Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5

7/22/2019 Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5

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Pfh Kmt

Fntfrprdsf Idnux 6Cunhmgfntes Mvmnêmhes)\fjurmnêm f \frvdêes hf Dntfrnft

IL<=6

\dstfgms @msfmhes fg

Lentfÿhe LegpmtçvfiPKLF f IRDL0Lentfÿhe LegpmtçvfiPKLF f IRDL0



MXFNÊÌE

Xehes es hdrfdtes se`rf fstf gmtfrdmi hdhítdle fstìe rfsfrvmhes m IdnuxLimss

+0224$. M preprdfhmhf dntfifltumi hfstf trm`mike ä pretfjdhm per ifd hf hdrfdtes

mutermds +lepyrdjkt$ fg sum çntfjrm) cdlm pred`dhm m rfprehuêìe legpiftm eu pmrldmi eu

qumiqufr eutrm cergm hf utdidzmêìe f%eu fxpesdêìe dnhdvdhumi eu leiftdvm.

Nfnkugm dnstdtudêìe legfrldmi eu sfg cdns iulrmtdves ä muterdzmhm m utdidzmr

fstf gmtfrdmi se` nfnkugm cergm) lencdjurmnhe lrdgf prfvdste ne lühdje pfnmi.

\f velï mlrfhdtm quf fstf gmtfrdmi fstm sfnhe utdidzmhe hf cergm dnhfvdhm)

hfnunldf mnendgmgfntf pfie tfifcenf 28;'<208'20:3) eu gmnhmnhe f'gmdi pmrm

idnuxlimssBidnuxlimss.leg.`r

E e`oftdve hfstf gmtfrdmi hdhítdle nìe ä cernflfr ug gmnumi fg pertujuïs pmrm

sdstfgms `msfmhes fg Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux hftmikmnhe tehes es legmnhes f

cunêöfs) nfg gfsge sfr ug judm rípdhe pmrm lensuitms.

Fstm mpestdim tfg leg e`oftdve sfrvdr mpfnms hf mlegpmnkmgfnte pmrm ms muims

prfsfnldmds f fxpidlmêöfs hes dnstruterfs. Xehe gmtfrdmi cernfldhe nfstf trfdnmgfnte ä

fntrfjuf sfg nfnkug tdpe hf jmrmntdm eu rfspensm`didhmhf lentrm qumiqufr tdpe hf

hmnes eu gmi use.

Pum Oernmidstm Gmnefi Gfnfzfs =84) Leno 820 Cierdmnüpeids “ \L “ LFR ;;2<8'232Cenf%Cmx !66 +8;$ <208 20:3 idnuxlimssBidnuxlimss leg `r



Xm`fim hf LentfÿhesXrfdnmgfnte Rrecdssdenmi Idnux Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf 6

E Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux 2=

Dntrehuêìe 2=

Idstms hf legpmtd`didhmhf hf Kmrhwmrf 2=

Idstms hf legpmtd`didhmhf hf \ectwmrf 2=

\upertf m LRVs 2=

\IMs hf \upertf 20

\IMs hf supertf hm Pfh Kmt 20Sfrsöfs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux 20

Afrnfis Hdspend`didzmhes 2<

Mpidlmtdves Repuimrfs \upertmhes 2<

E Idnux Afrnfi 28

Gühuies Hdnàgdles Lmrrfjívfds 28

Hdspesdtdves f Rrelfsses 28

Mrqudves hf Hdspesdtdves 26

Hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf 26

Hdspesdtdves hf `iele 26

Rsfuhe'hdspesdtdves 23

Eutres tdpes hf Mrqudves 23

Lrdmnhe hdspesdtdves 23

Dhfntdcdlmnhe f idstmnhe es hdspesdtdves 2:

RLD @us 2:\upertf Ketpiuj 2:

Dnstmimnhe e Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux 2;

Rrdgfdre Fstíjde 2;

\fjunhe Fstíjde 24

Hurmntf m Dnstmimêìe 24

Cdrst`eet) Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms Mpüs m Dnstmimêìe =2

Lencdjurmêöfs Jfrmds he \dstfgm =2

Rmrtdldenmgfnte ==

Rmrtdldenmgfnte hes \dstfgms hf Mrqudves hurmntf m Dnstmimêìe ==



\ectwmrf PMDH) Kmrhwmrf PMDH) Nçvfds hf PMDH =0

PMDH Kmrhwmrf f PMDH \ectwmrf =0

PMDH Sdm Kmrhwmrf =0

Xdpes hf Kmrhwmrf =<

PMDH Sdm \ectwmrf =<

Lentreimher hf Gÿitdpies Hdspesdtdves +GH$ =8

Nçvfds hf PMDH =8

PMDH'idnfmr =6

PMDH'2 =6'=3'=:

PMDH'= =:'=;

PMDH'0 f PMDH'< =;'=4'02

PMDH'8 02'0=

PMDH'6 0='00

Xdpes hf PMDH Kç`rdhes 00'0<

Xm`fim hf Legpmrmêìe hes Nçvfds hf PMDH 0<'08

ISG) Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs Iüjdles 06

Mprfsfntmêìe he ISG 06

Xfrgdneiejdm he ISG 03

Hfsfnkes Diustrmtdves he ISG 0:'0;

Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI6 nm PKN) rknUrfjdstfr 04

TVG) Tfiiewhej Vphmtfr Gehdcdfh 04'<2

TVG PKNRiujdn <2

Dnstmimnhe neves rfpesdtürdes ne TVG <2'<=

Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI8 nm PKN) up0hmtf <='<0

Mtumidzmnhe f dnstmimnhe sectwmrf ne PKFI8) up0hmtf <0

Adlastmrt <<

Adlastmrt per Hdsquftf <<

Adlastmrt per Pfhf <<

Mouhm pmrm Adlastmrt En'idnf <<

Lenstrudnhe sfu mrqudve Adlastmrt <8

Hdrftdvms hf utdidtírdes <8

Hdrftdvms hf Rmrtdldenmgfnte hf hdsle <8

Eutrms hdrftdvms he Adlastmrt <8

Hdrftdvms hf Dnstmimêìe hf Rmletfs <6

Hdrftdvm &prf <6

Hdrftdvm &pest <3



M Pfh Kmt Nftwera +PKN$ <:

PKN\H <:

Gühuies Legfrldmds hm PKN <;

Gühuie Gmnmjfgfnt <;

Gühuie Rrevdsdendnj <4

Gühuie Gendterdnj 82

\mtfiidtf \frvfr 8=

Rrexy \frvfr 8=

Mouhm hm PKN En'idnf 8=

Pfsuge he Rrelfsse hf @eet he \dstfgm 80

JPV@ 8<'88'86'83

Eutrms epêöfs he JPV@ 83'8:

Idnkm hf legmnhes he JPV@ 8:

Pf'cmzfnhe e Rrdgfdre Fstíjde he JPV@ 8:

Dndldmidzmêìe he Afrnfi 8;

Dndldmidzmêìe he Dndt 8;

\lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.sysdndt 84

\lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl 84

\ystfg S run'ifvfis 84

\lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.ielmi 62

Lentreimnhe f Lencdjurmnhe es \frvdêes hf Dndldmidzmêìe \ystfg S 62

Im`ermtürde JPV@) Pflupfrmêìe he sdstfgm f Xreu`ifskeetdnj 6=

Pflupfrmêìe he \dstfgm 6=

\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt< f fxt0 60

Cunldenmgfnte pmhrìe hes sdstfgms hf mrqudves fg Idnux 60

Frres f lerregpdgfnte he sdstfgm hf mrqudves 60

Oeurnmidnj 6<

\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt< 6<'68

Xdpes hf Oeurnmidnj? Oeurnmi)Erhfrfh)Zrdtf`mla 68

Rmrtdldenmgfnte? chdsa) schdsa) pmrtfh 66

Rmrtdldenmgfnte En'Idnf? pmrtpre`f 66

Lrdmnhe \dstfgms hf Mrqudves? gacs 66'63

Lenvfrtfnhe ug cdifsystfg fxt0 pmrm fxt< 63

Gentmnhe Cdifsystfgs 63'6:Pfgentmnhe Cdifsystfgs 6:



Negfs hf Seiugfs 6:

cstm` 6;

Gentmnhe Xehes es Hdspesdtdves he cstm` 6;

Mutegeuntfr 64

Helugfntmêìe En'idnf he Mutegeuntfr 64

Mtrdùtes Fxtfnhdhes he Cdifsystfg 32

Cdifsystfg MLIs 32

]uetms 3=

Dgpifgfntmêìe hf quetms 3=

Imèrmtürde ]VEXM\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe 30

Xfstf hf dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe 30

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde ]VEXM\ 3<

\FIdnux 38

\trdlt) Xmrjftfh Reidlys 38

Lentfxtes hes Eòftes 38'36

Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms he \FIdnux 36

Sdsumidzmnhe Eòftes f Rrelfsses \FIdnux 33

Dgpifgfntmnhe e \ectwmrf PMDH 3:

Lencdjurmnhe e sectwmrf PMDH leg ghmhg 3:

Etdgdzmêìe he PMDH 3:

Sfrdcdlmnhe e PMDH 3;

\ectwmrf PMDH Pflevfry 3;

Imèrmtürde PMDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe 34

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe 34

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde PMDH :2

Dgpifgfntmnhe ISG :=

Lrdmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles :=

Etdgdzmêìe he ISG :=

Pfhdgfnsdenmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles En'idnf :=

Jfrfnldmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles :0

Lenvfrtfnhe ISG= fg ISG0 :0

Dntrehuêìe me JC\ :<



Diustrmêìe hm Mpidlmêìe he JC\ leg Ermlif :8

Imèrmtürde ISG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe :6

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe :6

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde ISG :3

Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Lentms f Jrupes he \dstfgm ::':;

Vgmsa :;

\ftjdh :;

\lrdpts hf Dndldmidzmêìe hf Mg`dfntf :4

Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Rmletfs leg PRG ;2

Eòftdves hf Hfsfnveivdgfnte he PRG ;2';=

Vsmnhe e PRG ;=

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs ;=

Rmletfs Oí Dnstmimhes ;0

Mrqudves Lencidtmntfs ;0';<

Hfpfnhïnldm Nìe'rfseivdhm ;<

Hfsdnstmimnhe Rmletfs ;8

Mtumidzmnhe +Vphmtf$ ;8';6

Pflmrrfjmnhe +Crfskfn$ ;6

@uslm +]ufry? ;3

Sfrdcdlmnhe ;:';;

Dgpertmnhe Lkmvfs ;;

Sfrdcdlmnhe m Mssdnmturm hf Rmletfs ;;

Mutfntdlmêìe RMG ;4

Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG ;4'42

Rrdnldpmds Gühuies hm RMG 4=

Mnmidzmnhe m Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG per fxfgpies 40'4<

Nmgf \frvdlf \wdtlk +N\\$ 48

Lencdjurmnhe Mutfntdlmêìe IHMR Lidfntf 46

Jfrfnldmnhe ms dntfrcmlfs hf Pfhf 43



Jfrfnldmnhe es IEJs he \dstfgm? sysiejh) aiejh 4:'4;

Cmldidhmhfs 4;

Nçvfds hf prderdhmhf 44

Hfstdnes 44

Fxfgpies hf Lencdjurmêöfs he \ysiej =22

Dgpertmntfs mrqudves hf Iejs he \dstfgm =22

Gmnutfnêìe f Petmêìe hes Iejs =2=

Gendtermnhe es Iejs =2=

LVR\ =20

LPEN =2<

Fxfgpie hf Fvfnte ne LPEN =28

MXH =28

Jfrfnldmgfnte hes Gühuies he Afrnfi =26

Afrnfi Xmdntdnj =26

Gehpre`f) gehpre`f.lenc) gehdnce) isgeh =26'=23

Hfpfnhïnldm hf Gühuies =23

Dndtrh) Dgmjfg hf Pmghdsa =23

%prel Cdifsystfg =2:

%prel%sys Cdifsystfg =2:

\yslti) Moustfs hf pmràgftres ne Afrnfi =2;

NC\ =24

Dntrehuêìe =24

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =24

Epêöfs hf Gentmjfg he NC\ ==2

Vsmnhe e mutegeuntfr pmrm gentmr NC\ ===

Im`ermtürde NC\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf ==0

Mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fnveivdhes ==0

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe ==<

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe +Rmrtf he Lidfntf$ ==<

CXR ==8

Dntrehuêìe ==8

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes ==8

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe ==8

I ` tü d CXR í d h cd ì h ähd t ==8 ==6




Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm ==6

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe ==6

\MG@M ==3

Dntrehuêìe ==3

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes ==3'==:

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe ==:'==;

Mutfntdlmêìe ne \mg`m ==;'==4


Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm ==4

Jfrfnldmnhe Lentms hf Vsuírdes ne \mg`m =02

Gentmnhe Mutegmtdlmgfntf Legpmrtdikmgfntes \mg`m ne cstm` =02

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe +\mg`m Lidfnts$ =0=

Imèrmtürde \mg`m) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf =00

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe =00

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde \mg`m =0<'=08'=06

MRMLKF =03

Dntrehuêìe =03

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =03

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe =0:

Mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fnveivdhes =0:

Lencdjurmêìe hf Mlfsse â Hdrftürdes f Mrqudves =0;

Imèrmtürde MRMLKF) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe pmrm Sdrtumi Kests =04'=<2

Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm =<2

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe =<2

\]VDH =<=

Dntrehuêìe =<=

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =<=

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe =<0

Imèrmtürde \]VDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf =<<

Mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fnveivdhes =<<

Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm =<<

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe =<8



GVMs) GXMs) GHMs =<6

Fsleikfnhe e GXM ne PKFI leg mitfrnmtdvfs =<3

RE\XCD[ =<:

Dntrehuêìe =<:

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =<;

Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm =<;

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe =<;'=<4

Midmsfs) Sdrtumi) Mllfss =<4

Mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fnveivdhes =82

Hegçndes Sdrtumds =82

HESFLEX =8=

Dntrehuêìe =8=

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =8=

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe =80

Lrdmnhe e lfrtdcdlmhe RFG pmrm utdidzmêìe he DGMR\ =8<'=88


Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm =88


Imèrmtürde RE\XCD['HESFLEX) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf =86'=83'=8:

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe =8:

Epfn\\K =8;

Dntrehuêìe =8;

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =8;

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe =84


Jfrmnhe lkmvfs pÿìdlms f prdvmhms =62

Mutfntdlmêìe `msfmhm fg kests =62


Imèrmtürde Epfn\\K) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf =6=

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe =6=

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde Epfn\\K =60

HKLR =6<

Dntrehuêìe =6<Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =6<



Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe =68'=66'=63

Lencdjurmêìe he Lidfntf HKLR =63



[DNFXH =6:

Dntrehuêìe =6:

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes =6:

[DNFXH Lencdjurmêìe Rmhrìe hes \frvdêes =6;'=64

[DNFXH Lencdjurmêìe Rmrtdluimr hes \frvdêes =32



XLR ZPMRRFP\ =3=

Dntrehuêìe =3=

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Hmfgen +\frvdherfs$ =3='=30

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Lidfntfs =30

\dntmxfs Legpifxms =30'=3<

Lfnírde hf Fxfgpies =3<'=38

Im`ermtürde [DNFXH'XLR ZPMRRFP\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe =36


\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde [DNFXH'XLR ZPMRRFP\ =33

Nftcditfr =3:

Dntrehuêìe =3:

Gühuies @msf f Fxtfnsöfs he Nftcditfr =3:

Ciuxe hes Rmletfs ne Nftcditfr =3;'=34

Sfrdcdlmêìe hms Pfjrms =34

Mive hms Pfjrms =34

Lkmdns Hfcdndhms per Vsuírdes? =:2

Fxtfnsöfs hf Lkmdns =:2'=:=

Epfrmêöfs @ísdlms nms Pfjrms hms Lkmdns =:=

Epfrmêöfs leg Lkmdns =:='=:0

Lrdtärdes hf vfrdcdlmêìe hms Lkmdns =:<

Fxtfnsöfs XLR =:8

Fxtfnsöfs VHR =:6

Fxtfnsöfs DLGR =:6

Lkflmjfns hf fstmhe hes pmletfs =:6'=:3



NMX =:3'=::

\eurlf NMX =:;

Gmsqufrmhdnj =:;

Hfstdnmtden NMX =:4

Pfhdrfldenmgfnte =:4

\mivmnhe ms Pfjrms he Dptmìfs =:4

Imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf =;2

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe =;2

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\ =;=

Imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\'\T\IEJ) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf =;0

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe =;0

\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\'\T\IEJ =;<

◅ Imèrmtürde leg sfqufnldms fxpidlmtdvms◅ Imèrmtürde fstdie sdguimêìe hf lfrtdcdlmêìe



\IMs hf \upertf?

M Pfh Kmt ecfrflf e J\\ +Jie`mi \uppert \frvdlfs$ ne @rmsdi f ne gunhe) fnjfnkfdres lfrtdcdlmhes f

leg mite nç vfi hf legpftïnldm fg Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux drìe mouhm-ie m rfseivfr tehe f qumiqufr

preìfgm supertmhe pfie sfu lentrmte) eu sfom) sum \IM. Xehes es fnjfnkfdres hf supertf hm Pfh Kmt s ìelfrtdcdlmhes PKLFs prdgmrdmgfntf pmrm sfus lmrjes.

E supertf ä hdvdhdhe fg @msdl) \tmnhmrt f Rrfgdug) ä pessç vfi lentrmtmr e supertf hm Pfh Kmt fg mtä 08

Kerms per : Hdms nm sfgmnm pmrm preìfgms hf sfvfrdhmhf =) eu sfom) preìfgms jrmvfs quf dgpmltmg

hdrftmgfntf nm prehuêìe hf sum erjmndzmêìe) eutrms cergms hf supertf miäg he tfifc øndle) lege e

supertf vdm ZF@ tmg`äg fstìe hdspenç vfds.

Rmrm mlfssmr ms \IMs hf supertf hm Pfh Kmt fntrf fg?

kttps?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%suppert%peidly%sim%prehultden%

Ms Sfrsöfs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux?

Mtä e rfifmsf PKFI8 e prehute frm hdvdhdhe nms vfrsöfs M\) F\ f Z\. M vfrsìe M\ eu Mhvmnlfh \frvfr

frm m vfrsìe gmds legpiftm hfstdnmhm me gfrlmhe lerpermtdve hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds pmrm sfrvdherfs.

M vfrsìe F\ ecfrfldm m gfsgm qumidhmhf hf sectwmrf hm vfrsìe M\ peräg tdnkm idgdtmêöfs qumnte m

qumntdhmhf hf gfgürdm c ç sdlm f qumntdhmhf hf LRVs supertmhms. M vfrsìe Z\ frm hfstdnmhm me sfjgfnte

hf hfsateps.

M nevm vfrsìe PKFI 6 vfde leg gudtms nevdhmhfs. E tepe hm lmhfdm hf prehutes hf sfrvdherfs ä e Pfh

Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux Mhvmnlfh Rimtcerg quf mjrfjm tetmi supertf m vdrtumidzmêìe) sectwmrf hf liustfr f

jfrfnldmgfnte) supertf me JC\ +Jie`mi Cdif \ystfg$) nìe kí idgdtmêöfs qumnte me nÿgfre hf

prelfssmherfs eu gfgürdm c ç sdlm f gíqudnms vdrtumds.

Fnqumnte e Mhvmnlfh Rimtcerg elupm e sfjgfnte hf gfrlmhe he mntdje M\) e lkmgmhe @msf \frvfr

elupm e iujmr he tmg`äg mntdje F\) ms hdcfrfnêms sìe quf e @msf \frvfr nìe mlegpmnkm supertf me

liustfr sudtf nfg me JC\ f ä hfstdnmhe m gíqudnms leg mtä 0 prelfssmherfs. Rmrm vdrtumidzmêìe e @msfsfrvfr ä rflegfnhmhe pmrm mtä 8 ’gíqudnms vdrtumds‗.

0

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Afrnfis Hdspend didzmhes?

Afrnfi = LRV mtä 8 J@ PMG

Afrnfi \GR 0 eu gmds LRVs mtä=3 J@ PMG

Afrnfi Kujfgfg =)0 eu gmds LRVs mtf 38 J@ PMG

Rmrm Rimtmcegm x;3 nìeä hdspend`didzmhe e Afrnfi Kujfgfg.

Mpidlmtdves Repuimrfs \upertmhes?

E use he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux le`rf tehe e mg`dfntf hf XD) lencergf cdleu hfgenstrmhe pfie

mgpie flessdstfgm hf mpidlmtdves D\S lfrtdcdlmhes. M tm`fim m sfjudr mprfsfntm `rfvfgfntf mijugmsdgpifgfntmêöfs leguns?

Fxfgpie hf Mpidlmtdves @fnfc ç ldes

\frvdher hf Mrqudve%Dgprfssìe

Ecfrflf sfrvdêes hf mrqudve f hf dgprfssìe pmrm es lidfntfs Gdlresect

Zdnhews) leg dntfjrmêìe he Mltdvf Hdrfltery f neve supertf pmrm es

jrupes rfundhes. Ecfrflf sfrvdêes hf dgprfsserm f hf mrqudves pmrm

es mg`dfntfs Vndx) leg supertf NC\v8 f MuteC\) dnliudnhe `dnhs

mutfntdlmhes f gmpms legpmrtdikmhes.

\frvdher Zf`

E \frvdher kttp hm Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux `msfmhe ne Mpmlkf.

Ecfrflf mitm pfrcergmnlf) fxlfifntf sfjurmnêm f ug vmste lenounte

hf piuj-dns epldenmds.

\frvdher hf mpidlmtdves

E lentmdnfr Mpmlkf Xeglmt sfrvift) dnliuç he ne Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf

Idnux) ä rfcfrïnldm fg dgpifgfntmêìe) peds mtrd ud pehfr mes

mpidlmtdves wf` hf imrjm fslmim f gdssìe lrç tdlm.

\frvdher he `mnle hf hmhes

Fsleikm hfntrf es `mnles hf hmhes epfn seurlf Gy\]I f

Restjrf\]I dnliuç hes ne Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux eu ug prehute hf

tfrlfdres e`tdhe hf vfnhfherms lege Dnjrfs) \y`msf f Ermlif.

\frvdher hf dncrm-fstruturm hf

rfhf

E Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux ecfrflf ug legpifgfnte dntfjrmi hf

mpidlmtdves hf sfrvdêes hf rfhf) dnliudnhe HKLR) HN\) cdrfwmii) ftl.

<



E Idnux Afrnfi?

Lentreimr es hdspesdtdves hf kmrhwmrf ä m cunldenmidhmhf prdgírdm he Afrnfi hf ug sdstfgm epfrmldenmi)

dste ä) e Afrnfi nm gmderdm hms vfzfs cmim hdrftmgfntf leg e kmrhwmrf. Lkmgmhms pmrm LRV) Gfg ürdm

PMG) Hdspesdtdves fg siets RLD sìe rfmidzmhms hdrftmgfntf pfie Afrnfi. Jfrmigfntf m dhfntdcdlmêìe f

lencdjurmêìe hfssfs legpenfntfs f tmg`äg hes @rdhjfs hm pimlm gìf sìe rfmidzmhes mutegmtdlmgfntfpfie Afrnfi.

Gühuies Hdnàgdles Lmrrfjívfds?

Rmrm supertmr m jrmnhf vmrdfhmhf hf pfrdc ärdles fxdstfntfs keof) e Afrnfi utdidzm e supertf m gühuies

hdnàgdles. Rmrm mlfssmr lmhm pfrdc ärdle fg pmrtdluimr e Afrnfi prfldsm hf ug hrdvfr) eu sfom) ug ìele hf

lühdje hf `mdxe nç vfi quf lentäg ms dnstruêöfs pmrm cmimr leg fstf pfrdc ärdle fg qufstìe.

Es gühuies pehfg sfr legpdimhes fstmtdlmgfntf ounte me Afrnfi) mugfntmnhe e tmgmnke hfif

lensdhfrmvfigfntf) eu lege gühuies hdnàgdles lmrrfjívfds) dste ä) qumnhe ä nflfssírde utdidzmr tmipfrdc ärdle e Afrnfi lmrrfjm fstf gühuie f sums hfpfnhïnldms) f mpüs e use hfstf pfrdc ärdle hfslmrrfjm e

gühuie mssdg etdgdzmnhe es rflurses he sdstfgm.

Ced mtrdùdhe me Afrnfi m rfspensm`didhmhf hf lentreimr eutrms dgpertmntfs dgpifgfntmêöfs ne Idnux)

lege e Nftcditfr) quf ä rfspensívfi pfie Cdrfwmii he sdstfgm.

Hdspesdtdves f Rrelfsses?

Es hdspesdtdves ne Idnux sìe rfprfsfntmhes iejdlmgfntf lege mrqudves) mijugms m`strmêöfs hfvfg sfr

lensdhfrmhms) ms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf sìe ug fxfgpie hf m`strmêìe ne Idnux.

E jfrfnldmgfnte hes hdspesdtdves mtumigfntf ä rfmidzmhe hdnmgdlmgfntf pfie VHFS) fif ä rfspensívfi

per pepuimr e hdrftürde %hfv leg es hdspesdtdves prfsfntfs ne sdstfgm.

Es mpidlmtdves hes usuírdes cmimg leg e Afrnfi he Idnux mtrmväs hf mijugms cunêöfs prä-hfcdndhms hm

ID@L) fssms cunêöfs sìe lkmgmhms hf ’systfg lmiis‗. Vg fxfgpie) m mpidlmêìe he ’usfr spmlf‗

EpfnEccdlf qumnhe vmd jrmvmr ug helugfnte nìe sf dgpertm leg es ìeles eu sfterfs he hdsle r ç jdhe) m

mpidlmêìe cmz ugm ’systfg lmii‗ enhf e Afrnfi rfmidzm fstm epfrmêìe.

M dntfr-legundlmêìe fntrf es prelfsses elerrf per gfde hes ’sdjnmis‗) gfnsmjfg prä-hfcdndhms sìe

fnvdmhms mes prelfsses qumnhe mijug fvfnte elerrf. Rmrm tfrgdnmr ug prelfsse fxdstf ug ’sdjnmi‗

fspfldcdle pmrm fstm cunêìe per fxfgpie.

8



Mrqudves hf Hdspesdtdves?

Lege e`sfrvmges e VHFS ä rfspensívfi per pepuimr e hdrftürde %hfv leg es hdspesdtdves prfsfntfs fg

nesse sdstfgm. Ne Idnux es hdspesdtdves sìe mlfssmhes hdrftmgfntf pfies sfus mrqudves lerrfspenhfntfs

jfrmigfntf nfstf hdrftürde. Rehfges fnvdmr hmhes pmrm smç hm hm dgprfsserm cmldigfntf hfstm cergm?

lmt %ftl%pmsswh > %hfv%ip2

Hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf?

Es "hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf" eu "mrqudves fspfldmds hf lmrmltfrf" sìe usmhes lege lerrfspenhfntfs hf

hdspesdtdves luoes hmhes sìe trmnsgdtdhes nm cergm hf ug lmrmltfrf per vfz. Fstfs hdspesdtdve sìe

crfqufntfgfntf utdidzmhes nm legundlmêìe sfrdmi pmrm gíqudnms hf tfiftdpe) tfrgdnmds vdrtumds f gehfns

sfrdmds.

Nm gmderdm hms dgpifgfntmêöfs) es hdspesdtdves hf lmrmltfrf utdidzmg retdnms hf D%E nìe ’ùcfrdzmhms")

dste ä) lmhm lmrmltfrf ä idhe f fslrdte ne hdspesdtdve dgfhdmtmgfntf.

Hdspesdtdves hf ìele?

"Hdspesdtdves hf ìele" eu "mrqudves fspfldmds hf ìele" sìe utdidzmhes lege lerrfspenhfntfs hf

hdspesdtdves nes qumds es hmhes sìe trmnsgdtdhes nm cergm hf ìeles. Es hdspesdtdves hf ìeles gmds

leguns sìe hdsles rç jdhes f hrdvfs hf LH-PEG.

M gmder hdcfrfnêm fntrf es hdspesdtdves hf ìele f hf lmrmltfrf fstí ne cmte hes hdspesdtdves hf ìele

utdidzmrfg retdnms hf D%E "ùccfrdzmhms". E sdstfgm epfrmldenmi mielm ug ùccfr pmrm gmndpuimr ug ÿndle

ìele pmrm lmhm fntrmhm f smdhm. ]umnhe ug prejrmgm fnvdm ugm rfqudsdêìe hf ifdturm) eu fslrdtm) pmrm

ug hdspesdtdve) lmhm lmrmltfrf hf hmhe ä mrgmzfnmhe ne ùccfr mpreprdmhe. ]umnhe e ùccfr cdlm lkfde f

ug ìele legpifte ä e`tdhe) m epfrmêìe hf D%E ä rfmidzmhm f e ùccfr ä fsvmzdmhe.

6



Rsfuhe-hdspesdtdves?

Es nüs hf hdspesdtdve nes sdstfgms epfrmldenmds he tdpe Vndx) nìe nflfssmrdmgfntf tfg ug hdspesdtdve

c ç sdle lerrfspenhfntf. Es nüs quf nìe tïg fstm lerrfspenhïnldm sìe lkmgmhes hf "psfuhe-hdspesdtdves".Fifs sìe utdidzmhes fg vírdms cunêöfs f sìe jfrfnldmhes pfie sdstfgm epfrmldenmi. Es psfuhe-hdspesdtdves

gmds leguns sìe?

◅ %hfv%nuii

Mlfdtm f hfslmrtm tehm fntrmhm. Nìe prehuz smç hm.

◅ %hfv%rmnheg

Rrehuz ug ciuxe hf tmgmnke vmrdívfi lentfnhe lmrmltfrfs psfuhe-mifmtürdes.

◅ %hfv%zfre

Rrehuz ug ciuxe lentç nue hf nuiis +zfres$.

Eutres tdpes hf Mrqudves?

Eutres tdpes hf mrqudves tmg`äg pehfg sfr e`sfrvmhes ne Idnux) fxdstfg es mrqudves tdpe selaft quf

fcftumg m dntfr-legundlmêìe fntrf prelfsses f mrqudves tdpe pdpf quf fcftumg ciuxes hf hmhes fntrfprelfsses. Pmrmgfntf ug mhgdndstrmher prfldsmrí lrdmr mrqudves hfstfs tdpes gmnumigfntf.

Lrdmnhe hdspesdtdves?

E legmnhe ganeh ä utdidzmhe pmrm lrdmr hdspesdtdves) peräg lrdmr hdspesdtdves ä ugm prítdlm peule

utdidzmhm f sü ä mlensfikívfi fg lmses gudte fspflç cdles. Sfom m helugfntmêìe hms gmn pmjfs he ganeh

pmrm mouhmr nm lrdmêìe hf mrqudves hf hdspesdtdves.

3



Dhfntdcdlmnhe f idstmnhe es hdspesdtdves?

E`sfrvf m idstmjfg he legmnhe is -im m`mdxe?

`rw-rw---- = reet hdsa 00) 2 Mpr 08 0=?28 khl

lrw------- = reet reet =8) = Mpr 08 0=?28 sfqufnlfr

E hdspesdtdve khl mpmrflf lege ug hdspesdtdve hf @iele +Mlfsse rmnhegdle$) oí e hdspesdtdve sfqufnlfr

mpmrflf lege hdspesdtdve hf Lmrmltfrfs +Mlfsse \fqufnldmi eu Lerrfntf hf Hmhes$. Xfges tmg`äg e

gmoer f gdner nug`fr quf per sum vfz sdjndcdlmg e hrdvfr m sfr utdidzmhe pmrm fssf hdspesdtdve f ug

pmràgftre m sfr utdidzmhe nfstf hrdvfr fg pmrtdluimr.

Nm helugfntmêìe he afrnfi ä fstm`fifldhe ugm mouhm hf rfcfrïnldm pmrm fssfs nÿgfres gudte ÿtdi)

vfom fg? %usr%skmrf%hel%GMAFHFS/%hfvdlfs.txt.

RLD @us?

Mtumigfntf m gmderdm hes pfrdc ärdles nm mrqudtfturm ’x;3‗ sìe RLD. Hdspesdtdves RLD sìe jfrmigfntf Riuj

mnh Rimy) velï pehfrí cmzfr ugm prelurm eu ’slmn‗ nes siets RLD hf sum gíqudnm leg e legmnhe ispld)

utdidzf ispld -v pmrm ugm smç hm gmds hftmikmhm. Rfrdc ärdles lege pimlms hf seg f gehfns jfrmigfntf

fstìe ’mtmlkmhes‗ mes siets RLD hf sum gíqudnm.

\upertf Ketpiuj?

Hdspesdtdves ketpiuj jfrmigfntf fstìe ’mtmlkmhes‗ me V\@ @us) DFFF =<48 +CdrfZdrf$ eu RLGLDM

@us. E legmnhe isus` -v idstm es hdspesdtdves V\@ f es pfrdc ärdles ’mtmlkmhes‗ m fifs f tmg`äg gestrm

hdvfrsms dncergmêöfs dgpertmntfs.

Mssdg lege es hdspesdtdves V\@) es hdspesdtdves RLGLDM tmg`äg sìe dgpifgfntmhes per gühuies heAfrnfi. M lencdjurmêìe hm lentreimherm RLGLDM pehf sfr hfcdndhm fg %ftl%syslencdj%plgldm. Es

fvfntes ketswmp sìe gendtermhes pfie hmfgen %s`dn%lmrhgjr. Lmrtöfs pehfg sfr dhfntdcdlmhes pfie

legmnhe %s`dn%lmrhlti. E hdrftürde %ftl%plgldm lentäg es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe pmrm gmpfmr es

hdspesdtdves RLGLDM f es gühuies he Afrnfi utdidzmhes. Rmrm dndldmidzmr es hdspesdtdves RLGLDM)

utdidzf? sfrvdlf plgldm stmrt.

:



Dnstmimnhe e Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux?

M dnstmimêìe he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux ä hdvdhdhm fg heds fstíjdes ?

Rrdgfdre Fstíjde?

E prdgfdre fstíjde ä `msdlmgfntf rfspensívfi pfie èet f m fsleikm he tdpe hf gç hdm enhf fnlentrmgsf

es pmletfs he PKFI. Ne prdgfdre fstíjde tmg`äg ä pessç vfi fsleikfr sf velï hfsfom fcftumr m dnstmimêìe

ne gehe jrícdle +Dnstmimêìe Rmhrìe$ eu ne gehe tfxte +idnux tfxt$. Ä lencdjurmhe mdnhm ne prdgfdre

fstíjde e dhdegm f imyeut hf tflimhe.

Rmrm cerêmr m fsleikm hf gç hdm usf? idnux msagftkeh ) fstìe hdspenç vfds dnstmimêöfs vdm?

• Ielmi LHPEG

• Kmrhrdvf• NC\

• CXR

• KXXR

Rmrm cerêmr m vfrdcdlmêìe hf gç hdm usf? idnux gfhdmlkfla ) ä sfgprf mlensfikívfi vfrdcdlmr sf tehms ms

gç hdms fstìe pfrcfdtms mntfs hf prelfhfr m dnstmimêìe) per fxfgpie) sf mijug LH mprfsfntmr preìfgm fg

qumiqufr gegfnte hm dnstmimêìe) tehe e prelfsse fstmrí legpregftdhe rfsuitmnhe nugm dnstmimêìe nìe

lencdívfi.

Fxdstfg tmg`äg eutrms epêöfs quf pehfg sfr mlfssmhms m pmrtdr he prdgfdre fstíjde) pmrm vdsumidzmr e

gfnu leg tehms ms epêöfs tflif C0.

Selï fnlentrm hfntre he LH = he PKFI ne hdrftürde %dgmjfs es mrqudves?

èet.dse) fstf mrqudve ä ugm dgmjfg he LH hf èet he PKFI. Ä ÿtdi qumnhe velï hfsfom fcftumr ugm

dnstmimêìe) per fxfgpie vdm CXR f mpfnms hfsfom quf e sdstfgm sfom èetmhe pfie LHPEG. Rmrm lrdmr e

LH m pmrtdr hfstm dgmjfg D\E) utdidzf e sfu mpidlmtdve prfcfrdhe pmrm qufdgmr LHs.

hdsaèet.dgj) fstf mrqudve ä ugm dgmjfg hf ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves SCMX. Ä hfstdnmhe pmrm sfr

utdidzmhe fg ug V\@ pfnhrdvf per fxfgpie) eu qumiqufr eutrm gç hdm gmder quf ug hdsquftf. E`sfrvf

quf sum @DE\ hfvf tfr supertf pmrm èet vdm hdspesdtdves V\@. Fstm dgmjfg hfvf sfr fslrdtm leg e hh .

Xmg`äg ä pessç vfi rfmidzmr e èet vdm mg`dfntf R[F) pmrm dste prelurf es mrqudves hf helugfntmêìe.

;



\fjunhe Fstíjde?

E sfjunhe fstíjde ugm vfz ielmidzmhe f lmrrfjmhe pfie prdgfdre fstíjde drí dndldmidzmr e mnmlenhm quf

hftfltmrí sum lencdjurmêìe hf vç hfe f lentdnumrí m dnstmimêìe fg gehe jrícdle) eu gehe tfxte +Gfnus$.

Ne sfjunhe fstíjde vírdms epêöfs prdgírdms hf lencdjurmêìe sfrìe hfcdndhms pfie usuírde) sìe fims?

• Mtdvmêìe hes ’dnstmiimtden Nug`frs‗

• Rmrtdldenmgfnte hf Hdsle

• Lencdjurmêìe hf Pfhf

• Lencdjurmêìe hf Xdgf _enf

• Lencdjurmêìe he pmsswerh he usuírde Peet

• \fifêìe eu Lustegdzmêìe hf Rmletfs eu Jrupes hfRmletfs pmrm m Dnstmimêìe

Hurmntf m Dnstmimêìe?

Hurmntf m dnstmimêìe ä pessç vfi mlfssmr es lenseifs vdrtumds pmrm lfrtdcdlmrsf quf tuhe fstm lerrfnhe `fg)

m`mdxe fnlentrmgsf ms tflims hf mtmike f ms hfslrdêöfs pmrm es lenseifs vdrtumds?

\f velï fstdvfr dnstmimnhe fg gehe jrícdle velï prfldsm prfssdenmr ms tflims Ltri f Mit me gfsge tfgpe.

• MitC= E prejrmgm hf dnstmimêìe fg gehe tfxte.

• MitC0 Vg skfii @msk +\egfntf pmrm e sfjunhe fstíjde$.• MitC< Gfnsmjfns hf Iej he prejrmgm dnstmimher.

• MitC8 Gfnsmjfns hf Iejs he Afrnfi.

• MitC6 \mdhm he gaf0cs +Rrejrmgm quf cergmtm ms pmrtdêöfs$ f he jru` +@eet iemhfr$.

• MitC: E prejrmgm hf dnstmimêìe fg gehe jrícdle.

Hfpeds hf legpiftmr tehe e prelfsse hf dnstmimêìe ä dgpertmntf tmg`äg lencfrdr es iejs he sdstfgm pmrm

hftfltmr pessç vfds cmikmr eu hftmikfs hf lencdjurmêöfs quf âs vfzfs nìe sìe legundlmhms pfie prejrmgm

hf dnstmimêìe. Mpüs e prdgfdre `eet hf sfu neve sdstfgm) vfrdcdquf es mrqudves he %vmr%iej. Es prdnldpmds

mrqudves hf iejs sìe?

• %vmr%iej%hgfsj +Gfnsmjfns he `uccfr he afrnfi$

• %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs +\mdhm he sysiejh$

• %reet%dnstmii.iej +Dncergmêöfs hf iej he prejrmgm dnstmimher) gudte dgpertmntf-$

4



Netm? E`sfrvf ludhmhesmgfntf e prdgfdre èet hf sfu neve sdstfgm. ]umiqufr gfnsmjfg hf frre hfvf sfr

ludhmhesmgfntf dnvfstdjmhm nes iejs. Sfrdcdquf tmg`ä g m vfrsì e ecdldmi dnstmimhm fxflutmnhe e legmnhe?

lmt %ftl%rfhkmt-rfifmsf

Cdrstèet) Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms Mpüs m Dnstmimêìe?

E PKFI fxflutm ug prejrmgm lkmgmhe cdrstèet mpüs m dnstmimêìe lmse sfu sdstfgm fstdvfr lencdjurmhe

fg runifvfi 6 +Dntfrcmlf Jrícdlm$. E cdrstèet ecfrflf ugm särdf hf lencdjurmêöfs `ísdlms dndldmds pmrm e

sfu sdstfgm) sìe fims?

• Cdrfwmii

• \FIdnux

• Ahugp +Afrnfi Lrmsk Iejjfr$• Hmtm f Kerm +NXRH$.

• Pfjdstre f Mtumidzmêìe hf Rmletfs +PKN$.

• Lrdm lentms mhdldenmds hf Vsuírdes.

• Lencdjurmêìe hm pimlm hf \eg.

• Dnstmim \ectwmrf%Rmletfs Mhdldenmds hf eutres LHs +F[XPM\$.

Rmrm rehmr e cdrstèet nevmgfntf velï prfldsm lencdjurmr e lentfÿhe he mrqudve %ftl%syslencdj%cdrstèet

pmrm ’ PVNUCDP\X@EEX7TF\ ‗. Nm dntfrcmlf jrícdlm m`rm ug tfrgdnmi f fxflutf e legmnhe cdrstèet .

Lencdjurmêöfs Jfrmds he \dstfgm?

Gudtms cfrrmgfntms hf lencdjurmêìe hm Pfh Kmt fstìe hdspenç vfds pmrm lencdjurmr hdvfrses dtfns ne

PKFI) ms cfrrmgfntms legfêmg sfu negf leg systfg-lencdj-/. Hflu rm tehms ms cfrrmgfntms

hdspenç vfds hdjdtmnhe systfg-lencdj f m tflim XM@ hums vfzfs fg ug tfrgdnmi.

E hdrftürde %ftl%syslencdj lenlfntrm hdvfrses mrqudves hf lencdjurmêöfs prdgírdes ne PKFI.

Sfrdcdquf e mrqudve hf mouhm ielmidzmhe fg? %usr%skmrf%hel%dndtslrdpts/%syslencdj.txt. Fstf mrqudve ä

gudte ÿtdi) nfif fxdstfg tehms ms XMJs +Epêöfs$ hf lencdjurmêìe hftmikmhms hes mrqudves he

%ftl%syslencdj.

=2



Rmrtdldenmgfnte?

Es hdsles sìe hdvdhdhes fg pmrtdêöfs iüjdlms) es prdnldpmds `fnfc ç ldes he pmrtdldenmgfnte sìe m

dnhfpfnhïnldm hf sdstfgm hf mrqudves f sdstfgms epfrmldenmds fntrf ms pmrtdêöfs f tmg`äg e cmte hf quf

sf ugm pmrtdêìe cdlmr lkfdm dste nìe mcftmrí ms hfgmds pmrtdêöfs fxdstfntfs.

E sdstfgm hf pmrtdldenmgfnte gmds legug ä enhf ms qumtre prdgfdrms pmrtdêöfs sìe lkmgmhms hf

prdgírdms) sf keuvfr nflfssdhmhf hf lrdmr gmds pmrtdêöfs ugm hms pmrtdêöfs prdgírdms drí sfr lenvfrtdhm

fg pmrtdêìe fstfnhdhm) e quf pessd`didtmrí m lrdmêìe hf gmds pmrtdêöfs iüjdlms.

E prdgfdre sfter hf lmhm hdsle ä lkmgmhe hf G@P eu Gmstfr @eet Pflerh) sum fstruturm ä m sfjudntf?

⚡ 883 @ytfs sìe pmrm e @eetstrmp

⚡ 38 @ytfs sìe pmrm ms fntrms hms 8 pmrtdêöfs prdgmrdms + 8 x =3$

⚡

0 @ytfs sìe pmrm m mssdnmturm

Nÿgfre gíxdge pmrm pmrtdêöfs?

⚡ Rmrm hdsles DHF e idgdtf ä hf 3< pmrtdêöfs.

⚡ Rmrm hdsles \L\D e idgdtf ä hf =6 pmrtdêöfs.

Xälndlms mvmnêmhms hf pmrtdldenmgfnte lege PMDH eu ISG tmg`äg fstìe hdspenç vfds) hdvfrses nç vfds

hf lencdjurmêöfs pehfg sfr milmnêmhms hf mlerhe leg e sfu eòftdve f qumntdhmhf hf hdsles.

Rmrtdldenmgfnte hes \dstfgms hf Mrqudves hurmntf m Dnstmimêìe?

Mijugms lensdhfrmêöfs dgpertmntfs hfvfg sfr ifvmhms fg lentm nm sfêìe hf pmrtdldenmgfnte hurmntf m

dnstmimêìe) sìe fims?

E tmgmnke hm pmrtdêìe hf swmp ä jfrmigfntf 0 vfzfs e tmgmnke hf sum gfgürdm c ç sdlm +PMG$.

Ä mlensfikívfi m lrdmêìe hf ugm pmrtdêìe %èet leg ne gç ndge =22G@ pmrm mlegehmr neves afrnfis.

%vmr ä enhf e sdstfgm lenlfntrm es mrqudves quf guhmg crfqùfntfgfntf) lege mrqudves hf IEJs f

tmg`äg cdims hf Gmdi. Ä mlensfikívfi ne gç ndge 8J@ hf fspmêe.

%usr ä enhf sfrìe dnstmimhes es prejrmgms f mpidlmtdves sfu tmgmnke ä vmrdívfi pfim qumntdhmhf hfpmletfs quf velï hftfrgdneu hurmntf mdnstmimêìe.

%ftl %id` %`dn %s`dn %hfv nìe hfvfg fstmr fg pmrtdêöfs hdcfrfntfs) fims hfvfg sfr pmrtf he hdrftürde+rmdz %$)

peds nfssms pmrtdêöfs fnlentrmg-sf mrqudves dnhdspfnsívfds pmrm e èet he sdstfgm.

%tgp ä enhf sfrìe mrgmzfnmhes mrqudves tfgperírdes he sdstfgm.

==



\ectwmrf PMDH) Kmrhwmrf PMDH) Nç vfds hf PMDH?

PMDH ä mlrøndge pmrm Pfhunhmnt Mrrmy ec Dnfxpfnsdvf Hdsas. Fstf mrrmnoe ä usmhe lege ug gfde pmrm

lrdmr ug su`sdstfgm hf undhmhf hf hdsle) rípdhe f lencdívfi) mtrmväs hf vírdes hdsles dnhdvdhumds.

Mpfsmr he PMDH tfr sdhe cfdte pmrm gfikermr m lencdm`didhmhf he sdstfgm) mtrmväs hm mhdêìe hf

rfhunhànldm) pehf tmg`äg ifvmr m ugm cmism sfnsmêìe hf sfjurmnêm f lencdmnêm qumnhe usmhe

dnlerrftmgfntf. Fstm cmism lencdmnêm pehf mlmrrftmr fg jrmnhfs hfsmstrfs. Rmrtdluimrgfntf) e PMDH ä

cfdte pmrm pretfjfr cmikms ne hdsle) nìe pmrm pretfjfr cmikms hf fnfrjdm eu frres he epfrmher.

Cmikms hf fnfrjdm) ùjs ne hfsfnveivdgfnte he afrnfi eu frres hf mhgdndstrmherfs f hf epfrmherfs

pehfg hmndcdlmr es hmhes hf ugm cergm drrflupfrívfi. PMDH nìe ä ug su`stdtute mpreprdmhe pmrm

fxflutmr ug `mlaup he sfu sdstfgm. \md`m e quf velï fstí cmzfnhe) cmêm tfstfs) sfom lenkflfher f

ldfntf hf tehes es hftmikfs quf fnveivfg m dgpifgfntmêìe hf PMDH.

PMDH pfrgdtf quf e legputmher jmnkf hfsfgpfnke nms epfrmêöfs hf mlfsse m hdsle) f hm gfsgm cergm)

rípdhm rflupfrmêìe fg lmse hf pfrhm hf mijug hdsle. E tdpe gmds legug hf mrrmnoe hf undhmhfs ä ug

sdstfgm eu ugm lentreimherm quf pessd`didtm e use hf gÿitdpims undhmhfs hf hdsle rç jdhe) lencdjurmhms

pmrm quf e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi sf legpertf lege sf fxdstdssf mpfnms ug hdsle dnstmimhe ne legputmher.

PMDH Sdm Kmrhwmrf f Sdm \ectwmrf?

PMDH pehf sfr dgpifgfntmhe per kmrhwmrf) nm cergm hf lentreimherms fspfldmds hf hdsle) eu per

sectwmrf) lege ug gühuie he afrnfi quf cdlm hdvdhdhe fntrf m lentreimherm hf hdsle hf `mdxe n ç vfi f e

sdstfgm hf mrqudves mldgm hfif.

PMDH Sdm Kmrhwmrf?

PMDH per kmrhwmrf ä sfgprf ugm lentreimherm hf hdsle) dste ä) ug hdspesdtdve quf pehf mtrmväs hf ug

lmè lenfltmr es hdsles. Jfrmigfntf fif vfg nm cergm hf ugm pimlm mhmptmherm quf pehf sfr "piujmhm"

fg ug siet D\M%FD\M%RLD%\-@us%GdlreLkmnnfi. Fntrftmnte) mijugms lentreimherms PMDH vïg nm cergm

hf ugm lmdxm quf ä lenfltmhm mtrmväs hf ug lmè fntrf e sdstfgm lentreimher hf hdsle f es hdspesdtdves

hf hdsle.

PMDHs pfqufnes pehfg sfr moustmhes nes fspmêes pmrm hdsle he prüprde legputmher1 eutres gmderfs

pehfg sfr leielmhes fg ug jm`dnftf hf mrgmzfnmgfnte leg sfu prüprde fspmêe pmrm hdsle f suprdgfnte

hf fnfrjdm. E kmrhwmrf gmds rflfntf hf PMDH usmhe leg m gmds rflfntf f rípdhm LRV drí jfrmigfntf

cernflfr e gfiker hfsfgpfnke tetmi) peräg leg ug prfêe sdjndcdlmntf. Dste perquf m gmderdm hms

lentreimherms PMDH vfg leg prelfssmherfs fspfldmidzmhes nm pimlm f gfgürdm lmlkf) quf pehf fidgdnmr

ugm qumntdhmhf hf prelfssmgfnte lensdhfrívfi hm LRV. Ms lentreimherms PMDH tmg`äg pehfg

cernflfr mitms tmxms hf trmnscfrïnldm mtrmväs he lmlkf hm lentreimherm.

=0



PMDH per kmrhwmrf jfrmigfntf nìe ä legpmtç vfi fntrf hdcfrfntfs tdpes) cm`rdlmntfs f gehfies? sf ugm

lentreimherm PMDH cmikmr) ä gfiker quf fim sfom trelmhm per eutrm lentreimherm he gfsge tdpe. Rmrm ugm

lentreimherm hf PMDH vdm kmrhwmrf pehfr sfr usmhm ne Idnux fim prfldsm lentmr leg utdidtírdes hf

lencdjurmêìe f jfrfnldmgfnte) cfdtes pmrm fstf sdstfgm epfrmldenmi f cernfldhes pfie cm`rdlmntf hm

lentreimherm.

Xdpes hf Kmrhwmrf?

Xfnhe vírdms epêöfs hf lentreimherms) ä nflfssírde pfnsmr ludhmhesmgfntf se`rf e quf velï qufr cmzfr.

Hfpfnhfnhe he quf qufr cmzfr f he nç vfi hf PMDH quf drí usmr) mijugms lentreimherms pehfg sfr

gfikerfs quf eutrms.

E tdpe fnlmpsuimhe ä idjmhe hdrftmgfntf â km`didhmhf hf trelm "â qufntf"Q6W hm undhmhf f mes sdstfgms hf

mhvfrtïnldm) eu sfom) fxd`f dnhdlmêìe hf cmikms hm undhmhf f quf tdpe hf trmtmgfnte sum undhmhf rflf`frí.

Vg fxfgpie pmrm dste pehf sfr rfcrdjfrmêìe rfhunhmntf f cernfldgfnte hf fnfrjdm. Es fnlmpsuimgfntes

cernfldhes pfim HRX) KR®) D@G® f Legpmq® trm`mikmg fxtrfgmgfntf `fg) gms tïg ug luste mite

tmg`äg.

PMDH Sdm \ectwmrf?

PMDH vdm sectwmrf ä ugm lencdjurmêìe h f gühuies he afrnfi) ountmgfntf leg utdidtírdes hf

mhgdndstrmêìe quf dgpifgfntmg PMDH purmgfntf per sectwmrf) f nìe rfqufr ug kmrhwmrf

fspfldmidzmhe. Rehf sfr utdidzmhe e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fxt0) fxt<) HE\-CMX eu eutre.

Fstf tdpe hf PMDH ä dgpifgfntmhe mtrmväs hes gühuies GH he afrnfi he Idnux f hms cfrrmgfntms

rfimldenmhms.

PMDH per sectwmrf) per tfr sum nmturfzm ne sectwmrf) tfnhf m sfr gudte gmds cifx ç vfi quf ugm seiuêìe

per kmrhwmrf. E imhe nfjmtdve ä quf fif fg jfrmi rfqufr gmds ldlies f lmpmldhmhf hf LRV pmrm cunldenmr

`fg) qumnhe legpmrmhe m ug sdstfgm hf kmrhwmrf. Fif ecfrflf ugm dgpertmntf f hdstdntm lmrmltfr ç stdlm?

epfrm se`rf qumiqufr hdspesdtdve hf `iele pehfnhe sfr ug hdsle dntfdre +per fxfgpie) %hfv%shm$) ugm

pmrtdêìe qumiqufr +per fxfgpie) %hfv%kh`=$) ug hdspesdtdve hf ieep`mla +per fxfgpie)

%hfv%ieep2$ eu qumiqufr eutre hdspesdtdve hf `iele legpmtç vfi) pmrm lrdmr ug ÿndle hdspesdtdve

PMDH. Dsse hdvfrjf hm gmderdm hms seiuêöfs hf PMDH vdm kmrhwmrf) enhf lmhm jrupe ountm undhmhfs hf

hdsle dntfdrms fg ug mrrmnoe.

Legpmrmnhe ms hums seiuêöfs) e PMDH vdm kmrhwmrf ä trmnspmrfntf pmrm e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi) f dste

tfnhf m sdgpidcdlmr e jfrfnldmgfnte. Sdm sectwmrf) kí hf ienjf gmds epêöfs f fsleikms hf lencdjurmêöfs)

cmzfnhe leg quf e mssunte sf ternf gmds legpifxe.

=<

http://www.conectiva.com/doc/livros/online/9.0/servidor/raid.html#FTN.AEN9992

http://www.conectiva.com/doc/livros/online/9.0/servidor/raid.html#FTN.AEN9992



E Lentreimher hf Gÿitdpies Hdspesdtdves +GH$?

E lentreimher GH ä usmhe pmrm mjrupmr ugm leifêìe hf hdspesdtdves hf ìele) fg ug ÿndle f jrmnhf

hdspesdtdve hf ìele. Nergmigfntf) ug lenounte hf hdspesdtdves \L\D f DHF sìe lencdjurmhes fg ug

ÿndle hdspesdtdve GH.

Ms fxtfnsöfs he lentreimher GH dgpifgfntmg gehe idnfmr) PMDH-2 +strdppdnj$) PMDH-=+fspfikmgfnte$) PMDH-8 f PMDH-6 per sectwmrf. Dste qufr hdzfr quf) leg GH) nìe ä nflfssírde

kmrhwmrf fspfldmi eu lentreimherms hf hdsle pmrm e`tfr m gmderdm hes `fnfc ç ldes hf PMDH.

Mtfnêìe

M mhgdndstrmêìe hf PMDH ne Idnux nìe ä ugm tmrfcm trdvdmi) f ä gmds veitmhm pmrm mhgdndstrmherfs hf

sdstfgm fxpfrdfntfs. M tferdm hm epfrmêìe ä legpifxm. Ms cfrrmgfntms he sdstfgm fxdjfg gehdcdlmêöfs

nes slrdpts hf dndldmidzmêìe. F rflupfrmr-sf hf ugm cmikm ne hdsle nìe ä ugm tmrfcm sdgpifs) ä pmssç vfi hf

frres kugmnes. PMDH nìe ä pmrm dndldmntfs) f qumiqufr `fnfc ç lde fg ùslm hf lencdm didhmhf f

hfsfgpfnke pehf sfr cmldigfntf mlrfsldhe hf legpifxdhmhf fxtrm.

Lfrtmgfntf) undhmhfs hf hdsle fveiuç hms sìe gudte lencdívfds) f lentreimherms f LRVs mvmnêmhms sìe

gudte petfntfs. Selï pehf e`tfr gmds cmldigfntf es nç vfds hf lencdm`didhmhf f hfsfgpfnke hfsfomhes)

legprmnhe kmrhwmrf hf mitm qumidhmhf f petïnldm.

Es afrnfis he Idnux hm särdf 0.8.x dnliufg e supertf m PMDH per sectwmrf per pmhrìe. E gfsge nç vfi

hf supertf m PMDH pehf sfr e`tdhe nes afrnfis hm särdf 0.0 mpidlmnhe-sf lerrfêöfs eu pmtlkfs +vfom ne

CXR he afrnfi $. Es afrnfis hm särdf 0.8.x supertmg PMDH vdm sectwmrf leg sdstfgm hf mrqudves

oeurnmiifh +per fxfgpie) fxt<$) hdcfrfntf he afrnfi 0.0.x) quf nìe pessuç m fstf supertf.

Nç vfds hf PMDH?

Ms hdcfrfntfs gmnfdrms hf leg`dnmr es hdsles fg ug sü) lkmgmhes hf nç vfds hf PMDH) pehfg cernflfr

tmnte jrmnhf fcdldïnldm hf mrgmzfnmgfnte lege sdgpifs fspfikmgfnte) eu pehfg mitfrmr e hfsfgpfnke

hf imtïnldm +tfgpe hf mlfsse$. Rehfg tmg`äg cernflfr hfsfgpfnke hm tmxm hf trmnscfrïnldm hf hmhes

pmrm ifdturm f pmrm fslrdtm) fnqumnte lentdnumg gmntfnhe m rfhunhànldm. Nevmgfntf) dste ä dhfmi pmrm

prfvfndr cmikms.

Es hdcfrfntfs nç vfds hf PMDH mprfsfntmg hdcfrfntfs hfsfgpfnke) rfhunhànldm) lmpmldhmhf hf

mrgmzfnmgfnte) lencdm`didhmhf f lmrmltfrç stdlms hf luste. M gmderdm) gms nfg tehes es nç vfds hf PMDH)ecfrflf rfhunhànldm â cmikm hf hdsle. Hes quf ecfrflfg rfhunhànldm) PMDH-= f PMDH-6 sìe es gmds

pepuimrfs. PMDH-= ecfrflf gfiker hfsfgpfnke) fnqumnte quf PMDH-6 cernflf ug use gmds fcdldfntf he

fspmêe hdspenç vfi pmrm e mrgmzfnmgfnte hes hmhes.

=8



Hf qumiqufr gehe) e moustf hf hfsfgpfnke ä ug mssunte `mstmntf hdcfrfntf) hfpfnhfntf hf ugm jrmnhf

vmrdfhmhf hf cmterfs) lege e tdpe hm mpidlmêìe) es tmgmnkes hes hdsles) `ieles f mrqudves.

Fxdstf ugm vmrdfhmhf hf tdpes hdcfrfntfs f dgpifgfntmêöfs hf PMDH) lmhm ugm leg sums vmntmjfns f

hfsvmntmjfns. Rer fxfgpie) pmrm leielmr ugm lüpdm hes gfsges hmhes fg heds hdsles +epfrmêìe

lkmgmhm hf fspfikmgfnte hf hdsle eu PMDH nç vfi =$) pehf-sf mlrfslfntmr hfsfgpfnke hf ifdturm) ifnhe

mitfrnmhmgfntf lmhm hdsle he fspfike. Fg gähdm) lmhm hdsle ä gfnes usmhe) per fstmr sfnhe usmhe fg

mpfnms gftmhf hm ifdturm +pmrm heds hdsles$) eu ug tfrêe +pmrm < hdsles$) ftl. Miäg hdsse) ug fspfike

pehf gfikermr m lencdm`didhmhf? sf ug hdsle cmikmr) e+s$ eutre+s$ hdsle+s$ tïg ugm lüpdm hes hmhes.

M sfjudr sfrìe hfslrdtes es hdcfrfntfs nç vfds hf PMDH) ne lentfxte hf dgpifgfntmêìe hf PMDH per

sectwmrf ne Idnux.

PMDH-idnfmr?

Ä ugm sdgpifs lenlmtfnmêìe hf pmrtdêöfs pmrm lrdmr ugm jrmnhf pmrtdêìe vdrtumi. Dste ä pessç vfi sf velï

tfg vírdms undhmhfs pfqufnms) f qufr lrdmr ugm ÿndlm f jrmnhf pmrtdêìe. Fstm lenlmtfnmêìe nìe ecfrflf

rfhunhànldm) f hf cmte hdgdnud m lencdm`didhmhf tetmi? sf qumiqufr ug hes hdsles cmikmr) m pmrtdêìe

leg`dnmhm drí cmikmr.

PMDH-2?

M jrmnhf gmderdm hes nç vfds hf PMDH fnveivf ugm tälndlm hf mrgmzfnmgfnte lkmgmhm hf sfjgfntmêìe

hf hmhes +hmtm strdppdnj$. M dgpifgfntmêìe gmds `ísdlm hfssm tälndlm ä lenkfldhm lege PMDH-2 f ä

supertmhm per gudtes cm`rdlmntfs. Lentuhe) pfie cmte hf fstf nç vfi hf mrrmnoe nìe sfr teifrmntf m cmikms)

PMDH-2 nìe ä vfrhmhfdrmgfntf PMDH) me gfnes quf sfom usmhe fg lenounêìe leg eutres nç vfds hf

PMDH.

=6



Cdjurm 4-=. PMDH-2

\fjgfntmêìe +strdppdnj$ ä ug gätehe hf gmpfmgfnte hf hmhes se`rf e gfde c ç sdle hf ug mrrmnoe) quf

sfrvf pmrm lrdmr ug jrmnhf hdspesdtdve hf mrgmzfnmgfnte. Es hmhes sìe su`hdvdhdhes fg sfjgfntes

lensflutdves eu strdpfs quf sìe fslrdtes sfqùfnldmigfntf mtrmväs hf lmhm ug hes hdsles hf ug mrrmnoe.

Lmhm sfjgfnte tfg ug tmgmnke hfcdndhe fg `ieles.

Rer fxfgpie) sm`fnhe quf e tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte fstí hfcdndhe fg 38 a`ytfs) f e mrrmnoe hf hdsles

lentäg 0 hdsles) qumnhe ug mrqudve hf =0; a`ytfs cer jrmvmhe) es prdgfdres 38 a`ytfs sfrìe jrmvmhes

ne prdgfdre hdsle) sfnhe quf es ÿitdges 38 a`ytfs drìe pmrm e sfjunhe hdsle) f nergmigfntf dsse ä cfdte

fg pmrmifie) mugfntmnhe lensdhfrmvfigfntf e hfsfgpfnke.

Vg mrrmnoe hfssf tdpe pehf ecfrflfr ug gfiker hfsfgpfnke) qumnhe legpmrmhm m ug hdsle dnhdvdhumi)

sf e tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte cer moustmhe hf mlerhe leg m mpidlmêìe quf utdidzmrí e mrrmnoe?

• Fg ug mg`dfntf leg use dntfnsdve hf F%\ eu fg ug mg`dfntf hf `mnle hf hmhes enhf gÿitdpims

rfqudsdêöfs lenlerrfntfs sìe cfdtms pmrm pfqufnes rfjdstres hf hmhes) ug sfjgfnte hf tmgmnke

jrmnhf ä prfcfrfnldmi. \f e tmgmnke hf sfjgfnte pmrm ug hdsle ä jrmnhf e sucdldfntf pmrm lentfr

ug rfjdstre dntfdre) es hdsles he mrrmnoe pehfg rfspenhfr dnhfpfnhfntfgfntf pmrm ms rfqudsdêöfs

sdguitànfms hf hmhes.

• Fg ug mg`dfntf enhf jrmnhfs rfjdstres hf hmhes sìe mrgmzfnmhes) sfjgfntes hf pfqufne

tmgmnke sìe gmds mpreprdmhes. \f ug hftfrgdnmhe rfjdstre hf hmhes fstfnhf-sf mtrmväs hf vírdes

hdsles he mrrmnoe) e lentfÿhe he rfjdstre pehf sfr idhe fg pmrmifie) mugfntmnhe e hfsfgpfnke

tetmi he sdstfgm.

=3



Cdjurm 4-0. \trdppdnj

Mrrmnoes PMDH-2 pehfg ecfrflfr mite hfsfgpfnke hf fslrdtm) sf legpmrmhes m vfrhmhfdres nç vfds hf

PMDH) per nìe mprfsfntmrfg lmrjm mhdldenmi msseldmhm leg líiluies hf pmrdhmhf eu leg tälndlms hf

rflupfrmêìe hf hmhes. Fstm gfsgm cmitm hf prfvdsìe pmrm rflenstruêìe hf hmhes pfrhdhes dnhdlm quf fssf

mrrmnoe hfvf sfr rfstrdte me mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes nìe lrç tdles f leg`dnmhe leg fcdldfntfs prejrmgms

hf `mlaup.

PMDH-=?

M cergm gmds sdgpifs hf mrrmnoe teifrmntf m cmikms ä e PMDH-=. @msfmhe ne lenlfdte hf fspfikmgfnte

+gdrrerdnj$) fstf mrrmnoe lensdstf hf vírdes jrupes hf hmhes mrgmzfnmhes fg heds eu gmds hdspesdtdves.

Mpfsmr hf gudtms dgpifgfntmêöfs hf PMDH-= fnveivfrfg heds jrupes hf hmhes +hmç e tfrge fspfike eu

gdrrer $) trïs eu gmds jrupes pehfg sfr lrdmhes sf m mitm lencdm`didhmhf cer hfsfomhm.

\f elerrf ugm cmikm fg ug hdsle hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-=) ifdturms f jrmvmêöfs su`sfqùfntfs sìe

hdrfldenmhms pmrm e+s$ hdsle+s$ mdnhm fg epfrmêìe. Es hmhes fntìe sìe rflenstruç hes fg ug hdsle hf

rfpesdêìe +spmrf hdsa $ usmnhe hmhes he+s$ hdsle+s$ se`rfvdvfntf+s$. E prelfsse hf rflenstruêìe he

fspfike tfg mijug dgpmlte se`rf e hfsfgpfnke hf F%\ he mrrmnoe) peds tehes es hmhes tfr ìe hf sfr idhes

f lepdmhes he+s$ hdsle+s$ dntmlte+s$ pmrm e hdsle hf rfpesdêìe.

=:



Cdjurm 4-<. PMDH-=

PMDH-= ecfrflf mitm hdspend didhmhf hf hmhes) perquf ne gç ndge heds jrupes legpiftes sìe

mrgmzfnmhes. Lenfltmnhe es hdsles prdgírdes f es hdsles fspfikmhes fg lentreimherms sfpmrmhms) pehf-

sf mugfntmr m teifrànldm m cmikms pfim fidgdnmêìe hm lentreimherm lege pente ÿndle hf cmikm.

Fntrf es nìe-kç rdhes) fstf nç vfi tfg e gmder luste hf mrgmzfnmgfnte per rfqufrfr lmpmldhmhf sucdldfntf

pmrm mrgmzfnmr ne gç ndge heds jrupes hf hmhes. Fstf nç vfi ä gfiker mhmptmhe pmrm sfrvdr pfqufnms `msf

hf hmhes eu sdstfgms hf pfqufnm fslmim quf nflfssdtfg lencdm`didhmhf.

PMDH-0 f PMDH-<?

Pmrmgfntf sìe usmhes) f ternmrmg-sf e`seiftes pfims nevms tflneiejdms hf hdsle. PMDH-0 ä sdgdimr me

PMDH-8) gms mrgmzfnm dncergmêìe FLL +frrer lerrfltdnj lehf$) quf ä m dncergmêìe hf lentreif hf

frres) ne iujmr hm pmrdhmhf. Fstf cmte pessd`didteu ugm pfqufnm pretfêìe mhdldenmi) vdste quf tehms ms

undhmhfs hf hdsle gmds nevms dnlerpermrmg FLL dntfrnmgfntf.

=;



Cdjurm 4-8. PMDH-0

PMDH-0 pehf ecfrflfr gmder lensdstïnldm hes hmhes sf keuvfr qufhm hf fnfrjdm hurmntf m fslrdtm.

@mtfrdms hf sfjurmnêm f ug hfsidjmgfnte lerrfte) peräg) pehfg ecfrflfr es gfsges `fnfc ç ldes. PMDH-<

ä sdgdimr me PMDH-8) fxlfte pfie cmte hf quf fif usm e gfner tmgmnke pessç vfi pmrm m strdpf. Lege

rfsuitmhe) qumiqufr pfhdhe hf ifdturm dnvelmrí tehes es hdsles) ternmnhe ms rfqudsdêöfs hf se`rfpesdêìe

hf F%\ hdc ç lfds eu dgpessç vfds.

M cdg hf fvdtmr e mtrmse fg rmzìe hm imtïnldm retmldenmi) e PMDH-< fxdjf quf tehes es fdxes hms undhmhfs

hf hdsle fstfomg sdnlrendzmhes. M gmderdm hms undhmhfs hf hdsle gmds rflfntfs nìe pessufg m km`didhmhf

hf sdnlrendzmêìe he fdxe) eu sf sìe lmpmzfs hdste) cmitmg es lenflterfs nflfssírdes) lm`es f

helugfntmêìe he cm`rdlmntf. Nfg PMDH-0 f nfg PMDH-< sìe supertmhes pfies hrdvfrs hf PMDH per

sectwmrf ne Idnux.

=4



Cdjurm 4-6. PMDH-<

PMDH-8?

Fstf ä ug tdpe hf mrrmnoe sfjgfntmhe) gms dnlerperm ug gätehe hf pretfêìe hf hmhes gmds prítdle. Fif

usm dncergmêöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf pmrm m rflupfrmêìe hf hmhes f ms mrgmzfnm fg hdsle hfhdlmhe. Es hdsles

rfstmntfs) usmhes pmrm hmhes) sìe lencdjurmhes pmrm usmrfg jrmnhfs +tmgmnke gfhdhe fg `ieles$

sfjgfntes hf hmhes) sucdldfntfgfntf jrmnhfs pmrm mlegehmr ug rfjdstre dntfdre. Dste pfrgdtf ifdturms

dnhfpfnhfntfs hm dncergmêìe mrgmzfnmhm) cmzfnhe hf PMDH-8 ug mrrmnoe pfrcfdtmgfntf moustmhe pmrm

mg`dfntfs trmnsmldenmds quf rfqufrfg gudtms ifdturms pfqufnms f sdguitànfms.

Mrrmnoes PMDH-8 f eutres mrrmnoes quf utdidzmg pmrdhmhf cmzfg use hf ug prelfsse hf rflupfrmêìe hf

hmhes gmds hdnàgdle quf mrrmnoes fspfikmhes) lege PMDH-=. M cunêìe eu fxliusdve +[EP$ hes hmhes f

dncergmêöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf hes hdsles rfstmntfs ä legputmhm pmrm rflenstrudr es hmhes he hdsle quf

cmikeu. Rfie cmte hf quf tehes es hmhes se`rf pmrdhmhf sìe fslrdtes fg ug ÿndle hdsle) fssf hdsle

cunldenm lege ug jmrjmie hurmntf ms epfrmêöfs hf fslrdtm) rfhuzdnhe e hfsfgpfnke hurmntf fstms

epfrmêöfs.

02



Cdjurm 4-3. PMDH-8

\fgprf quf es hmhes sìe fslrdtes ne mrrmnoe) dncergmêöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf nergmigfntf sìe idhms he hdsle

hf pmrdhmhf f ugm nevm dncergmêìe se`rf pmrdhmhf hfvf sfgprf sfr fslrdtm pmrm e hdsle hf pmrdhmhf mntfs

hm prüxdgm rfqudsdêìe hf fslrdtm sfr rfmidzmhm. Rer lmusm hfssms hums epfrmêöfs hf F%\) e hdsle hf

pmrdhmhf ä e cmter idgdtmntf he hfsfgpfnke tetmi he mrrmnoe. Rfie cmte he hdsle hf pmrdhmhf rfqufrfr

segfntf ug hdsle mhdldenmi pmrm pretfêìe hf hmhes) mrrmnoes PMDH-8 sìe gmds `mrmtes quf mrrmnoes

PMDH-=.

PMDH-6?

Fstf tdpe hf PMDH imrjmgfntf usmhe cunldenm sdgdimrgfntf me PMDH 8) gms supfrm mijuns hes

preìfgms gmds leguns secrdhes per fssf tdpe. Ms dncergmêöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf pmrm es hmhes he mrrmnoe

sìe hdstrdùç hms me ienje hf tehes es hdsles he mrrmnoe) fg vfz hf sfrfg mrgmzfnmhms fg ug hdsle

hfhdlmhe.

Fssm dhädm hf pmrdhmhf hdstrdùç hm rfhuz e jmrjmie hf fslrdtm +wrdtf èttifnfla $) quf frm e ÿndle hdsle hf

ug PMDH-8) perquf mjerm ms fslrdtms lenlerrfntfs nfg sfgprf rfqufrfg mlfsse âs dncergmêöfs se`rfpmrdhmhf fg ug hdsle hfhdlmhe. Lentuhe) e hfsfgpfnke hf fslrdtm jfrmi mdnhm secrf per lmusm he

prelfssmgfnte mhdldenmi lmusmhe pfim ifdturm) rf-líiluie f mtumidzmêìe hm dncergmêìe se`rf pmrdhmhf.

0=



Cdjurm 4-:. PMDH-6

Rmrm mugfntmr e hfsfgpfnke hf ifdturm hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6) e tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte fg quf es

hmhes sìe hdvdhdhes pehf sfr etdgdzmhe pmrm m mpidlmêìe quf fstdvfr usmnhe e mrrmnoe. E hfsfgpfnke

jfrmi hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6 ä fqudvmifntf me hf ug PMDH-8) fxlfte ne lmse hf ifdturms sfqùfnldmds) quf

rfhuzfg m fcdldïnldm hes mijerdtges hf ifdturm per lmusm hm hdstrdùdêìe hms dncergmêöfs se`rf pmrdhmhf.

Lege fg eutres mrrmnoes `msfmhes fg pmrdhmhf) m rflupfrmêìe hf hmhes fg ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6 ä cfdtm

lmiluimnhe m cunêìe [EP hms dncergmêöfs hes hdsles rfstmntfs he mrrmnoe. Rfie cmte hf m dncergmêìe

se`rf pmrdhmhf sfr hdstrdùç hm me ienje hf tehes es hdsles) m pfrhm hf qumiqufr hdsle rfhuz m

hdspend`didhmhf hf mgès es hmhes f hm dncergmêìe se`rf pmrdhmhf) mtä m rflupfrmêìe he hdsle quf

cmikeu. Dste pehf lmusmr hfjrmhmêìe he hfsfgpfnke hf ifdturm f hf fslrdtm.

Xdpes Kç rdhes?

Rmrm suprdr ms hfcdldïnldms hf ug nç vfi eu eutre hf PMDH ä pessç vfi usmr ug nç vfi hf PMDH se`rf eutre)

mprevfdtmnhe per fxfgpie) e fxlfifntf hfsfgpfnke hf ug hftfrgdnmhe nç vfi f m lencdm`didhmhf hf eutre.

Dsse tuhe) ä limre) pmjmnhe e prfêe hf ugm gmder qumntdhmhf hf gmtfrdmi.Vg fxfgpie ä e PMDH-=2. Lege e sfu negf dgpidlm) ä m leg`dnmêìe hf hdsles fspfikmhes +PMDH-=$

leg m sfjgfntmêìe hf hmhes +hmtm strdppdnj$ +PMDH-2$.

00



E gätehe hf lrdmêìe hf ug mrrmnoe PMDH-=2 ä hdvfrsdcdlmhe. Fg ugm dgpifgfntmêìe PMDH-2!=) es

hmhes sìe sfjgfntmhes mtrmväs hf jrupes hf hdsles fspfikmhes) dste ä) es hmhes sìe prdgfdre

sfjgfntmhes f pmrm lmhm sfjgfnte ä cfdte ug fspfike. Oí fg ug PMDH-=!2 es hmhes sìe prdgfdrmgfntf

fspfikmhes) f pmrm lmhm fspfike kí m sfjgfntmêìe se`rf vírdes hdsles.

PMDH-=2 ecfrflf ms vmntmjfns hm trmnscfrïnldm hf hmhes rípdhm hf ug mrrmnoe fspfikmhe) f ms

lmrmltfrç stdlms hf mlfssd didhmhf hes mrrmnoes fspfikmhes. E hfsfgpfnke he sdstfgm hurmntf m

rflenstruêìe hf ug hdsle ä tmg`äg gfiker quf nes mrrmnoes `msfmhes fg pmrdhmhf) peds es hmhes sìe

segfntf lepdmhes he hdspesdtdve se`rfvdvfntf.

E PMDH-62 ä ug mrrmnoe kç rdhe quf usm ms tälndlms hf PMDH leg pmrdhmhf fg lenounêìe leg m

sfjgfntmêìe hf hmhes. Vg mrrmnoe PMDH-62 ä fssfnldmigfntf ug mrrmnoe leg ms dncergmêöfs

sfjgfntmhms mtrmväs hf heds eu gmds mrrmnoes PMDH-6.

Hfpfnhfnhe he tmgmnke hf lmhm sfjgfnte fstm`fifldhe hurmntf m lencdjurmêìe he mrrmnoe) fstfs mrrmnoes

kç rdhes pehfg ecfrflfr es `fnfc ç ldes hf mlfsse pmrmifie hes mrrmnoes leg pmrdhmhf +mitm vfieldhmhf nmtrmnscfrïnldm hf hmhes$ eu hf mlfsse dnhfpfnhfntf hes mrrmnoes leg pmrdhmhf +jrmnhf qumntdhmhf$. Lege

fg eutres mrrmnoes PMDH leg pmrdhmhf) m rflenstruêìe hf ug hdsle cmike jfrm ug dgpmlte ne

hfsfgpfnke he prejrmgm usmnhe e mrrmnoe.

Xm`fim hf Legpmrmêìe hes Nç vfds hf PMDH?

Rehf-sf cmzfr ugm legpmrmêìe fntrf es vírdes nç vfds hf PMDH) hf mlerhe leg hfsfgpfnke +ifdturm)

jrmvmêìe f rflenstruêìe$) hdspend`didhmhf hf hmhes f e nÿgfre gç ndge hf undhmhfs rfqufrdhms. E`sfrvfnm tm`fim m hfslrdêìe hfstfs mtrd`utes pmrm legpmrmêìe hes nç vfds hf PMDH. \fjudnhe ms rfcfrïnldms?

• M7 Hdspend`didhmhf hes Hmhes

• @7 Hfsfgpfnke hf Ifdturm

• L7 Hfsfgpfnke hf Jrmvmêìe

• H7 Hfsfgpfnke hf Pflenstruêìe

• F7 Nÿgfre Gç ndge hf Vndhmhfs Pfqufrdhms

0<



Xm`fim 4-=. Mtrdùtes hf Legpmrmêìe hes Sírdes Nç vfds hf PMDH

Nç vfi hf

PMDH

M @ L H F

PMDH 2 Nfnkugm Gudte eg Gudte eg Nìe

hdspenç vfi

N

PMDH = Fxlfifntf Gudte eg @eg @eg 0N

PMDH 8 @em F%\ sfqùfnldmi? @em F%\

trmnsmldenmi? @em

F%\ sfqùfnldmi? Gudte èm

F%\ trmnsmldenmi? Pudg

\mtdscmtürdm N ! = +N

pfie gfnes0$

PMDH 6 @em F%\ sfqùfnldmi? @em F%\

trmnsmldenmi? Gudte èm

\mtdscmtürdm +m gfnes quf e

lmlkf wrdtf-`mla sfom

usmhe$

Pudg N ! = +N

pfie gfnes

0$

PMDH =2 Fxlfifntf Gudte em \mtdscmtürdm @em 0N

PMDH 62 Fxlfifntf Gudte em \mtdscmtürdm \mtdscmtürdm N!0

Netm? E nÿgfre N ä e rfqufrdgfnte hf fspmêe pmrm mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes he nç vfi hf

PMDH. Fxfgpie? sf e rfqudsdte gç ndge ä tfr 3J@ hf fspmêe pmrm ug mrrmnoe PMDH-6) fntìe

hfvf-sf tfr me gfnes 0 hdsles hf <J@ lmhm f gmds ug hdsle hf <J@) sfnhe 3J@ +heds

hdsles$ ! <J@ += hdsle$.

08



ISG) Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs Iüjdles?

E Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs Iüjdles +ISG$ ä ug su`sdstfgm pmrm jfrfnldmgfnte mtdve hf mrgmzfnmjfg

fg hdsle quf sf trmnscergeu fg ug pmhrìe pmrm jfrfnldmgfnte hf mrgmzfnmjfg fg sdstfgms VND[.

E Jfrfnldmher hf Seiugfs Iüjdles lensdstf fg ugm lmgmhm mhdldenmi fntrf es hdspesdtdves c ç sdles f m

dntfrcmlf hf F%\ ne afrnfi pmrm cernflfr ugm vdsìe iüjdlm ne mrgmzfnmgfnte. Me lentrírde hes fsqufgms

hf pmrtdldenmgfnte mtumds enhf hdsles sìe hdvdhdhes fg pmrtdêöfs lentç nums hf tmgmnke cdxe) e ISG

pfrgdtf me usuírde lensdhfrmr hdsles) tmg`äg lenkfldhes lege Seiugfs Cç sdles +RS$) lege ug veiugf

hf mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes) lensdstdnhe hf fxtfnsöfs hf tmgmnkes djumds.

Vg sdstfgm hf ISG legpöf-sf hf jrupes mr`dtrírdes hf veiugfs c ç sdles) erjmndzmhes fg Jrupes hf

Seiugfs +SJ$. Vg jrupe hf veiugf pehf lensdstdr hf ug eu gmds veiugfs c ç sdles. Rehf kmvfr gmds hf

ug jrupe hf veiugf ne sdstfgm. Vgm vfz lrdmhe) e jrupe hf veiugf) f nìe e hdsle) ä m undhmhf `ísdlm

hf mrgmzfnmgfnte hf hmhes +ug hdsle vdrtumi legpenhe-sf hf ug eu gmds hdsles c ç sdles$.

M qumntdhmhf hf fspmêe fg hdsle) quf ä rfprfsfntmhm per ug jrupe hf veiugf) pehf sfr mielmhm fg

pmrtdêöfs vdrtumds) lkmgmhms hf Seiugfs Iüjdles +IS$ hf vírdes tmgmnkes. Vg veiugf iüjdle pehf

lentfr ug nÿgfre hf veiugfs c ç sdles eu rfprfsfntmr mpfnms ugm perêìe hf ug veiugf c ç sdle. E tmgmnke

hf ug veiugf iüjdle ä hftfrgdnmhe pfie sfu nÿgfre hf fxtfnsöfs. Vgm vfz lrdmhes) veiugfs iüjdles

pehfg sfr utdidzmhes lege pmrtdêöfs hf hdsle rfjuimrfs - pmrm lrdmr ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves eu ug

hdspesdtdve hf trelm.

Mprfsfntmêìe he ISG?

Xrmhdldenmigfntf) e tmgmnke hf ugm pmrtdêìe ä hfcdndhe nm dnstmimêìe he sdstfgm. E rfhdgfnsdenmgfnte

hf pmrtdêöfs fstítdlms pehf sfr rfmidzmhe leg e mpidlmtdve pmrtfh. Dsse rfqufr quf e mhgdndstrmher cmêm ug

pimnfomgfnte prävde hm qumntdhmhf gíxdgm hf hmhes quf m pmrtdêìe pehfrí vdr m mrgmzfnmr ne cuture.

]umnhe ug usuírde fxlfhfr e fspmêe hf ugm pmrtdêìe) fif tfrí hf rfpmrtdldenmr +e quf pehf fnveivfr ugm

rfdnstmimêìe legpiftm he sdstfgm$ eu sf utdidzmr hf mrtdc ç ldes) lege ms idjmêöfs sdg`üidlms.

Rer fxfgpie) supenkm quf velï pessud ug hdsle hf =J@ f lrdm-sf ugm pmrtdêìe %kegf utdidzmnhe

322G@. Dgmjdnf quf velï nflfssdtm hf gmds fspmêe f hfsle`rf quf sfrí nflfssírde =J@ ne %kegf.

Vtdidzmnhe m mntdjm neêìe hf pmrtdêöfs) ä nflfssírde tfr eutrm undhmhf hf pfie gfnes =J@ hf tmgmnke.

Fntìe) pehf-sf mhdldenmr e hdsle) lrdmr e neve %kegf f lepdmr es hmhes fxdstfntfs pmrm fif.

Fntrftmnte) leg ugm lencdjurmêìe ISG) ä nflfssírde mpfnms mhdldenmr ug hdsle hf 822G@ +eu gmder$ f

mhdldenmr fstm undhmhf hf mrgmzfnmgfnte nm pmrtdêìe %kegf. Eutrms cfrrmgfntms pfrgdtfg e

rfhdgfnsdenmgfnte hf ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves oí fxdstfntf sfg m nflfssdhmhf hf sf rfcergmtmr e gfsge.

06



Netm? Netf quf) lege e ISG hfpfnhf hf gühuies he afrnfi) mijugms pmrtdêöfs

sdgpifsgfntf nìe pehfg sfr usmhms leg ISG. E % f e %èet sìe fxfgpies limres hdsse)peds es gühuies he afrnfi nflfssírdes pmrm m gentmjfg hf ug veiugf vdrtumi +miäg he

prüprde afrnfi$ nìe fstmrdmg mlfssç vfds.

Xfrgdneiejdm he ISG?

E ISG vfg leg vírdes omrjöfs quf prfldsmg sfr fntfnhdhes pmrm nìe kmvfr preìfgms leg es sdstfgms

hf mrqudves. Nfstm sfêìe sfrí vdstm fstm tfrgdneiejdm utdidzmhm pfie ISG.

Selï hfvf usmr m pmimvrm c ç sdlm leg ug peule hf ludhmhe1 hf qumiqufr cergm) dndldmigfntf fim sfrí vdstm

lege sfnhe ug sdgpifs hdsle rç jdhe) eu ugm pmrtdêìe. Rer fxfgpie) %hfv%khm) %hfv%khm0)

%hfv%shm. Rehf-sf trmnscergmr qumiqufr nÿgfre lensflutdve hf ìeles hf ug hdspesdtdve hf ìeles

fg ug Seiugf Cç sdle.

Vg RS nìe ä nmhm gmds quf ug gfde c ç sdle leg mijuns hmhes mhgdndstrmtdves mhdldenmhes m fif - ugm

vfz quf mhdldenf-sf fstfs hmhes) e ISG drí rflenkflï-ies lege preprdftírdes hms Fxtfnsöfs Cç sdlms.

Fxtfnsöfs Cç sdlms sìe lege ìeles hf ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves +rfjdöfs lentç nums he hdsle$ rfmigfntf

jrmnhfs) gudtms vfzfs leg ug tmgmnke nm lmsm hes gfjm`ytfs. RFs pehfg sfr mtrdùç hms m ug Jrupe hf

Seiugfs.

Vg SJ ä legpeste per ug hftfrgdnmhe nÿgfre hf Fxtfnsöfs Cç sdlms. Hfstf Jrupe hf veiugfs) RFs

pehfg sfr mtrdùç hms m ug Seiugf Iüjdle.

Vg Seiugf Iüjdle ä e rfsuitmhe cdnmi hf tehe e trm`mike) f ä mqud quf ms dncergmêöfs sìe mrgmzfnmhms.

Fif ä ug hdspesdtdve hf ìele cunldenmigfntf fqudvmifntf m ugm pmrtdêìe. Ä se`rf e Seiugf Iüjdle quf

sfrí lrdmhe ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves.

E sdstfgm hf mrqudves pehf sfr hf vírdes tdpes? e fxt< pmhrìe) e fxt0) ftl. Rmrm e usuírde) nìe kí

hdcfrfnêm fntrf ugm pmrtdêìe rfjuimr f ug Seiugf Iüjdle.

03



Hfsfnkes Diustrmtdves he ISG?

E`sfrvf mijuns hdmjrmgms m`mdxe quf pfrgdtfg vdsumidzmr fstfs lenlfdtes.

Cdjurm ;-=. Seiugf Cç sdle leg Fxtfnsöfs Cç sdlms

Cdjurm ;-0. Jrupe hf Seiugfs leg Heds RSs f \fds Fxtfnsöfs Cç sdlms

0:



Cdjurm ;-<. Jrupe hf Seiugfs fxpmnhdhe

0;



Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI6 nm PKN) rknUrfjdstfr?

Ne PKFI6 nìe ä gmds hdspend`didzmhe e legmnhe up0hmtf. E rknUrfjdstfr ä m cfrrmgfntm lidfntf quf

rfjdstrm sfu sdstfgm nm Pfh Kmt Nftwera eu ne Pfh Kmt Nftwera \mtfiidtf. Hfpeds hf rfjdstrmhe sfu

sdstfgm pehf rflf`fr mtumidzmêöfs) dnstmimr neves sectwmrfs f sfr jfrfnldmhe rfgetmgfntf mtrmväs hm Pfh

Kmt Nftwera. Dnvelmhe sfg nfnkug mrjugfnte m cfrrmgfntm rknUrfjdstfr ä fxflutmhm ne mg`dfntf

jrícdle) pmrm gehe tfxte usf? rknUrfjdstfr - -nex

Lmse sum lenfxìe leg m dntfrnft nìe sfom hdrftm) sfrí nflfssírde lencdjurmr m cfrrmgfntm pmrm utdidzmêìe

hf prexy hf gehe quf e sdtf hm PKN sfom milmnêmhe.

Mpüs e sdstfgm fstmr rfjdstrmhe ä lrdmhe ug DH hdjdtmi hf sfu sdstfgm ielmidzmhe fg?

% ftl%syslencdj%rkn%systfgdh. Fstm ä m dhfntdhmhf utdidzmhm pmrm rflenkflfr sfus sdstfgms nm PKN.

E mrqudve %ftl%syslencdj%rkn%up0hmtfjumrhm ms dncergmêöfs hms cfrrmgfntms lidfntf hm PKN.

TVG) Tfiiewhej Vphmtfr Gehdcdfh?

TVG ä ug sdstfgm dntfrmtdve hf mtumidzmêìe f jfrfnldmgfnte pmrm gmntfr sdstfgms `msfmhes fg PRG. E

TVG prelurm mutegmtdlmgfntf fg hdvfrses rfpesdtürdes lencdjurmhes per pmletfs PRG f sums

hfpfnhïnldms cmldidtmnhe f jfrfnldmnhe m mtumidzmêìe f dnstmimêìe hf sectwmrf ne sdstfgm.

Sfom m`mdxe es prdnldpmds legmnhe he TVG?

◅ Rmrm dnstmimr ug pmletf?

yug dnstmii mpmlkf

◅ Rmrm rfgevfr ug pmletf?

yug rfgevf mpmlkf

◅ Rmrm mtumidzmr ug pmletf?

yug uphmtf mpmlkf

04



◅ Rmrm prelurmr ug pmletf?

yug sfmrlk mpmlkf

◅ Rmrm prelurmr dncergmêìe se`rf ug pmletf?

yug dnce mpmlkf

◅ Idstm tehes pmletfs quf lentäg ug tfrge?

yug idst mpmlkf

◅ Hftfrgdnm quf pmletf lentäg ug mrqudve fg pmrtdluimr?

yug wkmtprevdhfs kttph.lenc

TVG PKNRiujdn?

Xehm dntfjrmêìe hm PKN leg e TVG ä fntrfjuf mtrmväs he rknpiujdn. E piujdn ä rfspensívfi per

lencdjurmr tehes es rfpesdtürdes nflfssírdes pmrm ms mtumidzmêöfs f dnstmimêöfs hf sectwmrf ne Pfh Kmt

Fntfrprdsf 6. Mhdldenmigfntf pehfg sfr fcftumhms lencdjurmêöfs nes mrqudves?

%ftl%yug%piujdnlenc.h%rknpiujdn.lenc) %ftl%syslencdj%rkn%up0hmtf.

Dnstmimnhe neves rfpesdtürdes ne TVG?

Rmrm dnstmimr ug neve rfpesdtürde hf sectwmrf ne TVG) lrdf ug neve mrqudve fg? %ftl%yug.rfpes.h

Rer fxfgpie) pmrm dnstmimr e pdhjdn +E neve negf hf preofte he mntdje jmdn “ dnstmnt gfssfnjfr $) lrdf

ug mrqudve hf negf %ftl%yug.rfpes.h leg e sfjudntf lentfÿhe?

QpdhjdnW

nmgf7Rdhjdn cer PKFI%LfntE\ (rfifmsfvfr - (`msfmrlk `msfuri7kttp?%%rpg.pdhjdn.dg%lfntes%(rfifmsfvfr%(`msfmrlk%

fnm`ifh7=

jpjlkfla7=

jpjafy7kttp?%%rpg.pdhjdn.dg%PRG-JRJ-AFT-pdhjdn

<2



E@\? Xehms ms lencdjurmêöfs hf ug neve rfpesdt ürde hfvfg sfr cernfldhms pfies sdtfs ecdldmds hes

preoftes.

Dgpertf m lkmvf jpj he rfpesdtürde leg e legmnhe m`mdxe?

rpg --dgpert kttp?%%rpg.pdhjdn.dg%PRG-JRJ-AFT-pdhjdn

Rmrm hfsm`didtmr tfgpermrdmgfntf fstf rfpesdtürde) guhf m cimj fnmìfh lege m`mdxe?

fnmìfh7= pmrm fnmìfh72

Rmrm rfgevfr fstf rfpesdtürde) mpfnms rfgevm e mrqudve.

Pfjdstrmnhe e PKFI8 nm PKN) up0hmtf?

E up0hmtf pfrgdtf m legundlmêìe hf sfu sfrvdher ielmi leg m Pfh Kmt Nftwera +PKN$. M cfrrmgfntm

up0hmtf fstí hdspenç vfi tmnte pmrm dntfrcmlf jrícdlm qumnte pmrm e lenseif fg gehe tfxte.

E legpertmgfnte he up0hmtf pehf sfr lencdjurmhe) gms sum prdnldpmi utdidhmhf ä lenfltmr-sf m PKN f

vfrdcdlmr sf fxdstf mijug pmletf hf mtumidzmêìe eu frrmtm rfifvmntf pmrm e sfu sdstfgm) lmse fxdstm fif drí

fcftumr e hewniemh hes pmletfs f hfpfnhïnldms pmrm e hdrftürde %vmr%speei%up0hmtf f pestfrdergfntfdnstmimr es pmletfs mutegmtdlmgfntf.

Mtrmväs he up0hmtf velï pehf lrdmr ug nevm lentm nm PKN eu fcftumr e rfjdstre hf sfu sfrvdher fg ugm

lentm oí fxdstfntf. Rmrm dste utdidzf e legmnhe? up0hmtf “rfjdstfr

Ä mlensfikívfi utdidzmr e gehe dntfrmtdve hfslrdte mldgm vdm dntfrcmlf jrícdlm. \fgprf mlegpmnkf e

stmtus hf sum lentm vdm ZF@ ne sdtf hm PKN mntfs hf prelfhfr leg fstf legmnhe.

Xehm trelm hf dncergmêìe fntrf e sfrvdher f m PKN ä sfjurm utdidzmnhe preteleie KXXR\.

Selï sfrí qufstdenmhe per ug usfrnmgf f pmsswerh f tmg`äg ug negf hf sdstfgm +systfg nmgf$) fstf

negf hf sdstfgm drí dhfntdcdlmr fstf pfrcdi hf sfrvdher pmrm sfgprf. Selï pehf mpmjmr f rf-lrdmr e pfrcdi

hf sfus sfrvdherfs qumntms vfzfs cer nflfssírde.

<=



\frìe fnvdmhms ms dncergmêöfs hf sfu sfrvdher lege e tdpe hf kmrhwmrf utdidzmhe +Kmrhwmrf Rrecdif$)

pfrcdi hf sectwmrf +PRG Dnstmiifh Idst$ f e sfu lmnmi dnslrdte +\u`slrd`fh Lkmnnfi$.

E up0hmtf lrdm ugm mssdnmturm hdjdtmi pmrm dhfntdcdlmr sfu sfrvdher nm PKN) fstí mssdnmturm cdlm ielmidzmhm

fg % ftl%syslencdj%rkn%systfgdh . \f per mijug getdve velï prfldsm rf-lrdmr sum mssdnmturm) mpfnms rfgevmfstf mrqudve f rehf e up0hmtf nevmgfntf.

DGREPXMNXF?

Mlegpmnkf sfgprf e stmtus hf sum lentm vdm ZF@ ne sdtf hm PKN + kttps?%%rkn.rfhkmt.leg $pmrm vfrdcdlmr sf

sfus lmnmds hf su`slrdêìe oí nìe fstìe fxmustes) ifg`rf-sf quf pmrm lmhm su`slrdêìe mhqudrdhm velï tfg hdrfdte

m mtumidzmêìe hf mpfnms = sfrvdher. E peidly hm PKN drí pfrgdtdr cmzfr e rfjdstre hf qumntes sfrvdherfs velï

qudsfr) peräg nìe sfrí pessç vfi fcftumr mtumidzmêöfs lmse sfus lmnmds fstfomg fxmustes.

Lfrtdcdquf-sf tmg`äg hm legpmtd didhmhf hf sfus lmnmds) per fxfgpie) usf? lmt %ftl%rfhkmt-rfifmsf pmrm

hftfrgdnmr fxmtmgfntf qumi prehute velï tfg dnstmimhe f sf fssm vfrsìe fstm hf mlerhe leg ms dncergmêöfs ne

sdtf hm PKN.

Mtumidzmnhe f dnstmimnhe sectwmrf ne PKFI8) up0hmtf?

E up0hmtf pehf sfr lkmgmhe ne gehe dntfrmtdve +gfnus$ eu fg `mtlk gehf +idnkm hf legmnhe$) slrdpts

pehfg lkmgmr e up0hmtf lmse dste sfom nflfssírde. Sfom m`mdxe mijuns hes prdnldpmds legmnhes fg gehe`mtlk?

• -u Cmz m mtumidzmêìe legpiftm he sfrvdher hf mlerhe leg m lencdjurmêìe pmhrìe.

• -i Idstm es pmletfs hdspenç vfds pmrm mtumidzmêìe.

• --skewmii Idstm tehes es pmletfs hdspenç vfds pmrm hewniemh f dnstmimêìe.

• --skew-mvmdim`if Idstm tehes es pmletfs quf mdnhm nìe cermg dnstmimhes fg sfu sdstfgm.

• -d @mdxm f dnstmim mtumidzmêöfs rfifvmntfs pmrm e sfu sdstfgm.

• -p \dnlrendzm e sfu pfrcdi nm PKN leg es pmletfs dnstmimhes nfstf sfrvdher.

]umnhe dnsfrdhe negfs hf pmletfs lege mrjugfnte nm idnkm hf legmnhe m cfrrmgfntm up0hmtf drí tfntmr

fcftumr e hewniemh f dnstmimêìe hfstf pmletf f sums hfpfnhïnldms. Dncergmêöfs lege vfrsìe) mrqudtfturm

f rfifmsf sìe mutegmtdlmgfntf rflenkfldhms f lencdjurmhms pfim cfrrmgfntm.

<0

https://rhn.redhat.com/

https://rhn.redhat.com/



Adlastmrt?

E Adlastmrt pfrgdtf me dnstmimher ifr ms lencdjurmêöfs hf ug mrqudves fspfldcdle me dnvfz hf dntfrregpfr

f pfrjuntmr me usuírde quf fstm rfmidzmnhe m dnstmimêìe) dste pfrgdtf mutegmtdzmr m dnstmimêìe pmrm

gíqudnms leg kmrhwmrf sdgdimr) eu qumnhe e dnstmimher lensfjuf rflenkflfr e kmrhwmrf pfrcfdtmgfntf.

\f mijug dtfg cer egdtdhe ne mrqudve hf dnstmimêìe he adlastmrt) e dnstmimher drí pmusmr m dnstmimêìe fcmzfr fstm pfrjuntm me usuírde. Jfrmigfntf e mrqudve hf adlastmrt ä cernfldhe fg ug hdsquftf eu fg

rfhf. Ms dnstmimêöfs pfie adlastmrt pehfg sfr vdm LH-PEG Ielmi) Hdsle Pç jdhe Ielmi) NC\) KXXR f

CXR. M`mdxe fstìe ms dnstruêöfs hf lege cmzfr ug adlastmrt per hdsquftfs f pfim rfhf?

Adlastmrt per Hdsquftf?

Lrdf ug mrqudve pmhrendzmhe hf lencdjurmêöfs he adlastmrt leg e negf hf as.lcj.

Cergmtf ug hdsquftf leg fxt0 eu fxt< flepdf e as.lcj pmrm e hdrftürde rmdz hf sfu neve hdsquftf.

Pf-dndldf e sfrvdher quf drí sfr dnstmimhe leg e adlastmrt leg e prdgfdre LH he PKFI f hdjdtf?

idnux as7cieppy.

Adlastmrt per Pfhf?

Vg sfrvdher hf HKLR%@EEXR ä rfqufrdhe gfsge sf m lencdjurmêìe DR cdnmi he sfrvdher sfrí fstítdlm.

Vg sfrvdher hf NC\ tmg`äg sfrí rfqufrdhe. E sfrvdher hf HKLR drí dnstrudr pmrm m ielmidzmêìe he

mrqudve hf adlastmrt ne sfrvdher NC\. Jfrmigfntf dnstmimêöfs mutegítdlms pfim rfhf utdidzmg ug sfrvdher

hf NC\ pmrm prevfr es pmletfs tmg`äg per rfhf) undcdlmnhe tehe e prelfsse hf dnstmimêìe mutegmtdzmhe

per rfhf.

Ne sfrvdher hf HKLR sìe nflfssírdms mijugms lencdjurmêöfs fspfldmds ne mrqudve hklph.lenc) sìe fims?cdifnmgf "%usr%nfw-gmlkdnf%adlastmrt%as.lcj"1

nfxt-sfrvfr `imrj.rfhkmt.leg1

Lepdf e mrqudve hf adlastmrt +as.lcj$ pmrm e lmgdnke fspfldcdlmhe fg ’cdifnmgf‗ ne sfrvdher NC\

fspfldcdlmhe fg ’nfxt-sfrvfr‗. Xehms ms pfrgdssöfs hf NC\ f Cdifsystfg hfvfg sfr pÿ`idlms.

Mouhm pmrm Adlastmrt En-idnf?

Eutres tdpes hf lencdjurmêìe hf adlastmrt tmg`äg fstìe hdspenç vfds f tmg`äg ugm fxpidlmêìe hftmikmhm

hf tehes es pmsses fnlentrmg-sf ne idna m`mdxe?

kttp?%%www.rfhkmt.leg%hels%gmnumis%fntfrprdsf%PKFI-8-Gmnumi%sysmhgdn-judhf%lk-adlastmrt0.ktgi

<<



Lenstrudnhe sfu mrqudve Adlastmrt?

M prdgfdrm hdlm ä fstuhmr e mrqudve %reet%mnmlenhm-as.lcj quf ä jfrmhe mutegmtdlmgfntf pfie dnstmimher

hf mlerhe leg m dnstmimêìe rfmidzmhm nm gíqudnm.

Hdrftdvms hf utdidtírdes?

M prdgfdrm sfêìe ä m hf legmnhes) m erhfg hes legmnhe nìe ä sdjndcdlmtdvm. Rmrm lmhm legmnhe e

dnstmimher drí tegmr ugm mêìe) fg gudtes legmnhes e dnstmimher drí pmssmr hdrftmgfntf pmràgftres pmrm

es utdidtírdes hf lencdjurmêìe. Lenkfêm m`mdxe mijugms hdrftdvms f es utdidtírdes lerrfspenhfntfs?

Hdrftdvm Vtdidtírde

• afy emrh systfg-lencdj-afy`emrh

• tdgfzenf systfg-lencdj-tdgf

• xlencdj systfg-lencdj-hdspimy

• mutk systfg-lencdj-mutkfntdlmtden

• geusf systfg-lencdj-geusf

• reetpw systfg-lencdj-reetpmsswerh

• cdrfwmii systfg-lencdj-sflurdtyifvfi

Hdrftdvms hf Rmrtdldenmgfnte hf hdsle?

Ms hdrftdvms hf pmrtdldenmgfnte lentfg dncergmêöfs se`rf pmrtdldenmgfnte hf hdsle) PMDH f ISG quf

sfrìe pmssmhms pmrm e hdsahrudh fg erhfg m lrdmr e tmgmnke hms pmrtdêöfs f pentes hf gentmjfg

fspfldcdlmhes ne %ftl%cstm`. M`mdxe fstìe ms prdnldpmds hdrftdvms hf pmrtdldenmgfnte?

pmrt 9cdifsystfg> --sdzf 9sdzf> Q--jrew “gmxsdzf 9sdzf>W

pmrt swmp “sdzf

pmrt 9rmuh legpenft>

rmdh

iejvei veijreup

Eutrms hdrftdvms he Adlastmrt?

Gudtms eutrms hdrftdvms fstìe hdspenç vfds pmrm lencdjurmêìe hf hftmikfs f moustfs cdnes hf dnstmimêìe.

Lensuitf e idna nm sfêìe hf Mouhm pmrm Adlastmrt En-idnf pmrm ugm idstm legpiftm f hftmikmhm hes hfgmds

dtfns.

<8



Hdrftdvms hf Dnstmimêìe hf Rmletfs?

M hdrftdvm &pmlamjfs gmrlm e dndlde hm sfêìe he mrqudve adlastmrt quf idstm es pmletfs quf hfvfg sfr

dnstmimhes. M sfêìe hf dnstmimêìe hf pmletfs vfg mpüs m sfêìe hf legmnhes hfslrdtm mldgm. Negfs hf

pmletfs dnhdvdhumds eu jrupes pehfg sfr idstmhes. E lmrmltfr ’B‗ sdjndcdlm ug jrupe hf pmletf fnqumntepmletfs dnhdvdhumds hfvfg sfr idstmhes sfg vfrsìe) rfifmsf eu mrqudtfturm. M hfcdndêìe hes jrupes fstí ne

prdgfdre LH hf dnstmimêìe he PKFI ielmidzmhm fg? PfhKmt%`msf%legps.xgi.

E`sfrvf quf es jrupes Lerf f @msf oí fstìe sfifldenmhes per pmhrìe f nìe prfldsmg sfr mhdldenmhes.

M`mdxe fstí ug `rfvf fxfgpie hm sfêìe &pmlamjfs?

&pmlamjfs

B [ Zdnhew \ystfg

B JNEGF Hfsatep Fnvdrengfnt

B Jrmpkdlmi Dntfrnft

B \eunh mnh Sdhfe

hklp

Rmletfs quf nìe fstìe nm hdstrd`udêìe tmg`äg pehfg sfr dnstmimhes nm sfêìe &pmlamjfs) pmrm dste

lensuitf m helugfntmêìe he adlastmrt en-idnf) eu dnlium es pmletfs mhdldenmds quf hfsfom dnstmimr fg ug

slrdpt nm sfêìe hf &pest.

Hdrftdvm &prf?

M hdrftdvm &prf cdlm ielmidzmhm ne cdnmi he mrqudve adlastmrt) sìe fxflutmhes es legmnhes +slrdpts$ hm

sfêìe &prf mpüs e mrqudve hf adlastmrt sfr idhe) dste ä) mntfs hf pmrtdldenmr) cergmtmr eu lepdmr qumiqufr

pmletf pmrm e sdstfgm. E`sfrvf quf es legmnhes hm sfêìe &prf sìe fxflutmhes fg ug mg`dfntf `mstmntf

rfhuzdhe) m rfseiuêìe hf negfs per fxfgpie mdnhm nìe fstm mlfssç vfi.

E`sfrvf ug fxfgpie hf slrdpt &prf?

&prf, Lrfmtf pmrtdtdens `y lepydnj mn G@P dgmjf

ganeh %tgp%khm

hh dc7%gnt%seurlf%pu`%g`r.dgj ec7%tgp%khm

<6



Hdrftdvm &pest?

M hdrftdvm &pest cdlm ielmidzmhm mpüs m hdrftdvm &prf eu tmg`äg ne cdnmi he mrqudve hf adlastmrt. Me

lentrmrde hm sfêìe &prf) m sfêìe &pest ä gudte gmds pehfresm) tehes es pmletfs oí cermg hfvdhmgfntf

dnstmimhes f e sdstfgm lencdjurmhe) ugm dncdndhmhf hf mhfqumêöfs pehfg sfr rfmidzmhms mqud. Ä pessç vfi

mcdrgmr quf leg m sfêìe &pest segmhm hm vfrsmtdidhmhf hes slrdpts ä pessç vfi cmzfr qumiqufr ledsm.

E`sfrvf quf m sfêìe &pest rehm fg lkreet fg %gnt%sysdgmjf enhf fstí e neve sdstfgm dnstmimhe. Ä

pessdvfi mlfssmr e mg`dfntf hdrftmgfntf) pmrm dsse velï hfvf fspfldcdlmr e mrjugfnte “nelkreet.

E`sfrvf ug fxfgpie hf slrdpt &pest?

&pest --nelkreet

%s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi <86 tfinft ecc

%s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi <86 cdnjfr ecc

%s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi <86 iph ecc

%s`dn%lkalencdj --ifvfi <86 kttph en

<3



Pfh Kmt Nftwera +PKN$?

M Pfh Kmt Nftwera ä ug pimtmcergm hf trm`mike `msfmhm nm ZF@ pmrm jfrfnldmr tehm sum dncrm-fstruturm

hf sfrvdherfs Pfh Kmt Idnux. Mtrmväs hf ugm fxtfnsm f legpifxm dntfrcmlf jrícdlm es mhgdndstrmherfs

pehfg jfrfnldmr es sfrvdherfs) fcftumr mtumidzmêöfs f frrmtms) mjfnhmr gmnutfnêöfs f gudte gmds.

Es sfrvdêes ecfrfldhes pfim PKN sìe legfrldmidzmhes f hdvdhdhes per gühuies) pmrm lmhm gühuie

mhqudrdhe ä mugfntmhe e nÿgfre hf cunldenmidhmhfs quf velï lensfjuf vdsumidzmr nm sum lentm.

PKN\H?

PKN\H ä ug hmfgen quf ä fxflutmhe fg `mlajreunh f lentmtm m PKN pfrdehdlmgfntf pmrm vfrdcdlmr sfkí mijugm tmrfcm mjfnhmhm pmrm sfu sdstfgm. \f cer fnlentrmhm mijugm tmrfcm mjfnhmhm e hmfgen fxflutm

m tmrfcm. Epldenmigfntf velï pehf dnvelmr e prelfsse pmrm sfr fxflutmhe fg cerfjreunh.

E rknsh fcftum vfrdcdlmêöfs ne gegfnte hf sum dndldmidzmêìe) lmse sfu sdstfgm mdnhm nìe tfnkm sdhe

hfvdhmgfntf rfjdstrmhe fg ug lmnmi hm PKN fif sdgpifsgfntf nìe drm sfr fxflutmhe.

E rknsh ä dndldmidzmhe mtrmväs hf ug slrdpt fstdie \ystfg S ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%dndt.h%rknsh . E dntfrvmie hf

tfgpe pmhrìe lencdjurmhe pmrm lentmtmr m PKN ä hf 082 gdnutes f e tfgpe gç ndge pehf sfr

lencdjurmhe pmrm mtä 32 gdnutes. Rmrm mtdvmr e hmfgen nm dndldmidzmêìe usf? lkalencdj rknsh en

Rmrm vfrdcdlmr per mtumidzmêöfs e rknsh lkmgm ug prejrmgm fxtfrne lkmgmhe rknUlkfla) mpfnms ug

pfqufne fxflutívfi quf jfrfnldm m lenfxìe hf rfhf leg m PKN. E hmfgen rknsh nìe m`rf nfnkugm

pertm ne sfrvdher) sfgprf quf ä nflfssírde lenfltmr-sf leg m PKN e mpidlmtdve rknUlkfla ä lkmgmhe f

dndldm lenfxìe leg m PKN.

E mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he rknsh fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%syslencdj%rkn%rknsh f ä lkmgmhe qumnhe e

hmfgen ä dndldmidzmhe pfie slrdpt %ftl%dndt.h%rknsh . E prdnldpmi pmràgftre hf lencdjurmêìeä e dntfrvmie hf

tfgpe fg gdnutes quf sfrí lencdjurmhe pmrm e hmfgen lentmtmr m PKN.

Nevmgfntf) ä nflfssírde mntfs sfu sdstfgm fstmr hfvdhmgfntf rfjdstrmhe nm PKN pmrm e rknsh sfr

fxflutmhe.

<:



Gühuies Legfrldmds hm PKN?

E gühuie hf uphmtf ä lensdhfrmhe `ísdle f oí vïg per pmhrìe fg qumiqufr su`slrdêìe mhqudrdhm. Fif ä

rfspensívfi per fcftumr ms mtumidzmêöfs nes sdstfgms. Es prdnldpmds eutres gühuies sìe?

Gmnmjfgfnt?

E gühuie hf jfrfnldmgfnte pfrgdtf erjmndzmr sum dncrm-fstruturm hf sfrvdherfs fg jrupes) dnhdlmhm pmrm

erjmndzmêöfs leg ug jrmnhf nÿgfre hf sfrvdherfs) pfrgdtf c íldi mhgdndstrmêìe f vdsumidzmêìe hf

lfntfnms hf sfrvdherfs lege sf cessfg ug sü. \ums prdnldpmds cunldenmidhmhfs sìe?

Mjrupmgfnte f Erjmndzmêìe hf sdstfgms. +\ystfg Jreuppdnj$Jfrfnldf ug jrupe hf sfrvdherfs leg m gfsgm cmldidhmhf quf jfrfnldm mpfnm ug ÿndle sfrvdher.

Rfrgdssdenmgfnte Jfrïnldmvfi hm Mhgdndstrmêìe hes Jrupes. +\ystfg Rfrgdssdens$

Mjrupf sfu sdstfgm hf mlerhe leg sums nflfssdhmhfs f mhdldenf m pfrgdssìe pmrm mhgdndstrmherfs f \u`-

mhgdndstrmherfs hes jrupes lrdmnhe sfu peidly lustegdzmhe hf mhgdndstrmêìe.

Mjfnhmgfnte hf tmrfcms pmrm Jrupes. +\lkfhuifh Mltdens$

Mjfnhf f erjmndzf m mtumidzmêìe eu lerrfêöfs +frrmtms$ pmrm es jrupes hf sfrvdherfs.

Rrelurm hftmikmhm fg Jrupes f \dstfgms. +\ystfg \fmrlk$

Vg sdstfgm hf prelurm mvmnêmhe pehf fnlentrmr pmletfs PRG) frrmtms eu fspfldcdlmêöfs hf sfrvdherfs

nes jrupes.

Legpmrmêìe fntrf \dstfgms. +Rmlamjf Rrecdif Legpmrdsen Xeeis$

Legpmrf heds sfrvdherfs hdrftmgfntf. Rfrgdtf fnlentrmr ms hdcfrfnêms f jfrmr `eiftdns hes rfsuges hms

hdcfrfnêms fntrf sfrvdherfs.

Jfrfnldmgfnte Guitd-Rimtmcergm.+Guitd-Rimtmcerg Gmnmjfgfnt$

Rfrgdtf e jfrfnldmgfnte hf sdstfgms \eimrds nm PKN +\egfntf leg e gühuie smtfiidtf$.

<;



Rrevdsdendnj?

E gühuie hf prevdsdenmgfnte ä lmpmz hf jfrfnldmr e legpifte ldlie hf vdhm hf sum dncrm-fstruturm hf

sfrvdherfs. E mhgdndstrmher ä lmpmz hf preoftmr) jfrfnldmr) mtumidzmr f rfgmnfomr tehm dncrm-fstruturm hf

gíqudnms Idnux mtrmväs hf ug lenseif jrícdle +JVD$. Lentäg tehms ms cunldenmidhmhfs he gühuie

Gmnmjfgfnt.

Rrevdsdenmgfnte. +@mrf Gftmi Rrevdsdendnj$

Dnstmimêìe f Pfgmnfomgfnte hf neves sfrvdherfs mutegmtdlmgfntf mtrmväs he Adlastmrt.

Rrevdsdenmgfnte hf Fstmhe hf Fxdstfnldm. +Fxdstdnj \tmtf Rrevdsdendnj$

Leg ug sü lidquf e mhgdndstrmher pehf rfpidlmr e fstmhe hf ugm gíqudnm oí fg prehuêìe pmrm ug neve

sfrvdher.

Peii`mla. +Guitd-\tmtf Peii`mla$

Rfrgdtf mrgmzfnmr e fstmhe hf lencdjurmêìe f sectwmrf hf ug sfrvdher f rfternmr m fssf fstmhe qumnhe

hfsfomr.

Jfrfnldmher hf Lencdjurmêìe. +Lencdjurmtden Gmnmjfgfnt$

Rfrgdtf jfrfnldmr jrupes hf lencdjurmêöfs f leg`dnmhe leg ms cfrrmgfntms hf adlastmrt fntrfjm ug

legpifte jfrfnldmgfnte hf mêöfs hf prevdsdenmgfnte.

Rrevdsdenmgfnte hf \ectwmrf PRG. +PRG-`msfh mppidlmtden prevdsdendnj$

Rfrgdtf ug legpifte prevdsdenmgfnte hf mpidlmtdves PRG.

Fhdter hf Lencdjurmêìe he Adlastmrt. +Adlastmrt lencdjurmtden wrdttfr$

Cfrrmgfntm hf fhdêìe f gmndpuimêìe he mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he adlastmrt.

<4



Gendterdnj?

E gühuie hf gendtermgfnte pfrgdtf rmstrfmr sfus sfrvdherfs f mpidlmtdves mtrmväs hf ug lenseif lfntrmi

nm Pfh Kmt Nftwera jfrmnhe rfimtürdes pfrdühdles prdnldpmigfntf se`rf pfrcergmnlf f lmrjm.

Mnmidzmher hf \dstfgm. +\ystfg Rre`fs$

Gmrlmherfs pehfg sfr hdspmrmhes pmrm fcftumr m lkflmjfg hf hÿzdms hf dnhdlmherfs) lege gfgürdm)

lmpmldhmhf hf hdsle f LRV per fxfgpie.

Mnmidzmher hf Mpidlmêöfs. +Mppidlmtdens Rre`fs$

Gmrlmherfs pehfg sfr hdspmrmhes pmrm gendtermr mpidlmêöfs pepuimrfs lege Ermlif) @FM) Gy\]I f

Mpmlkf.

Mnmidzmherfs Rfrsenmidzmvfds. +Lusteg Rre`fs$

Gmrlmherfs pehfg sfr gmndpuimhes pmrm gendtermr sums mpidlmêöfs pmrtdluimrfs.

Jrupes hf Mnmidzmherfs. +Rre`fs \udtfs$

Erjmndzf jrupes hf gmrlmherfs pmrm gfikermr m lensdstïnldm hf sfus sfrvdherfs.

Lfntrmi hf Netdcdlmêöfs. +Netdcdlmtden$

Mimrgfs hf fstmhe lrç tdle pehfg sfr fnvdmhes pmrm f-gmdis eu pmjfrs.

Lfntrmi hf \tmtus. +Lfntrmi \tmtus$

Pfsuges hes gmrlmherfs hf gendtermgfnte erjmndzmhes fg ugm píjdnm lfntrmidzmnhe tehms ms

dncergmêöfs pehfg sfr jfrmhms pmrm cmldidtmr e mlegpmnkmgfnte hf jrupes hf sfrvdherfs fg prehuêìe.

Pfimtürdes. +Pfpertdnj$

Pfimtürdes pehfg sfr erjmndzmhes jfrmnhe jrícdles f IEJs hf mlerhe leg es gmrlmherfs sfifldenmhes.

82



\mtfiidtf \frvfr?

Xehms cunldenmidhmhfs hm Pfh Kmt Nftwera sìe mrgmzfnmhms fg sum rfhf ielmi) es sdstfgms jfrfnldmhes

lenfltmg-sf me smtfiidtf sfrvfr rfhuzdnhe e use hm dntfrnft. Mpfnms e smtfiidtf sfrvfr lenfltm m Pfh Kmt

nftwera pmrm sdnlrendzmr leg e neve lentfÿhe. Fstf gehfie pfrgdtf e jfrfnldmgfnte hf sfrvdherfs sfg

e mlfsse pÿ`idle hdrfte e quf mugfntm mdnhm gmds m sfjurmnêm hf sfu hegç nde lerpermtdve.

Rrexy \frvfr?

E prexy sfrvfr pehf sfr mhdldenmhe me smtfiidtf sfrvfr lenlfntrmnhe f ’lmlkfnmhe‗ hewniemhs pmrm

hdgdnudr mdnhm gmds e mlfsse m dntfrnft f prevfr leg gmder vfieldhmhf mtumidzmêìe f frrmtms mes sdstfgms

jfrfnldmhes.

Mouhm hm PKN En-idnf?

Xehm helugfntmêìe hms cunldenmidhmhfs hm PKN pehfg sfr fnlentrmhms ne sdtf hm Pfh Kmt ne idna

m`mdxe?

kttps?%%rkn.rfhkmt.leg%kfip%m`eut.pxt

8=



Pfsuge he Rrelfsse hf @eet he \dstfgm?

➘ M`mdxe es prdnldpmds pmsses he prelfsse hf @eet he \dstfgm rfsugdhes?

• M @DE\ +@msdl Dnput Eutput \ystfg$ rfmidzm ug tfstf hf sums prüprdms cunêöfs f hdspesdtdves nm

gíqudnm) fstf prelfsse ä lenkfldhe lege RE\X. E prüxdge pmsse ä ifr f fxflutmr e prdgfdre sfter c ç sdle

he hdsle +G@P$ enhf rfsdhf e prdgfdre fstíjde he @eet Iemhfr ne hdspesdtdve fsleikdhe pmrm èet.

• E @eet Iemhfr fxflutm sfu prdgfdre fstíjde quf jfrmigfntf ä gudte pfqufne +883 @ytfs$) sum cunêìe ä

mpentmr f fxflutmr e sfjunhe fstíjde quf jfrmigfntf fstí nm pmrtdêìe %èet .

• E Afrnfi ä lkmgmhe dndldmidzmhe es hrdvfrs ùdit-dn f gühuies. Fssfs hrdvfrs hftfltmg f dndldmidzmg es

hdspesdtdves hf kmrhwmrf hm gíqudnm) e cdifsystfg rmdz ä gentmhe fg rfmh-eniy.

• E dndt ä dndldmhe f fntrm ne run-ifvfi prä-hfcdndhe ne %ftl%dndttm ) lege e dndt ä e prdgfdre prelfsse fif

tfg e RDH nÿgfre =) tehes es hfgmds prelfsses hm gíqudnm sfrìe sfu pmrfntf.

• %ftl%rl.h%rl.sysdndt ä lkmgmhe f cmz hdvfrsms lencdjurmêöfs hf mg`dfntf ne sdstfgm lege lencdjurmr e

kestnmgf) mtdvmr swmp) mtdvmr PMDHs f ISGs) gentmr f lkflmr es hfgmds cdifsystfgs) fcftumr ms

lencdjurmêöfs hf pmràgftres he afrnfi hfcdndhms fg %ftl%syslti.lenc ) mtdvmr quetms) lencdjurmr e rfiüjde

he sdstfgm f ftl...

• %ftl%rl.h%rl fxflutm es slrdpts he hdrftürde %ftl%rl.h%rl[.h% lerrfspenhfntf me run-ifvfi.

• %ftl%rl.h%rl.ielmi ä fxflutmhe.

Mlegpmnkf nms prüxdgms píjdnms tehe hftmikmgfnte hf lmhm ug hes ç tfns mldgm.

80



JPV@?

JPV@ ä m sdjim pmrm JPmnh Vndcdfih @eetiemhfr. Xrmtm-sf hf ug jfrfnldmher hf èet hfsfnveivdhe

dndldmigfntf per Frdlk \tfcmn @eifyn) hdspend`didzmhe lege sectwmrf JNV. Fntrf sfus prdnldpmds

rflurses fstí m lmpmldhmhf hf trm`mikmr leg hdvfrses sdstfgms epfrmldenmds) lege e Idnux) e Zdnhews f

ms vfrsöfs @\H) f sfu lensfqùfntfgfntf supertf m vírdes sdstfgms hf mrqudves) lege e fxt0) fxt<)

rfdsfrcs) CMX) CC\) fntrf eutres.

Vg hes getdves gmds ü`vdes pmrm e JPV@ sfr usmhe ä sum lmpmldhmhf hf pfrgdtdr quf e usuírde fsleikm

ug hes sdstfgms epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes fg sfu legputmher. Fg eutrms pmimvrms) e JPV@ ä lmpmz hf

trm`mikmr leg "guitdèet". Miäg hdsse) fssf jfrfnldmher tmg`äg ä lmpmz hf "èetmr" sdstfgms fg hdsles

\L\D eu gfsge lmrrfjí-ies mtrmväs hf dgmjfns hdspenç vfds fg rfhf.

Jfrmigfntf) e JPV@ cmz use he mrqudve %ftl%jru`.lenc pmrm hfcdndr f lmrrfjmr sum lencdjurmêìe +ug

hftmikf dgpertmntf? hfpfnhfnhe hm hdstrdùdêìe) e JPV@ pehf usmr eutre hdrftürde f eutre negf hf

mrqudve) lege gfnu.lenc$. Nfif) m prdgfdrm ledsm quf lkmgm m mtfnêìe ä sum cergm hf trm`mikmr leg es

hdsles rç jdhes he legputmher. Me dnväs hf rfcfrfnldmr fssfs hdspesdtdves lege %hfv%khm=) %hfv%khm0) ftl)

fif e cmz mtrmväs hes tfrges +kh2)2$) +kh2)=$ f mssdg per hdmntf. E sfrvf m tm`fim m`mdxe pmrm ug gfiker

fntfnhdgfnte?

Rmhrìe JPV@

%hfv%khm= +kh2)2$

%hfv%khm0 +kh2)=$

%hfv%kh`= +kh=)2$

%hfv%kh`0 +kh=)=$

E JPV@ lkmgm e KH prdnldpmi he legputmher hf kh2 +fnqumnte e Idnux e lkmgm hf khm$. Vg hdslesflunhírde rflf`f e negf hf kh= +e Idnux e lkmgm hf kh`$ f mssdg sf sfjuf. Rmrm trm`mikmr leg ms

pmrtdêöfs he KH) e JPV@ ms rfcfrïnldm mtrmväs hf ug nÿgfre dnsfrdhe mpüs ugm vç rjuim. Mssdg) m

prdgfdrm pmrtdêìe rflf`f e nÿgfre 2 +zfre$ - kh2)2 -) â sfjunhm pmrtdêìe ä mtrdùç he e nÿgfre = - kh2)= -

f mssdg per hdmntf. Ä dgpertmntf crdsmr quf) nfssf lmse) e JPV@ nìe cmz hdstdnêìe fntrf hdsles DHF f

\L\D.

8<



Mjerm quf velï oí sm`f lege e JPV@ trmtm es hdsles hm gíqudnm) m`mdxe sfjuf) lege fxfgpie) e

lentfÿhe hf ug mrqudve jru`.lenc ?

hfcmuit 2 tdgfeut 6

cmii`mla =

spimskdgmjf7+kh2)=$%jru`%spimsk.xpg.jz

tdtif Cfherm Lerf +0.3.4-=.33:$

reet +kh2)=$

afrnfi %èet%vgidnuz-0.3.4-=.33: re reet7%hfv%khm0

dndtrh %èet%dndtrh-0.3.4-=.33:.dgj

tdtif Zdnhews [R

reetnevfrdcy +kh2)2$

gmafmltdvf

lkmdniemhfr !=

M prdgfdrm idnkm - hfcmuit 2 - dnhdlm me JPV@ qumi sdstfgm epfrmldenmi dndldmidzmr lmse e usuírde nìe

cmêm nfnkugm fsleikm. Ne fxfgpie) fif vmd "èetmr" e Cfherm Idnux) peds e nÿgfre 2 cmz rfcfrïnldm me

prdgfdre sdstfgm idstmhe ne mrqudve. Lmse e Zdnhews [R tdvfssf quf sfr lmrrfjmhe per pmhrìe) `mstmrdm

guhmr m idnkm fg qufstìe pmrm hfcmuit =) peds ne mrqudve fssf sdstfgm ä e sfjunhe m sfr idstmhe +netf quf

e JPV@ cmz m idstmjfg legfêmnhe fg zfre$.

M idnkm prffnlkdhm leg tdgfeut 6 hftfrgdnm e tfgpe +fg sfjunhes$ quf e usuírde tfrí pmrm fsleikfr ug

sdstfgm epfrmldenmi pmrm dndldmidzmr. Mssdg quf e JPV@ "fntrm fg mêìe") fif gestrm nm tfim ugm idstm hes

sdstfgms epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes. E usuírde pehfrí fsleikfr ug mitfrnmnhe-es mtrmväs hms tflims hf sftm

he tflimhe f prfssdenmnhe e ètìe Fntfr qumnhe m fsleikm cer cfdtm. Ne lmse hfssf fxfgpie) e tdgfeut

rflf`f e vmier 6. Dsse sdjndcdlm quf e usuírde tfrí 6 sfjunhes pmrm fsleikfr ug sdstfgm. Lmse nfnkugm

epêìe sfom fsleikdhm) mpüs es 6 sfjunhes) e JPV@ lmrrfjmrí e sdstfgm pmhrìe) hfcdndhe mtrmväs hm

prdgfdrm idnkm.

Rer sum vfz) m tfrlfdrm idnkm +nfg sfgprf usmhm$ - cmii`mla = - dnhdlm me JPV@ qumi sdstfgm dndldmidzmrlmse e lmrrfjmgfnte hm prdgfdrm epêìe cmikf per mijug getdve. Fssf rflurse ä fspfldmigfntf ÿtdi qumnhe

kí gmds hf heds sdstfgms epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes ne legputmher.

M qumrtm idnkm sdgpifsgfntf lentfg dncergmêöfs pmrm lmrrfjmr ms lencdjurmêöfs jrícdlms +lege dgmjfg

hf cunhe$ pmrm qumnhe e JPV@ fxd`dr ms epêöfs hf sdstfgm epfrmldenmi hdspenç vfds.

88



E`sfrvf quf nfstf mrqudve jru`.lenc m idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds ä gestrmhm hfpeds hm qumrtm idnkm

hf lencdjurmêìe. E prdgfdre sdstfgm hm idstm ä e Cfherm Idnux?

tdtif Cfherm Lerf +0.3.4-=.33:$ reet +kh2)=$

afrnfi %èet%vgidnuz-0.3.4-=.33: re reet7%hfv%khm0

dndtrh %èet%dndtrh-0.3.4-=.33:.dgj

M prdgfdrm idnkm mldgm gestrm e tç tuie quf e sdstfgm rflf`f ne JPV@. Ä fssf negf quf sfrí fxd`dhe

qumnhe e JPV@ gestrmr m idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds quf e usuírde pehf fsleikfr. Rehf-sf usmr

qumiqufr crmsf hfpeds hf tdtif. E`vdmgfntf) dncergf mije rfimldenmhe me sdstfgm epfrmldenmi fg qufstìe.

M sfjunhm idnkm - reet +kh2)=$ - dncergm me JPV@ enhf e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi fstí dnstmimhe. Nefxfgpie) fif sf fnlentrm nm sfjunhm pmrtdêìe he prdgfdre KH. M pmimvrm reet tfg m cunêìe hf dnhdlmr

quf mqufim ä m pmrtdêìe prdnldpmi he sdstfgm +eu m pmrtdêìe-rmdz$ f quf) pertmnte) hfvfrí sfr gentmhm.

M tfrlfdrm f m qumrtm idnkm dncergmg me JPV@ e afrnfi m sfr lmrrfjmhe f pess ç vfds pmràgftres. Nfstf

lmse) re dnhdlm quf m pmrtdêìe hfvf sfr gentmhm dndldmigfntf leg pfrgdssöfs mpfnms hf ifdturm.

Nm pmrtf he mrqudve quf trmtm he Zdnhews [R) m sdntmxf ä m gfsgm. Ne fntmnte) m sfjunhm idnkm rflf`f e

pmràgftre reetnevfrdcy me dnväs hf reet ) peds m gentmjfg hf pmrtdêìe nìe sf mpidlm me Zdnhews. E

reetnevfrdcy ä usmhe perquf fssf pmràgftre nìe tfntm cmzfr nfnkugm gentmjfg.

tdtif Zdnhews [R


gmafmltdvf

lkmdniemhfr !=

Lege e Zdnhews trm`mikm hf gmnfdrm hdcfrfntf he Idnux) m epêìe hf lmrrfjmr e afrnfi tmg`äg nìe sf

mpidlm me sdstfgm hm Gdlresect. Ne iujmr hfssf pmràgftre) jfrmigfntf ä usmhe lkmdniemhfr !=) quf

"lkmgm" e lmrrfjmher hf èet he Zdnhews) hfdxmnhe m fssf m tmrfcm hf dndldmr e sdstfgm. Netf quf fg

nesse fxfgpie) kí ug pmràgftre nm idnkm mldgm hf lkmdniemhfr !=) e gmafmltdvf. Fstf tfg m cunêìe hf

hfcdndr m pmrtdêìe fg qufstìe lege mtdvm.

86



Fxdstf ug pmràgftre lkmgmhe gmp quf pfrgdtf e lmrrfjmgfnte he Zdnhews qumnhe fstf nìe fstí

dnstmimhe ne prdgfdre KH +rfjrm e`rdjmtürdm ne Zdnhews 4x) per fxfgpie$. \um utdidzmêìe ä cfdtm hm

sfjudntf cergm +\upenhe quf e Zdnhews fstfom ne sfjunhe hdsle$?

gmp +kh2$ +kh=$

gmp +kh=$ +kh2$

Eutrms epêöfs he JPV@?

Selï oí hfvf tfr netmhe quf) `msdlmgfntf) e JPV@ ä hdvdhdhe fg hums pmrtfs? m prdgfdrm lentfg

lencdjurmêöfs jfrmds rfcfrfntfs me prüprde JPV@ f m sfjunhm pmrtf lentfg m idstm hes sdstfgms

epfrmldenmds dnstmimhes nm gíqudnm. Selï tmg`äg hfvf tfr netmhe quf e prffnlkdgfnte hms dncergmêöfs

hm sfjunhm pmrtf guhmg hf mlerhe leg e sdstfgm.

Nm prdgfdrm pmrtf) ä pessç vfi mhdldenmr eutres pmràgftres) fntrf fifs e pmsswerh f e kdhhfngfnu. E

prdgfdre seidldtm ugm sfnkm hfcdndhm per velï pmrm e mlfsse m hftfrgdnmhes rflurses) lege m epêìe hf

idnkm hf legmnhe he JPV@ +sdntmxf pmsswerh sfnkm$. E sfjunhe sdgpifsgfntf fslenhf m idstm hf

sdstfgms epfrmldenmds qumnhe e JPV@ ä lmrrfjmhe. Fssm idstm pehf cdlmr vdsç vfi prfssdenmnhe-sf m tflim

F\L he tflimhe.

Lmse velï qufdrm pessd`didtmr e mlfsse m ug hftfrgdnmhe sdstfgm epfrmldenmi segfntf mtrmväs hf sfnkm)

`mstm dnsfrdr m pmimvrm iela hfpeds hm idnkm tdtif rfcfrfntf me sdstfgm fg qufstìe. Ne fntmnte) pmrm dsse) ä

nflfssírde quf m epêìe pmsswerh tfnkm sdhe dnsfrdhm nm prdgfdrm pmrtf) peds ä fstm sfnkm quf sfrí

seidldtmhm?

tdtif Zdnhews [R

iela


+...$

\f m utdidzmêìe hf eutrm sfnkm cer nflfssírdm) `mstm dnsfrdr e lmgpe pmsswerh sfnkm m`mdxe hm idnkm tdtif.

Nfssf lmse) m seidldtmêìe hf sfnkm segfntf sfrí cfdtm sf e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi fg qufstìe cer fsleikdhe?

tdtif Zdnhews [R pmsswerh sfjrfhe


+...$

83



Vg ÿitdge hftmikf? ä pessç vfi dnsfrdr legfntírdes ne mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he JPV@. Rmrm dsse) `mstm

mhdldenmr e lmrmltfrf , mntfs hm idnkm hf legfntírde) per fxfgpie?

,Mrqudve hf lencdjurm êì e he JPV@

hfcmuit 2

tdgfeut 6

cmii`mla =

+...$

Idnkm hf legmnhes he JPV@?

E JPV@ lentm leg ug rflurse gudte dntfrfssmntf +Gudte ÿtdi prdnldpmigfntf pmrm rfseivfr preìfgms

ne lmrrfjmgfnte he sdstfgm epfrmldenmi$ ugm idnkm hf legmnhes quf pehf sfr mlfssmhm mssdg quf e

JPV@ ä lmrrfjmhe. Rmrm dsse) qumnhe e JPV@ fstdvfr hdspenç vfi) pehf-sf mpfrtmr ugm hftfrgdnmhm tflim+jfrmigfntf e ètìe L$ eu fsleikfr fssm epêìe nm idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds. Xuhe hfpfnhf hm cergm

lege e JPV@ ced lencdjurmhe +e JPV@ jfrmigfntf mldenm m idnkm hf legmnhe qumnhe nìe fnlentrm m

idstm hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds$.

Kí ugm särdf hf rflurses quf pehfg sfr usmhes nm idnkm hf legmnhes he JPV@. ]umnhe fstdvfr nfim)

prfssdenf m tflim Xm` hf sfu tflimhe hums vfzfs sfjudhms pmrm e`tfr m idstm legpiftm hf legmnhes. Rmrm

e`tfr hftmikfs se`rf ug legmnhe fspflç cdle) hdjdtf kfip legmnhe) per fxfgpie? kfip lgp

Rmrm gmderfs dncergmêöfs hftmikmhms se`rf e JPV@ usf? dnce jru`

Pf-cmzfnhe e Rrdgfdre Fstíjde he JPV@?

\f per mijug getdve sum G@P cer lerregpdhm) eu sdgpifsgfntf velï hfsfom rfcmzfr m dnstmimêìe he

jru`) utdidzf e legmnhe %s`dn%jru`-dnstmii 9hdspesdtdve hf èet>.

Mdnhm sf e legmnhe mldgm cmikmr tfntf?

=. Hdjdtf jru` f prfssdenf fntfr

0. Hdjdtf reet +kh2)2$

<. Hdjdtf sftup +kh2$

8. Hdjdtf qudt

E@\? Mldgm m dnstmimêìe he prdgfdre fstíjde elerrfrm nm G@P he prdgfdre hdsle.

8:



Dndldmidzmêìe he Afrnfi?

]umnhe e Afrnfi ä dndldmidzmhe gfnsmjfns hf hftflêìe hf kmrhwmrf f dndldmidzmêìe hf hrdvfrs hf

hdspesdtdves legfêmg m surjdr nm tfim. Vg cergm hf vdsumidzmr fssms gfnsmjfns pestfrdergfntf ä

vfrdcdlmr e lentfÿhe he mrqudve %vmr%iej%hgfsj.

Es hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdve legpdimhes hfntre he afrnfi tfntmg fnlentrmr sfus rfspfltdves hdspesdtdves hf

kmrhwmrf) qumnhe e hdspesdtdve ä fnlentrmhe fif ä dndldmidzmhe f gfnsmjfns hf iejs sfrìe fgdtdhms.

Gentmr e cdifsystfg rmdz fg rfmh-eniy ä tmg`äg ugm tmrfcm rfmidzmhm pfie afrnfi.

Xehes es hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdves nflfssírdes pmrm e èet he sdstfgm tmds lege hrdvfrs hf lentreimherms

\L\D per fxfgpie prfldsmg fstmr legpdimhes hfntre he afrnfi eu fntìe lentdhes fg ugm dgmjfg

lkmgmhm dndtrh. E dndtrh ä gentmhe pfie afrnfi nm gfgürdm PMG fg tfgpe hf èet m cdg hf fxpmnhdr enÿgfre hf gühuies eu hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdves nflfssírdes pmrm e èet.

Dndldmidzmêìe he Dndt?

Mpüs e afrnfi sfr dndldmidzmhe fif pmssm e lentreif pmrm e prelfsse Dndt. M lencdjurmêìe he Dndt fstí

ielmidzmhm fg %ftl%dndttm`. Xehes es prelfsses hm gíqudnm sìe pmrfntfs he Dndt) mijugms hms prdnldpmds

cunêöfs he Dndt sìe dndldmidzmr es lenseifs vdrtumds) gmpfmr sfqùïnldms hf tflims lege per fxfgpie e

Ltri!Mit!Hfi) fxflutmr e lentfÿhe he hdrftürde he run-ifvfi prä-hfcdndhe) fxflutmr ug slrdpt hf

dndldmidzmêìe he sdstfgm.

Lmse e mrqudve %ftl%dndttm` fstfom lerregpdhe e sdstfgm fstmrí mpfnms hdspenç vfi fg gehe hf fgfrjïnldm

+fgfrjfnly gehf$

M vmrdívfi dndthfcmuit ne mrqudve %ftl%dndttm` lentreim e run-ifvfi pmhrìe he sdstfgm) sfu cergmte ä?

dh?x?dndthfcmuit 1

Enhf ’ x‗ rfprfsfntm e run-ifvfi pmhìe he sdstfgm.

Rmrm gmderfs hftmikfs se`rf e dndt usf? gmn dndt

Rmrm mitfrmr e run-ifvfi he sdstfgm fg fxfluêìe `mstm lege usuírde reet usmr? dndt ’ x‗) enhf ’ x‗

rfprfsfntm e nÿgfre he run-ifvfi hfsfomhe. E sdstfgm drí pmrmr tehes es sfrvdêes he run-ifvfi mtumi f

dndldmidzmr e prüxdge run-ifvfi. E legmnhe %s`dn%runifvfi dncergm e run-ifvfi mtumi he sdstfgm.

8;



E \lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.sysdndt?

E slrdpt rl.sysdndt qumnhe dndldmhe cernflf m epêìe me usuírde hf fntrmr ne gehe dntfrmtdve) dste ä

rfmidzmhe prfssdenmnhe m tflim ’d‗. E gehe dntfrmtdve fcftum pfrjuntms mntfs hf fxflutmr m gmderdm hms

mêöfs rfmidzmhms pfie slrdpt. Fssf slrdpt ä rfspensívfi per lencdjurmr `em pmrtf he sdstfgm) mijugms hms

prdnldpmds cunêöfs he rl.sysdndt sìe lencdjurmr es pmràgftres he afrnfi hf mlerhe leg e mrqudve

% ftl%syslti.lenc ) mtdvmr PMDHs f ISGs) mtdvmr quetms) mtdvmr m pmrtdêìe hf swmp) lencdjurmr e rfiüjde he

sdstfgm f ftl...

E \lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl?

Fstf slrdpt ä rfspensívfi per dndldmr f pmrmr es sfrvdêes qumnhe e run-ifvfi he sdstfgm ä mitfrmhe.

Fg tfgpe hf `eet fif ä rfspensívfi per dndldmidzmr es sfrvdêes he run-ifvfi pmhrìe hfcdndhe ne

%ftl%dndttm`.

\ystfg S run-ifvfis?

Es slrdpts hf lentreif +stmrt)rfstmrt)step$ hes sfrvdêes cdlmg fg %ftl%rl.h%dndt.h%) idnas sdg`üidles nes

rfspfltdves hdrftürdes lege per fxfgpie e %ftl%rl.h%rl<.h quf rfprfsfntm e run-ifvfi < +cuii guitd-usfr$

dnhdlmg m dndldmidzmêìe eu cdnmidzmêìe hes sfrvdêes) ugm erhfg nugärdlm ä msseldmhm dncergmnhe m

prderdhmhfs he sfrvdêe) m iftrm ’\‗ dnhdlm dndldmidzmêìe fnqumnte m iftrm ’A‗ dnhdlm m cdnmidzmêìe he

sfrvdêe. Sfom es fxfgpies m`mdxe?

-rwxr-xr-x = reet reet 026= Nev 0; 2:?0= vnlsfrvfr

-rwxr-xr-x = reet reet =68; \fp = 0223 wdn`dnh

-rwxr-xr-x = reet reet =362 Elt 0: 0223 wpmUsuppidlmnt

-rwxr-xr-x = reet reet <4<8 Oui =< 0223 xcs

-rwxr-xr-x = reet reet 084: Elt = 0223 xdnfth

-rwxr-xr-x = reet reet <<02 Muj <= 0223 yp`dnh

-rwxr-xr-x = reet reet =24: Nev =2 =8?64 yug-uphmtfsh

QreetBvd`f %ftl%rl.h%dndt.hW,

irwxrwxrwx = reet reet == Hfl = 26?=; \44ielmi -> ..%rl.ielmi

irwxrwxrwx = reet reet =3 Nev <2 ==?83 A44sgmrth -> ..%dndt.h%sgmrth

irwxrwxrwx = reet reet 02 Nev <2 =0?22 A44xfnhegmdns -> ..%dndt.h%xfnhegmdns

QreetBvd`f %ftl%rl.h%rl<.hW,

84



E \lrdpt %ftl%rl.h%rl.ielmi?

E slrdpt rl.ielmi ä fxflutmhe lege ug ÿitdge sfrvdêe cdnmidzmnhe e prelfsse hf `eet he sdstfgm. Lmse

velï tfnkm mpidlmtdves pmrm dndldmr f fssfs mpidlmtdves nìe tfnkmg slrdpts hf lentreif fstdie \ystfg S

+stmrt)rfstmrt)step$ velï pehf dndldmr-ies utdidzmnhe fstf slrdpt.

Lentreimnhe f Lencdjurmnhe es \frvdêes \ystfg S?

Rmrm lencdjurmr es sfrvdêes hf lmhm run-ifvfi sìe utdidzmhms mijugms cfrrmgfntms hdspenç vfds ne sdstfgm

pmrm e supfr usuírde.

systfg-lencdj-sfrvdlfs?

Cfrrmgfntm `mstmntf legpiftm pmrm e mg`dfntf jrícdle.

ntsysv?

Cfrrmgfntm `msfmhm fg gfnus pmrm e gehe tfxte. Rer pmhrìe qumnhe dnvelmhe fif lencdjurm e run-ifvfi

mtumi) pmrm lencdjurmr eutre run-ifvfi utdidzf e pmràgftre “ifvfi.

lkalencdj?

Cfrrmgfntm hf idnkm hf legmnhe eu pmrm sfr utdidzmhe fg slrdpts. Vtdidzmhe ne adlastmrt. Gudte vfrsítdi f

imrjmgfntf utdidzmhe pfies mhgdndstrmherfs gmds fxpfrdfntf.Ä m gfiker epêìe.

sfrvdlf?

M cfrrmgfntm sfrvdlf ä utdidzmhm pmrm lentreimr ug sfrvdêe fg fxliusdve dgfhdmtmgfntf) per fxfgpie?

pmrm dndldmr e smg`m usf? sfrvdlf sg`h stmrt. Fstìe hdspenç vfds tehes es mrjugfntes supertmhes pfie

slrdpt fstdie \ystfg S hf lmhm sfrvdêe) dste ä jfrmigfntf +\tmrt)\tep)Pfstmrt)\tmtus$.

E`s? E systfg-lencdj-sfrvdlfs f lkalencdj mpfnms tfg fcfdte dgfhdmte hf pmrmr f dndldmr sfrvdêes quf sìe

`msfmhes ne xdnfth) pmrm es hfgmds sfrvdêes ms lencdjurmêöfs mitfrmhms sü drìe tfr fcfdte mpüs e `eet he

sdstfgm. Vsf m cfrrmgfntm sfrvdlf pmrm mtfnhfr dgfhdmtmgfntf erhfns hf tärgdne eu dndldmidzmêìe hf

sfrvdêes.

62



Imèrmtürde JPV@) Pflupfrmêìe he sdstfgm f Xreuìfskeetdnj?

Drfges rfprehuzdr ug mldhfntf nm G@P) tehm lencdjurmêìe he prdgfdre fstíjde he JPV@ sfrí pfrhdhm.

\fu sdstfgm nìe fcftumrí gmds èet) peräg ms tm`fims hf pmrtdêìe mdnhm fstmrìe dntmltms) hfstm cergm

drfges prelfhfr leg e rfsjmtf he sdstfgm rf-dnstmimnhe e JPV@ nm G@P nevmgfntf.

\djm es pmsses m`mdxe leg mtfnêìe?

Rmrm hfstrudr e prdgfdre fstíjde he JPV@ nm G@P fxflutf e legmnhe m`mdxe.

MXFNÊÌE? qumiqufr frre hf hdjdtmêìe ne legmnhe m`mdxe pehfrí rfsuitmr nm pfrhm dntfjrmi he sdstfgm.

hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%hfv%khm `s7883 leunt7= 1 rfèet

Pflupfrmêìe he \dstfgm?

=. Fcftuf e èet he sdstfgm leg e prdgfdre hdsle +LH-PEG$ he Pfh kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux

0. Ne pregpt hdjdtf? idnux rfsluf

<. E sdstfgm hf rfsjmtf drí fnlentrmr m dnstmimêìe he PKFI) lencdrgf m gentmjfg fg rfmh-wrdtf f

fxmgdnf m smç hm hes legmnhe geunt f chdsa -i %hfv%khm

8. Sfrdcdquf quf e sdstfgm hf rfsjmtf genteu sfu sdstfgm se` m írverf %gnt%sysdgmjf

6. Fxmgdnf e mrqudve %gnt%sysdgmjf%ftl%jru`.lenc

3. Rmrm rf-dnstmimr e JPV@ nm G@P fxflutf es legmnhes m`mdxe?

lkreet %gnt%sysdgmjf

jru`-dnstmii %hfv%khm

fxdt

:. Mjerm fcftuf e rfèet he sdstfgm

6=



\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt< f fxt0?

Cunldenmgfnte pmhrìe hes sdstfgms hf mrqudves fg Idnux?

Es sdstfgms hf mrqudves sìe lrdmhes fg pmrtdêöfs he hdsle) hf cergm quf sfom pessç vfi mrgmzfnmr

prejrmgms f hmhes fg cergmte hf mrqudves f hdrftürdes +pmstms$. E Idnux) mssdg lege prmtdlmgfntf

tehes es sdstfgms epfrmldenmds `msfmhes fg Vndx) usm ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves quf pessuf ugm

kdfrmrqudm) legpestm hf mrqudves f hdrftürdes) quf pehfg lentfr eutres hdrftürdes eu mrqudves.

Es mrqudves%hdrftürdes pmrm e Idnux sìe hdspend`didzmhes +eu gentmhes$ pmrm gmndpuimêìe mtrmväs he

legmnhe "geunt") jfrmigfntf mldenmhe ne prelfsse hf stmrtup +dndldmidzmêìe$) quf elerrf qumnhe e

legputmher ä idjmhe f legfêm m lmrrfjmr e sdstfgm epfrmldenmi. E Idnux lensfjuf trm`mikmr leg vírdes

sdstfgms hf mrqudves fg ug gfsge hdsle +sdtumêìe legug â usuírdes quf pessufg Zdnhews f Idnux

fg sums gíqudnms) per fxfgpie$ f pmrm "fnxfrjí-ies") mrgmzfnm m idstm hf sdstfgms hf mrqudves

hdspenç vfds ne mrqudve %ftl%cstm` +rfpmrf quf %ftl% dnhdlm ug lmgdnke hf hdrftürde$. Ne fntmnte) kí ugm

idstm hf sdstfgms hf mrqudves quf fstìe fcftdvmgfntf fg use) hdspenç vfi ne mrqudve %ftl%gtm`) tmg`äg

lenkfldhe lege "tm`fim geunt". Fstm idstm ä mtumidzmhm ne prelfsse hf stmrtup) pmrm dnhdlmr me sdstfgm

epfrmldenmi qumds sdstfgms hf mrqudves fif pehfrí mlfssmr.

Rmrm lmhm sdstfgm hf mrqudves gentmhe ne stmrtup) ug `dt ne lm`fêmike he sdstfgm hf mrqudves ä zfrmhe

pmrm dnhdlm quf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fstí fg use m pmrtdr hmqufif gegfnte f quf ms fstruturms hf hmhes

usmhms pmrm m mielmêìe f erjmndzmêìe hf mrqudves%hdrftürdes pehfg secrfr guhmnêms +mtumidzmêöfs$.

]umnhe e usuírde hfldhf hfsidjmr e legputmher f usm legmnhes pmrm fnlfrrmr e Idnux) es sdstfgms hf

mrqudves sìe hfsgentmhes) cmzfnhe leg quf e `dt ldtmhe mldgm sfom gehdcdlmhe pmrm dnhdlmr quf esdstfgm hf mrqudves fstí lensdstfntf) eu sfom) nìe pehf gmds secrfr guhmnêms.

Frres f lerregpdgfnte he sdstfgm hf mrqudves?

Es sdstfgms hf mrqudves pmrm Idnux oí secrfrmg gudtes tdpes hf trmtmgfntes f rffslrdtm hf lühdje pmrm

fidgdnmr e lerregpdgfnte lmusmhe per mpidlmêöfs eu pfie prüprde afrnfi. Ne fntmnte) fidgdnmr e

lerregpdgfnte hf hmhes fg mrqudves lmusmhes) per fxfgpie) pfim qufhm hf fnfrjdm eu pfie

hfsidjmgfnte dnlerrfte per pmrtf he usuírde) sfgprf ced ugm tmrfcm prmtdlmgfntf dgpessç vfi. ]umnhe e

sdstfgm ä hfsidjmhe dnlerrftmgfntf e `dt he lm`fêmike he sdstfgm hf mrqudves nìe ä moustmhe. M seiuêìeced cmzfr leg quf) ne prüxdge prelfsse hf lmrrfjmgfnte he Idnux) sfom vfrdcdlmhe sf e lm`fêmike fstí

leg e `dt hf lm`fêmike sftmhe pmrm dnhdlmr quf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fstí lensdstfntf f nìe gmndpuiívfi.

Lmse nìe fstfom) m cfrrrmgfntm "csla" vfrdcdlm e sdstfgm nm `uslm hf frres.

60



Oeurnmidnj?

E csla lensfjuf prevfr rfsuitmhes smtdscmtürdes) gms m lerrfêìe hf frres pehf ifvmr gudte tfgpe) mije

dnmlfdtívfi fg mpidlmêöfs lrç tdlms. Miäg hdsse) sf e hfsidjmgfnte dnlerrfte he legputmher elerrfu

qumnhe hmhes fstmvmg sfnhe jrmvmhes ne hdsle) e csla nìe lensfjudrí legpiftmr fssfs prelfsses)

elmsdenmnhe m pfrhm hms dncergmêöfs quf fstmvmg sfnhe jrmvmhms.

Hdmntf hfssfs preìfgms) ced mprfsfntmhm ugm seiuêìe vdívfi? m utdidzmêìe hf sdstfgms hf mrqudves leg m

tflneiejdm "Oeurnmidnj") quf pessufg m lmpmldhmhf hf mlegpmnkmr ms guhmnêms quf sfrìe cfdtms ne

sdstfgm hf mrqudves +per fxfgpie) jrmvmêöfs%mtumidzmêöfs hf hmhes$ mntfs quf rfmigfntf sfomg cfdtms.

Fssms dncergmêöfs quf e Oeurnmidnj lmpturm sìe fntìe mrgmzfnmhms fg ugm pmrtf sfpmrmhm he sdstfgm hf

mrqudves) hfnegdnmhm "Oeurnmi" +gms tmg`äg lenkfldhm per "rfjdstres hf iej"$. ]umnhe ms dncergmêöfs

sìe mrgmzfnmhms ne Oeurnmi) e sdstfgm hf mrqudves mpidlm ms guhmnêms rfjdstrmhms nfif f fntìe) rfgevf

ms dncergmêöfs he Oeurnmi.

Mjerm) fntfnhm perquf e Oeurnmidnj ä ugm seiuêìe fcdldfntf pmrm es preìfgms hf frre. Es rfjdstres hf

iej sìe fslrdtes mntfs quf ms guhmnêms fcftdvmgfntf elerrmg ne sdstfgm hf mrqudves f fssfs rfjdstressegfntf sìe fidgdnmhes qumnhe ms guhmnêms sìe cfdtms. Mssdg) sf e legputmher ä dnhfvdhmgfntf

hfsidjmhe) e prelfsse hf gentmjfg ne prüxdge stmrtup vfrdcdlmrí sf kí guhmnêms jrmvmhms ne Oeurnmi

"gmrlmhms" lege nìe cfdtms. \f keuvfr) tmds guhmnêms sìe fntìe mpidlmhms me sdstfgm hf mrqudves. Dsse

cmz leg quf es rdsles hf pfrhm hf hmhes sfomg rfhuzdhes hrmstdlmgfntf.

\dstfgm hf mrqudves fxt<?

Fxdstfg vírdes sdstfgms hf mrqudves hdspenç vfds leg m tflneiejdm Oeurnmidnj) lege e [C\) hfsfnveivdhe

erdjdnmigfntf pfim \didlen Jrmpkdls f pestfrdergfntf hdspend`didzmhe leg lühdje m`frte) e PfdsfrC\)

hfsfnveivdhe fspfldmigfntf pmrm Idnux) OC\) hfsfnveivdhe erdjdnmigfntf pfim D@G gms tmg`äg

id`frmhe leg lühdje m`frte) f e gmds lenkfldhe hfifs? e fxt<) hfsfnveivdhe pfie Hr. \tfpkfn Xwffhdf

ountmgfntf leg eutres leimèrmherfs)nm Pfh Kmt) mtumigfntf e fxt< ä tmg`äg gmntdhe pfim Pfh Kmt.

E sdstfgm hf mrqudves fxt< ä`msdlmgfntf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves fxt0 leg rflurses hf Oeurnmidnj. Xmivfz)

fssm sfom m rmzìe hf sfu use mgpie? fif ä tetmigfntf legpmtç vfi leg fxt0 +quf ced ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves

gudte usmhe$) e quf nfnkug eutre sdstfgm hf mrqudves `msfmhe fg Oeurnmidnj ä.

E fxt< pmsseu m sfr fcftdvmgfntf supertmhe pfie afrnfi he Idnux m pmrtdr hm vfrsìe 0.8.

Lensfqùfntfgfntf) tehms ms hdstrdùdêöfs Idnux imnêmhms leg fssf afrnfi eu supfrder) tfg supertfpmhrìe pmrm fxt<.

Ne fxt<) e lühdje hf Oeurnmidnj usm ugm lmgmhm lkmgmhm "Oeurnmidnj @iela Hfvdlf" +O@H$. M O@H ced

lrdmhm leg e prepüsdte hf dgpifgfntmr Oeurnmi fg qumiqufr tdpe hf hdspesdtdve leg `msf fg ìeles hf

hmhes. Rer fxfgpie) e lühdje fxt< dncergm f "pfhf muterdzmêìe" â OH@ pmrm fcftumr ms guhmnêms) mntfs

hf gehdcdlmr%mhdldenmr qumiqufr hmhe ne hdsle.

6<



\fnhe mssdg) ä e OH@ quf vfrhmhfdrmgfntf "jfrfnldm" e Oeurnmi. E cmte gmds dntfrfssmntf hdsse ä quf) m

OH@ cunldenm lege ugm fntdhmhf dnhfpfnhfntf) pfrgdtdnhe quf nìe sü e fxt< m usf) gms tmg`äg eutres

sdstfgms hf mrqudves.

M OH@ utdidzm ug gätehe hdcfrfntf hf eutres Oeurnmidnjs pmrm rflupfrmêìe hf dncergmêöfs. Me dnväs hf

mrgmzfnmr ms dncergmêöfs fg `ytfs quf hfpeds hfvfg sfr dgpifgfntmhes) m OH@ jrmvm es prüprdes

`ieles gehdcdlmhes he sdstfgm hf mrqudves. Mssdg) e fxt< tmg`äg mrgmzfnm "räpidlms" legpiftms hes

`ieles gehdcdlmhes fg gfgürdm pmrm rmstrfmr ms epfrmêöfs quf cdlmrmg pfnhfntfs. M hfsvmntmjfg hfstm

cergm hf trm`mike ä quf e Oeurnmi mlm`m sfnhe gmder. Ne fntmnte) e fxt< nìe prfldsm idhmr leg m

legpifxdhmhf hes Oeurnmidnjs quf trm`mikmg jrmvmnhe `ytfs.

Xdpes hf Oeurnmidnj ne fxt<?

E fxt< supertm trïs hdcfrfntfs gehes hf trm`mike he Oeurnmidnj. \ìe fifs?

Oeurnmi? jrmvm tehms ms guhmnêms fg sdstfgm hf mrqudves. Ä e gmds ifnte hes trïs gehes) gms ä e quf

pessud gmder lmpmldhmhf hf fvdtmr pfrhm hf hmhes1

Erhfrfh? jrmvm segfntf guhmnêms fg mrqudves gftmhmtm +mrqudves quf mrgmzfnmg dncergmêöfs se`rf

eutres mrqudves$) gms jumrhm ms mtumidzmêöfs ne mrqudve hf hmhes mntfs hf cmzfr ms guhmnêms msseldmhms

me sdstfgm hf mrqudves. Fstf Oeurnmidnj ä e pmhrìe nes sdstfgms hf mrqudves fxt<1

Zrdtf`mla? tmg`äg sü jrmvm guhmnêms pmrm e sdstfgm hf mrqudve fg gftmhmtm) gms utdidzm e prelfsse

hf fslrdtm he sdstfgm hf mrqudves fg use pmrm jrmvmêìe. Ä e gmds rípdhe Oeurnmidnj fxt<) gms e gfnes

lencdívfi.

E gehe Erhfrfh ä e pmhrìe ne fxt<) gms ä pessç vfi fspfldcdlmr qumi e gehe quf velï hfsfom usmr)

mtrmväs hm mtumidzmêìe he mrqudve cstm`. Rer fxfgpie) pehf sfr quf m idnkm %hfv%khm= tfnkm sum epêìe

hmtm leg e vmier erhfrfh. Selï pehf guhmr fstf vmier pmrm wrdtf`mla eu oeurnmi.

68



Rmrtdldenmgfnte?

Miäg hf erjmndzmr gfiker f pfrgdtdr m utdidzmêìe hf gmds hf ug tdpe hf sdstfgm epfrmldenmi ne gfsge

hdsle) fxdstfg rmzöfs mhdldenmds pmrm sf utdidzmr gmds hf ugm pmrtdêìe ne Idnux) sfnhe m prdnldpmi hfims m

sfjurmnêm. Ne Idnux) ä pessç vfi gentmr ms pmrtdêöfs leg epêöfs quf gfikermg m sfjurmnêm he sdstfgm)

fvdtmnhe lfrtms mêöfs fg hftfrgdnmhms pmrtdêöfs.

Jfrmigfntf pmrm sf pmrtdldenmr ug hdsle ne Idnux ä utdidzmhe m cfrrmgfntm chdsa) quf mpfsmr he negf

nìe ä e gfsge utdidzmhe fg sdstfgms G\-HE\®) eutrms cfrrmgfntms tmg`äg hdspenç vfds pmrm

pmrtdldenmgfnte sìe e schdsa) e JNV pmrtfh.

Rmrtdldenmgfnte En-Idnf?

]umnhe e sdstfgm ä dndldmidzmhe e afrnfi jumrhm ugm lüpdm hm tm`fim hf pmrtdldenmgfnte nm gfgürdm.

]umiqufr mitfrmêìe ne pmrtdldenmgfnte sü tfrí fcfdte qumnhe e afrnfi rf-ifr m tm`fim hf pmrtdêìe)

jfrmigfntf dsse ä rfmidzmhe mpfnms ne prüxdge èet he sdstfgm. Rmrm cerêmr m rf-ifdturm hm tm`fim hf

pmrtdêìe utdidzf e legmnhe pmrtpre`f.

Lrdmnhe \dstfgms hf Mrqudves?

E legmnhe gacs ä ug crent-fnh pmrm vírdes eutres legmnhe lege per fxfgpie gacs.fxt0) gacs.fxt<)

gacs.gdndx f mssdg per hdmntf) utdidzmnhe m epêìe -t quf fspfldcdlm e tdpe hf cdifsystfg e gacs ùslm e

legmnhe mpreprdmhe. Es mrjugfntes gmds usmhes sìe?

◅ -`

Fspfldcdlm e tmgmnke hf ug ìele fg `ytfs. Lmrm mrqudve jrmvmhe ne sdstfgm hf mrqudves elupm pfie

gfnes = ìele) dste ä) sf ug mrqudve ä gfner quf e tmgmnke hf = ìele fssf mrqudve elupmrí gfsge

mssdg e ìele dntfdre. \f nìe fspfldcdlmhe e tmgmnke hes ìeles) fssf sfrí lmiluimhe mutegmtdlmgfntf

pfie tmgmnke hm pmrtdêìe.

◅ -l

Sfrdcdlm es ìeles mntfs hf cergmtmr) m cergmtmêìe cdlm `fg gmds hfgermhm utdidzmnhe fstm epêìe.

66



◅ -d

Fspfldcdlm m rfimêìe hf `ytfs%dnehfs. E líiluie hm tm`fim hf dnehfs ä rfmidzmhe hf mlerhe leg e tetmi hf

fspmêe idvrf fg `ytfs hf ugm pmrtdêìe. M rfjrm ä qumnte gmder e hdsle gmds dnehfs) peräg es dnehfs

elupmg fspmêe) kí lege id`frmr gmds fspmêe hdgdnudnhe e nÿgfre hf dnehfs. Ä dgpertmntf lensdhfrmr

tmg`äg quf hfpeds hf cergmtmhm f lrdmhm m tm`fim hf dnehfs nìe ä pessç vfi mitfrmr.

◅ -N

Fspfldcdlm hdrftmgfntf e nÿgfre hf dnehfs) ä mlensfikívfi segfntf pmrm pmrtdêöfs fxtrfgmgfntf

jrmnhfs. Vsf leg ludhmhe.

◅ -I

Fspfldcdlm ug negf hf veiugf pmrm m pmrtdêìe +Seiugf Im`fi$. Ifg`rf-sf quf m gentmjfg hes

cdifsystfg pehf sfr rfcfrfnldmhm m pmrtdr hfstf negf nm %ftl%cstm`.

Lenvfrtfnhe ug cdifsystfg fxt0 pmrm fxt<?

Vg cdifsystfg fxt0 ä fxmtmgfntf djumi m ug cdifsystfg fxt< sfg e oeurnmi. Rmrm lenvfrtfr ugm pmrtdêìe

fxt0 fg fxt< sdjm es pmsses m`mdxe?

=. Sfrdcdquf sf e sfu afrnfi tïg e gühuie pmrm fxt< legpdimhe) ne PKFI dsse oí ä pmhrìe.

0. Guhf m fntrmhm lerrfspenhfntf me cdifsystfg ne %ftl%cstm`.

<. Rmrm lrdmr e oeurnmi) fxflutf e legmnhe? tunf0cs -o 9pmrtdêì e>.

Gentmnhe Cdifsystfgs?

Rmrm Gentmr ug cdifsystfg usf?

geunt -t 9tdpe hf cdifsystfg> -e 9epêöfs> 9hdspesdtdve> 9pente hf gentmjfg>

63



Rmrm Hfsgentmr ug cdifsystfg usf?

ugeunt 9pente hf gentmjfg>

Lmse e cdifsystfg fstfom sfnhe usmhe +@usy$ ä dgpertmntf hftfrgdnmr qumi prelfsse fstm utdidzmnhe fstfcdifsystfg) pmrm dsse utdidzf e legmnhe?

cusfr 9pente hf gentmjfg>

Rmrm Pfgentmr ug hdspesdtdve usf?

geunt -e rfgeunt 9hdspesdtdve>

Negfs hf Seiugfs?

Ä dgpertmntf sfgprf hfcdndr negfs hf veiugfs +Seiugf Im`fi$ pmrm tehms sums pmrtdêöfs f fcftumr fstm

rfcfrïnldm nm kerm hm gentmjfg mtrmväs he %ftl%cstm`. Ifg`rf-sf quf sfgprf quf guhmr es hdsles hf

lentreimherm es negfs hes hdspesdtdves sfrìe mitfrmhes lmusmnhe särdes pre`ifgms nm kerm he `eet he

sdstfgm. Nunlm usf negf hf veiugfs djumds pmrm hdspesdtdves) gfsge quf fstfom fcftumnhe `mlaup hes

gfsges.

6:



E %ftl%cstm`?

Es cdifsystfgs idstmhes ne cstm` sìe utdidzmhes pmrm gentmjfg mutegítdlm hf mlerhe leg ugm fspäldf hf

kdfrmrqudm nm kerm he èet pfie slrdpt rl.sysdndt.

E`sfrvf m fstruturm he %ftl%cstm`?

Hdspesdtdve Rente hf Gentmjfg Xdpe Epêöfs HugpUcrfq CslaUerhfr

%hfv%SeiJreup22%IejSei22 % fxt< hfcmuits = =

• Hdspesdtdve

Negf he mrqudve fspfldmi hf hdspesdtdve eu negf he veiugf â sfr gentmhe.

• Rente hf Gentmjfg

E lmgdnke pmrm mlfssmr e hdspesdtdve hfpeds hf gentmhe.

• Xdpe

E tdpe he cdifsystfg) fxt0) fxt< ftl...

• Epêöfs

Epêöfs hf gentmjfg sfpmrmhms per vç rjuim) m epêìe nemute per fxfgpie sdjndcdlm pmrm nìe sfr gentmhe

fg tfgpe hf èet) jfrmigfntf usmhe per LH-PEGs.

• HugpUcrfq

Crfqufnldm hf vfrdcdlmêìe utdidzmhm pfie hugp +`mlaup he sdstfgm$) 27Nunlm)=7Hdmrdmgfntf)07qumiqufr

eutre hdm.

• CslaUerhfr

Erhfg hf vfrdcdlmêìe he csla) 27djnerf)=7prdgfdre +hfvfr sfgprf sfr e cdifsystfg rmdz$) 0-47sfjunhe

)tfrlfdre f mssdg per hdmntf. Cdifsystfgs leg e gfsge nÿgfre sìe lkflmhes fg pmrmifie.

LH-PEGs f hdspesdtdves hf rfhf hfvfg sfr djnermhes utdidzmnhe e nÿgfre 2.

Gentmnhe Xehes es Hdspesdtdves he cstm`?

Rmrm cerêmr m gentmjfg hf tehes es cdifsystfgs idstmhes ne % ftl%cstm` mpüs e èet utdidzf? geunt -m.

6;



Mutegeuntfr?

M cunêìe he hmfgen mutegentfr ä gendtermr hdrftürdes f gentmr hdspesdtdves qumnhe mijug tdpe hf

rfqudsdêìe cer vfrdcdlmhm. Ä dnhdlmhe pmrm hdspesdtdves quf nìe sìe utdidzmhes crfqùfntfgfntf f tmg`äg

pmrm id`frmr rflurses he sdstfgm) peds miäg hf gentmr e hdspesdtdve qumnhe seidldtmhe e hmfgen hfsgentm

qumnhe e hdspesdtdve cdlmr eldese +dhif$ mutegmtdlmgfntf.

Rmrm dnstmimr f lencdjurmr e mutegeuntfr sdjm es pmsses m`mdxe?

=. Dnstmif e mutecs rpg -dvk mutecs

0. Lencdjurf e mutecs pmrm sfr dnldmhe ne `eet lkalencdj mutecs en

<. Lencdjurf ne mrqudve %ftl%mute.gmstfr es hdrftürdes quf sfrìe gendtermhes) vfom e fxfgpie?

%gdsl %ftl%mute.gdsl

M idnkm mldgm sdjndcdlm quf e hdrftürde %gdsl fstm sfnhe gendtermhe f quf m lencdjurmêìe hfstf

hdrftürde fstm ne mrqudve % ftl%mute.gdsl.

8. Lencdjurf e mrqudve %ftl%mute.gdsl) vfom e fxfgpie?

,Afy Eptdens Ielmtden

lh -cstypf7dse4332)re)nesudh)nehfv ?%hfv%lhreg

• Afy

Jfrmigfntf ä ug negf hf ug hdrftürde lkmvf +Selï nìe prfldsm lrdmr fssf hdrftürde$

• Eptdens

\ìe idstms hf epêöfs hf gentmjfg sfpmrmhms per vç rjuim) lensuitf? gmn ; geunt

• Ielmtden

Dnhdlm hf enhf e cdifsystfg drí sfr gentmhe. Jfrmigfntf ä ug hdspesdtdve eu lmgdnke hf rfhf.

Helugfntmêìe En-idnf he Mutegeuntfr?

Rmrm gmderfs dncergmêöfs) mrqudves hf fxfgpie f idstms hf epêöfs legpiftms hes legmnhes lensuitf?

• gmn mutecs• gmn ; mutegeunt

• gmn 6 mutecs

• gmn 6 mute.gmstfr

64



Mtrdùtes Fstfnhdhes he Cdifsystfg?

Es sdstfgms hf mrqudves fxt0 f fxt< supertmg mijuns mtrdùtes quf pfrgdtfg m mitfrmêìe hm gmndpuimêìe

hes hmhes hes mrqudves. Ifg`rmnhe quf nfg tehes es mtrdùtes kfrhmhes he VND[ fstìe hdspenç vfds ne

afrnfi mtumi he Idnux.

◅ ismttr +ismttr / $ Idstm es mtrdùtes hes mrqudves.

◅ lkmttr +lkmttr !d %reet%mnmlenhm-as.lcj$

Fcftum mitfrmêöfs nes mtrdùtes hes mrqudves.

Vg hes mtrdùtes gmds utdidzmhes ä e ’d‗ quf sdjndcdlm dgutívfi. E mrqudve leg fssf mtrdùte nìe pehf sfr

hfiftmhe eu rfnegfmhe) nfnkug hmhe pehf sfr mlrfsldhe eu rftdrmhe tmg`äg. \egfntf e supfr-usuírde

pehf hfscmzfr fssf mtrdùte.

Cdifsystfg MLIs?

Lrdmr idstms hf mlfsses pmrm e cdifsystfg pfrgdtf jfrfnldmr ms pfrgdssöfs hf cergm jrmnuimr. Ne gehe hf

pfrgdssdenmgfnte trmhdldenmi ä pessç vfi lencdjurmr pfrgdssöfs rwx pmrm e hene he mrqudve) pmrm e jrupe

f pmrm es hfgmds usuírdes he sdstfgm +eutres$. Leg ms MLIs pehfges hdzfr quf e jrupe vfnhms f e

usuírde oeìe per fxfgpie tfnkmg pfrgdssöfs pmrtdluimrfs.

Rmrm supertmr MLIs e cdifsystfg hfvf sfr gentmhe leg m epêìe mli) vfom?

geunt -e rfgeunt)mli %hfv%khm= %

◅ jftcmli

Idstm ms MLIs hes mrqudves.

◅ \ftcmli

Fcftum mitfrmêöfs nms MLIs hes mrqudves.

Fxfgpies?

jftcmli /

sftcmli -g u?lmries?rwx tfstf.`dn

sftcmli -g j?vfnhms?rwx tfstf.`dn

sftcmli -x u?lmries tfstf.`dn

32



]uetms?

Ms quetms ne idnux sìe mtdvmhms per cdifsystfg. Ä nflfssírde gentmr e cdifsystfg leg ms epêöfs usrquetm

eu jrpquetm dnhdlmnhe me afrnfi m utdidzmêìe hf quetms per usuírde eu per jrupes rfspfltdvmgfntf. E

peidly ä fstm`fifldhe per ìeles +]umntdhmhf hf ìeles quf ug usuírde eu jrupe pehf lensugdr he

cdifsystfg$ eu dnehfs +]umntdhmhf hf mrqudves quf ug usuírde eu jrupe pehf lrdmr ne cdifsystfg$.Rehfg sfr fstm`fifldhes idgdtfs sect f kmrh) qumnhe ug usuírde eu jrupe milmnêmr m gmrlm sect fif sfrí

mifrtmhe) peräg qumnhe milmnêmr m gmrlm kmrh e afrnfi drí dgpfhdr e mùse he peidly fstm`fifldhe.

Rehf sfr hfcdndhe tmg`äg e jrmlf pfrdeh quf ä e tfgpe quf ug usuírde eu jrupe pehf cdlmr fntrf m

gmrlm sect f kmrh. Rmrm trm`mikmr leg quetms ä nflfssírde dnstmimr ms cfrrmgfntms he pmletf quetm.

Dgpifgfntmêìe hf quetms?

=. Fhdtf e mrqudve cstm` mhdldenmnhe lege epêìe hf gentmjfg usrquetm eu jrpquetm ne cdifsystfg

quf velï hfsfom dnstmimr e lentreif hf quetms.

0. Pfgeuntf e hdspesdtdve geunt -e rfgeunt 9hdspesdtdve>

<. Dndldmidzf ms quetms pmrm fstf hdspesdtdve quetmlkfla -l 9pente hf gentmjfg he hdspesdtdve>) fstf

legmnhe tmg`äg ä ÿtdi pmrm mtumidzmr m hmtm`msf hf quetms.

8. Fxflutf quetmen -m

6. Fhdtf ms quetms pmrm es usuírdes) per fxfgpie? fhquetm rehrdje

E vmier ’2‗ dnhdlm quf nìe kí quetm fstm`fifldhm. Rer fxfgpie) pmrm idgdtmr fssf usuírde m =22 Gfjms

utdidzf =22222 ne kmrhidgdt.

Rmrm fstm`fiflfr e jrmlf pfrdeh utdidzf e legmnhe? fhquetm -t.

Rmrm rfpidlmr e peidly hf quetms hf ug usuírde pmrm eutres utdidzf e legmnhe?

fhquetm -p 9usfr=> 9usfr0>

E supfr-usuírde pehf vfrdcdlmr ms quetms hes usuírdes leg e legmnhe rfpquetm) oí es prüprdes usuírdes

pehfg vfrdcdlmr sfus idgdtfs leg e legmnhe quetm.

Ne gegfnte he èet ms quetms sìe vfrdcdlmhms f mtdvmhms pfie slrdpt rl.sysdndt) peräg sf per mijug

getdve e mrqudve hf hmtm`msf hms quetms cdlmr cerm hf sdnlrendm) per fxfgpie) lmse ms quetms tfnkmg sdhehfsidjmhms per ug pfrç ehe) ä prfldse dndldmidzmr m hmtm`msf nevmgfntf leg e legmnhe quetmlkfla.

Rmrm hfsidjmr ms quetms he sdstfgm utdidzf e legmnhe quetmecc .

Ä pessç vfi tmg`äg lencdjurmr ms quetms vdm idnkm hf legmnhe eu fg slrdpts utdidzmnhe sftquetms.

3=



Im`ermtürde ]VEXM\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Mtdvf ms quetms ne cdifsystfg rmdz + % $ hf gehe quf es usuírdes Lmries f Mnhrf pessmg utdidzmr mpfnms

022G@ lmhm.

E@\=? Nm kerm hf mtdvmr ms quetms leg e legmnhe quetmlkfla ä nflfssírde mlrfslfntmr e pmr àgftre -g

pmrm cer êmr fg cunêì e he cdifsystfg rmdz sfr mitmgfntf seidldtmhe.

E@\0? Xmivfz sfom nflfssírde lrdmr es usuírdes Lmries f Mnhrf lmse nì e fxdstmg ne sdstfgm.

Xfstf hf dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe?

Iejuf-sf ne sdstfgm leg e usuírde Lmries.

Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf e hdrftürde %kegf%lmries +Hdrftürde kegf hf Lmries$ fstm gentmhe hfntre he rmdz + % $.

Fxflutf e legmnhe? hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%kegf%lmries%tfstf `s7=G leunt7=42

E legmnhe mldgm drí lrdmr ug mrqudve hf =42G@ ne hdrftürde kegf hf lmries lkmgmhe tfstf. Vtdidzf e

legmnhe hu -k %kegf%lmries pmrm lfrtdcdlmr-sf quf tuhe fstm ea. Mpüs mpmjuf e mrqudve tfstf.

Smges mjerm fxlfhfr e idgdtf hf quetm hf 022G@ fstm`fifldhe. E sdstfgm hfvf dgpfhdr e m`use he

peidly sf ms lencdjurmêöfs fstdvfrfg lerrftms.

Fxflutf e legmnhe? hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%kegf%lmries%tfstf `s7=G leunt70=2

30



\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde ]VEXM\?

=. Fhdtf e mrqudve %ftl%cstm` f mhdldenf ne cdifsystfg rmdz + % $ m epêìe usrquetm.

0. Pfgeuntf e cdifsystfg rmdz leg e legmnhe? geunt -e rfgeunt)usrquetm %

<. Dndldmidzf ms quetms pmrm fstf hdspesdtdve leg e legmnhe? quetmlkfla -l -g %

8. Fxflutf e legmnhe? quetmen -m

6. Fhdtf ms quetms pmrm e usuírde Lmries f mhdldenf e vmier 022222 ne kmrhidgdt hes `ieles leg e

legmnhe? fhquetm lmries

3. Pfpidquf e peidly hf quetms hf Lmries pmrm Mnhrf leg e legmnhe? fhquetm -p lmries mnhrf

3<



\FIdnux?

E \FIdnux ä hfsfnveivdhe fg pmrlfrdm pfim N\M) Pfh Kmt f eutrms fgprfsms lege D@G f KR. M dh ädm ä

mhdldenmr ugm eutrm lmgmhm hf sfjurmnêm ne Idnux f rftdrmr e pehfr m`seiute he usuírde reet hm

gíqudnm. E \FIdnux ä `msfmhe fg GML +Gmnhmtery Mllfss Lentrei$) ugm prepestm tetmigfntf

hdcfrfntf hm quf lenkflfges mtumigfntf ne idnux quf usm e gehfie trmhdldenmi HML +Hdslrftdenmry

Mllfss Lentrei$. Ne HML es usuírdes tïg prdvdiäjdes mes mrqudves f prelfsses quf ikf pfrtfnlfg) per

fxfgpie) sf ug prelfsse ä fxflutmhe se`rf m preprdfhmhf he usuírde Oeìe) fstf prelfsse tfrí mlfsse m

tehes es mrqudves quf pfrtfnlfg me usuírde Oeìe. Ne gehfie GML ms mpidlmêöfs mpfnms tfg prdvdiäjdes

hf rfmidzmr es trm`mikes pmrm quf cermg preoftms) dste ä) mpfnms ä pfrgdtdhe cmzfr e quf rfmigfntf m

mpidlmêìe ced hfsfnkmhm pmrm cmzfr.

\trdlt) Xmrjftfh Reidlys?

Ne dndlde e \FIdnux frm hdstrdùç he leg e peidly strdlt) dsse nm äpelm he Cfherm Lerf 0) strdlt peidly

tdnkm lege hdrftrdz prdnldpmi ìequfmr tuhe f mpfnms pfrgdtdr mqudie quf sf fstdvfssf fspfldcdlmhe.

Pmpdhmgfntf es fnjfnkfdres e`sfrvmrmg quf dsse nìe fstmvm sfnhe gudte prítdle) prdnldpmigfntf pmrm es

mpidlmtdves he ’usfr spmlf‗. Fspfldcdlmr tehms mpidlmêöfs lege per fxfgpie ug cdrfcex eu ug ssk frm

gudte legpidlmhe) ms ÿndlms pfrjuntms nes cerunsnmqufim äpelm frm lege hfsidjmr e \FIdnux.

Ced su`stdtudhe e strdlt peidly pfie tmrjftfh peidly) m prdnldpmi hdcfrfnêm ä quf ne tmrjftfh tuhe ä id`frmhe

per hfcmuit f mpfnms e quf ä hfcdndhe ä ’vfrdcdlmhe‗ pfie \FIdnux. E pmhrìe sìe ms mpidlmêöfs nìe

hfcdndhms sfrfg fxflutmhms ne quf sf lkmgm hf unlencdnfhUt) dste ä) ne mg`dfntf nìe lencdnmhe enhf

`msdlmgfntf ms mpidlmêöfs cunldenmg lege sf e \FIdnux nìe fxdstdssf. Mpfnms ms mpidlmêöfs hfcdndhms

+tmrjftfh$ sìe fxflutmhms lencdnmhms hfntre hf sfu hegç nde \FIdnux fspfldcdlmhe.

Lentfxtes hes Eòftes?

Xehes es mrqudves rfjuimrfs he sdstfgm) prelfsses f hdspesdtdves hf kmrhwmrf sìe lkmgmhes f vdstes

lege eòftes pfie \FIdnux. Lmhm eòfte ä retuimhe leg ug lentfxte. E gühuie hf sfjurmnêm he

\FIdnux ne afrnfi +I\G$ pfrgdtf eu ìequfdm mlfsse mes eòftes hf mlerhe leg ug peidly enhf es

lentfxtes sìe mnmidzmhes f vfrdcdlmhes.

38



M cergmtmêìe hes im`fis +rütuies$ ä 9usfr>?9reif>?9typf>)nm vfrhmhf qumnhe fstmges cmimnhe

he peidly tmrjftfh e quf rfmigfntf dgpertm ä e 9typf>. Mpidlmêöfs quf sìe fxflutmhms nug

hftfrgdnmhe hegç nde per fxfgpie) e kttph nìe tfg prdvdiäjdes m eutres hegç ndes nìe fspfldcdlmhes nmgíqudnm lege nmgfh per fxfgpie eu e hdrftürde kegf he usuírde Oeìe) f mssdg ms mpidlmêöfs cdlmg

lencdnmhms me mlfsse fxliusdvmgfntf fg sfus hegç ndes fifvmnhe lensdhfrmvfigfntf m sfjurmnêm ne

sdstfgm.

Lencdjurmêöfs @ísdlms he \FIdnux?

E \FIdnux fnlentrm-sf `msdlmgfntf fg < fstmhes? hdsmìfh eu hfsidjmhe) gehe fncerldnj) enhf e

\FIdnux fstí mpidlmnhe e peidly) eu pfrgdssdvf) enhf e \FIdnux fstí mpfnms fg gehe hf wmrg-eniy)dste ä) mpfnms iejmnhe es MSL +Gfnsmjfg he \FIdnux he Afrnfi$. E gehe pfrgdssdvf ä dnhdlmhe pmrm

fcftumr moustfs cdnes ne peidly f pmrm vfrdcdlmr ms lencdjurmêöfs.

]umnhe e \FIdnux fstdvfr mtdvmhe sfrí lrdmhe ug neve cdifsystfg lkmgmhe %sfidnux) fstf ä ug

cdifsystfg vdrtumi quf ä m omnfim hf legundlmêìe f dncergmêìe fntrf es prelfsses hm gíqudnm f e

\FIdnux. E %sfidnux cdifsystfg ä gudte sfgfikmntf me %prel f %sys.

Ms gfnsmjfns hf iej he \FIdnux +MSLs$ sìe rfjdstrmhms ne mrqudve %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs f hfvfg sfr

ludhmhesmgfntf vfrdcdlmhms qumnhe qumiqufr preìfgm legfêmr m surjdr ne sdstfgm mpüs e mtdvmgfnte he\FIdnux.

M cfrrmgfntm jrícdlm systfg-lencdj-sflurdtyifvfi ä m gmds c íldi hf usmr f hf vdsumidzmr ms lencdjurmêöfs

lerrfntfs he \FIdnux. Mhdldenmigfntf usf systfg-lencdj-sfidnux pmrm moustfs nes peidlys f èeifmns.

E legmnhe sfstmtus gestrm e fstmhe mtumi he \FIdnux) pmrm fcftumr guhmnêms utdidzf e legmnhe

sftfncerlf. Rmrm smivmr ms mitfrmêöfs pmrm e prüxdge èet he sdstfgm ä nflfssírde fhdtmr e mrqudve

%ftl%syslencdj%sfidnux. E legmnhe

sftsfèei ä

utdidzmhe pmrm fcftumr mitfrmêö

fs nes èeifmns.

Ä pessdvfi tmg`äg dncergmr vdm pmràgftre ne èetiemhfr e fstmhe he \FIdnux f cerêmr e èet nfstf

fstmhe) pmrm dste ä nflfssírde cernflfr e pmràgftre ’fncerldnj7x‗ pmrm e afrnfi. Enhf x pehf sfr 2 pmrm

wmrg-eniy f = pmrm fncerldnj.

36



Sdsumidzmnhe E`oftes f Rrelfsses \FIdnux?

Rmrm vfrdcdlmr e lentfxte hes prelfsses utdidzf ps -_) e`sfrvf quf m gmderdm hes prelfsses fstm sfnhe

fxflutmhe ne lentfxte unlencdnfhUt ) e quf sdjndcdlm quf nìe kí peidly fstm`fifldhe f rfimldenmhe m fssfs

prelfsses) eu sfom) fifs sìe fxflutmhe lege sf e \FIdnux nìe fxdstdssf. Rmrm prelfsses lencdjurmhes)

fxdstf ug hegç nde%lentfxte fstm`fifldhe pmrm lmhm ug) vírdes lentfxtes oí fstìe hdspenç vfds pmrm es

sfrvdêes pepuimrfs hf dntfrnft lege kttp)hns%`dnh f ftl...

Rmrm idstmr e lentfxte hes mrqudve utdidzf is -_ ) mrqudves neves sìe lrdmhes m pmrtdr hf mijugm hfcdndêìe ne

peidly eu e lentfxte ä lepdmhe he hdrftürde pmd) E legmnhe lklen fcftum mitfrmêöfs nes lentfxtes hes

mrqudves) sum sdntmxf ä pmrfldhm leg es legmnhes rfjuimrfs he Vndx pmrm mitfrmêìe hf

pfrgdssdenmgfnte) tmds lege e lkgeh f lkewn. M epêìe “rfcfrfnlf pehf sfr utdidzmhm pmrm fstm`fiflfr

ug gehfie hf mrqudve enhf sfu lentfxte sfrílepdmhe pmrm es hfgmds.

33



Dgpifgfntmnhe e \ectwmrf PMDH?

Lencdjurmnhe e sectwmrf PMDH leg ghmhg?

=. Vsf e chdsa pmrm lrdmr ms pmrtdêöfs quf sfrìe utdidzmhms ne PMDH) tdpe ’ Idnux PMDH mutehftflt‗

lühdje ’ch‗.

0. Vsf e legmnhe pmrtpre`f pmrm mtumidzmr m tm`fim hf pmrtdêìe nm gfgürdm.

<. Dndldmidzf e mrrmy leg e legmnhe? ghmhg -L %hfv%gh2 -i = -n 0 %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT

8. Lrdf e cdifsystfg ne hdspesdtdve PMDH? gacs.fxt< %hfv%gh2

6. Lrdf e hdrftürde quf sfrí e pente hf gentmjfg f mhdldenf m fntrmhm mpreprdmhm pmrm gentmjfg

mutegítdlm fg tfgpe hf èet ne mrqudve %ftl%cstm`. gahdr %rmdh=

3. Gentf e hdspesdtdve PMDH ne hdrftürde quf velï lrdeu? geunt %hfv%gh2 %rmdh=

Etdgdzmêìe he PMDH?

Ä pessç vfi etdgdzmr mdnhm gmds m pfrcergmnlf hm sum lencdjurmêìe hf PMDH lrdmnhe e cdifsystfg

midnkmhe leg e tmgmnke hm ’strdpf sdzf‗ he PMDH. Dsse pfrgdtf quf es hmhes mlegehfg-sf

pfrcfdtmgfntf nes ìeles f fvdtf quf e sdstfgm fcftuf líiluies mhdldenmds mssdg hfjrmhmnhe m

pfrcergmnlf. M helugfntmêìe ecdldmi he Idnux +tihp$ hdz quf m pfrcergmnlf hes nç vfds hf PMDH 8 f 6

sìe mcftmhes hdrftmgfntf per fssm epêìe fgèrm nìe sf tfnkm lfrtfzm hf qumnte dsse dnciufnldm eutres

nç vfds hf PMDH.

E líiluie ä `mstmntf sdgpifs) mpfnms hdvdhm e lkuna sdzf +Hfcmuit 38$ pfie tmgmnke hf ug ìele fg

A`ytfs) jfrmigfntf 8. Rmrm vfrdcdlmr e tmgmnke he ìele usf e hugpf0cs. Fxfgpie? 38%87=3

gacs.fxt< -` 8243 -P strdhf7=3 %hfv%gh2

Ä sfgprf mlensfikívfi fcftumr tfstfs hf pfrcergmnlf lrdmnhe mrqudves jrmnhfs f gfnsurmnhe sfu tfgpe

hf gmndpuimêìe hfntre he hdspesdtdve PMDH. Vtdidzf e hh pmrm lrdmr mrqudves jrmnhfs) per fxfgpie?

hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%kegf%tfstf `s7=G leunt7<22

Fstf legmnhe lrdmrí ug mrqudve ne hdrftürde kegf lkmgmhe tfstf leg <22G@. Es hmhes hfssf mrqudve

sfrìe nuies.

3:



Sfrdcdlmnhe e PMDH?

Ä pessç vfi vfrdcdlmr e stmtus he mrrmy leg e legmnhe ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2 eu tmg`äg vfrdcdlmnhe e

lentfÿhe he mrqudve %prel%ghstmt.

\ectwmrf PMDH Pflevfry?

Mpüs dhfntdcdlmhe m cmikm hf mijug hdsle he PMDH utdidzmnhe es hfvdhes legmnhes mprfsfntmhes nm

sfêìe ’Sfrdcdlmnhe e PMDH‗) ä kerm hf fcftumr m gmnutfnêìe.

Mtfnêìe- Selï prfldsm tfr prfldsmgfntf m dhfntdcdlmêìe hes hdsles quf cmikmrmg pmrm prelfhfr leg

qumiqufr mêìe hf gmnutfnêìe) fg lmse hf hÿvdhms nìe tegf nfnkugm mêìe mtä tfr prfldsmgfntf m

dhfntdcdlmêìe hes negfs hes hdspesdtdves quf mprfsfntmg preìfgms.

Drfges sdguimr m cmikm hf ug hdspesdtdve f fg sfjudhm rfgevfr-ie. Mpüs drfges mhdldenmr ug neve

hdspesdtdve f fcftumr e rfùdih he mrrmy. \djm es pmsses m`mdxe?

✘ \dguif m Cmikm hf ug hdsle leg e legmnhe? ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -c %hfv%khm[

✘ E`sfrvf lege cdleu sfu mrrmy leg e legmnhe? lmt %prel%ghstmt

✘ Pfgevm e hdsle he mrrmyleg e legmnhe? ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -r %hfv%khm[

✘ E`sfrvf nevmgfntf sfu mrrmy leg e legmnhe? ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2

✘ Hfsidquf m gíqudnm f su`stdtum e hdsle leg preìfgms per ug neve +Mpidlm-sf fg lmse PFMI$

✘ Lrdf ugm nevm pmrtdêìe tdpe ’Idnux PMDH mutehftflt‗ leg e gfsge tmgmnke hm pmrtdêìe mntdjm

✘ Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtdêöfs hm gfgürdm leg e legmnhe? pmrtpre`f

✘ Dnsdrm e neve hdsle ne mrrmy leg e legmnhe? ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -m %hfv%khm_

✘ E ghmhg mutegmtdlmgfntf drí prelfhfr leg e rfùdih

✘ E`sfrvf nevmgfntf sfu mrrmy leg e legmnhe? ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2

]umiqufr dncergmêìe se`rf frres ne mrrmy sfrìe iejmhms ne %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs.

Mpfnms mrrmys leg cmikm hf teifrànldm) fxfgpie? PMDH=) PMDH6) lentdnumrmg m cunldenmr fg lmse hf

cmikm hf mijug hdsle. Lmse velï tfnkm lencdjurmhe ug PMDH 2) velï nìe pehfrí sdguimr cmikms nfg

pfrhfr nfnkug hdsle legpenfntf he mrrmy.

Rmrm hfsidjmr%hfsgmnlkmr legpiftmgfntf e mrrmy usf e legmnhe? ghmhg - -step %hfv%gh2

3;



Imèrmtürde PMDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Lrdf ugm lencdjurmêìe hf \ectwmrf PMDH hf nç vfi = +Gdrrerdnj$ f gentf pfrgmnfntfgfntf e hdrftürde

%hmtm nfstf hdspesdtdve. E sdstfgm hf mrqudves hfvf sfr tdpe fxt< f e fspmêe tetmi hdspenç vfi hfvf sfr hf

mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@.

E@\? Rrevmvfigfntf sum gíqudnm hf fstuhes nì e tfr í gÿitdpies hdsles pmrm fcftumr m lencdjurmêì e

mhfqumhm hf \ectwmrf PMDH) nfstf lmse drfges lrdmr ’sdgèidlmgfntf‗ hums +20$ pmrtdêöfs ne fspmêe

idvrf he prdgfdre hdsle hdspenç vfi pmrm sdguimr ms lencdjurmêöfs hfstf imèrmt ürde.

Xfstf hf Dgpifgfntmêìe%Smidhmêìe?

Sfrdcdquf m smç hm he legmnhe? ghmhg - -hftmdi %hfv%gh2

Sfrdcdquf leg e legmnhe hc -Xk sf e hdspesdtdve %hfv%gh2 lerrfspenhf me hdrftürde %hmtm f tfg

mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@ tdpe fxt<.

34



\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde PMDH?

=. Vsf e chdsa pmrm lrdmr hums pmrtdêöfs hf =22G@ tdpe ’Idnux PMDH mutehftflt‗ lühdje ’ch‗ ne

fspmêe vmje hf sfu hdsle.

0. Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtdêöfs he Afrnfi nm gfgürdm leg e legmnhe? pmrtpre`f

<. Lrdf e PMDH leg e legmnhe? ghmhg -L %hfv%gh2 -i = -n 0 %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT

8. Lrdf%Cergmtf e sdstfgm hf mrqudves leg e legmnhe? gacs.fxt< %hfv%gh2

6. Lrdf e pente hf gentmjfg leg e legmnhe? gahdr %hmtm

3. Mhdldenf m idnkm pmrm gentmjfg mutegítdlm he PMDH ne mrqudve %ftl%cstm`

:. Gentf tehes es hdspesdtdves hm sum cstm` leg e legmnhe? geunt -m

;. Leg e legmnhe hc -Xk vfrdcdquf sf e tmgmnke he hdrftürde %hmtm ä hf mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@

:2



Dgpifgfntmnhe ISG?

Lrdmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles?

=. Fxflutf e legmnhe vjslmn.

0. Vsf e chdsa pmrm lrdmr ms pmrtdêöfs quf sfrìe utdidzmhms ne ISG) tdpe ’ Idnux ISG‗ lühdje ’;f‗.

<. Fxflutf e legmnhe pmrtpre`f pmrm mtumidzmr m tm`fim hf pmrtdêìe nm gfgürdm.

8. Pfjdstrf fssms pmrtdêöfs tdpe ’Idnux ISG‗ lege veiugfs c ç sdles? pvlrfmtf %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT

6. Lrdf e veiugf jreup mtrdùdnhe es veiugfs c ç sdles? vjlrfmtf vjtfstf %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT

3. Lrdf qumntes veiugfs iüjdles velï hfsfomr m pmrtdr he veiugf jreup) velï hfvf fspfldcdlmr e

negf he veiugf iüjdle f tmg`äg e sfu tmgmnke.

ivlrfmtf -I <22G -n iv= vjtfstf

:. Lrdf e cdifsystfg ne veiugf iüjdle? gacs.fxt< %hfv%vjtfstf%iv=

;. Lrdf e pente hf gentmjfg f mhdldenf m fntrmhm fspflç cdlm pmrm fstf cdifsystfg ne %ftl%cstm`

Etdgdzmêìe he ISG?

\f velï fstm pimnfomnhe lrdmr ug veiugf iüjdle rfmigfntf jrmnhf velï tfrí quf fspfldcdlmr e tmgmnke

hes RFs) dsse perquf per pmhrìe = RF tïg 8G@ f sü ä pessç vfi mtrdùdr 366<8 RFs pmrm ug veiugf

iüjdle. Rer fxfgpie) pmrm lrdmr ug veiugf iüjdle hf 0X@ ä nflfssírde mtrdùdr <0G@ hf tmgmnke pmrm =

RF. Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

vjlrfmtf -s <0G vjtfstf %hfv%sh`[ %hfv%shlT

Pfhdgfnsdenmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles?

Rmrm mugfntmr ug veiugf iüjdle eu rfhuzdr sfu tmgmnke ä nflfssírde utdidzmr ms cfrrmgfntms ivfxtfnh

+Mugfntmr$ eu ivrfhulf +Hdgdnudr$) dsse qumnhe e cdifsystfg fstí hfsgentmhe. Rmrm prelfhfr leg e

rfhdgfnsdenmgfnte en-idnf ä nflfssírde eutrm cfrrmgfntm lkmgmhm fxt0enidnf. Ne fxfgpie m`mdxe

drfges mugfntmr 022G@ hf nesse veiugf iüjdle oí gentmhe.

ivfxtfnh -I !022G %hfv%vjtfstf%iv=

rfsdzf0cs %hfv%vjtfstf%iv=

:=



Jfrfnldmnhe Seiugfs Iüjdles?

Ä pessç vfi fxpmnhdr es veiugf jreups mhdldenmnhe gmds veiugfs c ç sdles) dste ä lege lenfltmr f mgpidmr

mdnhm gmds m lmpmldhmhf he veiugf jreup) pmrm dsse utdidzf e legmnhe vjfxtfnh. Rmrm rfgevfr mijug

veiugf c ç sdle hf ug veiugf jreup ä prfldse rf-hdstrd`udr es RFs elupmhes pmrm eutres veiugf c ç sdle leg

e legmnhe pvgevf f sü mpüs dsse hfslenfltm-ie he veiugf jreup leg e legmnhe vjrfhulf.

Vg jrupe hf cfrrmgfntms pmrm mouhmr nm vdsumidzmêìe f rfundr dncergmêöfs fstìe hdspenç vfds) sìe fims?

✘ vjhdspimy gestrm dncergmêöfs hes jrupes hf veiugf%veiugf jreup.

✘ pvhdspimy gestrm dncergmêöfs hes veiugfs c ç sdles.

✘ ivhdspimy gestrm dncergmêöfs se`rf es veiugfs iüjdles.

✘ vjslmn prelurm es SJs f dndldmidzm m `msf hf hmhes.

✘ pvslmn prelurm RSs.✘ ivslmn prelurm ISs.

Lenvfrtfnhe ISG= fg ISG0?

E PKFI utdidzm per pmhrìe e cergmte ISG0 pmrm mrgmzfnmr es gftm-hmhes. Ä pessç vfi lenvfrtfr

sdstfgms quf epfrmg fg ISG= pmrm e cergmte he ISG0 quf ä gmds legpmlte f sfjure) pmrm dsse utdidzf

e legmnhe vjlenvfrt. Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

vjlenvfrt -G0 tfstf=

E legmnhe mldgm drí lenvfrtfr e veiugf jreup lkmgmhe tfstf= hf ISG= pmrm ISG0.

:0



Dntrehuêìe me JC\?

E JC\ ä ug sdstfgm hf mrqudves legpmrtdikmhe) sfu prdnldpmi hdcfrfnldmi ä m lmpmldhmhf hf supertmr

gÿitdpies nüs hf ug liustfr me gfsge tfgpe. Fg sdtumêöfs enhf ä nflfssírde quf vírdms gíqudnms

tfnkmg mlfsse m ug ÿndle cdifsystfg me gfsge tfgpe +Mtdve-Mtdve$ eu mitfrnmhmgfntf +Mtdve-Rmssdve$

e JC\ ä rflegfnhmhe.

Rmrm prevfr m lmpmldhmhf hf legpmrtdikmgfnte hf hdsle sdgätrdlm e JC\ pessud ug legpifxe sdstfgm hf

ielas f tmg`äg hf D%E cfnldnj) dsse jmrmntf nç vfds sfjures hf epfrmêìe fg mg`dfntfs leg vírdes nüs. Es

legpenfntfs he JC\ sìe? Lustfr Gmnmjfr +LGMN$) jfrfnldmherfs hf ielas +HIG eu JuIG$) sdstfgm

hf lencdjurmêìe he liustfr +LL\$ f gühuies pmrm cfnldnj.

Vgms hms prdnldpmds lmrmltfrç stdlms he JC\ ä m hf supertmr jrmnhfs lmpmldhmhfs) pmrm sdstfgms fg <0 `dtsä supertmhe mtä =3X@) oí fg sdstfgms hf 38 `dts e idgdtf ä hf ; F@. E JC\ supertm mtä <22 nüs) fgèrm

fxdstmg eutrms idgdtmêöfs qumnte m dncrm-fstruturm he sectwmrf hf jfrfnldmgfnte hf liustfr. Fxdstf

tmg`äg supertf m quetms f m mtrdùtes fstfnhdhes) e supertf me \FIdnux mdnhm fstm fg prelfsse hf

hfsfnveivdgfnte.

E supertf me ISG0 ä rfmidzmhe mtrmväs hf ugm `dìdetflm fspfldmigfntf hfsfnveivdhm pmrm trm`mikmr

fg mg`dfntfs liustfrdzmhes) e LISG +Liustfr Iejdlmi Seiugf Gmnmjfr$) quf tmg`äg pehf-sf hdzfr quf

ä ug hes legpenfntf pmrm sf trm`mikmr leg e JC\.

E jfrfnldmgfnte hf oeurnmidnj ä rfmidzmhe hm cergm enhf tehes es nüs he liustfr pessufg ug oeurnmi

prüprde) sf mijug nü he liustfr cmikm fif ä hfsidjmhe) eutres nüs pehfg leielmr e cdifsystfg en-idnf

nevmgfntf) jmrmntdnhe mssdg m mitm hdspend`didhmhf he sdstfgm hf mrqudves.

E JC\ fg sd mprfsfntm-sf me afrnfi he Idnux mtrmväs hf gühuies) ä nflfssírde quf tehes es nüs he

liustfr quf mlfssfg e cdifsystfg JC\ tfnkmg fssfs gühuies hfvdhmgfntf dnstmimhes. Leg rfimêìe me

’usfr spmlf‗ hdvfrsms cfrrmgfntms tmg`äg hfvfg sfr dnstmimhms pmrm trm`mikmr-sf leg e JC\) m

cfrrmgfntm jcsUgacs per fxfgpie äutdidzmhm nm lrdmêìe he cdifsystfg.

E`sfrvf quf lege e JC\ pfrgdtf m lfntrmidzmêìe hm fstruturm hf hmhes fg ug ÿndle cdifsystfg) fg

mg`dfntfs gmu hdgfnsdenmhes dsse pehf lmusmr jmrjmies f idgdtmêöfs epfrmldenmds. Ä nflfssírde tmg`äg

ug pimnfomgfnte mntfs hm lrdmêìe he cdifsystfg) e mhgdndstrmher hfvf tfr ug gfntf ms gftms hf

lrfsldgfnte f fxpmnsìe nm kerm hf fspfldcdlmr e tmgmnke he oeurnmi f tmg`äg e nÿgfre hf nüs quf

pehfrmg mlfssfmr fssf cdifsystfg ne cuture.

:<



Diustrmêìe hm Mpidlmêìe he JC\ leg Ermlif?

:8



Imèrmtürde ISG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Lrdf heds +20$ veiugfs c ç sdles hf mprexdgmhmgfntf =62G@ lmhm.

Lrdf ug +2=$ jrupe hf veiugfs lkmgmhe vj= f mhdldenf es veiugfs c ç sdles lrdmhes) mpüs lrdf heds +20$

veiugfs iüjdles lkmgmhes iv= f iv0 rfspfltdvmgfntf. Vg hftmikf dgpertmntf se`rf e vj= ä quf fif hfvf

tfr RFs hf tmgmnke djumi m ; G@. E tmgmnke hes veiugfs iüjdles iv= f iv0 hfvf sfr hf

mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@ lmhm. Gentf e iv= fg %hmhes f iv0 fg %preoftes f mhdldenf ms fntrmhms

nflfssírdms ne %ftl%cstm` pmrm gentmjfg mutegítdlm hurmntf e prelfsse hf èet.

Lrdf f gmndpuif mrqudves hfntre hf %preoftes f %hmhes f vfrdcdquf e tmgmnke f hdspend`didhmhf hes

cdifsystfgs leg e legmnhe hc Xk. Dnspfldenf tmg`äg sums lencdjurmêöfs leg es legmnhes? vjhdspimy

f ivhdspimy.

Mhdldenf gmds ug veiugf c ç sdle hf <2G@ me vj=.

Mjerm mugfntf mprexdgmhmgfntf 62& he tmgmnke hf iv= f iv0 leg es cdifsystfgs gentmhes.

Sfrdcdquf sf es sfus hmhes lentdnumg dntmltes hfntre hes hdrftürdes %preoftes f %hmhes.

Sfrdcdquf sf e tmgmnke rfmigfntf mugfnteu mprexdgmhmgfntf 62& mnmidzmnhe m smç hm he legmnhe?

hc Xk.

E@\? Selï tfr í quf lrdmr nevms pmrtdêöfs ne fspmêe hdspenç vfi hf sfu hdsle pmrm smtdscmzfr esrfqufrdgfntes hfstf imèrmt ürde. Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf kí fspmêe hdspenç vfi mntfs hf legfêmr.


Es tfstfs hf vmidhmêìe hfstf imèrmtürde lensdstfg fg vfrdcdlmr e tmgmnke f m hdspend`didhmhf hf

gmndpuimêìe hf hmhes nes hdrftürdes %hmhes f %preoftes.

Vtdidzf es legmnhes? vjhdspimy) ivhdspimy f hc Xk.

:6



\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde ISG?

=. Lrdf hums +20$ pmrtdêöfs hf tmgmnke mprexdgmhe hf =62G@) tdpe Idnux ISG lühdje ’;f‗

0. Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtdêìe hf gfgürdm he Afrnfi leg e legmnhe? pmrtpre`f

<. Lrdf es pvs leg e legmnhe? pvlrfmtf %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT

8. Lrdf e vj= leg e legmnhe? vjlrfmtf s ;G vj= %hfv%khm[ %hfv%khmT

6. Lrdf es veiugfs iüjdles? ivlrfmtf I =22G n iv= vj= 1 ivlrfmtf I =22G n iv0 vj=

3. Lrdf e cdifsystfg fxt< nes ISs? gacs.fxt< %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 gacs.fxt< %hfv%vj=%iv0

:. Lrdf es pentes hf gentmjfns f mhdldenf ms fntrmhms nm cstm`? gahdr %hmhes 1 gahdr preoftes

;. Gentf tehm sum cstm` leg e legmnhe? geunt m

4. Sfrdcdquf ludhmhesmgfntf m smç hm he legmnhe hc Xk f geunt

=2. Lrdf mrqudves fg %hmhes f %preoftes?

hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%hmhes%tfstf `s7=G leunt702

hh dc7%hfv%zfre ec7%preoftes%tfstf `s7=G leunt706

==. Sfrdcdquf m smç hm he legmnhe? ivhdspimy %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 ivhdspimy %hfv%vj=%iv0

=0. Sfrdcdquf m smç hm he legmnhe? vjhdspimy vj=

=<. Lrdf gmds ugm +2=$ pmrtdêìe hf tmgmnke mprexdgmhe hf =22G@) tdpe Idnux ISG lühdje ’;f‗

=8. Mtumidzf m tm`fim hf pmrtdêöfs? pmrtpre`f

=6. Lrdf e neve pv leg e legmnhe? pvlrfmtf %hfv%khm_

=3. Mhdldenf e neve pv me vj=? vjfxtfnh vj= %hfv%khm_

=:. Mugfntf 62& hf iv= f iv0? ivfxtfnh I !62G %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 ivfxtfnh I !62G %hfv%vj=%iv0

=;. Vtdidzf e legmnhe? rfsdzf0cs %hfv%vj=%iv= 1 rfsdzf0cs %hfv%vj=%iv0

=4. Sfrdcdquf sf es hmhes lentdnumg dntmltes-

02. Sfrdcdquf m smç hm he legmnhe hc Xk

:3



Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Lentms f Jrupes he \dstfgm?

mhhusfr?

Fstf ä e legmnhe gmds trmhdldenmi pmrm dnsfrdr nevms lentms. Ä fqudvmifntf m fhdtmr gmnumigfntf es

mrqudves? %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%jreup) lrdmr e hdrftürde kegf leg ms pfrgdssöfs mhfqumhms f pepuimr e

hdrftürde kegf leg e lentfÿhe he %ftl%safi.

nfwusfrs?

Fstf legmnhe ä dnhdlmhe pmrm qumnhe velï hfsfom mhdldenmr gudtms lentms hf ugm sü vfz. E nfwusfrs

prelfssm ug mrqudve tfxte cergmtmhe enhf ä dnsfrdhe e negf hes neves usuírdes f sfus rfspfltdves

pmsswerhs.

usfrhfi?

Rmrm hfiftmr usuírdes he sdstfgm usf sfgprf e usfrhfi. Ä fqudvmifntf m fhdtmr gmnumigfntf es mrqudves?

%ftl%pmsswh %ftl%skmhew %ftl%jreup %ftl%jskmhew %vmr%speei%gmdi. \fg pmràgftres ä prfsfrvmhe e

lentfÿhe he hdrftürde kegf he usuírde.

usfrgeh?

Rmrm mitfrmr es lmgpes hf ugm lentm ne %ftl%pmsswh usf e legmnhe usfrgeh. Ä pessç vfi fntrf gudtes

ç tfns mitfrmr e DH he usuírde) \kfii) Hdrftürde kegf) Negf hf Iejdn f ftl..

pmsswh?

Fcftum m trelm hf pmsswerh lrdptejrmcmhm hes usuírdes. Mitfrm e lentfÿhe he mrqudve %ftl%skmhew.

lkmjf?

Fstf legmnhe fstm`fiflf ugm peiç tdlm hf vmidhmhf pmrm es pmsswerhs. Ä pessç vfi hftfrgdnmr e fspmêe hf

tfgpe fntrf m trelm hf pmsswerh) dste ä) cerêm e pmsswerh hes usuírdes m fxpdrmrfg) enhf fifs sìe

e`rdjmhes m trelmr. Fntrf eutrms epêöfs tmg`äg ä pessç vfi fspfldcdlmr e pfrç ehe hf tfgpe gç ndge quf

ug usuírde tfrí quf pfrgmnflfr sfg trelmr hf pmsswerh. Ä fxtrfgmgfntf mlensfikívfi fstm`fiflfr ugm

peiç tdlm hf vmidhmhf hf pmsswerhs hfntre hf sfu hegç nde.

jreupmhh?

Lrdm jrupes mhdldenmnhe fntrmhms ne %ftl%jreup.

::



jreupgeh?

Fcftum gehdcdlmêöfs nes jrupes) m utdidhmhf gmds legug ä trelmr negfs hf jrupes prfsfrvmnhe sfus

gfg`res.

jreuphfi?Rmrm hfiftmr jrupes utdidzf e jreuphfi. Fqudvmifntf m fhdtmr gmnumigfntf es mrqudves? % ftl%jreup

%ftl%jskmhew.

jpmsswh?

Ä utdidzmhe pmrm mhgdndstrmr es mrqudves %ftl%jreup f %ftl%jskmhew. \um utdidhmhf gmds legug miäg hf

lencdjurmr gfg`res hf jrupes ä jfrfnldmr mhgdndstrmherfs f pmsswerhs pmrm es jrupes.

systfg-lencdj-usfrs?

Cfrrmgfntm jrícdlm hfsfnkmhm pmrm jfrfnldmr tetmigfntf ms lentms f jrupes he sdstfgm. Gudte pehfresm fvfrsítdi) ä lmpmz hf fcftumr e trm`mike hf tehes es legmnhes ldtmhes nfstf lmpç tuie pmrm jfrfnldmr ms

lentms f jrupes. Cíldi utdidzmêìe f vdsumidzmêìe.

Vgmsa?

Ä m gíslmrm hf pfrgdssdenmgfnte hm lrdmêìe hf mrqudves f hdrftürdes. \fg m ugmsa qumiqufr mrqudve

lrdmhe ne sdstfgm tfrdm m pfrgdssìe pmhrìe hf 333 f hdrftürdes hf :::. E slrdpt %ftl%`mskrl lencdjurm ne

gegfnte hf iejdn ugm ugmsa pmhrìe pmrm tehes es usuírdes he sdstfgm) ne PKFI m ugmsa pmhrìe hf ug

usuírde ä 2220 f he usuírde reet ä 2200. Rmrm fcftumr e líiluie hm ugmsa mpfnms hdgdnum e vmier hf sumugmsa hf 333 pmrm mrqudves eu hf ::: hm hdrftürdes. E legmnhe ugmsa ä utdidzmhe pmrm gestrmr sum

ugmsa eu tmg`äg fcftumr mitfrmêöfs) ifg`rmnhe quf pmrm sums mitfrmêöfs sfrfg rfsdstfntfs me `eet ä

nflfssírde lencdjurmr m ugmsa ne slrdpt ~%.`mskrl.

\ftjdh?

Nergmigfntf qumnhe lrdmges mrqudves) fssfs mrqudves pfrtfnlfg me jrupe pmhrìe he usuírde.

]umnhe lencdjurmges e sftjdh `dt fg ug hdrftürde) mutegmtdlmgfntf e mrqudve lrdmhe tfrí sfu jrupelencdjurmhe pmrm e gfsge jrupe he hdrftürde pmd) dsse pfrgdtf ug gflmndsge quf moustm e jreup

ewnfrskdp mutegmtdlmgfntf. Lencdjurmr e sftjdh ä gudte ÿtdi qumnhe hdvfrses usuírdes hf ug gfsge

jrupe fstìe mlfssmnhe mrqudves fg legug hfntre hf ug hdrftürde. Rmrm lencdjurmr e sftjdh vfom e

fxfgpie usf? lkgeh j!s 9hdrft ürde>

:;



\lrdpts hf Dndldmidzmêìe hf Mg`dfntf?

Sírdes slrdpts sìe fxflutmhes fg tfgpe hf iejdn pmrm ugm lentm quf pessud ug skfii. Fssfs slrdpts sìe

rfspensívfds per lencdjurmr tehe e mg`dfntf pmrm e usuírde) dnÿgfrms vmrdívfds tmds lege e Rmtk f Midms

hf legmnhes jie`mds sìe lencdjurmhes. Sfom m`mdxe m erhfg hf fxfluêìe hfssfs slrdpts ne gegfnte he

iejdn?

◅ %ftl%precdif

◅ %ftl%precdif.h

◅ ~%.`mskUprecdif

◅ ~%.`mskrl

◅ %ftl%`mskrl

◅ ~%.`mskUiejeut

%ftl%precdif?

Fstf ä e prdgfdre slrdpt quf ä lkmgmhe pmrm e iejdn hf lentms quf pessufg skfii. Fif ä rfspensívfi per

lencdjurmr ms prdnldpmds vmrdívfds hf mg`dfntf lege? RMXK)KD\X\D_F)IEJNMGF)V\FP.Fstf slrdpt

tmg`äg fxflutm eutres slrdpts hf %ftl%precdif.h .

%ftl%precdif.h?

Nfstf hdrftürde fnlentrmg-sf slrdpts hf lencdjurmêìe f dndldmidzmêìe hf mpidlmtdves) sfgprf hums lüpdms

he gfsge slrdpts fstìe hdspenç vfds) ugm fg @eurnf skfii f m eutrm fg L skfii. Ms lerfs he ’is‗ sìe

lencdjurmhms mqud fntrf eutrms hfcdndêöfs pmrm mpidlmtdves lege jid`)jnegf)ahf f ftl...

~%.`mskUprecdif f ~%.`mskrl

Fstfs slrdpts lentäg dndldmidzmêöfs pmrtdluimrfs hf lmhm usuírde. Rehfg sfr leielmhms vmrdívfds) midmsfs

eu legmnhes hf dndldmidzmêìe. Legmnhes quf jfrmg smç hm nm tfim hfvfg sfr leielmhes ne

~%.`mskUprecdif f nunlm ne ~%.`mskrl.

%ftl%`mskrl?

Nfstf slrdpt sìe lencdjurmhms cunêöfs jie`mds he skfii quf mcftmg tehes es iejdns hes usuírdes.

~%.`mskUiejeut?

Fstf slrdpt ä fxflutmhe qumnhe e usuírdes fcftum iejeut. Ä ÿtdi pmrm sdtumêöfs enhf ä prfldse cmzfr

`mlaups hf mrqudves) hfiftmr tfgperírdes f ftl... Fstf slrdpt tmg`äg ä pmrtdluimr hf lmhm usuírde f hfvf

fstmr ne hdrftürde kegf.

:4



Jfrfnldmgfnte hf Rmletfs leg PRG?

E Jfster hf Rmletfs PRG +PRG$ ä ug sdstfgm hf fgpmletmgfnte m`frte) hdspenç vfi pmrm use hf tehes)

quf rehm ne Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux mssdg lege fg eutres sdstfgms Idnux f VND[. M Pfh Kmt) Dnl.

dnlfntdvm eutres cm`rdlmntfs m usmrfg e PRG fg sfus prehutes. E PRG pehf sfr hdstrdùç he se` es

tfrges hm JRI.

E PRG cmldidtm ms mtumidzmêöfs he sdstfgm pmrm e usuírde cdnmi. Xmrfcms lege dnstmimr) hfsdnstmimr f

mtumidzmr es pmletfs PRG pehfg sfr cfdtms leg legmnhes lurtes. E PRG gmntfg ug `mnle hf hmhes hf

pmletfs dnstmimhes f sfus mrqudves pmrm quf velï pessm fcftumr ùslms f vfrdcdlmêöfs pehfresms fg sfu

sdstfgm. \f velï prfcfrdr m dntfrcmlf jrícdlm) pehf usmr m cfrrmgfntm hf mhgdndstrmêìe hf pmletfs JVD.

Hurmntf ms mtumidzmêöfs) e PRG idhm ludhmhesmgfntf leg es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe pmrm quf velï

nunlm pfrlm m pfrsenmidzmêìe) mije dgpessç vfi hf sfr cfdte leg mrqudves .tmr.jz nergmds.

Rmrm e hfsfnveivfher) e PRG pfrgdtf ifvmr e lühdje centf he setcwmrf f fgpmletí-ie fg ugm centf f

pmletfs `dnírdes pmrm usuírdes cdnmds.

Eòftdves hf Hfsfnveivdgfnte he PRG?

Rmrm fntfnhfr e use he PRG) pehf sfr ÿtdi fntfnhfr sfus eòftdves hf hfsfnveivdgfnte?

Lmpmldhmhf hf Mtumidzmêìe

Vsmnhe e PRG velï pehf mtumidzmr legpenfntfs dnhdvdhumds hf sfu sdstfgm sfg prfldsmr rfdnstmií-

ies legpiftmgfntf. ]umnhe velï e`tfg ugm nevm vfrsìe hf ug sdstfgm epfrmldenmi `msfmhe fg

PRGs +lege e Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux$) nìe prfldsm rfdnstmií-ie fg sum gíqudnm +lege ä e lmse

hf sdstfgms epfrmldenmds `msfmhes fg eutres sdstfgms hf fgpmletmgfnte$. E PRG pfrgdtf

mtumidzmêöfs dntfidjfntfs tetmigfntf mutegmtdzmhms f lfrtfdrms hf sfu sdstfgm. Es mrqudves hf

lencdjurmêìe hes pmletfs sìe prfsfrvmhes me ienje hms mtumidzmêöfs pmrm quf velï nìe pfrlm sum

pfrsenmidzmêìe. Nìe kí mrqudves fspfldmds nflfssírdes pmrm m mtumidzmêìe hf ug pmletf perquf e

gfsge mrqudve PRG äusmhe pmrm dnstmimr f mtumidzmr e pmletf ne sfu sdstfgm.

;2



@uslm Rehfresm

E PRG ä hfsfnveivdhe pmrm prevfr epêöfs pehfresms hf ùslm. Selï pehf prelurmr hftfrgdnmhes

pmletfs eu mrqudves ne sfu `mnle hf hmhes dntfdre. Selï tmg`äg pehf hfsle`rdr m qumi pmletf ugmrqudve pfrtfnlf f hf enhf e pmletf vfde. Es mrqudves quf e pmletf PRG lentäg fstìe fg ug

mrqudve legprdgdhe) leg ug lm`fêmike `dnírde pfrsenmidzmhe lentfnhe dncergmêöfs ÿtfds se`rf e

pmletf f sfu lentfÿhe) pfrgdtdnhe quf velï prelurf pmletfs dnhdvdhumds c íldi f rmpdhmgfntf.

Sfrdcdlmêìe he \dstfgm

Vgm eutrm cunldenmidhmhf dgpertmntf ä m vfrdcdlmêìe hf pmletfs. \f velï nìe sm`f sf mpmjeu mijug

mrqudve dgpertmntf hf mijug pmletf) vfrdcdquf-e. Selï sfrí netdcdlmhe hf qumdsqufr mnegmidms.

Nfstf pente) velï pehf rfdnstmimr e pmletf sf nflfssírde. Xehes es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe quf

velï gehdcdleu sìe prfsfrvmhes hurmntf m rf-dnstmimêìe.

Dnstmimêìe hf pmletfs nunlm ä dntfrmtdvm

Xehe sectwmrf ä hdstrdùç he fg PRG dnliusdvf m `msf he sdstfgm epfrmldenmi

Vsmnhe e PRG?

E PRG tfg ldnle gehes hf epfrmêìe `ísdles +sfg lentmr m legpdimêìe hf pmletfs$? dnstmimr) hfs-

dnstmimr) mtumidzmr) ùslmr f vfrdcdlmr. Fstm sfêìe lentäg ugm vdsìe jfrmi hf lmhm gehe. Rmrm vfr eshftmikfs f epêöfs legpiftms) usf? rpg “kfip.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs?

Es pmletfs PRG jfrmigfntf tïg negfs hf mrqudves lege cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg. E negf he

mrqudve dnliud e negf he pmletf +cee$) vfrsìe +=.2$) su`-vfrsìe +=$ f mrqudtfturm +d<;3$. Dnstmimr ug

pmletf ä gudte sdgpifs) `mstm mutfntdlmr-sf lege reet f hdjdtmr e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes?

rpg -Vvk cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

\f m dnstmimêìe cer `fg-sulfhdhm) e sfjudntf eutput ä mprfsfntmhe?

Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

=?cee ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

;=



Lege velï pehf e`sfrvmr) E PRG trmz e negf he pmletf f fntìe ugm sulfssìe hf kç cfns lege gfhdhm

he prejrfsse) lencergf e pmletf ä dnstmimhe.

Dndldmnhe leg m vfrsìe 8.= he PRG) m mssdnmturm hf ug pmletf ä vfrdcdlmhm mutegmtdlmgfntf me dnstmimr

eu mtumidzmr ug pmletf. \f m vfrdcdlmêìe hm mssdnmturm cmikmr) ä mprfsfntmhm ugm gfnsmjfg hf frre

pmrfldhm leg m sfjudntf?

frrer? S< H\M sdjnmturf? @MH) afy DH 2<60;32c

\f m mssdnmturm ä nevm) segfntf leg lm`fêmike) mpmrflf ugm gfnsmjfg hf frre pmrfldhm leg m sfjudntf?

frrer? Kfmhfr S< H\M sdjnmturf? @MH) afy DH 2<60;32c

\f velï nìe tfg m lkmvf mpreprdmhm dnstmimhm pmrm vfrdcdlmr m mssdnmturm) m gfnsmjfg lentäg m pmimvrm

NEAFT ) tmi lege?wmrndnj? S< H\M sdjnmturf? NEAFT) afy DH 2<60;32c

Rmletf Oí Dnstmimhe?

\f e pmletf hm gfsgm vfrsìe oí fstí dnstmimhe) e sfjudntf ä mprfsfntmhe?

Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

pmlamjf cee-=.2-= ds mirfmhy dnstmiifh

\f velï hfsfom dnstmimr e pmletf hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm f m gfsgm vfrsìe oí fstí dnstmimhm) velï pehf usmr m

epêìe --rfpimlfpajs) quf pfhf me PRG pmrm djnermr e frre?

rpg -dvk --rfpimlfpajs cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Fstm epêìe ä ÿtdi sf es mrqudves dnstmimhes pfie PRG cermg mpmjmhes eu sf velï hfsfom dnstmimr es

mrqudves erdjdnmds hf lencdjurmêìe pfie PRG.

Mrqudves Lencidtmntfs?

\f velï tfntmr dnstmimr ug pmletf quf lentäg ug mrqudve quf ced dnstmimhe per eutre pmletf eu per ugm

vfrsìe gmds mntdjm he gfsge pmletf) mpmrflf e sfjudntf?

Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

cdif %usr%`dn%cee creg dnstmii ec cee-=.2-= lencidlts wdtk cdif creg pmlamjf `mr-0.2.02

;0



Rmrm cmzfr leg quf e PRG djnerf fstf frre) usf m epêìe --rfpimlfcdifs?

rpg -dvk --rfpimlfcdifs cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Hfpfnhïnldm Nìe-rfseivdhm?

Es pmletfs PRG pehfg "hfpfnhfr" hf eutres pmletfs) e quf sdjndcdlm quf fifs rfqufrfg m dnstmimêìe hf

eutres pmletfs pmrm rehmrfg mpreprdmhmgfntf. \f velï tfntmr dnstmimr ug pmletf quf tfg ugm

hfpfnhïnldm nìe-rfseivdhm) mpmrflf ug eutput sdgdimr me sfjudntf?

Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

frrer? Cmdifh hfpfnhfnldfs?

`mr.se.0 ds nffhfh `y cee-=.2-=

\ujjfstfh rfseiutdens?

`mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

\f velï dnstmimr ug pmletf pfies LHs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux) jfrmigfntf sujfrf-sf quf rfseivm m

hfpfnhïnldm he+s$ pmletf+s$. Fnlentrf fstf pmletf nes LHs he Pfh Kmt Fntfrprdsf Idnux eu pfie sdtf +eu

fspfike$ CXR hm Pfh Kmt f mhdldenf-e me legmnhe?

rpg -dvk cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg `mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

\f m dnstmimêìe hes heds pmletfs cer `fg-sulfhdhm) mpmrflf ug eutput sdgdimr me sfjudntf?

Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

=?cee ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q 62&W

0?`mr ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

\f nìe sujfrf ug pmletf pmrm rfseivfr m hfpfnhïnldm) velï pehf tfntmr m epêìe --rfhkmtprevdhfs

pmrm hftfrgdnmr qumi pmletf lentäg e mrqudve nflfssírde. Selï prfldsm tfr e pmletf rpgh`-rfhkmt

dnstmimhe pmrm usmr fstms epêöfs.

rpg -q --rfhkmtprevdhfs `mr.se.0

\f e pmletf quf lentäg e `mr.se.0 fstí ne `mnle hf hmhes dnstmimhe pfie pmletf rpgh`-rfhkmt) e

negf he pmletf ä mprfsfntmhe?

`mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

Rmrm cerêmr m dnstmimêìe hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm +ugm gí dhädm oí quf e pmletf prevmvfigfntf nìe rehmrí

lerrftmgfntf$) usf m epêìe --nehfps.

;<



Hfsdnstmimnhe?

Hfsdnstmimr ug pmletf ä tìe sdgpifs qumnte dnstmimr ug. Hdjdtf e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes?

rpg -f cee

Netm

Netf quf usmges e negf he pmletf cee f nìe e negf he mrqudve he pmletf erdjdnmi cee-

=.2-=.d<;3.rpg . Rmrm hfsdnstmimr ug pmletf) su`stdtum cee pfie negf vfrhmhfdre he

pmletf erdjdnmi.

Selï pehf fnlentrmr ug frre hf hfpfnhïnldm me hfsdnstmimr ug pmletf) lmse ug eutre pmletf dnstmimhe

hfpfnhm hmqufif quf tfntm rfgevfr. Rer fxfgpie?

Rrfpmrdnj... ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, Q=22&W

frrer? rfgevdnj tkfsf pmlamjfs weuih `rfma hfpfnhfnldfs?

cee ds nffhfh `y `mr-0.2.02-<.d<;3.rpg

Rmrm cmzfr leg quf e PRG djnerf fstf frre f hfsdnstmif e pmletf hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm +e quf tmg` äg ä

ugm gí dhädm oí quf e pmletf quf hfpfnhf hfstf prevmvfigfntf nìe cunldenmrí lerrftmgfntf$) usf m

epêìe --nehfps.

Mtumidzmnhe +Vphmtf$?

Mtumidzmr ug pmletf ä sdgdimr m dnstmimr ug. Hdjdtf e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes?

rpg -Vvk cee-0.2-=.d<;3.rpg

E quf velï nìe vï mldgm ä quf e PRG mutegmtdlmgfntf hfsdnstmieu tehms ms vfrsöfs mntdjms he pmletf

cee. \f qudsfr) velï pehf sfgprf usmr -V pmrm dnstmimr pmletfs) oí quf cunldenm gfsge qumnhe nìe kí

vfrsöfs mntfrderfs he pmletf dnstmimhe.

Lege e PRG fxflutm m mtumidzmêìe dntfidjfntf hf pmletfs leg mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe) velï tmivfzvfom ugm gfnsmjfg lege fstm?

smvdnj %ftl%cee.lenc ms %ftl%cee.lenc.rpgsmvf

;8



Fstm gfnsmjfg sdjndcdlm quf sums mitfrmêöfs me mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe tmivfz nìe sfomg

"legpmtç vfds"leg e neve mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe ne pmletf) pertmnte e PRG smiveu e mrqudve erdjdnmi

f dnstmieu ug neve. Selï hfvf vfrdcdlmr ms hdcfrfnêms fntrf es heds mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe f rfseivï-

ims e qumnte mntfs pmrm jmrmntdr e `eg cunldenmgfnte he sfu sdstfgm.

Nm rfmidhmhf) mtumidzmr ä ugm leg`dnmêìe fntrf dnstmimr f hfsdnstmimr) pertmnte) hurmntf ugm mtumidzmêìe

he PRG) velï pehf fnlentrmr frres hf dnstmimêìe f hfsdnstmimêìe. \f e PRG mlkm quf velï fstí tfntmnhe

mtumidzmr pmrm ug pmletf leg ugm vfrsìegmds mntdjm) e eutput ä sdgdimr me sfjudntf?

pmlamjf cee-0.2-= +wkdlk ds nfwfr tkmn cee-=.2-=$ ds mirfmhy dnstmiifh

Rmrm cmzfr leg quf e PRG "mtumidzf" hf qumiqufr gmnfdrm) usf m epêìe --eihpmlamjf?

rpg -Vvk --eihpmlamjf cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Pflmrrfjmnhe +Crfskfn$?

Pflmrrfjmr ug pmletf ä sdgdimr m mtumidzmr ug. Hdjdtf e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes?

rpg -Cvk cee-=.0-=.d<;3.rpg

M epêìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte +crfskfn$ he PRG vfrdcdlm ms vfrsöfs hes pmletfs fspfldcdlmhes nm idnkm hf

legmnhe leg ms vfrsöfs hes pmletfs quf oí cermg dnstmimhes ne sfu sdstfgm. ]umnhe ugm vfrsìe gmds

rflfntf hf ug pmletf oí dnstmimhe ä prelfssmhm pfim epêìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte he PRG) ä mtumidzmhm pmrm

m vfrsìe gmds nevm. Fntrftmnte) m epêìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte he PRG nìe dnstmim ug pmletf sf nìe keuvfrug eutre prfvdmgfntf dnstmimhe leg e gfsge negf. Dste hdcfrf hm epêìe hf mtumidzmêìe he PRG) oí quf

m mtumidzmêìe dnstmim es pmletfs) dnhfpfnhfntf he cmte hf kmvfr ugm vfrsìe gmds mntdjm he pmletf eu nìe.

M epêìe hf rflmrrfjmgfnte he PRG pmrm pmletfs sdgpifs eu ug jrupe hf pmletfs. \f velï cfz e

hewniemh hf ug jrmnhf nÿgfre hf pmletfs hdcfrfntfs f sü hfsfom mtumidzmr es pmletfs quf oí fstìe

dnstmimhes ne sdstfgm) e rflmrrfjmgfnte ä m gfiker epêìe. \f usmr e rflmrrfjmgfnte) nìe ä nflfssírde

mpmjmr pmletfs nìe qudstes he jrupe `mdxmhe +hewniemh$ mntfs hf usmr e PRG.

Nfstf lmse) dnvequf e sfjudntf legmnhe?

rpg -Cvk /.rpg

E PRG mtumidzm mutegmtdlmgfntf segfntf mqufifs pmletfs quf oí fstìe dnstmimhes.

;6



@uslm +]ufry$?

Vsf e legmnhe rpg -q pmrm fcftumr ùslms ne `mnle hf hmhes hf pmletfs dnstmimhes. E legmnhe rpg

-q cee fxd`f e negf) vfrsìe f su`-vfrsìe he pmletf dnstmimhe cee?cee-0.2-=

Netm

Netf quf usmges negf he pmletf cee. Rmrm ùslmr ug pmletf) ä nflfssírde su`stdtudr cee pfie

negf vfrhmhfdre he pmletf.

Me dnväs hf fspfldcdlmr e negf he pmletf) velï pehf usmr ms sfjudntfs epêöfs leg -q pmrm fspfldcdlmr

e+s$ pmletf+s$ quf hfsfom ùslmr. Fstms sìe lkmgmhms Epêöfs hf Fspfldcdlmêìe hf Rmletfs.

• -m ùslm fg tehes es pmletfs mtumigfntf dnstmimhes.

• -c 9cdif> ùslm pfie pmletf quf hftäg e 9cdif>. Me fspfldcdlmr ug mrqudve) ä nflfssírde

dnhdlmr m ielmidhmhf legpiftm he gfsge +fx.? %usr%`dn%is$.

• -p 9pmlamjfcdif> ùslm pfie pmletf 9pmlamjfcdif>.

Kí hdvfrsms gmnfdrms hf fspfldcdlmr qumds dncergmêöfs hfvfg sfr mprfsfntmhms se`rf es pmletfs

fnlentrmhes. Ms epêöfs m sfjudr sìe usmhms pmrm sfifldenmr e tdpe hf dncergmêìe pfim qumi velï prelurm.

Fstms sìe lkmgmhms hf Epêöfs hf \fifêìe hms Dncergmêöfs.

• -d mprfsfntm ms dncergmêöfs he pmletf dnliudnhe negf) hfslrdêìe) vfrsìe) tmgmnke) hmtm hf

lrdmêìe) hmtm hf dnstmimêìe) cm`rdlmntf f eutrms dncergmêöfs hdvfrsms.

• -i mprfsfntm m idstm hes mrqudves lentdhes ne pmletf.

• -s mprfsfntm e fstmhe hf tehes es mrqudves he pmletf.

• -h mprfsfntm ugm idstm hes mrqudves gmrlmhes lege helugfntmêìe +píjdnms gmn) píjdnms dnce)

PFMHGFs) ftl.$.

• -l mprfsfntm ugm idstm hes mrqudves gmrlmhes lege mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe. Fstfs sìe es

mrqudves quf velï mitfrm mpüs m dnstmimêìe pmrm lencdjurmr e pmletf me sfu sdstfgm +fx.?

sfnhgmdi.lc ) pmsswh ) dndttm`) ftl.$.

Rmrm ms epêöfs quf mprfsfntmg idstms hf mrqudves) velï pehf mhdldenmr -v me legmnhe pmrm mprfsfntmr

ms idstms nug cergmte is -i cmgdidmr.

;3



Sfrdcdlmnhe?

Sfrdcdlmr ug pmletf legpmrm ms dncergmêöfs se`rf es mrqudves dnstmimhes hf ug pmletf âs gfsgms

dncergmêöfs he pmletf erdjdnmi. Hfntrf eutrms ledsms) m vfrdcdlmêìe legpmrm e tmgmnke) segm GH6)

pfrgdssöfs) tdpe) preprdftírde +ewnfr$ f e jrupe hf lmhm mrqudve.

E legmnhe rpg -S vfrdcdlm ug pmletf. Selï pehf usmr qumiqufr ugm hms Epêöfs hf \fifêì e hf

Rmletfs idstmhms pmrm m prelurm) pmrm fspfldcdlmr es pmletfs quf hfsfom vfrdcdlmr. Vg use sdgpifs hm

vfrdcdlmêìe ä rpg -S cee) quf vfrdcdlm sf tehes es mrqudves he pmletf cee fstìe lege fstmvmg qumnhe

cermg erdjdnmigfntf dnstmimhes. Rer fxfgpie?

• Rmrm vfrdcdlmr ug pmletf lentfnhe ug hftfrgdnmhe mrqudve?

rpg -Sc %`dn%vd

• Rmrm vfrdcdlmr XEHE\ es pmletfs dnstmimhes?

rpg -Sm

• Rmrm vfrdcdlmr ug pmletf dnstmimhe se`rf ug mrqudve he pmletf PRG?

rpg -Sp cee-=.2-=.d<;3.rpg

Fstf legmnhe pehf sfr ÿtdi sf velï suspfdtmr quf sfus `mnles hf hmhes PRG fstfomg

lerregpdhes.

\f tuhe cer vfrdcdlmhe mpreprdmhmgfntf) nìe kmvfrí eutput. \f keuvfr hdslrfpànldms) fstms sfrìe

mprfsfntmhms. E cergmte he eutput ä ug lenounte hf edte lmrmltfrfs +ug l hfnetm ug mrqudve hf

lencdjurmêìe$ f fntìe e negf he mrqudve. Lmhm ug hes edte lmrmltfrfs hfnetm e rfsuitmhe hf ugm

legpmrmêìe hf ug mtrd`ute he mrqudve me vmier hfstf gfsge mtrd`ute rfjdstrmhe ne `mnle hf hmhes PRG.

Vg ÿndle . +pente$ sdjndcdlm quf e tfstf ced mprevmhe. Es sfjudntfs lmrmltfrfs hfnetmg m cmikm hf

hftfrgdnmhes tfstfs?

• 6 ‘ vfrdcdlmêìe hf lensdstïnldm GH6

• \ ‘ tmgmnke he mrqudve +sdzf$

• I ‘ idjmêìe sdg`üidlm

• X ‘ kerm hm gehdcdlmêìe he mrqudve +tdgf$

• H ‘ hdspesdtdve

• V ‘ usuírde

;:



• J ‘ jrupe

• G ‘ gehe +dnliud pfrgdssöfs f tdpe he mrqudve$

• 5 ‘ mrqudve difjç vfi

Dgpertmnhe Lkmvfs?

Rmrm vfrdcdlmr es pmletfs hm Pfh Kmt) velï hfvf dgpertmr m lkmvf JRJ hm Pfh Kmt. Rmrm cmzï-ie) fxflutf

e sfjudntf fg ugm omnfim hf legmnhes?

rpg --dgpert %usr%skmrf%rkn%PRG-JRJ-AFT

Rmrm fxd`dr ugm idstm hf tehms ms lkmvfs dnstmimhms pmrm m vfrdcdlmêìe he PRG) fxflutf e legmnhe?

rpg -qm jpj-puàfy/

Rmrm m lkmvf hm Pfh Kmt) e eutput dnliud?

jpj-puàfy-h`80m32f-<:fm68<;

Rmrm fxd`dr hftmikfs se`rf ugm lkmvf fspflç cdlm) usf rpg -qd sfjudhe pfie eutput he legmnhe

mntfrder?

rpg -qd jpj-puàfy-h`80m32f-<:fm68<;

Sfrdcdlmnhe m Mssdnmturm hf Rmletfs?

Rmrm vfrdcdlmr m mssdnmturm JnuRJ hf ug mrqudve PRG mpüs dgpertmr m lkmvf JnuRJ he lrdmher) usf e

sfjudntf legmnhe +su`stdtum 9rpg-cdif> pfie negf he mrqudve he pmletf PRG$?

rpg -A 9rpg-cdif>

\f tuhe lerrfr `fg) ä fxd`dhm m sfjudntf gfnsmjfg? gh6 jpj EA. Dste sdjndcdlm quf m mssdnmturm he

pmletf ced vfrdcdlmhm f nìe fstí lerregpdhm.

;;



Mutfntdlmêìe RMG?

Riujjmìf Mutkfntdlmtden Gehuifs ä ug sdstfgm hf mutfntdlmêìe f muterdzmêìe gehuimr) mpidlmêöfs

pehfg legpmrtdikmr hf ug sdstfgm ÿndle lfntrmidzmhe hf mutfntdlmêìe f vmidhmêìe hf lentms ne sdstfgm

enhf e mpidlmtdve legpmtç vfi leg m RMG lkmgm ms `dìdetflms +gühuies$ RMG f mpüs lerrfr tehes es

rfqudsdtes lencdjurmhes rfternm ug lühdje hf smç hm hf sulfsse eu cmikm pmrm e mpidlmtdve. Vtdidzmnhe m

RMG e gflmndsge hf mutfntdlmêìe ä ÿndle pmrm hdvfrsms mpidlmêöfs mssdg lfntrmidzmnhe f cmldidtmnhe m

vfrdcdlmêìe hf qumiqufr preìfgm pessç vfi.

Lege e sdstfgm hf mutfntdlmêìe hm RMG ä gehuimr ä pessç vfi mhdldenmr neves gühuies f rfgevfr

gühuies mntdjes) mssdg mhdldenmnhe cunldenmidhmhfs pmrm supertmr vírdes gätehes hf mutfntdlmêìe.

Vg fxfgpie liíssdle hf mpidlmtdve quf lenvfrsm leg m RMG ä e iejdn luom prdnldpmi cunêìe ä cmzfr m

mutfntdlmêìe hf usuírdes pmhrìe ne VND[. E prejrmgm iejdn ä idnamhe nm id`pmg.se) dste sdjndcdlm quf eiejdn ä legpmtç vfi leg mutfntdlmêìe RMG. Mpüs e prejrmgm iejdn leiftmr tehes es hmhes rfifvmntfs

lege pmsswerh f eutrms dncergmêöfs) fif cmz m lenvfrsmêìe leg m RMG quf per sum vfz utdidzm m

lencdjurmêìe hes lenountes hf gühuies lencdjurmhm pmrm mqufim mpidlmêìe pmrm rfternmr ug vmier hf

sulfsse eu cmikm. Ä dgpertmntf ifg`rmr quf m RMG nìe cmz dhädm sf fssm mutfntdlmêìe vïg hf ug lenseif

tfxte eu jrícdle eu mtä sf ä ielmi eu vdm rfhf) m rfspensm`didhmhf hm omnfim hf legundlmêìe ä hm mpidlmêìe.

Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG?

Es gühuies hm RMG quf cmzfg ms vfrdcdlmêöfs fstìe dnstmimhes ne hdrftürde %id`%sflurdty. Mijuns

gühuies hfpfnhfg hf lencdjurmêöfs pmrtdluimrfs fspfldmds pmrm fcftumr sums vfrdcdlmêöfs f cdnmidhmhfs) m

ielmidzmêìe hfssfs mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe pehfg vmrdmr hf gühuie pmrm gühuie. Mijuns usmg e

trmhdldenmi) per fxfgpie) %ftl%neiejdn eutres pehfg smivmr sfus mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe ne hdrftürde

%ftl%sflurdtty.

Ne hdrftürde %ftl%pmg.h äenhf ielmidzmg-sf es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe pmrm lmhm mpidlmêìe. Jfrmigfntfe negf he mrqudve lerrfspenhf me negf hm mpidlmêìe. Fssfs mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fspfldcdlmg qumds

es gühuies quf sfrìe utdidzmhes f sfus pmràgftres.

;4



Fxdstfg 6 lmtfjerdms prdgírdms hf jfrfnldmgfnte) sìe fims?

◅ Mutk +Mutfntdlmêìe he usuírde$

◅ Mlleunt +Sfrdcdlmêìe sf m lentm fstí ’smuhívfi‗) sf nìe fstí hfsm`didtmhm per fxfgpie$

◅ Rmsswerh +Sfrdcdlmêìe f mtumidzmêìe hf sfnkms$

◅ \fssden +Jfrfnldm m sfssìe mpidlmnhe rfstrdêöfs ne iejdn eu iejeut$

◅ Dnliuhf +Lkmgm eutre mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe$

Lmhm ugm hfssms ldnle lmtfjerdms ä tetmigfntf dnhfpfnhfntf. Es gühuies nìe supertmg tehms ms

lmtfjerdms) m mpidlmêìe drí lkmgmr lmhm gühuie rfspfltdve pmrm sum lmtfjerdm per vfz.

Fxdstf ug lenounte hf lentreifs quf hftfrgdnmg lege lmhm gühuie vmd dntfrcfrdr ne rfsuitmhe cdnmi hm

epfrmêìe. M erhfg hes gühuies lkflmhes) f lege fssm vfrdcdlmêìe drí prelfhfr ä hftfrgdnmhm ne

mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe hf lmhm mpidlmêìe) gudtes gühuies pessufg pmràgftres fspfldmds quf

dnciufnldmg nes tfstfs. Es lentreifs prdgírdes sìe?

◅ PfqudrfhM vfrdcdlmêìe hfvfrí pmssmr nfstf dtfg pmrm e rfsuitmhe cdnmi sfr pesdtdve) qumnhe fstf dtfg cmikm m

vfrdcdlmêìe ä lentdnumhm mtä e cdg) peräg e rfsuitmhe cdnmi oífstm legpregftdhe.

◅ \uccdldfnt

\f ms lkflmjfns hf tehes es dtfns mntfrderfs rfqudrfh cerfg pesdtdvms) `mstm mpfnms m lkflmjfg

hf ug ÿndle dtfg succdldfnt pmrm vfrdcdlmêìe rfternmr pesdtdvm.

◅ Eptdenmi

\f m vfrdcdlmêìe pmssmr eu cmikmr mqud) fssf rfsuitmhe nìe dnciufnldmrm.

◅ Pfqudsdtf

\f m vfrdcdlmêìe cmikmr mqud e rfsuitmhe cdnmi oí sfrí nfjmtdve.

42



Rrdnldpmds Gühuies hm RMG?

◅ pmgUundx

Jfrfnldm m mutfntdlmêìe pmhrìe he Idnux mtrmväs hms lkmgmhms hm id`l. Fstf ä e gühuie lfntrmi

hm RMG.

◅ pmgUpfrgdt) pmgUhfny

Fssfs sìe gühuies sdgpifs quf sfgprf drìe rfsuitmr fg vfrhmhfdre eu cmise.

◅ pmgUstmla

Fstf gühuie lkmgm eutre mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe hf mpidlmtdve) e rfterne hms vfrdcdlmêöfs nfstf

mrqudve sfrìe e rfsuitmhe cdnmi he pmgUstmla fg vfrhmhfdre eu cmise.

◅ pmgUlrmlaid`

Fstf gühuie ä lkmgmhe qumnhe e usuírde trelm sum sfnkm) vírdms vfrdcdlmêöfs sìe cfdtms ne

pmsswerh lege m qumntdhmhf gç ndgm hf lmrmltfrfs) vfrdcdlmêìe fg hdldenírdes f ftl...

◅ pmgUfnv

Lencdjurm vmrdívfds hf mg`dfntf) sfu mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe ä %ftl%sflurdty%pmgUfnv.lenc .

◅ pmgUsflurftty

Rfrgdtf mutfntdlmêìe hf usuírdes eu he reet segfntf pfims XXTs idstmhms fg %ftl%sflurftty.

◅ pmgUreetea

Pfternm vfrhmhfdre sf e usuírde cer reet

◅ pmgUlenseif

Pfternm vfrhmhfdre sf m mutfntdlmêìe vfde hf ug lenseif

\f mijug mpidlmtdve legpmtç vfi leg m RMG pfhdr mutfntdlmêìe f nìe cer fnlentrmhe sfu mrqudve hf

lencdjurmêìe) m RMG sfgprf utdidzm ug mrqudve pmhrìe pmrm fssm sdtumêìe ielmidzmhe fg

%ftl%pmg.h%etkfr . M lencdjurmêìe hfcmuit he %ftl%pmg.h%etkfr ä rfstrdtdvm cmzfnhe e use hm pmgUhfny.se.

4=



Mnmidzmnhe m Lencdjurmêìe hm RMG?

Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf lencdjurmêìe hm RMG) drfges mnmidsmr segfntf e lentreif hf mutfntdlmêìe

+mutk$ ?

QreetBvd`f ~W, lmt %ftl%pmg.h%iejdn

,&RMG-=.2

mutk QusfrUunanewn7djnerf sullfss7ea djnerf7djnerf hfcmuit7`mhW pmgUsflurftty.se

mutk dnliuhf systfg-mutk

mlleunt rfqudrfh pmgUneiejdn.se

mlleunt dnliuhf systfg-mutk

pmsswerh dnliuhf systfg-mutk

, pmgUsfidnux.se liesf skeuih `f tkf cdrst sfssden ruif

sfssden rfqudrfh pmgUsfidnux.se liesf

sfssden dnliuhf systfg-mutk

sfssden rfqudrfh pmgUiejdnudh.se

sfssden eptdenmi pmgUlenseif.se

, pmgUsfidnux.se epfn skeuih eniy `f ceiiewfh `y sfssdens te `f fxflutfh dn tkf usfr lentfxt

sfssden rfqudrfh pmgUsfidnux.se epfn

sfssden eptdenmi pmgUafydndt.se cerlf rfveaf

Fstm ä m lencdjurmêìe hm RMG he mpidlmtdve iejdn. Sfom quf kí ug dnliuhf nm sfssìe hf mutk quf lkmgm

ug eutre mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe lkmgmhe systfg-mutk. Sfom nm prüxdgm píjdnm m lencdjurmêìe hesystfg-mutk. M prdgfdrm idnkm hm sfssìe mutk mpfnms hfcdnf vmierfs m sfrfg utdidzmhes.

QreetBvd`f %ftl%pmg.hW, lmt systfg-mutk

,&RMG-=.2

, Xkds cdif ds mute-jfnfrmtfh.

, Vsfr lkmnjfs wdii `f hfstreyfh tkf nfxt tdgf mutklencdj ds run.

mutk rfqudrfh pmgUfnv.se

mutk succdldfnt pmgUundx.se nuiiea tryUcdrstUpmss

mutk rfqudsdtf pmgUsullffhUdc.se udh >7 622 qudftmutk rfqudrfh pmgUhfny.se

mlleunt rfqudrfh pmgUundx.se

mlleunt succdldfnt pmgUsullffhUdc.se udh 9 622 qudft

mlleunt rfqudrfh pmgUpfrgdt.se

40



pmsswerh rfqudsdtf pmgUlrmlaid`.se tryUcdrstUpmss rftry7<

pmsswerh succdldfnt pmgUundx.se gh6 skmhew nuiiea tryUcdrstUpmss usfUmutktea

pmsswerh rfqudrfh pmgUhfny.se

sfssden eptdenmi pmgUafydndt.se rfveafsfssden rfqudrfh pmgUidgdts.se

sfssden Qsullfss7= hfcmuit7djnerfW pmgUsullffhUdc.se sfrvdlf dn lrenh qudft usfUudh

sfssden rfqudrfh pmgUundx.se

Nm prdgfdrm idnkm fnlentrmges m pmgUfnv.se) sfu mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe fstí ielmidzmhe fg

%ftl%sflurdty%pmgUfnv.se. M cunêìe he gühuie pmgUfnv.se ä mpfnms lencdjurmr vmrdívfds hf mg`dfntf)

nfnkug tfstf ä rfmidzmhe mqud.

Nm sfjunhm idnkm quf mlentflf m mutfntdlmêìe fg sd mtrmväs he gühuie pmgUundx.se. E pmràgftre nuiiea

dnhdlm quf ä pfrgdtdhe pmsswerhs nuies +vmzde$.

Nm tfrlfdrm idnkm tfges e gühuie pmgUsullffhUdc.se) sum cunêìe ä rfternmr pesdtdve sf m fxprfssìe cer

vfrhmhfdrm) e pmràgftre ’udh 9 622 qudft‗ dnhdlm quf nìe sfrí prfldse rfjdstrmr cmikm eu sulfsse ne

sysiej pmrm usuírdes leg VDH gmder quf 622. E e`oftdve mqud ä rfjdstrmr iejs ne %vmr%iej%sflurf hf

tfntmtdvms crustrmhms hf iejdn he usuírde reet per fxfgpie.

Nm qumrtm idnkm tfges e pmgUhfny.se quf sfgprf rfternm cmise. Fg rfsuge cdnmi) sf e pmgUundx.se nìe

mutfntdlm) ä cfdte e rfjdstre nes iejs he sdstfgm pmrm usuírdes leg VDH dncfrder m 622 f ieje mpüs ä

rfternmhe m mpidlmêìe e stmtus hf cmikm nm mutfntdlmêìe.

4<



N\\?

Nm mutfntdlmêìe trmhdldenmi he VND[) es mpidlmtdves cmzfg use hm cunêìe jftpwnmg+$ hm ID@L pmrm

mutfntdlmêìe hf usuírdes. Fssm cunêìe erdjdnmigfntf ced prejrmgmhm pmrm mlfssmr segfntf es rfpesdtürdes

hf mrqudves ielmds lege e %ftl%pmsswh %ftl%skmhew %ftl%kests f mssdg per hdmntf. Leg m lkfjmhm hf

neves sfrvdêes tmds lege HN\ f ND\) ugm rffslrdtm hm cunêìe jftpwnmg+$ ced rfmidzmhm. Pffslrfvfr mcunêìe ced nflfssírde pmrm lmhm neve tdpe hf sfrvdêe eu rfpesdtürde quf surjdssf.

Rmrm lenternmr fssm sdtumêìe ced lrdmhe e Nmgf \frvdlf \wdtlk) quf ternm gehuimr e gflmndsge hf

mlfsse m eutres sfrvdêes eu rfpesdtürdes hf lentms. Leg e N\\ nìe ä gmds nflfssírde rffslrfvfr m ID@L f

neves sfrvdêes pehfg sfr supertmhes mpfnms cernflfnhe e gühuie nflfssírde me N\\ fg

%id`%id`nssUsfrvdlf.se. Rmrm ms mpidlmêöfs e N\\ ä trmnspmrfntf f ms mutfntdlmêöfs lentdnumg sfnhe

rfmidzmhms hm cergm trmhdldenmi.

M erhfg hf prelurm hes sfrvdêes vfrdcdlmhes pfie N\\ ä lencdjurmhm ne mrqudve %ftl%nsswdtlk.lenc. Eprdgfdre dtfg per idnkm ä e negf hm `msf hf hmhes hf negfs lensuitmhm pfim ID@L) sìe fifs?

midmsfs)ftkfrs)jreup)kests)nftjreup)nftweras)pmsswh)preteleis)rpl)sfrvdlfs)skmhew . \fjudhe hm `msf hf

hmhes vfg m idstm hes sfrvdêes fg erhfg quf sfrìe lkflmhes pmrm `uslmr ms dncergmêöfs. Rmrm lensuitmr

ugm `msf hf hmhes usf? jftfnt pmsswh. Sfom e fxfgpie hm sfjudntf lencdjurmêìe? pmsswh? cdifs ihmp nds

Ne fxfgpie mldgm fstm lencdjurmhe quf e rfpesdtürde hf usuírdes m sfr vfrdcdlmhe fg prdgfdre iujmr ä e

cdifs eu sfom) %ftl%pmsswh ) lmse e usuírde nìe sfom fnlentrmhe mdnhm ä prelurmhe fg ugm `msf ihmp f

gfsge mssdg sf mdnhm nìe cer fnlentrmhe) ä prelurmhe fg ugm `msf ND\ . E`vdmgfntf es sfrvdêes IHMR

f ND\ hfvfg fstmr lerrftmgfntf lencdjurmhes f epfrmnhe pmrm quf dsse sfom rfmidzmhe.

Mpfnms 8 rfsuitmhes sìe pessç vfds hf sfr rfternmhes qumnhe e N\\ vfrdcdlm ug sfrvdêe eu rfpesdtürde)

sìe fifs?

◅ \VLLF\\

\frvdêe hdspenç vfi) negf fnlentrmhe.

◅ NEXCEVNH

\frvdêe hdspenç vfi) negf nìe fnlentrmhe.

◅ VNMSMDI

\frvdêe nìe hdspenç vfi.

◅ XPTMJMDN

Frre tfgperírde ne sfrvdêe.

E N\\ drí rfternmr ne prdgfdre ’\VLLF\\‗) lmse lentrmrde eutrms `msfs lencdjurmhms sfrìe vfrdcdlmhms.

48



Lencdjurmnhe Mutfntdlmêìe IHMR?

Drfges vfr mpfnms m pmrtf hf lencdjurmêìe quf pfrgdtf quf sfu sfrvdher mutfntdquf-sf fg ug sfrvdêe hf

hdrftürde `msfmhe ne preteleie [622 oí fxdstfntf. Ä nflfssírde dnstmimr es pmletfs nss-ihmp f epfnihmp

quf prevfg tmnte m pmrtf lidfntf lege es sfrvdherfs f `dìdetflms pmrm trm`mikmr leg e IHMR.

M lencdjurmêìe hf ug sfrvdher IHMR) enhf simph ä e sfrvdher stmnhmienf pmrm sfrvdr rfqudsdêöfs IHMR

f siurph ä e sfrvdher stmnhmienf rfspensívfi pfims rfpidlmêöfs f sdnlrendzmêöfs he sfrvdêe hf hdrftürde)

nìe sfrìe mèrhmhms nfstf lmpç tuie.

Fg jfrmi qumnhe e sfrvdêe hf hdrftürde IHMR ä usmhe pmrm mutfntdlmêìe e gmder `fnfcdlde jmrmntdhe ä m

mutfntdlmêìe lfntrmidzmhm) tehms ms lentms cdlmg mrgmzfnmhms fg ug ÿndle rfpesdtürde lfntrmi f hdvfrses

sfrvdherfs f sfrvdêes ùslmg mutfntdlmêìe mpfnms nfif. Cmldigfntf pehfges rfpidlmr ms dncergmêöfs

hfssf rfpesdtürde lrdmnhe `mlaups mitmgfntf lensdstfntfs. Rehfges hfstmlmr tmg`äg quf ä pessç vfi

fstfnhfr es mtrdùtes hf ugm ÿndlm lentm pmrm supertmr vírdes tdpes hf sfrvdêes) hfstm cergm nug ÿndle

rfjdstre ä pessç vfi supertmr mutfntdlmêöfs hf sfrvdêes hdstdntes) per fxfgpie) VND[ f \MG@M.

Rehfg sfr mrgmzfnmhms ne sfrvdêe hf hdrftürde qumiqufr tdpe hf dncergmêìe) e IHMR ä ugm fspäldf hf

`mnle hf hmhes pmrm dncergmêöfs rfimtdvmgfntf pfqufnms) eu sfom) dncergmêöfs ifvfs sìe erjmndzmhms

kdfrmrqudlmgfntf) jfrmigfntf sìe strdnjs hf lmrmltfrfs quf sìe rmpdhmgfntf trmnscfrdhes pfim rfhf. Xehms

dncergmêöfs hes mrqudves % ftl%pmsswh %ftl%skmhew %ftl%jreup %ftl%kests) tm`fims hf HN\ sìe fxfgpiestç pdles hf hmhes fnlentrmhes ne sfrvdêe hf hdrftürde.

Vg lenounte hf mrqudves hfvfg sfr gehdcdlmhes pmrm lencdjurmr sfu sfrvdher lege ug lidfntf ihmp pmrm

mutfntdlmêìe. M cergm gmds c íldi hf cmzfr dsse ä utdidzmnhe m cfrrmgfntm systfg-lencdj-mutkfntdlmtden)

hdspenç vfi pmrm dntfrcmlf jrícdlm. Ä dgpertmntf tmg`äg usmr lrdptejrmcdm XI\) lmse lentrmrde ms sfnkms

sfrìe trmnsgdtdhms fg tfxte pure pfim rfhf pmrm lmhm mutfntdlmêìe. Rmrm lenseif tfxte fstm hdspenç vfi m

cfrrmgfntm mutklencdj-tud quf tfg m gfsgm cdnmidhmhf. Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf e sfu sfrvdher IHMR pessud

supertf m XI\ f fcftuf e hewniemh he lfrtdcdlmhe) ä nflfssírde tmg`äg lenkflfr e fnhfrfêe he sfrvdher

f e `msf HN rfcfrfntf me rfpesdtürde hf usuírdes) pmrm dsse lentmtf e mhgdndstrmher hf sum rfhf.

Es mrqudves %ftl%ihmp.lenc %ftl%epfnihmp%ihmp.lenc %ftl%nsswdtlk.lenc %ftl%pmg.h%systfg-mutk sfrìe

gehdcdlmhes fg erhfg m supertmr mutfntdlmêìe IHMR.

46



Jfrfnldmnhe ms dntfrcmlfs hf Pfhf?

E jfrfnldmgfnte hms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf ä rfmidzmhe pfies legmnhes dcup f dchewn quf dndldmg f pmrmg ms

dntfrcmlfs. Rmrm lmhm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf) fxdstf ug mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe fspflç cdle) hdvfrsms epêöfs hf

lencdjurmêìe fstìe hdspenç vfds) ms prdnldpmds sìe? Fnhfrfêe DR) Nftgmsa) Petms) Negf hf Hdspesdtdve)

Hdspend`didhmhf Mutegítdlm eu Gmnumi ne @EEX.

Es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe hms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf fstìe ielmidzmhes fg %ftl%syslencdj%nftwera-

slrdpts%dclcj-xxx. Rehfges hdvdhdr ms lencdjurmêöfs fg < jrmnhfs jrupes?

◅ stmtdl

Lencdjurmêöfs fstítdlms gmnumds jrmvmhms ne mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe.

◅ hklp

Dnhdlm quf fstm dntfrcmlf drí ùslmr sums lencdjurmêöfs fg ug sfrvdher HKLR hdspenç vfi ne

gfsge sfjgfnte hf rfhf.◅ èetp

Dnhdlm quf fstm dntfrcmlf drí ùslmr sums lencdjurmêöfs fg ug sfrvdher @EEXR hdspenç vfi ne

gfsge sfjgfnte hf rfhf.

E mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe jie`mi pmrm tehms dntfrcmlfs ä e %ftl%syslencdj%nftwera . Ä hfcdndhe nfstf

mrqudves ms dncergmêöfs prdgírdms pmrm e cunldenmgfnte hm rfhf) sìe fims?

◅ nftweradnj

Es vmierfs pehfg sfr ’ yfs‗ eu ’ne‗. Hfcdnf `msdlmgfntf sf kí eu nìe supertf m rfhf.

◅ kestnmgf

Ä e negf legpifte hfstf sfrvdher +cqhn$.

◅ jmtfwmy

Dnhdlm m retm pmhrìe.

◅ ndshegmdn

Fspfldcdlm e negf hf hegç nde ND\. Fg jfrmi fstm epêìe nìe ä utdidzmhm.

Rmrm mhdldenmr) hfiftmr eu fhdtmr ms lencdjurmêöfs hms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf fstìe hdspenç vfds ms cfrrmgfntms

systfg-lencdj-nftwera pmrm e gehe jrícdle f lenseif tfxte. Ifg`rmnhe quf pmrm ms mitfrmêöfs tfrfg

fcfdte mpüs fxflutmr ms cfrrmgfntms hf lencdjurmêìe ä nflfssírde rf-dndldmr ms dntfrcmlfs leg e legmnhe?

sfrvdlf nftwera rfstmrt eu dchewn 9dntfrcmlf> f dcup 9dntfrcmlf>

M cfrrmgfntm nftlencdj drí fhdtmr ms lencdjurmêöfs hm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf pmhrìe) pmrm lencdjurmr eutrm

dntfrcmlf ä nflfssírde utdidzmr? nftlencdj “hfvdlf ftk=) enhf ftk= ä e negf hm dntfrcmlf hfsfomhm.

Ifg`rmnhe quf m cfrrmgfntm nftlencdj nìe ä gmds supertmhm ne PKFI6.

43



Jfrfnldmnhe es IEJs he \dstfgm?

Gfsge qumnhe e sdstfgm nìe mprfsfntm preìfgms fxpiç ldtes ä sfgprf nflfssírde dnspfldenmr es iejs he

sdstfgm. Miäg hf frres lrç tdles) sìe iejmhes tmg`äg? lencidtes hf kmrhwmrf) gí lencdjurmêìe hf

sectwmrf) mùses ne peidly hf sfjurmnêm) gfnsmjfns dncergmtdvms fxtrfgmgfntf ÿtfds pmrm tunndnj hf

pfrcergmnlf f ftl. Es iejs he sdstfgm lenlfntrmgsf fg %vmr%iej f es iejs he Afrnfi fg %prel) pmrm

mlfssmr es mrqudves hf iejs velï pehf hdrftmgfntf fxd`dr e lentfÿhe hes mrqudves leg legmnhes lege?

lmt) tmdi) kfmh) ifss f ftl...

Es hmfgens quf sìe rfspensívfds per rfpertmr es iejs he sdstfgm sìe?

◅ aiejh

Pfspensívfi per dntfrlfptmr ms gfnsmjfns hf iej he Afrnfi f hdspend`didzmr me usuírde.

◅ sysiejh

Xfg m cunêìe hf rflf`fr gfnsmjfns hf qumiqufr tdpe hf sectwmrf quf rehf ne sdstfgm) dnliusdvf

he Afrnfi f hdspend`didzmr fg cergm hf mrqudve eu vdm rfhf. Rehf tmg`äg rflf`fr iejs vdm rfhf

hf eutres sdstfgms mtumnhe leg ug sfrvdher hf iejs.

E mrqudve %ftl%sysiej.lenc ä utdidzmhe pmrm lencdjurmr e sysiejh ) ne qumi sìe fspfldcdlmhms ms rfjrms pmrmrfjdstrmr lmhm tdpe hf gfnsmjfg.

Ms rfjrms mprfsfntmg heds lmgpes) sfifêì e +sfiflter $ f hfstdne +tmrjft $) lmgpes quf sìe sfpmrmhes per

fspmêes eu tmùimêöfs. E lmgpe sfifêì e mprfsfntm hums pmrtfs) cmldidhmhf f prderdhmhf) sfpmrmhms per ug

pente) nms qumds e lmgpe sfifêì e hfsdjnm ug pmhrìe hf cmldidhmhfs f prderdhmhfs pfrtfnlfntfs m ugm

mêìe fspfldcdlmhm. E lmgpe cmldidhmhf dncergm me sysiej e tdpe hf mpidlmtdve quf erdjdneu m gfnsmjfg

+fgmdi) afrnfi) sdstfgm hf dgprfssìe) fntrf eutres$) f e lmgpe prderdhmhf m dgpertànldm hm gfnsmjfg. E

lmgpe hfstdne ä pmrm enhf ms gfnsmjfg drìe sfr fnvdmhms.

4:



Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf lencdjurmêìe he %ftl%sysiej.lenc ?

, Iej mii afrnfi gfssmjfs te tkf lenseif.

, Iejjdnj gulk fisf liuttfrs up tkf slrffn.

,afrn./ %hfv%lenseif

, Iej mnytkdnj +fxlfpt gmdi$ ec ifvfi dnce er kdjkfr.

, Hen*t iej prdvmtf mutkfntdlmtden gfssmjfs-

/.dnce1gmdi.nenf1mutkprdv.nenf1lren.nenf %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

, Xkf mutkprdv cdif kms rfstrdltfh mllfss.

mutkprdv./ %vmr%iej%sflurf

E`sfrvf ms tm`fims m`mdxe quf lentfg es vmierfs pessç vfds pmrm e %ftl%sysiej.lenc .

Mpüs fcftumr qumiqufr mitfrmêìe ne mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he sysiejh ä nflfssírde rfdndldmr) pmrm dste

utdidzf e legmnhe? adiimii -KVR sysiejh .

Cmldidhmhfs ?

afrn afrnfi

usfr nç vfi hf usuírde

gmdi su`sdstfgm hf gmdi

hmfgen hmfgens he sdstfgm

mutk sfjurmnêm f muterdzmêöfs

sysiej sysiej hmfgen

ipr su`sdstfgm hf dgprfssìe

nfws su`sdstfgm hf nfws

uulp su`sdstfgm hf uulp

/ tehms ms cmldidhmhfs

4;



Nç vfds hf prderdhmhf ?

fgfrj gfnsmjfns hf fgfrjïnldm

mifrt gfnsmjfns hf mifrtm

lrdt gfnsmjfns lrç tdlms

frr gfnsmjfns hf frre

wmrndnj lenhdêefs mnergmds) gms rflupfrívfds

netdlf gfnsmjfns dgpertmntfs

hf`uj gfnsmjfns hf hf`uj

dnce gfnsmjfns dncergmtdvms

nenf fxliud cmldidhmhf sfifldenmhm

Hfstdnes ?

%cdifnmgf lmgdnke legpifte

Bkest negf hm gíqudnm

usfr usuírde

/ tehes es usuírdes

44



Fxfgpies hf Lencdjurmêöfs he \ysiej?

/.frr1afrn.hfùj1mutk.netdlf1gmdi.lrdt %hfv%lenseif

/.netdlf1afrn.hfùj1mutk)ipr.dnce1gmdi.lrdt1nfws.frr %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

gmdi.dnce %vmr%iej%gmdiiej

ipr.dnce %vmr%iej%iphfrrs

lren./ %vmr%lren%iej

/.frr reet

/.netdlf1nfws.frr reet

/.mifrt reet

/.fgfrj /

nfws.lrdt %vmr%iej%nfws%nfws.lrdt

nfws.frr %vmr%iej%nfws%nfws.frr

nfws.netdlf %vmr%iej%nfws%nfws.netdlf

-stmrtsidp

/./ %vmr%iej%sidp.iej

Dgpertmntfs mrqudves hf Iejs he \dstfgm?

◅ %vmr%iej%hgfsj

Fstf mrqudve hf iej ä fslrdte ieje mpüs e prelfsse hf èet. Lentäg gfnsmjfns fgdtdhms he afrnfi

hurmntf e prelfsse hf èet.

◅ %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

Fstf ä e mrqudve pmhrìe hf iej quf e sysiejh utdidzm pmrm fcftumr rfjdstre hf tehes es sectwmrfs

dnstmimhes ne sdstfgm.

◅ %vmr%iej%gmdiiej

Ne gmdiiej ä lfntrmidzmhe tehes es iejs rfimtdves me sdstfgms hf gmdi dnstmimhes) lege\GXR)RER)DGMR f ftl...

◅ %vmr%iej%sflurf

Nfstf mrqudve ä lenlfntrmhe gfnsmjfns rfimldenmhms m sfjurmnêm. Mpidlmtdves lege e iejdn)

xdnfth f tlpUwrmppfrs jfrmg iejs nfstm cmldidhmhf.

=22



Gmnutfnêìe f Petmêìe hes Iejs?

Lmse nfnkugm mêìe cer tegmhm) m tfnhïnldm hf ug mrqudve hf iej ä lrfslfr dncdndtmgfntf) dste ä) mtä

elupmr =22& he cdifsystfg rfsuitmnhe ne trmvmgfnte dntfjrmi he sdstfgm. Fg jfrmi es mrqudves hf iejs

sìe `mstmntf pfqufnes) f es nç vfds hf legprfssìe milmnêmhessìe fxlfifntfs pmrm fstf tdpe hf hmhes.

Xehms hdstrd`udêöfs hf Idnux oí vïg leg e iejretmtf dnstmimhe per pmhrìe. E iejretmtf ä ugm cfrrmgfntm

hf retmêìe pmrm qumnhe es mrqudves hf iej milmnêmg ug tmgmnke prähfcdndhe eu ug pfrç ehe hf tfgpe ä

fstm`fifldhe.Ä pessç vfi fspfldcdlmr legprfssìe hf iejs mntdjes sf nflfssírde.

E iejretmtf ä fxflutmhe hdmrdmgfntf lege ugm tmrfcm he lren) fg % ftl%lren.hmdiy f sfu mrqudve hf

lencdjurmêìe fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%iejretmtf.lenc . M lencdjurmêìe hf retmêìe pmrm lmhm mrqudve hf iej

ä nflfssírdm fg %ftl%iejretmtf.h f jfrmifgfntf ä dnstmimhm mutegmtdlmgfntf pfie PRG ne gfsge

gegfnte hm dnstmimêìe hm mpidlmêìe. M fspfldcdlmêìe hf retmêìe pmrm es mrqudves jfrmhes pfie sysiejh

per fxfgpie fstìe fg %ftl%iejretmtf.h%sysiejh .

Fg jfrmi m lencdjurmêìe he iejretmtf ä `mstmntf c íldi) pmrm gmderfs dncergmêöfs lensuitf ms gmn pmjfs.

Gendtermnhe es Iejs?

M cfrrmgfntm iejwmtlk oí vïg dnstmimhm per pmhrìe nm gmderdm hms hdstrd`udêöfs hf Idnux mtumigfntf. E

iejwmtlk tmg`äg ä fxflutmhe hdmrdmgfntf ne % ftl%lren.hmdiy f sfu mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe fstm

ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%iej.h%lenc%iejwmtlk.lenc.

M prdnldpmi cunêìe he iejwmtlk ä gendtermr es iejs hf mlerhe leg es cditres f hdspmrmr fgmdisdncergmtdves sfgprf quf mijugm mtdvdhmhf mnergmi ä vfrdcdlmhm. M prejrmgmêìe hes cditres ä

fxtrfgmgfntf legpifxm) peräg kí hdvfrses cditres oí prejrmgmhes pmrm mnmidsmr iejs hf mpidlmêöfs

pepuimrfs lencdjurmhes per pmhrìe. M helugfntmêìe mhdldenmi fstm ielmidzmhm fg

%usr%skmrf%hel%iejwmtlk-/.

Vgm eutrm cergm hf gendtermr es iejs ä hfsvdmnhe m smç hm pmhrìe pmrm ug lenseif quf nìe fstm sfnhe

utdidzmhe) vfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

lh %vmr%iej1 tmdi -c gfssmjfs -c sflurf > %hfv%tty; #

Leg fstf legmnhe sfgprf quf mijug iej cer dnlrfgfntmhe ne mrqudve %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs eu

%vmr%iej%sflurf) dste sfrí gestrmhe nm tty; mutegmtdlmgfntf. Rmrm mlfssmr m tty; usf ms tflims hf mtmike

Ltri!Mit!C; nm dntfcmlf jrícdlm eu mpfnms Mit!C; ne gehe tfxte.

=2=



LVR\?

M dgprfssìe fg Vndx%Idnux nìe secrf jrmnhfs trmnscergmêöfs m gudte tfgpe. Rehfges fnlentrmr mdnhm

fg use e iph +idnf prdntfr hmfgen$) seiuêìe leg dnÿgfrms idgdtmêöfs f nìe legpmtç vfi leg e DRR

+ Dntfrnft Rrdntdnj Rretelei$) quf ä m `msf hf jfrfnldmgfnte hf oe`s +sfrvdêes$ f cdims hf dgprfssìe)

cdlmnhe idgdtmhe m ugm lfrtm qumntdhmhf hf dgprfsserms. Leg e Leggen Vndx Rrdntdnj \ystfg +LVR\$

pehfges dntrehuzdr ugm seiuêìe hf dgprfssìe undvfrsmi pmrm m rfhf.

E LVR\ ä ug jfrfnldmher hf dgprfssìe quf pehf sfr utdidzmhe vdm wf` +KXXR$) mtrmväs he qumi

pehfges mhdldenmr) fxliudr) mitfrmr f lencdjurmr dgprfsserms) `fg lege mhgdndstrmr oe`s hf dgprfssìe hf

ugm eu hf tehms ms dgprfsserms legpmrtdikmhms nm rfhf. Rreperldenm) mdnhm) mes usuírdes hf Vndx%Idnux

ugm dgprfssìe fcdldfntf f lencdívfi) per sfr legpmtç vfi leg e DRR fg gehe nmtdve f per pessudr

dntfrcmlf pmrm IRH) \G@ +\frvfr Gfssmjf @iela $ f OftHdrflt. E LVR\ ecfrflf nmvfjmêìe pfims

dgprfsserms hm rfhf f usm mrqudves Rest\lrdpt Rrdntfr Hfslrdptden +RRH$.

E LVR\ rfspenhf pfim pertm pmhrìe 3<=. Vtdidzmnhe qumiqufr `rewsfr) `mstm fspfldcdlmr nm `mrrm hf

fnhfrfêes m sfjudntf ielmidzmêìe? kttp?%%ielmikest?3<= +sf ms lencdjurmêöfs ne mrqudve lupsh.lenc cerfg

fcftumhms hdjdtmnhe fg vfz hf ielmikest e fnhfrfêe DR he sfrvdher) tfrí e gfsge fcfdte) sfgprf sfjudhe

hm pertm he LVR\ - 3<=$. Dste m`rdrí ugm omnfim fg sfu nmvfjmher) hf qumiqufr pente hm rfhf.

Ifg`rmnhe quf per pmhrìe e LVR\ sü mlfdtmrí rfqudsdêöfs hm gmqudnm ielmi. Rmrm mutfntdlmr-sf e usuírde

prfldsm sfr gfg`re he jrupe sys eu reet. Nìe kí lrdptejrmcdm) pertmnte tfnkm lmutfim nm utdidzmêìe hfstf

gfde hf jfrfnldmgfnte he LVR\.

E mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurmêìe he LVR\ fstm ielmidzmhe fg % ftl%lups%lupsh.lenc f sum sdntmxf hf

lencdjurmêìe ä sdgdimr me he Mpmlkf Zf` \frvfr +kttph.lenc$. Ms hfcdndêöfs hf dgprfsserms cdlmg

mrgmzfnmhms ne mrqudve %ftl%lups%prdntfrs.lenc ) f ä jfrmhm mutegmtdlmgfntf pfies legmnhes? ipmhgdn)

systfg-lencdj-prdntfr) systfg-lencdj-prdntfr-tud eu mdnhm pfim lenseif hf mhgdndstrmêìe ZF@ he LVR\.

Rmrm e`tfr dncergmêöfs rfimtdvms ms limssfs) trm`mikes f dgprfsserms utdidzf e legmnhe ipstmt . ]umnhe

usmhe sfg mrjugfnte fif cernflf e stmtus hm cdim hf dgprfssìe he usuírde lerrfntf. Rmrm rfgevfr

trm`mikes nm cdim hf dgprfssìe utdidzf e legmnhe iprg. Sfom m`mdxe mijugms epêöfs he ipstmt?

◅ -t

Gestrm tehms ms dncergmêöfs hdspenç vfds.

◅ -e

Gestrm tehes es trm`mikes nm cdim hf dgprfssìe.

◅ -v

Gestrm tehms ms dgprfsserms f fg qumi hdspesdtdve fstìe lenfltmhms.

=20



LPEN?

E LPEN ä imrjmgfntf utdidzmhe fg qumsf tehms hdstrd`udêöfs hf Idnux pmrm mjfnhmr m fxfluêìe hf

fvfntes rflerrfntfs. Ä pessç vfi fspfldcdlmr qumiqufr pfrç ehe hf tfgpe pmrm ug fvfnte sfr mjfnhmhe.

Fxdstfg tmg`äg hdrftürdes fspfldmds pmrm fvfntes prfvdmgfntf mjfnhmhes) sìe fifs?

◅ %ftl%lren.keuriy

Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrftürde m lmhm 2= +Vgm$ kerm.

◅ %ftl%lren.hmdiy

Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrftürde 2= +Vgm$ vfz per hdm.

◅ %ftl%lren.wffaiy

Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrftürde 2= +Vgm$ vfz per sfgmnm.

◅ %ftl%lren.geuntkiy

Fxflutm es slrdpts hfstf hdrftürde 2= +Vgm$ vfz per gïs.

Es fxflutívfds lentdhes nes hdrftürdes mldgm sìe fxflutmhes pfie usuírde reet) per pmhrìe oí fxdstfg

mijuns slrdpts quf rfmidzmg tmrfcms hf mtumidzmêìe f idgpfzm hf mrqudves tfgperírdes he sdstfgm.

Es fvfntes mjfnhmhe pfie LPEN sìe fxflutmhes leg ms pfrgdssöfs he sfu usuírde lrdmher) qumiqufr

rfterne hes legmnhes fxflutmhes sìe fnvdmhes mutegmtdlmgfntf pmrm sfu f-gmdi) eu pmrm e f-gmdi

fspfldcdlmhe nm vmrdívfi ’ GMDIXE7‗. Es fvfntes sìe mrgmzfnmhes ne hdrftürde %vmr%speei%lren quf

segfntf ä mlfssmhe per usuírdes prdvdifjdmhes f sìe prelfssmhes pfie hmfgenlrenh quf hfvf fstmr mtdve.

Rmrm mjfnhmr fvfntes ne LPEN e usuírde utdidzm e legmnhe lrentm . Sfom m`mdxe es prdnldpmds

mrjugfntes?

◅ -u 9usuírde>

Mjfnhm fvfntes pmrm e usuírde fspfldcdlmhe. +Cunldenm mpfnms leg usuírdes prdvdifjdmhes$

◅ -f

Fntrm ne gehe fhdter) utdidzmhe pmrm lrdmr%fhdtmr%hfiftmr fvfntes he usuírde lerrfntf.

◅ -iIdstm es fvfntes mjfnhmhes pmrm e usuírde lerrfntf.

◅ -r

Pfgevf e lrentm` lerrfntf.

=2<



Fxfgpie hf Fvfnte ne LPEN?

QlmriesBvd`fW( lrentm` -f

GMDIXE7gdafBlfntes.leg8< =2 / / / %kegf%lmries%gmnutfnlme

Ne fxfgpie mldgm) tehes es hdms âs =2?8< hm gmnkì sfrí fxflutmhe e slrdpt %kegf%lmries%gmnutfnlme f

qumiqufr rfterne jfrmhe hfstf slrdpt sfrífnvdmhe pmrm e f-gmdi gdafBlfntes.leg.

Rmrm mlfssmr gmds fxfgpie) fxflutf? gmn 6 lrentm`.

MXH?

E MXH ä e hmfgen quf fxflutm legmnhes mjfnhmhes pfie MX . Ä dnhdlmhe qumnhe ä nflfssírde mjfnhmr

legmnhes pmrm fxfluêìe cuturm) m jrmnhf hdcfrfnêm nm utdidzmêìe fntrf e LPEN f e MX ä quf es fvfntes

mjfnhmhes pfie MX sfrìe fxflutmhes ugm ÿndlm vfz. Fxdstfg hdvfrses cergmtes hf fspfldcdlmr e tfgpe

leg e MX . Sfom mijuns fxfgpies m`mdxe?

◅ mt -c %kegf%lmries%tfstf -g =4?26

Ne fxfgpie mldgm ced mjfnhmhm m fxfluêìe he legmnhe %kegf%lmries%tfstf pmrm âs =4?26 hf

keof. \f m kerm fspfldcdlmhm oí fstdvfr pmssmhm) sfrí fxflutmhe ne prüxdge hdm.

◅ mt -c %reet%hetfst -g ;mg ! : hmys

Nfssf fxfgpie e slrdpt %reet%hetfst sfrí fxflutmhe âs ; kerms hm gmnkì) sftf hdms hfpeds.

◅ mt -c %reet%hetfst -g =2pg omn =6

Mqud e slrdpt ced mjfnhmhe pmrm fxfluêìe ne hdm =6 hf omnfdre âs =2 kerms hm nedtf.

E legmnhe mtq ä utdidzmhe pmrm vdsumidzmr es mjfnhmgfntes rfmidzmhes he usuírde) ne lmse he usuírde

reet ä pessç vfi vdsumidzmr tehes es mjfnhmgfntes he sdstfgm. Rmrm mpmjmr mjfnhmgfntes utdidzf e

legmnhe mtrg fspfldcdlmnhe e nÿgfre he trm`mike m sfr rfgevdhe.

Es trm`mikes mjfnhmhes sìe gmntdhes ne hdrftürde %vmr%speei%mt . Rmrm fspfldcdlmr usuírdes quf pehfg eu

nìe utdidzmr e MX ) fxdstfg es rfspfltdves mrqudves hf lentreif %ftl%mt.miiew f %ftl%mt.hfny.

=28

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Jfrfnldmgfnte hes Gühuies he Afrnfi?

Xehes legpenfntfs he Afrnfi mssdg lege hrdvfrs hf hdspesdtdves) cdifsystfgs f eutrms cunldenmidhmhfs

sìe rfmidzmhes f gmntdhes lege gühuies. ]umnhe legpdimges ugm vfrsìe hf Afrnfi tfges m epêìe hf

fsleikfr sf es gühuies sfrìe fgùtdhes eu hdnàgdles lmrrfjívfds. Gühuies hdnàgdles lmrrfjívfds

mhdldenmg cunldenmidhmhfs me Afrnfi sfg mugfntmr e sfu tmgmnke e quf mouhm m mugfntmr m pfrcergmnlf

he sdstfgm. Jfrmigfntf pehfges fsleikfr lege gühuies hdnàgdles lmrrfjívfds hrdvfrs supifgfntmrfs

pmrm hdspesdtdves peule utdidzmhes) cdifsystfgs mhdldenmds f ftl...

Xehes gühuies nflfssírdes pmrm e èet hfvfg sfr fgùtdhes +@udit-dn$) lmse e Afrnfi nìe mlfssf

lerrftmgfntf e hdspesdtdve rmdz he sdstfgm hf mrqudves +reet hfvdlf$ fif drí trmvmr lmusmnhe fg afrnfi

pmndl.

Afrnfi Xmdntdnj?

]umnhe mijug gühuie preprdftírde ä lmrrfjmhe ounte me Afrnfi) pehfges hdzfr quf e Afrnfi pmssm m sfr

tmdntdnj +Lerregpdhe$. Gühuies preprdftírdes sìe jfrmigfntf hrdvfrs hf cm`rdlmntfs hf kmrhwmrf luoe

lühdje centf nìe ä hdspend`didzmhe. Ä dgpertmntf ifg`rmr tmg`äg quf qumnhe e Afrnfi fstm tmdntdnj fif

nìe ä supertmhe pfim Pfh Kmt) cmte hes fnjfnkfdres nìe pehfrfg mnmidsmr e quf fxmtmgfntf e lühdje

preprdftírde pehf fstmr lmusmnhe.

gehpre`f)gehpre`f.lenc)gehdnce)isgeh?

Es gühuies he Afrnfi fstìe ielmidzmhes fg %id`%gehuifs%afrnfi+vfrsì e$) lmse e sdstfgm tfnkm gmds hf

ug Afrnfi dnstmimhe velï drí fnlentrmr hdvfrsms vfrsöfs) utdidzf e legmnhe unmgf -r pmrm hftfrgdnmr

qumi vfrsìe fstí fg use lerrfntf.

E Afrnfi pehf hftfrgdnmr qumnhe ä nflfssírde e lmrrfjmgfnte hf mijug gühuie f hm gfsgm cergm pehf

fcftumr e hfslmrrfjmgfnte lmse e hdspesdtdve eu cunldenmidhmhf hfdxf hf sfr seidldtmhm. Jfrmigfntf es

gühuies tïg hdvfrses pmràgftres hdspenç vfds pmrm e moustf cdne hf sums lencdjurmêöfs) pehfges idstmr es

pmràgftres hf ug gühuie leg e legmnhe gehdnce) eutrms dncergmêöfs tmg`äg sìe gestrmhms lege?

tdpe hf idlfnêm he gühuie) muter) vfrsìe f ftl... usf gehdnce 9gühuie> +Nìe kí nflfssdhmhf hf

fspfldcdlmr e pmtk f nfg m fxtfnsìe .ae he gühuie$.

=26



E legmnhe isgeh idstm es gühuies quf fstìe lmrrfjmhes ne Afrnfi) fnqumnte e legmnhe gehpre`f

lmrrfjm gühuies f hfpfnhïnldms mutegmtdlmgfntf) e mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe %ftl%gehpre`f.lenc ä

lensuitmhe dncergmnhe midmsfs) epêöfsf pmràgftres fspfldmds. Rmrm rfgevfr gühuies utdidzf?

gehpre`f -r 9gühuie>.

Hfpfnhïnldm hf Gühuies?

Mijuns gühuies hfpfnhfg hdrftmgfntf hf quf eutres gühuies fstfomg lmrrfjmhes. E legmnhe hfpgeh

ä utdidzmhe pmrm lrdmr m `msf hf hmhes hf hfpfnhïnldms hes gühuies ielmidzmhm fg?

%id`%gehuifs%+afrnfi rfifmsf$%gehuifs.hfp

Fssf mrqudve fstm fg cergmte tfxte f pehf sfr vdsumidzmhe leg qumiqufr cfrrmgfntm hf fhdêìe hf tfxte.

Dndtrh) Dgmjfg hf Pmghdsa?

Lmse fxdstm nflfssdhmhf hf mhdldenmr supertf pmrm mijug hdspesdtdve dnhdspfnsívfi pmrm e èet ä

nflfssírde mhdldenmr es gühuies seidldtmhes fgùtdhes ne Afrnfi. Vg eutrm cergm gmds rípdhm hf

hdspend`didzmr fssfs gühuies sfg rflegpdimr e Afrnfi ä lrdmnhe nevmgfntf e dndtrh . E dndtrh ä ugmdgmjfg hf ug cdifsystfg quf ä gentmhe nm gfgürdm PMG fg tfgpe hf èet) fif lentfg gühuies pmrm

mlfssmr hdspesdtdves lege \L\D) PMDH f ftl... E legmnhe gadndtrh ä utdidzmhe pmrm jfrmr nevms dgmjfns.

Ä dnhdspfnsívfi quf e èetiemhfr fstfom lkmgmnhe m nevm dgmjfg lerrftmgfntf pmrm quf dsse cunldenf.

E dndtrh ä lmpmz hf dhfntdcdlmr enhf fstm e sfu reet cdifsystfg +sdstfgm hf mrqudves rmdz$ hf mlerhe leg m

cstm` f vfrdcdlmr es hdspesdtdves nflfssírdes pmrm sfu mlfsse. ]umiqufr pmràgftre fspfldcdlmhe ne

gehpre`f.lenc ä utdidzmhe nm kerm he prä-lmrrfjmgfnte he gühuie. Ä pessç vfi tmg`äg dnliudr gühuies

mr`dtrmrdmgfntf nm dgmjfg.

M sdntmxf he gadndtrh ä m sfjudntf? gadndtrh 9mrqudve.dgj> 9vfrsì e he afrnfi>. Sfom e fxfgpie?

gadndtrh %èet%dndtrh-0.0.6-=6.dgj 0.0.6-=6

=23



%prel Cdifsystfg) Iejs he Afrnfi?

E sdstfgm hf mrqudves %prel ä gentmhe hurmntf e prelfsse hf `eet f ä fspfldcdlmhe pfie %ftl%cstm`. Fstf ä

ug cdifsystfg vdrtumi enhf e tmgmnke hes mrqudves ä zfre. Nm vfrhmhf fstf cdifsystfg ä ugm omnfim

vdrtumi hf legundlmêìe he Afrnfi leg e usuírde)ä enhf sìe dncergmhes fg tfgpe rfmi es iejs he afrnfi.

Hdvfrsms dncergmêöfs he sdstfgm sìe mprfsfntmhms dnliudnhe e hftmikmgfnte hf tehes es prelfsses)

dncergmêöfs se`rf gfgürdm) LRV) rfhf f ftl... Sfom m`mdxe es prdnldpmds mrqudves?

• %prel%lpudnce +Dncergmêöfs se`rf ms LRVs$

• %prel%vfrsden +Sfrsìe) Pfifmsf f hftmikmgfnte hm legpdimêìe he Afrnfi$

• %prel%uptdgf +Xfgpe quf e sdstfgm fstm mtdve) usf e legmnhe uptdgf$

• %prel%iemhmvj +Dncergmêöfs se`rf m lmrjm he sdstfgm) usf e legmnhe uptdgf$

• %prel%gfgdnce +Dncergmêöfs se`rf gfgürdm hdspenç vfi) swmp) lmlkf f ftl...$

• %prel%dntfrrupts +Lencdjurmêìe hms dntfrrupêöfs DP]s$

• %prel%hgm +Dncergmêöfs se`rf ms HGMs$

• %prel%deperts +Lencdjurmêöfs hms pertms hf D%E$

• %prel%ghstmt +Dncergmêöfs se`rf es hdspesdtdves hf sectwmrf PMDH$

Mijuns hdrftürdes hfntre hm fstruturm %prel rflf`fg hfstmquf) sìe fifs?

• %prel%9RDHs> +Pfcfrfntf me prelfsse hf nÿgfre 9RDH>) usf? ps mux pmrm hftfrgdnmr$

• %prel%nft +Pfcfrfntf â mtdvdhmhf hf rfhf f lencdjurmêöfs$

• %prel%slsd +Pfcfrfntf mes hdspesdtdves \L\D$

• %prel%dhf +Pfcfrfntf mes hdspesdtdves dhf$

• %prel%sys +Pfcfrfntf mes pmràgftres hf lencdjurmêìe he afrnfi$

%prel%sys) Moustfs ’en-idnf‗ ne Afrnfi?

Lege gestrmhe) e %prel ä ugm omnfim hf legundlmêìe enhf e Afrnfi gestrm vmierfs pmrm hftfrgdnmhes

ç tfns he sdstfgm) m ÿndlm pmrtf he %prel quf ä dntfrmtdvm ä e %prel%sys) enhf ä pessç vfi fcftumr

gehdcdlmêöfs ’en-idnf‗ nes pmràgftres he Afrnfi he Idnux.

Vgm dncdndhmhf hf lencdjurmêöfs pehfg sfr rfmidzmhms hdrftmgfntf me Afrnfi) pmrm ugm idstm legpiftm

hes pmràgftres supertmhes lensuitf m helugfntmêìe ielmidzmhm fg % usr%skmrf%hel%afrnfi-hel-/%syslti% eu

fxflutf e legmnhe? syslti -m

=2:



\yslti) Moustfs hf pmràgftres ne Afrnfi?

Jfrmigfntf ms cunldenmidhmhfs mlfdtmg vmierfs ’=‗ quf rfprfsfntm ’Mtdve‗) eu ’2‗ quf rfprfsfntm

dnmtdve) peräg eutrms cunldenmidhmhfs mprfsfntmg fstruturms hf hmhes gmds legpifxms. Sfom mijuns

fxfgpies hf lege guhmr pmràgftres ’en-idnf‗ ne Afrnfi he Idnux.

◅ QreetBvd`f ~W, flke "=" > %prel%sys%nft%dpv8%tlpUsynleeadfs

Mldgm fstmges ’Mtdvmnhe‗ m pretfêìe he XLR lentrm mtmqufs hf \yn-cieehs.

◅ QreetBvd`f ~W, flke "=" > %prel%sys%nft%dpv8%dlgpUflkeUdjnerfU`remhlmsts

Mqud fstmges dnstrudnhe me afrnfi pmrm djnermr m rfspestm pmrm pdnjs hf `remhlmsts.

◅ QreetBvd`f ~W, flke "062 <0222 <0 =0;" %prel%sys%afrnfi%sfg

Mldgm fstmges moustmnhe es vmierfs hes sfgíceres pmrmes vmierfs pmhrìe.

Xehes es vmierfs moustmhes ’en-idnf‗ sfrìe pfrhdhes qumnhe e sdstfgm ä rf-dndldmhe. Rmrm ternmr es moustfs

me Afrnfi rfsdstfntfs me `eet ä nflfssírde smivm-ies ne mrqudve %ftl%syslti.lenc . Fstf mrqudve ä lkmgmhe

pfie slrdpt rl.sysdndt f rfmidzm nm kerm hm dndldmidzmêìe he sdstfgm ms lencdjurmêöfs fxdstfntfs.

=2;



NC\?

Dntrehuêìe?

E \dstfgm hf Mrqudve fg Pfhf +Nftwera Cdif \ystfg$) tmg`äg lenkfldhe lege NC\ f pfrgdtf quf ugsdstfgm legpmrtdikf sfus hdrftürdes f mrqudves leg eutres sdstfgms mtrmväs hf ugm rfhf. Vsmnhe NC\) es

usuírdes f prejrmgms pehfg mlfssmr mrqudves fg sdstfgms rfgetes qumsf lege sf cessfg mrqudves

ielmds) eu sfom) hf cergm trmnspmrfntf.

Mijuns hes `fnfc ç ldes gmds netívfds quf e NC\ pehf ecfrflfr sìe?

• Fstmêöfs ielmds usmg gfnes fspmêe fg hdsle perquf hmhes crfqùfntfgfntf usmhes pehfg sfr

mrgmzfnmhes fg ugm ÿndlm gíqudnm f mdnhm pfrgmnflfrfg mlfssç vfds m eutrms pfim rfhf.

• Nìe kí nflfssdhmhf hf usuírdes tfrfg hdrftürdes pfssemds sfpmrmhes fg lmhm gíqudnm hm rfhf.

Hdrftürdes pfssemds pehfg sfr lencdjurmhes ne sfrvdher NC\ f sfrfg hdspend`didzmhes mtrmväs hm

rfhf.

• Hdspesdtdves hf mrgmzfnmgfnte lege hdsquftfs) ifdterfs hf LH-PEG f ifdterfs hf _DR pehfg sfr

usmhes per eutrms gíqudnms nm rfhf. Dste pehf rfhuzdr e nÿgfre hf ifdterfs hf gç hdm rfgevç vfi

fg tehm m rfhf.

Ä dgpertmntf tmg`äg ifg`rmr quf e preteleie NC\ ä legpmtç vfi leg tehms vfrsöfs he Idnux f Vndx)lege @\H f \eimrds.

Dnstmimnhe Rmletfs%\ectwmrfs Nflfssírdes?

Lege e NC\ ä ug sfrvdêe PRL fif seidldtm e pertgmp pmrm gmpfmr ms lkmgmhms hms gmqudnms pmrm e

sfrvdêe PRL lerrfte. Xmg`äg ä nflfssírde quf e Afrnfi tfnkm supertf pmrm e ncs `fg lege es hmfgens

rpl.ncsh f rpl.geunth mtdves. Xuhe oí vfg prente ne PKFI) `mstm dndldmr es sfrvdles pertgmp f ncs.

Sfrdcdquf sf es pmletfs he pertgmp f ncs-utdis fstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentrmrde dnstmif-es?

rpg -qm |jrfp pertgmp

rpg -qm |jrfp ncs

rpg -Vvk pertgmp9vfrsì e>.rpg

rpg -Vvk ncs-utdis9vfrsì e>.rpg

=24



Epêöfs hf Gentmjfg he NC\?

Fg hdvfrsms ldrlunstànldms fspfldmds ä nflfssírde fspfldcdlmr epêöfs nm kerm hf gentmr ug cdifsystfg hf

rfhf) fspfldmigfntf pmrm trmtmr hf pfrcergmnlf f dnhdspend`didhmhfs tfgperírdms elmsdenmds) vfom m`mdxe

ms prdnldpmds epêöfs quf pehfg sfr fspfldcdlmhms nm kerm hf gentmr ug cdifsystfg vdm NC\?

◅ kmrh eu sect

Lmse e cdifsystfg fxpertmhe fstfom cerm he mr) usmnhe m epêìe kmrh m mpidlmêìe quf fstdvfr

tfntmnhe mlfssmr e cdifsystfg drí lenjfimr f mjumrhmr. Rmrm sect dgfhdmtmgfntf ug frre ä

rfternmhe pmrm mpidlmêìe.

\f kmrh cer fspfldcdlmhe e usuírde nìe drí lensfjudr dntfrregpfr m mpidlmêìe) lmusmnhe ne

trmvmgfnte he prelfsse quf seidldtm e NC\.

]umnhe sect ä fspfldcdlmhe e usuírde pehf lencdjurmr mhdldenmigfntf e pmràgftretdgfe79vmier>) enhf e vmier ä e nÿgfre hf sfjunhes pmrm mjumrhmr mntfs hf sfr rfpertmhe frre.

◅ dntr

Rfrgdtf rfqudsdêöfs hf NC\ sfrfg dntfrregpdhms qumnhe e sfrvdher fstdvfr tfgpermrdmgfntf cerm

he mr.

◅ neiela

Ä elmsdenmigfntf nflfssírde pmrm legundlmêìe leg sfrvdherfs hf NC\ mntdjes.

◅ nefxfl

Hfsm`didtm m fxfluêìe hf `dnírdes ne cdifsystfg rfgete.

◅ nesudh

Hfsm`didtm es `dts hf pfrgdssìe sudh f jdh pmrm e cdifsystfg rfgete.

◅ rsdzf7;=40 f wsdzf7;=40

Mugfntm lensdhfrmvfigfntf m vfieldhmhf he NC\ mugfntmhe m omnfim hf `ieles hf ifdturm f

jrmvmêìe. Rrelurf gmds mouhm pmrm dnsfrdr eutres vmierfs.

◅ ncsvfrs70 eu ncsvfrs7<

Fspfldcdlm qumi vfrsìe he preteleie usmr.

==2



Vsmnhe e mutegeuntfr pmrm gentmr NC\?

E mutegeuntfr +mutecs$ tmg`äg pehf sfr utdidzmhe pmrm gentmr f hfsgentmr cdifsystfgs rfgetes per

hfgmnhm.

Vgm lencdjurmêìe gudte crfqufntf ä gmpfmr e hdrftürde kegf hf tehes es usuírdes pmrm ug eutresfrvdher) nfstf lmse velï tfrí quf fspfldcdlmr mijuns lmrmltfrfs lerdnjm ne mutecs vfom m`mdxe ug

fxfgpie tç pdle hfstf lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

E mrqudve %ftl%mute.gmstfr ) dnhdlm quf e hdrftürde %kegf hf nessm gíqudnm ielmi fstm sfnhe gendtermhe

pfie mutecs f quf sfu mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe sfrí e %ftl%mute.gdsl?

,

, (Dh? mute.gdsl)v =.0 022<%24%04 2;?00?<6 rmvfn Fxp (

,, Xkds ds mn mutegeuntfr gmp mnh dt kms tkf ceiiewdnj cergmt

, afy Q -geunt-eptdens-sfpmrmtfh-`y-leggm W ielmtden

, Hftmdis gmy `f ceunh dn tkf mutecs+6$ gmnpmjf

%kegf% %ftl%mute.gdsl

Mjerm ne mrqudve %ftl%mute.gdsl vmges leielmr e fnhfrfêe he sfrvdher f ms epêöfs hf gentmjfg

rfimtdvms me NC\) hfstm cergm gmpfmrfges tehes es hdrftürdes ’kegf‗ hes usuírdes rfspfltdvmgfntf)

vfom?

,

, (Dh? mute.gdsl)v =.0 022<%24%04 2;?00?<6 rmvfn Fxp (

,

, Xkds ds mn mutegeuntfr gmp mnh dt kms tkf ceiiewdnj cergmt

, afy Q -geunt-eptdens-sfpmrmtfh-`y-leggm W ielmtden

, Hftmdis gmy `f ceunh dn tkf mutecs+6$ gmnpmjf

/ =2.2.2.=?%kegf%#

Rehfges fspfldcdlmr mijugms epêöfs mvmnêmhms pmrm jmrmntdr e trmtmgfnte hes frres hf lenfxìe quf

pehfg elerrfr f mugfntmr mdnhm gmds m pfrcergmnlf) e preteleie VHR sü ä utdidzmhe qumnhe

fspfldcdlmhe) peds e pmhrìe f supertmhe ä sfgprf XLR?

/ -rw)sect)dntr)rsdzf7;=40)wsdzf7;=40)uhp =2.2.2.=?%kegf%#

===



Im`ermtürde NC\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf?

Es hdrftürdes quf sfrìe fxpertmhes hfvfg fstmr idstmhes ne mrqudve %ftl%fxperts. M sdntmxf hfstf mrqudve

ä m pmrtf lrç tdlm hm lencdjurmêìe he sfrvdher hf NC\. Lmhm idnkm rfprfsfntm ug hdrftürde quf sfrí

fxpertmhe pmrm ugm eu ug jrupe hf gíqudnms leg pfrgdssöfs fg legug.

Pfprehuzm ms lencdjurmêìe m`mdxe ne %ftl%fxperts hf sum gíqudnm ielmi?

%gnt /+rw)neUreetUsqumsk$

%kegf%lmries /.fxfgpie.leg+re$

%kegf =40.=3;.022.2%066.066.066.2+rw)synl$

%ept /+re$

Nm prdgfdrm idnkm e hdrftürde %gnt ä fxpertmhe pmrm e gunhe dntfdre) e mlfsse ä hf ifdturm f jrmvmêìe.Vsuírdes hf VDH%JDH 2 +supfr usuírdes$ sfrìe gmpfmhes lege supfr usuírdes) peds per pmhrìe e NC\

gmpfdm usuírdes hf VDH%JDH 2 +reet$ pmrm VDH 366<8 +ncsne ehy$) e`vdmgfntf per qufstöfs hf

sfjurmnêm.

Nm sfjunhm idnkm ä gestrmhe ug fxfgpie leg lerdnjm ’/‗) enhf tehms ms gíqudnms he hegç nde

fxfgpie.leg tfrìe mlfsse jmrmntdhe segfntf ifdturm pmrm %kegf%lmries. Mssdg lege e ’/‗) e lerdnjm ’5‗

tmg`äg ä víidhe f mpfnms trelm ug lmrmltfrf.

Nm tfrlfdrm idnkm tehes es hdrftürdes ’kegf‗ hes usuírdes sfrìe fxpertmhes pmrm tehm limssf L hm rfhf

=40.=3;.022.2. M epêìe synl dnhdlm quf qumiqufr mitfrmêìe ne cdifsystfg ä cfdtm dgfhdmtmgfntf)

hdspfnsmnhe mssdg es `uccfrs eu lmlkfs hf hdsle%lentreimherm.

Nm qumrtm idnkm e hdrftürde %ept ä fxpertmhe pmrm e gunhe dntfdre leg pfrgdssìe hf segfntf ifdturm.

Mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe fnveivdhes?

•

%ftl%fxperts

Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe f moustmnhe m Dndldmidzmêìe Mutegítdlm ne @eet?

sfrvdlf pertgmp stmrt1 sfrvdlf ncs stmrt1 sfrvdlf ncsiela stmrt

lkalencdj pertgmp en1 lkalencdj ncs en1 lkalencdj ncsiela en

==0




Rmrm vfrdcdlmr sf e NC\ fstí mtdve f e quf fif fstm fxpertmnhe usf? fxpertcs -v

M smdhm hfstf legmnhe hfvf gestrmr e quf fstm sfnhe fxpertmhe f tehms ms epêöfs f pfrgdssöfs egdtdhms

per pmhrìe. Rmrm qumiqufr gfnsmjfg hf frre mqud) tehe prelfsse hfvfsfr nevmgfntf rfvdsmhe.

Eutrms pessç vfds vfrdcdlmêöfs sìe?

sfrvdlf pertgmp stmtus

sfrvdlf ncs stmtus

rpldnce -p ielmikest

skewgeunt -f ielmikest

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe +Rmrtf he Lidfntf$?

Nm gíqudnm lidfntf) eu sfom) enhf sfrí gentmhe e cdifsystfg rfgete quf fstm sfnhe fxpertmhe ne

sfrvdher) tmg`äg prfldsm he supertf me NC\ ne Afrnfi) e legmnhe geunt drí seidldtmr fstf gühuie nm

kerm hf gentmr e cdifsystfg vdm rfhf. Cfidzgfntf e PKFI oí vfg prfpmrmhe pmrm sfr ug NC\ lidfntf f

nmhm prfldsm sfr mhdldenmhe me Afrnfi.

Mjerm drfges trm`mikmr fg hupims hf leifjms pmrm pehfr rfmigfntf tfstmr e sfrvdher hf NC\ mlfssmnhe es

fxperts hf sfu vdzdnke.

◅ Hfslu`rm e fnhfrfêe DR hf sfu leifjm) pfêm pmrm fif fxflutmr? dp mhhr skew ftk2

◅ Lrdf ug pente hf gentmjfg nm sum gíqudnm ielmi? gahdr %ncstfstf

◅ Sfrdcdquf es fxperts nm gíqudnm hf sfu leifjm? skewgeunt -f 9dpUheUleifjm>

◅ Gentf e fxpert ne pente hf gentmjfg lrdmhe? geunt 9dpUheUleifjm>?%ept %ncstfstf

◅ Mhdldenf ugm fntrmhm ne sfu %ftl%cstm` sfgfikmntf â m`mdxe pmrm gentmjfg mutegítdlm?

dpUheUleifjm?%ept %ncstfstf ncs hfcmuits 2 2◅ Rfêm pmrm sfu leifjm lrdmr mrqudves f gmndpuif +lepdf$ es mrqudves vdm rfhf pmrm tfstmr.

E hmfgen nftcs ä rfspensívfi per gentmr es cdifsystfgs idstmhes ne cstm` nm kerm he `eet) per dsse fif

hfvf fstmr mtdve) pmrm mtdvmr e nftcs usf? lkalencdj nftcs en

==<



CXR?

Dntrehuêìe?

CXR ä ug mlrøndge pmrm Cdif Xrmnscfr Rretelei eu Rreteleie hf Xrmnscfrïnldm hf Mrqudves. E preteleie

CXR pfrgdtf m trmnscfrïnldms hf mrqudves `dnírdes f mrqudves tfxte leg mitm fcdldïnldm mtrmväs hf ugm

rfhf. Ä gudte dntfrfssmntf pmrm fgprfsms quf hfsfomg legpmrtdikmr mrqudves leg es usuírdes nm rfhf) eu

sfrvdherfs wf` quf hfsfomg hdspend`didzmr írfms pmrm usuírdes cmzfrfg trmnscfrïnldm hf mrqudves.


E PKFI per pmhrìe utdidzm e vsctph) f fstf ä e sfrvdher hf CXR ecdldmi%supertmhe hm Pfh Kmt.

Sfrdcdquf sf e pmletf he vsctph oí fstm dnstmimhe) lmse lentrírde dnstmif-e?

rpg -qm |jrfp vsctp

rpg -V vsctph9vfrsì e>.rpg

Lencdjurmêìe he \frvdêe?

E mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe prdnldpmi he vscthp fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%vsctph%vsctph.lenc .

Im`ermtürde CXR) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf?

Nfstf im`ermtürde drfges lencdjurmr e sfrvdêe hf CXR hm sfjudntf cergm?

Vsuírdes rfmds tfrìe mlfsse hf ifdturm f fslrdtm f fstmrìe lencdnmhes fg sfu hdrftürde kegf.

Vsuírdes mnøndges tfrìe mlfsse segfntf me hdrftürde pu` f pehfrìe fcftumr hewniemhs hf sfu lentfÿhe.

Vsuírdes mnøndges pehfrìe cmzfr Vpiemhs segfntf ne hdrftürde %upiemhs) peräg es mrqudves quf cerfg

fnvdmhes fstmrìe ecc-idnf he CXR per qufstöfs hf sfjurmnêm.

==8



Fcftuf m dnstmimêìe hes pmletfs nflfssírdes pmrm e sfrvdêe CXR. Mpmrtdr hm lencdjurmêìe pmhrìe hf

%ftl%vsctph%vsctph.lenc ) fcftuf ms lencdjurmêöfs m`mdxe hf gehe quf es rfqudsdtes hfstf imèrmtürde sfomg

milmnêmhes?

lkewnUupiemhs7yfs

lkewnUusfrnmgf7ctpmnenUupiemhUfnmìf7yfs

lkreetUielmiUusfr7yfs

Mjerm vmges lrdmr e hdrftürde pmrm e usuírde mnenygeus fcftumr es upiemhs f mpidlmr ms lerrftms

pfrgdssöfs.

gahdr %vmr%ctp%upiemhs

lkgeh :<2 %vmr%ctp%upiemhs

lkewn ctp.ctp %vmr%ctp%upiemhs

Selï pehf utdidzmr ug mrqudve .gfssmjf pmrm hmr `rfvfs fxpidlmêöfs se`rf es prepüsdtes hes

hdrftürdes quf fstìe sfnhe mlfssmhes. Miäg hdsse) velï pehfrdm mouhmr e usuírde m fnlentrmr e quf fif

fstí prelurmnhe. Rmrm tfstmr) lrdf ug mrqudve .gfssmjf lege ug mrqudve tfxte f leiequf-e ne

hdrftürde enhf fif hfvf sfr gestrmhe) leg gfnsmjfns ÿtfds se`rf e mlfsse me sfrvdher CXR.

Mtdvf e sfrvdêe hf CXR pmrm sfr dndldmidzmhe mutegmtdlmgfntf hurmntf e prelfsse hf èet f dndldf e

sfrvdêe gmnumigfntf.


• %ftl%vsctph%vsctph.lenc

Mtdvmnhe e \frvdêe nm Dndldmidzmêìe he \dstfgm?

lkalencdj vsctph en 1 sfrvdlf vsctph stmrt


Vtdidzf e legmnhe trmhdldenmi ctp he Idnux%Vndx pmrm fcftumr es tfstfs nm sum gíqudnm ielmi.

Fcftuf hewniemhs f upiemhs hf mrqudves pmrm tfstmr ms pfrgdssöfs leg usuírdes rfmds f leg e usuírde

mnenygeus. Vsf? ctp ielmikest

==6



\MG@M?

Dntrehuêìe?

E \mg`m ä ug mpidlmtdve quf ternm pessç vfi e legpmrtdikmgfnte hf rflurses leg gíqudnms rehmnhe

Zdnhews®. E negf \mg`m ä hfrdvmhe he preteleie utdidzmhe pfie Zdnhews® pmrm legpmrtdikmr hdsles

f dgprfsserms? e preteleie \G@) \frvfr Gfssmjf @iela .

Mtrmväs hm utdidzmêìe he \mg`m ä pessç vfi lrdmr rfhfs gdstms) utdidzmnhe sfrvdherfs Idnux f lidfntfs

Zdnhews®. E \mg`m tmg`äg pfrgdtf quf e Idnux mlfssf hdsles fxpertmhes hf gíqudnms Zdnhews®.

Miäg hf legpmrtdikmr rflurses) e \mg`m ä lmpmz hf fxflutmr vírdms cunêöfs hf ug sfrvdher Zdnhews®)

lege per fxfgpie mutfntdlmêì

e hf lidfntfs) sfrvdher ZDN\) f mtä

gfsge mjdr lege ug LentreimherRrdgírde hf Hegç nde +RHL$ eu +@HL$ legpifte.

M pmrtdr hm vfrsìe <.2 e \mg`m tmg`äg pehf cmzfr use hf mijugms lmrmltfrç stdlms he Gdlresect Mltdvf

Hdrfltery +MH$.

Vg rflurse gudte dntfrfssmntf he \mg`m ä mutfntdlmr e sfrvdher Idnux fg ug lentreimher hf hegç nde

Zdnhews mtrmväs he sfrvdêe wdn`dnh) hfstm cergm m gíqudnm Idnux drí `uslmr mutfntdlmêìe hf usuírdes f

jrupes ne rfpesdtürde lfntrmi hf lentms lencdjurmhe ne Zdnhews.

E \mg`m `msdlmgfntf ä legpeste per heds hmfgens? sg`h) quf ä rfspensívfi pfim mutfntdlmêìe fmuterdzmêìe hf usuírdes â mrqudves eu legpmrtdikmgfntes f dgprfsserms f e hmfgen ng`h) quf ä

rfspensívfi pfim rfseiuêìe hf negfs) mnÿnldes) prelurm nm rfhf f rfseiuêìe hf fnhfrfêes ZDN\.


Rmrm lencdjurmr ug sfrvdher \mg`m ä nflfssírde m dnstmimêìe hes pmletfs? smg`m-leggen-/)

smg`m-lidfnt-/) smg`m-</ f systfg-lencdj-smg`m-/. Fssfs pmletfs mlegpmnkmg ug jrupe hf

cfrrmgfntms pmrm dnstmimêìe f lencdjurmêìe legpiftm hf ug sfrvdher eu sdgpifsgfntf pmrm cdjurmr legeugm fstmêìe lidfntf. Sírdms cfrrmgfntms tmg`äg sfrìe hdspend`didzmhms pmrm rfmidzmr hdvfrses tfstfs

nflfssírdes.

==3



Sfrdcdquf sf es pmletfs oífstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentrírde dnstmif-es?

rpg -qm |jrfp smg`m

rpg -Vvk smg`m-leggen/rpg -Vvk smg`m-lidfnt/

rpg -Vvk smg`m-</

rpg -Vvk systfg-lencdj-smg`m/


E mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe prdnldpmi he \mg`m fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc. Fstf mrqudve ä

gudte `fg legfntmhe f mlensfikm-sf m lencdjurmêìe he \mg`m mtrmväs hfif. Vgm eutrm cergm hflencdjurmr e \mg`m ä utdidzmr m cfrrmgfntm jrícdlm systfg-lencdj-smg`m hdspend`didzmhm pfim Pfh Kmt

quf cmldidtm m lrdmêìe hf usuírdes f legpmrtdikmgfntes ne mg`dfntf jrícdle.

Lencdjurmêöfs Jie`mds f Rmràgftres he \mg`m?

E mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he \mg`m ä hdvdhdhe fntrf sfêöfs f pmràgftres) fxdstfg trïs prdnldpmds

sfêöfs) sìe fims?

Qjie`miW Lencdjurmêöfs Jfnärdlms Jie`mds.

QkegfsW Fstm sfêìe ä usmhm pmrm fntrfjmr e mlfsse mes usuírdes hf sfus hdrftürdes kegf.

QprdntfrsW Lmrrfjm mutegmtdlmgfntf ms dgprfsserms hfcdndhms ne %ftl%prdntlmp per pmhrìe.

Es lmrmltfrfs ’ , ‗ f ’ 1 ‗ dnhdlmg quf m idnkm ä ug legfntírde f hfvf sfr djnermhm. \fêöfs f

legpmrtdikmgfntes sìe hfcdndhms mtrmväs hf leilkftfs ’ Q W ’.

==:



Ms prdnldpmds f gmds crfqufntfs epêöfs utdidzmhms nes legpmrtdikmgfntes sìe?

◅ puìdl

Lencdjurm ug legpmrtdikmgfnte pÿìdle hf mlfsse idvrf) mlfsse jufst.

◅ `rewsfmìf

Lencdjurm ug legpmrtdikmgfnte quf pehf sfr vdste nms idstms hf mnÿnldes.◅ wrdtmìf

Dnhdlm quf e legpmrtdikmgfnte ä hf ifdturm f jrmvmêìe.

◅ wrdtf idst

Fspfldcdlm mr`dtrmrdmgfntf es usuírdes eu Bjrupes quf tfrìe mlfsse hf fslrdtm.

◅ prdntmìf

Dnhdlm quf ä ug hdspesdtdve hf dgprfssìe) nìe ug hdsle.

◅ lrfmtf gmsa

Cerêm m gíslmrm hf pfrgdssöfs pmrm lrdmêìe hf neves mrqudves.

◅ hdrfltery gmsa

Cerêm m gíslmrm hf pfrgdssöfs pmrm lrdmêìe hf neves hdrftürdes.

◅ vmidh usfrs

Fspfldcdlm mr`dtrmrdmgfntf es usuírdes eu Bjrupes quf tfrìe mlfsse me legpmrtdikmgfnte.

/ Rmrm fspfldcdlmr jrupes he sdstfgm `mstm leielmr e lmrmltfr mrre`m ’B‗. fxfgpie? Bjrupe

Mutfntdlmêìe ne \mg`m?

Xmivfz e pmràgftre gmds dgpertmntf hf lencdjurmêìe sfom e ’sflurdty7 9gätehe>‗) quf dnhdlm e gätehe

hf mutfntdlmêìe quf e \mg`m drí utdidzmr pmrm vmidhmr es usuírdes. Es pessç vfds gätehes hf mutfntdlmêìe

supertmhes pfie \mg`m sìe?

◅ skmrf

Lmhm legpmrtdikmgfnte tfrí ug pmsswerh hfcdndhe) e usuírde quf tdvfr e lenkfldgfnte hfstf

pmsswerh tfrí mlfsse me legpmrtdikmgfnte.

◅ usfrs

Es legpmrtdikmgfntes he \mg`m sfrìe vmidhmhes nìe per pmsswerhs lege mldgm) gms sdg per

usuírdes eu jrupes. Fstf ä gätehe pmhrìe quf e smg`m utdidzm) e mhgdndstrmher tfrí quf lmhmstrmr

tehes es usuírdes ne mrqudve %ftl%smg`m%sg`pmsswh.

◅ sfrvfr

Ä e gfsge quf ’usfrs‗) peräg hfvf sfr fspfldcdlmhe ug sfrvdher pmrm ùslmr es usuírdes f

pmsswerhs.

==;



◅ hegmdn

Fspfldcdlm quf e \mg`m ä ug gfg`re hf ug hegç nde f `uslm mutfntdlmêìe fg ug RHL +Rrdgmry

Hegmdn Lentreiifr$ eu @HL +@mlaup Hegmdn Lentreiifr$) qumnhe vmidhmhe) e usuírde rflf`f ug

teafn hf mlfsse m rfhf.

◅ mhsMjf lege ug Mltdvf Hdrfltery nmtdve leg mutfntdlmêìe Afr`fres.

Rmrm lmhm ug hes gätehes utdidzmhes mldgm) ä nflfssírde m utdidzmêìe hf pmràgftres mhdldenmds hf

lencdjurmêìe. Rer fxfgpie) qumnhe fspfldcdlmhe m mutfntdlmêìe ’hegmdn‗) e sfrvdher \mg`m pehf sfr

lencdjurmhe lege ug RHL eu ug @HL eu mtä gfsge pmrm segfntf sfr ug gfg`re hf ug hügdnde

Zdnhews oí fxdstfntf.

Fxdstfg dnÿgfrms f legpifxms epêöfs hf lencdjurmêöfs pessç vfds pmrm e \mg`m) ms lencdjurmêöfs vìe

hfshf pfqufnms dncrm-fstruturms hf trm`mike lege per fxfgpie ug fslrdtürde hf 62 gíqudnms mtä dncrm-fstruturms jdjmntfslms hf hegç ndes lencdmhes +Xrustfh Hegmdns$ leg mutfntdlmêìe IHMR lfntrmidzmhms.

Nm helugfntmêìe he \mg`m ielmidzmhm fg %usr%skmrf%hel%smg`m/) pehfges fnlentrmr dnÿgfrms epêöfs

hf lencdjurmêöfs f fxfgpies hf lfnírdes legpifxes.

Mhdmntf ne im`ermtürde \mg`m drfges vfr ugm lencdjurmêìe pmrm mtfnhfr ugm hfgmnhm hf gähde pertf

hf ug fgprfsm utdidzmnhe m mutfntdlmêìe tdpe usfrs.


• %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc

• %ftl%smg`m%sg`pmsswh

• %ftl%smg`m%/


lkalencdj sg` en 1 sfrvdlf sg` stmrt

==4



Jfrfnldmnhe Lentms hf Vsuírdes ne \mg`m?

E legmnhe sg`pmsswh ä utdidzmhe pmrm jfrfnldmr ms lentms hes usuírdes ne \mg`m. Ä dgpertmntf quf e

usuírde oí tfnkm ugm lentm ne sdstfgm mntfs. Lmse e mhgdndstrmher hfsfof mpfnms cernflfr mlfsse me

\mg`m `mstm lencdjurmr e skfii he usuírde fg qufstìe pmrm %hfv%nuii ne mrqudve %ftl%pmsswh.

Rmrm dnliudr ug usuírde ne \mg`m utdidzf e legmnhe? sg`pmsswh -m 9usuírde>.

Rmrm gmderfs hftmikfs usf? gmn sg`pmsswh.

Gentmnhe Mutegmtdlmgfntf Legpmrtdikmgfntes \mg`m nm cstm`?

Rmrm gentmr mutegmtdlmgfntf ug legpmrtdikmgfnte \mg`m hurmntf e prelfsse hf @eet `mstm mhdldenmr

ugm idnkm sfgfikmntf â m`mdxe ne mrqudve%ftl%cstm`?

%%sfrvdher%legpmrtdikmgfnte %pente-hf-gentmjfg ldcs hfcmuits)lrfhfntdmis7%ftl%smg`m%lrfh 2 2

Lrdf e mrqudve %ftl%smg`m%lrfh mpfnms leg pfrgdssöfs hf mlfsse pmrm e reet f mhdldenf e negf he

usuírde f e pmsswerh pmrm lenfltmr-sf me legpmrtdikmgfnte rfcfrdhe. Fxfgpie?

usfrnmgf7lmries

pmsswerh7tfstf

=02




Rmrm vmidhmr m dgpifgfntmêìe he smg`m sfrvfr usf??

◅ tfstpmrg

Hfstdnm-sf m vfrdcdlmêìe hf pmràgftres víidhes ne mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurmêìe he \mg`m

+sg`.lenc$. Vsf? tfstpmrg 9lmgdnke m`seiute pmrm e sg`.lenc>

◅ sg`lidfnt

Ä ugm cfrrmgfntm utdidzmhm pfie lidfntf pmrm lenfltmr-sf m ug sfrvdher \mg`m. \fu fstdie hf

nmvfjmêìe ä gudte sfgfikmntf m ug lidfntf CXR. Sfom es fxfgpies m`mdxe?

sg`lidfnt %%sfrvdher%legpmrtdikmgfnte -V usuírde

Vsf ’lh‗ pmrm nmvfjmr pfies hdrftürdes f ’jft‗ pmrm fcftumr hewniemhs hf mrqudves.

sg`lidfnt -I 9sfrvdher> -V usuírde +Idstm tehes legpmrtdikmgfntes hdspenç vfds$

◅ geunt

Rfrgdtf m gentmjfg hf ug cdifsystfg rfgete LDC\. Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

geunt %%sfrvdher%legpmrtdikmgfnte %penteUhfUgentmjfg -e usfr7usuírde

=0=



Im`ermtürde \mg`m) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf?

Drfges lencdjurmr ug sfrvdher \mg`m pmrm mtfnhfr e hfpmrtmgfnte hf vfnhms hf ugm erjmndzmêìe. \djm

rdjeresmgfntf ms fspfldcdlmêìe m`mdxe?

\egfntf ms gíqudnms nm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2 pehfg mlfssmr e sfrvdêe \mg`m hfstf sfrvdher.

Lrdf ms lentms hes vfnhfherfs Lmries) Gmrlde f Cfidpf leg e pmsswerh ’tfstf‗ f mhdldenf fifs m ug

jrupe sflunhírde lkmgmhe ’vfnhms‗.

Lrdf ms lentms hes jfrfntfs Mi`frte f Mntende leg e pmsswerh ’uitrm‗ f mhdldenf fifs m ug jrupe

sflunhírde lkmgmhe ’jfrfnldm‗.

Lrdf per cdg) ms lentms he pfssemi hf gmraftdnj Ouidm f \divmne) leg e pmsswerh ’supfr‗ f mhdldenf fifs

me jrupe sflunhírde hf ’gmraftdnj‗.

E pfssemi he hfpmrtmgfnte hf vfnhms tïg ug hdrftürde fxliusdve hf trm`mike) lrdf e hdrftürde ’vfnhms‗ f

legpmrtdikf ne \mg`m. \egfntf e pfssemi he jrupe hf ’vfnhms‗ f ’jfrfnldm‗ hfvf tfr mlfsse m fssf

legpmrtdikmgfnte. Ä dgpertmntf quf qumiqufr mrqudve lrdmhe nfstf hdrftürde tfnkm mlfsse hf ifdturm ffslrdtm f tmg`äg pfrtfnêm me jrupe ’vfnhms‗.

E sfrvdher \mg`m hfvfrí pfrtfnlfr me jrupe hf trm`mike ’\VRFPH‗) quf ä e negf hm erjmndzmêìe.

Lmries f Gírlde hfvfrmg tfr mlfsse hf ifdturm f jrmvmêìe) Cfidpf segfntf ifdturm me legpmrtdikmgfnte

’vfnhms‗.

E pfssemi ne jrupe hf ’gmraftdnj‗ nìe tfrí mlfsse me legpmrtdikmgfnte ’vfnhms‗.

E pfssemi ne jrupe hf ’jfrfnldm‗ hfvfrí tfr mlfsse m fslrdtm ne legpmrtdikmgfnte ’vfnhms‗.

Lrdf e hdrftürde ’jfrfnldm‗ f gentf nug hdspesdtdve hf PMDH = +gdrrer$. Legpmrtdikf fssf hdrftürde ne

\mg`m hf gehe quf mpfnms es usuírdes he jrupe ’jfrfnldm‗ tfnkmg mlfsse.

Lrdf 20 pmrtdêöfs hf 62G@ +Mssdg rfprfsfntmnhe sdg`eidlmgfntf 20 hdsles$) pmrm rfmidzmêìe he PMDH=.Lencdjurf e sfrvdher \mg`m pmrm dndldmidzmêìe mutegítdlm ne @eet f dndldf e sfrvdher \mg`m

gmnumigfntf.


Mpüs m lencdjurmêìe) tfstf es pmràgftres he %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc leg e sfjudntf legmnhe?

tfstpmrg %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc

Repuif es legpmrtdikmgfntes ’vfnhms‗ f ’jfrfnldm‗ leg mrqudves lrdmhes per hdcfrfntfs usuírdes. Xfstfludhmhesmgfntf ms pfrgdssöfs hf mlfsse utdidzmnhe m cfrrmgfntm sg`lidfnt. Iejuf-sf utdidzmnhe tehes es

usuírdes lrdmhes. Fxfgpie) usf? sg`lidfnt %%ielmikest%jfrfnldm -V mi`frte

\dguif m cmikm ne hdspesdtdve hf PMDH= pmrm tfstmr m mitm hdspend`didhmhf. E legpmrtdikmgfnte hfvf

lentdnumr mlfssç vfi.

=00



\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde \mg`m?

Sfrdcdquf sf e lenounte hf pmletfs he \mg`m oí fstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentrírde dnstmif-es?

rpg -qm |jrfp smg`m

rpg -Vvk smg`m-leggen/

rpg -Vvk smg`m-lidfnt/

rpg -Vvk smg`m-</

rpg -Vvk systfg-lencdj-smg`m/

Lrdf lerrftmgfntf e hdrftürde ’vfnhms‗ f ’jfrfnldm‗ leg ms pfrgdssöfs mhfqumhms?

jreupmhh vfnhmsjreupmhh jfrfnldm

gahdr %kegf%vfnhms

lkjrp vfnhms %kegf%vfnhms

lkgeh 0::2 %kegf%vfnhms

gahdr %jfrfnldm

lkjrp jfrfnldm %jfrfnldm

lkgeh 0::2 %jfrfnldm

Pfgeuntf e cdifsystfg leg supertf m MLIs f lencdjurf ms sfjudntfs MLIs?

geunt -e rfgeunt)mli %

sftcmli -g j?jfrfnldm?rwx -P %kegf%vfnhms

Lrdf 20 pmrtdêöfs hf 62 G@ tdpe ’Idnux Pmdh Mutehftflt‗ lühdje ’ch‗ ne chdsa

Fxflutf e legmnhe? pmrtpre`f

Ä nflfssírde hfsgentmr e imèrmtürde hf PMDH mntfrder pmrm lentdnumr) pmrm dsse usf?

ugeunt %hfv%gh2

ghmhg - -step %hfv%gh2

Mjerm rfgevm m fntrmhm mntdjm rfcfrfntf me imèrmtürde PMDH he %ftl%cstm`

=0<



Lrdf e PMDH= leg e legmnhe? ghmhg -L %hfv%gh2 -i = -n 0 %hfv%khm0 %hfv%khm<

Lrdf e Cdifsystfg F[X< ne hdspesdtdve hf PMDH= usmnhe? gacs.fxt< %hfv%gh2

Mhdldenf m sfjudntf fntrmhm ne %ftl%cstm` pmrm gentmjfg mutegítdlm he hdspesdtdve hf PMDH=?

%hfv%gh2 %jfrfnldm fxt< hfcmuits 2 2

Lrdf es jrupes f ms lentms hes usuírdes rfqufrdhesne Idnux f ne \mg`m?

jreupmhh gmraftdnj

usfrmhh lmries -p tfstf

usfrmhh gmrlde -p tfstf

usfrmhh cfidpf -p tfstf

usfrmhh mntende -p uitrm

usfrmhh mi`frte -p uitrm

usfrmhh ouidm -p supfr

usfrmhh sdivmne -p supfr

teulk %ftl%smg`m%sg`pmsswh

sg`pmsswh -m lmries

sg`pmsswh -m gmrlde

sg`pmsswh -m cfidpf

sg`pmsswh -m mntende

sg`pmsswh -m mi`frte

sg`pmsswh -m ouidm

sg`pmsswh -m sdivmne

Mhdldenf es usuírdes rfläg lrdmhes mes jrupes sflunhírdes lerrftes?

usfrgeh -J vfnhms lmries

usfrgeh -J vfnhms gmrlde

usfrgeh -J vfnhms cfidpf

usfrgeh -J jfrfnldm mntendeusfrgeh -J jfrfnldm mi`frte

usfrgeh -J gmraftdnj ouidm

usfrgeh -J gmraftdnj sdivmne

=08



Lencdjurf es sfjudntfs pmràgftres jie`mds ne mrqudve %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc ?

werajreup 7 \VRFPH

kests miiew 7 =40.=3;.022. =0:.

Mdnhm fhdtmnhe e mrqudve %ftl%smg`m%sg`.lenc mhdldenf me cdnmi he mrqudve e legpmrtdikmgfnte

’vfnhms‗ f ’jfrfnldm‗?

QvfnhmsW

leggfnt 7 Hfpmrtmgfnte hf Sfnhms

pmtk 7 %kegf%vfnhms

vmidh usfrs 7 Bvfnhms Bjfrfnldm

wrdtfm`if 7 ne

wrdtf idst 7 lmries gmrlde Bjfrfnldm

lrfmtf gmsa 7 :::

hdrfltery gmsa 7 0:::

QjfrfnldmW

leggfnt 7 Hfpmrtmgfnte hf Jfrfnldm PMDH=

pmtk 7 %jfrfnldm

vmidh usfrs 7 Bjfrfnldm

wrdtfm`if 7 yfs

Lencdjurf e sfrvdêe \mg`m pmrm dndldmidzmr mutegmtdlmgfntf fg tehes run-ifvfis f dndldf e sfrvdêe?

lkalencdj sg` en

sfrvdlf sg` stmrt

Gentf tehms fntrmhms hm cstm` pmrm lfrtdcdlmr-sf quf sfu hdspesdtdve hf PMDH= ced fspfldcdlmhe

lerrftmgfntf ne %ftl%cstm`?

geunt -m

\dguif m cmikm fg mijug hes hdspesdtdves quf cergmg e mrrmy he PMDH= utdidzmnhe e legmnhe?

ghmhg %hfv%gh2 -c %hfv%khm[

Sfrdcdquf e stmtus he mrrmy he PMDH=?

lmt %prel%ghstmt

=06



MRMLKF?

Dntrehuêìe?

E sfrvdher wf` ä ug prejrmgm rfspensívfi per hdspend`didzmr píjdnms) cetes) eu qumiqufr eutre tdpe hfeòfte me nmvfjmher he lidfntf. Fif tmg`äg pehf epfrmr rflf`fnhe hmhes he lidfntf) prelfssmnhe f

fnvdmnhe e rfsuitmhe pmrm quf e lidfntf pessm tegmr m mêìe hfsfomhm +lege fg mpidlmêöfs LJD*s) `mnle

hf hmhes wf`) prffnlkdgfnte hf cerguiírdes) ftl$.

E Mpmlkf ä ug sfrvdher wf` fxtrfgmgfntf lencdjurívfi) reùste f hf mitm pfrcergmnlf hfsfnveivdhe

per ugm fqudpf hf veiuntírdes +lenkfldhm lege Mpmlkf Jreup$ ùslmnhe lrdmr ug sfrvdher wf` leg

gudtms lmrmltfrç stdlms f leg lühdje centf hdspenç vfi jrmtudtmgfntf vdm Dntfrnft. M utdidzmêìe he Mpmlkf ä

gudte pepuimr) fif ä gmds usmhe quf tehes es eutres sfrvdherfs wf` he gunhe ountes.

Vgm lmrmltfrç stdlm he Mpmlkf gudte dgpertmntf ä m lmpmldhmhf hf guitdpidlmêìe hes prelfsses hf mlerhe

leg m hfgmnhm) dste ä) qumnhe vírdms rfqudsdêöfs sìe cfdtms me sfrvdher e prelfsse prdnldpmi +Rmd$ rfmidzm

e lkmgmhe ’prfcera‗) mssdg lrdmnhe neves prelfsses +Cdikes$ pmrmmtfnhfr fssm hfgmnhm. E`sfrvf quf es

rflurses he sdstfgm prdnldpmigfntf m gfgürdm) sü ä utdidzmhm qumnhe ä lrdmhm ugm hfgmnhm â sfr

mtfnhdhm mssdg etdgdzmnhe f prfsfrvmnhe es rflurses he sdstfgm.

Eutrm dgpertmntf lmrmltfrç stdlm ä m lmpmldhmhf hf lmrrfjmr gühuies hdnmgdlmgfntf) mtrmväs hfstm

cunldenmidhmhf ä pessç vfi fstfnhfr es rflurses mhdldenmnhe neves gühuies sfg m nflfssdhmhf hf rf-

legpdimr e Mpmlkf. Fxdstfg hdvfrses tdpes hf gühuies hdspenç vfds pmrm e mpmlkf) velï pehf fnlentrmr

ugm idstm legpiftm f mtumidzmhm fg? kttp?%%gehuifs.mpmlkf.erj%.


Sfrdcdquf sf e sfrvdher KXXR Mpmlkf oí fstm dnstmimhe) lmse lentrírde dnstmif-e. Mlensfikm-sf tmg`äg m

dnstmimêìe he fidnas quf ä ug nmvfjmher pmrm dntfrcmlf tfxte sfnhe gudte ÿtdi pmrm tfstmr rmpdhmgfntf ms

lencdjurmêöfs he Mpmlkf. M`mdxe fnlentrmg-sf es pmletfs he mpmlkf f hfpfnhïnldms rfqufrdhms.

rpg -Vvk mpr-=/

rpg -Vvk pestjrfsqi-id`s/

rpg -Vvk mpr-utdi-=/

rpg -Vvk kttph-0/

rpg -Vvk kttph-gmnumi/

rpg -Vvk fidnas/

=03

http://modules.apache.org/






E mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurmêìe he Mpmlkf fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%kttph%lenc%kttph.lenc. Mlensfikm-

sf m lencdjurmêìe he sfrvdher fhdtmnhe fstf mrqudve gmnumigfntf) fxdstfg hdvfrses pmràgftres hf

lencdjurmêìe f fstf mrqudve ä gudte `fg legfntmhe. Vgm cergm gmds løgehm ä utdidzmr m cfrrmgfntm

hdspend`didzmhm pfim Pfh Kmt lkmgmhm systfg-lencdj-kttph) peräg fstm cfrrmgfntm fstm idgdtmhm m

lencdjurmêìe segfntf hes pmràgftres gmds usumds he Mpmlkf) nìe ä pessç vfi cmzfr moustfs cdnes.

Es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe hes gühuies ielmidzmg-sf fg %ftl%kttph%lenc.h%/. Rer pmhrìe e hdrftürde rmdz

he sfrvdher ä %vmr%www%ktgi) fssf ä e hdrftürde quf hfvfg sfr leielmhms ms píjdnms wf`.

E mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he Mpmlkf ä gudte fxtfnse) fxdstfg gudtes pmràgftres f vmrdívfds hf

lencdjurmêìe. Drfges nes idgdtmr m vfr mpfnms es prdnldpmds pmràgftres hf lencdjurmêìe. \ìe fifs?

◅ prfcera GRG

Nfstf pmràgftre ä rfjuimhe m lmpmldhmhf hf lmrjm he sfrvdher. Nm gmderdm hes sdtfs nìe ä

nflfssírdes guhmr es vmierfs pmhrìe. Mpfnms pmrm sdtfs leg gmds hf 063 rfqudsdêöfs sdguitànfms

ä nflfssírde moustmr e pmràgftre GmxLidfnts. Es pmràgftres Gdn\pmrf\frvfrs f

Gmx\pmrf\frvfrs segfntf hfvfg sfr moustmhes pmrm sdtfs fxtrfgmgfntf vdsdtmhes.

◅ Idstfn

Nfstf pmràgftre ä hfcdndhe enhf e Mpmlkf drm fspfrmr per rfqudsdêöfs. Selï pehf fspfldcdlmr ug

fnhfrfêe DR fspflç cdle lmse tfnkm vírdes fnhfrfêes DRs eu guhmr m pertm pmhrìe quf ä m ;2.

◅ Vsfr%Jreup

Mqud velï lencdjurm e usuírde f e jrupe he preprdftírde hes prelfsses lrdmhes pfie Mpmlkf. Fg

jfrmi mlensfikm-sf hfsdjnmr ug usuírde sfg prdvdiäjdes ne sdstfgm pmrm e Mpmlkf. Hfdxmr fstm

epêìe pmhrìe ä e gmds legug.

◅ \frvfrXeafns

Fstm epêìe lentreim e nç vfi hf hftmikmgfnte hf dncergmêìe quf e sfrvdher drí pmssmr hf sums

lencdjurmêöfs pmrm es lidfntfs. Mlensfikm-sf usmr e vmier ’Rreh‗.

◅ IemhGehuif

Fspfldcdlm e lmgdnke f e gühuie m sfr lmrrfjmhe.


• %ftl%kttph%lenc%kttph.lenc

• %ftl%kttph%lenc.h%/

=0:



Lencdjurmêìe hf Mlfsse â Hdrftürdes f Mrqudves?

Es pmràgftres erhfr)miiew)hfny sìe utdidzmhes pmrm fspfldcdlmr m erhfg hm idstm hf mlfsse pmrm ug

hdrftürde eu mrqudves kespfhmhes?

◅ erhfr miiew)hfny

Rfrgdtf mpfnms e quf fstm fxpidldtmgfntf fspfldcdlmhe) `iequfdm tehe e rfstmntf. Lidfntfs quf

fstdvfrfg fspfldcdlmhes fg mg`ms Miiew f Hfny sfrìe `iequfmhes.

◅ erhfr hfny)miiew

@iequfdm mpfnms e quf fstm fxpidldtmgfntf fspfldcdlmhe) pfrgdtf tehe e rfstmntf. Lidfntfs quf

fstdvfrfg fspfldcdlmhes fg mg`ms Hfny f Miiew sfrìe pfrgdtdhes.

E`sfrvf e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

9Hdrfltery %vmr%www%ktgi%rfstrdte>

erhfr miiew)hfny

miiew creg .fxfgpie.leg.`r

9%Hdrfltery>

Ne fxfgpie mldgm e mlfsse me hdrftürde %vmr%www%ktgi%rfstrdte sfrí jmrmntdhe mpfnms mes lidfntfs luoe DR

rfvfrse sfomg rfseivdhes hfntre he hegç nde fxfgpie.leg.`r .

Fxdstfg hdvfrsms eutrms cergms hf dgpifgfntmr sfjurmnêm ne Mpmlkf) pmrm gmderfs dncergmêöfs lensuitf

m helugfntmêìe en-idnf fg? kttp?%%kttph.mpmlkf.erj%hels%

=0;

http://www.apache.org/

http://www.apache.org/



Imèrmtürde MRMLKF) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe pmrm ’Sdrtumi Kests‗?

Vg ÿndle sfrvdher pehf kespfhmr hdvfrses ZF@ sdtfs) fstm cunldenmidhmhf ä lenkfldhm lege ’Sdrtumi

Kests‗ hfntre he Mpmlkf. Ne imèrmtürde m`mdxe) tfges es hegç ndes cdltç ldes www.adnjecsfm.leg f

www.ieègmr.leg quf fstìe lencdjurmhes nug gfsge sfrvdher Mpmlkf quf fstm mlfdtmnhe rfqudsdêöfs

ne fnhfrfêe ielmi +ieep`mla$ DR =0:.2.2.= nm pertm pmhrìe ;2. E`sfrvf quf hfvfg sfr fcftumhms ms

hfvdhms lencdjurmêöfs ne mrqudve %ftl%kests pmrm prevfr ms lmpmldhmhfs hf HN\ utdidzmhms nfstf fxfgpie.

Dnstmif tehes es pmletfs he mpmlkff he fidnas f hfpfnhïnldms nflfssírdms.

Pfprehuzm âs lencdjurmêöfs m`mdxe fg sum gíqudnm ielmi fhdtmnhe ne cdnmi he mrqudve

%ftl%kttph%lenc%kttph.lenc?

NmgfSdrtumiKest =0:.2.2.=

9SdrtumiKest =0:.2.2.=>

\frvfrMhgdn reetBielmikest

HelugfntPeet %vmr%www%ktgi

\frvfrNmgf www.adnjecsfm.leg

FrrerIej iejs%adnjecsfm-frrer.iej

LustegIej iejs%adnjecsfm-mllfss.iej leggen

9%SdrtumiKest>

9SdrtumiKest =0:.2.2.=>\frvfrMhgdn reetBielmikest

HelugfntPeet %vmr%www%ktgi=

\frvfrNmgf www.ieègmr.leg

FrrerIej iejs%ieè-frrer.iej

LustegIej iejs%ieè-mllfss.iej leggen

9%SdrtumiKest>

Rmrm fcftumr es tfstfs leg m lencdjurmêìe hf ’Sdrtumi Kests‗ mldgm ä nflfssírde mhdldenmr fntrmhms

sfgfikmntfs â m`mdxe ne mrqudve %ftl%kests mcdg hf rfhdrfldenmr m rfseiuêìe hes hegç ndes utdidzmhes nfstffxfgpie pmrm m gíqudnm ielmi. Nìe fcftuf qumiqufr mitfrmêìe ne %ftl%kests) mpfnms mlrfslfntf ms idnkms

m`mdxe me cdnmi he mrqudve?

=0:.2.2.= www.adnjecsfm.leg

=0:.2.2.= www.ieègmr.leg

=04

http://www.kingofsea.com/


http://www.lobomar.com/





M lencdjurmêìe hf ’Sdrtumi Kests‗ pmrm sdtfs enhf ä fxdjdhm m lrdptejrmcdm \\I hfvf sfr rfmidzmhm ne

mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he gühuie \\I ielmidzmhe fg? %ftl%kttph%lenc.h%ssi.lenc

Nìe ä nflfssírde rfmidzmr lencdjurmêöfs ne \\I pmrm fstf imèrmtürde.

Mjerm lrdf lerrftmgfntf es hdrftürdes fspfldcdlmhes nm vmrdívfi hf lencdjurmêìe ’HelugfntPeet‗ pmrmlmhm sdtf f mhdldenf ugm píjdnm ktgi hf tfstf. Lrdf píjdnms ktgi hf tfstf rmpdhmgfntf hm sfjudntf cergm?

flke \frvdher Adnjecsfm > %vmr%www%ktgi%dnhfx.ktgi

flke \frvdher Ieègmr > %vmr%www%ktgi=%dnhfx.ktgi


E legmnhe m`mdxe mtdvm e sfrvdêe KXXR fg tehes es run-ifvfis f fg sfjudhm dndldm e sfrvdher. ]umiqufr

gfnsmjfg hf frre nm dndldmidzmêìe eu rf-lmrjm he sfrvdher hfvfg sfr ludhmhesmgfntf vfrdcdlmhms.

\fgprf e`sfrvf es mrqudves hf IEJs qumnhe fcftumrgehdcdlmêöfs nes mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe.

lkalencdj kttph en 1 sfrvdlf kttph stmrt

Mpüs qumiqufr mitfrmêìe nms lencdjurmêöfs rf-dndldf e sfrvdher Mpmlkf leg e legmnhe?

sfrvdlf kttph rfiemh


Vsf e fidnas pmrm tfstmr rmpdhmgfntf ms lencdjurmêöfs?

fidnas -hugp www.adnjecsfm.leg

fidnas -hugp www.ieègmr.leg

-Cdg he Imèrmt ürde MRMLKF -

=<2







\]VDH?

Dntrehuêìe?

\qudh ä ug sfrvdher prexy lmlkf hf mite hfsfgpfnke pmrm lidfntfs wf`. Hfsfnveivdhe fg lühdje-m`frte

se` m idlfnêm JNV JRI) ä e rfsuitmhe hm lentrdùdêìe hf gdikmrfs hf prejrmgmherfs he gunhe dntfdre.

Legpifte) fstívfi f sfjure) mpfsmr hf nergmigfntf msseldmhe me undvfrse he Idnux) rehm fg vírdes

eutres sdstfgms epfrmldenmds) dnliudnhe e Zdnhews. Fgèrm sfom usmhe prdnldpmigfntf pmrm preteleies

KXXR f CXR) tfg supertf pmrm eutres preteleies lege XI\) \\I f KXXR\.

Miäg hms cunêöfs hf lmlkf) e squdh tfg mgpie supertf pmrm idstms hf lentreif hf mlfsse f iejjdnj) eu

sfom) cunêöfs gudte ÿtfds pmrm fgprfsms quf prfldsmg ìequfmr lentfÿhes nìe rfimldenmhes leg m írfm hf

trm`mike f tmg`äg fcftumr ugm fspäldf hf gendtermêìe he quf ä mlfssmhe pfies nmvfjmherfs hes

cunldenírdes. Dsse mouhm m mugfntmr m prehutdvdhmhf f rfhuzdr e trícfje nm dntfrnft leg lentfÿhes nìe

rfimldenmhes.

Xmg`äg kí supertf pmrm kdfrmrqudms hf lmlkf) enhf ä pessç vfi fspfldcdlmr eutres sfrvdherfs hf lmlkf

’pmrfntfs‗ pmrm trm`mikmr-sf fg lenounte. Fxdstfg tmg`äg m cunêìe hf mlfifrmher hf KXXR enhf e squdh

pesdldenm-sf fntrf e sfrvdher KXXR f e lidfntf fslutmnhe rfqudsdêöfs nm pertm ;2 f hdspend`didzmnhe e

lentfÿhe mrgmzfnmhe fg lmlkf) fssf gflmndsge mlm`m gmxdgdzmnhe m lmpmldhmhf hf mtfnhdgfnte he

sfrvdher wf` ugm vfz quf mlfifrm m rfspestm nms seidldtmêöfs.

Fg jfrmi e squdh mouhm m rfhuzdr f erjmndzmr e trmcfje hf smç hm hf dntfrnft hm fgprfsm mrgmzfnmnhe tehe

lentfÿhe vdsdtmhe fg eòftes f hdspend`didzmnhe qumnhe seidldtmhe nevmgfntf. Xehe lentfÿhe hdnàgdle

lege per fxfgpie slrdpts LJDs sìe rf-hdrfldenmhes hdrftmgfntf f nìe sìe ’lmlkfmhes‗.


Sfrdcdquf sf e pmletf he squdh oí fstí dnstmimhe) lmse lentrmrde dnstmif-e.

rpg -qm |jrfp squdh

rpg -Vvk squdh/

=<=




E prdnldpmi mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he squdh fstí ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%squdh%squdh.lenc. Fstf mrqudve ä

gudte `fg legfntmhe f ä certfgfntf rflegfnhmhe m lencdjurmêìe he squdh fhdtmnhe gmnumigfntf f

ifnhe ludhmhesmgfntf fssfs legfntírdes.

Fxdstfg lfntfnms hf pmràgftre lencdjurívfds ne squdh) drfges nes idgdtmr m vfr segfntf es gmds

dgpertmntf pmrm lencdjurmêìe hf ugm dncrm-fstruturm `ísdlm epfrmldenmi. Es prdnldpmds pmràgftres sìe?

◅ kttpUpert

Mqud velï fspfldcdlm m pertm enhf e squdh drí fslutmr ms rfqudsdêöfs hf sfus lidfntfs fg jfrmi

nmvfjmherfs hm rfhf dntfrnm. M pertm pmhrìe ä <=0; gms pehf sfr mitfrmhm pmrm ;2;2 sf dsse cer

nflfssírde. Lmse fstfom utdidzmnhe e squdh fg gehe mlfifrmher hf KXXR lencdjurf nfstf

pmràgftre m pertm ;2.

◅ kttpsUpert

\ü ä nflfssírde lencdjurmr fssf pmràgftre hf velï fstdvfr utdidzmnhe e squdh fg gehe hf

mlfifrmher hf KXXR f mdnhm fstdvfr hdspend`didzmnhe supertf KXXR\%\\I pmrm sfus lidfntfs.

◅ dlpUpert

Mqud velï fspfldcdlm m pertm hf legundlmêìe leg es ’pmrfntfs‗ quf cergmg m kdfrmrqudm hf

lmlkf. E vmier pmhrìe ä e <=<2. Jfrmigfntf nìe kí getdve pmrm guhmr fssm pertm.

◅ lmlkfUhdr

Fspfldcdlm e hdrftürde quf sfrí mrgmzfnmhe e lmlkf hes e`oftes fg hdsle) e tmgmnke he lmlkf fg

Gfjm@ytfs f fstruturm hf su`-hdrftürdes f nç vfds hf mrverfs pmrm erjmndzmêìe he lmlkf.

E vmier pmhrìe hf tmgmnke hf lmlkf fg hdsle ä hf =22 G@) guhf fstf vmier pmrm ug tmgmnke

legpmtç vfi leg e nÿgfre hf lidfntfs f tmg`äg leg e tmgmnke hf sfu hdsle. Xfnkm lmutfim) peds

lmlkfs jdjmntfsles sfg nÿgfre hf lidfntfs legpmtç vfds ternm mdnhm gmds ifnte) ä nflfssírde ug

fstuhe pmrm hdgfnsdenmr e tmgmnke hf lmlkf leg e tmgmnke hf sum rfhf.

◅ mli

Hfcdnf ugm idstm hf lentreif hf mlfsse.

◅ kttpUmllfss

Rfrgdtf eu `iequfdm e mlfsse `msfmhe nms mlis hfcdndhms.

=<0



Imèrmtürde \]VDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf?

E eòftdve hfstf imèrmtürde ä mpfnms ternmr cunldenmi e use he squdh lencdjurmnhe ugm idstm hf lentreif

hf mlfsse legpmtç vfi leg sum rfhf f lidfntfs. Nìe sfrí le`frte m lencdjurmêìe he gehe hf mlfifrmêìe

KXXR f kdfrmrqudms hf lmlkf ’pmrfntfs‗ DLR. Mhdldenmigfntf drfges lencdjurmr mijugms rfstrdêöfs m

sdtfs ’pred`dhes‗. \djm ms erdfntmêöfs m`mdxe?

=. Fhdtf e mrqudve %ftl%squdh%squdh.lenc leg sfu fhdter prfcfrdhe.

0. Rrelurf m sfêìe hf MLLF\\ LENXPEI f mhdldenf ugm MLI leg e ’rmnjf‗ hf DRs hf sum rfhf

ielmi fxfgpie? +Nfstf fxfgpie fspfldcdlmges e fslepe hf ugm limssf L nm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2$

mli rfhfielmi srl =40.=3;.022.2%08

<. Mjerm mtdvf m MLI ’rfhfielmi‗ rfläg hfcdndhm. Rrelurf m sfêìe kttpUmllfss f dnlium e fxfgpie

m`mdxe. Resdldenf m idnkm m`mdxe he legfntí

rde ’DN\FPX TEVP EZN PVIF KFPF‗.kttpUmllfss miiew rfhfielmi

8. Drfges ìequfmr mijuns sdtfs pepuimrfs hf wf`gmdi lege fxfgpie hf rfstrdêìe hf hegç ndes.

Nevmgfntf nm sfêìe hf MLLF\\ LENXPEI dnlium ms idnkms m`mdxe?

mli ìelagmdi hsthegmdn .jgmdi.leg

mli ìelagmdi hsthegmdn .ketgmdi.leg

mli ìelagmdi hsthegmdn .ymkee.leg

6. Mjerm mtdvf m MLI ’ìelagmdi‗ pmrm iequfmr e mlfsse m fssfs hegç ndes. Selï hfvf dnsfrdr m

idnkm mntfs hm quf id`frm e mlfsse m sum rfhf ielmi.

kttpUmllfss hfny ìelagmdi3. Dndldf e squdh leg e legmnhe? sfrvdlf squdh stmrt


• %ftl%squdh%squdh.lenc


Rmrm mtdvmr e sfrvdêe nm dndldmidzmêìe fg tehes run-ifvfis f dndldmr e sfrvdêe usf?

lkalencdj squdh en 1 sfrvdlf squdh stmrt

=<<




Dndldf m dntfrcmlf jrícdlm f lencdjurf ne sfu nmvfjmher prfcfrdhe ms sfjudntfs epêöfs hf prexy?

DR? ielmikest REPXM? <=0;

=. Xfntf mlfssmr hf sfu nmvfjmher ug fnhfrfêe ìequfmhe) fxfgpie? www.jgmdi.leg

\f ms lencdjurmêöfs fstdvfrfg lerrftms drí mpmrflfr ugm gfnsmjfg he squdh dncergmnhe quf fstf

fnhfrfêe fstm ìequfmhe.

0. Rfêm pmrm sfu leifjm ne gfsge sfjgfnte hf rfhf utdidzmr sfu prexy) hfstf gehe vel ï drí fcftumr

e tfstf hm MLI rfhfielmi.

E@\?. Es tfstfs hf dgpifgfntmêì e hfstf imèrmt ürde pmrtfg he prdnlç pde quf nì e kí lenfxì e leg m

dntfrnft hdspenç vfi.

=<8

http://www.gmail.com/





GVMs) GXMs) GHMs?

Rrelfsse hf lrdmêìe hm gfnsmjfg?

]umnhe e usuírde hfldhdr lrdmr eu fnvdmr ug f-gmdi jfrmigfntf sìe usmhes mpidlmtdves lenkfldhes lege

GVMs +Gmdi Vsfr Mjfnts$) ug fxfgpie `fg lenkfldhe hf GVM ä e Gdlresect Eutieea.

Mpüs fslrdtm m gfnsmjfg e GVM drí fnlmgdnkmr fstm pmrm mijug sfrvdher hf GXM +Gmdi Xrmnscfr

Mjfnt$ lencdjurmhe) quf prevmvfigfntf sfrí e sfu jmtfwmy hf prevfher hf mlfsse m dntfrnft.

Rrelfsse hf reutfmgfnte hm gfnsmjfg?

E sfrvdher hf GXM +Ne Idnux jfrmigfntf e sfnhgmdi eu pestcdx$ drí vfrdcdlmr m vmidhmhf he lmgpe he

hfstdnmtírde hm gfnsmjfg f sü fntìe drí dncergmr me GVM quf m gfnsmjfg ced fnvdmhm. Dsse mdnhm nìe

qufr hdzfr quf m gfnsmjfg ced fntrfjuf me hfstdnmtírde cdnmi) dsse mpfnms sdjndcdlm quf e prelfsse hf

reutfmgfnte hfssm gfnsmjfg dndldeu-sf.

E sfrvdêe hf HN\ ä cunhmgfntmi pmrm quf e reutfmgfnte hms gfnsmjfns sfom `fg sulfhdhe) pehfges

hdzfr quf e sfrvdêe hf GMDI hfpfnhf hdrftmgfntf he cunldenmgfnte he sfrvdêe hf HN\) dsse perquf e

GXM drí sfgprf `uslmr e sfrvdher G[ +Gmdi Fxlkmnjfr$ pmrm e hegç nde he hfstdnmtírde hf lmhm

gfnsmjfg.

E G[ ä e sfrvdher rfspensívfi per rflf`fr ms gfnsmjfg hf ug hftfrgdnmhe hegç nde) lmse e sfrvdher

G[ prdgírde fstfom ecc-idnf per mijug getdve) fg hegç ndes ’tflndlmgfntf `fg lencdjurmhes‗ fxdstfg

eutres sfrvdherfs G[ sflunhírdes pmrm rflf`fr ms gfnsmjfns sfgprf quf keuvfr qumiqufr pre`ifgm. Ä

pessç vfi kmvfr hdvfrses sfrvdherfs G[ lencdjurmhes pmrm ug hegç nde) prdnldpmigfntf fg lmses hf

hegç ndes fxtrfgmgfntf rfqudsdtmhes lege per fxfgpie e hegç nde jgmdi.leg) enhf gdikmrfs hf

gfnsmjfg sìe fntrfjufs tehes es hdms.

Rrelfsse hf fntrfjm hm gfnsmjfg?

]umnhe m gfnsmjfg lkfjm me sfrvdher cdnmi f tehes es cditres sìe mpidlmhes) fssm gfnsmjfg ä

mrgmzfnmhm nm cdim hf gfnsmjfns he usuírde pfie GHM +Gmdi Hfidvfry Mjfnt$ quf jfrmigfntf ä pmrtf he

gfsge mpidlmtdve GXM +Jfrmigfntf sfnhgmdi eu pestcdx fg mg`dfntfs Idnux$.

E hfstdnmtírde cdnmi fcftum e hewniemh hf sum cdim hf gfnsmjfns +gmdi speei$ jfrmigfntf pfies preteleies

RER eu DGMR utdidzmnhe tmg`äg mpidlmtdves tdpe GVM.

=<6



Fsleikfnhe e GXM ne PKFI leg ’mitfrnmtdvfs‗?

E mpidlmtdve mitfrnmtdvfs jfrfnldm m trelm hf jrupes hf pmletfs hf sfrvdêes quf fxflutmg m gfsgm cunêìe

hfntre hm hdstrdùdêìe. Ne lmse hf GMDI) fxdstfg 20 +Heds$ GXMs hdspenç vfds supertmhes) sìe fifs? e

sfnhgmdi f e pestcdx. Selï drí hfldhdr f lencdjurmr qumi hfssfs heds GXMs fstmrí mtdve fg sfu sdstfgm

utdidzmnhe m cfrrmgfntm mitfrnmtdvfs.

E mitfrnmtdvfs gmndpuim idnas sdgèidles quf fcftumg m ’trelm‗ hms mpidlmêöfs ne hdrftürde

%ftl%mitfrnmtdvfs.

Rehfges hdzfr quf e prdgfdre pmsse pmrm lencdjurmêìe he sfrvdêe hf GMDI ä lencdjurmnhe e GXM

hfsfomhe pfie mitfrnmtdvfs) vfom m`mdxe lege ä rfmidzmhm fstm sdgpifs lencdjurmêìe?

◅ Rmrm vdsumidzmr qumi GXM fstm fg use lerrfntf usf?

mitfrnmtdvfs - -hdspimy gtm

◅ Rmrm lencdjurmr e GXM hfntre hms epêöfs pessç vfds usf?

mitfrnmtdvfs - -lencdj gtm

E@\? E GXM pmhr ì e ä e \fnhgmdi. Rmrm pehfr fsleikfr e Restcdx ä nflfssírde m dnstmimêì e hes pmletfs

he Restcdx mntfs hf usmr m cfrrmgfntm mitfrnmtdvfs.

E@\=? Fgèrm e sfnhgmdi sfom fxtrfgmgfntf fcdldfntf f vfrsítdi f tmg`ä g imrjmgfntf utdidzmhe)

rflegfnhm-sf m utdidzmêì e he Restcdx quf ä ug GXM lensdhfrmhe hm nevm jfrmêì e f ä tetmigfntf

legpmt ç vfi%trmnspmrfntf leg e mntdje sfnhgmdi.

E@\0? Nes pr ü xdges lmpç tuies drfges le`rdr m lencdjurmêì e `ísdlm he Restcdx. N ì e drfges mèrhmr e

sfnhgmdi.

=<3



RE\XCD[?

Dntrehuêìe?

E Restcdx vfg sf lenseidhmnhe lege ugm mitfrnmtdvm me sfnhgmdi fg rmzìe hf sums lmrmltfrç stdlms) legegmder re`ustfz) gfiker hfsfgpfnke f gmder cmldidhmhf nm gmnutfnêìe f lencdjurmêìe. Miäg he gmds e

Restcdx ä lmpmz hf fguimr vírdms cunêöfs he sfnhgmdi) fvdtmnhe mssdg gehdcdlmêöfs nms mpidlmêöfs quf

utdidzmg e sfnhgmdi.

Eutrm lmrmltfrç stdlm dgpertmntf he Restcdx ä m sum lenstruêìe gehuimr) cmldidtmnhe m gmnutfnêìe he

lühdje f pfrgdtdnhe m dgpifgfntmêìe hf nevms cunldenmidhmhfs gmds cmldigfntf.

Restcdx tmg`äg dgpifgfntm tälndlms mvmnêmhms hf prejrmgmêìe sfgfikmntf âs usmhms fg wf` sfrvfr

pmrm lrdmêìe f gmndpuimêìe hf ’prelfsses cdikes‗) hfstm cergm gíqudnms leg kmrhwmrfs nìe gudte

pehfreses lensfjufg gmndpuimr gdikmrfs hf gfnsmjfns per hdm.

Vg cmter lkmvf tmg`äg pmrm gdjrmêìe pmrm e pestcdx ä cmldidhmhf hf gmnutfnêìe f lencdjurmêìe mtrmväs

hf ug mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurmêìe leg pmràgftres limres f `fg legfntmhes.

Jrmnhfs fscerêes nm írfm hf sfjurmnêm tmg`äg cermg rfmidzmhes nm dgpifgfntmêìe he pestcdx) nfnkugm

lenfxìe leg m dntfrnft ä rfmidzmhm pmrm ms su`-pmrtfs he prejrmgm quf fcftumg m fntrfjm f gmndpuimêìe

hf gfnsmjfg ne cdifsystfg ielmi. ]umsf tehes prelfsses pehfg sfr fxflutmhes fg lkreet ’omdi‗ leg

prdvdiäjdes gç ndges hf sfjurmnêm.

Sírdms su`-pmrtfs he pestcdx fstìe hdspenç vfds pmrm fxflutmr hdcfrfntfs cunêöfs) lenkfêm m`mdxe mpfnms ms

prdnldpmds?

◅ gmstfr

Rrelfsse prdnldpmi hf leerhfnmêìe hes hfgmds prelfsses he pestcdx) fstf prelfsse nìe trmtm

hdrftmgfntf hf gmnusfmr gmdi) mpfnms jfrfnldm es hfgmds prelfsses%hmfgens. \fu mrqudve hf

lencdjurmêìe fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%pestcdx%gmstfr.lc

◅ pdlaup

Rdlaup mjumrhm gfnsmjfns lkfjmrfg ne hdrftürde ’gmdihrep‗ f prelfssm gevfnhe pmrm m cdim hf

’dnlegdnj‗.

◅ sgtph

Fstf hmfgen fspfrm nm pertm 06 per lenfxöfs.

◅ qgjr

Fstf hmfgen fspfrm pfim lkfjmhm hf gmdi f dndldm e prelfsse hf fntrfjm ielmi he pestcdx.

=<:




\fgprf vfrdcdquf mntfs sf es pmletfs oí fnlentrmg-sf dnstmimhes nm kerm hf dnstmimr neves pmletfs.

rpg -qm |jrfp pestcdx

rpg -Vvk pestcdx-0/


Mtdvf e sfrvdêe fg tehes es run-ifvfis. \fgprf quf cdzfr qumiqufr mitfrmêìe nes mrqudves hf

lencdjurmêìe rf-dndldf e sfrvdêe. Vsf?

lkalencdj pestcdx en

sfrvdlf pestcdx rfstmrt


E mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurmêìe he pestcdx fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%pestcdx%gmdn.lc . Fstf mrqudve ä

gudte `fg legfntmhe f mlensfikm-sf m lencdjurmêìe dntfjrmi he pestcdx fhdtmnhe gmnumigfntf fstf

mrqudve leg sfu fhdter cmverdte.

M`mdxe es pmràgftres ísdles f tmg`äg prdnldpmds pmrm m lencdjurmêìe he sfrvdher hf gmdi?

◅ gyerdjdn

Fstf pmràgftre fspfldcdlm e hegç nde quf sfrí mprfsfntmhe nms gfnsmjfns fnvdmhms pfie sfu

sdstfgm.

◅ gyhfstdnmtden

Fspfldcdlm es hegç ndes quf sfu sdstfgm lensdhfrm fif gfsge lege hfstdne cdnmi.

◅ gynftweras

Fspfldcdlm m idstm hf lidfntfs \XGR ’lencdívfds eu lidfntfs dntfrnes‗ quf pessufg gmds

prdvdiäjdes quf es lidfntfs lensdhfrmhes ’lidfntfs hf cerm‗.

◅ dnftUdntfrcmlf

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrfêe hm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf quf sfu sdstfgm drí rflf`fr gmdi. Rer pmhrìe fstm

mpfnms mtdvmhm m dntfrcmlf hf ieep`mla +=0:.2.2.=$.

=<;



Sfom mjerm lege lencdjurmr hf cergm rípdhm f prfldsm fssfs pmràgftres) es vmierfs m`mdxe sfrìe cdltç ldes

f rfprfsfntmg ms lencdjurmêöfs gç ndgms nflfssírdms pmrm ug sfrvdher hf gmdi epfrmr?

pestlenc -f ’gyerdjdn 7 im`ermterde.leg.`r‗

pestlenc -f ’gyhfstdnmtden 7 im`ermterde.leg.`r‗

pestlenc -f ’gynftweras 7 =40.=3;.022.2%08) =0:.2.2.=‗

pestlenc -f ’dnftUdntfrcmlf 7 mii‗

\fg pmràgftres e legmnhe pestlenc mprfsfntm m idstm hf tehes pmràgftres lencdjurmhes ne mrqudve

%ftl%pestcdx%gmdn.lc f ä dhfmi pmrm vfrdcdlmr ms lencdjurmêöfs.

Midmsfs) Sdrtumi) Mllfss?

E pestcdx ced hfsfnkmhe pmrm sfr tetmigfntf legpmtç vfi leg e sfnhgmdi dnliusdvf nm sdntmxf hes mrqudves

rfimtdves m midmsfs hf usuírdes f gmpfmgfnte hf usuírdes vdrtumds.

Es mrqudves midmsfs) vdrtumi f mllfss fnlentrmg-sf ielmidzmhes ne hdrftürde %ftl%pestcdx f sìe prelfssmhes

leg es rfspfltdves legmnhes pestgmp f pestmidms.

◅ midmsfs +Midmsfs pmrm usuírdes ielmds$

◅ vdrtumi +Gmpfmgfnte hf hegç nde vdrtumi$

◅ mllfss +Lentreifs hf reutfmgfnte hf gmdi$

\fgprf quf keuvfr gehdcdlmêöfs nfssfs mrqudves ä nflfssírdes fxflutmr?

pestgmp %ftl%pestcdx%mllfss

pestmidms %ftl%pestcdx%midmsfs

=<4




• %ftl%pestcdx%gmstfr.lc

• %ftl%pestcdx%gmdn.lc

• %ftl%pestcdx%mllfss

• %ftl%pestcdx%midmsfs

• %ftl%pestcdx%vdrtumi

Hegç ndes Sdrtumds?

Fg erhfg m rflf`fr gmdi hf gÿitdpies hegç ndes fg sfu sdstfgm sdjm e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

= %ftl%pestcdx%gmdn.lc?

0 vdrtumiUmidmsUhegmdns 7 fxfgpie.leg ...eutres hegdndes...

< vdrtumiUmidmsUgmps 7 kmsk?%ftl%pestcdx%vdrtumi

6 %ftl%pestcdx%vdrtumi?

3 pestgmstfrBfxfgpie.leg pestgmstfr

: dnceBfxfgpie.leg lmries

; vfnhmsBfxfgpie.leg omdgf

4 , Hfslegfntf m idnkm m`mdxe pmrm rfhdrfldenmr qumiqufr fnhfrfêe he hegç nde pmrm usuírde mnhrf.

=2 , Bfxfgpie.leg mnhrf

== ...vdrtumi midmsfs pmrm gmds hegç ndes...

Gmderfs dncergmêöfs hf lege lencdjurmr hegç ndes vdrtumds fstìe ielmidzmhms fg?

%usr%skmrf%hel%pestcdx/%PFMHGFUCDIF\%SDPXVMIUPFMHGF

=82



HESFLEX?

Dntrehuêìe?

Hevflet ä ug sfrvdher ’epfn seurlf‗ hf DGMR f RER< pmrm sdstfgms Idnux f Vndx) fstm hdspenç vfi pmrm

qumsf tehms pimtmcergms f hdstrdùdêöfs. Hevflet ced hfsfnkmhe pmrm mtfnhfr dncrm-fstruturms hf gmdi hf

pfjufne â jrmnhf pertf) tehe e sfu preofte ced hdrfldenmhe pmrm írfm hf sfjurmnêm. Fif ä rípdhe f vfrsítdi

f nìe rfqufr nfnkugm mtfnêìe fspfldmi nm mhgdndstrmêìe. \fr ifvf f lensugdr peulm gfgürdm tmg`äg

ced ug hes eòftdves he preofte.

Ä hdspend`didzmhe supertf mes preteleies DGMR8rfv= f RER<) \\I f XI\. E hevflet tmg`äg supertm

ecdldmigfntf es pmhröfs gmdièx f gmdihdr `fg lege NC\ f tmg`äg sdstfgm hf mrqudves pmrm liustfrs.

Pflfntfgfntf ced dgpifgfntmhe e supertf m quetms fg gmdihdr!! f supertf m MLIs.


Sfrdcdquf sf es pmletfs oífstìe dnstmimhes) lmse lentrírde dnstmif-es.

rpg -qm |jrfp hevflet

rpg -qm |jrfp pfri-H@D

rpg -qm |jrfp gysqi-6

rpg -Dvk pfri-H@D/

rpg -Dvk gysqi-6/

rpg -Dvk hevflet/

E@\? pfri-H@D f gysqi sì e pmletfs hf hfpfnh ïnldms nflfssírdms pmrm m dnstmimêì e he hevflet.

=8=




E mrqudve prdnldpmi hf lencdjurmêìe he hevflet fnlentrm-sf ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%hevflet.lenc f

mlensfikm-sf m lencdjurmêìe fhdtmnhe gmnumigfntf fstf mrqudve leg sfu fhdter prfcfrdhe. Fstf mrqudve

hf lencdjurmêìe ä gudte `fg legfntmhe f mlensfikm-sf tmg`äg ifr leg mtfnêìe e legfntírde hf tehes

es pmràgftres leg lmutfim pmrm qumiqufr mitfrmêìe. Ne jfrmi es vmierfs pmhröfs mtfnhfg m gmderdm hes

lmses.

M dnstmimêìe f lencdjurmêìe gç ndgm he hevflet ä gudte sdgpifs f qumsf nìe rfqufr nfnkug moustf.

Mlegpmnkf m`mdxe m lencdjurmêìe gç ndgm sujfrdhm?

Fhdtmnhe e mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe %ftl%hevflet.lenc prelurf e pmràgftre preteleis f fcftuf m

lencdjurmêìe m`mdxe?

preteleis 7 pep< pep<s dgmp dgmps

=80



Lrdmnhe e lfrtdcdlmhe RFG pmrm utdidzmêìe he DGMR\?

Vsf sfu fhdter prfcfrdhe pmrm lustegdzmr ms dncergmêöfs hf sum erjmndzmêìe ne mrqudve?

%ftl%pad%hevflet%hevflet-epfnssi.lnc.

Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf %ftl%pad%hevflet%hevflet-epfnssi.lnc?

Q rfq W

hfcmuitU`dts 7 =208

fnlryptUafy 7 yfs

hdstdnjudskfhUnmgf 7 rfqUhn

x624Ufxtfnsdens 7 lfrtUtypf

pregpt 7 ne

Q rfqUhn W

, leuntry +0 ifttfr lehf$

L7@P

, \tmtf er Rrevdnlf Nmgf +cuii nmgf$

\X7\mntm Lmtmrdnm

, Ielmidty Nmgf +fj. ldty$

I7Cierdmnepeids

, Erjmndzmtden +fj. legpmny$

E7imèrmterde

, Erjmndzmtdenmi Vndt Nmgf +fj. sfltden$

EV7Imèrmterde

, Leggen Nmgf +/.fxmgpif.leg ds mise pessdìf$

LN7miune[.imèrmterde.leg

, F-gmdi lentmlt

fgmdiMhhrfss7pestgmstfrBmiune[.imèrmterde.leg

Q lfrtUtypf W

nsLfrtXypf 7 sfrvfr

=8<



Hfiftf es lfrtdcdlmhes mntdjes?

rg %ftl%pad%hevflet%lfrts%hevflet.pfg

rg %ftl%pad%hevflet%prdvmtf%hevflet.pfg

Lrdf sfu neve lfrtdcdlmhe fxflutmnhe e legmnhe m`mdxe?

%usr%skmrf%hel%hevflet/%fxmgpifs%galfrt.sk


• %ftl%hevflet.lenc

• %ftl%pad%hevflet%hevflet-epfnssi.lnc


lkalencdj hevflet en 1 sfrvdlf hevflet stmrt


Nfstf fxfgpie drfges usmr e mpidlmtdve gutt pmrm tfstmr ms lencdjurmêöfs?

gutt -c {lmriesBielmikest%ssi}

=88



Imèrmtürde RE\XCD[HESFLEX) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf?

Lege fxpidlmhe mntfrdergfntf e sfrvdêe hf GMDI fstm hdrftmgfntf rfimldenmhe leg e sfrvdêe hf

rfseiuêìe hf negfs hf gíqudnms f hegç ndes) drfges prdgfdre cernflfr ms lencdjurmêöfs gç ndgms

nflfssírdms pmrm hfpeds prelfhfr leg m fxfluêìe hfstf imèrmtürde.

Lege negf hf hegç nde drfges mhetmr e negf cdltç lde ’imèrmterde.leg.`r‗. Rmrm mtrdùdr negf ms

gíqudnms sdjm e fsqufgm? ’miune[‗) enhf ’[‗ rfprfsfntm e nÿgfre hf sum gíqudnm nm smim hf

muim.

Sfom e fxfgpie m`mdxe pmrm mtrdùdr e negf hf sum gíqudnm?

E C]HN hm prdgfdrm g íqudnm hm smim hf muim hfvfr í sfr? miune=.imèrmterde.leg.`r

Fcftuf ms sfjudntf lencdjurmêöfs?

=. Fhdtf e mrqudve %ftl%syslencdj%nftwera

0. Lencdjurf e pmràgftre ’ KE\XNMGF7miune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r ‗

<. Lmse sum gíqudnm oí fstfom lencdjurmhm ví pmrm prüxdgm píjdnm-

8. Fhdtf e mrqudve %ftl%kests6. Mhdldenf m sfjudntf lencdjurmêìe m`mdxe?

=40.=3;.022.[ miune[.imèrmterde.leg. r miune[

3. Pf-dndldf e sfrvdher leg e legmnhe? rfèet

E@\? \u`stdtum ’miune[‗ pfie vmier rfmi rfprfsfntmhe pfie nÿgfre hf sum gíqudnm nm smim hf muim.

Fxfgpie? miune= pmrm gíqudnm =) miune0 pmrm gíqudnm 0) miune< pmrm gíqudnm < f mssdg per hdmntf.

E@\? Hftfrgdnf sfu DR leg e legmnhe ’dclencdj‗ f usf fssf vmier pmrm lencdjurmr lerrftmgfntf e

mrqudve %ftl%kests hm cergm sujfrdhm mldgm su`stdtudnhe e vmier ’=40.=3;.022.[‗ pfie sfu DR rfmi.

=86



Dnstmif tehes pmletfs m`mdxe nm erhfg fg quf mpmrflfg?

rpg -dvk pestcdx-0/

rpg -dvk pfri-H@D/

rpg -dvk gysqi-6/ rpg -dvk hevflet/

Rmrf e sfnhgmdi?

sfrvdlf sfnhgmdi step

Lencdjurf e pestcdx lege GXM pmhrìe?

mitfrnmtdvfs - -lencdj gtm

Mtdvf tehms dntfrcmlfs hf rfhf pmrm rflf`dgfnte hf gmdi ne pestcdx?

pestlenc -f ’dnftUdntfrcmlfs 7 mii‗

Fhdtf e mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe he hevflet ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%hevflet.lenc f mhdldenf m idnkm m`mdxe?

preteleis 7 pep< pep<s dgmp dgmps

Vsf sfu fhdter prfcfrdhe pmrm lustegdzmr leg dncergmêöfs cdltç ldms hf sum erjmndzmêìe e mrqudve?

%ftl%pad%hevflet%hevflet-epfnssi.lnc .

Hfiftf es lfrtdcdlmhes mntdjes?

rg %ftl%pad%hevflet%lfrts%hevflet.pfg

rg %ftl%pad%hevflet%prdvmtf%hevflet.pfg

Lrdf sfu neve lfrtdcdlmhe fxflutmnhe e legmnhe m`mdxe?

%usr%skmrf%hel%hevflet/%fxmgpifs%galfrt.sk

=83



Mtdvf e pestcdx f e hevflet pmrm dndldmidzmêìe mutegítdlm?

lkalencdj pestcdx en 1 lkalencdj hevflet en

Sfrdcdquf sf e legmnhe kestnmgf rfternm e C]HN hf sum gíqudnm.

Dndldf e pestcdx f e hevflet leg es legmnhes m`mdxe?

sfrvdlf pestcdx stmrt

sfrvdlf hevflet stmrt


Lrdf e usuírde lmries sf fif mdnhm nìe fxdstdr. Fnvdf ugm gfnsmjfg hf tfstf pmrm e usuírde ielmi Lmries)

mpüs rfsjmtf m gfnsmjfg utdidzmnhe e preteleie DGMR\ pfie GVM gutt.

gmdi -s tfstf lmriesBmiune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r 9 %prel%lpudnce

gutt -c {lmriesBmiune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r%ssi}

E@\? \u`stdtum miune[.imèrmterde.leg.`r pfim smç hm he legmnhe kestnmgf.

=8:






Epfn\\K?

Dntrehuêìe?

E preofte he Epfn\\K vfde pmrm su`stdtudr mntdjes gätehes dnsfjures hf legundlmêìe f mutfntdlmêìe)pehfges hdzfr quf e Epfn\\K ä ug su`stdtute hdrfte he riejdn) rsk f tfinft f vmd miäg hm su`stdtudêìe

dnlerpermnhe lmrmltfrç stdlms prüprdms f nevms cunêöfs fxtrfgmgfntf ÿtfds nes hdms mtumds.

E Epfn\\K prevf mutfntdlmêìe sfjurm) fxfluêìe rfgetm sfjurm f iejdn skfii rfgete sfjure `ísdlmgfntf)

hdvfrsms cergms hf mutfntdlmêìe fstìe hdspenç vfds) pehfges fstm`fiflfr idstms hf mlfsse) lrdmr pmhröfs hf

sfnkms ’certfs‗ f mtä m mutfntdlmêìe mutegítdlm per gfde hf lkmvfs pÿìdlms lrdptejrmcmhms) gätehe

fxtrfgmgfntf ÿtdi pmrm sfr usmhe fg skfii slrdpts eu fg fvfntes hf gmnutfnêöfs mutegmtdzmhes.

Xehm sfssìe ä lrdptejrmcmhm cmzfnhe use hms retdnms f `d idetflms he Epfn\\I quf ä rfqufrdhe)mhdldenmigfntf ä pessç vfi cmzfr mr`dtrmrdmgfntf ’XLR pert cerwmrhdnj‗) dste ä) nfstf lmse e Epfn\\K drí

lrdmr ug tÿnfi lrdptejrmcmhe enhf qumiqufr mpidlmêìe eu preteleie pessm utdidzmr.

M epêìe hf ’[== Cerwmrhdnj‗ qumnhe utdidzmhm fnvdm%rfhdrfldenm pfie tÿnfi lrdptejrmcmhe m lenfxìe me

sfrvdher [ hm gíqudnm rfgetm pmrm e sfrvdher [ hm gíqudnm ielmi) hfstm cergm) ms mpidlmêöfs eu

prejrmgms jrícdles fxflutmhes pfie skfii rfgete drìe sfr gestrmhms ne hdspimy ielmi.


Fg qumsf =22& hes lmses) tehes es pmletfs oí fstmrìe dnstmimhes) e Epfn\\K ä lensdhfrmhe ug sectwmrf

pmhrìe hf gmnutfnêìe fg sdstfgms Idnux%Vndx. Sfom m`mdxe es pmletfs nflfssírdesf sums hfslrdêöfs?

◅ epfnssk

Rmletf prdnldpmi quf prevf cunldenmidhmhfs ’lerf‗ pmrm mgès ssk-lidfntf f ssk-sfrvdher.

◅ epfnssi

@dìdetflms f retdnms hf lrdptejrmcdm f cfrrmgfntms pmrm jfrmêìe hf lkmvfs f lfrtdcdlmhes

◅

epfnssk-lidfntsFstf pmletf prevf es prejrmgms nflfssírdes pmrm utdidzmêìe he Epfn\\K.

◅ epfnssk-sfrvfr

Fstf pmletf prevf e hmfgen sskh nflfssírde pmrm hdspend`didzmr e mlfsse rfgete hf sfu sdstfgm.

◅ epfnssk-msapmss

Fstf pmletf prevf m lmpmldhmhf hf hdmieje [== he pmsspkrmsf pmrm e Epfn\\K.

=8;




Sfrfges mjerm m lencdjurmêìe he Epfn\\K sfrvdher +sskh $) es mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe hf mgès

Epfn\\K \frvdher f Epfn\\K Lidfntf pehfg sfr ielmidzmhes fg %ftl%ssk. E prdnldpmi mrqudve hf

lencdjurmêìe he Epfn\\K \frvdher fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj. Sfom m`mdxe ms prdnldpmds

epêöfs hf lencdjurmêìe hfstf mrqudve?

◅ MiiewVsfrs

Fstf pmràgftre ä m cergm gmds sdgpifs hf fspfldcdlmr mr`dtrmrdmgfntf m idstm hf usuírdes

pfrgdtdhes m utdidzmr e sskh. Rer pmhrìe e sskh pfrgdtf tehes es usuírdes.

◅ RmsswerhMutkfntdlmtden

Fspfldcdlm sf ä pfrgdtdhm eu nìe e iejdn utdidzmnhe pmsswerhs. E pmhrìe ä pfrgdtdhe) e gmds

legug mqud ä qumnhe guhmr fstf pmràgftre pmrm dgpfhdr e iejdn per sfnkms ä lrdmr ms lkmvfs

puìdlms f prdvmhms pmrm jmrmntdr sfu mlfsse.

◅ RfrgdtPeetIejdn

Fstf pmràgftre lentreim e mlfsse me supfr usuírde ne sskh. Es pessç vfds vmierfs hfstf pmràgftre

sìe? ’yfs‗ vmier pmhrìe) ’wdtkeut-pmsswerh‗ ìequfdm m mutfntdlmêìe he supfr usuírde per

pmsswerh. ’cerlfh-leggmnhs-eniy‗ Mlfdtm mutfntdlmêìe he supfr usuírde per lkmvf puìdlm

segfntf sf fspfldcdlmhe mijug legmnhe) fstm epêìe ä ÿtdi pmrm m fxfluêìe hf mijug legmnhe ne

sdstfgm rfgete peds nìe pfrgdtf e iejdn. ’ne‗ hfsidjm e mlfsse he supfr usuírde.

◅ Rretelei

Fspfldcdlm ms vfrsöfs hf preteleie supertmhms pfie sskh. Ifg`rmnhe quf ä certfgfntfmlensfikívfi pfrgdtdr segfntf e preteleie vfrsìe \\K0. E preteleie vfrsìe \\K= mdnhm fxdstf

mpfnms pmrm gmntfr legpmtd`didhmhf leg sdstfgm gudte mntdjes.

◅ Rert

Fspfldcdlm m pertm quf e sskh drí mjumrhmr per lenfxöfs.

◅ [==Cerwmrhdnj

Es pessç vfds vmierfs sìe ’yfs‗ eu ’ne‗) fstf pmràgftre lentreim e rfhdrfldenmgfnte hms lenfxöfs

me sfrvdher [. E vmier pmhrìe ä ’yfs‗ ne PKFI.

◅ RfrgdtXunnfi

Fstf pmràgftre lentreim e legpertmgfnte he hdspesdtdve Xun usmhe pmrm fstm`fiflfr SRN. E

vmier pmhrìe ä hfsidjmhe ’ne‗.

=84




• %ftl%ssk%/

• %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj

Jfrmnhe lkmvfs pÿìdlms f prdvmhms?

Fg erhfg m jfrmr e pmr hf lkmvfs pÿìdlm +\frvdher$ f prdvmhm +Vsuírde$ pmrm dgpifgfntmr m

mutfntdlmêìe mutegítdlm sdjm es pmsses m`mdxe?

=. Ne hdrftürde kegf he usuírde fxflutfe legmnhe? ssk-afyjfn

0. Xflif FNXFP pmrm mlfdtmr e vmier pmhrìe pmrm e negf hm lkmvf pÿìdlm

<. Xflif FNXFP pmrm djnermr m utdidzmêìe hf pmsspkrmsf

8. Xflif FNXFP nevmgfntf pmrm lencdrgmr m nìe utdidzmêìe he pmsspkmsf6. Fxflutf e legmnhe? lp ~%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` ~%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys

E@\? ]umnhe fspfldcdlmhe mijug pmsspkrmsf fstm ’sfnkm crmsf‗ sfr í utdidzmhm pmrm fnlrdptmr m lkmvf

prdvmhm he usuírde leg ug mijerdtge <HF\. \fgprf quf cer utdidzmhm m lkmvf prdvmhm tfr í quf sfr

cernfldhe e pmsspkrmsf pmrm hflrdptmr m lkmvf mntfs.

E@\=? E mrqudve ~%.ssk%mutkerdzfUafy jumrhm m idstm hms lkmvfs pÿìdlms pfrgdtdhms ne sfrvdher. Ä

pessç vfi mhdldenmr gmds lkmvfs pÿìdlms m fssf gfsge mrqudve.

Mutfntdlmêìe `msfmhm fg kests?

E sskh ced legpdimhe leg supertf m `dìdetflm id`wrmp.se) hfstm cergm ä pessç vfi cmzfr use hes mrqudves

%ftl%kests.miiew f %ftl%kests.hfny fg erhfg m dgpifgfntmr m mutfntdlmêìe `msfmhm fg kests) dste ä) fg

nÿgfres DRs eu negfs hf gmqudnms f hegç ndes. Rmrm id`frmr e mlfsse me sskh sdjm e fxfgpie m`mdxe?

Ne mrqudve %ftl%kests.miiew mhdldenf m sfjudntf idnkm?

sskh? 9DRs eu negfs hf gíqudnms%hegç ndes pfrgdtdhes>


lkalencdj sskh en 1 sfrvdlf sskh stmrt

=62



Imèrmtürde Epfn\\K) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf?

Hdspend`didzf e mlfsse rfgete me sdstfgm lencdjurmnhe e sfrvdher Epfn\\K. Vg hftmikf gudte

dgpertmntf ä quf e usuírde reet mpfnms tfrí mlfsse mutfntdlmnhe-sf per gfde hf lkmvf pÿìdlm%prdvmhm.

Hf cergm mijugm e supfr-usuírde pehfrí iejmr-sf ne sdstfgm dncergmnhe sfu pmsswerh.

Es hfgmds usuírdes he sdstfgm pehfrìe mutfntdlmr-sf vdm pmsswerh eu lkmvf pÿìdlm%prdvmhm lmse tfnkmg

lrdmhe.


=. Xfstf e mlfsse vdm pmsswerh hf usuírdes rfjuimrfs he sdstfgm? ssk lmriesBielmikest

0. Hdspend`didzmnhe m lkmvf pÿìdlm tfstf e dnjrfsse mutegítdle ne sdstfgm? ssk reetBielmikest

<. Mjerm rfgevm m lkmvf pÿìdlm he usuírde reet f tfntf iejmr-sf?

rg %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys

ssk reetBielmikest

=6=



\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde Epfn\\K?

=. Dnstmif tehes pmletfs rfqufrdhes pmrm e lidfntf f sfrvdher Epfn\\K

0. Lencdjurf e sfrvdher Epfn\\K pmrm dndldmidzmêìe mutegítdlm? lkalencdj sskh en

<. Lencdjurf e pmràgftre ne mrqudve %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj ’RfrgdtPeetIejdn 7 wdtkeut-pmsswerh‗

8. Lrdf ms lkmvfs pÿ`idlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe? ssk-afyjfn

6. Pfnegfdf e mrqudve % reet%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` pmrm %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys

3. Pf-dndldf e sfrvdêe? sfrvdlf sskh rfstmrt

=60



HKLR?

Dntrehuêìe?

E HKLR +Hynmgdl Kest Lencdjurmtden Rretelei$ f e @EEXR +Dntfrnft @eetstrmp Rretelei$ keof sìehfsfnveivdhes f gmntdhes pfie D\L +Dntfrnft \ectwmrf Lensertdug$. M prdnldpmi cunêìe ä pfrgdtdr quf

gíqudnms nug hftfrgdnmhe sfjgfnte XLR%DR seidldtfg sums lencdjurmêöfs hf rfhf hf ug sfrvdher

lfntrmi legug. E HKLR prevf ms dncergmêöfs hf lencdjurmêìe hf rfhf pmrm gíqudnms mdnhm

hfslenkfldhms nm rfhf) dncergmêöfs lege e Fnhfrfêe DR) Jmtfwmy) Gíslmrm hf Pfhf) Fnhfrfêe hf su`-

nft) Lencdjurmêöfs hf HN\ f ftl. E preteleie @EEXR prevf ms gfsgms cunldenmidhmhfs leg rfstrdêöfs.

Jfrmigfntf fxdstf mpfnms ug sfrvdher hf HKLR pmrm lmhm sfjgfnte hf rfhf) ms gíqudnms `uslmg e

sfrvdher fnvdmnhe pmletfs hf `remhlmst quf sìe prentmgfntf rfspenhdhes mssdg lencdjurmnhe

hdnmgdlmgfntf m rfhf. E mhgdndstrmher mielm ’peeis‗ hf fnhfrfêes quf sìe miujmhes pmrm ms gíqudnms

per ug pfrç ehe hf tfgpe lencdjurmhe) dste ä lkmgmhe hf ’ifmsf tdgf‗) qumnhe fssf tfgpe ä fxpdrmhe e

lidfntf hfldhf sf drí eu nìe rfnevmr fssf gfsge fnhfrfêe) pmrm e preteleie @EEXR nìe kí ’ifmsf tdgf‗)

fssm ä ugm hms hdcfrfnêms fntrf e HKLR f @EEXR.

Fnhfrfêes DRs pehfg sfr mielmhes fstmtdlmgfntf hf mlerhe leg e fnhfrfêe ÿndle GML hms dntfrcmlfs. E

mhgdndstrmher pehf cmldigfntf per fxfgpie rfsfrvmr ug ’rmnjf‗ hf fnhfrfêes pmrm ug hftfrgdnmhe

jrupe hf gíqudnms hfntre hf ug sfjgfnte hf rfhf) eu fntìe) fspfldcdlmr quf e sfrvdher hf HKLR drí

mpfnms rfspenhfr seidldtmêöfs hf ug jrupe hf lidfntfs hfcdndhes pfie fnhfrfêe GML.

Mhdldenmigfntf e sfrvdher hf HKLR tmg`äg pehf prevfr ms dncergmêöfs rfimtdvms me Adlastmrt) hfstm

cergm) ugm gíqudnm pehf sfr dntfdrmgfntf dnstmimhm f lencdjurmhm rfgetmgfntf.


Fg qumsf =22& hms dnstmimêöfs es pmletfs rfimtdves me lidfntf hf HKLR oí fstmrìe dnstmimhes) pmrm

lencdjurmr e sfrvdher hf HKLR ä nflfssírde m dnstmimêìe hf pmletfs mhdldenmds) vfom m`mdxe?

◅

hklidfntFstf pmletf cernflf e HKLR Hmfgen Lidfntf.

◅ hklp

Fstf pmletf cernflf e HKLR Hmfgen \frvdher f e Mjfntf hf Pfhdrfldenmgfnte.

◅ hklpv3Ulidfnt f hklpv3

Rmletfs pmrm epfrmr leg lidfntf%sfrvdher pmrm HKLRv3 pmrm rfhfs f pmràgftres DRv3.

=6<



◅ hhns-uphmtf-styif f djnerf lidfnt-uphmtfs

Lencdjurmg m mtumidzmêìe hf negfs mutegítdlm ne sfrvdher hf HN\ jfrmigfntf e tmg`äg hm D\L

NMGFH) nfstf fxfgpie mpfnms fstm sf lencdjurmnhe quf e tdpe hf mtumidzmêìe sfrí m pmhrìe

+dntfrdg$ f quf seidldtmêöfs vdnhms hf lidfntfs hfvfg sfr djnermhms. Rmrm lencdjurmr mlenvfrsmêìe%mtumidzmêìe fntrf e sfrvdher hf HKLR f e sfrvdher hf negfs NMGFH hfgmds

pmràgftres hfvfg sfr mhdldenmhes. Rrelurf helugfntmêìe mhdldenmi pmrm dste.

◅ su`nft f nftgmsa

Hfcdnf e fslepe hf rfhf quf fstf sfrvdher hf HKLR drí trm`mikmr.

◅ eptden reutfrs

Hfcdnf e jmtfwmy pmhrìe.

◅ eptden su`nft-gmsa

Hfcdnf m gíslmrm hf rfhf.

◅ eptden hegmdn-nmgf f eptden nds-hegmdn

Fspfldcdlm e negf hf sfu hegç nde f e negf he hegç nde ND\ lmse fxdstm.

◅ eptden hegmdn-nmgf-sfrvfrs

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrfêe he sfrvdher hf negfs prdgírde.

◅ eptden ntp-sfrvfrs

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrfêe he sfrvdher hf tfgpe +NXR$.

◅ eptden nft`des-nmgf-sfrvfrs

Fspfldcdlm e fnhfrfêe he sfrvdher ZDN\.

◅ rmnjf hynmgdl-`eetp

Hfcdnf e fslepe rfsfrvmhe hf fnhfrfêes DRs mes preteleies HKLR f @EEXR.

◅ hfcmuit-ifmsf-tdgf f gmx-ifmsf-tdgf

Hfcdnf e tfgpe hf miujufi pmhrìe f e tfgpe hf miujufi gíxdge fg sfjunhes.

◅ kmrhwmrf ftkfrnft f cdxfh-mhhrfss

Cdxm fstmtdlmgfntf ug fnhfrfêe DR pmrm ug fnhfrfêe c ç sdle GML.

=66



E sfrvdher gmntfg ugm idstm mtumidzmhm hes fnhfrfêes DRs hdspend`didzmhes%miujmhes pmrm es lidfntfs fg?

%vmr%id`%hklp%hklph.ifmsfs.

Lencdjurmêìe he Lidfntf HKLR?

Rmrm lencdjurmr ugm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf pfrgmnfntfgfntf pmrm utdidzmr e sfrvdêe hf HKLR utdidzf m

cfrrmgfntm systfg-lencdj-nftwera f sfifldenf m epêìe rfcfrfntf me HKLR) fg sfjudhm rf-dndldf fstm

dntfrcmlf leg e legmnhe dcup. Fxfgpie? dcup ftk2

Gmnumigfntf e prelfsse hf lencdjurmêìe he lidfntf HKLR pehf sfr cfdte m pmrtdr he legmnhe? hklidfnt


• %ftl%hklph.lenc


lkalencdj hklph en 1 sfrvdlf hklph stmrt

=63



[DNFXH?

Dntrehuêìe?

E xdnfth vfde pmrm su`stdtudr e mntdje dnfth) e prdnldpmi eòftdve ä ug supfr sfrvdher quf jfrfnldm eutres

sfrvdêes quf nìe sìe gudte rfqudsdtmhes eu tmg`äg sfrvdêes quf nflfssdtmg rflurses mhdldenmds

prdnldpmigfntf nm írfm hf sfjurmnêm. E xdnfth ä lmpmz hf lentreimr vírdes mspfltes hf sfjurmnêm nes

sfrvdêes vdnluimhes m fif f tmg`äg id`frmr rflurses he sdstfgm ugm vfz quf es sfrvdêes mpfnms sìe

’mlerhmhes‗ qumnhe mijugm seidldtmêìe nm sum pertm elerrf) pehfges hdzfr quf e supfr sfrvdher xdnfth

gendterm ms rfqudsdêöfs fg tehms ms pertms hf sfus sfrvdêes vdnluimhes f hdspmrm es rfspfltdves

sfrvdherfs hf mlerhe leg m hfgmnhm.

Mhdldenmigfntf e xdnfth ä idnamhe nm `dìdetflm id`wrmp.se e quf pfrgdtf ug lentreif hf mutfntdlmêìe

`msfmhe fg DRs eu negfs hf gíqudnm f hegç ndes. Gfsge quf e sfrvdêe vdnluimhe me xdnfth nìe tfnkm

supertf m mutfntdlmêìe `msfmhm fg kests) lege e xdnfth ä lmpmz hf jfrfnldmr ms lenfxöfs) tehes es

sfrvdêes vdnluimhes drìe su`gftfr-sf m lkflmjfg nes mrqudves %ftl%kests.miiew f %ftl%kests.hfny

prfidgdnmrgfntf f sü mpüs gflmndsges hf sfjurmnêm pmrtdluimrfs he xdnfth sfrìe mpidlmhes.

Fntrf eutres rflurses e xdnfth ä lmpmz hf ecfrflfr lege ldtmhe mldgm mutfntdlmêìe `msfmhm fg kests)

rfhdrfldenmgfnte hf DR) rflurses fxtfnsdves hf iejs he sdstfgm) fstmtç stdlms) peidly hf nÿgfre hf

lenfxöfs per sfjunhe) epêìe gudte fcdldfntf ne lentreif he mùse hf sfrvdêe f per cdg rfsfrvmr rflurses

he sdstfgm) ugm vfz quf es sfrvdêes sìe hdspmrmhes se` hfgmnhm.

\um fstruturm hf lencdjurmêìe ä gudte eòftdvm) e lentreif hf pertms ä rfmidzmhe pfie mrqudve %ftl%sfrvdlfs) ug mrqudve hf lentreif prdnldpmi pmhrìe ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%xdnfth.lenc legug m tehes es

sfrvdêes f mrqudves hf lencdjurmêìe pmrtdluimrfs pmrm lmhm sfrvdêe ielmidzmhes hfntre he hdrftürde

%ftl%xdnfth.h . E`sfrvf quf e negf hes mrqudves hfntre hm fstruturm %ftl%xdnfth.h rfprfsfntm tmg`äg e

negf he sfrvdêe) fstm prítdlm hf negfnlimturm ä gudte crfqufntf.


Sfom m`mdxe es legmnhes nflfssírdes pmrm vfrdcdlmr sf e xdnfth oí fstm dnstmimhe f dnstmimr-ie.

rpg -qm |jrfp xdnfth

rpg -Vvk xdnfth

=6:



[DNFXH Lencdjurmêìe Rmhrìe hes \frvdêes?

E mrqudve hf lencdjurmêìe jie`mi fstm ielmidzmhe fg %ftl%xdnfth.lenc) nfstf mrqudve sfrìe lencdjurmhes

pmràgftres pmhröfs quf mcftmrmg tehes es hfgmds sfrvdêes vdnluimhes me xdnfth.

Sfom m`mdxe ug fxfgpie hf %ftl%xdnfth.lenc

,

, Xkds ds tkf gmstfr xdnfth lencdjurmtden cdif. \fttdnjs dn tkf

, hfcmuit sfltden wdii `f dnkfrdtfh `y mii sfrvdlf lencdjurmtdens

hfcmuits

{

iejUtypf 7 \T\IEJ hmfgen dnceiejUenUcmdiurf 7 KE\X

iejUenUsullfss 7 RDH KE\X HVPMXDEN F[DX

lps 7 62 =2

dnstmnlfs 7 62

pfrUseurlf 7 =2

v3eniy 7 ne

jreups 7 yfs

ugmsa 7 220

}

dnliuhfhdr %ftl%xdnfth.h

=6;



◅ iejUtypf

Hftfrgdnm pmrm enhf es iejs sfrìe fnvdmhes. Ne fxfgpie mldgm pmrm ’cmldidty hmfgen‗ he

sysiejh leg prderdhmhf ’dnce‗.

◅ iejUenUcmdiurfHftfrgdnm quf tdpe hf dncergmêöfs sfrìe iejmhms fg lmse hf cmikm qumnhe mijug sfrvdher ä

dndldmhe.

◅ iejUenUsullfss

Hftfrgdnm quf tdpe hf dncergmêöfs sfrìe iejmhms fg lmse hf sulfsse mpüs mijug sfrvdher sfr

dndldmhe.

◅ lps

Idgdtm e nÿgfre hf lenfxìe hf fntrmhm. E prdgfdre pmràgftre fspfldcdlm e nÿgfre hf lenfxöfsgíxdgm per sfjunhe) e sfjunhe pmràgftre fspfldcdlm e tfgpe quf e sfrvdêe drí cdlmr

dnhdspenç vfi qumnhe e idgdtf hf lenfxöfs cer uitrmpmssmhe.

◅ dnstmnlfs

Hftfrgdnm e nÿgfre hf sfrvdherfs quf pehf sfr mtdve sdguitmnfmgfntf pmrm lmhm sfrvdêe.

◅ pfrUseurlf

Hftfrgdnm e nÿgfre gíxdge hf lenfxöfs erdjdnmhms hf ug gfsge DR.

◅ S3eniy

Fspfldcdlm sf m epfrmêìe sfrí fxliusdvm ne cergmte DRv3.

◅ Jreups

Es vmierfs pmrm fssf pmràgftre pehfg sfr ’yfs‗ eu ’ne‗. ]umnhe fspfldcdlmhe ’yfs‗ es

sfrvdherfs drìe sfr fxflutmhes leg mlfsse me jrupe he usuírde VDH quf e sfrvdêe pfrtfnlf. Lmse

e pmràgftre ’jreup‗ tfnkm sdhe fspfldcdlmhe es sfrvdêes tfrìe mlfsse me jrupe fspfldcdlmhe pfie

pmràgftre ’jreup 7‗.

◅ ugmsa

Fspfldcdlm mr`dtrmrdmgfntf ugm ugmsa pmrm es sfrvdêes.

◅ dnliuhfhdr

Xehes es mrqudves lentdhes ne hdrftürde fspfldcdlmhe sfrìe lmrrfjmhes pfie xdnfth.

=64



[DNFXH Lencdjurmêìe Rmrtdluimr hes \frvdêes?

M`mdxe fstm m lencdjurmêìe he sfrvdêe tfinft vdnluimhe me xdnfth + %ftl%xdnfth.h%tfinft $. E prdnldpmi

pmràgftre hf lencdjurmêìe ä e ’hdsm`if‗ quf lentreim sf e sfrvdêe fstm eu nìe mtdve. E`sfrvf quf fstf

pmràgftre ä lentreimhe f mitfrmhe pfims cfrrmgfntms lkalencdj eu ntsysv qumnhe e mhgdndstrmher fcftum

mijugm mitfrmêìe ne run-ifvfi.

, hfcmuit? en

, hfslrdptden? Xkf tfinft sfrvfr sfrvfs tfinft sfssdens1 dt usfs

, unfnlryptfh usfrnmgf%pmsswerh pmdrs cer mutkfntdlmtden.

sfrvdlf tfinft

{

cimjs 7 PFV\F

selaftUtypf 7 strfmg

wmdt 7 ne

usfr 7 reet

sfrvfr 7 %usr%s`dn%dn.tfinfth

iejUenUcmdiurf !7 V\FPDH

hdsm`if 7 yfs

}


• %ftl%xdnfth.lenc

• %ftl%xdnfth.h%/


lkalencdj xdnfth en 1 sfrvdlf xdnfth stmrt

E@\? Rmrm rf-dndldmr e xdnfth f rf-ifr tehm sum lencdjurmêì e usf? adiimii -KVR xdnfth

=32



XLR ZPMRRFP\?

Dntrehuêìe?

E XLRUZPMRRFP\ dgpifgfntm m sfjurmnêm `msfmhm fg kests) dste ä) m mutfntdlmêìe hf mlerhe leg e

fnhfrfêe DR eu negf hf hegç nde hes lidfntfs. Jfrmigfntf es sfrvdherfs quf utdidzmg e tlpUwrmppfrs

cmzfg use hm `dìdetflm id`wrmp.se) peräg pehfg elerrfr dgpifgfntmêöfs dnhfpfnhfntfs.

Nes mrqudves %ftl%kests.miiew f %ftl%kests.hfny fxdstfg hums leiunms quf hdvdhfg es lmgpes. E prdgfdre

lmgpe fspfldcdlm m idstm hf fxflutívfds) nìe lencunhm e negf hes fxflutívfds leg e negf hes sfrvdêes

eu sfrvdherfs. E sfjunhe lmgpe lentäg m idstm hms fspfldcdlmêöfs hes lidfntfs) hdvfrsms cergms

hdcfrfntfs pehfg sfr utdidzmhms lege? fnhfrfêe DR) negf hm gíqudnm) fnhfrfêes hf rfhf) negfs hf

hegç nde eu pmrfs hf gíslmrms hf rfhf f ftl. Es lerdnjms víidhes sìe ’ MII‗ f ’ F[LFRX ‗.

E prelfsse hf dgpifgfntmêìe elerrf hm sfjudntf cergm) qumnhe e lidfntf cmz ugm seidldtmêìe m mijug

sfrvdêe vdnluimhe me tlp wrmppfrs es mrqudves %ftl%kests.miiew f %ftl%kests.hfny sìe vfrdcdlmhes) tehm

rfjrm dgpifgfntmhm nfssfs mrqudves ä mpidlmhm nm erhfg fg quf ä fnlentrmhm. Rer prdgfdre e mrqudve

%ftl%kests.miiew ä fxmgdnmhe) sf e trícfje fxpidldtmgfntf nìe ä pfrgdtdhe e mrqudve %ftl%kests.hfny ä

fxmgdnmhe sf tmg`äg e trícfje nìe cer fxpidldtmgfntf ìequfmhe e mlfsse ä id`frmhe pmrm e lidfntf pfim

rfjrm hf ’cmitm hf egdssìe‗) dste ä) fssm lenfxìe nìe fnlentreu nfnkugm rfjrm mpidlívfi m fim. Rmrm

fntfnhfr dsse tfnkm fg gfntf quf ugm rfjrm idstmhm ne mrqudve %ftl%kests.miiew drí pfrgdtdr m lenfxìe)

fnqumnte ugm rfjrm idstmhm ne mrqudve %ftl%kests.hfny drí ìequfmr. Ms guhmnêms sìe dgfhdmtmgfntf

fcftdvms) nìe ä nflfssírde rf-dndldmr qumiqufr tdpe hf sfrvdêe eu sfrvdher.

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Hmfgen +\frvdherfs$?

Ne prdgfdre lmgpe ä fspfldcdlmhe m idstm hes fxflutívfds pmrm es sfrvdêes sfpmrmhms per vdrjuim ’)‗. Sfom

m`mdxe mijuns fxfgpies?

dn.tfinfth? =40.=3;.022.=

sskh) jhg? =40.=3;.022.=

\f m sum gíqudnm pessud gmds hf ugm dntfrcmlf hf rfhf f velï hfsfom dgpifgfntmr hdcfrfntfs peidlys) usf

m sdntmxf m`mdxe?

dn.tfinfthB=40.=3;.2.=? =40.=3;.2.

sskhB=40.=3;.022.=? =40.=3;.022.

=3=



Ifg`rmnhe quf pmrm dgpifgfntmr rfjrms nes sfrvdêes `msfmhes ne PRL lege e ND\ eu NC\ ä nflfssírde

fspfldcdlmr lege fxflutívfi e pertgmp. Ä nmturmi quf guhmnêms ne peidly hes sfrvdêes `msfmhes fg

PRL ifvfg mijuns dnstmntfs pmrm ternmr-sfg fcftdvms.

Fspfldcdlmêìe he Lidfntfs?

Hdvfrsms cergms pehfg sfr utdidzmhms pmrm fspfldcdlmêìe hes lidfntfs. Sfom `mdxe mijuns fxfgpies?

◅ Fnhfrfêe DR

=40.=3;.=.

=40.=3;.=.6

◅ Nftwera%Nftgmsa

=40.=3;.022.2%066.066.066.2

◅ Negf hm Gíqudnm

miune=.im`ermterde.leg.`r

.im`ermterde.leg.`r

◅ Negf hm Pfhf

+Mpfnms negfs he ND\ eu hf %ftl%nftweras$

Bfxfgpie

\dntmxfs Legpifxms ?

Es lerdnjms víidhes sìe?

◅ MII +Fspfldcdlm tuhe$

◅ IELMI +Fspfldcdlm tehms ms gíqudnms sfg pente fg sfu negf$

◅ ANEZN +Fspfldcdlm tehes ms gíqudnms f usuírde quf pehfg sfr hftfrgdnmhes$

◅ VNANEZN +Fspfldcdlm tehms ms gíqudnms quf nìe pehfg sfr hftfrgdnmhms$

◅

RMPMNEDH +Fspfldcdlm tehms ms gíqudnms quf e fnhfrfêe DR f m rfseiuêìe hf negf nìe sìe msgfsgms$

E@\? M hftfrgdnmêì e hes negfs hf kests elerrf per gfde hm vfrdcdlmêì e ne sfrvdêe hf HN\ f tmg`ä g

nes mrqudves ielmds hf rfseiuêì e hf negfs.

=30



Es epfrmherfs víidhes sìe?

◅ MII +Fspfldcdlm tuhe$

◅ F[LFRX +Rehf sfr usmhe nm idstm hf sfrvdherfs f lidfntfs pmrm fcftumr m fxliusìe$

E@\? Es epfrmherfs pehfg sfr utdidzmhes ountes) cergmnhe crmsfs.

Sfom ug fxfgpie gudte legug?

MII? MII F[LFRX .imèrmterde.leg.`r F[LFRX miune<.imèrmterde.leg. r

Ne fxfgpie mldgm fstmges pfrgdtdnhe eu ìequfmnhe tehms ms gíqudnm ne hegç nde imèrmterde.leg.`r

gfnes pmrm gíqudnm miune<.imèrmterde.leg.`r .

Lfnírde hf Fxfgpies?

Fxfgpie =?

,%ftl%kests.miiew

sskh) pertgmp? =40.=3;.022.

dn.tfinfth? =40.=3;.022.=2

,%ftl%kests.hfny

MII? .kmlafr.erj F[LFRX pdgpfr.kmlafr.erj

dn.tfinfth? MII

sskh) pertgmp? MII

Ne fxfgpie mldgm e mlfsse me ssk f sfrvdêes he pertgmp lege NC\ mpfnms sìe jmrmntdhes m tehm limssf

L hm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2

E mlfsse me tfinft ä id`frmhe mpfnms pmrm m gíqudnm =40.=3;.022.=2Rmrm es hfgmds sfrvdêes quf nìe fstìe idstmhes) tehes sìe ìequfmhes m tehms ms gíqudnms he hegç nde

kmlafr.erj gfnes pmrm gíqudnm pdgpfr.kmlafr.erj.

=3<



Fxfgpie 0?

,%ftl%kests.miiew

sskh? =40.=3;.022. .imèrmterde.leg.`r

dn.tfinfth? .imèrmterde.leg.`r

,%ftl%kests.hfny

MII? MII

Ne fxfgpie mldgm e mlfsse ä mpfnms pfrgdtdhe pmrm e sfrvdêe ssk hm rfhf =40.=3;.022.2 f qumiqufr

gíqudnm he hegç nde .imèrmterde.leg.`r . E sfrvdêe tfinft ä tmg`äg pfrgdtdhe segfntf m tehms ms

gíqudnm he hegç nde .imèrmterde.leg.`r .

Xehes es hfgmds sfrvdêes fstmrìe ìequfmhes m qumiqufr lidfntf.

E fxfgpie mldgm ä gudte prítdle hf sfr gmntdhe f tmg`äg dgpifgfntm ug mite jrmu hf sfjurmnêm) pehf-sf hdzfr quf ä m cergm gmds sfjurm f fcdlmz hf id`frmr e mlfsse jrmhumigfntf mes sfrvdêes.

=38



Imèrmtürde [DNFXH-XLR ZPMRRFP\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf gähde pertf?

Rmrm gmntfr legpmtd`didhmhf leg sdstfgms gmds mntdjes eu mtä pfrgdtdr m legundlmêìe leg hdspesdtdves

hf rfhf lege retfmherfs f gehfns e use he preteleie tfinft mdnhm ä utdidzmhe. Gudte ludhmhe ä

nflfssírde nm utdidzmêìe hfstf preteleie peds nìe kí lrdptejrmcdm f m trelm hf negfs hf usuírdes f sfnkms

elerrfg fg tfxte pimne pfim rfhf. E eòftdve hfstf imèrmtürde ä hdspend`didzmr e sfrvdêe hf tfinft

vdnluimhe me supfr sfrvdher xdnfth f mpidlmr rfstrdêöfs hf mlfsse pfie tlp wrmppfrs. E mlfsse hfvf sfr

pfrgdtdhe mpfnms pmrm m gíqudnm ielmi +ielmikest.ielmihegmdn%=0:.2.2.=$.

E@\? Fssf imèrmt ürde nì e vdsm m cunldenmidhmhf he tfinft) gms sdg m hdspend`didzmêì e he sfrvdêe

vdnluimhe me xdnfth f m mpidlmêì e hms rfjrms pfie tlp wrmppfrs.


=. Xfstf e mlfsse ielmi he tfinft? tfinft ielmikest

0. Fxflutf e legmnhe dclencdj f hfslu`rm sfu DR. Dncergmnhe sfu DR m ug leifjm) pfêm m fif pmrm

tfntmr mlfssmr sfu sfrvdher? tfinft 9fnhfrfêe DR>

=36



\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde [DNFXH-XLR ZPMRRFP\?

=. Dnstmif es pmletfs he xdnfth f tfinft? rpg -dvk xdnfth 1 rpg -dvk tfinft

0. Lencdjurf e sfrvdher xdnfth f tfinft pmrm dndldmidzmêìe mutegítdlm?

lkalencdj xdnfth en 1 lkalencdj tfinft en

<. Dndldf e sfrvdêe xdnfth? sfrvdlf xdnfth stmrt

8. Lencdjurf e mrqudve %ftl%kests.hfny hm sfjudntf cergm?

dn.tfinfth? MII F[LFRX =0:.2.2.=

=33



Nftcditfr?

Dntrehuêìe?

M cditrmjfg hf pmletfs ne Idnux elerrf nm pdikm hf rfhf hfntre he Afrnfi) m mnmidsf f vfrdcdlm êìe hes

pmletfs elerrfg sfg nfnkug tdpe hf mpidlmtdve eu hmfgen fxtfrne. M dnspfêìe hes pmletfs ä gudte

rípdhm) dsse perquf ä mnmidsmhe f vfrdcdlmhe segfntf e lm`fêmike hes pmletfs) dste ä) ug jrupe hf

dncergmêöfs prfsfntfs quf dnliufg e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg) fnhfrfêe hf hfstdne) pertm hf erdjfg) pertm hf

hfstdne) tdpe hf preteleie f ftl.

M dnspfêìe pmhrìe he nftcditfr elerrf pfie gehfie E\D +Epfn \ystfgs Dntfrlennflt$ rfprfsfntmhe

prdnldpmigfntf nms lmgmhms 8 +Xrmnspertf hf preteleie$) < +Pfhf$ f 0 +Fnimlf hf hmhes$) mhdldenmigfntf

pehfg sfr dnlerpermhes eutres gühuies eu cunldenmidhmhfs quf mgpidfg sfu rmde hf dnspfêìe pmrm mtä e

lentfÿhe hes pmletfs per fxfgpie) mssdg pmrtdnhe pmrm eutrms lmgmhms lege e hm mpidlmêìe fg sd.

Mlegpmnkmnhe e Idnux) m mrqudtfturm hms tflneiejdms hf cditrmjfg hf pmletfs hfsfnveivfusf gudte nes

ÿitdges mnes) nm vfrsìe he Afrnfi 0.2 e cditre hf pmletfs lkmgmvmsf dpcwmhg) mpüs leg e Afrnfi 0.0

pmsseu m sf lkmgmr dplkmdns f per cdg leg e Afrnfi 0.8 fg hdmntf vfde e Nftcditfr utdidzmnhe lege

cfrrmgfntm e dptmìfs. E preofte he nftcditfr ä m`frte) hfsfnveivdhe f gmntdhe pfim legundhmhf vfg

lentrdùdnhe pmrm e hfsfnveivdgfnte he Afrnfi f tmg`äg he sulfsse he Idnux. E sdtf ecdldmi he preofte

pehf sfr milmnêmhe fg? kttp?%%www.nftcditfr.erj.

Gühuies @msf f Fxtfnsöfs he Nftcditfr?

E dptmìfs ä fxtfnsç vfi) mssdg) tmnte e afrnfi qumnte e dptmìfs pehfg sfr fxtfnhdhes pmrm cernflfr nevms

cunldenmidhmhfs. Ms fxtfnsöfs he dptmìfs sìe `dìdetflms legpmrtdikmhms ms qumds jfrmigfntf fstìe fg?

%id`%gehuifs%9vfrsì e mtumi>%afrnfi%nft%dpv8%nftcditfr ) ountmgfntf leg es gühuies `msf.

Fxtfnsöfs vïg fg heds tdpes hdcfrfntfs? neves mives +tmrjfts$) f nevms msseldmêöfs +hfpeds cmimrfges

gmds se`rf neves mives *tmrjfts*$. Mijuns preteleies mutegmtdlmgfntf ecfrflfg neves tfstfs? mtumigfntf

sìe fifs XLR) VHR f DLGR lege gestrmhe m`mdxe.

Rmrm fssfs preteleies velï pehfrí fspfldcdlmr neves tfstfs nm idnkm hf legmnhe hfpeds hm epêìe bp*) quf

lmrrfjmrí m fxtfnsìe. Rmrm neves tfstfs fxpiç ldtes) utdidzf m epêìe bg* pmrm lmrrfjmr m fxtfnsìe) hfpeds hf

g) tehms ms epêöfs hm fxtfnsìe fstmrìe hdspenç vfds.

Rmrm lensfjudr mouhm leg ugm fxtfnsìe) utdidzf m epêìe quf m lmrrfjm +bp*) bo* eu bg*$ sulfhdhm per bk*

eu bkfip*) lencergf e fxfgpie? dptmìfs p tlp kfip

=3:

http://www.netfilter.org/





Ciuxe hes Rmletfs ne Nftcditfr?

E prelfsse hf cditrmjfg hes pmletfs elerrf`msdlmgfntf fg 6 prdnldpmds pentes) sìe fifs?

◅ RPFPEVXDNJ

Fstf ä e prdgfdre pente hf cditrmjfg ieje fg quf es pmletfs lkfjmg. + Xm`fim NMX$

◅ Peutdnj Hfldsden

\f e fnhfrfêe cdnmi he pmletf ä e sdstfgm ielmi) fntìe e pmletf drí sfr hdrfldenmhe pmrm sfrvfrdcdlmhe ielmigfntf. \f e hfstdne he pmletf cer eutre sdstfgm f m lmpmldhmhf hf reutfmgfnte hf

pmletfs he afrnfi fstdvfr mtdvmhm +%prel%sys%nft%dpv8%dpUcerwmrh$) fntìe e pmletf drm sfr

rfhdrfldenmhe f fntrfjuf hf mlerhe leg m tm`fim hf reutfmgfnte.

=3;



◅ CEPZMPH?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs quf drìe pmssmr pfie sfu sdstfgm) eu sfom) qumnhe e

hfstdne cdnmi nìe ä e sdstfgm ielmi. +Xm`fim CDIXFP$

◅ DNRVX?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs hfstdnmhes me sdstfgm ielmi. +Xm`fim CDIXFP$

◅ EVXRVX?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs jfrmhes ne sdstfgm ielmi) mntfs hf RE\XPEVXDNJ.

+Xm`fim NMX f CDIXFP$

◅ RE\XPEVXDNJ?

Fstf pente hf cditrmjfg prelfssm es pmletfs dgfhdmtmgfntf mntfs hf sum smç hm. +Xm`fim NMX$

Sfrdcdlmêìe hms Pfjrms?

Ms rfjrms sìe nugfrmhm f erhfnmhms hfntre hms ’lkmdns‗) m pesdêìe hf ugm rfjrm hfntre hm ’lkmdn‗ ä

cunhmgfntmi pmrm sm`fr sf fim sfrí eu nìe prelfssmhm. Ms vfrdcdlmêöfs dndldmgsf he legfêe pmrm e cdg)

eu sfom) ms rfjrms sìe tfstmhms ugm per vfz) m prdgfdrm rfjrm tfstmhm ä m rfjrm hf nÿgfre =.

]umnhe ugm rfjrm ä fnlentrmhm f mpidlmhm e pmletf ä fntrfjuf f m vfrdcdlmêìe sf fnlfrrm) ms hfgmds

rfjrms hm ’lkmdn‗ nìe sìe vfrdcdlmhms. Rmrm rfjrms leg vírdes lrdtärdes) e pmletf hfvf smtdscmzfr tehes es

lrdtärdes pmrm sfr fntrfjuf. Lmse me cdnmi he prelfssmgfnte hm ’lkmdn‗ nìe cer fnlentrmhe nfnkugmrfjrm quf mpidqufsf me pmletf) fntìe ä mpidlmhe e peidly pmhrìe hm lkmdn.

Rmrm vdsumidzmr ms rfjrms nugfrmhms usf? dptm`ifs I v idnfnug`frs

Mive hms Pfjrms?

Mjerm quf sm`fges qumds ms mníidsfs pehfg sfr cfdtms fg ug pmletf) prfldsmges hf ugm cergm hf hdzfr

e quf cmzfr leg es pmletfs quf pmssmg nms lenhdêöfs quf fstm`fiflfges. Dsse ä lkmgmhe hf mive

+tmrjft$ hm rfjrm. Rmrm fsleikfr ug mive utdidzf m epêìe o.

Kí heds mives `fg sdgpifs? HPER +hfslmrtmr$ f MLLFRX +mlfdtmr$. \f m rfjrm sf msseldm leg e pmletf f

sfu mive ä ug hfssfs heds) nfnkugm eutrm rfjrm ä lensuitmhm? e hfstdne he pmletf oí ced hfldhdhe.

Kí heds tdpes hf mives hdcfrfntfs hes hfslrdtes mldgm? ms fxtfnsöfs f ms lkmdns hfcdndhms per usuírdes.

=34



Lkmdns Hfcdndhms per Vsuírdes?

Vgm cunldenmidhmhf quf e dptmìfs kfrheu he dplkmdns ä m pessd`didhmhf he usuírde lrdmr nevms lkmdns)

miäg hms trïs pmhrìe + DNRVX) CEPZMPH f EVXRVX $. Rer lenvfnêìe) lkmdns hfcdndhms pfie usuírde sìe

fslrdtms fg gdnÿsluims) hdcfrfnldmnhems.

]umnhe ug pmletf msseldmsf leg ugm rfjrm luoe mive +tmrjft$ ä ugm lkmdn hfcdndhm pfie usuírde) epmletf pmssm m sfr mnmidzmhe pfims rfjrms hfssm lkmdn hfcdndhm pfie usuírde. \f m lkmdn nìe hfldhf e quf

hfvf sfr cfdte leg e pmletf) e gfsge veitm m sfr mnmidzmhe pfim lkmdn pmhrìe quf lentdnkm m rfjrm quf e

ifvmvm pmrm m lkmdn hfcdndhm pfie usuírde.

Fxtfnsöfs hf Lkmdns?

E eutre tdpe hf mive ä ugm fxtfnsìe. Vgm fxtfnsìemive lensdstf fg ug gühuie he afrnfi) f ugm

fxtfnsìe epldenmi me dptmìfs pmrm prevfr epêöfs hf idnkm hf legmnhe. Kí hdvfrsms fxtfnsöfs nmhdstrdùdêìe pmhrìe he nftcditfr?

IEJ?

Fssf gühuie prevï iejjdnj hes pmletfs su`gftdhes. Ressud ms sfjudntfs epêöfs mhdldenmds?

--iej-ifvfi

\fjudhe hf ug nÿgfre hf nç vfi eu negf. Es negf víidhes +sfnsç vfds m

gmdÿsluims%gdnÿsluims$ sìe bhfùj*) bdnce*) bnetdlf*) bwmrndnj*) bfrr*) blrdt*) bmifrt* mnh bfgfrj*)

lerrfspenhfnhe m nÿgfres hf : mtä 2. Sfom m píjdnm hf gmnumi he sysiej.lenc pmrm ugm

fxpidlmême gmds hftmikmhm hfssfs nç vfds.

--iej-prfcdx

\fjudhe hf ugm strdnj hf mtä 04 lkmrmltfrs) fstm sfrí mhdldenmhm ne dnç lde hm gfnsmjfg hf

iej) pfrgdtdnhe gfiker dhfntdcdlmêìe hm gfsgm.

Fssf gühuie ä ÿtdi mpüs ugm legpmrmêìe per idgdtf +idgdt gmtlk$) mssdg) velï nìe se`rflmrrfjmsfus iejs.

=:2



PFOFLX?

Fssf gühuie tfg e gfsge fcfdte hf bHPER*) peräg ä fnvdmhe ug pmletf DLGR hf rfspestm

dncergmnhe m qufg fnvdeu e pmletf.

PFOFLX tmg`äg tfg e mrjugfnte epldenmi *rfofltwdtk* quf mitfrm e pmletf hf rfspestm utdidzmhe?

vfom m píjdnm hf gmnumi.

Epfrmêöfs @ísdlms nms Pfjrms hms Lkmdns?

◅ -M Mhdldenm rfjrm me cdnmi hm lkmdn) sf m tm`fim nìe cer fspfldcdlmhm sfrí mssugdhm m tm`fim

’cditfr‗) fxfgpie?

dptmìfs M DNRVX s =40.=3;.022.068 o HPER

◅ -D Dnsfrf ugm rfjrm ne dndlde hf ugm lkmdn eu nm pesdêìe hfsfomhm rfprfsfntmhm

nugfrdlmgfntf) fxfgpie?

dptmìfs D EVXRVX h =40.=3;.2.2 o HPER

◅ -H Hfiftm ugm rfjrm `msfmhm fg sfu nÿgfre hf pesdêìe nm lkmdn. E fxfgpie m`mdxe drí

hfiftmr m rfjrm nÿgfre < hm lkmdn DNRVX. Rmrm vdsumidzmr e nÿgfre hms rfjrms usf?

dptmìfs I idnfnug`frs) fxfgpie?

dptmìfs H DNRVX <

Epfrmêöfs leg ms Lkmdns?

Vgm cunldenmidhmhf gudte dgpertmntf he dptmìfs ä m km`didhmhf hf mountmr rfjrms fg lkmdns +lmhfdms$.

Selï pehf hmr e negf quf qudsfr pmrm ms lkmdns) gms ä rflegfnhmhm m utdidzmêìe hf gdnÿsluims pmrm

fvdtmr lencusìe leg ms lkmdns pmhrìe eu leg es mives +tmrjfts$. Negfs hf lkmdns pehfg tfr mtä <=

iftrms.

Lrdmnhe ugm nevm lkmdn?

Vsmhe pmrm lrdmr lkmdns) vmges lkmgíim hf tfst. Vtdidzmsf ms epêöfs bN* eu bnfwlkmdn*?

, dptmìfs -N tfst

=:=



Mpmjmnhe ugm Lkmdn?

Mpmjmr ugm lkmdn ä tìe sdgpifs qumnte lrdíim) utdidzmnhe ms epêöfs b[* eu bhfiftflkmdn*.

, dptmìfs -[ tfst

Kí ugm särdf hf rfstrdêöfs me sf mpmjmr ugm lkmdn? fim hfvf fstmr vmzdm +vfom Fsvmzdmnhe ugm lkmdn)ieje m`mdxe$ f fim nìe hfvf sfr mive hf NFNKVGM rfjrm. Ä dgpessç vfi mpmjmr nfnkugm hms trïs lkmdns

pmhrìe. \f ugm lkmdn nìe cer fspfldcdlmhm) tehms ms lkmdns hfcdndhms per usuírde sfrìe mpmjmhms) hfshf

quf sfom pessç vfi.

Fsvmzdmnhe ugm lkmdn?

Kí ugm cergm gudte sdgpifs hf rftdrmr tehms ms rfjrms hf ugm lkmdn) utdidzmnhe ms epêöfs bC* +eu b

ciusk*$.

, dptmìfs -C CEPZMPH

Idstmnhe ugm lkmdn?

Rehfsf idstmr tehms ms rfjrms hf ugm lkmdn utdidzmnhe ms epêöfs bI* +eu bidst*$

\f e negf hm lkmdn ä egdtdhe) tehms ms lkmdns sfrìe idstmhms) mtä ms vmzdms.

Kí trïs epêöfs quf pehfg mlegpmnkmr bI*. M epêìe bn* +nugärdle$ ä gudte ÿtdi) ugm vfz quf prfvdnf

quf e dptmìfs tfntf rfseivfr es fnhfrfêes DR) e quf +sf velï utdidzm HN\ mssdg lege m gmderdm hms

pfssems$ lmusmrdm jrmnhfs mtrmses sf e HN\ nìe fstí lencdjurmhe lerrftmgfntf) eu velï fstí cditrmnhe

rfqudsdêöfs HN\. Fssm epêìe tmg`äg cmz ms pertms XLR f VHR sfrfg dgprfssms lege nÿgfres fg vfzhf negfs.

M epêìe bv* gestrm tehes es hftmikfs hms rfjrms) lege es lentmherfs hf pmletfs f `ytfs) ms legpmrmêöfs

XE\) f ms dntfrcmlfs. Lmse tmi epêìe nìe sfom pmssmhm) fssfs vmierfs sfrìe egdtdhes.

Netf quf es lentmherfs hf pmletfs f `ytfs sìe dgprfsses leg es sucdxes bA*) bG* eu bJ* pmrm =.222)

=.222.222 f =.222.222.222 rfspfltdvmgfntf. Vtdidzmnhe m cimj bx* +fxpmnhdr nÿgfres$ es nÿgfres sfrìe

dgprfsses dntfdres) dnhfpfnhfntf hf sfu tmgmnke.

, dptmìfs -I -v -n

_frmnhe lentmherfs?

Ä ÿtdi zfrmr es lentmherfs. Dsse pehf sfr cfdte leg m epêìe b_* +eu bzfre*$.

, dptmìfs -_ CEPZMPH

=:0



Fsleikfnhe peiç tdlm pmhrìe?

Mpfnms ms lkmdns pmhrìe +DNRVX) EVXRVX f CEPZMPH$ tïg peiç tdlms) perquf sf ug pmletf lkfjm me

cdg hf ugm lkmdn hfcdndhm per usuírde) e lmgdnke he pmletf lentdnum pfim lkmdn mntfrder.

M peiç tdlm pehf sfr tmnte MLLFRX +mlfdtmr$ qumnte HPER +rfofdtmr$) per fxfgpie?

, dptmìfs -R CEPZMPH HPER

Lrdtärdes hf vfrdcdlmêìe hms Lkmdns?

Fg ugm rfjrm pehfges fspfldcdlmr hdvfrsms lmrmltfrç stdlms hf ug pmletf) vfom m`mdxe ms lmrmltfrç stdlms

`ísdlms?

◅ -d

Dntfrcmlf hf rfhf hf fntrmhm. Fxfgpie?

dptmìfs M DNRVX d ftk= o HPER

◅ -e

Dntfrcmlf hf rfhf hf smç hm. Fxfgpie?

dptmìfs M EVXRVX e ftk2 o PFOFLX

◅ -p

Rreteleie. Fxfgpie?

dptmìfs M DNRVX p uhp o HPER

◅ -s

E fnhfrfêe DR hf erdjfg. Fxfgpie?

dptmìfs M DNRVX s =40.=3;.022.2 o MLLFRX

◅ -h

E fnhfrfêe DR hf hfstdne. Fxfgpie?

dptmìfs M EVXRVX h =40.=3;.=.068 o HPER

=:<



Fxtfnsöfs XLR?

Ms fxtfnsöfs XLR sìe mutegmtdlmgfntf lmrrfjmhms sf ä fspfldcdlmhm m epêìe bp tlp*. Fims prevïg

ms sfjudntfs epêöfs +nfnkugm msseldmsf leg crmjgfntes$?

◅ --tlp-cimjs

\fjudhm per ugm epldenmi b-*) f per hums strdnjs dnhdlmnhe cimjs) pfrgdtf quf sfomg cditrmhms cimjs

XLR fspflç cdlms. M prdgfdrm strdnj hf cimjs ä m gíslmrm? ugm idstm hf cimjs quf sfrìe fxmgdnmhms.

M sfjunhm strdnj hdz qumds cimjs hfvfg fstmr mtdvms pmrm quf m rfjrm sf mpidquf. Rer fxfgpie?

, dptm`ifs -M DNRVX --pretelei tlp --tlp-cimjs MII \TN)MLA -o HPER

Fssm rfjrm dnhdlm quf tehms ms cimjs hfvfg sfr fxmgdnmhms +bMII* ä sdnøndge hfb\TN)MLA)CDN)P\X)VPJ)R\K*$) gms mpfnms \TN f MLA hfvfg fstmr mtdvmhms. Xmg`äg kí ug

mrjugfnte bNENF* quf sdjndcdlm nfnkugm cimj.

◅ --syn

Dnhdlm rfqudsdêìe hf dndlde hf lenfxìe.

◅ --spert

Dnhdlm pertm hf erdjfg.

◅ --hpert

Dnhdlm pertm hf hfstdne.

◅ --tlp-eptden

sfjudhm per b-* epldenmi f ug nÿgfre) msseldmsf leg ug pmletf leg m epêìe XLR djumi me he

nÿgfre pmssmhe. Vg pmletf quf nìe tfg ug lm`fêmike XLR legpifte ä mutegmtdlmgfntfhfslmrtmhe sf kí ugm tfntmtdvm hf fxmgdnmr sums epêöfs XLR.

E@\? Ms pertms pehfg sfr fspfldcdlmhms pfies sfus negfs msseldmhes me %ftl%sfrvdlf. Pmnjf hf

pertms sì e fspfldcdlmhes sfpmrmhes pfie lmrmltfr ’?‗. Rmrm nfjmêì e utdidzf e lmrmltfr ’-‗.

=:8



Fxtfnsöfs VHR?

Fssms fxtfnsöfs sìe mutegmtdlmgfntf lmrrfjmhms sf m epêìe bp uhp* ä fspfldcdlmhm. Fim prevï ms epêöfs

bseurlfpert*) bspert*) bhfstdnmtdenpert* mnh bhpert* lencergf hftmikmhe pmrm e XLR mldgm.

Fxtfnsöfs DLGR?

Fssms fxtfnsöfs sìe mutegmtdlmgfntf lmrrfjmhms sf m epêìe bp dlgp* ä fspfldcdlmhm. Fim sü pessud

ugm epêìe hdcfrfntf hms hfgmds?

◅ --dlgp-typf

Fspfldcdlm ug negf hf tdpe dlgp +per fxfgpie) bkestunrfmlkm if*$) eu ug tdpe nugärdle

+fxfgpie b<*$) eu ug tdpe nugärdle f lühdje sfpmrmhes per b%* +fxfgpie b<%<*$. Vgm idstm hf tdpesdlgp ä pmssmhm utdidzmnhesf bp dlgp “kfip*.

Lkflmjfns hf fstmhe hes pmletfs?

E lrdtärde pmrm cditrmjfg hf pmletfs gmds ÿtdi ä prevdhe pfim fxtfnsìe *stmtf* quf dntfrprftm m mníidsf he

lentreif hm lenfxìe cfdtm pfie gühuie bdpUlenntrmla*. Fssm fxtfnsìeä mitmgfntf rflegfnhmhm.

Fspfldcdlmnhe bg stmtf* m epêìe bstmtf* ternmsf hdspenç vfi) m qumi ä ugm idstm hes fstmhes pessç vfds hespmletfs sfpmrmhm per vç rjuim +m epêìe b-* dnhdlm pmrm quf m rfjrm nìe sf msseldf leg es fstmhes

pmssmhes$.

Fstm ä sfg hÿvdhms m lmpmldhmhf gmds pehfresm he Nftcditfr se`rf e mntdje dplkmdns. Vtdidzmnhe fstm

fxtfnsìe ä pessç vfi fvdtmr hf m`rdr dnÿgfrms pertms hf rfterne pmrm es pmletfs. Mntdjmgfntf leg e

dplkmdns ms rfjrms frmg fslrdtms fg pmrfs hf fntrmhm f sm ç hm.

Fxdstf ug mugfnte sdjndcdlmtdve ne lensuge hf gfgürdm qumnhe utdidzmhe fssm fxtfnsìe) peräg fxdstf

tmg`äg ugm pfqufnm vmntmjfg peds e nÿgfre hf rfjrms tfstmhms ä rfhuzdhe mpüs m lenfxìe sfr

fstm`fifldhm.

Sfom nm prüxdgm píjdnm m hfslrdêìe hfssms fxtfnsöfs?

=:6



◅ NFZ

Vg pmletf quf lrdm ugm nevm lenfxìe.

◅ F\XM@ID\KFH

Vg pmletf quf pfrtfnlf m ugm lenfxìe fxdstfntf +ug pmletf hf rfspestm) ug pmletf smdnhe per

ugm lenfxìe nm qumi oí keuvfrmg rfspestms$.

◅ PFIMXFH

Vg pmletf rfimldenmhe) gms quf nìe cmz pmrtf) hf ugm lenfxìe fxdstfntf) lege ug frre DLGR) eu

+leg e gühuie CXR lmrrfjmhe$) ug pmletf fstm`fiflfnhe ugm lenfxìe hf hmhes CXR.

◅ DNSMIDH

Vg pmletf quf nìe pøhf sfr dhfntdcdlmhe per mijugm rmzìe? dsse dnliud cmitm hf gfgürdm f frres

DLGR quf nìe lerrfspenhfg m qumiqufr lenfxìe lenkfldhm. Jfrmigfntf tmds pmletfs hfvfg sfr

hfslmrtmhes.

NMX?

NMX eu +Nftwera Mhhrfss Xm`if$ ä ugm tälndlm quf gmndpuim mijuns lmgpes he lm`fêmike he pmletf)

lege? fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg) fnhfrfêe hf hfstdne) pertm hf erdjfg f pertm hf hfstdne mcdg hf rfmidzmrretfmgfntes eu rfhdrfldenmgfntes nm rfhf. Sfom m`mdxe es tdpes gmds leguns hf NMX?

◅ Hfstdnmtden NMX eu HNMX

Es pmletfs sìe gmndpuimhes nm lkmdn RPFPEVXDNJ) dste ä) ieje qumnhe es pmletfs lkfjmg.

\ìe gmndpuimhes es lmgpes hf hfstdne rffnvdmnhe es pmletfs pmrm eutre fnhfrfêe eu pertm. Fstf

tdpe hf NMX ä gudte legug fg HG_s) enhf es sfrvdherfs hf GMDI) ZF@ per fxfgpie)

pfrtfnlfg m rfhf dntfrnm. Ä rfmidzmhe ug rfhdrfldenmgfnte he DR víidhe pmrm es DRs ielmds quf

lerrfspenhfg mes sfrvdherfs quf rfspenhfg rfqudsdêöfs hf GMDI f ZF@. Rert cerwmrhdnj) iemh

skmrdnj) f prexy trmnspmrfntf sìe cergm hf HNMX.

=:3



◅ \eurlf NMX eu \NMX) GM\]VFPMHF

Es pmletfs sìe gmndpuimhes nm lkmdn RE\XPEVXDNJ) dste ä) ieje qumnhe hfdxmg e sdstfgm.

\ìe gmndpuimhes es lmgpes hf erdjfg hes pmletfs quf fstìe smdnhe. Dsse ä ugm cergm hf

gmslmrmr ugm lenfxìe peds sf guhm hf enhf vïg ugm lenfxìe. Gmsqufrmhdnj ä ugm cergm

fspfldmidzmhm hf \NMX.

Fxfgpie Rrítdle hf NMX?

E`sfrvf m HG_ +_enm Hfsgdidtmrdzmhm$ m`mdxe?

Ms gíqudnms sfrvdherms hf www f ctp nìe pessufg DRs víidhes nm Dntfrnft) peräg sìe mlfssmhms pfie

gunhe fxtfrder hfvdhe m rfjrms hf HNMX dgpifgfntmhms ne cdrfwmii) dste ä) fxdstfg rfjrms hf

rfhdrfldenmgfnte hf lenfxöfs quf lkfjmg ne cdrfwmii nes preteleies kttp f ctp pmrm fnhfrfêes ielmds.

=::



\eurlf NMX?

Selï qufr cmzfr \eurlf NMX1 guhmr e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg hms lenfxöfs pmrm mije hdcfrfntf. Dsse ä cfdte

nm lkmdn RE\XPEVXDNJ) ieje mntfs hf quf e pmletf smdm hm gíqudnm. Dsse ä ug hftmikf gudtedgpertmntf) peds sdjndcdlm quf qumiqufr tmrfcm hm sum gíqudnm Idnux +reutdnj) pmlaft cditfrdnj$ vfrí e

pmletf dnmitfrmhe. Dsse tmg`äg sdjndcdlm quf m epêìe be*+dntfrcmlf hf smç hm$ pehf sfr utdidzmhm.

\eurlf NMX ä fspfldcdlmhe leg bo \NMX*) f m epêìe bteseurlf* hfgenstrm ug fnhfrfêe DR) ug rmnjf

hf fnhfrfêes DR) f ugm pertm epldenmi eu ug rmnjf hf pertms +mpfnms pmrm es preteleies XLR f VHR$.

,, Guhmnhe e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg pmrm =.0.<.8.

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -e ftk2 -o \NMX --te =.0.<.8

,, Guhmnhe e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg pmrm =.0.<.8) =.0.<.6 eu =.0.<.3

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -e ftk2 -o \NMX --te =.0.<.8-=.0.<.3

,, Guhmnhe e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg pmrm =.0.<.8) pertms =-=20<

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -p tlp -e ftk2 -o \NMX --te =.0.<.8?=-=20<

Gmsqufrmhdnj?

Kí ug lmse fspfldmi hf \eurlf NMX lkmgmhe gmsqufrmhdnj) quf sü hfvf sfr utdidzmhe pmrm fnhfrfêesDR hdnàgdles) lege ms lenfxöfs hdmiup +pmrm fnhfrfêes DR fstítdles) utdidzf \NMX hfslrdte mldgm$.

Ne gmsqufrmhdnj) nìe ä nflfssírde fxpidldtmr e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg? sfrí utdidzmhe e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg

hm dntfrcmlf hf smç hm he pmletf. Gms e gmds dgpertmntf ä quf sf e idna lmdr) e fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg quf

fstmvm sfnhe utdidzmhe ä hfslmrtmhe) hmnhe iujmr m ug neve fnhfrfêe hf erdjfg hm dntfrcmlf qumnhe e

idna cer rfstm`fifldhe.

,, Gmslmrmnhe tuhe quf smd pfim dntfrcmlf ppp2.

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RE\XPEVXDNJ -e ppp2 -o GM\]VFPMHF

=:;



Hfstdnmtden NMX?

HNMX ä cfdte nm lkmdn RPFPEVXDNJ) mssdg quf e pmletf lkfjm1 dsse sdjndcdlm quf tehms ms eutrms

tmrfcms hm sum gíqudnm Idnux +reutdnj) pmlaft cditfrdnj$ vfrìe e pmletf oí dnhe pmrm sfu hfstdne

vfrhmhfdre. M epêìe bd* +dntfrcmlf hf fntrmhm$ pehf sfr utdidzmhm.

Rmrm mitfrmr e hfstdne hf pmletfs jfrmhes ielmigfntf) m lkmdn EVXRVX hfvf sfr utdidzmhm) gms dsse nìe ä

gudte utdidzmhe.

Hfstdnmtden NMX ä fspfldcdlmhm utdidzmnhe bo HNMX*) f m epêìe btehfstdnmtden* fspfldcdlm ug

fnhfrfêe DR) ug rmnjf hf DRs) f ugm pertm epldenmi eu ug rmnjf hf pertms +mpfnms pmrm preteleies XLR

f VHR$.

,, Guhmnhe hfstdne pmrm 6.3.:.;

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -d ftk2 -o HNMX --te 6.3.:.;

,, Guhmnhe hfstdne pmrm 6.3.:.;) 6.3.:.4 eu 6.3.:.=2.

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -d ftk2 -o HNMX --te 6.3.:.;-6.3.:.=2

,, Guhmnhe hfstdne he trícfje wf` pmrm 6.3.:.;) pertm ;2;2.

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -p tlp --hpert ;2 -d ftk2 Y

-o HNMX --te 6.3.:.;?;2;2

,, Pfhdrfldenmr pmletfs ielmds leg hfstdne m =.0.<.8 pmrm ieep`mla.

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M EVXRVX -h =.0.<.8 -o HNMX --te =0:.2.2.=

Pfhdrfldenmgfnte?

Kí ug lmse fspfldmidzmhe hf Hfstdnmtden NMX lkmgmhe rfhdrfldenmgfnte? ä ugm sdgpifs lenvfndïnldm)

m qumi fqudvmif m cmzfr HNMX pmrm e fnhfrfêe hm prüprdm dntfrcmlf hf fntrmhm.

,, Gmnhmnhe trícfje wf` hm pertm-;2 pmrm nesse squdh prexy +trmnspmrfntf$

, dptmìfs -t nmt -M RPFPEVXDNJ -d ftk= -p tlp --hpert ;2 Y

-o PFHDPFLX --te-pert <=0;

\mivmnhe ms Pfjrms he Dptmìfs?

E dptmìfs ä ugm cfrrmgfntm quf gmndpuim ms rfjrms he cditre hf pmletfs he Afrnfi) ms rfjrms cdlmg mtdvms

nm gfgürdm mtä quf e sdstfgm sfom rfdndldmhe) qumnhe e sdstfgm ä hfsidjmhe tehms ms rfjrms nm gfgürdm

sfrìe pfrhdhms. E PKFI hdspend didzm hf ugm cergm gudte prítdlm f fcdlmz hf jrmvmr tehm sum

lencdjurmêìe hf rfjrms mtrmväs he jfrfnldmgfnte hf ug slrdpt rfmidzmhe leg e legmnhe sfrvdlf.

◅ Rmrm jrmvmr m lencdjurmêìe mtumi hms rfjrms usf?

sfrvdlf dptmìfs smvf

E@\? Ms rfjrms sfr ì e jrmvmhms fg ug mrqudve ielmidzmhe fg? %ftl%syslencdj%dptmìfs

=:4



Imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf?

Mntfs hf dndldmr fstf imèrmtürde?

Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf nìe kí nfnkugm rfstrdêìe fstm`fifldhm ne mrqudve %ftl%kests.hfny f tmg`äg quf nìe kí

nfnkugm rfjrm hf cditrmjfg oí lencdjurmhm) pmrm dsse usf? dptmìfs -I.

Sfrdcdquf sf es sfrvdêes hf ssk f kttp fstìe lencdjurmhes f mtdves.

Dgpifgfntmêìe he imètmtürde?

Lrdf ugm lencdjurmêìe hf cdrfwmii pfrsdstfntf me rf-èet pmrm ìequfmr ms lenfxöfs pmrm es sfrvdêes hf

ssk f kttp. Vg hftmikf dgpertmntf ä quf e lidfntf hfvf rflf`fr ugm gfnsmjfg DLGR hf rfterne sf m

lenfxìe nìe cer rfmidzmhm. Xehes es ìequfdes hf lenfxöfs hfvfg sfr hfvdhmgfntf iejmhes ne sdstfgm.Mpfnms es sfrvdêes hfslrdtes hfvfg sfr ìequfmhes) es hfgmds sfrvdêes hfvfg lentdnumr m epfrmr

nergmigfntf.


=. Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf es mlfsses ielmds fstìe cunldenmnhe?

ssk ielmikest

fidnas -hugp =0:.2.2.=

0. Hfsidquf sfu cdrfwmii?

sfrvdlf dptmìfs step

<. Rfêm pmrm mijug leifjm tfstmr m hdspend`didhmhf hes sfrvdêes hf ssk f kttp hf sum gíqudnm?

ssk 9sfu fnhfrf ê e DR>

fidnas -hugp 9sfu fnhfrf ê e DR>

8. Mtdvf sfu cdrfwmii?

sfrvdlf dptmìfs stmrt

6. Rfêm pmrm mijug leifjm tfstmr m hdspend`didhmhf hes sfrvdêes hf ssk f kttp hf sum gíqudnm?

ssk 9sfu fnhfrf ê e DR>

fidnas -hugp 9sfu fnhfrf ê e DR>

=;2



\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\?

=. Lencdjurf ms rfjrms?

dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert 00 -o IEJ

dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert ;2 -o IEJ

dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert 00 -o PFOFLX

dptmìfs -M DNRVX -p tlp - -hpert ;2 -o PFOFLX

0. Jrmvf ms rfjrms mtumds?

sfrvdlf dptmìfs smvf

<. Mhdldenf e dptmìfs pmrm sfr dndldmidzmhe ne èet?

lkalencdj dptmìfs en

=;=



Imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\-\T\IEJ) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe hf pfqufne pertf?

Mntfs hf dndldmr fstf imèrmtürde?

Lfrtdcdquf-sf quf nìe kí nfnkugm rfjrm hf cditrmjfg oí lencdjurmhm) pmrm dsse usf? dptmìfs -I.

Dgpifgfntmêìe he imètmtürde?

Hdrfldenf tehes es iejs hf tehes pmletfs hm dntfrcmlf ftk2 pmrm %vmr%iej%ftk2.

Nfnkug eutre mrqudve hf iej hfvf rflf`fr iejs rfimtdves m dntfrmclf ftk2.


=. Fxflutf e legmnhe m`mdxe pmrm jfrmr mijug trícfje?

pdnj =40.=3;.022.068 #

0. Fxflutf e legmnhe m`mdxe f e`sfrvf e trícfje hm dntfrcmlf?

tmdi -c %vmr%iej%ftk2

<. Sfrdcdquf sf ne mrqudve prdnldpmi hf iejs %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs nìe kí iejs hf pmletfs?

tmdi %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

=;0



\eiuêìe he imèrmtürde DRXM@IF\-\T\IEJ?

=. Lencdjurf ms rfjrms?

dptmìfs -M DNRVX -d ftk2 -o IEJ

dptmìfs -M CEPZMPH -d ftk2 -o IEJ

dptmìfs -M CEPZMPH -e ftk2 -o IEJ

dptmìfs -M EVXRVX -e ftk2 -o IEJ

0. Mhdldenf ms lencdjurmêöfs m`mdxe ne mrqudve %ftl%sysiej.lenc

afrn./ %vmr%iej%ftk2

/.dnce1gmdi.nenf1mutkprdv.nenf1lredn.nenf1afrn.nenf %vmr%iej%gfssmjfs

<. Pf-dndldf e sysiejh

Adiimii -KVR sysiejh

=;<



IM@EPMXÜPDE\

LEGRIFGFNXMPF\

Pum Oernmidstm Gmnefi Gfnfzfs =84) Leno 820 Cierdmnüpeids “ \L “ LFR ;;2<8'232Cenf%Cmx !66 +8;$ <208'20:3 ' idnuxlimssBidnuxlimss.leg.`r



Imèrmtürde hf Dnstmimêìe vdm Pfhf f Adlastmrt) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Lege eòftdve prdnldpmi) fstf imèrmtürde celm e prelfhdgfnte legpifte hf dnstmimêìe vdm mg`dfntf hfrfhf mutegmtdzmhe) dste ä) drfges prmtdlmr m rf'dnstmimêìe legpiftm he sdstfgm enhf tehms ms pfrjuntmshe prejrmgm dnstmimher sfrìe rfspenhdhms mutegmtdlmgfntf per ug mrqudve prfvdmgfntf prfpmrmhe.

\djm lerrftmgfntf ms dnstruêöfs m`mdxe) fstm dnstmimêìe sfrí hfcdndtdvm pmrm mtä e cdnmi hf sfutrfdnmgfnte f preperldenmrí m rfmidzmêìe hes hfgmds imèrmtürdes f fxfrlçldes cutures.

M`mdxe fstm e mrqudve hf adlastmrt quf drfges utdidzmr?

, Dndlde he mrqudve hf Adlastmrt

dnstmiincs ''sfrvfr7=40.=3;.022.068 ''hdr7%vmr%ctp%puìmnj fnUV\.VXC';afyèmrh `r'm`nt0afy ''sadpxlencdj ''stmrtxenèet

nftwera ''hfvdlf ftk2 ''èetprete hklp ''kestnmgf stmtden=.im`.nftreetpw ''dslryptfh (=(vj2zH:Gf(<Rt%iJy\AmX8P\`HTgVMh=cdrfwmii ''hdsmìfhmutklencdj ''fnmìfskmhew ''fnmìfgh6sfidnux ''hdsmìfhtdgfzenf ''utl Mgfrdlm%\meURmuieèetiemhfr ''ielmtden7g`r ''hrdvferhfr7khm ''mppfnh7"rkj` qudft"lifmrpmrt ''mii ''hrdvfs7khmpmrt %èet ''cstypf fxt< ''sdzf7=22pmrt %vmr ''cstypf fxt< ''sdzf70222pmrt % ''cstypf fxt< ''sdzf76222pmrt swmp ''sdzf76=0

&pmlamjfsBmhgdn'teeis

B`msfB`msf'xBlerfBhdmiupBfhdtersBjmgfsBjnegf'hfsatepBjrmpkdlmi'dntfrnftBjrmpkdlsBomvmBeccdlfBprdntdnjBseunh'mnh'vdhfeBtfxt'dntfrnftBwf`'sfrvfr

&pestrg 'rc %ftl%jhg%lusteg.lenclh %ftl%jhg%usr%`dn%wjft ctp?%%=40.=3;.022.068%pu`%lusteg.lencflke "sfnh kest'nmgf ""(+kestnmgf 's$""1" > %ftl%hklidfnt.lenc

, Cdg he mrqudve hf Adlastmrt



Dnstruêöfs? +Ifdm legpiftmgfntf tehms ms dnstruêöfs f sü mpüs dndldf e imèrmtürde$

=. Hftfrgdnf e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm leg e legmnhe kestnmgf0. Vsmnhe ug fhdter) lrdf sfu mrqudve hf adlastmrt m pmrtdr he fxfgpie mldgm<. Lencdjurf lerrftmgfntf e pmràgftre ''kestnmgf stmtden=.im`.nft pmrm e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm8. Lepdf sfu mrqudve hf adlastmrt pmrm e sfrvdher =40.=3;.022.068) jrmvf e mrqudve leg e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm)

fxfgpie?8.= geunt =40.=3;.022.068?%gyadlastmrt %gnt 8.0 lp adlastmrt %gnt%stmtden[.im`.nft 8.< ugeunt %gnt 6. Dnsdrm e LH cernfldhe pfie dnstruter ne hrdvf hf LHPEG f hdjdtf rfèet 3. Mpüs e èet pfie LHPEG hdjdtf? idnux as7ncs?=40.=3;.022.068?%gyadlastmrt%stmtden[.im`.nft :. +ERLDENMI$ Pfmidzf sums prüprdms lustegdzmêöfs utdidzmnhe tehm vfrsmtdidhmhf hes slrdpts fg `msk nm sfêìe&pest) gms nìe rftdrf ms idnkms oí dnliuçhms nfstm sfêìe) mlrfslfntf sfu slrdpt me cdnmi he mrqudve.

Netm?

Rmrm flenegdzmr tfgpe hf hdjdtmêìe fcftuf e hewniemh he mrqudve hf adlastmrt gehfie vdm ctp hf=40.=3;.022.068%pu`%adlastmrt'gehfieM sfnkm he usuírde reet mpüs m dnstmimêìe sfrí ’rfhkmt‗. Ced rfsfrvmhe fspmêe fg hdsle prepesdtmigfntf pmrm

rfmidzmêìe hes hfgmds imèrmtürdes hfstf trfdnmgfnte.

Sfrdcdlmêöfs mpüs m dnstmimêìe?

=. Sfrdcdquf sf e negf rfmi hf sum gíqudnm fstm lencdjurmhe lerrftmgfntf.0. Sfrdcdquf es mrqudves hf iejs jfrmhes hurmntf e prelfsse hf dnstmimêìe. +Lensuitf Mpestdim$



\eiuêìe Imèrmtürde +=$ Epfn\\K?

=. Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lencdjurf e sfrvdher Epfn\\K pmrm dndldmidzmêìemutegítdlm? lkalencdj sskh en

0. Lencdjurf e pmràgftre ne mrqudve %ftl%ssk%sskhUlencdj ’RfrgdtPeetIejdn 7 wdtkeut'

pmsswerh‗<. Leg e usuírde gmrles iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lrdf ms lkmvfs pÿìdlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe? ssk'afyjfn

8. Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lepdf e mrqudve %kegf %gmrles%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` pmrm %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys

6. Moustf ms pfrgdssöfs he mrqudve? lkgeh :22 %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys3. Pf'dndldf e sfrvdêe? sfrvdlf sskh rfstmrt

\eiuêìe Imèrmtürde +0$ Epfn\\K?

=. Leg e usuírde mhrdmne iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lrdf ms lkmvfs pÿìdlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe? ssk'afyjfn

0. Leg e usuírde iulms iejmhe ne sdstfgm) lrdf ms lkmvfs pÿìdlm%prdvmhm leg e legmnhe? ssk'afyjfn

<. Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm hdjdtf?8. lmt %kegf%mhrdmne%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` >> %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys6. Leg e usuírde reet iejmhe ne sdstfgm hdjdtf?3. lmt %kegf%iulms%.ssk%dhUrsm.pu` >> %reet%.ssk%mutkerdzfhUafys



Imèrmtürde PMDH) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?+Ifdm legpiftmgfntf tehms ms dnstruêöfs f sü mpüs dndldf e imèrmtürde$

Mntfs hf dndldmr fstf imèrmtürde) lfrtdcdquf'sf hf quf velï hfsgenteu legpiftmgfntf leg sulfsse mslencdjurmêöfs he imèrmtürde mntfrder. +ghmhg ''step %hfv%gh2$. Lmse velï hfsfof lrdmr ug eutrehdspesdtdve PMDH ne sdstfgm) hfvfrí lrdmr e neve nehf mntfs. \f hfsfomr e ghmhg pehf cmzfr dsse per velï mhdldenmnhe m epêìe mute7yfs ne gegfnte hm lrdmêìe he mrrmy.

Lrdf ugm lencdjurmêìe hf \ectwmrf PMDH hf nçvfi 6) e tetmi hf fspmêe hdspençvfi pmrm mpidlmêöfs hfvfsfr hf mprexdgmhmgfntf 022G. Hdspend`didzf 20 hdsles fg lencdjurmêìe hf spmrf pmrm fstf mrrmy. Vghftmikf gudte dgpertmntf ä quf fstf mrrmy hfvf tfr e lkuna sdzf lencdjurmhe pmrm =0;A.

E Cdifsystfg hfvf sfr tdpe fxt< leg e tmgmnke hf ìele djumi m 8243 @ytfs) lrdf e cdifsystfgmlegehmnhe es ìeles nes lkunas he PMDH hf cergm m lrdmr ugm fstruturm hf hmhes dntfidjfntf fetdgdzmhm. Rfêm vfrdcdlmêìe nm kerm hm cergmtmêìe lentrm `mh ìelas f tmg`äg nìe fsqufêm hffspfldcdlmr quf nìe ä nflfssírde rfsfrvmr fspmêe nfstf cdifsystfg pmrm e supfr usuírde.

E hdspesdtdve PMDH 6 hfvf sfr gentmhe pfie veiugf im`fi ’lentfdnfr=‗ ne gegfnte he èet hesdstfgm.

Xmgmnke he PMDH 6?Rmrm lmiluimr e tmgmnke tetmi he mrrmy hf ug PMDH 6 usf m cerguim? +N'=$/\ enhf N ä e nÿgfre hfhdspesdtdves f \ ä e tmgmnke he gfner hdspesdtdve) ä fxtrfgmgfntf rflegfnhmhe quf tehes eshdspesdtdves sfomg he gfsge tmgmnke) sf pessçvfi gfsge gehfie.

Lencdjurmêìe hf \pmrf?Lencdjurmêìe hf spmrf ä enhf hdspesdtdves fxtrms sìe mhdldenmhes pmrm mutegmtdlmgfntf su`stdtudr legpenfntfs mtdves he mrrmy segfntf fg lmse hf cmikm hes gfsges. Rmrm fcftumr fstm lencdjurmêìeutdidzf e pmràgftre 'x he ghmhg nm kerm hm lrdmêìe he mrrmy. Rmrm gmderfs hftmikfs lensuitf? gmnghmhg @iela \dzfs) Lkuna \dzfs # PMDH 6 Xunndnj?E tmgmnke hes ìeles hf ug cdifsystfg mcftmg hdrftmgfntf m pfrcergmnlf hfssf cdifsystfg. Lmse velïtfnkm ug cdifsystfg gudte jrmnhf tfrí quf lencdjurmr e tmgmnke hf ìele gmderfs) m nìe sfr quf fstfomutdidzmnhe fstf cdifsystfg pmrm mrgmzfnmr gdikmrfs hf mrqudves gudte pfqufnes. Fg jfrmi 8A ä ugtmgmnke rmzeívfi pmrm ug cdifsystfg hf mijuns Jdjm`ytfs.

M hfcdndêìe hf lkuna sdzf ä e gfner hmhe quf pehf sfr fslrdte nes hdspesdtdves quf cmzfg pmrtf hemrrmy. Rer fxfgpie? Vgm fslrdtm hf =3A fg ug PMDH 2 leg 0 hdsles leg lkuna sdzf djumi m 8A)rfsuitmrm nm fslrdtm he prdgfdre f tfrlfdre lkuna hf 8A ne prdgfdre hdsle f e sfjunhe f qumrte lkuna hf

8A ne sfjunhe hdsle. Rmrm fslrdtms jrmnhfs e tmgmnke hes lkunas hfvf sfr gmder) fnqumnte pmrm mrrmys pfqufnes hfstdnmhes me mrgmzfnmgfnte hf mrqudves pfqufnes e lkuna sdzf hfvf sfr gfner. E lkuna sdzf ä fspfldcdlmhe pmrm tehes es nçvfds hf PMDH peräg mcftm hdrftmgfntf m pfrcergmnlf hf nçvfds 2 f6.



\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde PMDH?

=. Lrdf 6 pmrtdêöfs lentfnhe mprexdgmhmgfntf =22G@ lmhm. Xdpe Idnux Pmdh Mutehftflt + ch $.0. Dndldf e mrrmy? ghmhg 'L %hfv%gh= 'l =0; 'i 6 'n < %hfv%kh`: %hfv%kh`; %hfv%kh`4 'x 0

%hfv%kh`=2 %hfv%kh`== ''mute7yfs

<. Lrdf e Cdifsystfg? gacs.fxt< '` 8243 'P strdhf7<0 %hfv%gh= 'l 'g 2 'I lentfdnfr=8. Nm cstm` mhdldenf? IM@FI7lentfdnfr= %lentfdnfr= fxt< hfcmuits 2 26. Gentf? gahdr %lentfdnfr= 1 geunt 'm



Imèrmtürde ISG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Lrdf 2< veiugfs cçsdles +pv=)pv0)pv<$ +=22G@ lmhm$) lrdf ug jrupe hf veiugfs +vj=$ f per cdg lrdfug veiugf iüjdle +iv=$ elupmnhe tehe fspmêe hdspençvfi he jrupe hf veiugf rfläg lrdmhe.

M dhäm prdnldpmi hfstf imèrmtürde ä dgmjdnmr quf lmhm veiugf cçsdle elupm =22& hf ug hdsle cçsdletdpe \L\D Ket \wmp.

E eòftdve hfstf imèrmtürde ä rfmielmr es hmhes he pv= hf gehe quf pessmges rftdrmr fstf hdslelerrfspenhfntf m qufntf hm gíqudnm) mssdg su`stdtudnhe per eutre) peräg leg e veiugf iüjdlegentmhe f mlfssçvfi âs mpidlmêöfs he sdstfgm.

E@\?. M hdlm pmrm rfmidzmêìe hfstf imèrmtürde ä mlfssmr e pregpt dntfrmtdve he ivg hdjdtmnhe? ivgMpüs velï pehf fntrmr e legmnhe? kfip quf mouhmrm m dhfntdcdlmr ms cfrrmgfntms nflfssírdms pmrm mrfmidzmêìe hfstf imèrmtürde.


=. Leg e legmnhe vjhdspimy 'v vj= ä pessçvfi vdsumidzmr tehes es pvs lentdhes ne vj=.0. Sdsumidzf pv=)pv0)pv< rfspfltdvmgfntf leg =22G@ lmhm.<. E`sfrvf m smçhm he legmnhe hc 'Xk rfprfsfntmhe iv= gentmhe leg mprexdgmhmgfntf <[email protected]. Mpüs m rfmielmêìe) pv= nìe hfvfrí gmds lenstmr nm smçhm he legmnhe pvslmn nm gíqudnm.



Im`ermtürde RMG) lfnírde hf lencdjurmêìe?

Dgpifgfntf ugm lencdjurmêìe enhf e sdstfgm cerlf tehes usuírdes m trelmrfg sum sfnkm pfssemimutegmtdlmgfntf â pmrtdr hm hmtm hf keof. E sdstfgm hfvf mpfnms mlfdtmr sfnkms hf ne gçndge =2lmrmltfrfs) enhf pfie gfnes = lmrmltfr hfvf fstmr fg gmdÿsluie. M pmrtdr hm hmtm fg quf e usuírde trelmsum sfnkm pfssemi) fstm tfrí vmidhmhf hf <2 hdms) mpüs <2 hdms e sdstfgm nevmgfntf cerêmrí m trelm hfsfnkm pmrm es usuírdes rfjuimrfs he sdstfgm.

E@\?. M hdlm pmrm rfmidzmêìe hfstf im`ermtürde ä m lensuitm hes gmnumds +gmn pmjfs$ hes gühuies hmRMG quf rfmidzmg m mtumidzmêìe hf sfnkm. Sfrdcdquf es gühuies hdspençvfds fg %id`%sflurdty.


=. Lrdf ug usuírde f iejuf'sf ne sdstfgm leg fif.0. E sdstfgm hfvf pfhdr ugm nevm sfnkm mutegmtdlmgfntf.<. Xfstf hdvfrsms leg`dnmêöfs hf sfnkms nìe pfrgdtdhms mcdg hf jmrmntdr quf m lencdjurmêìe

mpfnms pfrgdtm sfnkms leg ne gçndge =2 lmrmltfrfs enhf pfie gfnes = lmrmltfr fstfom fggmdÿsluie.



\eiuêìe he im`ermtürde RMG?

=. cer d dn (+lmt %ftl%pmsswh | lut 'c = 'h ?$1 he lkmjf 'G <2 (d1 lkmjf 'D 4444 (d1 lkmjf 'h 9hmtmhf keof peräg he gïs pmssmhe> (d1 henf

0. Ne mrqudve %ftl%pmg.h%systfg'mutk mhdldenf lerrftmgfntf m idnkm m`mdxe?

pmsswerh rfqudsdtf pmgUlrmlaid`.se tryUcdrstUpmss rftry7< hlrfhdt72 ulrfhdt7'= elrfhdt72ilrfhdt72 gdnifn7;

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