFT), BÀ.Sn.Pn.Fkv. (Real Time Gross Settlement(RTGS) XpS§nb CetÎmWnIv ^ïv Sm³-kv^À kwhn[m\§Ä hgn cmPy-s¯hnsSbpapÅ _m¦pIfnse A¡u ïpIfn-te¡v ]Wab¡m³ km[n¡pw. CXn-s\-bm-Wv C-e-tÎm-Wn-Iv _m-¦nMv (Cþ_m-¦nMv) F-¶v hn-fn-¡p-¶Xv.

tImÀ _m¦nMv Ipd¨pIme§Ä¡p ap³]v Hcm

Ä¡v Xsâ A¡uïv FhnsSbmtWm B _m©nÂ amXta AbmÄ¡v CS]m SpIÄ \S¯m³ km[n¡pambncp-¶pÅq. F¶mÂ C¶v B ØnXn amdn. tImÀ _m¦nMv (CORE Banking - Centralised On-lineRealTimeExchangeBanking) kuIcyw \nehnÂ h¶p. _m¦pIÄ ]ckv]cw s\ävhÀ¡neqsS _Ôn¸n¨ncn¡pw. Cu kwhn[m\w D]t`màm¡Ä¡v

hnhn[ Xcw hmbv]IÄ

Irjn hyhkmbw

kzbw sXmgnÂ `h\ \nÀam-Wwhml\ hmbv] hnZym`ymkw

hyànKX hmbv]

\n§fpsS ]tZis¯ Hcp hmWnPy _m¦v kµÀin¨v AXnsâ

]hÀ¯\§Ä tNmZn¨dnbpI.



\ÂIp¶ _m¦nMv tkh\amWv tImÀ _m¦nMv. CXneqsS GXp _m©nÂ \n¶pw ASnØm\ CS]mSpIÄ \S¯m³ D]t`màm¡Ä¡v Ignbpw.

]WanS]mSv ImÀUpIÄ ]WanS]mSpIÄ \S¯m³ _m

¦pIÄ D]t`màm¡Ä¡p hnhn[X-cw ¹mÌnIv ImÀUpIÄ \ÂIp¶pïv. C´ybnse H«pan¡ _m¦pIfpw C¯cw ImÀUpIÄ ]pd¯nd¡p¶pïv. ]Ww ssIhiw kq£n¡ï F¶XmWv ][m\ kuIcyw. C¯c¯nÂ \mw C¶v IqSpXembn Bibn¡p¶ ImÀUpIsf Ipdn¨v a\knem-¡mw.

sU_näv ImÀUvD]-t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v X§-fp-sS _

m¦v A¡u- ïnÂ \n¶pw F.-Sn.-Fw. hgn ]Ww ]n³h-en-¡m\pw Øm]-\-§-fnÂ\n-¶pw km[-\-§fpw tkh-\-§fpw hm§n-

¡p-¶-Xn\pw kuIcyw \ÂIp¶ ImÀUm-Wv sU_näv ImÀUv. s]mXpth CXns\ F.-Sn.-Fw. ImÀUv F¶m-W-dn-b-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv. _m¦-Ip-IÄ \ÂIp¶ \me¡ cl-ky-\-¼À (PIN-PersonalIdentificationNum-ber) D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-IÄ \S-¯p-¶-Xv.

sIUnäv ImÀUv]W-an-S-]m-Sp-IÄ \S-¯m³ _m¦p-

IÄ D]-t`m-àm-¡Ä¡v \ÂIp¶ asämcp ImÀUmWv sIUnäv ImÀUv. ImÀUp-S-a-IÄ¡v 15 apXÂ 50 hsc Znhkw _m¦v ]Ww IS-ambn A\p-h-Zn-¡p-¶p. _m¦v A\p-h-Zn¨ Iymjv ]cn-[n-¡p-Ån-epÅ kwJy bv¡v ImÀUpS-a-IÄ¡v km[-\-§fpw tkh-\-§fpw hm§n-¡m-hp-¶-Xm-Wv. \n Ý-nX ka-b-]-cn-[n-¡p-ÅnÂ ]Ww _m ¦nÂ XncnsI AS-bv¡Ww CsÃ-¦nÂ ImÀUp-Sa _m¦n\v ]eni \ÂtI- -ïXm-Wv. sU_näp ImÀUp-Isft¸mse sI-Un-äp-ImÀUp-Ifpw \me¡ cl-ky-\-¼À D]-tbm-Kn-¨mWv CS-]m-Sp-IÄ \S-¯p-¶-Xv.

kzImcy ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-IÄkÀ¡mÀ, kl-X-c-W-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ

_m¦pIÄ \ÂIp¶ hnhn[Xcw ]WanS]mSv ImÀUpIfpsS

]tXyIXb\pkcn¨p Hcp ]«nI X¿mdm¡pI.



[mcmfw [\-Im-cy-Øm-]-\-§Ä Cý-bnÂ ]hÀ¯n-¡p-¶pïv. F¶mÂ KmaoW \K-c-ta-J-e-I-fnÂ \nc-h[n kzIm-cy-]-W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imcpw km¼-¯nI CS-]m-Sp-IÄ \S¯n hcp-¶p. DbÀ¶ \nc-¡n-epÅ ]cn-i-bmWv ChÀ CuSm-¡p-¶-Xv.

hnIk\ _m¦pIÄ Irjn, hyhkmbw, ASnØm\

kuIcyw XpS§nb hnIk\ ta-JeIfnÂ CS¡me þ ZoÀLIme hmbv]IÄ \ÂIp¶ [\Imcy Øm]\§fmWv hnIk\ _m ¦pIÄ. DÂ¸mZ\ aqe[\hpw, kmt¦XnI klmbhpw \ÂIp¶ _m¦pIfmWnXv. Cýbnse BZy hnIk\ _m¦v 1948þÂ cq]oIcn¨ Cý³ hyhkmb [\Imcy tImÀ]tdj³ (IFCI) BWv.

khntij _m¦pIÄ Nne ]tXyI taJeIfpsS

hnIk\¯n\mbn km¼¯nI klmbw \ÂIp¶ _m¦pIfmWv khntij _m¦pIÄ. Cýbnse aq¶v khntij _m¦pIsf¡pdn¨v a\knem¡mw.

\_mÀUvCýbnse Hcp D¶X khn-

tij _m¦v BWv tZiob ImÀjnI Kma hnIk\ _m¦v (NABARD). 1982 Pqsse 12þ\p \_mÀUv Øm]nXambn. \_mÀUv apwss_ BØm\am¡n ]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. \_mÀUv e£y anSp¶Xv:•ImÀjnItaJe hn-Ik-\w•sNdpInSþIpSnÂ hyhkmb hn-Ik-\w•ssIs¯mgnÂ hn-Ik-\w

• KmaoWtaJebnse ASnØm\ kuIcyw hÀ²n¸n¡pI

IbäpaXn Cd¡paXn _m¦v

CýbnÂ IbäpaXn Cd¡p aXn hym]mc¯nÂ GÀs¸«ncn¡p¶ Øm]\§Ä¡v Bhiyamb km¼ ¯nIklmbw \ÂIp¶ [\Im-cyØm]\amWv FI-vkv-t]mÀ«v Cw t]mÀ«v (Export-Import) _m¦v. CXv ]qÀWambpw kÀ¡mcnsâ DSaØXbn epÅ Ìmäyq«dn tImÀ]tdj\mWv.

Cý³ sNdpInS hyhkmb hnIk\ _m-¦v

sNdpInS hyhkmb bqWnäpIÄ XpS§m³ BKln¡p¶hÀ¡v km¼ ¯nI klmbw \ÂIpI F¶XmWv CXnsâ [Àaw. KmaoW taJebnse hyhkmb§sf klmbn¡pIbmWv ][m\ e£yw.

klIcW _m¦v

\½psS \m«nepÅ klIcW _m ¦pIsf \n§Ä i²n¨ncn¡pw. C¯cw klIcW _m¦nÂ Ft¸msg¦nepw t]m bn«p-tïm? \n§Ät¡m \n§fpsS IpSp-w_¯nÂ BÀs¡¦neptam klIcW _m¦pIfnÂ \nt£]tam Nn«ntbm hmbv]tbm Dtïm? F´mWv klIcW _m¦v F¶v t\m¡mw. klI-c-Ww, kzbw k-lmbw, ]ckv]c klmbw F¶ e£y¯nÂ ]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw P\§Ä¡v km¼¯nIklmbw \ÂIp-Ibpw sN¿p¶ km¼¯nI Øm]\§fm-Wv klIcW _m¦pIÄ. klIcW _m-¦pIÄ XnXe kwhn[m\¯nemWv ]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.



kwØm\ klIcW _m-¦v

PnÃm klIcW _m¦pIÄ

]mYanI klIcW _m-¦pIÄ

klIcW _m¦pIfpsS e£y§Ä ]cntim[n¡mw •kzImcy ]WanS]mSv Øm]\§fnÂ \n¶pw km[mcW¡msc c£n¡p-I •P\§fnÂ k¼mZyioew hfÀ¯p-I •hmbv]IÄ \ÂIp-I

Kma§fnÂ klIcW _m¦pIÄ hmbv]-IÄ A\phZn¡p¶Xv ][m\am bpw Xmsg-¸-dbp-¶ Im-cy-§Ä-¡mWv.•Irjn•IpSnÂ hyhkmbw • aÕy_Ô\w •I¶pImen hfÀ¯Â

tIcf Kmao¬ _m¦v

Hcp kwØm\¯v Hcp Km-aoW _m¦v F¶ ]²-Xn ]Imcw \nehnÂh¶ _m-¦m-Wv tIcf Kmao¬ _m¦v. 2013 Pqsse 8þ\v \nehnÂ h¶p. CXnsâ BØm\w ae¸pdamWv.

`mcXob alnfm _m¦v

`mcX nse BZy k¼qÀW h\nXm _m¦mWv `mcXob aln fm _m¦v. 2013 \hw_À 19þ\v \n ehnÂ h¶p. h\nXmimàoIcWw e-£yw. hmbv] ][m\ambpw h\nXIÄ¡v. FÃm-hcnÂ\n¶pw \n t£]w kzoIcn¡p¶p.

3. _m¦nXc [\Imcy Øm]\§Ä

_m¦n-Mv C-X-c tk-h\-§Ä \Â-Ip-Ibpw ]WanS]mSv taJebnÂ ]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ [\Imcy Øm]\§-fm-Wv _m¦nXc [\Imcy Øm]\§Ä. km[m-c-W _m-¦p-IÄ kzo-I-cn¡p-¶ X-c-¯n-ep-Å \n-t£]-§Ä kzo-I-cn¡m³ C-h-bv-¡v I-gn-bnÃ. sN¡v D] tbmKn¨v ]Ww ]n³hen¡Â, Um^väpI fpsS D]tbmKw, tem¡À kwhn[m\w F¶nhsbm¶pw ChnsS e`yaÃ.

apZ _m¦v

tI-µ kÀ¡mdnsâ Gähpw ]pXnb kwcw`§fnsem¶mb apZ _m¦v (ssatIm bqWnäv sUhe ]vsaâv B³-Uv doss^\m³kv GP³kn) AkwLSnX taJe bnse sNdpInS hmWnPy hy-hkmb kwcw`§Ä¡v hmbv] Dd¸m¡m\pÅ tIµ ]²XnbmWv. 2015 G]nÂ 8þ\v \nehnÂ h¶p.

_m¦nXc Øm]\ e-£y-§Ä• [\Im-cy hn-`-h k-am-l-c-W-¯n-\v

C-S\n-e\nÂ¡p-I• sN-dpIn-S k-¼mZyw k-am-l-cn¡p-I• aq-e[-\ (Hm-lcn) hn-]-WnbnÂ

\n-t£-]w \-S¯p-I• hnhn-[ C³-jz-d³-kv tk-h\-§Ä

_m¦nXc [\Imcy Øm]\-§Ä

ayq¨Â ^ïpIÄ C³jpd³-k-v I¼\nIÄ>>



\ÂIp-I• aqe-[-\ \n-t£-]w \-S¯p-I• A-SnØm-\/]-Ým-¯-e ku-Icyw

hn-I-kn-¸n¡pI tIcf¯nÂ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶

C¯c¯nÂs¸« Hcp _m¦nXc [\Imcy Øm]\amWv tIcf tÌäv ^n\m³jyÂ FâÀss]kkv (KSFE).

ayq¨Â ^ïpIÄ \n§Ä¡v HmlcnbnÂ ]Ww \n

t£]n¡m³ BKlapsï¶v IcpXpI. F¶mÂ HmlcnIsf¡pdn¨p hyàamb [mc-WbnÃ. C¯cw kµÀ`§fnÂ Hmlcn It¼mf¯nÂ ]Ww \nt£ ]n¡m³ klmbn¡p¶ Hcp \nt£] kwhn[m\amWv ayq¨Â ^ïpIÄ. s]mXpþkzImcy taJeIfnÂ ayq¨Â ^ïv I¼\nIÄ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶p. s]mXp taJebnÂ ]hÀ¯n¡p¶ ayq¨Â ^ïpIÄ:•bqWnäv SÌv ayq¨Â ^-ïv•FÂ.sF.kn ayq¨Â ^ïv •Fkv._n.sF ayq¨Â ^ïv

ASp¯pÅ sI.Fkv.F^v.C imJ kµÀin¨p ]hÀ¯\§Ä a\

knem¡n Hcp Ipdn¸v X¿mdm¡pI.

Hml-cnI¼\nIÄ aqe[\w kam

lcn¡p¶ amÀKamWv Hmlcn hnÂ¸\. Hcp I¼\n¡v 10000 cq] Bhiyapïv F¶v k¦Â¸n¡pI. 1000 t]cnÂ \n¶v 10 cq] hoXw kam lcn¨mÂ 10000 cq] Bbn. ChnsS Hmtcm 10 cq]bpw Hmtcm Hmlcnbm-Wv. IqSmsX Hmtcm Hmlcn¡pw em`hnlnXw e`n¡pw.

C³jzd³k-v I¼\nIÄ C¶v AkpJ§fpw A]IS-§-fpw

kpc£nXXzw CÃmbvabpw FÃmw hÀ²n¨phcnI-bmWv. IqSmsX a\pjy\v Ahsâ `mhnsb Ipdn¨pÅ Bi¦ bpw `mhnbnÂ DïmIm³ t]mIp¶ Bi¦Isfbpw A]ISkm [yXIsf bpw ap¶nÂ¡ïp km¼¯nI ]cnlmcw e`yam¡p¶Xn\p thïn ]Ww Hcp tkmXknÂ tiJcn¡p¶ coXnbmWv C³jzd³kv.

sse^v C³jzd³kv hyànbpsS Poh\pw P\dÂ C³jzd³kv hml \§Ä, hmbv]IÄ, hkvXp¡Ä, hyh-kmbw, IbäpaXn XpS§nbhbv¡pw kw-c£Ww \ÂIp¶p.t]mfnkn DSaIfpsS Nn-e B\p Iqey§Ä ]cntim[n¡mw • C³jzd³kv anI¨ \nt£] kuI-

cy-amW.v • A]IStam acWtam DïmbmÂ \ã

]cnlmcw e`n-¡p¶p. • C³Iw SmI-vknÂ KWyamb \nIpXn

B\pIqey§Ä \ÂIp¶p. • C³jzd³kv t]mfnknbnt·Â

hmbv] e`n-¡p¶p.

s]mXptaJem C³jzd³kv I¼\nIÄ

sse^v C³jzd³kv tImÀ¸tdj³ Hm^v C´y

P\dÂ C³jzd³kv tImÀ¸-tdj³ \yq C³Uy Ajzd³kv I¼\n enan-ä-UvbpssWäUv C³jzd³kv I¼\n enan-ä-UvHmdnbâÂ C³jzd³kv I¼\n enanäUv\mjWÂ C³jzd³kv I¼\n enan-äUvAKn¡Ä¨À C³jzd³kv I¼\n Hm^v

C´y enanäUv



AbÂ-¡q«w (Self Help Group - SHG)IpSpw_io AbÂ¡q«§fnse

AwK§Ä Hcp \nÝnX XpI k¼mZyambn tiJcn¡p¶p. Cu ]Ww kzbwsXm gnent\m D]t`mK Bhiy§Ä \n dthäp¶Xnt\m hmbv]bmbn \Â-Ip¶p. AbÂ¡q«w \nÝbn¡p¶ \nc¡nepw Imemh[n¡pÅnepw hmbv]IÄ Xncn¨S-bv¡m³ AwK§Ä¡v Ahkcw \ÂIp¶p.

Iq«p-¯-chm-Z Iq«w (Joint Liability Group - JLG)

Ip-Spw_io anjsâ t\XrX-z nÂ Irjn¡v km¼ nI klmbw \ÂIp¶ Hcp kwhn[m\amWnXv. \mep apXÂ ]¯phsc AwK§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ Iq«mb D¯chmZn XzapÅ sNdpIrjn kwL§Ä¡mWv km¼ nI klmbw \ÂIp¶Xv. Kq nsâ Iq«mb D¯chmZnXz nemWv hmbv]IÄ \ÂIp-¶-Xv. ChÀ¡v km¼ nI klmbw amXaÃ ]cnioe\§fpw \Â-Ip-¶p. ]eniclnX hmbv]Ifpw sNdnb ]eni \nc¡nepÅ hmbv]IfpamWv A\phZn¡p-¶Xv. \nÝbn¡p¶ Imemh[n ¡pÅnÂ XhWIfmbn hmbv] Xncn S bvt¡ï-XmWv.

ssatIm ^n\m³knsâ t\«§Ä

•Ffp¸¯nepÅ aqe[\w •kwcw`IXzhpw kzbw]cym]vXXbpw •sa¨s¸« PohnX\nehmcw •kvXoIfpsS km¼¯nI A`nhr²n •sXmgnÂ t\«w •k¼mZyioew

4. ssatIm ^n\m³kv

Hcp A¨mÀ bq-Wnäv, Hcp ]elmc bqWnäv AXpasÃ¦nÂ Hcp sNdnb tlm«Â XpS§nb kwcw`§Ä XpS§m³ sXm-gnÂ-clnXÀ¡pw Ipdª hcpam\¡mÀ¡pw hmbv-] e-`n¡m³ _p-²n-ap-«pïv. a-Xnbm-b Cu-Sv \Â-Im-sX _m-¦pIÄ hmbv] \ÂInÃ. Hcp km[mcW _m¦vtem-Wn\v tbmKyX t\Sm³ ChÀ¡v Ign bnsÃ¶v \n§Ä¡dnbma-tÃm. C§s\bpÅhÀ¡p km-¼¯nItkh\§Ä \ÂIn AhcpsS PohnXs¯ sa¨s¸Sp¯p I F¶XmWv ssatIm ^n\m³kv e£yanSp¶Xv. tIcf¯nÂ kÀ¡mcnsâ ZmcnZy\nÀ½mÀP\ anj³ \S¸m¡p¶ ZmcnZy \nÀ½mÀÖ\ h\nXm imàoIcW ]cn]mSnbmWv IpSpw_-io. ssatIm ^n \m³kv t]mÕmln¸n¡p¶XnÂ IpSpw _iobpsS ]¦v AXn hn]peamWv.

ssa-tIm ^n\m³knsâ ]hÀ¯\-§Ä

ssa-tIm ^n\m³kv \nesIm Åp¶Xv ]¦pshbv¡Â, klhÀ¯nXzw, F¶o aqey§fpsS ASnØm\¯nemWv. ssa-tIm ^n\m³knsâ ]hÀ¯\§Ä cïmbn XcwXncn¡mw.

s\mt_Â k½m\tPXmhmb s]m^. apl½Zv bq\kmWv ssa-tIm ^n\m³knsâ ]nXmhv. At±lw Øm]n¨ _w¥mtZiv Kmao¬ _m¦v ssa-tIm sIUnäv cwK¯v temI]ikvXamb Hcp amXrIbmWv.



]T\t\«§Ä • `mcXob dnkÀÆv _m¦nsâ [Àa§Ä hniZoIcn¡p¶p. • _m¦pIfpsS LS\ ]hÀ¯\§Ä [Àa§Ä XpS-§n-b-h-bpsS hniZo-

IcWw X¿mdm¡p¶p.•hnIk\ _m¦pIfpsS ]hÀ¯\§Ä hniZoIcn¡p¶p. •C´ybnse khntij _m¦pIfpsS ]tXyIXIÄ hnhcn¡p¶p. • _m¦nMv cwKs¯ \qX\ ]hÀ¯\§Ä hniZoIcn¡p¶p. •klIcW _m¦pIfpsS ]hÀ¯\§Ä hniZoIcn¡p¶p. • _m¦nXc [\Imcy Øm]\§fpsS ]hÀ¯\§Ä hniZoIcn¡p¶p. •ssatIm n\m³kv \ÂIp¶ km¼¯nI tkh\ ]hÀ¯\§Ä hni

ZoIcn¡p¶p.

hnebncp¯Â tNm-Zy§Ä• dnkÀÆv _m¦nsâ [Àa§Ä hnebncp-¯pI. •hmWnPy _m¦pIfpsS [Àa§Ä hniZoIcn-¡pI. • _m¦nMv Øm]\§fpw _m¦nXc [\Imcy Øm]\§fpw X½nepÅ ][m\

hyXymk§Ä hn-i-Zo-I-cn-¡pI.• _m¦nMv taJebnse \qX\ ]hWXIÄ P\§Ä¡v F§s\ ]tbmP\

s¸Sp¶p F¶v hyàam-¡p-I.• ZmcnZy\nÀamÀP\¯nÂ ssa-tIm ^n\m³knsâ km[yXIÄ hniZo-

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Xpe-yXm ]mTm-hen

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