Trabalho Investigativo Economico

8/16/2019 Trabalho Investigativo Economico

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PIRß@KLGC HI CMNAKC

YMLUIPWLHCHI CNAWXLMFA MIXA

ECGYKHCHI HI IGAMAJLC

XIJC?

‛A GPIWGLJIMXA IGAM×JLGA I CLMEKCÎÇA IJ CMNAKC‚

CRKLGCÎÇA HI YJ IWXYHA IGAMAJÌXPLGA RCPC A RIPÊAHA HI0222 Â 0238

CYXAPIW ?

RPAE. HAYXAP? OAÇA JCPLC EYM_L GFLJRAKA - Rf.H.

JCVLJLCMA JYIMHI CYNYWXA JCMYIK - KLG.

KYCMHC -0235



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Pisuja

A massa trc`ckfa pragurc pirgiìr ij qui jihlhc ì qui c lmekuïmglc ha RL@ ma mêvik nirck hi priîas ij Cmnakc ì slnmlelgcmti.

Istctêstlgcs aelglcls i mça s÷ gajpravcj a àj hisijpimfa hc igamajlc cmnakcmc ijtijpas hi pcz, ij tirjas has sius prlmglpcls lmhlgcharis jcgraigam÷jlgas (tcxc higrisgljimta ha RL@, tcxc hi lmekcîça, `ckcmîc hi pcncjimtas i hêvlhc pÿ`klgc).

Hals has cspigtas jcls rikivcmtis i qui par slmck sça tcj`ìj as jcls ljpartcmtis ha pamtahi vlstc ha quchra has aòigtlvas jcgraigam÷jlgas sça a hi prajavir a rãplha grisgljimtaigam÷jlga i cssinurcr c istc`lklhchi has priîas, tcriec istc qui mça pcrigi julta sljpkis siakfcrjas pcrc cqulka qui earcj cs ixpirlïmglcs hi cknums pcêsis aglhimtcls.

Ma imtcmta, istis aòigtlvas, ij àc jihlhc, hlncj ‗ si, tïj slha jlmljcjimti ckgcmîchasctrcvìs hcs pakêtlgcs igam÷jlgcs kivchcs c gcà pikcs imtlhchis cmnakcmcs gajpitimtis.

Rckcvrcs ‗ gfcvis? Grisgljimta igam÷jlga4 Lmekcîça4 Pinrissça.



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C`strcgt

Aur ward siids ta umhirstcmh ta wfct ixtimt ls tfct tfi lmekuimgi ae NHR lm tfi nimirck prlgikivik lm Cmnakc ls slnmlelgcmt.Aeelglck stctlstlgs cmh mat amky sfaw tfi naah pirearjcmgi ae tfi Cmnakcm igamajy lm

picgitlji, lm tirjs ae lts jclm jcgraigamajlg lmhlgctars (NHR nrawtf, lmekctlam, gurrimt `ckcmgi cmh pu`klg hi`t).Xwa ae tfi jast ljpartcmt cspigts cmh wflgf `y tfi wcy cri cksa tfi jast ljpartcmtaòigtlvis ae jcgraigamajlg ercjiward eraj tfi palmt ae vliw cri ta prajati igamajlgnrawtf cmh imsuri prlgi stc`lklty, c tcsd tfct hais mat siij viry icsy le wi kaad ear tfiixpirlimgis ae saji wistirm gaumtrlis lm tfi pcst.Fawivir, tfisi aòigtlvis, lm naah jicsuri, fcvi ìim jlmljckky cgflivih tfraunf tfi

igamajlg paklglis pursuih `y tfi gajpitimt Cmnakcm imtltlis.Diy ‗ warhs?Igamajlg nrawtf, Lmekctlam, Pinrisslam.



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LMXPAHYÎÇA

Isti trc`ckfa eal hisimvakvlha ma simtlha hi couhcr a ixigutlva c tir ujc vlsça hc trcoigt÷rlchc igamajlc ha pcês i ikcàrcr jihlhcs i istrctìnlcs qui prajavcj a grisgljimta i passl`lkltij, c jìhla i kamna prcza, a gujprljimta hcs jitcs hi lmekcîça hielmlhcs ma ANI.

Miki ì cmcklscha c rikcîça imtri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça i gaja a prljilra, pahisirvlr hi `csi ca ckgcmgi hi mêvils sctlsect÷rlas hi lmekcîça i gamgajltcmtijimti hi rihuîçaha gusta hi vlhc i jikfarlc hcs gamhlîùis `ãslgcs hc papukcîça, gaja par ixijpka a cgissac ckljimtas, trcmspartis, imirnlc i autras.

Wi par uj kcha, c hlvirslelgcîça hc igamajlc, ujc jihlhc cpravchc i kivchc c gcà pika

ixigutlva oã hishi 0226, cprisimtc ‗ si gaja a prlmglpck ecgtar hi hisimvakvljimtaigam÷jlga ha pcês ma jìhla i kamna prcza ‗ mc jihlhc ij qui grlc mavcs apartumlhchis himin÷glas i mavas gcjpas hi ixpkarcîça, mavas pastas hi trc`ckfas hlrigtas i lmhlrigtas, praplglc a surnljimta hi ujc gchilc jcls ckcrnchc hi piquimcs i jìhlcs ijpriscs, kcmîcmhaujc earti gamgarrïmglc i gajpitltlvlhchi imtri ikcs, gamgarri pcrc c su`stltulîça hcsljpartcîùis, rihuzlmha c lmekcîça ljpartchc, jikfarcmha c hlitc i as fã`ltas ckljimtcris hc papukcîça, prajavi cs ixpartcîùis, istljukc i c`ri partcs pcrc a hisimvakvljimta hclmhÿstrlc trcmsearjcharc, timha gaja ieiltas hi jìhla prcza c quihc hc lmekcîça, c jikfarlcha sckha hc @ckcmîc hi Xrcmscgîùis Garrimtis (X@G), c igamajlc hi hlvlscs, a cujimta haRrahuta Lmtirma @ruta i hcs rigiltcs elsgcls ha istcha, gamtrlùlmha pcrc a cujimta harimhljimta i hc rlquizc mcglamcls ‗ par autra kcha, cs pakêtlgcs hi istc`lklzcîçajcgraigam÷jlgcs tïj slha hishi hìgchcs, a prlmglpck lmstrujimta utlklzcha pika @MC pcrcgaj`ctir c lmekcîça.

A @G tij jamltarcha c qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra pcrc istljukcr c igamajlc, ctrcvìs hclmoigîça hi jaihc au rihuîça hcs tcxcs hi ouras pcrc cujimtcr c gcpcglhchi hi gamgihirgrìhlta cas `cmgas gajirglcls jcs tcj`ìj tij rihuzlha c klqulhiz pcrc riericr prissùislmekcglamlstcs, ctrcvìs hcs apircîùis hi c`sarîça hi klqulhiz ma jirgcha jamitãrla, gaja cvimhc has Xêtukas ha @cmga Gimtrck hi vãrlcs jcturlhchis (72, 52, <2 i 363 hlcs), cujimtahcs tcxcs hi risirvcs gajpuks÷rlcs, vimhcs hi hlvlscs au autras jigcmlsjas hi qui hlspùi.

Ij sujc, isscs jihlhcs hi gcrãgtir jircjimti tijparãrla i hi gurta prcza, tïj slhachjlmlstrchcs pikc imtlhchi jamitãrlc mcglamck ma lmtulta hi rinukcr i jamltarcr c qucmtlhchi

hi jaihc ij glrgukcîça, hi cgarha gaj c suc pragurc ma jirgcha.



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Rircmti isti gimãrla, cpcrimtijimti gamtrchlt÷rla, i hi jaha c si a`tir ujc ivlhïmglc jclsikuglhctlvc hc ricklhchi cmnakcmc, earcj hisimvakvlhas as prlmglpcls jahikas hi grisgljimtai hi hisimvakvljimta i cs prlmglpcls tiarlcs hi lmekcîça, timha sijpri ij klmfc hi gamtc csgcuscs has ikivchas priîas i suc vcrlcîça.

Rar elj, cprisimtcjas as risuktchas hi uj istuha igamajìtrlga qui vlsc gajpravcr quck ì arick ljpcgta ha grisgljimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc mc lmekcîça, i par issc vlc, cvcklcr as ieiltashc hlvirslelgcîça sa`ri igamajlc cmnakcmc.

Hisgrlîça ha Rra`kijc

Grisgljimta i istc`lklhchi hi priîas sça hals nrcmhis a`oigtlvas hc pakêtlgc igam÷jlgc.

C nrcmhi priagupcîça hcs igamajlcs jahirmcs ì gaj`lmcr ikivchcs tcxcs hi grisgljimta

gaj rihuzlhcs tcxcs hi hisijprina i lmekcîça, lkustrcmha uj gkcratrchi ‗ aee imtri as hals.Ì misti pcrtlgukcr ij qui si `csiau c massc pisqulsc, pcrc rispamhir cs sinulmtis quistùis?

♥Suck ì c rikcîça imtri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc1

♥ Sui ljpcgta tij a grisgljimta igam÷jlga sa`ri c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc1

Hikljltcîça ha Rra`kijc

C prisimti pisqulsc hikljltc ‗ si c cprisimtcr c rikcîça i a ljpcgta ha grisgljimta

igam÷jlga sa`ri c Lmekcîça ij Cmnakc ma pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238.

Flp÷tisis

Wi par uj kcha, a grisgljimta igam÷jlga ì, par sl jisja, nirchar hi lmekcîça, par vlc harimhljimta pir gcpltc (imtimhc ‗ si has sckãrlas), qui cgc`c par si trchuzlr ij cujimta harimhljimta hlspamêvik hcs ecjêklcs, nircmha jclar gamsuja i gamsiquimtijimti cujimta hc pragurc lmtirmc. Rar autra kcha, a cujimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc cprisimtc ‗ si gaja simha cjikfar vlc pcrc gaj`ctir c lmekcîça, prlmglpckjimti mcs igamajlcs su`hisimvakvlhcs, gajaagarriu gaj cknums pcêsis hc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc.

Rircmti isti gimãrla gamtrchlt÷rla gamslhirãjas cs sinulmtis flp÷tisis?

♥ A grisgljimta igam÷jlga ì uj has prlmglpcls ecgtaris nircharis hi lmekcîça ijCmnakc4

♥ A grisgljimta igam÷jlga mça ì uj has prlmglpcls ecgtaris nircharis hi lmekcîça ijCmnakc.



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Aòigtlva Nirck

♥A prisimti trc`ckfa vlsc cmcklscr a ljpcgta ha grisgljimta ha RL@ sa`ri Lmekcîça ijCmnakc ma pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238.

Aòigtlvas Ispigêelgas

♥ Cmcklscr a gajpartcjimta ha RL@ i hc Lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha 0222 â 02384

♥ Jihlr c rikcîça imtri a RL@ i c Lmekcîça4

♥ Jihlr a ljpcgta ha grisgljimta ha RL@ sa`ri c Lmekcîça.

Oustlelgctlvc

A massa pcês rinlstau ujc àc pirearjcmgi c mêvik jcgraigam÷jlga mas ÿktljas hazi cmas.

Issc pirearjcmgi gajpravchc pika rãplha grisgljimta ha RL@ i pikcs sugisslvcs rihuîùis hclmekcîça tij susgltcha a lmtirissi hc gajumlhchi lmtirmcglamck i a massa ij pcrtlgukcr, pikaecgta hi ij tça pauga tijpa hi pcz i cpiscr has ljimsas a`stãgukas i kljltcîùis c qui elgausuoilta, a pcês tir ckgcmîcha mêvils sctlsect÷rlas hi hisijpimfa has sius prlmglpclslmhlgcharis igam÷jlgas.

A massa lmtirissi mc ixpkarcîça histi tijc primhi ‗ si ij scìr qui gamtrlùta tivi a RL@ mcrihuîça ha Êmhlgi hi Ucrlcîça ha Mêvik Nirck hi Rriîas ca kamna ha pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238.

Jitahakanlc Glimtêelgc

Rcrc a hisimvakvljimta histi trc`ckfa eal uscha a jìtaha jamanrãelga i a jìtahaqucmtltctlva.

C jitahakanlc uschc misti trc`ckfa gajpartc cs sinulmtis itcpcs?

▢ Pivlsça `l`klanrãelgc?

Pigakfc hi jctirlcls tcls gaja klvras, jamanrcelcs, àkitlms i rikct÷rlas igam÷jlgas, oarmcls,

rivlstcs, crtlnas.

▢ Pigakfc hi hchas flst÷rlgas rieirimtis c Lmekcîça i a RL@ hi Cmnakc?

Wikigglamãjas cs sinulmtis eamtis? @MC, JLMELM, JLMRKCM, LMI, @J, EJL i GILG.

▢ Rragiss cjimta has hchas a`tlhas?

Rcrc c cmãklsi igamajìtrlgc i a`timîça has risuktchas hc pisqulsc eal utlklzcha a pranrcjc hiIstctêstlgc L@J WRWW Wtctlstlgs 03.



>

Istruturc ha Xrc`ckfa

A massa trc`ckfa passul quctra (8) gcpêtukas i istã istruturcha hc sinulmti earjc?

A prljilra gcpêtuka cprisimtc as eumhcjimtas ti÷rlgas i prãtlgas has prlmglpcls jahikas itiarlcs hi grisgljimta i hi hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga `ij gaja hcs prlmglpcls tiarlcs hilmekcîça.

A sinumha gcpêtuka cmcklsc a grisgljimta hc igamajlc cmnakcmc ca kamna ha pirêaha icmcklsc c ivakuîça hc pcrtlglpcîça hi gchc sigtar mc earjcîça ha prahuta mcglamck.

A tirgilra gcpêtuka cmcklsc a gajpartcjimta hc lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha, cs sucs gcuscs ias ecgtaris qui istça mc `csi hc suc rihuîça.

Ma qucrta i ÿktlja gcpêtuka ecz ‗ si ujc cmãklsi igamajìtrlgc has hchas i c lmtirpritcîça has

risuktchas ha istuha ricklzcha.

Rar elj, cprisimtãjas cs gamgkusùis i cs rigajimhcîùis hirlvchcs hc massc pisqulsc.



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3. GCRÊXYKA ‗ EYMHCJIMXAW XI×PLGAW WA@PI A GPIWGLJIMXAIGAM×JLGA I C LMEKCÎÇA

3.3 ‗ Matc Lmtrahut÷rlc

Ctì 3<92 irc sustimtchc c lhilc, ljpastc par vãrlcs garrimtis aglhimtcls himtri ikcs asjamitcrlstcs, diymislcmas i gkãsslgas hi qui jclar grisgljimta cgcrritcvc jclar lmekcîça aqui cgc`c cpimcs par majlmcklzcr a grisgljimta, hivlha c ikivcîça ha ijprina, has sckãrlasi hc pragurc.

Gaj a surnljimta hi ujc mavc garrimti hi pimscjimta, gaj a aòigtlva hi cmcklscr agrisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça mas pcêsis kctlma ‗ cjirlgcmas, earcj imgamtrchasrisuktchas julta hleirimtis has ctì imtça ixlstimtis. Histc eiltc, a girmi hc quistça pcssau crislhlr imtça mcs hleirimtis gamhlîùis i gcrcgtirêstlgcs igam÷jlgcs i saglcls hi gchc pcês.

3.0 ‗ Gamgiltas Eumhcjimtcls

A aòigtlva prlmglpck hc cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc ì a hi prahuzlr ìms i sirvlîas ÿtils csctlsecîça hcs migisslhchis fujcmcs. A prljilra aòigtlva hc pakêtlgc igam÷jlgc ì agrisgljimta gamtêmua i sustimtcha ha prahuta, hi jaha qui a aòigtlva cgljc jimglamchasioc ielgczjimti ckgcmîcha.

Hielmi ‗ si grisglj imta igam÷jlga gaja cujimta gamtêmua ha mêvik nirck hi cgtlvlhchi

igam÷jlgc hi uj pcês ij cmas gamsigutlvas.

Rcrc jihlr a mêvik nirck hi cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc, a RL@, cpcrigi gaja a prlmglpck haslmhlgcharis utlklzchas pcrc a ieilta4 as autras sça a RM@, a RMK, i a RLK.

Misti trc`ckfa, mas hihlgcrijas c cmãklsi ha grisgljimta ha RL@ gaja jihlhc hagrisgljimta igam÷jlga.

A hisimvakvlj imta igam÷jlga ì a cujimta gamtêmua i sustimtcha ha prahuta qui ljpùij

ujc praeumhc juhcmîc mcs istruturcs igam÷jlgcs i saglcls ha pcês, gukjlmcmha gaj cjikfarlc hc qucklhchi hi vlhc hcs sucs papukcîùis i a pranrissa tìgmlga i saglck.

A RL @ ì c sajc has vckaris jamitãrlas hi tahas as ìms i sirvlîas elmcls prahuzlhas mujcigamajlc, muj hitirjlmcha pirêaha hi tijpa, qui ij nirck gajpriimhi uj cma.

C L mekcîça ì a pragissa pika quck agarrij cgrìsgljas sugisslvas has priîas hi tahcs gkcssishi ìms i sirvlîas hurcmti uj girta pirêaha hi tijpa.

A cujimta hi priîas hi hitirjlmchc gkcssi hi ìms au sirvlîas mça pahi sir imtimhlhc gajalmekcîça, jcs gaja uj gcmck hi trcmsjlssça, eumhcjimtckjimti si istcs gkcssis earij



<

hitirjlmcmtis pcrc a cujimta hi priîas hi autrcs gkcssis hi ìms i si tlvirij pisas rikctlvasikivchas mas arîcjimtas has cnimtis igam÷jlgas. A pragissa lmekcglamãrla istã rikcglamcha cuj pragissa gujukctlva, nimircklzcha i pirslstimti hi cujimta hi priîas.

Êmhlgi hi Rr iîas ì ujc jìhlc crltjìtlgc, niajìtrlgc au fcrj÷mlgc, qui riprisimtc a priîa

jìhla hi tahas as ìms pirtimgimtis c ujc hitirjlmchc gkcssi.

3.7 ‗ Xiarlcs hi Grisgljimta i hi Hisimvakvljimta Igam÷jlga

As jahikas hi grisgljimta gamsu`stcmglcj ‗ si ij tirjas jcls nircls c hucs tiarlcs,majichcjimti c tiarlc gkãsslgc ‗ `csichc ij Chcj Wjltf, amhi si istcìkigi ujc pkimcsu`stltulîça imtri as ecgtaris hi prahuîça (gcpltck i trc`ckfa) i c apiràmglc has jigcmlsjasha jirgcha, c qui a cutar gfcjau hi jça lmvlsêvik ‗ i c tiarlc diymislcmc ‗ qui hieimhi crlnlhiz has priîas rikctlvas ma gurta prcza i gaja tck c migisslhchi hc lmtirvimîça pÿ`klgc pcrc gamhuzlr c igamajlc ca iqulkê`rla i ca pkima ijprina has sius rigursas.

Misti trc`ckfa earcj cmcklschas as prlmglpcls jahikas i tiarlcs hi grisgljimta i hihisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga c scìr?

3.7.3 ‗ A Jahika hi Fcrrah ‗ Hajcr

Lmlglcha mas cmas 72 par Pay Fcrrah (3<7<) i gajpkijimtcha ujc hìgchc hipals par IvsiyHajcr (3<85), isti jahika ì arlnlmãrla hcs lhilcs diymislcmcs i eal a prljilra jahika

jahirma hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga.

A jahika pcrti hi cknums prissupastas pcrc ixpklgcr a pragissa hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga,majichcjimti?

▢ Mça fã su`stltulîça imtri as ecgtaris hi prahuîça (gcpltck i trc`ckfa) ma gurta prcza,

i par gamsinulmti, c rikcîça imtri prahuta i gcpltck ì gamstcmti, a qui ljpklgc qui as

gaielglimtis tìgmlgas sça elxas4

▢ As priîas rikctlvas sça rênlhas hi tck jaha qui mça ì passêvik ncrcmtlr a pkima

ijprina has ecgtaris hi prahuîça4

▢ A pranrissa tigmak÷nlga istã lmgarparcha ma gcpltck4

▢ A lmvistljimta ì c vcrlcîça ha stagd hi gcpltck . I a lmvistljimta ì sijpri

lnuck c paupcmîc4

C iqucîça prlmglpck ha jahika pcrti hc iqucîça hi Diymis. Hamhi?



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A kcha hc Aeirtc?

Lsakcmha , mc iqucîça? , simha qui , a`tìj-si .

Hirlvcmha a prahuta ij eumîça ha gcpltck, tijas?

C pcrtlr hcqul gfinc ‗ si c prljilrc gamgkusça ha jahika?A grisgljimta ha prahuta ìhlrigtcjimti praparglamck c cgujukcîça ha gcpltck (∅D).

A kcha hc pragurc?

Rar autra kcha, cssujlmha qui c paupcmîc ì ujc eumîça ha rimhljimta i qui tahc paupcmîc ìlmvistlhc, imtça?

Wu`stltulmha c 0ª mc 3ª iqucîça a`tijas?

.

Hlvlhlmha cj`as as jij`ras hc iqucîça par \, tijas?

Istc ì c iqucîça eumhcjimtck ha jahika hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga gamstruêha par

Fcrrah i Hajcr .Yj jahika julta sljpkis jcs qui gfinc c gamgkusùis julta ljpartcmtis, qui sça?

▢ C cgujukcîça hi gcpltck oanc uj pcpik higlslva ma pragissa hi grisgljimta i hi

hisimvakvljimta hc igamajlc, mc jihlhc ij qui, par uj kcha cujimtc c aeirtc cnrinchc,ctrcvìs ha cujimta ha stagd hi gcpltck i hc rikcîça gcpltck ‗ prahuta su`ocgimti i, par autrakcha ecz cujimtcr c pragurc cnrinchc ctrcvìs hc prapimsça jcrnlmck c paupcr4

▢ A lmvistljimta hivi sir sijpri grisgimti pcrc qui a prahuta grisîc i si cujimti ctcxc hi paupcmîc qui pirjlti jclar cgujukcîça hi gcpltck i par gamsinulmti jclar



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lmvistljimta ma pirêaha sinulmti. C tcxc hi grisgljimta ha prahuta hipimhi pasltlvcjimtihc prapimsça jcrnlmck c paupcr i ha rãgla gcpltck ‗ prahuta.

▢ A klvri eumglamcjimta hcs earîcs ha jirgcha mça ncrcmtij a iqulkê`rla cutajãtlga

hc igamajlc, migissltcmha sijpri hc lmtirvimîça ha istcha pcrc cssinurcr uj grisgljimta

igam÷jlga ij iqulkê`rla4

▢ Ixlsti cpimcs ujc i s÷ ujc ÿmlgc tcxc qui ncrcmti a grisgl jimta iqulkl`rcha hcigamajlc, parìj mchc ncrcmti qui issc tcxc sioc ckgcmîchc pikas cnimtis igam÷jlgas.

Cpiscr hc suc sljpklglhchi i hc gamtrl`ulîça qui isti jahika tivi mc c`arhcnij hagrisgljimta c kamna prcza, cknujcs grêtlgcs earcj hlrlnlhcs ca garpa ti÷rlga qui sustimtcvccs gamgkusùis ha jahika.

Grêtlgcs ca jahika?♥ A jahika gamslhirc a pranrissa tìgmlga lmgkuêha ma gcpltck, qucmha mc virhchi isti

mça istã4

♥ A jahika mça privï c hipriglcîça mij as rimhljimtas higrisgimtis c qui a gcpltckistã suoilta4

♥ A jahika gamslhirc qui a prlmglpck ecgtar hi grisgljimta hc igamajlc ì ccgujukcîça hi gcpltck, qucmha isti passul rimhljimtas higrisgimtis â jihlhc qui ì utlklzchama pragissa prahutlva4

♥ Minc c ixlstïmglc hc su`stltulîça imtri as ecgtaris hi prahuîça (gcpltck i trc`ckfa),qucmha istc ixlsti hi ecgta4

♥ Ma jahika hi Fcrrah i Hajcr c igamajlc cprisimtc uj iqulkê`rla lmstãvik hi tckearjc qui cpimcs ujc ÿmlgc tcxc ncrcmti a grisgljimta iqulkl`rcha. I si c igamajlc pirhi aiqulkê`rla mumgc vaktc c imgamtrcr issc trcoigt÷rlc. Ma kamna prcza c igamajlc gajpartc ‗ si

hi ujc earjc pirjcmimtijimti lmstãvik, riquirimha sijpri c lmtirvimîça ha istcha pcrcivltcr tcls hisiqulkê`rlas.

Cpiscr hi tir slha gamslhircha uj jahika eckfcha i hi ela hc mcvckfc, par mça prajavir agrisgljimta ma kamna prcza, a jahika hi Fcrrah ‗ Hajcr eal prljilra jahika c cprisimtcrhi earjc julta sljpkis i gkcrc as ecgtaris hitirjlmcmtis ha grisgljimta i c`rlu partcs pcrcjahikas jcls gajpkitas gcpczis hi ixpklgcr a grisgljimta hcs igamajlcs ma kamna prcza.



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3.7.0 ‗ A Jahika Ix÷nima hi Grisgljimta Igam÷jlga

@csicmha ‗ si mc tiarlc gkãsslgc i mas jahikas hi grisgljimta hi Chcj Wjltf ‗ qui hieimhlcc pireiltc ja`lklhchi has ecgtaris hi prahuîça i a cousti cutajãtlga hc igamajlc hivlha csearîcs ha jirgcha4 hi Xfajcs Jcktfus ‗ qui cssinurcvc c migisslhchi ha gamtraka hc

mctcklhchi i ha grisgljimta hc papukcîça i a pirlna qui istc riprisimtcvc pcrc a grisgljimtahcs igamajlcs4 i hi Oasipf Wgfujpitir ‗ qui rivakuglamau cs lhilcs ha grisgljimta `csichamc cgujukcîça ha gcpltck i histcgau a pcpik ha ijprisãrla gaja cnimti prlmglpck mc grlcîçahi lhilcs mavcs, a quck gfcjau hi lmavcîça i ha pranrissa tigmak÷nlga gaja earjc hincrcmtlr a grisgljimta c kamna prcza, Paìrt Wakaw earjukau a jcls jahirma i gajpkitajahika hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga ctì imtça hisimvakvlha, amhi tahcs cs quistùis kivcmtchcscgljc earcj gulhchascjimti trctchcs i lmgarparchcs.

A jahika hi Wakaw, hisimvakvlha ij 3<95, vila hcr rispastc ca jahika cprisimtcha parFcrrah i Hajcr, mcs hìgchcs hi 72 i 82 i pragurau hijamstrcr qui ujc igamajlc hijirgcha pahi grisgir ma kamna prcza hi earjc pirjcmimti, sustimtchc, gaj ujctrcoigt÷rlc hi iqulkê`rla rikctlvcjimti istãvik, sij qui fcoc c lmtirvimîça hlrigtc haistcha.

A jahika pcrti has pra`kijcs eumhcjimtcls hi quckquir cmãklsi hlmàjlgc?

♥ Ixlsti iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza1♥ I si ixlsti, issi iqulkê`rla ì istãvik au lmstãvik1

♥ Wi ixlstlr uj gfaqui, c igamajlc tirã gcpcglhchi hi vaktcr ca iqulkê`rla1

♥ A iqulkê`rla ì ÿmlga au jÿktlpka1

♥ A iqulkê`rla ì ÷ptlja ha pamta hi vlstc saglck1

Rcrc sustimtcr c suc tisi, Wakaw, istcìkigiu mc suc cmãklsi cknums prissupastas, c scìr?

▢C eumîça hi prahuîça cprisimtc rimhljimtas gamstcmtis â isgckc rikctlvcjimti ctahas as sius ecgtaris cgujukãvils ca kamna ha tijpa, qui sça gcpltck (D) i trc`ckfa jihlhaij tirjas hi ielglïmglc ( I≣KC ), simha (K) sirvlîas ha trc`ckfa i (C) a mêvik hagamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga.

▢ Ixlstij rimhljimtas jcrnlmcls higrisgimtis mc cgujukcîça hi gcpltck (D)4

▢ C earîc hi trc`ckfa (K) grisgi c ujc tcxc gamstcmti, pasltlvc i ix÷nimc (m)34

3Gaj isti prissupasta Wakaw, cssinurcvc qui c papukcîça grisgi c ujc tcxc mcturck gamstcmti ca kamna hatijpa. Isti prlmgêpla vila c sir ujc hcs prlmglpcls grêtlgcs ca siu jahika hi grisgljimta.



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▢ A gamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga (C) grisgi tcj`ìj c ujc tcxc gamstcmti, pasltlvc i

ix÷nimc. Wimha uj ìj pÿ`klga, imgamtrcmha ‗ si klvrijimti hlspamêvik ij tahc igamajlc iij taha a jumha4

▢ C tcxc hi paupcmîc ì gamstcmti, pasltlvc i ix÷nimc ( 2ˀsˀ3 )4

▢ As jirgchas hi ìms i sirvlîas i has ecgtaris prahutlvas eumglamcj ij

gamgarrïmglc pireiltc, lsta ì, mça ixlstij kugras ixtrcarhlmãrlas i c rijumircîça has ecgtarishi prahuîça sça lnucls cs sucs prahutlvlhchis jcrnlmcls.

Winumha Wakaw, c paupcmîc ì cutajctlgcjimti gcmcklzchc pcrc a lmvistljimta,lmhipimhimtijimti ha mêvik hi cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc, hi tck earjc qui, L≣W . Gaja c paupcmîc hipimhi ha rimhljimta , imtça , amhi ì c prapimsça jcrnlmck c

paupcr. Isgrivimha c iqucîça ij tirjas hi ielglïmglc tijas?

A stagd hi gcpltck eêslga hipimhi hi hucs earîcs? Ha lmvistljimta ̀ ruta i hc hipriglcîça

ha gcpltck

Csslj Wakaw cprisimtc cs iqucîùis eumhcjimtcls ha siu jahika?

Piprisimtc c eumîça hi prahuîça

Piprisimtc a lmvistljimta.

Piprisimtc c vcrlcîça ha gcpltck

Piprisimtc c vcrlcîça ha trc`ckfa

Piprisimtc c vcrlcîça ha gamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga

Pigamfigimha qui a lmvistljimta oancvc ljpartcmti pcpik mc cgujukcîça ha gcpltck i issi

ma stagd hi gcpltck, qui si trchuz ij lmvistljimta i grisgljimta, c nrcmhi priagupcîça hiWakaw irc scìr gaja a ‛ stagd ‚ hi gcpltck rispamhirlc âs vcrlcîùis ha gcpltck ij pirêahassugisslvas, tarmcmha ‗ a csslj muj jahika hlmàjlga. Gamgkulu imtça qui c prahuîça ijtirjas lmtimslvas ì ujc eumîça ha stagd hi gcpltck ij tirjas lmtimslvas, lsta ì?

Gaj`lmcmha tahcs cs iqucîùis ha jahika, Wakaw hirlvau imtça ciqucîça eumhcjimtck ha

siu jahika ?



38

Uioc a nrãelga qui si sinui?

Elnurc 3 ‗ Jahika hi Grisgljimta ha Kamna Rrcza

Eamti? Jcgraigamajlc ‗ Aklvilr @kcmgfcrh

Winumha a jahika, a iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza ì ckgcmîcha csslj qui si ctlmni a mêvik hi

gcpltck par umlhchi hi trc`ckfa ielglimti(D*) pcrc a quck a stagd hi gcpltck par umlhchi hitrc`ckfa ielglimti mça si cktirc.

Ij tirjas jctijãtlgas, lssa si hã lnuckcmha c iqucîça 3 c zira . Lsta ì?

Wimha D* a stagd hi gcpltck par umlhchi hi trc`ckfa ielglimti (d/m) qui mas hã a iqulkê`rla hikamna prcza ha slstijc istuhcha.

Rartcmta, ma iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza, a lmvistljimta, ij tirjas c`sakutas, sirvi cpimcs pcrc gajpimscr c hipriglcîça ha gcpltck ij tirjas c`sakutas i pcrc ripar a mêvik hi gcpltck par umlhchi hi trc`ckfa ielglimti.

Ixlsti ujc rinrc hi aura pcrc c cgujukcîça ha gcpltck, qui sinumha Wakaw gamslsti ijhitirjlmcr c tcxc hi paupcmîc (c qui hitirjlmc a mêvik hi lmvistljimta i a mêvik higamsuja) qui gamhuz c ujc sltucîça hi iqulkê`rla istcglamãrla ij qui a gamsuja pirgcpltck ì jãxlja . A mêvik jãxlja hi gamsuja qui as cnimtis igam÷jlgas pahij a`tir ma

kamna prcza ì hislnmcha parr inrc hi aur a hc cgu jukcîça hi gcpltck .

Gamgkusùis ha jahika?

◁ A iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza ixlsti i ì ÿmlga 4

◁A iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza sinumha a jahika ì istãvik, oã qui lmhipimhimtijimtiha pamta hi pcrtlhc c igamajlc gamvirni pcrc ujc trcoigt÷rlc hi grisgljimta iqulkl`rcha4

◁ C igamajlc gamvirni pcrc ujc trcoigt÷rlc hi grisgljimta iqulkl`rcha hi kamna

prcza, qui qucmha ckgcmîchc, gchc vcrlãvik grisgi c ujc tcxc gamstcmti.



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◁ Ma iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza, a prahuta i a gcpltck pir gcpltc grisgij cpimcs siixlstlr grisgljimta ma mêvik tigmak÷nlga4 lsta ì, si Rartcmta, c jikfarlc hcs gamhlîùis

jìhlcs hi vlhc hcs papukcîùis hipimhi lmtilrcjimti hc tcxc hi grisgljimta hc tigmakanlc4

◁ A grisgljimta igam÷jlga mça hipimhi hi quckquir earîc imh÷nimc, lsta ì, gaja c

tcxc hi grisgljimta hc prahuîça ì lnuck c , i istcs hucs vcrlãvils sça cssujlhcs gaja

ix÷nimcs, imtça a istcha pauga au mchc pahi eczir ma simtlha hi eajimtcr a grisgljimta makamna prcza4

◁ C rinrc haurchc hc cgujukcîça ha gcpltck ì pcssêvik hi sir ckgcmîchc. Ma imtcmta, ì

pauga pravãvik qui as cnimtis prlvchas hc igamajlc ctlmocj cutajctlgcjimti ujc tcxc hi paupcmîc gcpcz hi jcxljlzcr a gamsuja imtri vãrlas iqulkê`rlas hi kamna prcza passêvils.Rartcmta,istcha mça ceigtc c tcxc hi grisgljimta hi kamna prcza jcs pahi lmtirvlr hi earjc cjcxljlzcr a gamsuja mc igamajlc4

◁ Ma iqul kê`rla hi kamna prcza, as sckãrlas ricls grisgij â tcxc hi grisgljimta hagamfigljimta tigmak÷nlga, imqucmta c tcxc hi kugra rick pirjcmigi gamstcmti4

◁ Ma iqulkê`rla hi kamna prcza, c hlstrlùlîça ha rimhljimta imtri rijumircîça ha

gcpltck i ha trc`ckfa pirjcmigi gamstcmti4

◁ A jahika privï c ixlstïmglc hi gamvirnïmglc igam÷jlgc imtri as pcêsis pa`ris i as

pcêsis rlgas, i qucmha istc gamvirnïmglc istlvir gajpkitchc tahcs cs igamajlcs tirça ajisja mêvik hi gcpltck, prahuta i gamsuja ij tirjas lmtimslvas.

Grltlgcs ca jahika i c gamtrlùlîça hi Rcuk Pajir

Cpiscr hi tir slha a jcls gajpkita i jahirma jahika hi grisgljimta hisimvakvlha ctì âhctc, cknujcs grêtlgcs surnlrcj gamtrc a jahika hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga hi Paìrt Wakaw. Ma imtcmta, eal c pcrtlr histi qui si hisimvakviu a jahika hi grisgljimta imh÷nima, hamhiRcuk Pajir si elrjau gaja uj has plamilras, ca imhanimilzcr a jahika hi Wakaw.

Cs prlmglpcls grêtlgcs earcj?

♥ As jirgchas mij sijpri si imgamtrcj ij gamgarrïmglc pireiltc4

♥ Wi cs tcxcs hi paupcmîc i c earîc hi trc`ckfa mça sça umlearjis, partcmta cgamstàmglc ha siu grisgljimta mça ì virlelgãvik mc jclar pcrti hcs igamajlcs4 ujc viz qui a prahuta pahi vcrlcr hi cma pcrc cma, hivlha c hlvirsas ecgtaris imh÷nimas au ix÷nimas (mêvik prahuîça, gkljc igam÷jlga, gfaquis ixtirmas, itg.) i c papukcîça grisgir c cktirmchcs tcxcshi cma pcrc cma, lmekuimglchcs par mctcklhchi rihuzlhc au cgimtuchc, pikc ijlnrcîça au pikcljlnrcîça i pikc jartcklhchi. Rar autra kcha, a grisgljimta hc papukcîça mça ì mij hi kamni,



35

praparglamck ca grisgljimta hc earîc hi trc`ckfa ljùêhc ma pragissa prahutlva, gajahieimhi Wakaw. Rals si csslj eassi, mça fcvirlc hisijprina.0

♥ Cs hlstarîùis has tirjas hi tragc i cs su`jlssùis c qui as pcêsis pa`ris istçasuoiltas cas pcêsis rlgas, ij tirjas elmcmgilras i gajirglcls cgrisgij a nrcu hi hlelgukhchi

i/au pahij jisja cecstcr c passl`lklhchi hi gamvirnïmglc hcs igamajlcs4

♥ A jahika privï qui c tigmakanlc ì uj ìj klvri ma jumha i quckquir pcês pahlc tircgissa4 istc tiarlc eal riearjukchc parRcuk Pajir ca lmtirlarlzcr c tigmakanlc mcs igamajlcsgaja uj prahuta ha lmvistljimta ij cgtlvlhchis hi R&H hi gchc pcês4 Mij tahas pcêsistïj c passl`lklhchi hi hisimvakvi ‗ kc i par lssa tïj hi lmgarrir c ljpartcîça i supartcrgustas ikivchas. Isti pragissa cgc`c par ctrcscr clmhc jcls c gamvirnïmglc imtri csigamajlcs has pcêsis pa`ris i rlgas.

Isti cutar lmgkul c tigmakanlc mc eumîça hi prahuîça hisgrltc par Wakaw, cssinurcmha qui istiikljlmc as rimhljimtas higrisgimtis c isgckc ha gcpltck.

3.7.7 ‗ Xiarlc ha Hisimvakvljimta Iqulkl`rcha

A jahika hi hisimvakvljimta iqulkl`rcha eal hisimvakvlha par igamajlstcs ha @J i haEJL, himtri ikis tijas c histcgcr Fcms Wlmnir, Rcuk Pasimstilm ‗ Pahcm, Pcnmcr Mursdi,Nummcr Jyrhck, Crtfur Kiwls, N. Gaklm Gkcrd, ^.^.Pastaw, Ckìrt Flrsfjcm i autras, c

jclarlc nrcvltcvc ij tarma ha Hipcrtcjimta Igam÷jlga i Waglck hc AMY, guoa aòigtlva ircistuhcr i hiklmicr cs gamhlîùis pcrc a grisgljimta hcs igamajlcs ctrcschcs, vlsta qui tahasjahikas i tiarlcs ctì imtça hisimvakvlhas mça tlmfcj slha ielgczis mas pcêsis pirleìrlgas.

C tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta mça si priagupau ij ikcàrcr i cprisimtcr jahikas ti÷rlgas aujuktlpklgcr eumîùis hi prahuîça, jcs ij grlcr lmstrujimtas hi lmtirvimîça gcpczis hiistljukcr c prahuîça i c prahutlvlhchi mas pcêsis ctrcschas.

Mça simha praprlcjimti ujc tiarlc hi grisgljimta jcs slj hi hisimvakvljimta, hlstcmglcvc ‗ si hc prljilrc par qucmta ikc mça ùsgcvc a iqulkê`rla nirck, jcs gajpriimhir gajajirgchas lmglplimtis i histltuêhas hcs earîcs hlmàjlgcs qui nircj cs pr÷prlcs kils hcsigamajlcs gcpltcklstcs (kils hc aeirtc i hc pragurc) puhissij c`sarvir lmvistljimtas, passl`lkltcr c grlcîça hi rimhljimta i vlc`lklzcr a pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta hissis pcêsis.

C `csi ti÷rlgc hc tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta surnlu mcs prljilrcs hìgchcs ha sìguka VV, gajas igamajlstcs Oasipf Wgfujpitir i Ckkym \aumn.

0A jahika hi Wakaw mça si cpklgc âs igamajlcs su`hisimvakvlhcs, ujc viz qui chjlti prissupasta cpimcsvirlelgãvils mas pcêsis lmhustrlcklzchas gaja ixlstïmglc ha pkima ijprina ha ecgtar trc`ckfa.



3>

Oasipf Wgfujpitir earmigirc as cklgirgis hc tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta, gaj sucs amhcs hilmvistljimta c ctrapikcr lmgisscmtijimti cs gamhlîùis hi iqulkê`rla. Mc suc a`rc C Xiarlc haHisimvakvljimta Igam÷jlga (3<92), Wgfujpitir hieimhi qui a gcpltcklsja mça ì ujslstijc istãtlga cgajahcha ij tarma ha iqulkê`rla grlcha i hieimhlha pikas gkãsslgas

(^ckrcs, Chcj Wjltf i autras), jcs uj slstijc hlmàjlga, gaj ujc vcstc amhc hi lmavcîùistigmak÷nlgcs, gaj gaj`lmcîùis cktirmctlvcs hi ecgtaris hi prahuîça, scktas hi prahutlvlhchi imavas prahutas qui nircj ecsis hi ixpcmsça i hi gamtrcgîça hc cgtlvlhchi igam÷jlgc.

Csslj a cpcrigljimta hi ujc amhc hi lmvistljimtas gaj mavcs gcrcgtirêstlgcs (lmavcîùis)muj gamoumta hi lmhÿstrlcs risuktcrlc muj nrcmhi grisgljimta hi ìms hi gamsuja i mcikivcîça ha rimhljimta rick. Ma imtcmta, c nrcmhi quistça hi Wgfujpitir irc hi scìr gajaisscs amhcs hi lmavcîùis sirlcj prahuzlhcs mas pcêsis ctrcschas.

Ckkym \aumn ritajcmha a gamgilta hi prahutlvlhchi, ij siu crtlna hi 3<06, ‛ Lmgricslmn

Piturms cmh Igamajlg Rranriss‚ , csslmckau qui ikc ì ljpartcmti parqui oanc hupka pcpik mcigamajlc. Au sioc, si par uj kcha c prahutlvlhchi ceigtc eartijimti c aeirtc ma simtlha hicjpklc ‗ kc, par autra, ikc ceigtc slnmlelgctlvcjimti c pragurc ma simtlha hi ixpcmhl ‗ kc4qucmta jclar c prahutlvlhchi jclar a sckãrla i, gaja tck, jclar a pahir hi gajprc hasgamsujlharis, a qui ecz cujimtcr c pragurc lmhlvlhuck i hi jirgcha.

Famn hijamstrau qui scktas hi prahutlvlhchi gamhuzij c rimhljimtas grisgimtis, prlmglpckjimti c pcrtlr hi igamajlcs ixtirmcs, hcs qucls si ìmielglcrlcj as mavaslmvistljimtas prahutlvas. Csslj, a cutar gamtrcrlcvc eramtckjimti c kil gkãsslgc hasrimhljimtas higrisgimtis.

Issis cutaris cgc`cvcj imtça hi kcmîcr cs `csis pcrc a surnljimta hc tiarlc hahisimvakvljimta.

Pasimstilm - Pahcm pcrtlc hc gamstctcîça hi qui fcvlc uj ixgissa hi jça ‗ hi ‗

a`rc gamgimtrchc mcs cgtlvlhchis prljãrlcs, ij pcrtlgukcr mc cnrlgukturc hissis pcêsis, qui as kivcvc c uj hisijprina gcjuekcha, qui ljpklgcvc aglaslhchi hi

rigursas, `clxc prahutlvlhchi, jirgcha ristrlta i jahistcs passl`lklhchis hi

grisgljimta.

Gaja sakuîça, istis cutaris lmhlgcj a surnljimta i hisimvakvljimta hc lmhÿstrlc,

pcrc qui a ixgissa hi jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc imgamtrchc ma sigtar cnrêgakc, sioc trcmseirlha

pcrc a sigtar lmhustrlck hivlha cs migisslhchis ha pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça4

Gaja gamsiquïmglc, a cujimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc, ha rimhljimta pir gcpltc , agamsuja cgc`crlcj par cujimtcr a prahuta i a ijprina i ckcrncr a jirgcha.



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Rcrc qui si kivi cgcà a pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça Pasimstilm ‗ Pahcm

cprisimtcj hals jahikas?

◁ Hi Lmhustrlcklzcîça cutãrqulgc , qui `csilc ‗ si cpimcs mc paupcmîc

lmtirmc, i cpastc mc prahuîça hi ìms kivis, hi prljilrc migisslhchi, mujc

igamajlc eigfchc hamhi a gamsuja hc papukcîça ì gkcrcjimti eirlhc (istrctìnlc hi

su`stltulîça hi ljpartcîùis)4

◁ Hi Lmhustrlcklzcîça cìrtc , `csicha mcs eamtis hi paupcmîc lmtirmcs i

ixtirmcs, aptcmha mc prahuîça hi ìms hi trc`ckfa lmtimslvas, ìmielglcmha hc HLX i

gajpitlmha mas jirgchas lmtirmcglamcls (istrctìnlc hi prajaîça hcs ixpartcîùis).

Pcuk Rri`lsf pcrtlu has jisjas prlmgêplas hi Pasimstilm i Pahcm, ma siu ecjasa

crtlna pu`klgcha ij 3<8<. Gamgarhc ij ixlstlr uj ixgissa hi jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc mc

prahuîça prljãrlc au sioc, mc cnrlgukturc. Ma imtcmta, hieimhi qui isti ixgissa hi

jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc pahi sir trcmseirlhc pcrc c lmhÿstrlc pika cujimta hc iel glïmgl c ha

tr c`ck fa cnrêgakc 4 lsta ì, jikfarcr as jìtahas i jilas hi trc`ckfa i ljpkijimtcr

mikc as jcls cktas pchrùis hi tigmakanlc. W÷ csslj, si pahirã hatcr uj taha sigtar

plamilra qui, par lmhuîça, hcrã kuncr ca surnljimta hi autrcs cgtlvlhchis ‗ c

lmhustrlcklzcîça ‗ qui cgc`crã par ìmielglcr ha cvcmîa tìgmlga mc cnrlgukturc i hc

klìrtcîça hc jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc, autrarc gcjuekchc, qui girtcjimti mça si c`stir ‗ si

- ã hcs mavcs apartumlhchis hi ijprina.

Crtfur Kiwls hieimhlc qui a hisijprina istruturck ì imarji mas pcêsis

su`hisimvakvlhas i fã mikis julta hisijprincj hlsecrîcha, mça s÷ mc cnrlgukturc,

jcs tcj`ìj mautras rcjas hi cgtlvlhchi (as ijprinchas hajìstlgas, as

gcrrincharis has partas, as hi jirgcharlcs, vimhiharis cjùkcmtis, itg.). Ixlsti

ujc aeirtc lkljltchc hi jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc a qui ecz gaj qui as sckãrlas siocj

elxchas c uj mêvik hi su`slstïmglc, qui ì cpimcs utlklzchc ma gamsuja4 i mchc ristc

pcrc c paupcmîc, simha istc cssinurchc cpimcs pikcs gkcssis saglcls jcls cktcs.

A `clxa sckãrla praplglc `clxa grisgljimta hc pragurc hi ìms i sirvlîas. Kana,

jikfaris sckãrlas sirvlrlcj pcrc hiskagcr c jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc hissis sigtaris pcrc a

sigtar lmhustrlck.

Rcrc si uktrcpcsscr tahc issc tilc hi su`hisimvakvljimta, Kiwls prapùij imtça uj

jahika hi hisimvakvljimta gimtrcha mc l jpkijimtcîça hi ujc pcm÷pklc hi

lmhÿstr lcs gamgctimchcs i gajpk ijimtcr is hi tck jaha qui ujcs ijpr iscs siocjgamsujlhar is has prahutas hcs autrcs i vlgi ‗ virsc , nircmha csslj uj gamoumta



3<

hi ieiltas ixtirmas pasltlvas i slmirnlcs migissãrlcs pcrc a grisgljimta i

jcmutimîça hcs jisjcs.

C tisi ha nrcmhi ljpuksa

Yjc hcs nrcmhis gamtrlùlîùis hi Pasimstilm - Pahcm pcrc c tiarlc hi

hisimvakvljimta eal c lmtrahuîça ha gamgilta hi ‛ `ln pusf ‚ .

Xahc igamajlc ctrcschc priglsc hi uj nrcmhi sckta pcrc ckgcmîcr a

hisimvakvljimta. I isti sckta s÷ pahi sir ck gcm îcha gaj c l jpkijimtcîça hi

nrcmhis ijpr iscs au pcrqu is lmhu str lcls .

Rcrc qui tck agarrc ì migissãrla qui fcoc gamhlîùis jêmljcs pcrc qui issis nrcmhis

lmvistljimtas timfcj kuncr, c scìr?

♥ Yj vakuji hi rigursas qui vlc`lklzi c ljpkijimtcîça hi nrcmhis ijpriscs4

♥ Yjc jcssc hi rigursas qui vlc`lklzi as lmvistljimtas ij vãrlas sigtaris, ij

sljuktàmia, hi jaha qui fcoc ujc pragurc lmtirsigtarlck earti4

♥ I uj jirgcha suelglimtijimti nrcmhi pcrc c`sakvir as ìms i sirvlîas qui sirça

prahuzlhas.

Fcvimha gkcrcjimti ecktc hi gamhlîùis qui ncrcmtcj c ljpkijimtcîça hcs nrcmhis

ijpriscs qui sça, par marjc ctrcêhcs par ikivchcs tcxcs hi kugrctlvlhchi, ì migissãrla quifcoc ujc jcssc hi lmvistljimtas ij lmerc ‗ istruturcs, slhirurnlc, pitraquêjlgc,

tikigajumlgcîùis, imirnlc, ãnucs ijpriscs qui pahirlcj ctì apircr gaj gcpcglhchi

aglasc mc ecsi lmlglck i qui ùsgcssij tcxcs hi kugras `clxcs (kugra saglck), qucmha mça

priouêzas, pcrc vlc`lklzcr a surnljimta hi mavas lmvistljimtas gaj cktcs tcxcs hi

kugrctlvlhchi, ujc viz qui as lmsujas kfis sirça earmiglhas c gustas `clxas, hamhi cs

igamajlcs ixtirmcs i hi isgckc sirlcj risuktchas gkcras ha pragissa.

Pasimstilm ‗ Pahcm gamslhirc a istcha gaja c ÿmlgc lmstltulîça gcpcz hi ricklzcr tclslmvistljimtas. A istcha tarmc ‗ si csslj ma nrcmhi jatar ha grisgljimta, mc ecsi lmlglck

hc lmhustrlcklzcîça i ha hisimvakvljimta ha pcês.

Pcnmcr Mursdi mc suc jcls gamfiglhc a`rc ‖‖Rra`kijcs hc Earjcîça hi Gcpltcls mas

Rcêsis Wu`hisimvakvlhas (3<93) ““ Pcnmcr Mursdi, ecz ujc sÿjukc hcs lhilcs hi

Wgfujpitir, \aumn i Pasimstil ‗ Pahcm ikcàrcmha uj jahika hi grisgljimta

igam÷jlga pcrc cs igamajlcs ctrcschcs.

Rcrc Mursdi, as pcêsis ctrcschas tïj hals nrcmhis pra`kijcs qui sça? C ecktc hi gcpltck

i c piquimc hl jimsça ha jirgcha . Cpamtc imtça hucs vlcs pcrc si sclr ha



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su`hisimvakvljimta? Yjc prljilrc gimtrchc mc cjpklcîça hc paupcmîc lmtirmc i

pimcklzcîça hc papukcîça, pikc gamtrcgîça ha gamsuja i autrc, gimtrchc mc

cìrturc hc igamajlc i gcptcîça hi paupcmîcs ixtirmcs .

As pcêsis ctrcschas imgamtrcj ‗ si jirnukfchas muj glgka vlglasa hi pa`rizc i hi

istcnmcîça. Winumha Mursdi mistis pcêsis as lmvistljimtas ircj rihuzlhas i hi

piquima parti pals istcvc gamhlglamcha c ixlstïmglc hi rigursas i c ercgc patimglcklhchi

ha jirgcha, qui nircvcj `clxc prahuîça hivlha cas `clxas mêvils hi prahutlvlhchi,

gcuschas pikc cusïmglc hi gcpltck mc prahuîça, i par vlc hlssa `clxa rimhljimta, qui irc

jclarltcrlcjimti cpklgcha ma gamsuja, ristcmha pauga au qucsi mchc pcrc c paupcmîc.

C ercgc paupcmîc par suc viz si trchuzlc ij ercgas lmvistljimtas i a ercga lmvistljimta

ij `clxa rimhljimta. Isti glgka elgau gamfiglha gaja glgka hi istcnmcîça hcs

igamajlcs su`hisimvakvlhcs . Hamhi cpamtau gaja prlmglpck pra`kijc has pcêsissu`hisimvakvlhas c eck tc hi paupcmîc lmtirmc pcrc imnimhrcr uj jclar mÿjira hi

lmvistljimtas . Issc ercgc paupcmîc rislhlc ma ecgta hcs papukcîùis hissis pcêsis tirij

uj mêvik hi gamsuja julta ikivcha, gaja gamsiquïmglc hc ljltcîça has fã`ltas hi

papukcîùis has pcêsis jcls cvcmîchas (ieilta hijamstrcîça hi Husijìrry, pu`klgcha

ma siu crtlna hi 3<8<), a qui ecz gaj qui fcoc ujc `clxc prapimsça c paupcr i ujc

ikivchc prapimsça c gamsujlr.

Xck gaja Pasimstilm ‗ Pahcm, Mursdi prapùi uj gamoumta hi mavas lmvistljimtas ij

lmhÿstrlcs hlvirslelgchcs qui lmtircnij hi tck jaha qui ujcs gamstltucj jirgcha pcrc

cs autrcs, ncrcmtlmha c kugrctlvlhchi hi tahas i cpamtc a istcha ijpriimhihar gaja a

ÿmlga prajatar gcpcz hi hisimgchicr isti pragissa.

Ij gamgkusça c tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta iqulkl`rcha mcs sucs jcls vcrlchcs virsùis,

ùsgau hisgrivir as gcjlmfas qui ujc igamajlc su`hisimvakvlhc hivlc tajcr pcrc

uktrcpcsscr as gamstrcmnljimtas istruturcls, gcptcr paupcmîcs i nircr ujc amhc hi mavas

lmvistljimtas, gcpczis hi cujimtcr a ijprina, a ckcrncjimta ha jirgcha, a gamsuja i

nircr hisimvakvljimta hi jaha qui si vimgissi a glgka hc istcnmcîça c qui ikcs

istcvcj cgamhlglamchcs.

A jahika hi hisimvakvljimta iqulkl`rcha eal cjpkcjimti utlklzcha Crnìklc, Crnimtlmc,

Jìxlga, Rcrcnucl, Gflki i autras pcêsis hc Cjìrlgc kctlmc i gaj cknuj sugissa ij,

ispiglck pcrc a @rcslk, qui hiu csslj lmêgla ca siu pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça. Gaj a

grisgljimta hcs igamajlcs hissis pcêsis irc migissãrlc ujc mavc `csi hi sustimtcîça

ti÷rlgc qui ncrcmtlssi c gamtlmulhchi ha pragissa hi grisgljimta hisscs igamajlcs i cs

chcptcssi âs mavcs ixlnïmglcs huj jumha gchc viz jcls nka`cklzcha i



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tigmakanlgcjimti cvcmîcha. Ma imtcmta, issis ti÷rlgas elgcrcj sujlhas ma tijpa i mça

trauxircj as su`sêhlas mavas qui ikc migissltcvc par lssa, c tiarlc ha hisimvakvljimta

elgau vimglhc.

3.7.8 ‗ Jahika Imh÷nima hi Grisgljimta Igam÷jlga

Cs prljilrcs lmvistlncîùis ha ieilta hc ihugcîça sa`ri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga lmlglcrcj ‗ si ieigtlvcjimti mas cmas 52 gaj cs pu`klgcîùis hi Wgfuktz (3<57), sa`ri a vckar igam÷jlgahc ihugcîça i @igdir (3<58) gaj c tiarlc ha gcpltck fujcma. Cs hleirimîcs a`sirvchcs magrisgljimta hcs igamajlcs i c c`sarîça ieigtlvc hi ecgtaris hi prahuîça tïj c sucixpklgcîça ctrlùêhc âs jikfarlcs ma ecgtar trc`ckfa qui ikivcj suc gcpcglhchi prahutlvc inircj cujimtas hi prahutlvlhchi, as qucls si riekigtij, ij ÿktljc lmstàmglc ij cujimtas hi ìj ‗ istcr hc papukcîça. Hishi imtça a gamgilta hi gcpltck fujcma pcssau c sir lmgarparcha

mc kltircturc ha grisgljimta lmlglchc par Wakaw (3<9>). Yjc qucmtlhchi slnmlelgctlvc hiistuhas i crtlnas tïj slha ikcàrchas mcs ÿktljcs hìgchcs gaj c elmcklhchi hi qucmtlelgcr cgamtrlùlîça has lmvistljimtas ij gcpltck fujcma pcrc a grisgljimta hc prahutlvlhchi hasecgtaris i csslj, ha grisgljimta igam÷jlga.

C tiarlc ha gcpltck fujcma ì c jcls rigimti hcs tiarlcs hi hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga. Astrc`ckfas rieirimtis c lmtrahuîça ha gcpltck fujcma earcj eartijimti imectlzchas par Pajir(3<65), qui lmtrahuzlu ujc mavc earjc hi gamgiìr a grisgljimta hi kamna prcza hcsigamajlcs ctrcvìs ha jahika lmlglck hi Wakaw, mcquiki qui elgau gamfiglha gaja jahikaimh÷nima hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga. Paìrt Kugcs (3<66) lmsplrcha mc tiarlc hi Ncry @igdir(3<58) lmtrahuzlu uj gamoumta hi jahlelgcîùis mas prissupastas `ãslgas ha jahika hiWakaw, ljpukslamcmha csslj uj mava pcrchlnjc ij jctìrlc hi jahikas hi grisgljimtaigam÷jlga.

C lhilc prlmglpck gimtrchc mas jahikas hi grisgljimta imh÷nima risuktc hcmigisslhchi hcsupircîça has rimhljimtas higrisgimtis ma pragissa hi prahuîça . Sui pahij agarrir hihucs jcmilrcs?

◁ C mêvik hc igamajlc cnrinchc, ij ecgi hcs ixtirmcklhchis nirchcs pikc cgtucîça hcs

elrjcs lmhlvlhuckjimti qui kivcrlcj c nircîça hi rimhljimtas grisgimtis ij tirjas hiigamajlc cnrinchc (Pajir - 3<65)4

◁ I pikc nircîça hi ixtirmcklhchis qui kivcrlcj c rimhljimtas grisgimtis mc eumîçahi prahuîça cnrinchc (Kugcs ‗ 3<66), cktircmha csslj, as risuktchas ha jahika miagkãsslga

hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga.



00

Winumha istuhas sa`ri a pchrça hi ihugcîça mas hleirimtis pcêsis par @crra i Kii (3<<7,3<<5 i 0222) i cs istljctlvcs sa`ri as ritarmas hc ihugcîça hi Rscgfcrapaukas (3<<8 i3<<9), tij pirjltlha jahas cktirmctlvas hi jahikcnij ha gcpltck fujcma ma pragissa higrisgljimta hi hisimvakvljimta.

As risuktchas cpamtcj qui a mÿjira jìhla hi cmas hi isgakcrlhchi, gamearji cs hleirimtisjihlhcs chaptchcs, cprisimtcj ‗ si eartijimti garrikcglamchcs gaj cs tcxcs hi prahutlvlhchi. Rar autra kcha, istuha sa`ri c gamtc`lklhchi ha grisgljimta cpamtc pcrc ujcnrcmhi gamtrlùlîça ha gcpltck fujcma ma grisgljimta hc prahutlvlhchi au gaja ecgtarhitirjlmcmti hcs hleirimîcs mas mêvils hi prahutlvlhchi imtri as pcêsis.

3.7.9 ‗ Xiarlc ha Hisimvakvljimta Wustimtãvik

A grisgljimta hcs gamstcmtis cnrissùis ca jila cj`limti hivlha c erimìtlgc vikaglhchi hclmhustrlcklzcîça i ha grisgljimta hcs igamajlcs jumhlcls nirau ujc mavc garrimti hi pimscjimta, qui prapùi c cktircîça has pchrùis hi gamstltulîça hc rlquizc hcs mcîùis i c priagupcîça qui istis hivij tir gaj a jila cj`limti. Istc garrimti elgau gamfiglhc parigamajlstcs igak÷nlgas, qui eiz surnlr mc ispiglcklhchi a tirja igahisimvakvljimta auhisimvakvljimta sustimtãvik ma lmêgla hc hìgchc hi >2, gaj a aòigtlva hi istcìkigir askljltis sa`ri as jahikas i vakujis hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga erimti â migisslhchi hi prisirvcîça ha jila cj`limti.

As igamajlstcs igak÷nlgas (Jcrlkimi Wcmtas, Ihwcrh A. ^lksam, Oasì Ulinc, IhucrhaIfkirs) hieimhij c igamajlc igak÷nlgc gaja pcrti hi uj slstijc julta jclar, amhi asrigursas mcturcls sça gajpkijimtas has hijcls ecgtaris hi prahuîça ixlstimtis i qui hivcjsir rcglamckjimti utlklzchas hcha c suc gamhlîça hi isnatcjimta i/au hi isgcssiz.

Ij 3<<0, ma @rcslk, eal ricklzchc c prljilrc Gameirïmglc hcs Mcîùis Ymlhcs sa`ri a JilaCj`limti i Hisimvakvljimta, qui elgau gamfiglhc par Pla <0 au Iga <0. A pranrcjc

cpravcha, Cnimhc 03, eal c earjc hlrigtc qui c AMY utlklzau pcrc ericr c hinrchcîça ha jilacj`limti c isgckc jumhlck. A aòigtlva prlmglpck hc Cnimhc 03 ì c prisirvcîça ha jilacj`limti, gamslhircmha qui a cnimti prlmglpck hissi gimãrla ‗ a fajij ‗ ì par mcturizc anrcmhi histrulhar, quir par lmtirissis igam÷jlgas quir par pratigîça c sl pr÷prla i c siunrupa.

Wajimti ij 3<<0 gaj c cpravcîça ha tixta sa`ri cs juhcmîcs gkljãtlgcs, pcssau ‗ si chlsgutlr as cgirtas i rispamsc`lklhchis pcrc as jclaris pakulharis jumhlcls.

Mc gamvimîça hi Sulata, ma Ocpça elgcrcj istcìkiglhcs cs pakêtlgcs i jihlhcs ljpihltlvcsha grisgljimta ha mêvik lmtirmcglamck hi pakulîça ctjaseìrlgc, kljltcmha c qucmtlhchi hi



07

c sir klìrtchc par gchc pcês passulhar. A Rratagaka hi Sulata pcssau tcj`ìj c pirjltlr qui pcrti ha c`ctljimta has ieiltas pirmlglasas has ncsis gaj ieilta istuec, passcj sir ricklzchcsij autras pcêsis, hishi qui trcmseirlhas pcrc istis rigursas jamitãrlas i tigmakanlcs kljpcs.

As girtlelgchas hi qucklhchi has ìms i sirvlîas sça tcj`ìj risuktchas ha mava gamgilta hi

hisimvakvljimta hamhi c celrjcîça hi uj mava pchrça hi gamsujlharis i hi gamsujagkcrcjimti jcls ixlnimti i gamsirvchar ha jila cj`limti, passl`lkltcmha c hlspaml`lklzcîçahas gfcjchas sikas virhis hi qucklhchi (girtlelgcîça hi qucklhchi - LWA) i arlnij has ìms.

As gustas cj`limtcls sça lrripcrãvils i prajavij jahlelgcîùis hlrigtcs i lmhlrigtcs mcscÿhi, sinurcmîc i ìj ‗ istcr hcs papukcîùis prisimtis i euturcs, ìj gaja lmtireirij mcscgtlvlhchis saglcls igam÷jlgcs, sij gamtcr gaj as risuktchas istìtlgas i scmltãrlas ha jilacj`limti i c qucklhchi has rigursas ristcmtis, elgcmha hissc earjc hleêglk cvcklcr,

ispiglelgcjimti as ìmieêglas ij rikcîça cas gustas saglcls.

Ij risuja a hisimvakvljimta sustimtãvik ì cquiki qui si hã mc `csi hc rcglamcklhchi hasrigursas i mc sustimtc`lklhchi ha pr÷prla pragissa hi grisgljimta sij hilxcr kinchas hihêvlhcs lmsustimtãvils âs nircîùis vlmhaurcs, jcs pika gamtrãrla, cs gamhlîùis pcrc ujcjikfar qucklhchi hi vlhc.

3.8 ‗ Istrctìnlcs hi Hisimvakvljimta Igam÷jlga

Xrczijas pcrc istc sigîça cs prlmglpcls istrctìnlcs chaptchcs pikas pcêsis faoilmhustrlcklzchas i qui gamtlmucj c sir chaptchcs par hlvirsas pcêsis pcrc hcrij crrcmqui ca pragissa hi grisgljimta sustimtcha i rihuîça hc hipimhïmglc ixtirmc.

Misti pcrtlgukcr cprisimtcjas trïs istrctìnlcs jcls utlklzchcs pikcs igamajlcs i c passl`lklhchi hi cpklgcîça ma gcsa hajìstlga.

3.8.3 ‗ Istrctìnlc hi Wu`stltulîça hcs Ljpartcîùis

Ij tirjas nircls isti jahika vlsc c su`stltulîça has ìms ljpartchas par jila hi ujcixpcmsça i jikfarlc slnmlelgctlvc ha cpcrikfa prahutlva lmtirma i gamsiquimti ckcrncjimtaha jirgcha mcglamck.

As lmvistljimtas sinuij ujc trcoigt÷rlc hi ouscmti pcrc jamtcmti, passl`lkltcmha crigupircîça ha tiglha prahutlva ixlstimti, pcrtlmha hc prahuîça ij jcssc hi ìms higamsuja garrimti, pcsscmha hipals pcrc as hurchauras i ij ÿktljc lmstàmglc as ìms hilmhÿstrlc pischc.



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Imvakvi a sigtar cnra ‗ ckljimtcr i c lmhÿstrlc klnilrc. Majichcjimti c cnrlgukturc ecjlklcr iijpriscrlck, lmhustrlc ckljimtcr, hi ì`lhcs, tïxtils, vistuãrla i gckîchas, pcpik i hirlvchas, pkãstlgas, jchilrc i hirlvchas, jlmircls mça jitãklgas i c lmhÿstrlc hi gamstruîça.

A sugissa histc istrctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta rislhi mcs lmÿjircs `crrilrcs tcrleãrlcs i

chucmilrcs c ljpar cas prahutas ljpartchas, mc grlcîça hi gamhlîùis qui ecvariîcj c aeirtc(rijaîça has a`stãgukas istruturcls), mas lmgimtlvas ca lmvistljimta prlvcha i mc grlcîça higamhlîùis qui istljukij uj cujimta hc pragurc i a gamsiquimti ckcrncjimta ha jirgchalmtirma7.

Cs kljltcîùis cpamtchcs c issi tlpa hi jahika sça?

♥ Ercgc hljimsça ha jirgcha i hìelgi hc pragurc cnrinchc4

♥ Hlstarîùis higarrimtis ha cnrcvcjimta hcs tcxcs chucmilrcs4♥ Isgcssiz hi hlvlscs qui kivc c hipriglcîça hc jaihc mcglamck, higarrimti ha

cujimta hc pragurc hi hlvlscs pcrc eczir ecgi cs migisslhchis hi ljpartcîça hi ìms4

♥ Ercquizc cgtuck ha sigtar cnrêgakc, qui si cssuji gaja a sigtar hc nìmisi hc prahuîça lmtirmc i hisimvakvljimta hcs lmhÿstrlcs gfcvis pcrc kivcr c gcà a jahika4

♥ Ikivchc hipimhïmglc ixtirmc mc sinumhc i tirgilrc ecsis ha jahika hihisimvakvljimta hi su`stltulîça hcs ljpartcîùis4

Imtri as pcêsis qui utlklzcrcj isti jahika hisimvakvljimta, pahijas gltcr c jclarlc has pcêsis hc Iurapc gimtrck i ha marti, hc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc gaja @rcslk, Crnimtlmc i Gflki, asIYC, itg.

3.8.0 ‗ Istrctìnlc hi Rrajaîça hcs Ixpartcîùis

A jahika hi prajaîça hcs ixpartcîùis ì cpamtcha gaja simha simça a jahika jclscpraprlcha pcrc as pcêsis cerlgcmas, sinumha cs lmstltulîùis hi @rittam âahs .

C lhilc suòcgimti c isti jahika hi hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga rislhi muj nrcmhi vakujihi ljpartcîça hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs, mc utlklzcîça hi mavcs tigmakanlcs pcrc utlklzcîça mc prahuîça vlscmha prljarhlckjimti ctlmnlr a jirgcha lmtirmcglamck, c klìrcklzcîça hcigamajlc i mcs pakêtlgcs elsgcls hi lmgimtlvas ca lmvistljimta prlvcha.

As lmvistljimtas sinuij c jisjc trcoigt÷rlc qui ma jahika cmtirlar, hi ouscmti â jamtcmti,i passul c prlmglpck vcmtcnij hi eajimtcr a ijprina ritlrcmha a ixgissa hc jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rcljùêhc ma sigtar cnrêgakc (jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc aglasc)

7Ij Cmnakc par ixijpka, isscs gamhlîùis pcsscj par ujc jikfarlc hcs pakêtlgcs saglcls `csichcs ma cujimtaha sckãrla jêmlja mcglamck, su`sêhla hi hisijprina, sinurcmîc saglck i autras.



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A jahika cprisimtc cs sinulmtis kljltcîùis?

◁ Ercquizc ha sigtar cnrêgakc ‗ hamhi c gcpcglhchi hi nircîça hilmputs pcrc a sigtarlmhustrlck4

◁ Ecktc hi ixpirlïmglc lmhustrlck ‗ pikc ercgc lmhustrlcklzcîça ha pcês i `clxa mêvik hitigmakanlc4

◁ Mça ctrcgîça ha lmvistljimta ixtirma, par uj kcha hit irjlmcha pika `clxa mêvik hihisimvakvljimta tigmak÷nlga, par autra pikc ercgc hljimsça ha jirgcha i pakêtlgcsigam÷jlgcs ristrltlvcs4

◁ Hlelgukhchi hi pimitrcîça has prahutas mcglamcls mas pcêsis rlgas (iurapius i

cjirlgcmas) ‗ misti pcrtlgukcr tijas c gamslhircr a pratigglamlsja hisscs igamajlcs ij

rigiìr prahutas trcmsearjchas arlumhas has pcêsis pa`ris jarjimti hc Ãerlgc i hc Ãslc.Isti jahika tij slha julta sinulha pikas pcêsis ha suhisti cslãtlgas i tij hcha risuktchassctlsect÷rlas ma pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta hcquikcs igamajlcs hishi c hìgchc hi 52.

Rcrc a massa pcês, c cpklgcîça histi jahika pahi gajiîcr gaj a hisimvakvljimta hclmhÿstrlc klnilrc, tcls gaja vistuãrla, gckîcha, prahutas hi gaura i jchilrc, ì`lhcs i autras prahutas guoc jctìrlc ‗ prljc sioc cùmhcmti i lmtimslva ij jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc.

3.8.7 ‗ Istrctìnlc hi Lmhustrlcklzcîça @csichc mc Lmhÿstrlc Rischc

Cpklgcîça histi jahika hi hisimvakvljimta ì sustimtchc pikc migisslhchi hi klìrtcîça hchipimhïmglc tigmak÷nlgc ixtirmc4 hamhi c hleusça has ieiltas hi cprimhlzcnij risuktcmtis hchlspaml`lklhchi c jamtcmti hujc aeirtc hi ìms hi iqulpcjimta i lmtirjihlãrlas c `clxa priîa gimtrchc mc prlarlzcîça hc lmhÿstrlc pischc (slhirurnlc i pitraquêjlgc) i hi uj sigtarhi ̀ ims hi iqulpcjimtas.

Cs prlmglpcls kljltcîùis cpamtchcs c isti jahika sça?

Wça migissãrlcs imarjis qucmtlhchis hi vckaris jamitãrlas pcrc ricklzcr cvuktchaslmvistljimtas mcs ãrics hi cgtucîça.

▢ C rihuzlhc hljimsça ha jirgcha lmtirma ‗ qui cgc`c par praparglamcr gcpcglhchiaglasc par uj kcha i, par autra, a siu sugissa elgc julta hipimhimti hc vakctlklhchi has priîas mas jirgchas lmtirmcglamcls4

▢ Ercgc gcpcglhchi hi nircîça hi ijprina ‗ lmhÿstrlcs lmtimslvcs ij gcpltck,c`sarvimha julta paugc jça hi ‗ a`rc4



05

▢ Cusïmglc hi gcpcglhc hi lmtirmc pcrc c`sarvir as ieiltas lmtirsigtarlcls, qui sçaarlnlmchas pikc mça gamsaklhcîça ha cpcrikfa prahutlva i pika hielglimti eumglamcjimta hasristcmtis sigtaris.

Isti jahika eal eartijimti ljpkijimtcha mcs hìgchcs hi >2 i 62 ij pcêsis gaja Crnìklc,

Lrça, Lrcqui, itg.

Ij Cmnakc, suc cpklgcîça pahi sir eiltc ctrcvìs ha sigtar jlmilra ij ispiglck a pitrakêeira ia hlcjcmtêeira. Rarìj, gaj cs ristrlîùis cgljc lhimtlelgchcs hivij sir hielmlhcs jitcs inirchcs rinukcjimtcîùis i jihlhcs hitirjlmchcs qui ctimuij as ieiltas pirmlglasashigarrimtis hc suc ljpkijimtcîça i ixiguîça.

Gamgkulmha i risujlmha pahijas celrjcr qui hchcs patimglcklhchis igam÷jlgcs inianrãelgcs, a pcês pahi aptcr par ujc istrctìnlc qui riÿmc as trïs jahikas, hishi qui siocjhikljltchas as rcjas hi cgtlvlhchis i ikiltas as prahutas qui, mujc prljilrc ecsi, aeiriîcjvcmtcnims gajpcrctlvcs ij rikcîça cas prahutaris hc rinlça.

3.9 ‗ Lmekcîça

3.9.3 ‗ Matc Lmtrahut÷rlc

A pragissa lmekcglamãrla hisimgchilc ‗ si par rczùis vãrlcs i as jigcmlsjas i lmstrujimtashi gaj`cti vcrlcj ij eumîça hcs sucs gcuscs.

Rarìj, cpiscr hi ij klmfcs nircls, sirij gamfiglhcs cs sucs arlnims, suc ikljlmcîça ì prctlgcjimti ljpassêvik i lmvlãvik, prljilra par sir uj eim÷jima qui si cuta ‗ sustimtc i,ij sinumha kuncr parqui mimfujc igamajlc sa`rivlvirlc sij lmekcîça, pals qui ij girtcjihlhc, mêvils sctlsect÷rlas hi lmekcîça sça istêjukas pcrc as lmvistljimtas i ixpcmsça haijprina.

Uãrlcs hielmlîùis tïj slha cpamtchcs pcrc c lmekcîça. Misti trc`ckfa, histcgcjas cs sinulmtis?

c) ‗ C lmekcîça ì uj ixgissa hc qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra au hi hip÷sltas `cmgãrlas, lstaì, hijcslchc jaihc ij rikcîça ca vakuji eêslga hi min÷glas qui si ricklzcj. (Xiarlcqucmtltctlvc hi DIJJIPIP).

`) ‗ C lmekcîça ì uj ixgissa hi pragurc nka`ck sa`ri c aeirtc nka`ck, muj jirgcha ijqui sioc c aeirtc, sioc c pragurc sça lmikãstlgcs ij rikcîça cas priîas.

g) ‗ C lmekcîça ì a pragissa gujukctlva hi ikivcîça has priîas qui risuktc, hurcmtiuj pirêaha, ha gaj`cti jamitãrla kivcha chlcmti pikas hlvirsas cnimtis igam÷jlgas, pcrc

jcmtir au cujimtcr suc rimhc rick au siu gcpltck rick, imqucmta c jcssc nka`ck has `ims



0>

hlspamêvils mc igamajlc ì lmsuelglimti pcrc sctlseczir sljuktcmicjimti c tahcs cs sucsixlnïmglcs (KI @AYPUC).

Isscs trïs hielmlîùis imgirrcj, ij tirjas nircls, cs prlmglpcls gcuscs hc lmekcîça. C prljilrctij a siu imeaqui ma ixgissa hi hlmfilra ma jirgcha pcrc uj vakuji hi trcmscgîùis

lmeirlar4 c sinumhc cpamtc pcrc a hisiqulkê`rla jcgraigam÷jlga ij qui c aeirtc cnrinchc mçaì gcpcz hi sctlseczir a mêvik hi pragurc ha jirgcha4 i c tirgilrc ixpklgltc gaja as gustas hi prahuîça, vlc sckãrla, hisimgchilcj ujc isplrck lmekcglamãrlc.

3.9.0 ‗ Gaja Gckgukcr c Lmekcîça1

Rcrc si gckgukcr c lmekcîça, utlklzcj ‗ si hitirjlmchas êmhlgis, vukncrjimti gamfiglhas gaja8 Êmhlgis hi priîas.

As trïs êmhlgis jcls utlklzchas sça?3.9.0.3 ‗ A LRG

C jihlhc jcls utlklzchc pcrc gckgukcr c lmekcîça ì a êmhlgi hi priîas ca gamsujlhar.

A LRG9, sinumha a LMI, ì uj lmhlgchar qui rinlstc cs vcrlcîùis hi priîas hi uj gamoumtasikigglamcha hi ìms i sirvlîas qui riprisimtc a gamsuja has cnrinchas ecjlklcris muj hcha pirêaha hi tijpa i muj ispcîa nianrãelga hitirjlmcha.

Mc virhchi a LRG jihi a gusta hi gajprc hi uj gc`cz hi ìms ij hlstlmtas jajimtas. Rcrca siu gãkguka, ctrlùl ‗ si ujc pamhircîça elxc c gchc ìj au sirvlîa, hi cgarha gaj c sucljpartàmglc rikctlvc mas arîcjimtas jimscls hi gchc ecjêklc. Isti gaielglimti hi pamhircîçaì praparglamck cas ncstas tatcls qui gchc ecjêklc ricklzc ma gamsuja ha jisja ìj, qui ìhitirjlmcha par jila hi uj lmquìrlta sa`ri cs hispiscs hi ìms i sirvlîas hi gchc ecjêklc,ricklzcha pirlahlgcjimti pika Lmstltuta hi Istctêstlgcs.

3.9.0.0 ‗ A Hiekcgtar ha RL@

Isti êmhlgi tcj`ìj ì `cstcmti uscha pcrc gckgukcr c lmekcîça. Uukncrjimti gamfiglha parhiekcgtar ha RL@, a êmhlgi hi priîa ha RL@ hleiri ha LRG, par qucmta imnka`c tahas as prahutas i sirvlîas prahuzlhas muj cma mujc igamajlc, lmgkulmha ìms gaja crjcjimtas,jlmilras (aura, ga`ri, hlcjcmti, pitr÷kia, itg.), gcscs i autras qui mça sça hlrigtcjimtigamsujlhas au gamsujêvils pikc papukcîça.

8 Yj êmhlgi hi priîas ì ujc jìhlc pamhirchc has priîas hi uj girta gc`cz hi ìms i sirvlîas. Wcjuiksam i Marhfcus, Igamajlc, 36ª Ihlîça, pp 8829 Êmhlgi hi Rriîas ma Gamsujlhar, LMI ‗ 022<, pp. 9



06

A êmhlgi hi priîa ha RL@ ì a rãgla imtri a prahuta majlmck i a prahuta rick, prahuzlhas mcigamajlc hurcmti uj cma. Piprisimtc a priîa hi tahas as ìms i sirvlîas prahuzlhas himtrahcs eramtilrcs ha pcês.

C suc e÷rjukc hi gãkguka ì?

A hiekcgtar mça ì uj àj êmhlgi pcrc si ceirlr sa`ri a gusta hi vlhc hc papukcîça, ujc vizqui a pahi suìstljcr. Imqucmta a LRG, mça ì a jikfar êmhlgi pcrc hitirjlmcr a mêvik hi priîas hc igamajlc ij nirck, pahimha ‗ a sa`ristljcr.

3.9.0.7 ‗ A LRR

Wimha uj êmhlgi hi pamhircîùis elxcs, amhi cs pamhircîùis sça gamstltuêhcs pikcs vimhcskêqulhcs jimscls hi gchc ijprisc, ì cjpkcjimti utlklzcha pikas prahutaris, pcrc hitirjlmcr a priîa jìhla has ìms â scêhc hc eã`rlgc. Lmgkul hishi ìms ckljimtcris, vistuãrla, jãqulmcs,iqulpcjimtas, jlmilras i autras.

A Êmhlgi hi Rriîas ca Rrahutar jihi a mêvik hi priîa ma prahutar au par nrassa. Ì a priîajìhla has ìms i sirvlîas â scêhc hc eã`rlgc.

C tcxc hi lmekcîça ì imtça hchc pikc vcrlcîça pirgimtuck ha mêvik nirck hi priîas cprisimtcha par quckquir uj has êmhlgis cgljc rieirimglchas. Suckquir qui sioc a êmhlgi c sir utlklzcha(LRG, Hiekcgtar au LRR), c tcxc hi lmekcîça ì gckgukchc hc sinulmti earjc?

Amhi?

Ì c tcxc hi lmekcîça ma cmat

Ì a êmhlgi hi priîa ma cmat

I ì a êmhlgi hi priîa ma cmat-3

3.5 ‗ Gctinarlcs hi Lmekcîça

C nrcvlhchi hc lmekcîça istã hlrigtcjimti klnchc c suc earjc i âs sucs gcuscs. A mêvik hinrcvlhchi hleiri sinumha a tlpa hi lmekcîça. Ij nirck sça gamslhirchas trïs tlpas?



0<

3.5.3 ‗ Lmekcîça Jahirchc

Xcj`ìj gfcjchc hi lmekcîça rcstiocmti, gcrcgtirlzc ‗ si par cprisimtcr uj rltja kimta i privlsêvik hi grisgljimta has priîas.

As cnimtis igam÷jlgas eczij privlsùis i mça cprisimtcj priagupcîùis rikctlvcs c passêvilscktircîùis hrãstlgcs ma vckar hc jaihc, par lssa mça si priagupcj ij cujimtcr as sius `ims pctrljamlcls.

As gamtrcgtas hi trc`ckfa sça elxas i as sckãrlas tcj`ìj, pals gamfigi ‗ si a rltja hivcrlcîça has priîas i si ispirc qui isti mça vimfc c si cktircr ripimtlmc i hrcstlgcjimti.Cqul ljpirc c gfcjchc lmekcîça par lmìrglc.

3.5.0 ‗ Lmekcîça Nckapcmti

Gcrcgtirlzc ‗ si par cprisimtcr uj cujimta rãplha has priîas c uj mêvik cgljc has hals autrïs hênltas.

C lmekcîça nckapcmti gamstltul uj pra`kijc nrcvi pcrc quckquir igamajlc, mc jihlhc ij quitimhi c hlstargir as priîas rikctlvas i c lmstcurcr c ecktc hi gamelcmîc mc jaihc kagck pcrctahas as ieiltas.

As cnimtis igam÷jlgas pcsscj c hitir mça jultc qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra i cujimtcj cs sucs paupcmîcs, cnucrhcmha jihlhcs igam÷jlgcs qui cpriglij a vckar hc jaihc, hitimha cpimcsa jêmlja migissãrla pcrc trcmscgîùis hlãrlcs.

Gaja gamsiquïmglc fã ujc jcsslvc eunc hi gcpltck pcrc a istrcmnilra, tcxcs hi ourasmajlmcls `cstcmtis ikivchcs, gamtrcgtas sckcrlcls lmhixchas c tcxc hi vcrlcîça has priîas au clmekcîça ispirchc, utlklzcîça hi jaihcs istrcmnilrcs ij hitrljimta hc mcglamck i uj gkcracujimta hc pragurc hi `ims hi gamsuja hurchauras au hi lmvistljimta simha qui c jaihchipriglc ‗ si julta rcplhcjimti.

Mc ÿktljc hìgchc, a _lj`c`wi (mc arhij has 3.222%) i jcls rigimtijimti c Uimizuikc(prlmglpckjimti hipals hc jarti ha siu prislhimti Yna Gfcvis, c lmekcîça ctlmnlu as 92% ij Mavij`ra hi 0237), pcsscrcj par tlpa hi lmekcîça.

3.5.7 ‗ Flpirlmekcîça

Istc ì hi ecgta c jcls nrcvi hi tahcs gctinarlcs hi lmekcîça. Mikc as priîas cujimtcj cgljchas quctra (8) hênltas, au sioc cgljc has uj jlkfça par gimta (3.222.222 %).

Xahas as ieiltas cgljc hisgrltas agarrij, jcs gaj jclar nrcvlhchi mistc gctinarlc hilmekcîça.



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Nrcmhis sajcs hi hlmfilra sirvij cpimcs pcrc gajprcr rihuzlhcs qucmtlhchis hi prahutas,hamhi c tragc hlrigtc hi ìms par autras ìms (c pirjutc) ì ujc gamsiquïmglc hlrigtc icelnurc ‗ si gaja jikfar apîça, ujc viz qui c jaihc hilxc hi gujprlr gaj cs sucs prlmglpcls eumîùis (jila hi tragc, umlhchi hi jihlhc, risirvc hi vckar).

Ma cma hi 3<02, a istcha ckijça vlviu uj gcsa hi flpirlmekcîça. A êmhlgi hi priîascujimtau hi 3 pcrc 32 jlk jlkfùis, hi Ocmilra hi 3<<0 c Mavij`ra hi 3<07. I c jaihc kagckhilxau prctlgcjimti hi ixlstlr.

3.> ‗ Xlpas hi Lmekcîça

A pragissa lmekcglamãrla ì gcuscha par hlvirscs rczùis. Cpiscr histcs vcrlcrij hi pcês pcrc pcês, sça ij klmfcs nircls gamfiglhcs cs sucs prlmglpcls gcuscs, qui pahij cnuhlzcr ‗ si ijeumîça has gajpartcjimtas has cnimtis igam÷jlgas kagcls i hcs gamhlîùis i istruturc hasjirgchas.

Cs tiarlcs qui ixpklgctlvcs hcs gcuscs hc lmekcîça pahij sir risujlhcs ij trïs?

3.>.3 ‗ Lmekcîça hi Rragurc

C lmekcîça pikc pragurc risuktc hi uj hisiqulkê`rla jcgraigam÷jlga imtri c aeirtc i c pragurc cnrinchcs, qui nirckjimti agarri qucmha si ikivc ujc hcs gajpamimtis hc hispisclmtirmc gaja ncsta pÿ`klga, gamsuja, au lmvistljimta. Gaja c aeirtc mça rispamhi ma

jisja lmstcmti hi tijpa, fã kuncr ca lmivltãvik grisgljimta has priîas.

C prahuîça hi ìms i hi sirvlîas ì uj pragissa hijarcha par qucmta ikc imvakvi ecgtarisgaja jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc, gcpltck i tigmakanlc cpraprlchc qui mça si imgamtrcj hlspamêvils mcsqucmtlhchis hisiochcs ma gurta prcza, a qui ecz gaj qui as priîas grisîcj.

Uiocjas a sinulmti nrãelga qui ispikfc gaja agarri c lmekcîça pikc pragurc

Elnurc 0 ‗ Lmekcîça pikc Rragurc

Eamti? Igamajlc ‗ R. Wcjuik i ^. Marhfcus



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A nrãelga cgljc jastrc gaja a ixgissa hi pragurc pahi grlcr lmekcîça mc igamajlc rick.

Rcrti ‗ si hi ujc sltucîça flpatìtlgc ij qui c igamajlc si imgamtrc ij iqulkê`rla ( ).

Wupamfcjas qui a navirma higlhc ikivcr a siu gamsuja, ctrcvìs ha cujimta has sius ncstas,gcuscmha uj gfaqui mc pragurc cnrinchc. Isti gfaqui hiskagc c gurvc hi pcrc

i cs mavcs migisslhchis hi `ims i sirvlîas sça cnarc jclaris (pcsscrcj hi pcrc ), a

qui ixlni ujc rispastc ljihlctc hcs ijpriscs qui, ij nirck mça agarri. Gaja risuktcha as priîas cujimtcj hi pcrc i pastirlarjimti pcrc , pcrc uj mêvik hi pragurc

riprisimtcha pikc gurvc , nircmha lmekcîça.

C hispisc mcglamck ì uj has lmstrujimtas jcls utlklzchas pcrc ikivcr a prahuta, jcs cgcrritcuj gusta julta ikivcha, c lmekcîça. Ma imtcmta, ij pirêahas hi rigissça, a cujimta hc

hispisc (pÿ`klgc) ì hcs prlmglpcls pakêtlgcs hi istêjuka â igamajlc, cpiscr ha rlsga cssaglcha.As Istchas Ymlhas, @rcslk, Ercmîc i autras pcêsis, uscrcj histc jihlhc julta rigimtijimti,mc rigissça qui cssakau a jumha eruta hc grlsi elmcmgilrc i igam÷jlgc lmlglchc ij elmcls hi022>.

3.>.0 ‗ Lmekcîça hi Aeirtc

Hurcmti jultas cmas, istc virtimti eal hisgamfiglhc i gamslhirchc lrrick, pals irc jcls prihajlmcmti c lmekcîça pikc vlc hc pragurc au par ixgissa hi jaihc, mça timha slharinlstcha hurcmti jultas cmas gfaquis hi aeirtc qui oustlelgcssij a grisgljimta gamtêmua inimircklzcha has priîas.

Mcs ÿktljcs hìgchcs elgau matãvik qui girta gajpartcjimta slmhlgcklstc qui prajavlccujimtas sckcrlcls i pastirlarjimti ljpituasas gfaquis mas priîas hcs jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs masjirgchas lmtirmcglamcls, pcssau ‗ si c gamslhircr as ieiltas ha cujimta has gustas hi prahuîça sa`ri as priîas, surnlmha csslj c migisslhchi ha siu gamtraka i cgajpcmfcjimta pcrc si gamtir mavcs timsùis lmekcglamlstcs.

Hi earjc nirck, c lmekcîça pikas gustas pahi sir gcuschc par hucs vlcs?

▢Rar ikivcîça has sckãrlas hivlhas c prissùis has trc`ckfcharis arncmlzchas ijslmhlgctas4

▢ Rar ikivcîça ha priîa hcs jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs eumhcjimtckjimti mas jirgchaslmtirmcglamcls, ceigtcmha istis as gustas lmtirmas hi prahuîça, c @R par vlc hi ujchisvckarlzcîça gcj`lck (gfaquis mas priîas hi pitr÷kia i gamsiquimtijimti mas sius

hirlvchas)4



70

Yjc garrimti hi pimscjimta igam÷jlga hisimvakvlhc mc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc, lmvistlnau csgcuscs hc lmekcîça ij hals hcquikis pcêsis i gamgkulu qui c istruturc igam÷jlgc irc c prlmglpck eamti ha cujimta has priîas i gaja tck cpamtcvc c lmixlstïmglc hi vlcs hi cgissa âsglhchis, c ecktc hi imirnlc, ãnuc, rihis hi gajumlgcîça, c istruturc jamapaklstc au

aklnapaklstc has jirgchas, cs cktcs tcxcs hi ljpastas i hi gamtrlùlîùis pcrc c sinurcmîcsaglck, c hi`lklhchi hcs lmstltulîùis, c ùragrcglc i jaraslhchi mas pragissas, a trãelga hilmekuïmglc i c garrupîça, ircj cs prlmglpcls gcuscs hc lmekcîça mistis pcêsis.

A nrãelga sinulmti jastrc gaja a pragissa lmekcglamãrla agarri jihlcmti gamtrcgîùissugisslvcs hc aeirtc cnrinchc.

Elnurc 7 ‗ Lmekcîça pikc Aeirtc

Eamti? Igamajlc ‗ R. Wcjuik i ^. Marhfcus

Wupamfcjas qui c igamajlc imgamtrc ‗ si ma pamta ij qui prahuta tatck aeirtcha pikcs

ijpriscs ì ixcgtcjimti lnuck cs qucmtlhchis pragurchcs pikcs ecjêklcs i pika istcha, c uj priîa hi iqulkê`rla .

Wupamfcjas cnarc qui hivlha c timsùis pakêtlgcs mcknums pcêsis gaj ikivcha mêvik hi prahuîça hi pitr÷kia, a priîa histi ìj cujimtc hrcstlgcjimti mas jirgchas lmtirmcglamcls.

C ikivcîça ha priîa ha pitr÷kia vcl gcuscr uj cujimta has sius hirlvchas (gajùstêvils,nãs mcturck) i par gamsiquïmglc ceigtcrã as gustas hi prahuîça hcs ijpriscs. C ikivcîça hasgustas hi prahuîça, hcs nrcmhis pcrc cs piquimcs ijpriscs i ij gchilc, ecz hiskagcr c gurvchc aeirtc cnrinchc pcrc gljc i pcrc isquirhc, slnmlelgcmha c rihuîça hcs qucmtlhchis prahuzlhcs hi pcrc i hispihljimtas hi pissack. Gaja prahuzlr si tarmau jcls gcra, cs

ijpriscs cujimtcj as priîas, pcsscmha isti hi pcrc simha uj pragissa kimta i

prakamncha, as priîas grisgirça ctì cas mavas mêvils hi iqulkê`rla (pamta i ). Ma elmck

ha pirêaha, a risuktcha sirã a cujimta ha mêvik hi priîas.



77

Cknums igamajlstcs faoi, gaja Wcjuiksam5 i Ckvis hc Pagfc> slmtitlzcj cs tiarlcsixpklgctlvcs hcs gcuscs hc lmekcîça ij hucs?C Xiarlc par ixgissa hc pragurc i c tiarlc has

gustas hi prahuîça .

Istc cmãklsi oustlelgc ‗ si parqui faoi par faoi mça si ijltij jaihcs ma vczla. A cujimta hc

jcssc jamitãrlc ma jirgcha sirvi pcrc suprlr hitirjlmchcs migisslhchis hcs igamajlcs. Aelmcmglcjimta ha hìelgi arîcjimtck au hc `ckcmîc hi trcmscgîùis garrimtis, a cujimta hcgcpcglhchi hi gamgihir grìhlta â igamajlc pcrc cujimtcr a vakuji hi lmvistljimtas i hitrcmscgîùis cmucls, tahas ikis gajpamimtis hc hispisc lmtirmc i par gamsinulmti hc pragurccnrinchc, sça cknums has aòigtlvas c ctlmnlr.

Rar autra kcha, as gamstrcmnljimtas i cs kljltcîùis istruturcls cgc`cj sijpri par piscr masgustas hcs ijpriscs, gcuscmha c rihuîça hcs qucmtlhchis hi ìms i hi sirvlîas prahuzlhas i

a cujimta has priîas umltãrlas hcs vimhcs.

Rar ixijpka, gfaquis ma priîa hi pitr÷kia, cujimta hcs tcxcs hi ljpasta, sinurcmîc saglck,ecktc hi rihis hi imirnlc, c jaraslhchi mas pragissas chjlmlstrctlvas i ckecmhinãrlas, tïjgamsiquïmglcs hlrigtcs mas gustas hcs ijpriscs. Rartcmta, c garrimti istruturcklstc ì tcj`ìjujc tiarlc has gustas hi prahuîça au ha kcha hc aeirtc.

3.>.7 ‗ Lmekcîça hi Lmìrglc

Gcrcgtirlzc ‗ si par cprisimtcr uj grisgljimta kimta, jahircha i privlsêvik has priîaslmhipimhimtijimti hi prissùis mc pragurc au mc aeirtc. Ikc istã cssaglchc cas jigcmlsjashi lmhixcîça hcs igamajlcs4 au sioc, tcxcs hi gàj`las, ouras, sckãrlas, i cgtlvas elmcmgilrassça coustchas pika sljpkis ecgta hi ixlstlr lmekcîça. Rarìj qucmha c lmhixcîça ì pkimc, clmekcîça hi faoi tarmc ‗ si a rieirimglck pcrc c lmekcîça hi cjcmfç.

Ì gaj isti tlpa hi lmekcîça qui as cnimtis igam÷jlgas si arlimtcj pcrc earjukcrijixpigtctlvcs i sucs istrctìnlcs hi min÷glas. Yj si mça ì qui isti tlpa hi lmekcîça tarmc rênlhc

rihuîça has priîas, grlcmha uj cj`limti ecvarãvik â suc istruturcklzcîça. Rar autra kcha, ì àc, parqui ecvarigi a cj`limti hi min÷glas (cujimta hi kugras) i rihuz a nrcu hi lmgirtizcmc igamajlc. Ì c lmekcîça hisiochc pikas cnimtis igam÷jlgas.

3.6 ‗ Xiarlcs Ixpklgctlvcs hcs Gcuscs hc Lmekcîça

Cs tiarlcs ixpklgctlvcs hc lmekcîça rijamtcj cas jcls gìki`ris igamajlstcs hc cmtlnulhchi,gaja Chcj Wjltf, Hcvlh Plgcrha, Jcktfus, Jcrx, jcs eal Hcvlh Fuji qui pikc prljilrc

5 Igamajlc ‗ Wcjuiksam i Marhfcus, 35ªihlîça, pp.5>5 i 5>>>Cknums Xijcs Istruturcmtis hc Igamajlc Cmnakcmc ‗ gr÷mlgcs ma oarmck Ixpcmsça 022< ‗ 0233, Jcmuik OasìCkvis hc Pagfc, 3ªihlîça, pp. 58



78

viz eiz uj istuha jcls cpraeumhcha sa`ri isti eim÷jima igam÷jlga. Rastirlarjimti earcjsurnlmha autras cutaris i isgakcs, tahcs ikcs gaj eumhcjimtas julta pr÷prlas sa`ri csarlnims ha pragissa lmekcglamãrla.

C prljilrc isgakc c cprisimtcr as risuktchas hi ujc lmvistlncîça cgurchc sa`ri c lmekcîça eal

c isgakc hi Gflgcna, klhircha par Lrvlmn Elsfir, mcquikc qui elgau ctì imtça gamfiglhc gajatiarlc qucmtltctlvc hc jaihc, lmlglchc par Hcvlh Fuji.

Mistc sigîça, pritimhijas cprisimtcr c vlsça hcs prlmglpcls isgakcs hi pimscjimtaigam÷jlga, sa`ri a hisimrakcr ha pragissa lmekcglamãrla.

3.6.3 ‗ Xiarlc Jamitcrlstc

Hisimvakvlhc lmlglckjimti pikc isgakc hi Gflgcna i imgc`iîchc par Elsfir, c tiarlc

jamitcrlstc, hieimhi qui c prlmglpck gcusc hc lmekcîça ì a ixgissa hi jaihc ma jirgcha. Istc tiarlc crnujimtc qui c lmoigîça hi jaihc hivi cpimcs sirvlr pcrc sustimtcr agrisgljimta igam÷jlga au sioc a vakuji hi trcmscgîùis migissãrlcs c sirij ricklzchcs himtrahc igamajlc cmuckjimti. Rals ì c qucmtlhchi hi jaihc pastc ij glrgukcîça quihitirjlmc a mêvik nirck has priîas. Csslj, ujc ikivcîça hissc qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra mçagajpimschc pika cujimta hc prahuîça tij gaja risuktcha ljihlcta a grisgljimta has priîas.

C tiarlc hi Elsfir elgau gamfiglhc gaja Xiarlc Sucmtltctlvc hc Jaihc (XSJ), par hcr jultajcls ïmecsi â qucmtlhchi hi jaihc qui a @G pùi ma jirgcha. Hivimha isti tir uj jclargamtraka sa`ri c jcssc jamitãrlc ij glrgukcîça i jamltarc ‗ kã ij eumîça hcs migisslhchisha pr÷prla pragissa hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga.

C tiarlc hi Elsfir pahi sir gajpravchc pikc iqucîça qui elgau gamfiglhc pika siu pr÷prlamaji (Iqucîça hi Elsfir) , ij qui a cutar hijamstrc c vcrlcîça has priîas ij eumîça hcqucmtlhchi hi jaihc ij glrgukcîça ma jirgcha.

Wioc c iqucîça (ISX)?

Amhi?J ì c qucmtlhchi hi jaihc pastc c glrgukcr ma jirgcha4

U ì c vikaglhchi hi glrgukcîça hc jaihc (a mÿjira jìhla hi vizis qui ujc umlhchi hijaihc ì uschc gaja lmtirjihlãrla hcs trcmscgîùis imtri as cnimtis igam÷jlgas)4

R ì a êmhlgi hi priîa has `ims i sirvlîas trcmscgglamchas4



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X ì a vakuji hi trcmscgîùis hi ìms i sirvlîas elmcls, lmtirjìhlas i hi cgtlvas ricls ielmcmgilras.

LsakcmhaR mc iqucîça 3, tijas?

Gaja vijas, ujc ikivcîça hi au hi pravagcrlc ujc ikivcîça hi . Lsta ì, as priîas

sça hlrigtcjimti praparglamcls c jcssc jamitãrlc ij glrgukcîça i c vikaglhchi hi glrgukcîçahc jaihc. Au sioc, qucmta jclar ear c qucmtlhchi hi hlmfilra mc igamajlc, jclar sirça as priîas.

Cpiscr hc iqucîça hi Elsfir lkustrcr ìj c rikcîça hlrigtc imtri i , ikc mça ixpklgcvc

gaja a cujimta hc jaihc gcuscrlc a cujimta has priîas. I pcrc ckìj hlssa, cs vcrlãvilsutlklzchcs mc suc iqucîça cprisimtcvcj ‗ si jcls hleêgils hi jihlr i hi pauga lmtirissi pcrcc cmãklsi jcgraigam÷jlgc.

Istcs kcgumcs vlircj c sir gaìrtcs i gajpkijimtchcs, pikc isgakc hi Gcj`rlhniriprisimtchc pikas igamajlstcs Jcrsfckk i Rlnau. Istis hals cutaris gakjctcrcj c eckfc hctiarlc hi Elsfir ca ixpklgcrij gaja a cujimta hc jcssc jamitãrlc nirc cujimtas ma mêviknirck hi priîas, i gajpravcrcj c rikcîça hlrigtc i praparglamck imtri cs hucs vcrlãvils.

C ISX eal imtça trcmsearjchc mc sinulmti iqucîça?

Amhi \ ì a prahuta tatck garrimti4 lsta ì, a vakuji hcs trcmscgîùis garrimtis ij ìms isirvlîas elmcls prahuzlhas hurcmti a pirêaha4U pcssc c sir c vikaglhchi ha rimhljimta hcjaihc (a mÿjira jìhla hi vizis qui ujc umlhchi jamitãrlc ì uschc mcs trcmscgîùis gaj a prahuta garrimti).

LsakcmhaR , a`tijas?

Gamslhircmha? a`tijas ujc iqucîça hc earjc?



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Eczimha vcrlcrR ij eumîça hi J , ctrcvìs hcs kils jctijãtlgcs hi hleirimglcîça hi 3ª arhij,i pcrtlmha ha prlmgêpla hi quiJ ì ujc vcrlãvik ix÷nimc i simhac6gamstcmti c gurta prcza,a`tijas?

Gaja vijas a rãgla imtri c vikaglhchi hi glrgukcîça hc jaihc i a prahuta garrimti ì pasltlvc, a qui quir hlzir qui ujc vcrlcîça hc qucmtlhchi hi jaihc ma jirgcha pravagc ujcvcrlcîça hlrigtc i praparglamck has priîas. Lsta ì, sinumha as jamitcrlstcs, uj cujimta hi02% mc jcssc jamitãrlc ij glrgukcîça, pravagcrlc uj cujimta hi 02% mas priîas has ìmsi sirvlîas gcsa issi cujimta mça eassi gajpimscha, ma jisja lmstcmti, pikc aeirtc hi ìms isirvlîas, a qui ij nirck mça cgamtigi

3.6.0 ‗ Xiarlc Diymislcmc

A trc`ckfa hi Oafm Jcymcrh Diymis elgau gamfiglha i cjpkcjimti utlklzcha, hipals hcnrcmhi hiprissça has cmas 72. Mc suc a`rc lmtltukchc, ‛Xiarlc Nirck ha Ijprina, ha Oura i

hc Jaihc ‚ a cutar pragurcvc ixpklgcr gaja ujc igamajlc pahi sclr hi uj pirêaha hirigissça i ritajcr a grisgljimta cujimtcmha a mêvik hi ijprina i prahuta. Diymis histcgauimtça a ncsta pÿ`klga, gaja a ÿmlga jila pcrc ckcvcmgcr c igamajlc mujc sltucîça hirigissça igam÷jlgc.

Cpiscr hi mça tir slha a siu aòigtlva, Diymis hisgriviu gaja c pakêtlgc elsgck ixpcmslamlstc pahi gcuscr lmekcîça. Winumha a cutar a cujimta mc hijcmhc cnrinchc ctrcvìs ha ncsta pÿ`klga hivi sir cgajpcmfchc par uj cujimta praparglamck ma vakuji hi prahuîça4 Maimtcmta, gaja isti cujimta mça agarri hi ljihlcta imtça grlc ‗ si uj flcta lmekcglamãrla,imtri a mava mêvik hi pragurc i a mêvik hi aeirtc, i c lmekcîça privckigirã ctì qui a prahutarick grisîc mc jisjc praparîça.

3.6.7 ‗ Xiarlc IstruturcklstcGimtrcmha ‗ si mc ricklhchi hcs igamajlcs su`hisimvakvlhcs hc Cjìrlgc kctlmc, mas cmas 92 icpamtau gaja gcuscs hc lmekcîça cs kljltcîùis istruturcls.

Winumha c garrimti istruturcklstc, c lmekcîça risuktc hcs kljltcîùis i hc lmekixl`lklhchi hcistruturc igam÷jlgc, ij rispamhir ca pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta hc igamajlc. Hivlha cristrltc ja`lklhchi has ecgtaris prahutlvas i ca lmchiqucha eumglamcjimta ha slstijc hi priîas, cknums sigtaris mça rispamhij hi ljihlcta (au jisja cgc`cj par mça rispamhir tça

6 Yj has prissupastas `ãslgas hc XSJ ì qui a rãgla imtri Piprisimtcha par c ì gamstcmti, hi tck jaha qui s÷ J , ì qui vcrlc ma gurta prcza.



7>

giha) c jahlelgcîùis mc hijcmhc hi autras sigtaris. Yj hissis sigtaris ì a cnrêgakc. Lstagrlc uj hisiqulkê`rla gchc viz jcls cgimtucha, qui gcusc lmekcîça.

C jlnrcîça hcs papukcîùis rurcls pcrc as gimtras ur`cmas i gamsiquimti c`cmhama hasgcjpas hi guktlva, c ecktc rigursas i hi tigmakanlc, hi imirnlc, ãnuc, hi uj slstijc hi

trcmspartis ielglimti, a grisgljimta hijanrãelga i cs migisslhchis grlchcs pika pr÷prla pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça hcs igamajlcs, gamhlglamcj a rltja hi grisgljimta ha sigtar.Rar autra kcha, c hlelgukhchi ij cujimtcr cs ljpartcîùis, higarrimtis hcs ristrlîùis hc @R,cklcha c istruturc jama au aklnapaklstc hi cknums jirgchas cgc`cj par grlcr c cgajahcîça, prapcncîça i gamtlmulhchi hc pranrissça ha mêvik nirck hi priîas mc igamajlc.

Rartcmta, sça ij klmfcs nircls, istis as gamstrcmnljimtas istruturcls nircharis ha pragissalmekcglamãrla sinumha c garrimti istruturcklstc, qui mc virhchi gcrcgtirlzcj as pra`kijcs

klnchas cas pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas.

3.< ‗ A Hi`cti imtri cs Garrimtis hi Rimscjimta Igam÷jlga

C lhilc suòcgimti hi qui a grisgljimta ixpamimglck ì ujc hcs prlmglpcls rczùis pcrc cikivcîça has priîas imgamtrau ca kamna hc flst÷rlc, nrcmhi cgiltcîça jisja mcs igamajlcsscêhcs hi nuirrc i su`hisimvakvlhcs. Rarìj, â jihlhc qui si ùsgcvcj ixpklgcîùis pcrc a pragissa hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga i gamtimîça has pragissas lmekcglamãrlas, c lhilc

gamsimsuck eal higclmha, eruta hi istuhas hi mavcs garrimtis hi pimscjimta, pcsscmha csgcrcgtirêstlgcs hcs igamajlcs has pcêsis c hitirjlmcr a simtlha hc rikcîça imtri a grisgljimtaigam÷jlga i lmekcîça. Rarìj, c ricklhchi jisja ì qui a grisgljimta ha prahuta i cIstc`lklhchi hi priîas < tij slha, ij taha jumha, c pihrc hi taqui hcs cnimhcs pakêtlgcs ijjctìrlc igam÷jlgc.

3.<.3 ‗ Garrimti Artahaxc

C hislnmcîça hi Artahaxas32 ì ctrlùêhc, c tahas cquikis igamajlstcs qui chirij sij

quckquir apaslîça, cas cpcrikfas hi cmãklsi pravimlimtis has pcêsis hisimvakvlhas, pcrcixpklgcrij a surnljimta ha pragissa lmekcglamãrla.

< Rcrc c zamc ha iura, a @GI gamslhirc istc`lklhchi hi priîas, ujc tcxc hi lmekcîça (LRGF) c`clxa has 0% cacma. Imqucmta mas IYC, a @G (EIH) gamslhirau gaja istc`lklhchi has priîas ujc tcxc hi lmekcîça (LRG) hi7% au 8% ca cma.32As Artahaxas sça ij tirjas gamgritas, as igamajlstcs qui hieimhij qui a grisgljimta/hisimvakvljimta tij

ujc earti lmekuïmglc ma surnljimta hc lmekcîça. Ij hitckfis, sça as jamitcrlstcs, as gkãsslgas, miagkãsslgas,diymislcmas, miadiymislcmas i autras. Ij risuja, sça as igamajlstcs has pcêsis hisimvakvlhas. Uir OaçaJcnckfçis - Igamajlc, vak. 0, 7ª ihlîça, pp. 86 i 9<.



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Winumha as jamitcrlstcs, c lmekcîça ì uj eim÷jima têplga hcs sltucîùis hi pkimc agupcîçahas rigursas prahutlvas. Au sioc, ikc agarri qucmha si quir jcmtir uj earti mêvik higrisgljimta jisja hipals hi c igamajlc tir ctlmnlha a pkima ijprina.

C lmekcîça mça tij quckquir ljpcgta pasltlva sa`ri c igamajlc i c paupcmîc earîchc qui ikc

grlc, ì hi gurta prcza, i mça ì gcpcz hi istljukcr mavas lmvistljimtas ij pirêahas pastirlaris, ujc viz qui sijpri qui as apirãrlas si cpirgi`ij ha cujimta has priîas,rigkcjcj cujimtas sckcrlcls i chaptcj ujc isgckc j÷vik pcrc as sckãrlas, simha isticoustcha cutajctlgcjimti ij eumîça hcs vcrlcîùis ha mêvik nirck hi priîas33. I lsta ì passêvik parqui as slmhlgctas sça eartis a suelglimti pcrc ljpar cas ijprincharis as hlriltashas trc`ckfcharis.

Yjc viz ctlmnlha a pkima ijprina, sugisslvas istêjukas hc pragurc gaja a cujimta ha

grìhlta âs ijpriscs, risuktcrça cpimcs ij grisgljimta majlmck ha prahuta i uj grisgljimta praparglamck has priîas. Sucmha as ecgtaris prahutlvas si cgfcj tatckjimti agupchas, acujimta hc hijcmhc nka`ck au hc jaihc, mça pahi sir gajpimschc gaj cujimtagarrispamhimti i praparglamck hc aeirtc i gaja risuktcha surni c lmekcîça.

Ij gamgkusça, pcrc as artahaxas, a grisgljimta ha prahuta i c lmekcîça tïj ujc rikcîçahlrigtc. Sucmta jclar a prahuta, jclar c lmekcîça. Yjc viz qui a kljlti ha grisgljimta ì a pkima ijprina.

3.<.0 ‗ Garrimti Fitirahaxc

Istc garrimti hisimvakviu ‗ si mas cmas 92 mc Cjìrlgc Kctlmc (3<96)30. I vlscvc cmcklscr crikcîça imtri a grisgljimta/hisimvakvljimta i lmekcîça mcquikis pcêsis. Wius risuktchasearcj `ij lmtirisscmtis i hlstcmglchas hc kltircturc gamfiglhc ctì imtça.

Winumha as fitirahaxas, c paslîça cssujlhc i hieimhlhc pikas artahaxas mça ì ecksc mijlkus÷rlc i ì vãklhc pcrc as pcêsis hisimvakvlhas, jcs mça si cpklgcj mas pcêsis

su`hisimvakvlhas, par istis riumlrij gamhlîùis ixtrijcjimti hleirimtis.

Mas pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas, c lmekcîça mça s÷ tij ljpcgtas minctlvas sa`ri c igamajlc i cvlhc hcs papukcîùis, jcs tcj`ìj gamstltul uj lmstrujimta ha grisgljimta, hivlha c

33Ì c paupcmîc qui ì grlchc lmvakumtcrlcjimti qucmha agarri a surta lmekcglamãrla. C lmekcîça cgtuc gaja ujljpasta isgamhlha, qui cgtuc sa`ri as rimhljimtas, eumhcjimtckjimti sa`ri cquikis qui rlnlhcjimti si

chcptcj cs mavcs ricklhchis hi priîas, gaja as sckãrlas elxas. C lmekcîça trcmseiri rimhljimtas hcs gkcssis jcls pa`ris pcrc cs jcls rlgcs, qui cp÷s a surta cujimtcj a vakuji has sius rimhljimtas i gamsiquimtijimti sucs paupcmîcs.30Uir, Oaça R. C. Jcnckfçis ‗ Igamajlc, vak. 0, 7ª ihlîça, pp. 86



7<

paupcmîc earîchc i ca istêjuka qui hã cas lmvistlharis (istrcmnilras, guoa pahir hi gajprcmas sius pcêsis ì lmeirlar c ha pcês su`hisimvakvlha) 37.

Xck gaja as artahaxas, pcrc as fitirahaxas, c lmekcîça cgtuc gaja uj ljpasta casrimhljimtas, qui hljlmul a rimhljimta hlspamêvik, `clxc c prapimsça jcrnlmck c gamsujlr i

cujimtc c prapimsça jcrnlmck c paupcr hcs ecjêklcs. Xuha parqui c chapîça hi ujc isgckcj÷vik pcrc as sckãrlas, mas pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas ì qucsi ljpassêvik hcha qui as tlpas hihisijprina i as mêvils hi su` ‗ ijprina sça julta ikivchas i as slmhlgctas tïj uj pahir himinaglcîça julta hì`lk.

Mc ricklhchi, c pcrti ha rimhljimta c`sarvlha ì c gfcjchc paupcmîc earîchc, qui ìtrcmseirlha pcrc a istcha (ctrcvìs ha ljpasta hi gamsuja i hi sika) au pcrc as jcls rlgas (asijprisãrlas), guoas rimhljimtas sça vcrlãvils i coustcj ‗ si â jihlhc qui as priîas vcrlcj

(kugras i ouras). Yjc viz tirjlmcha a surta lmekcglamãrla, quir a istcha gaja cs ijpriscsvirça sucs paupcmîcs cgrisglhcs i tirça gcpcglhchi pcrc lmvistlr, cujimtcr c jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rci a rimhljimta, nircmha grisgljimta/hisimvakvljimta igam÷jlga i ixpcmhlmha c ERR.

Rartcmta, pcrc as pcêsis su`hisimvakvlhas, c lmekcîça slnmlelgc cpimcs qui taha gcpltck istãagupcha, fcvimha jultc jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc hisagupchc i gaja tck, a cujimta hc hijcmhcnka`ck au hc qucmtlhchi hi jaihc ì cgajpcmfchc par grisgljimta praparglamck ha prahuta,mça fcvimha kuncr pcrc c ikivcîça has priîas.

Yj istuha ikcàrcha ma Ncmc, gaj a aòigtlva hitirjlmcr i jihlr c rikcîça imtri agrisgljimta i c lmekcîça jastrau qui c lmekcîça timhi c higrisgir â jihlhc qui grisgi a [email protected] istuha, gaj a jisja aòigtlva, eilta mc Jckãslc hijamstrau fcvir ujc garrikcîçaminctlvc imtri lmekcîça i grisgljimta igam÷jlga ma kamna prcza4 Mc Êmhlc uj jisja istuhagamelrjau issc rikcîça minctlvc imtri lmekcîça i grisgljimta igam÷jlga ma kamna prcza. Rarautra kcha c gurvc hi Rflklps, ca istuhcr c rikcîça imtri lmekcîça i hisijprina, jastrc hiearjc lmhlrigtc qui ixlsti ujc rikcîça pasltlvc imtri grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça magurta prcza, ujc viz qui c lmekcîça irc jclar qucmta jimar a hisijprina, a qui slnmlelgcqui â jihlhc qui jcls jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc ì ljùêhc ma pragissa prahutlva, ixpcmhlmha aijprina i a prahuta, jcls hiprissc grisglcj as priîas.

Julta rigimtijimti a ecjasa i pakìjlga igamajlstc marti ‗ cjirlgcma Paìrt R. Jurpfy 38,ma siu klvraXfi Rakltlgckky Lmgarrigt Nulhi ta Gcptcklsj , hisgrivi c rikcîça imtri

37Cpiscr hi sius ljpcgtas minctlvas ma prahuta kagck, c lmekcîça ì uj istêjuka â imtrchc hi gcpltcls ixtirmas ma

pcês, par lmvistlharis istrcmnilras, pals mc pirsinulîça hi uj kugra jcls cvuktcha i, ma lmtulta hi ìmielglcrijhcs hleirimîcs ma pahir hi gajprc has pcêsis, ec`rlgcj ìms i/au sirvlîas, ijprincj jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc kagck igrlcj vckar cgrisgimtcha, cujimtcmha csslj a ijprina i a rimhljimta mcglamck. A massa pcês ì uj ixijpkagkcra, histis tlpas hi ekuxas hi pissacs i hi min÷glas.



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grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça. Rcrc ispcmta hi tahas, Jurpfy celrjc qui a grisgljimtaigam÷jlga rihuz c lmekcîça. Wi fã cujimta hi uj prahuta ma jirgcha, a risuktcha ì c quihcha priîa histi prahuta i mça a gamtrãrla.

Ma jila hi tcmtc gamtravìrslc, pirnumtãjas? Celmck,grisgljimta igam÷jlga nirc lmekcîça!1

Suck ì c rikcîça imtri grisgljimta igam÷jlga i lmekcîça ij Cmnakc1

38Rf.H. ij Igamajlc pikc Miw \ard Ymlvirslty i igamajlstc ha Lmstltuti ear Imirny Pisicrgf. Jij`rahagimti ha Jlsis Ymlvirslty i cutar ha klvraXfi pakltlgckky Lmgarrigt Nulhi ta Gcpltcklsj .



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GCRÊXYKA ? 0 ‗ GCPCGXIPL_CÎÇA HC IGAMAJLC CMNAKCMC HYPCMXI ARIPÊAHA CMCKLWCHA

0.3 ‗ Imquchrcjimta Nirck

Cmnakc ì uj has jclaris i jcls rlgas pcêsis hi Ãerlgc. Gaj ujc supireêgli hi 3.085.>22dj0, i ujc gastc hi 3.502 dj i ujc ixtimsça tirristri hi 8.67> dj, a pcês ì rlga ij rigursasmcturcls i passul ljimscs patimglcklhchis nianrãelgcs, gkljãtlgcs i cùmhcmtis rigursasfêhrlgas. Kagcklzcha mc Ãerlgc Custrck, ca suk ha Wcrc, a pcês ì kljltcha c marti pikcPipÿ`klgc Hijagrãtlgc ha Gamna, c suk pikc Pipÿ`klgc hc Mcjê`lc, c kisti pikc Pipÿ`klgc hc_àj`lc i c aisti pika Agicma Ctkàmtlga.

Lmhipimhimti c jcls hi 72 cmas (3<>9), a pcês ctrcvissau kamnas cmas hi nuirrc glvlk, a quictrcsau a pragissa hi hisimvakvljimta timha gcuscha gfaquis mc prahuîça, mc paupcmîc i mcsuc istruturc hijanrãelgc39. Gaj c isgcssiz hi prahutas i a ixgissa hi hlmfilra mcigamajlc, a pcês ctlmnlu mêvils ckcrjcmtis hi lmekcîça mc hìgchc hi <2 i vlu ‗ si hipimhimtihc ljpartcîça ij kcrnc isgckc i hc prahuîça i gajirglcklzcîça has rigursas ha su`saka,jarjimti a pitr÷kia i as hlcjcmtis pcrc sustimtcr cs sucs migisslhchis hi ìms hi gamsujaljihlcta i hi ìms hi gcpltck jclarltcrlcjimti histlmcha cas isearîas hc nuirrc.

Gaj a ckgcmgi hc pcz, giki`rchc c 8 hi C`rlk hi 0220, a pcês gamfigiu uj mava ruja. Imtri0222 i 0238, a RL@ grisgiu fã ujc tcxc jìhlc cmuck hi cpraxljchcjimti6%, timha a cma hi0229, gaja a hi jclar pirearjcmgi, ij qui a RL@ grisgiu 39%. A hisijprina, cpiscr hiikivcha, eal rihuzlha i pclrc ij girgc hi 05% i c lmglhïmglc hi pa`rizc, ij 75%35. C tcxc higrisgljimta hc papukcîça ì hi, ctì 0237, 7,0% ca cma3>.

Winumha as risuktchas prikljlmcris ha gimsa ricklzcha ij 0238, a pcês gamtc gaj jcls hi 08jlkfùis hi fc`ltcmtis, simha qui 90% sça jukfiris i 86% fajims i passul ujc himslhchi papukcglamck hi 3< fc`ltcmtis/ . C ispircmîc jìhlc hi vlhc eal hi 86 cmas (L@IR 0226 ‗

022<) i 90 cmas ij 0230 (sinumha a EJL).0.0 ‗ Gcrcgtirlzcîça Jcgraigam÷jlgc

Cp÷s tir pcsscha par uj kamna pirêaha hi nuirrc, c igamajlc cmnakcmc gamfigiu ujcecsglmcmti pirearjcmgi c mêvik jcgraigam÷jlga c pcrtlr hi 0220. Cs tcxcs hi grisgljimta

39As gfaquis mc prahuîça risuktcrcj hc qui`rc cgimtuchc mas vakujis hi prahuîça cnrãrlc i lmhustrlck (c pirgcha 8¿ kuncr gaja jclar prahutar hi gceì c mêvik jumhlck). A gfaqui hijanrãelga higarri, hc ljlnrcîça hcs papukcîùis hcs zamcs hi arlnij pcrc cs glhchis jcls sinurcs (pcrc c gcpltck ha pcês), ìj gaja c eunc i

hiscpcrigljimta hi quchras mcglamcls4 A gfaqui hi paupcmîc rieiri ‗ si c pirhc hc gcpcglhchi hi lmvistljimtai hc cpklgcîça has rigursas jamitãrlas i elmcmgilras hc mcîça pcrc c as isearîas hc nuirrc.35Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad. Cmnakc 0238 ‗ EJL3>Pikct÷rla Igam÷jlga 0237 ‗ GILG.



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rick ha RL@ earcj hcs jcls ikivchcs c mêvik jumhlck, cs tcxcs hi lmekcîça earcjispigtcgukcrjimti rihuzlhcs36 i cpiscr has ijprìstljas a`tlhas c hêvlhc saìrcmc jcmtivi ‗ si sustimtãvik. As sigtaris igam÷jlgas pcsscrcj c hitir ujc jclar gamtrlùlîça ma RL@,cpiscr ha hajêmla isjcnchar ha sigtar pitrakêeira. Isti gimãrla, parìj tij vlmha c sir

cktircha, eumhcjimtckjimti hipals hc grlsi elmcmgilrc jumhlck qui ceigtau eartijimti as priîas hissc ‛ gajjahltli‚ i par gamsiquïmglc c igamajlc ha pcês. A navirma higlhlu, pikcljpkijimtcîça hi uj pkcma mcglamck, hatcha hi pranrcjcs i praoigtas istruturcmtis hi earjcc grlcr gamhlîùis pcrc a eartckigljimta has hijcls sigtaris i gaj`ctir c hipimhïmglcixgisslvc ha sigtar pitrakêeira, hamhi si hielmlu chlvirslelgcîça hc igamajlc gaja prlarlhchi hi jìhla i kamna prcza.

Ij 0229, a RL@ ctlmnlu as 39%, c jcls cktc tcxc rinlstchc hishi c lmhipimhïmglc ha pcês. A

gujprljimta qucsi qui isgrupukasa ha Rranrcjc ha Navirma 0229 ‗ 0225, a grìhlta cnrêgakchi gcjpcmfc, c ric`lkltcîça i gamstruîça hi lmerc ‗ istruturcs ljpartcmtis ca kamna hi tahatirrlt÷rla mcglamck, a hisimvakvljimta hc lmhÿstrlc (jarjimti c hi ì`lhcs i ckljimtas) i ccktc ha priîa ha pitr÷kia earcj as prlmglpcls cgamtigljimtas qui jcrgcrcj issi pirêaha hiàaj igam÷jlga, qui pirhurau ctì 0226.

Ma elmck hi 0226 hiu ‗ si ujc grlsi elmcmgilrc â isgckc jumhlck, qui julta priouhlgau cigamajlc cmnakcmc. A navirma aptau pikc ljpkijimtcîça hi jihlhcs hlvirslelgchcs gaja c

hielmlîça hi ujc istrctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta hi kamna prcza (Cmnakc 0209), qui prlvlkinlia hisimvakvljimta has sigtar mça pitrakêeira, c ljpkijimtcîça ha Wtcmh ‗ @y Cnriijimt(W@C 022< ‗ 0230), uj Rranrcjc ha EJL, qui couhau a pcês c rigupircr c istc`lklhchijcgraigam÷jlgc, c jikfarcr c sltucîça arîcjimtck, c cujimtcr cs risirvcs ij hlvlscs, cistc`lklzcr c tcxc hi gàj`la i c rihuzlr c lmekcîça. Ij Autu`ra hi 0230, eal grlcha a EumhaWaìrcma hi Cmnakc, hatcha hi 9 jlkfùis hi YWH, ujc jihlhc fã julta hieimhlhc pikaEJL, gaj a aòigtlva hi ctimucr as ieiltas higarrimtis hc vakctlklhchi has priîas ha pitr÷kia.

Ij 0238 a RL@ rick grisgiu c uj rltja istljcha hi 8,9% mêvik c`clxa ha rinlstcha ma cmacmtirlar, amhi c igamajlc grisgiu 9,3%. Isti grisgljimta eal istljukcha pika eartihisijpimfa hc imirnlc, hc gamstruîça, hc cnrlgukturc i hcs pisgcs i hc lmhÿstrlctrcmsearjcharc3<.

C lmekcîça cgujukchc eal hi >,86% timha ‗ si sltucha ma lmtirvcka hisiocha pika istcha.

36

Ij 3<<9 c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc irc hi 7.>68% ca cma, ca pcssa qui ij 0222 i 0223, c lmekcîça eal hi 056,82 %i 335,32% rispigtlvcjimti. Issis mÿjiras ispikfcj ìj a gajprajlssa ha navirma cmnakcma ma gaj`cti âlmekcîça ma pcês.3<Pikct÷rla Cmuck? Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad 0238 - EJL.



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C hêvlhc pÿ`klgc cmnakcmc ì sustimtãvik cpiscr hi grisgimti. A EJL gkcsslelgc Cmnakc gajauj pcês hi rlsga jahircha hi sa`ri ‗ imhlvlhcjimta, jcs a siu mêvik ì julta vukmirãvik cgfaquis ixtirmas.

Ij 0238 c hêvlhc lmtirmc riprisimtcvc 33,5% i c ixtirmc 09% ha RL@, tatcklzcmha ujc hêvlhc

saìrcmc hi 75,5% ha RL@, ijàrc cs istljctlvcs cpamtij pcrc uj grisgljimta pcrc as 82,7ij 0235, pcrc cssinurcr c gamtlmulhchi has praoigtas ij gursa i a lmêgla hi praoigtas prlarltãrlas ij gcrtilrc, ̀ ij gaja pcrc gajpimscr c quihc hcs rigiltcs pitrakêeircs 02.

A pcês gamtlmuc c imerimtcr imarjis hiscelas ma qui si rieiri cs pakêtlgcs hihisimvakvljimta, gaj histcqui c rihuîça hc hipimhïmglc ha pitr÷kia, c rigamstruîça hcslmerc ‗ istruturc igam÷jlgcs i saglcls, c rihuîça hcs cssljitrlcs rinlamcls, c jikfarlc hcgcpcglhchi lmstltuglamck, ha slstijc hi navirmcîça i hi nistça hcs elmcmîcs pÿ`klgcs, a

hisimvakvljimta fujcma i cs gamhlîùis hi vlhc hc papukcîça.

Istis ecgtaris istça c priouhlgcr a rltja hi hlvirslelgcîça hc igamajlc i c ivltcr acpcrigljimta hi piquimcs i jìhlcs ijpriscs, c grlcîça hi ijprina i gamstltuij as prlmglpcls imtrcvis ca grisgljimta igam÷jlga sustimtcha i hlvirslelgcha.

C elnurc qui si sinui jastrc ìj a jcu jajimta qui ctrcvissc c igamajlc ha pcês.

Elnurc 8 ‗ Ivakuîça has Rrlmglpcls Lmhlgcharis hc Igamajlc Cmnakcmc ma Xrlìmla 0230

‗ 0238.

Eamti?@MC, LMI, EJL. Ikcàrcha pika cutar

Ì passêvik gamgkulr qui a pcês imgamtrc ‗ si mujc ecsi hi gamtrcgîça hc suc cgtlvlhchiigam÷jlgc ij nirck, gaja lmhlgcj as lmhlgcharis hi scÿhi igam÷jlgc i elmcmgilrc. A RL@ ia RL@ pir gcpltc , a Wckha hc @XG sça higrisgimtis ikuglhcmha c hlelgukhchi qui c igamajlctij hi ritajcr ca grisgljimta. A Wtagd hi hêvlhc pÿ`klgc ì gchc viz jclar, simha qui a

02Yjc gfcjchc hi ctimîça hivi sir eiltc, ma qui gamgirmi c pakêtlgc hi imhlvlhcjimta ha pcês i a siu

grisgljimta. Cpiscr ha EJL gamslhircr qui c hêvlhc cmnakcmc ì sustimtãvik, fã qui tir ij gamtc qui as hchascprisimtchas sça cpimcs ha sigtar pÿ`klga (ha navirma) i mça lmgkuij cs hêvlhcs ha sigtar prlvcha,majichcjimti hcs ijpriscs pÿ`klgcs i prlvchcs. C Wamcmnak, par ixijpka ì uj nrcmhi hivihar ixtirma i ajclar ha pcês.



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elmcmglcjimta ixtirma tij slha c partc hi scêhc. C lmekcîça ctlmnlu a siu vckar jêmlja pikc prljilrc viz hishi 3<>9.

Ma imtcmta, as isearîas eiltas pika navirma pcrc hlvirslelgcîça hc jctrlz prahutlvc i hcseamtis hi rigiltcs ì ìj mat÷rla4 `cstc akfcrjas pcrc a nrãelga sinulmti.

Elnurc 9 ‗ Istruturc hc Igamajlc Cmnakcmc ij 0238 (% RL@)

Eamti?@MC ‗ Pikct÷rla i gamtcs 0238 ‗ Ikcàrcîça ha cutar

Cpiscr hi tir c gamtrlùlîça jcls jahistc hishi c lmhipimhïmglc, julta ha grisgljimtarinlstcha hivi ‗ si ieigtlvcjimti c ixpkarcîça pitrakêeirc. A pitr÷kia gamtlmuc c hitir jclargamtrlùta ma RL@ gaj jcls hi 76% ij 0237 i 0<% ij 0238 i riprisimtau jcls hi >2% hcrigiltc pÿ`klgc i <9% hcs ixpartcîùis tatcls ha pcês misti jisja cma. Rar isti ecgta, cigamajlc istã hishi c sinumhc jitchi hi 0238 mujc ecsi grêtlgc hivlha a `clxa priîa ha pitr÷kia gcuscha pika cujimta hc aeirtc jumhlck, prahuîça hi pitr÷kia i nãs hi xlsta i almêgla hc utlklzcîça hcs risirvcs pikas Istchas Ymlhas hc Cjìrlgc, qui hilxau hi gajprcr masjirgchas lmtirmcglamcls. Istc sltucîça grlau ujc nrcmhi rihuîça hcs rigiltcs hcs ijpriscs pitrakêeircs c apircr ij Cmnakc i ha istcha, ìj gaja c isgcssiz hi hlvlscs i tij nirchaujc earti timsça lmekcglamlstc, hisvckarlzcmha slnmlelgctlvcjimti c jaihc mcglamck.

Ij tirjas rikctlvas, a pcês rinlstau uj mêvik hi grisgljimta jìhla hi >,9%qui si pahigamslhircr `clxa si akfcrjas pcrc cs migisslhchis ricls hi elmcmglcjimta lmtirma pcrc ahisimvakvljimta ha tiglha prahutlva.

Ma nrãelga sinulmti, sça vlsêvils cs ecsis hi ixpcmsça i hi gamtrcgîça hc igamajlc cmnakcmc.



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Elnurc 5 ‗ Grisgljimta ha RL@ (%) ma Rirêaha Cmcklscha

Eamti? JLMRKCM, LMI, EJL ‗ Ikcàrcîça ha cutar.

A pirêaha hi 0228 â 0226 eal a jcls ìj ‗ sugihlha pcrc c igamajlc cmnakcmc, timha a siuRL@ ctlmnlha a plga ij 0229 (39%). Ma imtcmta, rinlstau c tcxc jcls `clxc ij 022< (0,3%)cqucmha hc quihc ha priîa ha pitr÷kia ctì as 72 YWH/`crrlk, mc grlsi elmcmgilrc hi 0226. Misti pirêaha, a RL@ grisgiu ij jìhlc 30,5%. A pirêaha hi 022< â 0238 pahi ‗ sigamslhircr uj pirêaha jcu pcrc c igamajlc cmnakcmc. C igamajlc imgamtrc ‗ si ijistcnmcîça. Hipals hi uj jcu pirêaha imtri as cmas hi 022<, 0232 i 0233, c igamajlcrigupirau cpimcs ij 0230, amhi grisgiu >,5%. Ma imtcmta, cs hlelgukhchis cgljc oãcpamtchcs tïj kivcha issi grisgljimta pcrc `clxa. Misti pirêaha a grisgljimta jìhla eal hi8,3%. A qui jastrc qui ij tirjas ricls, a pcês grisgi cpimcs 2,<7% simha isti a vckarlmgrijimtcha si hihuzlrjas c tcxc hi grisgljimta hc papukcîça qui si sltuc ij 7,0%03.

0.0.0 ‗ Rakêtlgc Elsgck

C pakêtlgc elsgck gajpriimhi c utlklzcîça hiklìrchc ha pahir pÿ`klga, pcrc istljukcr au

ristrlmnlr a grisgljimta igam÷jlga, crrieigir c igamajlc hi prissùis lmekcglamlstcs auctimucr c jcnmltuhi ha hìelgi arîcjimtck i tahas as ieiltas higarrimtis.

Ij Cmnakc, cs hispiscs pÿ`klgcs, tïj slha a prlmglpck lmstrujimta utlklzcha ma àj`lta hc pakêtlgc elsgck, pcrc prajavir a ijprina i a grisgljimta igam÷jlga.

Ma àj`lta ha pranrcjc W@C, a navirma eiz isearîas slnmlelgctlvas pcrc hlsglpklmcr c pakêtlgcarîcjimtck i riearîcr c nistça hcs elmcmîcs pÿ`klgcs. C rcglamcklzcîça hcs hispiscs garrimtis

03

Winumha c tiarlc hi grisgljimta miagkãsslga (ix÷nima i imh÷nima ‗ P. Wakaw i R. Pajir), ujc igamajlcgrisgi qucmha pcrc ckìj hi ripar i lmgrijimtcr a stagd hi gcpltck, gamsinui tcj`ìj ga`rlr a grisgljimta papukcglamck. I misti gcjpa pahi ‗ si hlzir, qui a pcês tij eckfcha, `cstc akfcrjas pcrc a prahuta pir gcpltc has trïs ÿktljas cmas mc elnurc 9.



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pirjltlu uj supircvlt arîcjimtck hi 6,6% ha RL@ i passl`lkltau a pcncjimta hi ctrcschaslmtirmas hi >,9 jlk jlkfùis hi YWH qui fcvlcj slha lmgursas hishi 022<.

A navirma ljpkijimtau clmhc ij 0230 ujc rinrc arîcjimtck qui hieimhi c cgujukcîça hiujc nrcmhi qucmtlhchi hi risirvcs lmtirmcglamcls qui gaj c grlcîça ha eumha saìrcma,

pirjltij lsakcr c igamajlc ha pcês hc vakctlklhchi has priîas ha pitr÷kia sa`ri cs hispiscshi lmvistljimta i ncrcmtlr c sustimtc`lklhchi hc nistça hcs rigiltcs pitrakêeircs.

A rãgla hc hêvlhc pÿ`klgc ixtirmc ij pirgimtcnij ha RL@ gclu hi 3<,>% ij 0233 pcrc 3<,9%ij 0230. Ma imtcmta, mavcs klmfcs hi grìhlta earcj csslmchcs, gaj vlstc c elmcmglcr a pranrcjc mcglamck hi ric`lkltcîça hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcs, trchuzlmha ‗ si muj cujimta hi0,5% sltucmha ‗ si ij 00,3% ij 0237 i 09% ij 0238.

Oã a rãgla hc hêvlhc pÿ`klgc lmtirmc ij pirgimtcnij ha RL@ gclu hi 33,6% ij 0233 pcrcjimas hi <% ij 0230 i <,9% ij 0237, hivlha c rcglamcklzcîça mcs eamtis hi elmcmglcjimtahcs hispiscs. Hivlha, c rihuîça ha priîa ha pitr÷kia, a navirma gamtrclu mavcs hêvlhcs ij `cmgas kagcls, eczimha gaj qui istc si sltuc ‗ si mas 33,5% ij 0238.

A navirma istã c hisimvakvir uj vcsta i cklglcmti pranrcjc hi riearjc trlùtãrlc (RIPX),qui vlsc a ckcrncjimta hc `csi trlùtãrlc i cujimta hcs ga`rcmîcs, hi jaha c pirjltlr ackêvla hc gcrnc cgtuck hi trlùtcîça ha sigtar pitrakêeira.

Ca kamna ha pirêaha, a navirma pragurau sijpri jcmtir ujc pakêtlgc arîcjimtckixpcmslamlstc. Csslj, ij Ocmilra hi 0239, ikljlmau par gajpkita as su`sêhlas â ncsaklmc iautras gajùstêvils, ujc gajpamimti qui hitlmfc uj pisa ikivcha mc istruturc hi hispiscs.Istc jihlhc klìrtau jcls hi 8 jlkfùis hi h÷kcris cjirlgcmas, qui sirvlrcj pcrc ricklzcrautrcs hispiscs saglcls.

Hi uj jaha nirck, a gajpartcjimta hcs elmcmîcs pÿ`klgcs eal a qui sinui ma quchra c`clxa.



8>

Elnurc > ‗ Lmhlgcharis elsgcls

Eamti? EJL ‗ Ikcàrcîça ha cutar.

As lmhlgcharis arîcjimtcls sça a riekixa hc sltucîça igam÷jlgc i elmcmgilrc qui a pcêsctrcvissc. A sckha prljãrla i nka`ck sça higrisgimtis (i minctlvas ij 0238), riekigtlmha cgrlsi hi grisgljimta qui a pcês vlvi hishi 022<.

A pcês si hipcrc gaj eartis kljltcîùis c mêvik hc nistça, rcglamcklzcîça i ielglïmglc hc pakêtlgc elsgck, as ctrcschas lmtirmas, as lmgujprljimtas, c arncmlzcîça ijpriscrlck, a tiglha

prahutlva mcglamck, c qucklhchi has quchras i c hipimhïmglc ixgisslvc hcs rigiltcs pitrakêeircs sça cknujcs hcs rczùis qui lmekuimglcj c lmielglïmglc hc pakêtlgc elsgck cmnakcmc.

0.0.7 ‗ Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc

C pakêtlgc jamitãrlc gajpriimhi c utlklzcîça hiklìrchc has lmstrujimtas jamitãrlas pikaistcha, ctrcvìs ha @cmga Gimtrck, pcrc ncrcmtlr c istc`lklhchi has priîas, istljukcr almvistljimta i, par gamsinulmti a grisgljimta igam÷jlga, ma gurta prcza.

A @MC ì a prlmglpck rispamsãvik pikc pakêtlgc jamitãrlc i himtri cs sucs prlmglpcls eumîùishistcgcj ‗ si? C rihuîça ha mêvik nirck has priîas, a cssinurcjimta hc istc`lklhchi has priîas rikctlvas4 C nistça hc `csi jamitãrlc4 c rinukcîça i supirvlsça ha jirgcha elmcmgilrai c nistça hcs risirvcs kêqulhcs lmtirmcglamcls00.

Rcrc gujprlr gaj issis aòigtlvas i tarmcr jcls ielglimti c ljpkijimtcîça hc pakêtlgcjamitãrlc, a Gajltì hi Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc ha @MC grlau a Mava Suchra Apircglamck hcRakêtlgc Jamitãrlc (SRJ), uj lmstrujimta hi nistça i gamtraka pcrc a gaj`cti â lmekcîça i

00Kil m¿ 35/32 hi 39 hi Oukfa



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istcìkigiu c kulàr (tcxc hi oura jìhlc hcs apircîùis hi gihïmglc hi klqulhiz) gaja tcxc hi oura hi rieirïmglc pcrc cs trcmscgîùis lmtir`cmgãrlcs ma jirgcha elmcmgilra cmnakcma.

C Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc mcglamck gamtc gaj ujc pcm÷pklc hi lmstrujimtas guoc cpklgcîça pirsinui, prljarhlckjimti gaj a aòigtlva hi gujprljimta hcs jitcs hi lmekcîça hielmlhcs

pika navirma i c ixpcmsça ha grìhlta â igamajlc.

A @cmga Gimtrck gajpkijimtc c suc lmtirvimîça ctrcvìs hc tcxc `ãslgc hi oura qui slmcklzc ajirgcha elmcmgilra sa`ri c arlimtcîça hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc, lmekuimglcmha c istruturc hcstcxcs hi oura i ricklzcmha, ij sljuktàmia, c nistça hc klqulhiz ha slstijc `cmgãrla.07Isscslmcklzcîça pahirã sir gamstctchc ij eumîça hcs cktircîùis hc tcxc `ãslgc.

As lmstrujimtas hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc utlklzchas pika @MC sça?

▢ Cs ecglklhchis Rirjcmimtis hi Klqulhiz (Gihïmglc i C`sarîça)4 ▢ Cs apircîùis hi jirgcha cìrta4

▢ Cs risirvcs gajpuks÷rlcs4

▢ Cs lmtirvimîùis ma jirgcha gcj`lck (vimhc hi hlvlscs).

Ij 0230 08 a pcês tivi uj àj hisijpimfa c mêvik has trïs prlmglpcls aòigtlvas pranrcjãtlgas hc pakêtlgc Jamitãrlc?

♥ Cs risirvcs lmtirmcglamcls `rutcs cujimtcrcj ij 7,7 jlk jlkfùis hi YWH (30,3%cgljc hc jitc lmlglck)4

♥ C jaihc mcglamck jcmtivi ujc timhïmglc hi hipriglcîça sucvi hi cpimcs 3,55%ij rikcîça ca h÷kcr, gaj c tcxc hi gàj`la c sltucr ‗ si ij <9,6 CAC/YWH i a sprich majirgcha pcrckika pirjcmigiu ij 9%4

♥ C lmekcîça gclu hi 33,8% ij 0233 pcrc <,20% ij 0230, pcrc >,5% ij 0237 i >,8%ij 0238, couhchc par ujc tcxc hi gàj`la istãvik (ctì elmcls hi 0238) i pikas su`sêhlas cas priîas has gajùstêvils, ctlmnlmha uj hênlta (022<), pikc prljilrc viz ij ujc hìgchc i ajêmlja hipals hc lmhipimhïmglc (0238).

A GRJ, qui imtrau ij eumglamcjimta ij Autu`ra hi 0233, `clxau c tcxc hi oura hirieirïmglc ij 09 pamtas hi `csi pcrc 32,09%, ij Ocmilra hi 0230. Cs tcxcs hi oura ha

07 Yjc su`lhc hc tcxc @MC lmhlgc uj gimãrla jcls ristrltlva hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc, ij qui a @MC privï uj

cujimta nirck has priîas ma gurta prcza, hamhi a gajprajitljimta hc jitc hi lmekcîça ì ujc quistça c

gamslhircr. Rar autra kcha, ujc rihuîça hc tcxc sljàklzc uj gursa ixpcmslamlstc hc Rakêtlgc Jamitãrlc, ij quisi privï uj gimãrla hi hljlmulîça hc lmekcîça ma gurta prcza.08Eamti? Pikct÷rla cmuck Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad 0230.



8<

jirgcha hljlmuêrcj slnmlelgctlvcjimti, gaj c tcxc has ijprìstljas imtri 363 hlcs i 3 cma cgclu hi 38,9% ij 0230 pcrc jimas hi 37% ij Hizij`ra hi 0237.

Rar autra kcha, c kil gcj`lck cpravchc pika Rcrkcjimta, ij Mavij`ra hi 0233, ljpùi cas `cmgas mcglamcls jcmtir uj jêmlja hi 62% ha siu gcpltck ij jaihc mcglamck (CAC) ctì a

elmck hi 0230. C kil cpalc as isearîas ha @MC pcrc rihuzlr a mêvik hi hakcrlzcîça hcigamajlc i jikfarcr c ielgãglc hc pakêtlgc jamitãrlc. Ckìj hlssa ujc mavc kil gcj`lck pcrc asigtar pitrakêeira, cpravchc ij 0230, ixlni qui cs ijpriscs lmtirmcglamcls hi pitr÷kiatrcmselrcj ujc pcrti slnmlelgctlvc hcs sucs trcmscgîùis has `cmgasaeesfari pcrc as `cmgasmcglamcls, a qui pirjltlu cujimtcr c klqulhiz i c gcpcglhchi hi gamgihir grìhlta â igamajlcmcglamck.

09Ij 0238, a @MC lmtirvila uscmha as lmstrujimtas hi nistça hi pakêtlgc jamitãrlc. C tcxc

hi ecglklhchi pirjcmimti hi gihïmglc hi klqulhiz eal rihuzlhc 2,9 p.p. pcrc as <,>9% i ujcujimta hc tcxc hi oura hi ecglklhchi pircmti i c`sarîça hi klqulhiz ij 3 p.p. pcrc as 3,>9%.Gaj a aòigtlva hi istljukcr a grìhlta i, gamsiquimtijimti a grisgljimta igam÷jlga, a@MC rihuzlu c tcxc hi oura hi rieirïmglc (tcxc @MC) ij 2,>9 p.p., pcsscmha hi <,>9% pcrc<%. Ma jirgcha lmtir`cmgãrla, cs tcxcs‛ kulàr ‚ lmvirtircj c timhïmglc higrisgimti ha cmacmtirlar, sa`rituha c‛ Kulàr Avirmlnft‚ , qui ij Hizij`ra hi 0238 si elxau mas 9,3<%.

Ij nirck cs tcxcs hi ouras tlvircj a gajpartcjimta sinulmti.

Elnurc 6 ‗ Ivakuîça hcs Xcxcs hi Ouras ma Jirgcha Lmtir`cmgãrla

Eamti?@MC ‗ Pikct÷rla i gamtcs hi 0237 i 0238

As nrãelgas cgljc hijamstrcj ujc pakêtlgc jamitãrlc pruhimti timhimti c rihuzlr a gusta hahlmfilra, gaj a aòigtlva hi cujimtcr c gcpcglhchi has `cmgas gajirglcls hcrij jclsgrìhltas â igamajlc.

Ma qui si rieiri cas cnrinchas jamitãrlas, c lmtirvimîça ha @G eal gamearji a quchrasinulmti.

09Eamti? Pikct÷rla i Gamtcs hi 0238 ‗ @MC.



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Elnurc < ‗ Rrlmglpcls Cnrinchas Jamitãrlas

Eamti? @MC - Pikct÷rla i gamtcs 0238

Imtri 0237 i 0238 as cnrinchas qui saerircj vcrlcîùis jcls ikivchcs earcj as Autraslmstrujimtas iqulpcrãvils c hip÷sltas (077,7%), hip÷sltas c Arhij i c prcza ij JM 0<,5%i 0<,>% rispigtlvcjimti ìj gaja Matcs i Jaihcs ij Rahir ha Rÿ`klga gaj 00,<%.

Gaja si pahi vir c Rakêtlgc jamitãrlc tij hisijpimfcha a siu pcpik mc prassiguîça hasaòigtlvas jcgraigam÷jlgas hi istc`lklzcîça i prajaîça ha grisgljimta.

0.7 ‗ Gcrcgtirlzcîça Wigtarlck

As ieiltas hc hlvirslelgcîça pcrigij timhir c hispamtcr ma jila hi tcjcmfc ixuìràmglc hasigtar pitrakêeira, `cstc akfcrjas pcrc cs hlmàjlgcs hi grisgljimta has sigtaris igam÷jlgas.C gamtrlùlîça rikctlvc hissis sigtaris cgimtuau ‗ si ij 0226, pcsscmha cknums gaja a hcgamstruîça i a`rcs pÿ`klgcs, gajìrgla i sirvlîas, cnrlgukturc i lmhÿstrlc trcmsearjcharc, chitirij uj grisgljimta rikctlva jcls hlmàjlga ha qui ha sigtar hajlmcmti. Mujc ecsi ijqui a pitr÷kia si imgamtrc ij `clxc, a sigtar mça pitrakêeira, ma siu taha, oã riprisimtc uj pisa jclar qui a sigtar pitrakêeira i tij slha gruglck pcrc a grisgljimta ha RL@ mas ÿktljascmas.



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Elnurc 32 ‗ Ivakuîça ha RL@ par Wigtar Igam÷jlga

Eamti?LMI, EJL, JLMRKCM. Ikcàrcha pika cutar.

Ì vlsêvik c rihuîça hc hipimhïmglc ha pitr÷kia mc igamajlc cmnakcmc. Rahi ‗ si vir qui assigtaris ha gajìrgla i sirvlîas, gamstruîça, lmhÿstrlc i cnrlgukturc sça as jcls hlmàjlgas. Maimtcmta, mça pahijas hilxcr hi erlscr a ercga hisijpimfa has sigtaris has hlcjcmtis i hcimirnlc i ãnucs. A qui prissupùi fcvir ujc nrcmhi migisslhchi hi lmvistljimtas misscsãrics pcrc tarmc ‗ kcs jcls gajpitltlva i gchc viz jcls pcrtlglpcmtis hc earjcîça hc rlquizcmcglamck.

0.7.3 ‗ Ritr÷kia i Nãs McturckA pitr÷kia gamtlmuc c sir a jatar ha grisgljimta igam÷jlga hi Cmnakc, jisja hipals hackgcmgi hc pcz, ujc viz qui gamtrlùlu ij jìhlc gaj 89,>>% ha RL@, pisi ijàrc timfctlha ujc tcxc jìhlc hi grisgljimta hi 5,6% ca kamna ha pirêaha.

A navirma pritimhi ixpcmhlr c prahuîça i ctlmnlr 0 jlkfùis hi `ph ij 0239.

C `cglc ij ãnucs praeumhcs ha Dwcmzc (39 dj c aisti hc gcpltck ha pcês) ì gamslhirchc ujchcs jcls rlgcs risirvcs hi pitr÷kia ha jumha. A pcês passul clmhc c sinumhc jclar risirvc hinãs mcturck hi Ãerlgc (0<k jlkfùis hi ). Ma L¿ trljistri hi 0237 a pcês gajiîau c ixpartcr

nãs mcturck (KMN), ma imtcmta vlu ‗ si a`rlnchc c pcrcr hivlha c cknums pra`kijcs tìgmlgas.

Cpiscr hi sir a jclar gamtrlùlmti elsgck ha istcha, ì a sigtar qui jimas ijprina grlc simhaqui riprisimtc cpimcs jimas hi 3% ha ijprina tatck hc igamajlc. Ma imtcmta, gamtrlùl gajjcls hi >9% pcrc cs rigiltcs elsgcls i <9% hcs ixpartcîùis ha pcês, simha c prlmglpck eamti hihlvlscs hc igamajlc.

Rar autra kcha, a sigtar pitrakêeira gamstltul tcj`ìj uj sigtar hi imgkcvi, qui mça ecvarigicelrjcîça hi ijpriscs mcglamcls i istrcmnilrcs pcrc a hisimvakvljimta hi cgtlvlhchis



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lmixpkarchcs, quir c ouscmti gaja c jamtcmti i gamsiquimti nircîça hi ijprina, pika qui anavirma tirã hi gamtlmucr c imvlhcr isearîas pcrc vlc`lklzcr a surnljimta hi piquimas mavasmin÷glas mc ãric.

0.7.0 ‗ Hlcjcmtis i Autras Jlmircls

A sigtar jlmilra gamtlmuc su`hisimvakvlha, cpiscr hi julta prajlssar. Ij 0237, a sigtargamtrlùlu 2,><% i ij 0238, 2,57% pcrc earjcîça ha RL@4 uj sigtar qui oã riprisimtau jclshi <2% hcs ixpartcîùis hi jlmircls ij taha pcês 05. Cgtuckjimti passul cpimcs ujc jahistc pcrtlglpcîça mc imtrchc hi hlvlscs pcrc c igamajlc i mc earjcîça hc rlquizc mcglamck.

Cgimtuchcs qui`rcs hi prahuîça agarrircj hurcmti a pirêaha hc nuirrc glvlk, ij qui asgcjpas earcj c`cmhamchas i a gkljc hi lmstc`lklhchi pakêtlgc i jlkltcr mça ecvarigiu cgamtlmulhchi hcs ixpkarcîùis. A girta ì qui jisja hipals hc pcz, a sigtar istã kamni hictlmnlr as mêvils cmtirlarjimti ckgcmîchas.

A sigtar vaktau c sir hurcjimti ctlmnlha gaj c ÿktljc grlsi elmcmgilrc, gaj quihcscgimtuchcs mas priîas mas jirgchas jumhlcls i slnmlelgctlvcs qui`rcs ma vakuji hi prahuîça.

Ij 0230, c Hi @iirs cmumglau c hisgaìrtc hi hip÷sltas hi hlcjcmtis rimtãvils mc pravêmglchc Kumhc Marti i ma jisja cma earcj hisgaìrtcs hucs nrcmhlascs pihrcs hi 76,7 i 373,9

qulkctis rispigtlvcjimti, ma Kuka, marhisti hi Cmnakc, vlmha cpimcs c gajpravcr a ljimsa patimglck qui a pcês passul rikctlvcjimti c isti jlmilra.

Ij pcrckika, Cmnakc ixpkarc clmhc a aura, ga`ri, jãrjari, nrcmlta, ga`ckta, eirra i autrasjlmircls ljpartcmtis ma qui tcmni cas vckaris igam÷jlga i hi usa c mêvik jumhlck.

Cpiscr hi si tir elrjcha gaja a sinumha prahuta hi ixpartcîça ha pcês, a sigtar hashlcjcmtis grisgiu cpimcs 33%, ij jìhlc hurcmti as 39 cmas cmcklschas4 uj vckar `cstcmtirihuzlha si rigarhcr a pisa rikctlva qui oã hitivi ma prahuta mcglamck.

Hi cgarha gaj Nka`ck Wujjcry hi 022< (Istctêstlgcs Igam÷jlgcs i Waglcls hi tahas asRcêsis ha Jumha, pu`klgchas cmuckjimti) ha Isquijc hi Girtlelgcîça ha Rragissa hiDljìrkiy, Cmnakc irc a 8¿ jclar prahutar jumhlck hi hlcjcmtis ij 0230, timha gcêha pcrca >¿ kuncr ij 0238.

0.7.7 ‗ Cnrlgukturc i Risgc

Gaj 96 jlkfùis hi figtcris hi tirrcs patimglckjimti crãvils, uj gkljc ecvarãvik i rigursas

fêhrlgas cùmhcmtis, Cmnakc passul uj ixgikimti patimglck cnrêgakc. A sigtar hc cnrlgukturc,05Uir Jamanrcelc hi Cmnakc Uirsça Cgtucklzchc, Hizij`ra hi 0226



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qui rispamhi par jcls hi 5<,0% ha ijprina tatck, vlu c suc gamtrlùlîça ma RL@ cujimtcrslnmlelgctlvcjimti hi 6% ij 022> pcrc 32,3% ij 0233, mc siquïmglc has lmvistljimtas pÿ`klgas vlscmha jikfarcr cs lmerc ‗ istruturcs i prajavir as ìms prahuzlhas kagckjimti.Ij 0230, c prahuîça tatck ha sigtar rinlstau uj grisgljimta istljcha hi 37,<%. Isti

grisgljimta eal ljpukslamcha par uj earti vakuji hi prahuîça (jlkfa, jcmhlagc, gcmc ‗ hi ‗ cîÿgcr, cknahça, slsck, `cmcmc i jchilrc), qui ctlmnlu 0> jlkfùis hi tamikchcs, au sioc ujgrisgljimta mc arhij has 6% ij rikcîça ca cma cmtirlar, risuktcmtis has pranrcjcs hieajimta hcs gaapirctlvcs i ha grìhlta cnrêgakc hi gcjpcmfc.

Sucmta c pisgc a pcês passul ujc gcpcglhchi hi pisgcha hi 892 jlk tamikchcs cmucls jcs siistljc qui cpimcs jitchi hissc gcpcglhchi ì ixpkarchc.

A pcês gamtlmuc hipimhimti hc ljpartcîça hi ckljimtas i c prahuîça cnrêgakc i as priîas sça

eriquimtijimti ceigtchas pikc sigc, pikc a`sakisgïmglc tigmak÷nlgc, pikc ercgc pcrtlglpcîça hasigtar `cmgãrla, prlvcha i pÿ`klga ijpriscrlck (cnrlgukturc lmhustrlck), pika `clxa mêvik higamfigljimtas glimtêelgas i par autras ecgtaris istruturcls, qui paij ij gcusc a êmhlgi hi prahutlvlhchi ha sigtar.

0.7.8 ‗ Lmhÿstrlc Xrcmsearjcharc

C lmhÿstrlc celnurc ‗ si gaja a sigtar hc ckcvcmgcnij hcs igamajlcs hi jirgcha. A sigtar

jcmuecgturilra rinlstau uj klnilra grisgljimta ha siu pisa ma RL@ hi 6% ij 0237, pcrc6,5% ij 0238.Ij tirjas jìhlas c lmhÿstrlc riprisimtc 8,5% ma pirêaha hi 0222 â 0238. Hicgarha gaj uj lmquìrlta ricklzcha pika LMI, cs ijpriscs jcmuecgturilrcs ctrlùij issihisijpimfa kimta c ristrlîùis ma cgissa c ãnuc i imirnlc ikìgtrlgc, âs lmerc ‗ istruturcs i asikivchas gustas kanêstlgas, â ecktc hi pissack qucklelgcha, â lmhlspaml`lklhchi hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs ispigêelgcs ma jirgcha kagck i âs hlelgukhchis hi cgissa ca grìhlta. Cpiscr histis pra`kijcs, a sigtar pahirã nircr ncmfas patimglcls ljihlctas ma hisimvakvljimta hcscgtlvlhchis hi prahuîça cnrêgakc, ma earmigljimta hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs i, ij pcrtlgukcr hcjchilrc histlmchc ca sigtar hc gamstruîça, ij pkimc ixpcmsça (grisgljimta hi 5.6%, ij0233 i 33,>% ij 0230), i hi ì`lhcs i suc ij`ckcnij. Hi rigarhcr qui ca kamna ha pirêahaa grisgljimta jìhla ha sigtar lmhustrlck eal hi 3>,9%, gaj pcrtlgukcr histcqui pcrc as cmashi 0228, 0232 i 0233 i 0230 qucmha ctlmnlu 35,5%, 3<,3%, 37<,9% i 32,>%rispigtlvcjimti.

Ì hi rickîcr qui hlvirscs lmlglctlvcs igam÷jlgcs i kincls tïj slha eiltcs pika navirma masimtlha hi si lmvirtir a quchra i si ncrcmtlr ieigtlvcs gcpcglhchis i gamhlîùis hilmvistljimtas ma sigtar lmhustrlck â isgckc mcglamck. Wça, par ixijpka, c earjcîça has



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bbgkcustir ̧ ¸prlarltãrlas0> , c grlcîça has R÷kas hi Hisimvakvljimta Lmhustrlck ij taha pcês(scklimtcj ‗ si cqul as R÷kas hi Ulcmc, Wujì, Gctujìkc i @imnuikc), a pranrcjc CmnakcLmvisti, a Rkcma Mcglamck hi Earjcîça hi Suchras i c grlcîça hc kil hcs JRJI06. Ì clmhc hirickîcr c grlcîça ha Rranrcjc hi Eajimta Ijpriscrlck (REI) gaj a aòigtlva hi sljpklelgcr

a pragissa hi grlcîça hi ijpriscs i jikfarcr a cgissa ca grìhlta i ha Eumha Cgtlva hiGcpltck hi Plsga (ECGPC), histlmcha ca elmcmglcjimta hi kamna prcza, gaj vlstc c grlcîçaau ixpcmsça hi jlgra, piquimcs i jìhlcs ijpriscs, ìj gaja istljukcr a cujimta hasijpriimhiharis i hi praoigtas hi min÷glas gaj ikivcha patimglck hi grisgljimta, gajrigursa ca grìhlta gajirglck i rihuîça ha gusta has ijprìstljas.

0.7.9 ‗ Gajìrgla i Wirvlîas Jirgcmtls

A sigtar gajirglck cmnakcma, clmhc si cprisimtc pauga hlvirslelgcha i gimtrcklzcha ij, ìmsjclarltcrlcjimti ljpartchas. Histcgcj ‗ si as ìms ckljimtcris, cs ì`lhcs ckga÷klgcs, asvistuãrlas i gckîchas. Gaj a grisgljimta ha sigtar lmhustrlck i hc gamstruîça cnrcvcha gaj cimtrchc hi lmvistljimtas ixtirmas ma pcês, c gajirglcklzcîça hi iqulpcjimtas lmhustrlcls,sa`rissckimtis i jctirlcls hi gamstruîça, tij vlmha c cssujlr uj kuncr hi histcqui mcistruturc hc cgtlvlhchi gajirglck. Mça pahijas hilxcr hi su`klmfcr a grisgljimta hagajìrgla cutaj÷vik uj pauga par taha pcês jcs gaj pcrtlgukcr lmglhïmglc ma kltarck, amhi cs pravêmglcs hi Kucmhc i @imnuikc imgcìîcj c klstc. Yjc hcs quistùis jcls pirtlmimtis qui ì

priglsa rickîcr rislhi ma ecgta hi qui pcrc ckìj ha sigtar sir uj earti ijprinchar i gajgcpcglhchi hi nircr gchc viz jcls ijprinas hlrigtas, ì tcj`ìj uj nrcmhi prajatar hilmekcîça. Wi par uj kcha, istã c lmekcîça ljpartchc hivlha cas cktas gustas hi trcmspartcîça ihi hisckecmhincjimta has ìms, par autra kcha, a pragissa hi gajirglcklzcîça hi ìms ‗ quisi hisha`rc ij vimhc i rivimhc has jisjas prahutas sa`ri as qucls lmglhij gustas hitrcmspartcîça, crjczimcnij, hlstrlùlîça i ljpasta hi gamsuja ‗ ì tcj`ìj ujc hcs nrcmhiscrjchlkfcs pcrc a cujimta gamtêmua has priîas.

A navirma cmnakcma, ctrcvìs ha Jlmlstìrla hi tutikc, tij hisimvakvlha cgîùis qui vlsijrinukcr, arncmlzcr, gaarhimcr i jikfarcr c cgtlvlhchi gajirglck, mça s÷ mc pirspigtlvc hccrrigchcîça hi rigiltcs pcrc as gaeris ha istcha, jcs tcj`ìj pcrc ujc jikfar arncmlzcîça igamgarrïmglc hcs ijpriscs ma jirgcha, ìj gaja ncrcmtlr c gamsirvcîça has ìms hi jahaqui istis passcj gfincr ca gamsujlhar elmck gaj c qucklhchi hisiochc0<.

0>Gkcustir hc Imirnlc i Ãnucs4 Ckljimtcîça i Cnra ‗ lmhustrlc4 Fc`ltcîça4 Xrcmspartis i Kanêstlgc4 gaja gamstc

ha RMH 0237 ‗ 023>06Kil m¿ 72/33 hi 37 hi Witij`ra hi 02330<Pikij`rcjas cqul, cs jihlhcs i as hlvirsas pranrcjcs ha Jlmlstìrla pcrc a isgacjimta i gamsirvcîça has prahutas ha gcjpa, a RCRCNPA4 as Imtripastas Chucmilras4 C grlcîça i arncmlzcîça has jirgchas jumlglpcls



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A sigtar has sirvlîas tij cprisimtcha uj earti grisgljimta, eumhcjimtckjimti hipals hackgcmgi hc pcz. Gaj ujc tcxc istljchc hi 30,7% ij 0230, gamtrc as 6,>% hi 0233 tij slhahas jcls hlmàjlgas sigtaris hc igamajlc cmnakcmc. C imtrchc hi mavas `cmgas, sinurcharcs iujc vcstc ncjc hi imtlhchis fatikilrcs, tij kivcha cas mêvils hi grisgljimta ctì cqul

ckgcmîcha. C mavc kinlskcîça ixlnlmha qui cs gajpcmflcs pitrakêeircs rigarrcj cas `cmgasmcglamcls i â gamtrctcîça hi jlgra i piquimcs ijpriscs pcrc pristcîça hi sirvlîas hlvirsas,hi jaha pranrisslva ca kamna has 30 jisis c pcrtlr hi Autu`ra hi 0230, riearîau c klqulhizha slstijc `cmgãrla, ckcrncmha cs passl`lklhchis hi gamgissça hi grìhltas i cujimta hi mavas prahutas elmcmgilras. A sigtar hi turlsja, fatikcrlc i ristcurcîça ì kljltcha pika gamtraki hcljlnrcîça i pikas priîas ikivchas, jcs tij ixl`lha uj grisgljimta ca kamna has cmas,cgakfimha sa`rituha vlcocmtis hi min÷glas.

Ij 0238 a sigtar hi sirvlîas jirgcmtls riprisimtau 09,0<% ha RL@ i grisgiu 70% ca kamnaha pirêaha, simha c tcxc jcls cktc himtri as sigtaris.

0.7.5 ‗ Gamstruîça i A`rcs Rÿ`klgcs

Hurcmti a pirêaha hi nuirrc, virlelgau ‗ si c hitirlarcîça nrchuck hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcsixlstimtis. Cp÷s c gamqulstc hc pcz, a navirma kcmîau uj cj`lglasa pranrcjc hi gamstruîçai ric`lkltcîça hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcs qui tïj slha c ckcvcmgc hc igamajlc i ha ijprina.

Rarìj, cgtuckjimti ì has jcls hlmàjlgas sigtaris hc igamajlc mcglamck i a qui jcls grisgic mêvik has sigtaris mça ‗ pitrakêeiras.

Gaj rigursa âs klmfcs hi grìhlta, prlmglpckjimti arlumhcs hc Gflmc (prlmglpck grihar),Rartunck, @rcslk, Istchas Ymlhas, Ckijcmfc, Maruinc, Ocpça i autras, a pcês tij gamsinulhahcr gujprljimta ca siu pranrcjc, hamhi si histcgcj c gamstruîça i ric`lkltcîça hi istrchcs, pamtis, cirapartas, partas, rihis hi isnatas i hi scmicjimta `ãslga i autras lmvistljimtasgcpczis hi jikfarcr a cj`limti hi min÷glas, rihuzlr as gustas hi trcmspartcîça i jikfarcr cs

gamhlîùis hi aeirtc hi ìms i sirvlîas, migissãrlas â jikfarlc hc qucklhchi hi vlhc hc papukcîça.

A navirma kcmîau clmhc, ij 0226 uj nrcmhi hiscela hi gamstruîça hi 3 Jlkfça hi eanasfc`ltcglamcls72 jitc qui, cpiscr hi mça tir slha ckgcmîchc, eal cjpkcjimti pirsinulhc,

i gajumcls ìj gaja c lmstckcîça hi gàjcrcs erlnarêelgcs pcrc gamsirvcîça hi erisgas4 C gamgissça hi hlriltashi ljpartcîça cpimcs pcrc as nrcmhis hlstrlùlharis mcglamcls i c sipcrcîça hcs ijpriscs nrasslstcs i ritckflstcs par earjc c cgc`cr gaj c gamgarrïmglc hiskick i ncrcmtlr jclar gajpitltlvlhchi ma sigtar, sça cknums ltims critir.72

Rrajitlhc pika prislhimti ha JRKC, mc ckturc hc gcjpcmfc ikiltarck pcrc cs prljilrcs ikilîùis kinlskctlvcs ha pcês, a Rrislhimti ha pcrtlha ma pahir i tcj`ìj hc Pipÿ`klgc hi Cmnakc, kcmîau uj nrcmhi hiscela pcrc a siunavirma, c prajissc hi gamstruîça hi 3 jlkfça hi gcscs pcrc c papukcîça. Istc jitc cpiscr hi mça tir slhackgcmîchc, hisimeriau ujc garrlhc erimìtlgc hcs ijpriscs pcrc sigtar quir pikcs gamstrutarcs, quir pikcs



95

risuktcmha mujc nrcmhi ixpkasça hc gamstruîça hi fc`ltcîùis mcs jcls hlvirscs jahcklhchisgaja gamhajêmlas, gcscs saglcls i glhchis uj pauga par taha pcês, parìj gaj jclarlmglhïmglc mc gcpltck.

Cgtuckjimti a sigtar riprisimtc 32% ha RL@ i grisgi c ujc tcxc jìhlc cmuck hi 38,3%,

lmekuimglcmha pikas cmas 0228, 0232 i 0230 gaj 08,26%, 09,<9% i 09,8% rispigtlvcjimti.Ì tcj`ìj uj has prlmglpcls ijprincharis hc earîc hi trc`ckfa ouvimlk, i si istljc qui amÿjira hi pastas hi trc`ckfas nirchas ij 0226 ramhcvc as 52.222 pastas hlrigtas. As pranrcjcs ha navirma hça ujc ispiglck ctimîça âs a`rcs pÿ`klgcs, pals cgrihltc ‗ si ikcgamstltul ujc hcs `csis pcrc a grisgljimta sustimtcha hc igamajlc i uj has supartis pcrc ahisimvakvljimta hcs cgtlvlhchis cnrapiguãrlcs, lmhustrlcls, turêstlgcs jcs tcj`ìj pcrc cricpraxljcîça has pavas autrarc sipcrchas pikc nuirrc.

0.7.> ‗ Imirnlc i Ãnucs

A pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça riquir, cmtis hi jcls uj sigtar imirnìtlga `cstcmti cgutlkcmtigcpcz hi supartcr cs migisslhchis mça s÷ ha pr÷prla pragissa hi lmhustrlcklzcîça jcs tcj`ìjhi uj gamsuja qui ì gchc viz jclar.

A cujimta hc himslhchi papukcglamck i a grisgljimta igam÷jlga sça hals ecgtaris prlmglpcls,qui c ouscmti, lmhuzij ujc jclar prahuîça ha sigtar i c jamtcmti, jcls hlstrlùlîça i

ripcrtlîça hc imirnlc.Ij Cmnakc, a sigtar ikìgtrlga eumglamc julta hi`lkltchcjimti i mça cpraviltc jcls hi 92%hi tahc suc patimglcklhchi. Ratimglck qui pahi sir ckgcmîcha si earij hielmlhcs cknujcs pakêtlgcs i rijavlhas as prlmglpcls pamtas hi istrcmnukcjimta pcrc nircîça, trcmsparti ihlstrlùlîça hi imirnlc, qui sinumha a GILG73 sça?

♥ Hìelgi hi prahuîça4

♥ Cs kljltcîùis mc gcpcglhchi hcs klmfcs hi trcmsparti704

gajirglcklzcharcs hi jctirlcls hi gamstruîça, hivlha c rihuîça chjlmlstrctlvc rihuîça hi priîas i hi ljpastaschucmilras c girtas jctirlcls hi gamstruîça, ìj gaja a cujimta hc prahuîça hi gljimta i gamsiquimtihljlmulîça has priîas, tarmcrcj a sigtar hc gamstruîça jcls raùsta, hlmàjlga i gchc viz jcls c`sakvimti hijça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc, tarmcmha ‗ si csslj, c pcr hc cnrlgukturc, ma sigtar qui jcls gamtrlùl pcrc c rihuîça hahisijprina.73 Eamti? Pikct÷rla 0232, sa`ri Imirnlc ij Cmnakc, GILG70 A trcmsparti ì eilta par trïs slstijcs i sça c IMI i c NCJID, cs nistarcs hc jclar pcrti hcs klmfcs hi

trcmsparti. As trïs prlmglpcls slstijcs hi trcmsparti sça? l) a marti, qui si prakamnc ha Rarta hi Kucmhc ijhlrigîça ca kisti (gamgimtrc >0%)4 ll) a gimtra, qui si prakamnc ha Rarta ha Ka`lta ca kisti (<,<%)4 i a suk, quisi prakamnc ha parta hi Mcjlì, lnuckjimti ij hlrigîça ca kisti ha pcês (>,>%). C hlstrlùlîça ì nirlhc pikc



9>

♥ C ixlstïmglc hi ikivchcs pirhcs tìgmlgcs i mça s÷, mas slstijcs ikìgtrlgas4

♥ C mça riekixça has gustas ieigtlvas i mij siquir has gustas apircglamcls mcs tcrlecsga`rchcs4

♥ I c mça lmtirklncîça has slstijcs ikìgtrlgas, a qui gamstltul pirhcs hi apartumlhchisij tirjas hi igamajlc hi isgckc i ha cujimta hc elc`lklhchi.

Rar autra kcha, a sigtar supartc ikivchas imgcrnas gaj c gajpamimti tìrjlgc77, qui imgcrigiclmhc jcls as gustas hi prahuîça. Fã isgcssiz hi rigursas elmcmgilras i c qucklhchi hc jça ‗ hi ‗ a`rc ì autrc gajpamimti eumhcjimtck qui ì priglsa hisimvakvir.

Wimha uj has jcls ljpartcmtis i prajlssaris sigtaris hc igamajlc cmnakcmc, a sigtarimirnìtlga, riprisimtc cpimcs 2,3% ha RL@ i tij ujc jahistc tcxc hi grisgljimta hi 32% ca

kamna has39 cmas cmcklschas. Yj hisijpimfa julta pauga gamsinulha pcrc uj pcês quiquir vir c suc igamajlc grisgir sustimtchcjimti, cgikircr a pragissa hi hlvirslelgcîça i hilmhustrlcklzcîça.

A navirma tirã csslj hi chaptcr cs jikfaris pakêtlgcs pcrc a cpraviltcjimta hcs nrcmhis patimglcklhchis imirnìtlgcs eumhcjimtckjimti flhraikìgtrlgcs, hcs qucls risscktc a GILG?

▢ Jikfarcr c qucklhchi i c elc`lklhchi ma earmigljimta hi imirnlc ikìgtrlgc, gajlmvistljimtas hi gcpltck lmtimslva quir mc ric`lkltcîça, quir mc ixpcmsça hcs lmerc ‗

istruturcs4

▢Grlcr gamhlîùis pcrc qui cs ijpriscs apircharcs ha sigtar eumglamij, sinumha as prlmgêplas gajirglcls4

▢ Ieigtlvcr c lmtirklncîça has slstijcs ikìgtrlgas, marti, gimtra i suk, csslj gaja aslstijc mcglamck hc WCHG ì hi gcpltck ljpartàmglc parqui pirjltlrã a hisimvakvljimta ha patimglck flhraikìgtrlga ixlstimti, a cujimta hc elc`lklhchi ma earmigljimta, ncmfas ijtirjas hi igamajlc hi isgckc, rihuîça hi gustas hi prahuîça i ixpkarcîça, rihuîça hc pakulîça cj`limtck, prajaîça hi praoigtas hi gcpltck lmtimslva, a hisimvakvljimtaigam÷jlga i saglck, c grlcîça hi ijprinas, c rihuîça ha gamsuja hc `lajcssc4

▢Grlcr uj cj`limti prapêgla pcrc a hisimvakvljimta hcs lmerc ‗ istruturcs ikìgtrlgcs,ctrcvìs hi pcrgirlcs pÿ`klga ‗ prlvchcs4

IHIK, prlmglpck rispamsãvik pikc hlstrl`ulîça ij Kucmhc (`clxc timsça) i pikc IMI, qui c`cstigi Kucmhc(jìhlc i cktc timsça) i cs ristcmtis pravêmglcs. Ij 0232 Kucmhc gamgimtrcvc 59% hc prahuîça tatck.

77Winumha hchas hc Hlrigîça hi Imirnlc ha Jlmlstìrla hc Imirnlc i Ãnucs, c gcpcglhchi lmstckchc hi prahuîçahi ikigtrlglhchi ij 0226 irc hi 3.06< J^ simha qui 53% irc flhraikìgtrlgc i ristcmti tìrjlgc.



96

▢Piearjcr cs tcrlecs hi earjc c ncrcmtlr a ritarma ha lmvistljimta4vl) rivlsça hcs pakêtlgcs hi su s̀êhlas, ujc viz qui prajavi c lmielglïmglc i ìmielglc as qui jcls tïj4

▢ I c grlcîça uj Eumha hi Ikigtrlelgcîça Purck ì hi ixtrijc ljpartàmglc pcrcgamstltulr ujc eamti hi elmcmglcjimta.

0.7.6 ‗ Autras Wirvlîas mça Jirgcmtls

Imtri as sirvlîas mça jirgcmtls, histcgcj ‗ si c ihugcîça, scÿhi, pratigîça saglck, fc`ltcîçai sirvlîas gajumltãrlas, sinurcmîc i arhij pÿ`klgc, hieisc, pratigîça cj`limtck, rigricîça,gukturc i riklnlça78. Istis sigtaris riprisimtcj ij gamoumta >,<% ha RL@ mcglamck.

Ij pcrtlgukcr, nastcrêcjas hi cekarcr sa`ri as sigtaris hc ihugcîça i hc scÿhi, ujc viz quiistis gamstltuij as plkcris pcrc a hisimvakvljimta sustimtãvik cgkcjcha ij taha jumha i

gkcra, ma massa pcês tcj`ìj. Ma sigtar hc ihugcîça hishi 0225 ctì ca cma hi 0230 earcj rigrutchas jcls hi <9.222 mavas praeissaris i a navirma lmvistlu mc gamstruîça i ric`lkltcîça hi isgakcs ij taha pcês. Rarìjas risuktchas mça earcj as jcls ispirchas ujc viz qui c tcxc hi gamgkusça ha imslma prljãrla eal hi 77%, girgc hi jitchi hc jìhlc rinlamck. A imslma sigumhãrla i tìgmlga tïjgamfiglha ujc slnmlelgctlvc ixpcmsça gaj c gamstruîça hi 79 mavcs isgakcs imtri 022< â0230 i cs lmsgrlîùis ma imslma supirlar grisgircj jcls hi 92% ca cma hishi 0220, jcs c

qucklhchi hljlmulu hivlha âs kcgumcs rinlstchcs ma quchra rinukcjimtcr.Gaj vlstc c jikfarcr a hisijpimfa ha sigtar, a Jlmlstìrla ikcàrau c riearjc ihugctlvc ijelmcls hi 0229 i prlj÷rhlas hi 0225, guoc cvcklcîça cpimcs cnucrhc a elj ha prczaistcìkiglha. Rar autra kcha, istã ij gursa uj cklglcmti Rkcma hi Earjcîça hi Suchras cmêvik mcglamck, hi jaha c cklcr as praelsslamcls âs jikfaris prãtlgcs i ixlnïmglcs ha jirgcha.

Sucmta c scÿhi, a navirma eiz ljpartcmtis lmvistljimtas hishi as rigursas fujcmas,slstijcs hi lmearjcîça, jikfarlc has sirvlîas, gamstruîça, ripcrcîça i cpitrigfcjimta hcsumlhchis faspltckcris, ma imtcmta jimas hi jitchi hc papukcîça ha pcês tij cgissa c scÿhi.79C ispircmîc jìhlc hi vlhc pcssau hi 86 ij 022< pcrc 90 cmas ij 0230 , jcs clmhc

78 Mistc gctinarlc lmsirij ‗ si as su`sêhlas cas gajùstêvils i imirnlc (qui riprisimtcj >,6% ha RL@) jcstcj`ìj as su`sêhlas hi hisijprina, par vikflgi, lmgcpcglhchi au haimîc, fc`ltcîça, ecjêklc, itg. Uir kil m¿ >/28hi 39 hi Autu`ra. Sucmta c fc`ltcîça i sirvlîas gajumltãrlas, imquchrcj ‗ si as nrcmhis praoigtasfc`ltcglamcls prajavlhas pika navirma ctrcvìs ha Rranrcjc Mcglamck hi Fc`ltcîça. Sucmta c pratigîçacj`limtck, histcgcj ‗ si c kil hi `csis ha cj`limti, cs riearjcs ma sigtar gaj vlstc c grlcîça hi pakêtlgcs hi

lmgimtlva âs imirnlcs kljpcs i ca hisimvakvljimta hc igamajlc virhi, ìj gaja c gamstruîça has gimtras plkatas pcrc prajaîça hc `lahlvirslhchi i c rihuîça hcs ijlssùis hi GA0 (kij`rcr qui Cmnakc ì slnmctãrlc has pratagakas hi Sulata i Jamtrick, timha oã rihuzlha cs sucs ijlssùis hi 3,9 dn ij 0222 pcrc 2,< dn ij 0233).79 L@R (0226 ‗ 022<) i EJL (Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad. Cmnakc 0230).



9<

elnurc imtri cs jcls `clxcs ha jumha. C jartcklhchi jctirmc ‗ lmecmtlk gclu hi 6<2 jartas par gchc 322 jlk mchas ‗ vlvas ij 0222 pcrc jimas hi 892 ij 0233.

C jikfarlc rinlstchc mc cnrlgukturc tij gamtrlùêha pcrc rihuzlr c hismutrlîça, qui gclu hi5>% ij 0222 pcrc jimas hi 83% ij 0233. Cmnakc rinlstc uj ercga hisijpimfa ij tirjas

hi ìj ‗ istcr saglaigam÷jlga timha uj LHF hi 2,865 ij 0233, timha elgcha ij 386¿ kuncrimtri 36> pcêsis hcs Mcîùis Ymlhcs.

C YMLGIE istã c cpalcr cknujcs riearjcs ma sigtar, gaj vlstc c jikfarcr a istcha hc scÿhima pcês, c scìr?

♥ A gaj`cti c jã mutrlîça lmecmtlk ij ãrics ceigtchcs pikc sigc4

♥ A pranrcjc hi irrchlgcîça hc paklajliklti4

♥ I c hlstrlùlîça hi jasqultilras pcrc gaj`ctir c jckãrlc.

Istljc ‗ si qui 0,9% hc papukcîça chuktc ì sirapasltlva, simha c jimar pirgimtcnij mcrinlça hc Ãerlgc Custrck4 a trctcjimta hc tuìrgukasi tij slha ljpkijimtcha ij cpimcs 65%hcs umlhchis hi scÿhi, simha qui c jckãrlc ì c prlmglpck gcusc hi jarti simha rispamsãvik par 79% hcs jartis hi grlcmîcs jimaris hi 9 cmas i par 09% hc jartcklhchi jctirmc.

Ì ìj vlsêvik, ctrcvìs hc tcìkc cgljc qui c cpklgcîça has eumhas arlumhas ha sigtar pitrakêeira i has griharis ixtirmas sça jclarltcrlcjimti cpklgchas mas sigtaris hcGamstruîça, Gajìrgla i sirvlîas jirgcmtls, lmhÿstrlc i cnrlgukturc, gaja oã vljas cgljc.



52

GCRÊXYKA ? 7 ‗ C LMEKCÎÇA IJ CMNAKC

7.3 ‗ A Rcmarcjc hc Lmekcîça ma Rirêaha hi 0222 â 0238

C lmekcîça ì uj eim÷jima ixlstimti ij quckquir igamajlc. Wioc ikc hisimvakvlhc,su`hisimvakvlhc au vlc hi hisimvakvljimta a cujimta ha mêvik nirck hi priîas si prapcnc hihleirimtis earjcs, chcptcmha ‗ si cs gcrcgtirêstlgcs ispigêelgcs hi gchc ujc hikcs.

Ij Cmnakc, c lmekcîça eal sijpri uj has nrcmhis hiscelas hc pakêtlgc igam÷jlgc. A pcês oãrinlstau ikivchcs tcxcs hi lmekcîça, timha jisja pcsscha par pirêahas hi flpirlmekcîça, imtri3<<3 i 3<<5. Himtri cs rczùis jcls slnmlelgctlvcs, cpamtcj ‗ si as hìelgis pÿ`klgaselmcmglchas pikc vlc jamitãrlcbbsilnmlar cni¸̧ , pcrc eczir ecgi cs migisslhchis hc nuirrc ic isgcssiz hi prahutas hcha qui c lmstc`lklhchi pakêtlgc qui a pcês ctrcvisscvc hltau c eunchcs papukcîùis has gcjpas pcrc cs glhchis jcls sinurcs i gaja tck nrcmhis qui`rcs mc prahuîça cnrêgakc, c pcrcklscîça hc lmhÿstrlc i vitau a pcês hc rigipîça has nrcmhislmvistljimtas istrcmnilras, lsakcmha ‗ a ha rista ha jumha.

Gaj ieilta, a cujimta hc ljpartcîça has ìms ckljimtcris i iqulvckimtis ij kcrnc isgckc, ceunc hi gcpltcls ha tirrlt÷rla mcglamck pcrc autrcs pcrcnims ha pkcmitc, c hitirlarcîça ha vckarhc jaihc mcglamck ecgi ca h÷kcr i gamsiquimti hakcrlzcîça hc igamajlc, a cujimta has priîas has prahutas ljpartchas i as javljimtas ispigukctlvas, c ikivcîça ha gusta hi vlhc i

c hinrchcîça cgimtuchc ha mêvik hi vlhc hc papukcîça, earcj cs prlmglpcls gamsiquïmglcsagarrlhcs hurcmti a pirêaha hi flpirlmekcîça.

Isti pcmarcjc gajiîau c lmvirtir ‗ si c pcrtlr ha cma 3<<< ij qui c lmekcîça sclu hi 7222%ij 3<<> pcrc 07>%. Yj nrcmhi risuktcha hcs pakêtlgcs igam÷jlgcs cpklgchcs risuktcmtis hcsriearjcs lmstltuêhcs pika navirma cmnakcma, ma simtlha hc suc gamtimîça i rihuîça.

C lmekcîça ij Cmnakc ì jihlhc pika LRG gckgukcha jimsckjimti pika LMI. Himtri cs gkcssisqui jcls gamtrlùij pcrc lmekcîça histcgcj ‗ si?

♥ C gkcssi 23 hi Ckljimtcîça i @i`lhcs mça Ckga÷klgcs gaj ujc pamhircîça hi85,2<%4

♥ C gkcssi 28 hi Fc`ltcîça, Ãnuc, Ikigtrlglhchi, Nãs i Gajùstêvils gaj 30,0>%754

Ma pirêaha cmcklscha, cs jihlhcs chaptchcs tlvircj gaja risuktcha a sinulmtigajpartcjimta hc lmekcîça.

75Eamti? Pikct÷rla i Gamtcs ha @MC 0230



53

Elnurc 33 ‗ A Gajpartcjimta hc Lmekcîça ca Kamna ha Rirêaha

Eamti? @MC. Ikc`arcîça ha cutar.

Gaja lkustrc c elnurc cgljc, c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc tij sinulha uj rltja hi higrisgljimtamltlhcjimti vlsêvik i sctlsect÷rla.

C jclar rihuîça cgamtigiu mc trcmslîça hi 0222 pcrc 0223 amhi c lmekcîça gclu jcls hi 322 p.p. riekigtlmha hc jikfar jcmilrc cs jihlhcs hi gamtraka ha cujimta hc `csi jamitãrlc mcigamajlc mcglamck.

Ij 0230, pikc prljilrc viz a pcês ctlmnlu a mêvik hi uj hênlta hipals hi fã ujc hìgchc tir

rinlstcha lmekcîça mc arhij has trïs hênltas.

A hiscela cnarc ì rihuzlr c lmekcîça pcrc mêvils jcls `clxas, parìj sinumha istuhas i cknumsigamajlstcs hc massc prcîc, c lmekcîça pahirã pirjcmigir par jultas cmas imtri as 9% â 6% par rczùis istruturcls7>, slnmlelgcmha qui suc rihuîça istã hlrigtcjimti hipimhimti hcrijaîça hissis a`stãgukas i ha cujimta hc prahuîça mcglamck.

7.0 ‗ As Hitirjlmcmtis hc Lmekcîça ij Cmnakc

Uãrlas istuhas earcj hisimvakvlhas pcrc si cpurcr cs gcuscs hc lmekcîça qui eartijimticssakau a pcês ij tijpas hi nuirrc i gamtlmuc c cssakcr cpiscr has cvcmîas slnmlelgctlvas quickgcmîau misti hajêmla. Cs aplmlùis sça vãrlcs i cknujcs hleirij sinumha cs gcuscs par ikcscpamtchcs.

Yj istuha ricklzcha ij 0222, `csicha ma jahika hi ixpklgcîça hc lmekcîça cpurau qui?

▢ 7>,>% irc ixpklgchc par ixgissa hi hispisc4

7>Elik Gamstcmtlma- Wijcmãrla Ixpcmsça, sixtc ‗ eilrc, 08 hi Witij`ra hi 02324 I Gcrkas Pascha RranrcjcUigtar, Pãhla KCG, 32?99 jlm, 27 hi Jcrîa hi 02384 GILG4 EJL4 JLMRKCM.



50

▢ 99,3% pikas gustas prahuîça4

▢ 30,9% par rczùis ckict÷rlcs4

▢06,9% par ispigukcîça.

Ij 0230, igamajlstcs klnchas ca @MC, hisimvakvircj uj trc`ckfa glimtêelga pcrc cpurcr ashitirjlmcmtis hc lmekcîça ij Cmnakc. Earcj cpamtchas as sinulmtis ecgtaris?

▢ C tcxc hi gàj`la4

▢ C tcxc hi oura4

▢ A LRG4

▢ A mêvik hi priîas ha pcsscha4

▢ C lmekcîça ljpartchc4▢ As cnrinchas jamitãrlas J3 i J0.

Cgtuckjimti jultcs rczùis pahij sir cpamtchcs gaja gcuscs hc lmekcîça4 Winumha c massc pisqulsc ikcs earcj imquchrchcs ij trïs gctinarlcs hi cgarha gaj as tlpas hi lmekcîça.

7.0.3 ‗ Ha kcha hc Rragurc

Ij Cmnakc c jclar gcusc hc lmekcîça rislhi ma hìelgi pÿ`klga76, qui ì elmcmglcha gaj

ijlssça hi jaihc simha istc mça cgajpcmfchc, pikc aeirtc nka`ck (prahuîça lmtirmc iljpartcîùis).

A ixgissa hi hispiscs pÿ`klgcs, gamstltuêhc eumhcjimtckjimti pika lmvistljimta pÿ`klga,gajpamimti hc pragurc cnrinchc, tij prisslamcha c ikivcîça has priîas, c jirgï hi ujcaeirtc qui si cprisimtc sigukcrjimti rênlhc.

7.0.0 ‗ Ha kcha hc Aeirtc

Ixlstij mc igamajlc cmnakcmc hlvirsas ecgtaris hi istrcmnukcjimta istruturck, qui ceigtcjas gustas hi prahuîça i hlelguktcj a grisgljimta hc prahuîça lmtirmc. Himtri issis ecgtaris pahijas gltcr?

♥ C ecktc slstijãtlgc hi jctìrlcs ‗ prljcs4

♥ Hìelgi mc prahuîça, hlstrl`ulîça i c`cstigljimta hi imirnlc i ãnuc4

♥ Hìelgi hi quchras mcglamcls i ikivchas gustas gaj as ixpctrlchas4

76Ckvis hc Pagfc, Rar Amhi vcl c Igamajlc Cmnakcmc1 Rãn. 333, 3ª ihlîça, Jcycj`c ihltarc, 0233



57

♥ Ikivchas gustas hi trcmsparti, gamsirvcîça i crjczimcnij has prahutas (ijispiglck ha gcjpa pcrc cs glhchis)4

♥ Ikivchas gustas hi ljpartcîça (lmekcîça ljpartchc) hcs jirgcharlcs4

♥ Ikivchcs tcxcs hi ouras7< i cgimtuchcs hi`lklhchis ha slstijc elmcmgilra ij gcptcr paupcmîcs i ritlrcr hlmfilra hcs jças ha pÿ`klga ij nirck4

♥ C isgcssiz slstijãtlgc hi prahutas, hivlha ca istcha hi su`hisimvakvljimta hashijcls sigtaris igam÷jlgas.

♥ Uakctlklhchi hc tcxc hi gàj`la hi YWH/CAC

♥ C `clxc prahutlvlhchi has ecgtaris.

7.0.7 ‗ Autras Ecgtaris

C istis eim÷jimas pahijas clmhc cgrisgimtcr autras qui mça simha praprlcjimti pravimlimtis ha kcha hc aeirtc au hc pragurc (hi lmìrglc), jcs qui tïj gamtrlùêha eartijimti pcrc a cujimta i pirslstïmglc hc lmekcîça, tcls gaja?

♥ C ispigukcîça4

♥ C ùragrcglc i c garrupîça4

♥ A mêvik has sckãrlas (hc eumîça pÿ`klgc) cklcha c ercgc prahutlvlhchi hcchjlmlstrcîça pÿ`klgc ij nirck4

♥ As coustis sckcrlcls cmucls hc eumîça pÿ`klgc4

♥ A mêvik hi gamsuja i hi hispiscs hc gkcssi ùrnuisc mcglamck4

♥ I as su`sêhlas cas priîas.

7.8 ‗ Rakêtlgcs hi Gaj`cti c Lmekcîça ij Cmnakc

Hurcmti as ÿktljas 32 cmas (0223 ‗ 0232) csslstlu ‗ si c ujc ikivchc vakctlklhchi hc tcxc higàj`la YWH/CAC pcrtlgukcrjimti ma pirêaha hi 0223 â 0228, amhi a gàj`la vcrlau imtri as72,9 ij 0223 i as 69,< ij 0228.

7< Sui prissupùij cktas gustas hi elmcmglcjimtas i gaja tck ujc eunc cas grìhltas `cmgãrlas. C vikaglhchi higlrgukcîça hc jaihc (v) cujimtc qucmta jclar ear c tcxc hi ouras, lmhuzlmha csslj jclar lmekcîça (vir sigîça3.7.8.3 ‗ iqucîça hi Elsfir). Rar autra kcha, c ecktc hi ihugcîça elmcmgilrc, hi fã`ltas hi paupcmîc i cs `clxcstcxcs hi rijumircîça ha gcpltck mça tïj ctrcêha as cmnakcmas c gcmcklzcrij sius rimhljimtas pcrc a slstijcelmcmgilra. Yjc matc ljpartcmti ì rieirlr tcj`ìj qui `clxcs tcxcs hi ouras, mça tïj istljukcha a lmvistljimta(gaja tij slha fc`lta hlzir ‗ si mc kltircturc hc ispiglcklhchi), jcs a gamsuja (grìhlta ca gamsuja) i tcj`ìjsça nircharis hi lmekcîça pikc vlc hc hispisc. Rartcmta, c gcptcîça hi paupcmîcs hivirã eczir ‗ si hi autrc

earjc, gaja hieimhi Ckvis hc Pagfc, tcls gaja? Rikc hislmearjcklzcîça hc igamajlc, jikfarcjimta haeumglamcjimta i hc ielglïmglc ha slstijc `cmgãrla, c grlcîça hc àksc hi vckaris, eajimta hc fc`ltcîça,jikfarcjimta ha slstijc hi pravlhïmglc saglck i uj jclar rltja hi grisgljimta igam÷jlga ljpukslamcha pikacujimta hcs cgtlvlhchis igam÷jlgcs ij nirck.



58

Mas ÿktljas cmas virlelgau ‗ si ujc rikctlvc istc`lklzcîça hc rieirïmglc gcj`lck, ma lmtirvckaimtri 62 â <2 CAC/YWH i c istc`lklhchi hc jaihc mcglamck hiu gamelcmîc cas cnimtisigam÷jlgas i ca jirgcha i gamhuzlu mça s÷ c cgikircîça hc hishakcrlzcîça hc igamajlcgaja tcj`ìj c rihuîça hc lmekcîça, simha uj ljpartcmti lmstrujimta hi hislmekcîça has

priîas.Yjc viz lhimtlelgchcs cs prlmglpcls gcuscs hc lmekcîça ma pcês, i simha qui istc risuktc higcuscs jamitãrlcs i elsgcls imtça c vlc pcrc gaj`cti ‗ kcs, sinumha c tiarlc igam÷jlgc,hivij sir lnuckjimti jamitãrlc i elsgck.

Csslj cs imtlhchis gajpitimtis grlcrcj uj gamoumta hi lmstrujimtas pcrc eczir ecgi c isscsltucîça hcs qucls histcgãjas hc pcrti ha @MC?

♥ C jamltarlzcîça, gamtraka i cgajpcmfcjimta has cnrinchas J3 i J0 `ij gaja csuc ceigtcîça par vlc hi apircîùis hi apim jcrdit gaja c vimhc has X@G i c ikivcîça hcstcxcs hi rihisgamta4

♥ Cs cktircîùis hc tcxc `ãslgc hi oura4

♥ C vimhc hi hlvlscs ma jirgcha gcj`lck4

♥ C utlklzcîça hcs risirvcs lmtirmcglamcls pcrc cssinurcr c pcrlhchi imtri c jaihcmcglamck i a h÷kcr cjirlgcma, par earjc c ncrcmtlr c istc`lklhchi gcj`lck.

Hc pcrti ha JLMELM?

♥ C jikfarlc hc nistça has eumhas pÿ`klgas i c rcglamcklzcîça hcs hispiscs pÿ`klgcs4

♥ C pranrisslvc rihuîça i ikljlmcîça has su`sêhlas cas priîas4

♥ C rihuîça hc tcxc hi ljpasta lmhustrlck hi 79% pcrc 72%.

Rar elj nastcrêcjas hi cpamtcr tcj`ìj c prahuîça mcglamck, gaja uj has ecgtaris qui tijgamtrl`uêha pcrc c rihuîça hc lmekcîça.



59

GCRÊXYKA? 8 ‗ CMÃKLWI HA LJRCGXA HA GPIGLJIMXA IGAM×JLGA MCLMEKCÎÇA IJ CMNAKC. CMÃKLWI IGAMAJÌXPLGC.

8.3 ‗ Matc Lmtrahut÷rlc

C igamajitrlc pahi sir hielmlhc gaja c cmãklsi qucmtltctlvc has eim÷jimas igam÷jlgasagarrlhas gaj `csi ma hisimvakvljimta garrimti hc tiarlc i hcs a`sirvcîùis i gaj a usa hijìtahas hi lmeirïmglc chiquchas (R. Wcjuiksam, gltcha par Nuocrctl, 022>)82.

C issïmglc hc rinrissça gimtrc ‗ si mc lhilc hi si gajpravcr c ixlstïmglc au mça hi ujcrikcîça hi hipimhïmglc imtri hucs au jcls vcrlãvils ctrcvìs hi lmhlgcharis igamajìtrlgas. Misti trc`ckfa usau ‗ si a jahika hi cmãklsi hi rinrissça klmicr sljpkis pcrc cmcklscr crikcîça imtri RL@ i Lmekcîça. As hchas earcj pragisschas ctrcvìs ha pranrcjc hc L@J WRWWWtctlstlgs 03.

8.0 ‗ Hielmlîça hcs Ucrlãvils i has Rcràjitras ha Jahika

Cs vcrlãvils hielmlhcs i uschcs misti istuha sça cs qui si sinuij?

R ‗ Xcxc hi lmekcîça ha pirêaha ij cmãklsi. ‗ Lmtirgipta. Piprisimtc tahas as autras

ecgtaris qui prajavcj lmekcîça qucmha c prahuîça (RL@) ì mukc. Imnka`cjas cqul c lmekcîçaljpartchc, c ispigukcîça, as ecgtaris jamitãrlas (ixgissa hi jaihc ij glrgukcîça) i autras.

‗ Piprisimtc a ieilta hc vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti (S), mc vcrlãvik hipimhimti (R)4 au sioc, ì aieilta qui a grisgljimta ha prahuta tij sa`ri lmekcîça ij Cmnakc, qui gamstltul hi ecgta ujhas prlmglpcls aòigtlvas histc pisqulsc.S ‗ Xcxc hi grisgljimta ha RL@ rick.

Y - Rirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc suòcgimti â iqucîça hi rinrissça83.

Ispiglelgcîça ha jahika sinumha a WRWW Wtctlstlgs 07?

82 Igamajitrlc `ãslgc ‗ Hcjahcr Nuocrctl, pp.383Ì ljpartcmti hlstlmnulrjas, clmhc qui tiarlgcjimti, pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc (riprisimtchc pikc vcrlãviku) i irraistagãstlga au risêhua hi istljcîça (riprisimtcha par ). C pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc ì ispiglelgchc ma jahika hirinrissça gaja ujc hcs vcrlãvils i c`crgc as ieiltas hisgamfiglhas i sczamcls qui passcj lmekuimglcr c pcrtihcs vcrlcîùis hc vcrlãvik hipimhimti mça gcptchc pikcs vcrlãvils lmhipimhimtis. Ì c pcrti mça ixpklgchc pika

jahika. Imqucmta a irra au risêhua ì c qucmtlelgcîça hc pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc. Ikc hirlvc hc hleirimîc imtri avckar istljcha i a vckar rick hc vcrlãvik hipimhimti. Mc pirtur`cîça ckict÷rlc istça lmgkuêhas as ecgtarishisgamfiglhas au qui mça pahij sir qucmtlelgchas gaja c ùragrcglc, garrupîça i autras au clmhc pika ecgta hihilxcrjas hi earc girtcs vcrlãvils qui pahij tir ljpcgta sa`ri lmekcîça



55

8.7 ‗ Istljcîça has Rcràjitras i Hirlvcîça ha Jahika hi Pinrissça

As pcràjitras mas jastrcj a simtlha i earmigij ujc lhilc ha ljpcgta qui c vcrlãviklmhipimhimti ixirgi sa`ri c hipimhimti.

Rika qui a jahika hi rinrissça cprisimtc ‗ si a sinulmti?

Winumha a WRWW a jahika klmicr cprisimtc uj àmnuka hi lmgklmcîça minctlva, a qui slnmlelgfcvir ujc rikcîça lmvirsc imtri c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti i c vcrlãvik hipimhimti.

A jisja mça si pahi hlzir ha lmtirgipta, qui ì pasltlva i ikivcha. C rigtc hc iqucîçahirlvchc pahi vir ‗ si ma nrãelga c sinulr.

Elnurc 30 ‗ Nrãelga hi Hlspirsça



5>

Eamti? WRWW Wtctlstlgs 07

A nrãelga cgljc jastrc ujc nrcmhi hlspirsça imtri as hchas hcs hucs vcrlãvils a`sirvchcsma tijpa. Yjc rikcîça klmicr imtri cj`as tcj`ìj pcrigi uj pauga hleêglk hi si vlsucklzcr.Rarìj fã ujc timhïmglc hcs a`sirvcîùis qui mas ì hchc pikc lmgklmcîça hc rigtc, qui

hijamstrc uj higrisgljimta hc lmekcîça ij eumîça ha grisgljimta ha [email protected] jahika hirlvcha hijamstrc qui (gamstcmti) tij ujc rikcîça hlrigtc i uj ljpcgta

cpcrimtijimti earti ma mêvik hi priîas (>2,795),a qui slnmlelgc qui as ecgtaris su`ocgimtis cikc pahij gamgarrir pcrc a cujimta slnmlelgctlva hc lmekcîça.

A pcràjitra riprisimtc a ieilta hc vcrlcîça ha RL@ sa`ri Lmekcîça, i rikcglamc ‗ si hi

earjc lmvirsc (-0,<67)gaj c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti. A qui quir hlzir qui qucmta jclar a RL@

jimar sirã c lmekcîça.Ij istctêstlgc, pcrc qui uj pcràjitra sioc gamslhircha slnmlelgcmti ì migissãrla qui siocsu`jitlha c hitirjlmchas tistis. Csslj, pcrc cpurcrjas c vircglhchi has sius ieiltas mcvcrlãvik hipimhimti su`jitijas as massas risuktchas cas sinulmtis tistis?

8.7. 3 ‗ Xistis Rcrcjìtrlgas

Wirça tistchas cqul, c slnmlelgàmglc pcrglck has pcràjitras par lmtirjìhla hcistctêstl gc t hi

stuhimt c uj mêvik hi slnmlelgàmglc hi9%80.

◁ Istctêstlgc t pcrc

. Lsta ì? A pcràjitra ì istctlstlgcjimti lmslnmlelgcmti4

. Lsta ì? A pcràjitra mça ì istctlstlgcjimti lmslnmlelgcmti.

80

A mêvik hi slnmlelgàmglc ì c pra`c`lklhchi hi si gajitir uj irra ha tlpa L4 Au sioc, c passl`lklhchi rioiltcr cflp÷tisi mukc. As jcls uschas sça as hi 3% i 9%. C utlklzcîça hi quckquir uj has mêvils hi slnmlelgàmglc mçaimgirrc ij sl ujc rczça ispiglck4 ma imtcmta, ikc hivi sir isgakflhc hi cgarha gaj a rlsga cssaglcha, qui ìeartijimti hitirjlmcha pika oukncjimta praelsslamck ha tìgmlga qui gamstr÷l a jahika.



56

Gaja gcl mc rinlça grêtlgc au hi rioilîça, imtça hivijas rioiltcr c flp÷tisi mukc ( )

sinumha c quck, a pcràjitra ì lmslnmlelgcmti i cgiltãjas c flp÷tisi cktirmctlvc.

◁ Istctêstlgc t pcrc

. Lsta ì? A pcràjitra ì istctlstlgcjimti lmslnmlelgcmti4

. Lsta ì? A pcràjitra mça ì istctlstlgcjimti lmslnmlelgcmti.

Rcrc a pcràjitra , c istctêstlgct jastrau qui a siu ljpcgta mc vcrlãvik hipimhimti

(lmekcîça) ì lmslnmlelgcmti4 gclu mc rinlça hi cgiltcîça hc flp÷tisi.

8.7.0 ‗ Xistis mça Rcrcjìtrlgas

. Lsta ì? A grisgljimta ha RL@ tij ljpcgta slnmlelgctlva mc rihuîça hc Lmekcîça

ij Cmnakc4

. Lsta ì? A grisgljimta ha RL@ mça tij ljpcgta slnmlelgctlva mc rihuîça hc

Lmekcîça ij Cmnakc.

Elnurc 37 ‗ Xc`ikc CMAUC



5<


Wi E a`sirvcha si sltucr mc rinlça hi cgiltcîça, hivijas cgiltcr c flp÷tisi mukc. I si sltucrmc rinlça hi rioilîça, imtça hivijas rioiltcr c flp÷tisi mukc.

Gaja vijas, E a`sirvcha ì lnuck c2,903 i E grêtlga ì 0,998. C cgiltcîça hc flp÷tisi mukcslnmlelgc qui c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti mça tij ieilta slnmlelgctlva sa`ri c vcrlãvik hipimhimti4Au sioc, a massa tisti hlz ‗ mas qui a ieilta ha grisgljimta ha RL@ ij Cmnakc mça tiviljpcgta slnmlelgctlva sa`ri c rihuîça hc lmekcîça hurcmti a pirêaha cmcklscha (0222 â 0238).

◁ Istctêstlgc hisgrltlvc

A quchra c`clxa cprisimtc as lmhlgcharis hlsgritas hcs sìrlis hi hchas istuhchcs.

Elnurc 38 ‗ Rrlmglpcls Lmhlgcharis Hlsgritas


C tc`ikc jastrc as lmhlgcharis istctêstlgas hlsgritas, gaja c jìhlc i a hisvla pchrçacjastrck.



>2

Rahi ‗ si hlzir qui a RL@ grisgiu ij jìhlc >,97%. A hisvla quchrcha has vckarisa`sirvchas ij rikcîça c suc jìhlc eal hi 8,5>% cpraxljchcjimti. C sìrli rinlstau uj vckarjãxlja, ca kamna has 39 cmas hi 39% i uj vckar jêmlja hi 3,65%87. Sucmta c lmekcîça,virlelgau ujc jìhlc hi 98,3% i uj hisvla quchrcha ij rikcîça c jìhlc has hchas hi

>8,5>%. A mêvik jcls ckta hi lmekcîça eal hi 056,8% i a jcls `clxa hi <,20%. Mça sivirlelgau quckquir mêvik hi lmekcîça qui timfc pirhurcha ca kamna ha pirêaha cmcklscha.

8.8 ‗ Fitirasgihcstlglhchi i Cuta ‗ Garrikcîça

Hucs hcs flp÷tisis ha jahika hi rinrissça klmicr sça cs hi qui cs vcrlãvils lmhipimhimtishivij tir jìhlcs hleirimtis jcs vcrlàmglc gamstcmti i ispircmîc jctijãtlgc has irras ha

jahika hivi sir hleirimti hi zira .

Sucmha istcs flp÷tisis sça vlakchcs, hlzijas qui a jahika saeri hi fitirasgihcstlglhchi ihi cuta - garrikcîça.

Isscs cmajcklcs, marjcls hcs sìrlis hi hchas trcmsvirscls, mça sirça trctchcs ma massatrc`ckfa, par qucmta ikcs mça ceigtcj as risuktchas, pikc massc pisqulsc pirsinulhas.

8.9 ‗ Lmtirpritcîça has Pisuktchas A`tlhas

A gaielglimti hi garrikcîça lmhlgc ij qui lmtimslhchi (mêvik) si hã c rikcîça klmicr imtri

c vcrlãvik lmhipimhimti i c hipimhimti, `ij gaja a siu simtlha.A gaielglimti hi hitirjlmcîça ispikfc c gcpcglhchi hi ixpklgcîça qui c vcrlãvik

lmhipimhimti tij ij rikcîça cs vcrlcîùis hc vcrlãvik hipimhimti. Misti gcsa, ij pcrtlgukcr,ikc hitirjlmc ij qui nrcu cs vcrlcîùis ma RL@ lmekuimglcj cs vcrlcîùis ma mêvik nirck hi priîas4 jcls gamgritcjimti, si a cujimta ha RL@ gcusc rihuîça/cujimta slnmlelgctlva hclmekcîça ma pcês.

Winumha a massa jahika a gaielglimti hi garrikcîça i hi 2,3<5. Isti gaielglimti lmhlgc quiixlsti ujc rikcîça lmvirsc hi 3<,5% imtri a grisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc.

87Gamtrãrla ha qui si pimscvc a cma hi 0233 eal a jimas prahutlva pcrc c igamajlc cmnakcmc, sinumha hchascprisimtcha pika LMI, mcs Gamtcs Mcglamcls 022> - 0230 i mça a hi 022< (qucmha jcls si rissimtlu as ieiltas hcgrlsi elmcmgilrc jumhlck ij Cmnakc).



>3

Rar autra kcha, a RL@ gamsinui ixpklgcr cpimcs79% hc vcrlcîça tatck hc Lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha. Ma imtcmta, istctlstlgcjimti eckcmha, issis gaielglimtis mça sça slnmlelgctlvas, `cstcakfcrjas pcrc as tistis hi t i E qui cprisimtcj vckaris hi -2,>00 i 2,903 rispigtlvcjimtic`clxa has mêvils slnmlelgcmtis.



>0

GAMGKYWÙIW

Yjc viz cmcklscha a gajpartcjimta ha RL@ i hc Lmekcîça ca kamna ha pirêaha sikigglamcha ihi cgarha gaj as risuktchas a`tlhas i gajpravchas pika istuha ijpêrlga c qui a massatrc`ckfa mas cprisimtau, istcjas ij gamhlîùis hi vcklhcr cs masscs flp÷tisis i ceirlr sa`ri as

a`oigtlvas, pikc pisqulsc pirsinulhas.

Csslj, gfincjas cs sinulmtis gamgkusùis?

C rikcîça imtri grisgljimta igam÷jlga i c lmekcîça ij Cmnakc ixlsti i ì lmvirsc,slnmlelgcmha qui qucmta jclar ear a grisgljimta jimar sirã c lmekcîça4

A cujimta ha RL@ tij ljpcgta lmvirsa sa`ri c lmekcîça, ma imtcmta mça slnmlelgcmti pals qui cpimcs gamsinui ixpklgcr girgc hi 79% hc suc vcrlcîça tatck4

Ixlstij autras ecgtaris qui lmekuimglcj eartijimti i hi earjc hlrigtc agajpartcjimta hc lmekcîça, hi imtri as qucls pahijas gltcr? c lmekcîça ljpartchc, aixgissa hi jaihc, c ispigukcîça, c `uragrcglc i c garrupîça i a mêvik hi gamsuja hcgkcssi ̀ urnuisc4

A gamtraka i rihuîça hc lmekcîça ij Cmnakc tïj slha eiltas par autrcs vlcs qui mça hc prahuîça mcglamck, himtri cs qucls histcgãjas cs vlcs elsgcls, jamitãrlc i gcj`lck.Winumha, a RMH 0237 ‗ 023>, Cmnakc istã suoiltc c ujc lmekcîça istruturck qui ramhc

imtri as 9% cas 6%. Istis êmhlgis s÷ pahirça sir gaj`ctlhas gaj ujc pakêtlgclmhustrlck qui passl`lklti a cujimta hc prahutlvlhchi has ecgtaris hi prahuîça massigtaris ricls hc igamajlc mcglamck.



>7

PIGAJIMHCÎÙIW

Ximha ij gamslhircîça as hlvirsas cspigtas càrhchas mistc pisqulsc, cprcz ‗ mas tigir cssinulmtis rigajimhcîùis?

A cu jimta sustimtcha hc prahuîça mcglamck4 pcrc qui tck agarrc tarmc ‗ simigissãrla uj gamoumta hi cgîùis hcs qucls histcgãjas cs sinulmtis?

Ha kcha hc pragurc?

◁ Pihuîça has gamstrcmnljimtas istruturcls, jarjimti c ecktc hi imirnlc i ãnuc, hi

vlcs hi gajumlgcîça rahavlãrlcs i eirravlãrlcs (gamtlmucîça has aòigtlvas i cgîùis quigamstcj ha RMH 0237 ‗ 023>)4

Ha kcha hc aeirtc?

◁ Ikcàrcîça hi pakêtlgcs hi eajimta âs cgtlvlhchis cnra ‗ piguãrlcs i lmhustrlcls,earjcîça i gcpcgltcîça hi quchras4

◁ C chapîça hi ujc istrctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta qui hisimvakvc ij pcrckika cs

istrctìnlcs hi su`stltulîça hcs ljpartcîùis i prajaîça hcs ixpartcîùis qui prlvlkinli girtassigtaris gfcvis i/au prlarltãrlas i gcusij ieiltas c jìhla i kamna prczas, quir c ouscmti gajac jamtcmti (gaja par ixijpka, as sigtaris imirnìtlga, cnra ‗ ckljimtcr (gaj cknums prahutashi ikilîça)4has trcmspartis i c lmhÿstrlc trcmsearjcharc), parìj timha sijpri ij klmfc higamtc c passl`lklhchi hi prahuîça gajpitltlvc i ielglimti4

◁ Jikfarlc hc ielglïmglc i has jìtahas hi trc`ckfa mc cnrlgukturc, pisgc i slkvlgukturc,majichcjimti c lmtrahuîça hi tigmakanlcs mavcs i earjcîça pcrc cujimtcr c prahutlvlhchi4

◁ C jamltarlzcîça, cgajpcmfcjimta i jcsslelgcîça hcs cgtlvlhchis jlmilrcs,

eumhcjimtckjimtic prahu îça hi pitr÷kia i nãs mcturck (istr ctìnlc hi hisimvakvljimta

`csichc mc lmhÿstrlc pischc) , ujc viz qui istis gamstltuij as jcls priglasas rigursas ha

pcês i c jclar eamti hi imtrchc hi hlvlscs pcrc c igamajlc i rigiltcs pcrc as gaeris ha istcha4hamhi c cpklgcîça has sius ixgihimtis hivirça sirvlr pcrc c grlcîça hi uj sigtar ijpriscrlck pÿ`klga i prlvcha earti i gcpcz hi hisimvakvir cs lmhustrlcs cgljc jimglamchcs.

◁ C klìrcklzcîça pcrglck hc igamajlc cmnakcmc, mcquikis prahutas guoc prahuîça

pahi eczir ‗ si gaj ckta mêvik hi ixgikïmglc i aeiriîc ca pcês vcmtcnims gajpcrctlvcs ijgamgarrïmglc gaj as autras prahutaris hc rinlça.

◁ C juhcmîc hcs prlarlhchis higrisgljimta i hisimvakvljimta has sigtarisigam÷jlgas, prlvlkinlcmha as sigtaris nircharis hi jcls ijprina i hi vckar cgrisgimtchamcglamck. Uirlelgc ‗ si qui a gajìrgla i as sirvlîas gamstltuij a sigtar jcls hlmàjlga.



>8

Isti grisgljimta mça lmgimtlvc c hlvirslelgcîça i gamstltul jisja ujc crjchlkfc â prahuîçai c elrjcîça has prahutas mcglamcls, hi tck earjc qui issis pcsscj c sir pritirlhas pikasgamsujlharis.

Rar autra kcha, ì tcj`ìj uj earti gcuschar hc rislstïmglc hc lmekcîça i hc migisslhchi hi

ljpartcr, qui hi`lkltc sa`rijcmilrc a sckha hc @R.



>9

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CKUIW HC PAGFC, Jcmuik Oasì - As Kljltis ha Grisgljimta ij Cmnakc, KCG ‗ Ixigutlvi Gimtir.

CKUIW HC PAGFC, Jcmuik Oasì ‗ Cknums Xijcs Istruturcmtis hc Igamajlc Cmnakcmc ‗ Cs Gr÷mlgcs ma Oarmck Ixpcmsça 022< - 0233, Dlkajìkajì Ihltarc

@KCMGFCPH,Aklvlir ‗ Jcgraigamajlgs, Rrcgtlgi ‗ Fckk Lmg., 0220.

@PYML, Chrlcma Kick ‗ Istctêstlgc Cpklgchc â Nistça Ijpriscrlck, 0ª ihlîça4 Ihltarc Ctkcs.Wça Rcuka, 0232

GCPJA, Kapis i Passitl ‗ Igamajlc Jamitãrlc, Ctkcs Ihltarc, 9¿ Ihlîça4

GAMXCW MCGLAMCLW, LMI 0220 ‗ 022>4

GAMXCW MCGLAMCLW, LMI 022> ‗ 0230

HC EAMWIGC,Oclra Wljam i autras ‗ Istctêstlgc Cpklgchc, Ihltarc Ctkcs W.C ‗ 3<6<, WçaRcuka

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HLÃPLA HC PIRß@KLGC, qucrtc-eilrc, 0> hi Hizij`ra hi 0225, L Wìrli - m¿ 395

IVRCMWÇA, Wijcmãrla sixtc ‗ eilrc, 08 hi Witij`ra hi 0232

NYOCPCXL, Hcjahcr ‗ Igamajitrlc @ãslgc, 9ª ihlîça, vak. L, 0222.

JCNCKFÇIW, hi Ckjilhc Oaça Rcuka ‗ Igamajlc, vakuji LL, 7ª ihlîça ‗ Ihltarc Rcz iXirrc.

JAMANPCELC HI CMNAKC UIPWÇA CGXYCKL_CHC, 0229 i 0226,JLMRKCM4JCPXLMW, Nlkìrta hi Cmhrchi ‗ Jcmuck pcrc Ikcàrcîça hi Jamanrcelcs i Hlssirtcîùis47ª ihlîça, Ihltarc Ctkcs W. C, Wça Rcuka 02334

RLMXA, Jimhamîc Cmt÷mla ‗ Rakltlgc Igam÷jlgc, Rrlmglplc Ihltarc, Klsàc ‗ 3<<<.



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RKCMA MCGLAMCK HA NAUIPMA, 022< ‗ 0237, JLMRKCM4

RKCMA MCGLAMCK HI HIWIMUAKULJIMXA0237 ‗ 023>4

WCJYIKWAM, Rcuk C. i MAPHFCYW, ^lkklcj H. ‗ Igamajlc, 38ª ihlîça. IhltarcJgNrcw-Flkk hi Rartunck, Khc.

PIKCX×PLA I GAMXCW,0226 â 0238, @MC4

PIKCX×PLAW HI LMEKCÎÇA, 0226 â 0238, @MC4

PIKCX×PLAW HI IWXC@LKLHCHI ELMCMGILPC, 0232 â 0238, @MC4

PIKCX×PLA IGAM×JLGA HI CMNAKC, 0222 â 0237, GILG4

PIKCX×PLA WA@PI IMIPNLC IJ CMNAKC , 0232, GILG4PIKCX×PLA, Cerlgcm Igamajlg Autkaad. Cmnakc, 0232 â 0238, EJL

PIKCX×PLA, @CMGC IJ CMÃKLWI, 0233 â 0238, DRJN4

PIKCX×PLA HI GAMOYMXYPC IGAM×JLGA, 0229,JLMRKCM4

UIGXAP, PÃHLA KCG, 27 hi Jcrîa hi 0238

Trabalho Investigativo Economico

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