O Que é Subdesenvolvimento_ O Subdesenvolvimento No Mundo - Mundo Educação
-
Upload
pepe-legal -
Category
Documents
-
view
15 -
download
0
description
Transcript of O Que é Subdesenvolvimento_ O Subdesenvolvimento No Mundo - Mundo Educação
-
2TXHpVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR"2VXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRQRPXQGR0XQGR(GXFDomR
KWWSPXQGRHGXFDFDREROXROFRPEUJHRJUDILDRTXHVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRKWP
FRPHQWiULRV
7ZHHW
2TXHpVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR"2VXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRpDVLWXDomRGHSREUH]DHGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDTXHDWLQJHDPDLRUSDUWHGRVSDtVHV3XEOLFDGRSRU5RGROIR)$OYHV3HQDHP*HRJUDILDKXPDQD
)DYHODSDXOLVWDXPDH[SUHVVmRGRVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRQRHVSDoRJHRJUiILFR
26XEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR p XP WHUPR HODERUDGR DSyV D6HJXQGD *XHUUD 0XQGLDO SDUD GHILQLU DVLWXDomR HFRQ{PLFD H VRFLDO GRV SDtVHV SREUHV (VVHWHUPRpSRUWDQWRGHVLJQDGRSDUDFODVVLILFDURVWHUULWyULRVQDFLRQDLV TXH GLVS}HP GH QtYHLV GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWRHFRQ{PLFR OLPLWDGRFRPEDL[RV tQGLFHVGHTXDOLGDGHGHYLGDGHFRQVXPRGHSURGXWLYLGDGHHHOHYDGDVWD[DVGHPLVpULDHFRQFHQWUDomRGHUHQGD
1mRp FRUUHWRDILUPDUTXHRVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR VHMDXPD DXVrQFLD GH GHVHQYROYLPHQWR PDV VLP DLQFRPSOHWXGH GHVWH 'HVVD IRUPD H[LVWHP DOJXQVFULWpULRV TXH GHILQHP VH XP SDtV p RX QmR pVXEGHVHQYROYLGR D VDEHU GHSHQGrQFLD HFRQ{PLFD HWHFQROyJLFD SUREOHPDV VRFLDLV FRPR GHVHPSUHJRGHVLJXDOGDGHV IRPH PLVpULD EDL[RV tQGLFHV GHLQGXVWULDOL]DomR SUREOHPDV HP LQIUDHVWUXWXUD HQWUH
RXWURV
'HSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFD
2SULQFLSDOSUREOHPDTXHHQYROYHRVSDtVHVVXEGHVHQYROYLGRVpGHRUGHPHFRQ{PLFDHPTXHVHREVHUYDXPD HOHYDGD GHSHQGrQFLD GHVVHV SDUD FRP RXWUDV QDo}HV VREUHWXGR DTXHODV FRQVLGHUDGDVGHVHQYROYLGDV
(VVD GHSHQGrQFLD VH H[SUHVVD SULPHLUDPHQWH SHOD HOHYDGD GtYLGD H[WHUQD H[LVWHQWH QRV SDtVHVSHULIpULFRV (P JHUDO SDUWH GDV UHFHLWDV DGTXLULGDV SRU HVVHV SDtVHV VmR GHVWLQDGDV DR SDJDPHQWR GHGtYLGDVSDUDLQVWLWXLo}HVILQDQFHLUDVFRPRR)0,HR%DQFR0XQGLDORTXHDWUDSDOKDQDKRUDGRXVRGDYHUEDS~EOLFDSDUDLQYHVWLPHQWRVVRFLDLV
(PVHJXQGROXJDUDGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDHQFRQWUDVHQRIDWRGHTXHKLVWRULFDPHQWHDVQDo}HVPDLVSREUHVYLYHPGDH[SRUWDomRGHFRPPRGLWLHVLVWRpGHSURGXWRVSULPiULRVTXHHPUHJUDSRVVXHPPHQRUYDORU DJUHJDGR TXH RV SURGXWRV LQGXVWULDOL]DGRV 7DO IDWRU SURSLFLD XPD TXHGD GH SURGXWLYLGDGH SRLVPXLWRV LQYHVWLPHQWRVVmRGLUHFLRQDGRVDXPDDWLYLGDGHPHQRV UHQWiYHOHFRQRPLFDPHQWH$VVRFLDPVHDLVVRRVSUREOHPDVUHODFLRQDGRVjFRQFHQWUDomRIXQGLiULDTXHGLUHFLRQDPRVJDQKRVGDVH[SRUWDo}HVSDUDRVJUDQGHVODWLIXQGLiULRVSURSLFLDQGRDHOHYDomRGDFRQFHQWUDomRGHUHQGD
'HSHQGrQFLDWHFQROyJLFD
-
2TXHpVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR"2VXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRQRPXQGR0XQGR(GXFDomR
KWWSPXQGRHGXFDFDREROXROFRPEUJHRJUDILDRTXHVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRKWP
2VEDL[RV tQGLFHVGH LQGXVWULDOL]DomRHD H[FHVVLYDGHSHQGrQFLD HFRQ{PLFDQDH[SRUWDomRGHSURGXWRVSULPiULRV SURSLFLDP WDPEpP D HOHYDomR GD GHSHQGrQFLD WHFQROyJLFD (VVD TXHVWmR p UHFRUUHQWH DRVSUREOHPDV UHODFLRQDGRV j 'LYLVmR ,QWHUQDFLRQDO GR 7UDEDOKR HP TXH RV SDtVHV SHULIpULFRV H[SRUWDPPDWpULDVSULPDV H SURGXWRV LQGXVWULDOL]DGRV GH EDL[D WHFQRORJLD H LPSRUWDP SURGXWRV WHFQROyJLFRV RXVLVWHPDVGHWHFQRORJLDJHUDOPHQWHYLQFXODGRVjLQVWDODomRGHJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVPXOWLQDFLRQDLV
$VVLP ERD SDUWH GRV SDtVHV VXEGHVHQYROYLGRV p SRXFR RX TXDVH QDGD LQGXVWULDOL]DGD ( DTXHOHV TXHSRVVXHPXP UHODWLYR tQGLFH GH LQGXVWULDOL]DomR FRPRR%UDVLO D FRQKHFHPDWUDYpV GD LQVWDODomR GHHPSUHVDVHVWUDQJHLUDVRXVHMDDVJUDQGHVHPSUHVDVGRVSDtVHVSREUHVVmRQDYHUGDGHDSHQDVILOLDLVRXPRQWDGRUDVGHSURGXWRVHGLUHFLRQDPVHXVJDQKRVPDMRULWDULDPHQWHDVHXVSDtVHVGHRULJHP
3UREOHPDVVRFLDLV
2VSUREOHPDVVRFLDLVH[LVWHQWHVQRVSDtVHVVXEGHVHQYROYLGRVHVWmRGLUHWDPHQWHUHODFLRQDGRVjVTXHVW}HVDFLPD HOHQFDGDV SRLV RV HOHYDGRV tQGLFHV GH GHSHQGrQFLD HFRQ{PLFD H WHFQROyJLFD JHUDP JUDYHVFRQYXOV}HVHGLVSDULGDGHVVRFLDLV
(PSULPHLUROXJDUpSUHFLVRFRQVLGHUDUTXHRVSURFHVVRVGHLQGXVWULDOL]DomRHXUEDQL]DomRVmRWDUGLRVRXVHMDRFRUUHUDPDSHQDVUHFHQWHPHQWHHID]HPFRPTXHRVSDtVHVSREUHVVRIUDPFRPSUREOHPDVXUEDQRVTXH RV SDtVHV GHVHQYROYLGRV WLYHUHP GH HQIUHQWDU QRV VpFXORV ;9,,, ;,; H ;; $ GLIHUHQoD p TXHGLIHUHQWHPHQWH GHVWHV RV VXEGHVHQYROYLGRV QmR SRVVXHP JUDQGHV FDSDFLGDGHV ILQDQFHLUDV SDUDHPDQFLSDUVXDVUHDOLGDGHV
2XWUD TXHVWmR D VHU FRORFDGD p D JUDQGH GLVSDULGDGH HFRQ{PLFD DWXDOPHQWH H[LVWHQWH 2V SDtVHVVXEGHVHQYROYLGRV SRU TXHVW}HV SULQFLSDOPHQWH SROtWLFDV QmR SURPRYHP XPD GLVWULEXLomR GH UHQGD HPVXDVHFRQRPLDVLQWHUQDV$VVLPREVHUYDVHTXHKiFDGDYH]PDLVFDSLWDOVHQGRDFXPXODGRSRUFDGDYH]PHQRVSHVVRDV WDQWRHPWHUPRVGH ILQDQoDVTXDQWRHPWHUPRVGHSRVVHVXUEDQDVHUXUDLV7DO IDWRUpXPDJUDYRDFRQGLo}HVGHPLVpULDIRPHHEDL[DFDSDFLGDGHSURGXWLYDGHXPDGDGDUHJLmRRXWHUULWyULR
)DWRUHVKLVWyULFRV
$OpPGHKDYHUJUDYHVSUREOHPDVLQWHUQRVVRPDGRVDSHUVSHFWLYDVFRQVHUYDGRUDVGDVHFRQRPLDVFRPRDSUHIHUrQFLDHPFHQWUDUDHFRQRPLDQDH[SRUWDomRGHPDWpULDSULPDH[LVWHPWDPEpPIDWRUHVKLVWyULFRVTXH VH WRUQDUDP R JUDQGH FHUQH SDUD D FRQGLomR GH VXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR SHOD TXDO DPDLRU SDUWH GRVSDtVHVGRPXQGRSDVVD'HQWUHHVVHVIDWRUHVSRGHPRVGHVWDFDURFRORQLDOLVPRHRLPSHULDOLVPR
'XUDQWH R SURFHVVR GH H[SDQVmR PDUtWLPRFRPHUFLDO HXURSHX R FDSLWDOLVPR H[SDQGLXVH H D 'LYLVmR,QWHUQDFLRQDOGR7UDEDOKRHVWDEHOHFHXVH$VFRO{QLDV IRUQHFLDPSURGXWRVSULPiULRVFRPRHVSHFLDULDVHPDWHULDLV DJURSHFXiULRV H DV PHWUySROHV SURGX]LDP H H[SRUWDYDP SURGXWRV PDQXIDWXUDGRV HSRVWHULRUPHQWH LQGXVWULDOL]DGRV $OpP GLVVR D H[SORUDomR GRV UHFXUVRV H DV JUDQGHV GtYLGDV TXH DVDQWLJDVFRO{QLDVKHUGDUDPGHVXDVPHWUySROHV WDPEpPHVWmRQDRULJHPGDVFRQGLo}HVGHGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDHGHVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR
4XDQWRDR LPSHULDOLVPR WUDWDVHGHXPDFRQWLQXDomRGRFRORQLDOLVPRRXGRQHRFRORQLDOLVPRQRFDVRGRVSDtVHVDIULFDQRVHPTXHWHUULWyULRVIRUDPGLVSXWDGRVHGLYLGLGRVHiUHDVGHLQIOXrQFLDDWpKRMHVmRUHTXLVLWDGDV(VVDVDo}HVFRPRDV UHDOL]DGDVSHORV(VWDGRV8QLGRVGXUDQWHD*XHUUD)ULDHHPRXWURVSHUtRGRV KLVWyULFRV VHUYLUDP SDUD JDUDQWLU TXH QmR KRXYHVVH XPD HPDQFLSDomR HFRQ{PLFD GRV SDtVHVSREUHVDILPGHHYLWDUXPDXPHQWRGDFRQFRUUrQFLDQRPHUFDGRLQWHUQDFLRQDO
3DtVHVVXEGHVHQYROYLGRVHHPHUJHQWHV
$VVLPDRFRPSUHHQGHURV IDWRUHVH[WHUQRVH LQWHUQRVTXHSURSLFLDUDPDRULJHPGRVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRQRPXQGRSRGHPRVQRVSHUJXQWDUTXDLVSDtVHVKRMHVmRFRQVLGHUDGRVVXEGHVHQYROYLGRV"1Do}HVFRPR%UDVLOH&KLQDVmRWDPEpPFRQVLGHUDGDVVXEGHVHQYROYLGDV"
([LVWH DWXDOPHQWH XPD GLYLVmR UHJLRQDO GR PXQGR TXH HVWDEHOHFH XPD GLVWLQomR HQWUH GRLV SULQFLSDLVSRORV GHGHVHQYROYLPHQWR$R VXO GHXPXPD OLQKD LPDJLQiULD WUDoDGD MXVWDPHQWHSDUDH[SUHVVDU HVVDVHSDUDomR H[LVWHPRV SDtVHV VXEGHVHQYROYLGRV H DR QRUWH RV SDtVHV GHVHQYROYLGRV2EVHUYH D ILJXUDDEDL[R
-
2TXHpVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWR"2VXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRQRPXQGR0XQGR(GXFDomR
KWWSPXQGRHGXFDFDREROXROFRPEUJHRJUDILDRTXHVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRKWP
0DSDP~QGLVHSDUDQGRRQRUWHGHVHQYROYLGRGRVXOVXEGHVHQYROYLGR
$VVLP SRGHPRV QRWDU TXH HVVD GLYLVmR HVWDEHOHFH D IRUPDomR GH GRLV JUDQGHV JUXSRV DTXHOHV FRPHFRQRPLDV KLVWRULFDPHQWH GRPLQDQWHV H PDLV GHVHQYROYLGDV GH XP ODGR H GH RXWUR DTXHOHV FRPHFRQRPLDVKLVWRULFDPHQWHGHSHQGHQWHV1RWDVHWDPEpPTXHDOLQKDLPDJLQiULDSDUDGLVWLQJXLURQRUWHGRVXOQmRREHGHFH WRWDOPHQWHjVGHOLPLWDo}HVFDUWRJUiILFDVXPDYH]TXHSDtVHVTXHVHHQFRQWUDPQRVXOJHRJUiILFRDH[HPSORGD$XVWUiOLDVmRFODVVLILFDGRVFRPRVHQGRGRQRUWH
(TXDQWRDRVSDtVHVHPHUJHQWHV"3RUTXHHOHVQmRHVWmRUHSUHVHQWDGRVQRPDSD"
2V SDtVHV HPHUJHQWHV SRU GHILQLomR VmR DTXHOHV FDUDFWHUL]DGRV SRU DSUHVHQWDUHP HFRQRPLDVVXEGHVHQYROYLGDV PDV TXH DR ORQJR GDV ~OWLPDV GpFDGDV YrP DSUHVHQWDQGR DYDQoRV HFRQ{PLFRV HVRFLDLV(VVHVSDtVHVFRVWXPDPWHUHFRQRPLDVPXLWRLQGXVWULDOL]DGDVDSHVDUGHFRPRMiIULVDPRVPDLVDFLPD HVVD LQGXVWULDOL]DomR VHU UHDOL]DGD PDMRULWDULDPHQWH SRU HPSUHVDV HVWUDQJHLUDV H SRUUHJLVWUDUHPVXFHVVLYRVDXPHQWRVHPVHXV3URGXWRV,QWHUQRV%UXWRV
0HVPRDVVLPHVVHVSDtVHVQmRURPSHUDPFRPDFRQGLomRGHVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRTXHRVHQYROYHGHWDOPRGRTXH HOHV DLQGD VmR FRQVLGHUDGRV FRPR VXEGHVHQYROYLGRV(PRXWUDV SDODYUDV SRGHPRVGL]HU RVSDtVHVHPHUJHQWHVID]HPSDUWHGRJUXSRGRVSDtVHVSHULIpULFRV
&LWDPVH FRPRH[HPSORVGHSDtVHVHPHUJHQWHV%UDVLO5~VVLD QGLD&KLQDIULFD GR6XO HVVHV FLQFRSULPHLURVFRPS}HPRFKDPDGR%5,&60p[LFR&RUHLDGR6XO&LQJDSXUD7DLZDQHDOJXQVRXWURV
2TXHVHSRGH WHUFHUWH]DpTXHSDUDVXEYHUWHUDRUGHPGHVXEGHVHQYROYLPHQWRRVSDtVHVSREUHVQRPXQGRSUHFLVDUmREXVFDUIRUPDVTXHURPSHUFRPDGHSHQGrQFLDHFRQ{PLFDTXHRVDWLQJH$OpPGRPDLVVHUiQHFHVViULRUHYHURULWPRGHFRQVXPRGRVLVWHPDFDSLWDOLVWDDWXDOSRLVFRQIRUPHDSRQWDPLQ~PHURVHVSHFLDOLVWDVRSODQHWDQmRFRQVHJXLULDIRUQHFHUUHFXUVRVQDWXUDLVVXILFLHQWHVSDUDDEDVWHFHUXPJUDQGHQ~PHURGHSDtVHVFRPSDGU}HVGHFRQVXPRLJXDLVDRVTXHRVSDtVHVGHVHQYROYLGRVSRVVXHPDWXDOPHQWH