TOMOGRAFIA DE EMISSÃO H-ALFA NO TOKAMAK TCABR

UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE FÍSICA

TOMOGRAFIA DE EMISSÃO H-ALFA NO TOKAMAK TCABR

OMAR CIPRIANO USURIAGA NAJERA

Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do titulo de Doutor em ciências.

Membros da Banca Examinadora: Prof. Dr. Edson Del Bosco (INPE) Prof. Dr. Marisa Roberto (ITA) Prof. Dr. Munemasa Machida (UNICAMP) Prof. Dr. Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão (orientador) (IFUSP) Prof. Dr. Ruy Pepe da Silva (IFUSP)

SÃO PAULO 2006

FICHA CATALOGRÁFICA Preparada pelo Serviço de Biblioteca e Informação do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo

Nájera, Omar Usuriaga

Tomografia de emissão H-Alfa no Tokamak TCA-BR. São Paulo, 2006. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Física. Deptº Física Aplicada. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Ricardo Magnus Osório Galvão. Área de Concentração: Física Unitermos: 1. Física de plasmas ; 2. Espectroscopia da luz; 3. Tomografia emissão; 4. Elétrons runaway; 5.Tokamaks; 6. Eletrodo polarizado.

USP/IF/SBI-006/2007

Aos meus queridos pais, Eusebia e Bernardino, e aos meus irmãos, Arturo, Huber e Lênin pelo amor e preocupação para comigo. À Luz Benites, pelo amor e compreensão nesses anos.

AGRADECIMENTOS

Gostaria de agradecer a meu orientador o Prof. Dr. Ricardo M. O. Galvão pela orientação e rigor na exposição das idéias. Agradeço também os professores Dr. Ivan Nascimento, Dr. Álvaro Vanucci, Dr. Aluísio N. Fagundes, Dr. Artur Elfimov e Dr. Ruy P. da Silva.

Ao Dr. Yuri Kuznetsov pelo interesse demonstrado por este trabalho e pelos

esclarecimentos de “muitas” dúvidas ao respeito da física de plasmas em fusão nuclear controlada.

Aos técnicos do laboratório Ablício dos Reis, Nélio Nunes e Rogério ao Eng. Nelson Cuevas, Ms. Edson Sanada, Dr. Leonid Ruchko e Dr. Juan Elizondo, pelo acompanhamento e discussão dos diversos sistemas da máquina. Ao Dr. Wanderley de Sá nos assuntos ligados ao sistema de aquisição de dados do TCAB.

Aos funcionários da oficina mecânica, pela confecção de algumas peças do sistema instalado.

Agradeço ao Departamento de Física Aplicada, ao Laboratório de Física de

Plasmas e ao COSEAS pelo apoio logístico prestado.

Aos meus amigos e colegas de Pós-graduação, Manuel Espinoza, Edgar Rondan, Erich Saettone, Helder Severo, Antonio Fonseca, Valdemar Bellintani, Celso Ribeiro, Carlos Pires, Edson Ozono e Marco Ono.

Quero também agradecer à atenção das secretarias do Departamento de Física Aplicada, Sra Lia Maria Mavilia Vara e do Laboratório de Física de Plasmas, Sra Eleonora V. D. Lo Duca, que sempre me trataram da melhor forma possível.

Por fim, agradeço à FAPESP (Fundação de Amparo á Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo) pelo apoio financeiro e também em equipamentos, essencial na execução deste trabalho.

RESUMO

Neste trabalho foi feito um estudo do perfil tomográfico da emissão da linha do átomo de

hidrogênio, H-alfa (λ=656,28 nm) no plasma do TCABR, um tokamak de porte médio em operação no Laboratório de Física de Plasmas do Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo.

Nosso trabalho centrou-se no estudo dos efeitos da introdução de um eletrodo polarizado na borda do plasma no tokamak TCABR. O eletrodo pode ser introduzido até 1,5 cm para dentro da coluna do plasma, sem causar disrupturas para polarização positiva de 0 até +350V, e situado no plano equatorial do tokamak. Perfis tomográficos de H-alfa com e sem polarização foram medidos. A comparação dos perfis mostra um aumento da densidade de linha na posição central, quando a emissividade H-alfa diminui. A análise dos perfis tomográficos de H-alfa, tempo de confinamento das partículas e também do estudo de reciclagem das partículas neutras, indica que o plasma entra no regime de alto confinamento (modo-H). Cálculos de turbulência e de transporte na borda do plasma (SOL), feitos medindo o potencial flutuante e a corrente de saturação de íons, mostram uma diminuição forte no espectro de potência e de transporte.

Também foram feitos estudos do novo regime de descargas com elétrons fugitivos (“runaway

electron”), descoberto no tokamak TCABR. As características distintivas deste regime são um plasma de baixa temperatura fracamente ionizado, destacado do limitador devido a processos de recombinação, e instabilidade de relaxação com fortes picos de emissão H-alfa correlacionados com instabilidade dente de serra da densidade eletrônica de linha. No presente trabalho fazemos a descrição das condições experimentais para a geração destas descargas. A produção dos elétrons fugitivos é analisada; mostrando que a geração de elétrons fugitivos somente pode ser explicada pelo mecanismo de avalanche. A confirmação de baixa temperatura do plasma é obtida de uma análise do perfil tomográfico da emissão H-alfa. Esta emissão não pode ser explicada por excitação de elétrons no plasma. A recombinação, de outro lado, dá uma explicação plausível para a dependência temporal da emissão, em particular para alta densidade de partículas neutras.

ABSTRACT

A study of the tomography profile of the emission of the line of Hydrogen, atomic H-alpha line (λ=656.28 nm), was carried out in TCABR, a medium-size tokamak in operation at the Laboratory of Plasma Physics of the Institute of Physics of the University of São Paulo.

Our work focuses on the study of the effects of due to the introduction of a biased electrode in the plasma edge of the TCABR tokamak. The electrode could be introduced up to 1.5 cm inside the plasma, without plasma disruptions for positive voltages from 0 to +350V, and was located on the equatorial plane of the plasma column. Tomography profiles of H-alpha with and without bias were measured. Comparison of the profiles shows an increase of the central line-averaged density, while the emissivity of the line H-alpha decreases. The analysis of the tomography profiles of H-alpha, time of confinement of particles and also the study of recycling of the neutral particles, indicate that the confined plasma enters the H-mode regime. Calculations of turbulence and transport at the Scrape-Off-Layer, using measured floating potentials and ion saturation currents, show a strong decrease in the power spectra and transport.

The H-alpha tomography was also employed to study the new regime of runaway discharges that has been discovered in the TCABR tokamak. The distinctive features of this regime are weakly ionized low-temperature plasma detached from the limiter due to the recombination process, and a relaxation instability with strong spikes of H-alpha emission correlated with sawtooth relaxation of the line density. In the present thesis we report experimental data on conditions for generation of these discharges. The runaway electron production is analyzed; show that generation of runaway electrons can only be explained by the runaway avalanche mechanism. The confirmation of low plasma temperature is a obtained from an analysis of the tomography profile of H-alpha emission. This emission cannot be explained by excitation by plasma electrons. Recombination, on the other hand, gives a rather plausible explanation for the time dependency of the emission, in particular at high neutral densities.

ÍNDICE CAPITULO I. INTRODUÇÃO

1.1. PANORAMA MUNDIAL DA ENERGIA 1.2. ENERGIA NUCLEAR 1.3. FUSÃO NUCLEAR 1.4. O TOKAMAK TCABR 1.5. TOMOGRAFIA EM PLASMAS DE FUSÃO 1.6. DESCRIÇÃO E OBJETIVOS DESTA TESE

CAPITULO II. TEORIA DE EMISSÃO DE PLASMA

2.1. MECANISMOS DE RADIAÇÃO NO PLASMA

2.1.1. RADIAÇÃO DE LINHA 2.1.2. EMISSÃO CONTINUA OU DE BREMSSTRAHLUNG 2.1.3. RADIAÇÃO DE RECOMBINAÇÃO 2.1.4. EMISSÃO CICLOTRÔNICA

2.2. MODELOS ESTATÍSTICOS DO PLASMA 2.2.1. MODELO DE EQUILÍBRIO TERMODINÂMICO LOCAL (LTE) 2.2.2. MODELO CORONA 2.2.3. MODELO COLISIONAL RADIATIVO

2.3. EMISSÃO H-ALFA NO TOKAMAK 2.3.1. INTERAÇÃO DO PLASMA COM A PAREDE DO TOKAMAK 2.3.2. POR QUE SE ESTUDA A EMISSÃO H-ALFA 2.3.3. PROCESSOS QUE CONTRIBUEM PARA A EMISSIVIDADE H-ALFA 2.3.4. CONFINAMENTO DE PARTÍCULAS 2.3.5. PROCESSOS DE RECICLAGEM 2.3.6. DENSIDADE DE PARTÍCULAS NEUTRAS

CAPITULO III. MÉTODO TOMOGRÁFICO DE RECONSTRUÇÃO ALGÉBRICA

3.1. TOMOGRAFIA 3.2. PROBLEMAS INVERSOS 3.3. TÉCNICAS DE RECONSTRUÇÃO TOMOGRÁFICA 3.4. TRANSFORMADA DE RADON

3.4.1. DISCRETIZAÇÃO DA TRANSFORMADA DE RADON 3.5. FUNÇÕES DE BASE E A APROXIMAÇÃO POR INTEGRAIS DE LINHA 3.6. RECONSTRUÇÃO TOMOGRÁFICA BASEADA EM ÁLGEBRA LINEAR 3.7. FATOR DE PESO 3.8. RECONSTRUÇÕES ITERATIVAS

3.8.1 SEQÜÊNCIA DAS CORREÇÕES 3.8.2 TIPOS DE CORREÇÃO

3.9 TÉCNICA DE RECONSTRUÇÃO ALGÉBRICA (ART) 3.9.1. MÉTODO DE KACZMARZ

1 4 6 10 15 16

18 19 21 23 24 24 25 26 29 30 30 32 33 35 39 42

43 45 47 47 50 52 53 56 58 59 59 60 61

CAPITULO IV. IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DOS ALGORITMOS DE INVERSÃO RADIAL PARA PLASMAS NÃO SIMÉTRICOS E DE RECONSTRUÇÃO TOMOGRÁFICA

4.1. MÉTODO ITERATIVO DE AVALIAÇÃO DA EMISSIVIDADE RADIAL EM PLASMAS ASSIMÉTRICOS

4.1.1. TESTE COM DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EMISSIVIDADE COM SÓ UM MÁXIMO 4.1.2. TESTE COM DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA EMISSIVIDADE COM VÁRIOS MÁXIMOS

4.2. IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO ALGORITMO DE RECONSTRUÇÃO TOMOGRÁFICA 4.2.1. IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO ALGORITMO PARA CALCULAR O FATOR DO PESO 4.2.2. IMPLEMENTAÇÃO DO ALGORITMO DE ITERAÇÃO 4.2.3. O CÓDIGO TRAN

CAPITULO V. CONSTRUÇÃO DO SISTEMA TOMOGRÁFICO DE LUZ VISÍVEL

5.1. SISTEMA DE DETECÇÃO DE LINHAS PARALELAS 5.2. CONSTRUÇÃO DO SISTEMA TOMOGRÁFICO DE LUZ VISÍVEL NO TCABR

5.2.1. CRITÉRIOS DE PROJETO 5.2.2. FOTODIODOS 5.2.3. JANELAS E FILTROS ÓPTICOS DE INTERFERÊNCIA 5.2.4. SISTEMA PINHOLE E POSICIONAMENTO 5.2.5. O “ETENDUE” E AS CORREÇÕES GEOMÉTRICAS PARA MEDIDAS DO DETECTOR 5.2.6. SISTEMA DE AMPLIFICAÇÃO ELETRÔNICA

5.3. CALIBRAÇÃO RELATIVA E ABSOLUTA DOS FOTODIODOS 5.3.1. CALIBRAÇÃO RELATIVA 5.3.2. CALIBRAÇÃO ABSOLUTA

5.4. AQUISIÇÃO DE DADOS CAPITULO VI. EXPERIMENTO COM ELETRODO POLARIZADO

6.1. REGIMES DE CONFINAMENTO DO PLASMA NUM TOKAMAK

6.1.1. REGIME ÔHMICO 6.1.2. MODO DE BAIXO CONFINAMENTO (MODO–L) 6.1.3. MODO DE ALTO CONFINAMENTO (MODO–H)

6.2. DESCRIÇÃO EXPERIMENTAL 6.3. EFEITO DA VARIAÇÃO TEMPORAL NA APLICAÇÃO DA TENSÃO DE POLARIZAÇÃO NO ELETRODO 6.4. COMPORTAMENTO DO PLASMA COM A VARIAÇÃO DA TENSÃO DE POLARIZAÇÃO DO ELETRODO

6.4.1. EMISSIVIDADE H-ALFA COM VARIAÇÃO DA TENSÃO DE POLARIZAÇÃO 6.5. VARIAÇÃO ESPACIAL DO ELETRODO POLARIZADO AO LONGO DA COLUNA DO PLASMA

6.5.1. EMISSIVIDADE H-ALFA DURANTE A MUDANÇA DE POSIÇÃO DO ELETRODO AO LONGO DA COLUNA DO PLASMA

67 73 74 76

76 81 84

89 91 91 92 97 99

101 107 109 109 111 111

113 113 113 114 115

116

119

125

130

133

6.6. EFEITO DO ELETRODO POLARIZADO NO PLASMA COM INCREMENTO DA DENSIDADE ELETRÔNICA 6.7. PERTURBAÇAO DA BORDA DO PLASMA COM INJEÇÃO DE GÁS

CAPITULO VII. EXPERIMENTO COM ELETRONS FUGITIVOS

7.1. A FÍSICA DOS ELÉTRONS FUGITIVOS

7.1.1. GERAÇÃO DE ELÉTRONS FUGITIVOS 7.2. PRODUÇÃO DE ELÉTRONS FUGITIVOS NO TCABR 7.3. O REGIME RAD-I 7.4. O REGIME RAD-II 7.5. RAD II COM DIFERENTES CENÁRIOS DE INJEÇÃO DE GÁS

7.5.1. O REGIME RAD-II COM INJEÇÃO DE GÁS EM DOIS ESTÁGIOS 7.5.2. O REGIME RAD-II COM INJEÇÂO DE GÁS EM UM SÓ ESTÁGIO

CAPITULO VIII: CONCLUSÕES E DESENVOLVIMENTOS FUTUROS REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS APÊNDICE I: TRABALHOS PUBLICADOS

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TOMOGRAFIA DE EMISSÃO H-ALFA NO TOKAMAK TCABR

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