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SERVIO PBLICO FEDERAL

UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARINSTITUTO DE LETRAS E COMUNICAO - ILC

FACULDADE DE LETRAS ESTRANGEIRAS MODERNAS - FALEMPROFICINCIA EM LEITURA EM LNGUAS ESTRANGEIRAS - PROFILE

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EXAME DE PROFICINCIA EM LEITURA EM LNGUA INGLESA

Grande rea: Lingstica, Letras e Artes

Fonte: Fonte: Beaugrande, R. de. Closing the gab between linguistics and literary study: discourse analysis and literarytheory. In: Journal of Advanced Composition, 13/2, 1993, p. 423-448. Disponvel:www.beaugrande.com/Linguisticsliterarystudy.htm, em 20/09/2012.

Closing the gap between linguistics and literary study: discourse analysis and literary theory

[1] It is a commonplace among faculties and departments of language that linguistics and literarystudies are distinctive domains, and that their interaction tends to be limited. But it would beunjustified to attribute this divergence to mere feelings of mutual rivalry, insecurity, or mistrust.Instead, the two domains have differed so fundamentally in their traditional conceptions anddirections that immediate interaction has been difficult on purely logistic grounds. () Nonetheless, Iherein argue that interaction is needed not merely because the two fields themselves have madeimpressive progress in theory and research, but also because we urgently need a framework todesign integrated language programs for a rapidly evolving ambience. () This brief addresses thefollowing issues: Traditional Contrasts; Text and Discourse as Linguistic entities; Literary Theory;Text Linguistics and Discourse Analysis Compared to Literary Theory; and Practice as a SocialProblematic. ()

.Traditional contrasts

[2] The traditional contrasts can be better contemplated through a schematic set of contrasts such

as that presented in Table 1: TABLE 1: Traditional contrastsContrastNumber

LINGUISTICS LITERARY STUDIES

1 Language as abstract system Literary text as concrete artifact2 Material from fieldwork / introspection Material from the canon3 Static / synchronic Historical4 Ideal speaker Real author5 Ideal hearer Literary scholar, reader6 General Specific / unique7 Rules of language Conventions of genres8 Descriptive Evaluative

9 Description of the language Advocacy of interpretation andwork

10 Theory-centred Practice-centred

[3] Like most heuristics, this Table simplifies issues and irons out variety. Nor are there precisecriteria for determining what time span these traditions cover, but a very rough approximation mightbe 1880-1970. ()

[4] Whereas the object of linguistics was the language (Saussures langue) as an abstract system,the object of literary studies was the literary text as a concrete artefact. Admittedly, this explicitcontrast entails implicit contacts: the language can only be inferred from a corpus of texts, among

which literary ones are often influential, while the literary text must be an instantiation of its language.But these contacts remained largely submerged or taken for granted, and, as we shall see, they canbe quite problematic. For the linguist, material was to be derived from data, which included all thesamples of the language that could expediently be assembled and collated by means of fieldworkwithin the structuralism tradition and later, for the generativists (whose stance toward fieldworkremained uneasy), by means of introspection. For either source, all the data aside from special


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cases (e.g. modernist poetry) or errors in transcription were held to belong equally to the language.

For the literary scholar, material came from the canon of literary texts established mainly bytradition, i.e., through the long-standing practice of anthologising meritorious (great) works for publicedification. The canon periodically underwent quiet revisions as some author or work was admittedor excluded, but the legitimacy of having a canon and the prerogative of literary studies to establishand cultivate it was not seriously challenged.

[5] To stress its shift away from historical philology, modern linguistics programmatically adopted asynchronic approach by viewing the language as a system in its current state rather than in itsevolution. Linguists like Saussure conceded that this static construct was a fiction, since language isalways changing; but they saw no other way to design theories and models that fit their sparse notionof system. Literary studies, in contrast, remained resolutely historical, witness such time-honouredconventions as organising the program or personnel of literature departments by century or period

and treating contemporary literature at best marginally alongside the canon of classics of the past.()

[6] As signalled by Saussures landmark title Cours de linguistique gnrale, linguistics sought toformulate the most general principles, for which the laws of the sound shifts formulated byphilology had provided the most shining examples. A premium was placed on generalisationsapplying to an entire language, or, better still, to all languages (universals). In literary studies, muchattention was accorded to the special or even unique quality of the literary work, and the high regardfor detail could be seen in the common exercise or test for students of memorising or identifyingindividual poems or passages from plays, novels, etc.

[7] Linguistics addressed the rules of language encoding the patterns, usually formal, which apply toall or most instances, e.g. the placement of article before noun in English. Literary studiesaddressed the conventions of genre, some of them based on form (e.g. for the sestina) and somebased on theme or topic (e.g. revenge tragedy). Certain trends, such as Russian Formalism andAmerican New Criticism, have sought to bridge this contrast by detailed formal analysis of certaingenres, but the results have remained disputatious, largely because of the problematic implicationthat literariness or poeticity is something in the language of the text (cf. third section). ()

[8] These, then, are some traditional contrasts between linguistics and literary studies which help toaccount for their lack of direct interaction in past decades. The major shifts that have occurred in thelast twenty years or so and which I shall discuss in the coming sections of the brief haveprofoundly unsettled the conventions on both sides in ways that create an auspicious scenario for a

fundamental reconciliation which would result in more frequent and productive interactions. I wouldargue that these shifts have resulted more or less spontaneously from the increasing pressure ofunresolved problems generated on both sides by the standing conventions I have outlined. Indeed,one might go so far as to argue that, if pursued without regard for the consequences, theseconventions could lead to untenable positions and to a crisis between theory and practice. Butscholars on both sides have admitted various compromises or modifications, albeit more often beenimplicit than programmatically declared.


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Responda de acordo com o textoClosing the gap between linguistics and literary study:discourse analysis and literary theory:

1. Considere o Pargrafo [1].O autor discute e justifica a falta de interao das reas delingustica e estudos literrios. Ele tambm apresenta razes para que a interao entre asduas reas acontea. Quais so as duas razes apresentadas? (2 pontos)

2. Considere o Pargrafo [4]. A anlise lingustica incide sobre dados. Quais so as fontesdesses dados dentro das perspectivas estruturalista e gerativista? (2 pontos)

3. Considere o Pargrafo [4]. A anlise literria incide sobre textos literrios cannicos.Como um texto literrio elevado ao statusde cnone? (1 ponto)

4. Considere o Pargrafo [5].Explique o contraste entre a lingstica e a rea de estudosliterrios no que diz respeito abordagem temporal dos eventos alvo de seus estudos. (2pontos)

5. Considere o Pargrafo [7]. Explique o contraste entre a lingustica e a rea de estudosliterrios no que diz respeito s formulaes de suas concluses. (2 pontos)

6. Considere o Pargrafo [8]. O autor argumenta que as mudanas ocorridas tmdesestabilizado as convenes das duas reas e criado um cenrio auspicioso para que asduas reas operem de forma mais interativa. O que tem provocado essas mudanas?(1ponto)

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