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Transcript of nuno candeias et al_estratégias de raciocínio e dificuldades dos alunos do 2º ciclo do ensino...
7/31/2019 nuno candeias et al_estratégias de raciocínio e dificuldades dos alunos do 2º ciclo do ensino básico em visualizaçã…
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3
Ow{qc{èihcw ko qcgh`gîjh` o khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w u`q{iowow k` 1*¼
ghgf` k` ojwhj` aãwhg` on Rhwcfh|céç`& Nokhkc o Ãqoc
Jj` Gcjkohcw OA 1&7 Rcwg` Wcj{cjc& Qcnckc& @khrofcw
Wcqc G`w{cNcqhc L`wè N`fcqhjm`
Cfo}cjkqc Whnÿow OA 1&7 Icwucq G`qqohc& U`q{ofc& F`qow
Gqhw{hjc Icqghc
OA 1&7 Nãqh` Wã Gcqjohq`& Gcncqc{o
Hwhfkc NcqsowWcjkqc Ncqsow
OA 1&7 Uhwghjcw& @fhrchw& Fhwa`c
Ihkc Q`gmc OA 1&7 W`bhc ko Nof` Aqoxjoq& Aqcjk`c& Cnck`qc
Cjc Hwcaof Whfrow{qo OA 1&7 Boqjç` F`uow& Fhwa`c
L`ç` Uokq` kc U`j{o Koucq{cnoj{̀ ko Okgcéç` kc Bcgfkcko ko Ghìjghcw kc _jhroqwhkcko ko Fhwa`c
Qown`< @w cfj`w u`q{iowow {ìn {hk` hjrcqhcrofnoj{o qowf{ck`w hjwc{hwbc{÷qh`w on ow{k`w kog`nucqcéç` hj{oqjcgh`jchw& kowko ` WHCOU& c` [HNWW o& nchw qogoj{onoj{o& ` UHWC* G`jmogon.wo `wqowf{ck`w scj{h{c{hr`w if`achw& ncw jç` wo g`jmogon on ko{cfmo cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w jon cwow{qc{èihcw so wcn ucqc fhkcq g`n ` {hu` ko sow{ÿow uq`u`w{cw* @ uqowoj{o ow{k` {on u`q `alog{hr`g`jmogoq cw ow{qc{èihcw ko qcgh`gîjh` o cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w u`q{iowow k` 1*¼ ghgf` k` ojwhj`aãwhg` on {qìw gcnu`w g`jgou{chw qofcgh`jck`w g`n c Io`no{qhc< Rhwcfh|céç`& Nokhkc o Ãqoc* @
ow{k` {on u`q acwo c cufhgcéç` ko n nown` hjw{qnoj{` ko crcfhcéç`& g`nu`w{` ko wohw h{ojw k` UHWC&{qìw ko rhwcfh|céç`& n w`aqo Nokhkc o k`hw qofcgh`jck`w g`n ` g`jgoh{` ko ãqoc -n k`w schwn`khbhgck`(& g`n` {ow{o owgqh{` o g`n` ihç` ko oj{qorhw{c `qcf* Cuqowoj{cn`w `w qowf{ck`w scj{h{c{hr`wqoboqoj{ow c 95 cfj`w ko {qìw {qncw k` 2*¼ cj` ko owg`fcqhkcko& aon g`n` `w qowf{ck`w scfh{c{hr`wqoboqoj{ow c 35 oj{qorhw{cw* Uq`gqcn`w qobfog{hq w`aqo `w kowonuojm`w kow{ow cfj`w {ojk` on c{ojéç` `gqqîgf` u`q{iìw*
C Io`no{qhc& ` UHWC o ` gqqîgf` jcgh`jcf
C Io`no{qhc è jogowwãqhc g`n` hjw{qnoj{` ko g`nuqoojwç` o ko hj{oquqo{céç`
k` njk` bîwhg`& uof` so {`kcw cw j`éÿow fhickcw å `qicjh|céç` owucghcf o&
7/31/2019 nuno candeias et al_estratégias de raciocínio e dificuldades dos alunos do 2º ciclo do ensino básico em visualizaçã…
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1
g`jwosoj{onoj{o& c gcucghkcko ko rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf o c g`nuqoojwç` ko g`jgoh{`w
g`n` ` ko ãqoc wç` hnuqowghjkîrohw j` gqqîgf` ko Nc{onã{hgc* @ wo ficq j`
gqqîgf` {on rhjk` c woq qorcf`qh|ck` o `w g`j{oük`w c hjgfhq o cw no{`k`f`ihcw c
{hfh|cq cnufcnoj{o khwg{hkcw*
Ko cg`qk` g`n cw nchw qogoj{ow `qhoj{céÿow gqqhgfcqow ucqc ` ojwhj` kc
Nc{onã{hgc -JG[N& 15554 NO.KOA& 1553(& ` ojwhj` kc Io`no{qhc koro acwocq.wo jc
o}uoqhnoj{céç` o jc ncjhufcéç`& uqhrhfoihcjk` c gcucghkcko ko rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf
g`n` n k`w cwuog{`w c kowojr`froq* @ uojwcnoj{` rhwcf u`ko woq kowojr`frhk`
c{qcrèw kc g`nu`whéç` o kog`nu`whéç` ko bhiqcw& cg`nucjmckcw kc wc kowgqhéç`& kc
qouqowoj{céç` o k` qcgh`gîjh` w`aqo ` so cg`j{ogo -Caqcj{ow& Woqqc|hjc " @fhrohqc&
3888(* Kc nownc b`qnc& ` w` ko n`kof`w bîwhg`w& n`kof`w kowojmck`w o& nchwqogoj{onoj{o& ko cnahoj{ow ko io`no{qhc khjánhgc& g`n` ` Gcaqh Io`ní{qo o `
Io`no{oq»w Wdo{gmuck & uoqnh{on ` kowojr`frhnoj{` kc rhwcfh|céç` o k` qcgh`gîjh`
owucghcf* [qc{c.wo ko n cwuog{` so koro woq ojwhjck` kowko `w uqhnohq`w cj`w ko
owg`fcqhkcko& {qcjwb`qncjk`.wo jnc nchw.rcfhc jc cshwhéç` o hj{oqh`qh|céç` ko `{q`w
g`jgoh{`w io`nè{qhg`w& g`n` ` ko ãqoc*
J` k`gnoj{` Uqhjghufow cjk W{cjkcqkw k` JG[N -1555( è kck` acw{cj{o
qocfgo c` {onc kc Nokhkc -j`qnc 37(& uq`u`jk`.wo c qocfh|céç` ko rãqhcw o}uoqhìjghcwg`jgqo{cw ucqc uq`u`qgh`jcq hj{oqcgéÿow oj{qo `w cfj`w o ` noh`* J` s`{hkhcj` è
owwojghcf qocfh|cq nokhéÿow ucqc qow`froq goq{`w uq`afoncw& nh{` ona`qc& u`q ro|ow& c
ow{hnc{hrc wolc wbhghoj{o* C` f`ji` kc owg`fcqhkcko& `w cfj`w kowojr`fron khboqoj{ow
ow{qc{èihcw& ko obhghìjghc gqowgoj{o& gfnhjcjk` jc {hfh|céç` ko b÷qnfcw*
J`w cj`w hjhghchw ko owg`fcqhkcko& ` ojwhj` k` {onc ‖Ãqoc„ woio nh{` c f÷ihgc
ko cww`ghcéç` c jünoq`w o c cufhgcéç` ko b÷qnfcw& scjk` jc qocfhkcko u`khc
uqhrhfoihcq c nokhéç` g`jgqo{c g`n hjw{qnoj{`w ko nokhkc o g`j{qhahq ucqckowojr`froq c gcucghkcko ko ow{hncéç`* Jnc ca`qkcion nchw cuq`bjkckc o on cj`w
ko owg`fcqhkcko wawosoj{ow& cw b÷qnfcw u`kon woq hj{q`k|hkcw ko n`k`
whijhbhgc{hr`& kowojr`frojk`.wo c gcucghkcko ko wcq ow{qc{èihcw nchw obhghoj{ow jc
qow`féç` ko {cqobcw kc nchw rcqhckc jc{qo|c*
@w cfj`w u`q{iowow {ìn {hk` hjrcqhcrofnoj{o qowf{ck`w hjwc{hwbc{÷qh`w on
ow{k`w ko g`nucqcéç` hj{oqjcgh`jchw* Kowko ` WHCOU -Wog`jk Hj{oqjc{h`jcf
Cwwowwnoj{ `b Okgc{h`jcf Uq`iqoww(& qocfh|ck` on 3885.83& c` [HNWW& qocfh|ck` on
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7
388? o& nchw qogoj{onoj{o& ` UHWC -@GKO& 155;( so wo g`jmogon `w qowf{ck`w
scj{h{c{hr`w if`achw& ncw jç` wo g`jmogon on ko{cfmo cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w jon
cw ow{qc{èihcw so wcn ucqc fhkcq g`n ` {hu` ko uq`afoncw uq`u`w{`w*
@ uqowoj{o ow{k`& qocfh|ck` j` ánah{` k` uq`log{` UK[Q -Uq`bowwh`jcf
Korof`unoj{ `b [ocgmoq.Qowocqgmoqw(& {on u`q `alog{hr` g`jmogoq cw ow{qc{èihcw ko
qcgh`gîjh` o cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w u`q{iowow k` 1*¼ ghgf` k` ojwhj` aãwhg` on {qìw
gcnu`w g`jgou{chw qofcgh`jck`w g`n c Io`no{qhc< Rhwcfh|céç`& Nokhkc o Ãqoc* @
ow{k` {on u`q acwo c cufhgcéç` ko n nown` hjw{qnoj{` ko crcfhcéç`& g`nu`w{` ko
wohw h{ojw k` UHWC& {qìw ko rhwcfh|céç`& n qofcgh`jck` g`n ` g`jgoh{` ko nokhkc o
k`hw g`n ` ko ãqoc -n kofow n`khbhgck`(& g`n` {ow{o owgqh{` o g`n` ihç` ko
oj{qorhw{c `qcf ckh`iqcrckc* [`kcw cw g`nucqcéÿow boh{cw jow{o uosoj` {qcacfm` o `wqowf{ck`w jcgh`jchw k`w cfj`w u`q{iowow j`w nown`w h{ojw k` UHWC koron {oq on
c{ojéç` ` bcg{` ko `w cfj`w ucq{hghucj{ow jow{o ow{k` {oqon& jc wc owncick`qc
nch`qhc& cuojcw 33 cj`w ko hkcko*
No{`k`f`ihc ko hjrow{hicéç`
Ucqc g`jmogoq nofm`q cw ow{qc{èihcw o cw khbhgfkckow so `w cfj`w {ìn c`qow`froqon uq`afoncw qofcgh`jck`w g`n rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf& nokhkc o ãqoc ck`u{`.
wo nc hjrow{hicéç` ko gcqãg{oq scfh{c{hr` -A`ikcj " Ahdfoj& 388;4 Fowwcqk "
I`xo{{o& 3885(* C qog`fmc ko kck`w kog`qqo kqcj{o ` nìw ko Nch` o `w cfj`w so
ucq{hghucqcn j` ow{k` bqosoj{cn owg`fcw kc |`jc ko Fhwa`c* K`w =5 cfj`w so
ucq{hghucqcn jow{c hjrow{hicéç` 95 qowu`jkoqcn c n {ow{o owgqh{`& ojscj{` so `w
qow{cj{ow ko| b`qcn oj{qorhw{ck`w* @w {ow{ow owgqh{`w b`qcn qocfh|ck`w jn uoqî`k` ko ;?
nhj{`w& {ojk` mcrhk` c u`wwhahfhkcko ko ` ow{ojkoq u`q nchw 3? nhj{`w*Cw oj{qorhw{cw {hroqcn nc kqcéç` ko 75 nhj{`w o g`jwhw{hqcn&
owwojghcfnoj{o& jc qow`féç` `qcf k` {ow{o owgqh{`& {oj{cjk` c oj{qorhw{ck`qc
g`nuqoojkoq cw khbhgfkckow o cw ow{qc{èihcw so `w cfj`w {hfh|crcn ucqc qow`froq `w
{qìw iqu`w ko h{ojw< 3* G`jw{qhjk` af`g`w -rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf(4 1* Uã{h` -ãqoc( o 7*
Ãqoc ko n g`j{hjoj{o -ow{hncéç` ko khw{ájghc o ko ãqoc(*
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Jc cjãfhwo k`w qowf{ck`w cuqowoj{cn.wo ucqc gckc {cqobc `w qowf{ck`w `a{hk`w
uof`w cfj`w j` {ow{o owgqh{` o& u`w{oqh`qnoj{o& `w kck`w scfh{c{hr`w qowf{cj{ow kcw
oj{qorhw{cw qocfh|ckcw uof`w uq`boww`qow hj{oqrojhoj{ow j` uq`log{`*
Rhwcfh|céç`
3* G`jw{quhjk` af`g`w
@ uqhnohq` iqu` è g`jw{h{îk` u`q {qìw h{ojw<
3* G@JW[Q_HJK@ AF@G@W
C Wwcjc i`w{c ko g`jw{qhq af`g`w& {hfh|cjk` ga`w uosoj`w hichw c` kcbhiqc woihj{o*
C Wwcjc {on nc iqcjko scj{hkcko ko ga`w uosoj`w hichw c ow{o* _wcg`fc ucqc lj{cq `w uosoj`w ga`w jw c`w `{q`w& ko n`k` c g`jw{qhqaf`g`w ko rãqh`w {hu`w*
Ucqc g`noécq& c Wwcjc g`fc `h{` kowwow ga`w ucqc g`jw{qhq ` af`g`qouqowoj{ck` jc Bhiqc C*
C woihq c Wwcjc g`jw{q÷h `w af`g`w ncghé`w qouqowoj{ck`w jcw Bhiqcw A oG woihj{ow*
c( Ko scj{`w ga`w uosoj`w uqoghwc c Wwcjc ucqc g`jw{qhq ` af`g`qouqowoj{ck` jc Bhiqc A0
Bhiqc A Bhiqc G
Ga` uosoj`
Bhiqc C
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a( Ko scj{`w ga`w uosoj`w rch c Wwcjc uqoghwcq ucqc g`jw{qhq ` af`g`ncghé` qouqowoj{ck` jc Bhiqc G0
g( C Wwcjc {`nc g`jwghìjghc ko so {hfh|` nchw ga`w k` so `wjogowwãqh`w ucqc g`jw{qhq n af`g` g`n` ` so wo cuqowoj{c jc Bhiqc G*Uoqgoao so u`khc {oq g`fck` `w ga`w uosoj`w& ko n`k` c bhgcqon g`n ccucqìjghc kc Bhiqc G& ncw so ` af`g` u`khc woq `g` u`q koj{q`*Scf è ` jünoq` nîjhn` ko uosoj`w ga`w ko so ofc uqoghwc ucqcg`jw{qhq n af`g` g`n n cwuog{` hicf c` kc Bhiqc G& ncw `g` u`qkoj{q`0 Hjkhgc ` qcgh`gîjh` so {hfh|cw{o*
C rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf è ` uqhjghucf cwuog{` so è ca`qkck` j` uqhnohq` h{on&
nc ro| so c bhiqc {on ga`w uosoj`w so< -h( {ìn {qìw bcgow rhwîrohw -n ga`(4 -hh(
{ìn kcw bcgow rhwîrohw -sc{q` ga`w(4 -hhh( {ìn cuojcw nc bcgo rhwîrof -ghjg` ga`w( o
-hr( jç` {ìn scfsoq bcgo rhwîrof -k`hw ga`w(* [`k`w `w cfj`w so qocfh|cqcn `w {ow{ow
qowu`jkoqcn c ow{o h{on jç` {ojk` o}hw{hk` scfsoq qowu`w{c hj{oqnèkhc& ` wolc& cw
qowu`w{cw ` ow{crcn oqqckcw -3;/( ` ow{crcn g`qqog{cw -=2/(*
On qofcéç` c`w cfj`w so b`qcn oj{qorhw{ck`w ukoqcn.wo `awoqrcq
owwojghcfnoj{o k`hw {hu`w ko ow{qc{èihcw ucqc qowu`jkoq c ow{o uqhnohq` h{on< -h(
{hfh|céç` kc b÷qnfc ucqc gcfgfcq ` r`fno o -hh( g`j{cion k`w ga`w kc bhiqc*
Kcw qowu`w{cw kckcw& cw nchw hj{oqowwcj{ow uqojkoqcn.wo g`n ow{o üf{hn` {hu` ko
ow{qc{èihc< ‖31* G`j{oh 31 ga`w& `w ko {qãw wç` hichw c`w kc bqoj{o* 2 nchw 2 hicf c
31„* _n k`w cfj`w oj{qorhw{ck`w {oro cfinc khbhgfkcko on gmoicq å w`féç` g`qqog{c*
W`qchc qoihw{` ` rcf`q 71 jc cfîjoc c( won cuqowoj{cq c wc ow{qc{èihc* Cgoh{` c
wiow{ç` ko g`jbhqncq owwow rcf`qow {hfh|cjk` nc{oqhcf nf{haãwhg`& {ojk` g`jw{qîk` c
bhiqc A o g`jgfîk` so oqcn jogowwãqh`w 31 ga`w& g`j{cjk` `w ga`w so {hfh|` n
c n* Scjk` sow{h`jckc qofc{hrcnoj{o c` rcf`q so cuqowoj{` hjhghcfnoj{o& c cfjc
o}ufhg` ` wo oqq`& ‖g`j{oh `w sckqckhjm`w„& ` wolc g`jbjkh `w ga`w uosoj`wg`n cw wcw bcgow*
C cfjc jç` hj{oquqo{` c bhiqc ahkhnojwh`jcf g`n` wojk` nc qouqowoj{céç`
k` `alog{` {qhkhnojwh`jcf so g`j{èn cuojcw ucq{o kc hjb`qncéç`* Ow{c wh{céç`
ojsckqc.wo j` so Ucq|xw| -38==( qoboqo w`aqo c b`qnc g`n` `w cfj`w g`jwhkoqcn cw
qouqowoj{céÿow ufcjcw ko `alog{`w owucghchw* G`n` hjkhgc ` c{`q& `w cfj`w {ìn
{ojkìjghc c g`jwhkoqã.fcw g`n` wojk` ` uq÷uqh` `alog{`& {oj{cjk`& cwwhn& qo{hqcq {`kcw cw
hjb`qncéÿow w`aqo ow{o*
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2
* @ woijk` h{on kow{o iqu` è hkìj{hg` c` uqhnohq`& ncw qoboqo.wo å Bhiqc G&
so {on nchw ga`w uosoj`w `gf{`w< n ga` {on {qìw bcgow rhwîrohw4 wohw ga`w {ìn
kcw bcgow rhwîrohw4 k`|o ga`w {ìn cuojcw nc bcgo rhwîrof o `h{` jç` {ìn scfsoq
bcgo rhwîrof* Nchw nc ro| cw qowu`w{cw kckcw ` ow{crcn g`nufo{cnoj{o oqqckcw -1;/(
` {`{cfnoj{o g`qqog{cw -9?/(* Cuojcw 3/ k`w cfj`w jç` qowu`jko c ow{o h{on*
@w uq`goww`w ko qow`féç` {hfh|ck`w uof`w cfj`w oj{qorhw{ck`w ucqc qow`froqon
` uqhnohq` h{on cufhgcn.wo {cnaèn c ow{o& nc ro| so wç` k` nown` {hu`* C
{hfh|céç` kc b÷qnfc ucqc gcfgfcq ` r`fno b`h& nchw nc ro|& c ow{qc{èihc so nchw
bcghfnoj{o for` `w cfj`w c nc qowu`w{c g`qqog{c< ‖U`qso j` g`nuqhnoj{` è 7 o
fcqiqc 7& 7 ro|ow 7• 8 o jc cf{qc wç` 7• 8 ro|ow 7 kã• Jç`• Whn• 8 ro|ow 7 kã
19„* @{q` cfj` cuqowoj{c c nownc ow{qc{èihc& ncw gmoic nown` c g`nucqã.fc g`n cqowu`w{c c` h{on cj{oqh`q< ‖Ow{` c bc|oq ` nown` so bh| j` A& ow{` c cgmcq cw
cqow{cw*** 7 c` ga`& 19„*
@ woijk` uq`goww` ko qow`féç` uqojko.wo& nc ro| nchw& g`n c g`j{cion k`w
ga`w kc bhiqc< ‖G`j{oh 8 ga`w kc bqoj{o o kã 19 u`qso {on 8 af`g`w å bqoj{o& j`
noh` o c{qãw*„ _n k`w cfj`w oj{qorhw{ck`w g`noé` u`q g`j{cq 7 ga`w jc m`qh|`j{cf o
7 jc roq{hgcf& jc bqoj{o k` ga`* Ko woihkc g`j{c `w ga`w so `awoqrc jc bcgo fc{oqcf
k` ga` ‖3& 1& 7& ;& ?& 2& 9& =& 8„& g`j{c `w ga`w kc woijkc g`fjc kc khqoh{c ucqc cowsoqkc o ko woihkc kc {oqgohqc g`fjc& wojk` c g`j{cion ko n on n c{è c`w 19
ga`w*
J` {oqgohq` h{on è uokhk` c`w cfj`w so g`jwhkoqon c Bhiqc G ‖`gc u`q
koj{q`„ o hjkhson ` ‖jünoq` nîjhn` ko uosoj`w ga`w„ so fmo uoqnh{on kcq `
nown` cwuog{`* Jow{o h{on cw qowu`w{cw b`qcn nchw rcqhckcw& cuowcq ko wo g`j{hjcqon
c g`jgoj{qcq jcw {`{cfnoj{o oqqckcw ` jcw g`nufo{cnoj{o g`qqog{cw* J` oj{cj{`& cw k`
uqhnohq` {hu` cnoj{cqcn ucqc nchw k` k`aq`& ` so u`ko woq `awoqrck` j` Sckq` 1so cuqowoj{c `w qowf{ck`w so `w cfj`w `a{hroqcn jow{o h{on* È chjkc u`wwîrof
`awoqrcq `w oqq`w ` `nhwwÿow nchw bqosoj{ow jcw qowu`w{cw k`w cfj`w*
Bh|on`w nc cjãfhwo nchw u`qnoj`qh|ckc k` h{on 3*g(* Ow{o h{on `aqhicrc `w
cfj`w c o}ufhgh{cqon ` qcgh`gîjh` so {hfh|cqcn o& u`q{cj{`& b`h u`wwîrof crcfhcq c
gcucghkcko ko cqinoj{céç` o ko g`njhgcéç`* Ko cg`qk` g`n ` Gqqîgf` Jcgh`jcf
k` Ojwhj` Aãwhg` -NO.KOA& 1553(& è jogowwãqhc c ‖cu{hkç` ucqc b`qnfcq cqinoj{`w
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rãfhk`w qog`qqojk` å rhwcfh|céç` o c` qcgh`gîjh` owucghcf& o}ufhgcjk`.`w on fhjicion
g`qqoj{o„ -u* 21(*
Sckq` 3* G÷khi`w o qowf{ck`w k` h{on 3*g(*
G÷khi` Kowgqhéç` k` g÷khi`J*¼ ko Qowu`w{cw-uoqgoj{cion(
; @ cfj` qowu`jko g`qqog{cnoj{o o cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`39
-1;/(
7
@ cfj` cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw jç` cuqowoj{c nc qowu`w{c*U`q o}onuf`<. qo{hqc ` ga` k` goj{q` kc bhiqc o jç` kh| scj{`w ga`w wç` jogowwãqh`w ucqc bc|oq c
g`jw{qéç`4. kowojmc cw {qìw bhfcw ` gcnckcw ko ga`w g`n `nhwwç` k` ga` wh{ck` c` goj{q` ncw
jç` kã qowu`w{c*
?-9/(
1
@ cfj` kã qowu`w{c oqqckc ncw cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`*U`q o}onuf`<. kowojmc cw {qìw bhfcw ` gcnckcw ko ga`w g`n `nhwwç` k` ga` wh{ck` c` goj{q` o
qowu`jko ko b`qnc hjg`qqog{c*
3-1/(
3
@ cfj` o}uÿo ` qcgh`gîjh` ucqghcfnoj{o g`qqog{`*U`q o}onuf`<. kã c qowu`w{c g`qqog{c o qoboqo so qo{hqc n ga` kc bhiqc jç` owuoghbhgcjk` ko `jko*
?-9/(
5
@ cfj` cuqowoj{c qowu`w{c oqqckc ` jç` kã scfsoq {hu` ko lw{hbhgcéç`*U`q o}onuf`<
. kon`jw{qcjk` nc hjg`qqog{c rhwcfh|céç` owucghcf kc bhiqc* G`n` jç` è rhwcfh|ckc{`kc c bhiqc& ` cfj` ucq{o k` uqhjgîuh` so u`ko qo{hqcq `w ga`w so jç` wç` rhwîrohw4
. g`jbjko ãqoc {`{cf k` w÷fhk` g`n ` wo r`fno* G`jwhkoqc gckc bcgo g`n 8 ga`w og`n` ` ga` {on 2 bcgow& nf{hufhgc 8 u`q 24. qo{hqc ga`w hjg`qqog{cnoj{o n`w{qcjk` jç` oj{ojkoq ` woj{hk` kc ucfcrqc `g`< cbhqnc
so ucqc bhgcq `g` {ìn ko wo qo{hqcq {`k`w `w ga`w4 qo{hqc n ga` ‖k` noh`„ kc bhiqcjç` owuoghbhgcjk` ko `jko4 qo{hqc n ga` wh{ckc jc gcnckc wuoqh`q& c` goj{q`4ofhnhjc 7 ga`w k` goj{q` kc bhiqc4 ofhnhjc c wogéç` wuoqh`q kc bhiqc4 qoboqo ` g`q{oko cqow{cw ucqc bhgcq `g`4
. won woj{hk` cucqoj{o< cuqowoj{c gãfgf`w cucqoj{onoj{o won woj{hk` 2; >1;(4g`jbjko c ufcjhbhgcéç` k` ga` g`n r`fno* Ufcjhbhgc ncf ` ga` o g`j{cahfh|c 9bcgow& g`jgfhjk` woqon jogowwãqh`w 9 af`g`w4 {oj{c{hrc ko {qcjwb`qncéç` kc bhiqc G jcbhiqc A4 gcfgfc c khboqojéc oj{qo ` jünoq` ko ga`w kcw bhiqcw G o A*
78-?2/(
JQ @ cfj` jç` qowu`jko 7-;/(
_nc kcw ow{qc{èihcw nchw wchw ko gmoicq å qowu`w{c è g`jwhkoqcq ` so b`h boh{`
j` h{on cj{oqh`q o wa{qchq.fmo n& ` jünoq` nîjhn` ko ga`w uosoj`w so wo u`ko
qo{hqcq å Bhiqc G& won so ow{c uoqgc ` wo cwuog{` -Bhiqc 3(*
C cjãfhwo nchw cuq`bjkckc kcw khbhgfkckow so forcqcn `w cfj`w c qowu`w{cw
hjg`qqog{cw acwo`.wo jcw oj{qorhw{cw* C uqhnohqc uqojko.wo g`n c khbhgfkcko on
hj{oquqo{cq ` c{qhahq whijhbhgck` c ‖`gc u`q koj{q`„<
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Uqoghwc ko*** Hw{` {on noj`w 7& rcn`w uoicq j`w 19 ga`w o wa{qchq 7ga`w so wç` kc cf{qc so ow{ç` j` goj{q`* È c cf{qc k`w ga`w& `jünoq` ko ga`w& so ow{ã j` noh`*
Bhiqc 3* Qowu`w{c kckc u`q n cfj` c` h{on 3*g( j` {ow{o owgqh{`*
C iojoqcfhkcko k`w cfj`w so {hroqcn wgoww` jc qow`féç` k` h{on
f{qcucwwcqcn ow{c uqhnohqc khbhgfkcko {hfh|cjk`& owwojghcfnoj{o& k`hw {hu`w ko
qow`féç` khboqoj{ow* J` uqhnohq` uq`goww` ko qow`féç` g`jwhkoqcqcn c qowu`w{c kckcc` h{on cj{oqh`q o wa{qcîqcn ` ga` so wo ojg`j{qc j` wo goj{q`* B`h ` so cg`j{ogo
g`n ` cfj` cj{oqh`q so jnc woijkc {oj{c{hrc lw{hbhg` ` so è woq `g` o g`qqhih c
wc qowu`w{c hjhghcf<
Soq kh|oq so ow{ã& so ow{ã*** C ucq{o ko koj{q` ow{ã rc|hc& jç` {onjckc* Cm& lã uoqgoah# Oj{ç` ow{ow 7 ga`w jç` u`kon& w÷ u`ko woq nga` so ow{ã j` goj{q`*
Cfo}cjkqo {cnaèn {hfh|` ow{c ow{qc{èihc cuowcq ko {oq g`noéck` u`q g`j{cq `w
ga`w& ncw cacjk`j`.c& u`hw jç` uoqgoao scf oqc ` ga` so u`koqhc qo{hqcq* Kou`hw&
qog`qqojk` c` nc{oqhcf nf{haãwhg`& khwu`jîrof jc nowc& cbhqn`< ‖jç` u`ww` {hqcq `w k`
noh` wojç` `w `{q`w gchon„* C` woq cfoq{ck` uofc uq`boww`qc ucqc ` bcg{` ko `w ga`w
woqon g`fck`w& gmoi` hnokhc{cnoj{o å g`jgfwç` so {hqcjk` ` ga` k` hj{oqh`q& w÷
jogowwh{cqhc ko 12 ga`w ucqc bhgcq g`n c nownc b`qnc*
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J` woijk` {hu` ko qow`féç` `w cfj`w {oj{cqcn g`j{cq `w ga`w so c bhiqc
{oqhc* Ow{ow cfj`w {hroqcn iqcjkow khbhgfkckow& cuqowoj{cjk` qowu`w{cw oqqckcw< ‖Rh n
jünoq` nchw uosoj`& ;& o g`j{oh {k`* ; nchw ; nchw ; hicf c 31„* Ow{o cfj` g`j{`
`w ga`w so g`jw{h{on `w rèq{hgow k` ga`& {ojk` rhwcfh|ck` ` wo owsofo{` won
{`k`w `w ga`w kc ucq{o goj{qcf*
Cuowcq ko {hfh|cq ow{c üf{hnc ow{qc{èihc ko g`j{cq `w ga`w& nc cfjc g`noé`
c qo{hqcq {`k`w `w ga`w o}gou{` `w so wç` ‖rèq{hgow„ k` w÷fhk`* Qog`qqojk` å bhiqc G
g`noé` u`q ‖qo{hqcq„ `w ga`w uosoj`w kc bhfc goj{qcf< ‖rhj{o o sc{q`& {hqcn`w ow{o
csh„* Kou`hw {oj{` g`j{cq `fmcjk` ucqc cw `{qcw bcgow o jç` wo cuoqgoao so g`j{`
rãqhcw ro|ow ` nown` ga` uosoj`* Cu`j{cjk` ucqc `w ga`w so {ìn nc ` kcw
bcgow rhwîrohw g`j{hj` c g`j{cq<
• È ow{o o k`hw c{qãw• C{qãw kow{o nchw k`hw* Rch kcq ?# Csh c nowncg`hwc• 2 Csh on ach}` {hqcn`w ow{o• 9 o ow{o• =• 8• 35& kou`hwnchw {qìw u`q ach}` 37 o ow{ow k`hw 3;• 3?• Oj{ç`& 19 noj`w 3?*** 31*
C cfjc jç` wo gmoi` c cuoqgoaoq so {hjmc cf{oqck` ` cwuog{` kc bhiqc o&
g`n` {cf& cuqowoj{` nc qowu`w{c hjg`qqog{c*
@{qc cfjc& so jç` {hfh|` jojmnc kcw kcw ow{qc{èihcw cj{oqh`qow&qowu`jko so<
@ jünoq` nîjhn` ko uosoj`w ga`w ko so ofc uqoghwc ucqc g`jw{qhqn af`g` g`n n cwuog{` hicf c` kc bhiqc G wç` 1;* Nf{hufhsoh `wga`w ko ghnc = u`q 7*
C cfjc jnoq` cw bcgow ko gckc n k`w ga`w uosoj`w g`n o}gouéç` k`
goj{qcf o& g`n` {cf& jç` g`jwhkoq` `w ga`w kc ucq{o goj{qcf -oh}` roq{hgcf(* [oj{`nf{hufhgcq ` so wo ucwwcrc jn k`w jîrohw kc bhiqc uof` jünoq` ko jîrohw* U`q hww`&
qo{hq` n ga` uosoj` k` goj{q` ko gckc n k`w jîrohw*
J`w h{ojw k` uqhnohq` iqu` c khbhgfkcko è noj`q scjk` `w cfj`w {ìn
u`wwhahfhkcko ko `awoqrcq khqog{cnoj{o cw bhiqcw w`aqo cw schw fmow wç` b`qnfckcw
uoqij{cw o cnoj{c scjk` {ìn so hncihjcq ofonoj{`w ckhgh`jchw kc bhiqc& ucqc
cfèn kcsofow so wç` n`w{qck`w* On scfsoq k`w h{ojw mã ofonoj{`w n`w{qck`w
khqog{cnoj{o o ofonoj{`w jç` n`w{qck`w& ncw c g`nufo}hkcko kow{ow üf{hn`w cnoj{c
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k` h{on3*c( ucqc ` h{on 3*a( -ko 1 ofonoj{`w {`{cfnoj{o owg`jkhk`w jc bhiqc A
ucwwcn`w ucqc = ofonoj{`w jc bhiqc G( o cnoj{c nchw chjkc k` h{on 3*a( ucqc ` h{on
3*g(& so qosoq c hkoj{hbhgcéç` k` jünoq` ko ga`w so u`kon woq qo{hqck`w kc bhiqc*
Roqhbhgcn`w& hicfnoj{o& so khroqw`w cfj`w n`w{qcn cfinc khbhgfkcko on
fhkcq g`n {oqn`w kc fhjicion g`qqoj{o& g`n` cg`j{ogo j` {oqgohq` h{on g`n c
ucfcrqc ‖`g`„* U`koq.wo.hc wu`q so wo {qc{c ko n {oqn` bcnhfhcq ucqc c iojoqcfhkcko
k`w cfj`w* J` oj{cj{`& cfijw jç` ` g`jmoghcn o `{q`w n`w{qcqcn khbhgfkcko on
oj{ojkoq g`nufo{cnoj{o ` wo whijhbhgck`* Ow{o o}onuf` n`w{qc g`n` nh{`w
uq`afoncw g`n c g`nuqoojwç` ko ojjghck`w ko h{ojw nc{onã{hg`w {on nh{cw ro|ow
`qhion on khbhgfkckow on fîjic u`q{iowc*
Jc qow`féç` k`w h{ojw ko rhwcfh|céç` hkoj{hbhgãn`w gfcqcnoj{o kcw ow{qc{èihcwu`q ucq{o k`w cfj`w< -h( nc hj{h{hrc& acwockc jc g`j{cion ko `alog{`w woijk` nc
`qkon ckosckc o -hh( `{qc nchw b`qncf& acwockc j`w g`jgoh{`w ko r`fno o ko
nf{hufhgcéç`* Cw qowu`w{cw c` {ow{o u`q owgqh{` on cfijw gcw`w orhkojghcn ` w`
kow{cw ow{qc{èihcw& j`{q`w gcw`w jç` ` bc|on g`n gfcqo|c* Hww` n`w{qc g`n` c
hjb`qncéç` kckc uof` {ow{o è fhnh{ckc ucqc wo g`nuqoojkoq ` uojwcnoj{` k`w cfj`w jc
qowu`w{c åw sow{ÿow uq`u`w{cw* Jc oj{qorhw{c `qcf {`qjcn.wo nchw uoqgou{îrohw cw
ow{qc{èihcw wckcw uof`w cfj`w& ona`qc on cfijw gcw`w wolc chjkc khbîghf oj{ojkì.fcwg`nufo{cnoj{o* Jow{o gcw`& nh{` uq`rcrofnoj{o& ow{ç` on rcj{cion `w cfj`w so
wç` gcuc|ow ko wcq cnacw cw ow{qc{èihcw& g`n bfo}hahfhkcko* C ow{qc{èihc ko g`j{cion è
ü{hf ucqc g`noécq c b`qncfh|cq c wh{céç` ncw c ow{qc{èihc acwockc jc j`éç` ko r`fno
è ko f`jio c nchw obhghoj{o o woiqc ucqc qowu`jkoq c` h{on 3*g(*
@w cfj`w so g`jwoihqcn qow`froq g`qqog{cnoj{o ` {oqgohq` h{on b`qcn `w so
g`jwoihqcn cq{hgfcq kcw hkohcw nc{onã{hgcw hnu`q{cj{ow< -h( c g`j{cion k` jünoq`
{`{cf ko ga`w uqowoj{o jc bhiqc& wcjk` ` g`jgoh{` ko r`fno& o -hh( c qocfh|céç` kc`uoqcéç` hncihjãqhc ko qo{hqcq n ga` k` goj{q` kc bhiqc& qog`jmogojk` so oqc `
nã}hn` so wo u`koqhc {hqcq jcw g`jkhéÿow k` uq`afonc& ncj{ojk` ` g`j{q`f` w`aqo c
qowuog{hrc g`j{cion*
Nokhkc o Ãqoc
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1* Uã{h`
Ow{o woijk` iqu` {on cuojcw n h{on<
1* UÃ[H@ @ Cjkqè soq ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` qog{cjifcq kc wc j`rc gcwc* @ uã{h`{on ?&1? no{q`w ko g`nuqhnoj{` o 7&55 no{q`w ko fcqiqc* @ Cjkqèuqoghwc ko =3 n`wchg`w u`q no{q` sckqck`*Gcfgfc scj{`w n`wchg`w ` Cjkqè uqoghwc ucqc ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` {`k`*-Wo jogowwãqh` kowojmc& bc| owsoncw& •(
U`kon`w kog`nu`q c qow`féç` kow{o uq`afonc on {qìw o{cucw khw{hj{cw< -h(
gãfgf` kc ãqoc k` uã{h`4 -hh( gãfgf` k` jünoq` ko n`wchg`w jogowwãqh`w ucqc
ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` o -hhh( hj{oquqo{céç` k` qowf{ck` k` gãfgf` cj{oqh`q& g`jwhkoqcjk`n jünoq` hj{ohq` ko n`wchg`w* [cf g`n` {hjmc cg`j{oghk` j` h{on 3g& cw qowu`w{cw
`a{hroqcn gfcwwhbhgcéÿow rcqhckcw& {ojk` khnhjîk` g`jwhkoqcrofnoj{o `w cfj`w so
qowu`jkoqcn hjg`qqog{cnoj{o -Sckq` 1(* [cnaèn è u`wwîrof `awoqrcq so jow{o h{on
{`k`w `w cfj`w koqcn nc qowu`w{c*
Sckq` 1* Cjãfhwo scfh{c{hrc ko qowu`w{cw c` h{on 1*
G÷khi` Kowgqhéç` k` g÷khi`J*¼ ko Qowu`w{cw-uoqgoj{cion(
; È cuqowoj{ckc qowu`w{c g`qqog{c& cuq`uqhckc å sow{ç` ojjghckc* 3?-13/(
7@ cfj` cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw owsogo.wo kob`qnfcq c qowu`w{c*
3=-12/(
1@ cfj` o}uÿo ucqghcfnoj{o ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& hjkhgcjk` sou`koqhc {oq rhjk` c kowojr`froq c cgéç` g`qqog{cnoj{o*
=-33/(
3 È cuqowoj{ck` ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw g`n gãfgf`w oqqck`w* 15-18/(
5 @ cfj` cuqowoj{c nc qowu`w{c oqqckc& kowojsckqckc kc sow{ç`* 8-37/(
JQ @ cfj` jç` cuqowoj{c scfsoq qowu`w{c* 5-5/(
Scjk` `w cfj`w jç` qowu`jkoqcn n jünoq` hj{ohq` ko n`wchg`w -o{cuc hhh(&
ncw cuqowoj{cqcn g`qqog{cnoj{o ` wo qcgh`gîjh`& cw wcw qowu`w{cw b`qcn gfcwwhbhgckcw
g`n g÷khi` 7& ko n`k` c khw{hjihq kcw so ow{crcn g`nufo{cnoj{o g`qqog{cw*
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Jc cjãfhwo åw oj{qorhw{cw è u`wwîrof hkoj{hbhgcq g`n` wojk` c üjhgc ow{qc{èihc `
gãfgf` kc ãqoc k` uã{h` -b÷qnfc kc ãqoc ko n qog{ájif`(< ‖C uqhnohqc g`hwc so
{on`w ko bc|oq è gcfgfcq c ãqoc k` uã{h` so è ?&1? n ro|ow 7 n***„ @ cfj` owgqoro
ojscj{` bcfcrc o fhi` c gcfgfck`qc< ‖***so è hicf c 3?&9? n1*„ Kou`hw hj{oquqo{` `
jünoq` woucqcjk` c ucq{o hj{ohqc kc koghncf< ‖@ Cjkqè uqoghwc ko =3 n`wchg`w u`q n1*
J÷w {on`w 3? n1 oj{ç` rcn`w wcaoq scj{`w n`wchg`w mã on 3? n1 Towgqoro
3?=3 n1 >^*„ C woihq qofcgh`j` c ucq{o koghncf g`n c bqcgéç` º o gcfgf` º ko
=3<
=3 ro|ow 7 so kã 1;7 c khrhkhq u`q ;• Kã 25&9?• Bh| ko gcaoéc• Kã
319?&9? n`wchg`w* _n kofow rch uqoghwcq ko woq g`q{ck` u`qso jç` gcao{`k`* Ofo rch uqoghwcq ko g`nuqcq 3192 n`wchg`w*
Cfijw cfj`w so {hfh|cqcn ow{c ow{qc{èihc woj{hqcn c jogowwhkcko ko
kowojmcq ` qog{ájif` ucqc cu`hcqon `w wow gãfgf`w* B`h ` gcw` ko Cfo}cjkqo so
g`noé` u`q bc|oq ` owsonc k` uã{h`& qoihw{cjk` cw khnojwÿow* Kou`hw& ko{oqnhj`
c ãqoc k` qog{ájif` gcfgfcjk` ` uq`k{` k` g`nuqhnoj{` uofc fcqiqc* Cuqowoj{` `
rcf`q kc ãqoc k` uã{h` won qoboqhq c jhkcko ko nokhkc* C uq`boww`qc sow{h`j`.`
w`aqo ow{o cwuog{`<
Uq`boww`qc< Scf è c jhkcko ko nokhkc k` g`nuqhnoj{`0Cfj`< È ?&1?*Uq`boww`qc< Owwo è ` rcf`q k` g`nuqhnoj{`& ncw scf è c jhkcko konokhkc0Cfj`< È ` no{q`*Uq`boww`qc< O jc ãqoc0Cfj`< È ` n1*Uq`boww`qc< O ` so soqow wcaoq0
Cfj`< Scj{`w n`wchg`w wç` jogowwãqh`w0Uq`boww`qc< G`n` rchw bc|oq0Cfj`< Wo on gckc n1 wo {hfh|cn =3 n`wchg`w rç` woq 9?&3?=3 *
Cfo}cjkqo cuqowoj{` g`n` qowu`w{c ` rcf`q so `a{oro c{qcrèw k` qoboqhk`
uq`k{`& uof` so c` qoihw{cq c qowu`w{c gmoi` å g`jgfwç` so oqcn jogowwãqh`w 3192
n`wchg`w& lã so w÷ wo rojkon n`wchg`w hj{ohq`w*
@{qc cfjc cwwnh so ` uã{h` {hjmc cuojcw ghjg` no{q`w ko g`nuqhnoj{` -jç`
g`jwhkoq` c ucq{o koghncf( o {qìw ko fcqiqc<
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@ Cjkqè uqoghwc ko 313? n`wchg`w ucqc ucrhnoj{cq ` uã{h` {`k`*=3 $ =3 $ =3 > 1;71;7 $ 1;7 $ 1;7 $ 1;7 $ 1;7 > 313?*
B`h g`nn c hkoj{hbhgcéç` k`w cfj`w oj{qo ucrhnoj{cq o ` gãfgf` kc ãqoc& `
so u`wwhrofnoj{o qowf{c kow{o uq`afonc wo cuq`}hncq k` so è boh{` qoifcqnoj{o j`
g`j{o}{` owg`fcq* Kcw oj{qorhw{cw {qcjwucqogo so cfijw cfj`w g`jwoihqcn qowu`jkoq
g`qqog{cnoj{o c` uq`afonc cu÷w cfin sow{h`jcnoj{` u`q ucq{o kcw uq`boww`qcw& ` so
j`w forc c g`jwhkoqcq wo ` nown` jç` {oqhc cg`j{oghk` g`n `w cfj`w so c` qow`froqon
` {ow{o owgqh{` jç` qowu`jkoqcn g`qqog{cnoj{o*
Ow{o è n uq`afonc g`n n rhjgck` gjm` ‖owg`fcq„& ` wolc& è n uq`afoncso nh{`w uq`boww`qow u`kon g`f`gcq jc cfc c`w wow cfj`w -` jn {ow{o ko
crcfhcéç`(* C qocfh|céç` k` uq`afonc ojr`fro rãqh`w cwuog{`w< -h( c g`nuqoojwç` k`
g`jgoh{` ko ãqoc& -hh( c gcucghkcko ko qocfh|céç` ko nc nf{hufhgcéç` g`n jünoq`w
koghnchw ko n kîih{` u`q {qìw kîih{`w4 -hhh( ` qog`jmoghnoj{` ko so ` jünoq` {`{cf ko
n`wchg`w ucqc nc kckc bhiqc u`ko woq `a{hk` c ucq{hq k` g`jmoghnoj{` k` jünoq` ko
n`wchg`w u`q no{q` sckqck`4 -hr( ` qog`jmoghnoj{` ko so ` jünoq` {`{cf ko n`wchg`w
jogowwãqh` è n jünoq` hj{ohq`& u`hw jç` wo rojkon jc f`lc bqcgéÿow ko n`wchg`*Ko {`k`w ow{ow cwuog{`w& c g`nuqoojwç` k` g`jgoh{` ko ãqoc è {cfro| ` nchw
b`q{o& ncqgcjk` c jc{qo|c k` uq`afonc& ncw cw gcucghkckow ko gãfgf` jnèqhg` o ko
hj{oquqo{céç` ko ojjghck`w on bjéç` k` g`j{o}{` k` uq`afonc {ìn {cnaèn n ucuof
hnu`q{cj{o* @w 37/ ko cfj`w so jç` qowu`jkon u`kon {oq {hk` khbhgfkckow jc
hj{oquqo{céç` if`acf kc wh{céç`* @w cfj`w so bh|oqcn ` gãfgf` jnèqhg` g`qqog{`
ncw jç` koqcn g`n` qowu`w{c ` jünoq` hj{ohq` hnokhc{cnoj{o wuoqh`q qorofcn
khbhgfkckow jc hj{oquqo{céç` k` g`j{o}{`* Nown` cwwhn& ucqc cfj`w ko 33.31 cj`w&kckc c g`nufo}hkcko k` h{on& jç` wo u`ko g`jwhkoqcq so ` qowf{ck` wolc nh{`
joic{hr`*
7* Ãqoc ko un g`j{hjoj{o
Jow{o h{on oqc cuqowoj{ck` c`w cfj`w ` ncuc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc c` scf b`h
w`aqou`w{c nc iqofmc jc bhiqc k` uq÷uqh` ojjghck`* @ h{on è k`nhjck` uofc qofcéç`
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3;
so o}hw{o oj{qo cw nokhkcw qochw o cw nokhkcw cuqowoj{ckcw jn ncuc* C {hfh|céç`
g`qqog{c kc owgcfc è bjkcnoj{cf ucqc owwc qofcéç`*
7* ÃQOC KO _N G@J[HJOJ[OC bhiqc cach}` è n ncuc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc*
c( Gcfgfc c khw{ájghc oj{qo ` U÷f` Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how0 Hjkhgc `w gãfgf`wso obog{cw{o o {`k` ` qcgh`gîjh` {hfh|ck`*
a( Ow{hnc c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc& wcjk` c owgcfc k` ncuc* Hjkhgc `w gãfgf`wso obog{cw{o o o}ufhgc g`n` bh|ow{o c {c ow{hnc{hrc*
G`n ` uqhnohq` h{on uqo{ojkhc.wo so `w cfj`w gcfgfcwwon c khw{ájghc oj{qo
k`hw u`j{`w j` ncuc& ojscj{` so g`n ` woijk` uqo{ojkhc.wo so `w cfj`w
ow{hncwwon c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc {hfh|cjk` c owgcfc k` ncuc* G`n` è u`wwîrof `awoqrcq
j` Sckq` 7 nchw ko no{cko k`w cfj`w cuqowoj{` nc qowu`w{c oqqckc*
K`w 95 cfj`w so qowu`jkoqcn c` {ow{o& cuojcw 38 qowu`jkoqcn g`qqog{cnoj{oc` h{on* Jcw oj{qorhw{cw {`k`w `w cfj`w g`noécqcn u`q nokhq c khw{ájghc j` ncuc g`n
nc qèic o kou`hw bc|oq c {qcjwu`whéç` k` rcf`q `a{hk` ucqc c qocfhkcko& ` so jç` b`h
{ç` bãghf g`n` wo u`koqhc uojwcq hjhghcfnoj{o*
Sckq` 7* Cjãfhwo scfh{c{hrc ko qowu`w{cw c` h{on 7*c*
G÷khi` Kowgqhéç` k` g÷khi`J*¼ ko Qowu`w{cw-uoqgoj{cion(
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3?
; È cuqowoj{ckc qowu`w{c g`qqog{c& cuq`uqhckc å sow{ç` ojjghckc* 38-19/(
7@ cfj` cuqowoj{c ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw owsogo.wo ko b`qnfcq cqowu`w{c*
5-5/(
1 @ cfj` o}uÿo ucqghcfnoj{o ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& hjkhgcjk` sou`koqhc {oq rhjk` c kowojr`froq c cgéç` g`qqog{cnoj{o* 2-8/(
3 È cuqowoj{ck` ` qcgh`gîjh` g`qqog{`& ncw g`n gãfgf`w oqqck`w* ?-9/(
5 @ cfj` cuqowoj{c nc qowu`w{c oqqckc& kowojsckqckc kc sow{ç`* 7=-?;/(
JQ @ cfj` jç` cuqowoj{c scfsoq qowu`w{c* 1-7/(
@w cfj`w nokhqcn on uqhnohq` ficq c khw{ájghc uokhkc g`n nc qèic o
kou`hw {oj{cqcn {qcjwb`qnã.fc jc khw{ájghc qocf wcjk` uq`u`qéÿow* Cw nch`qowkhbhgfkckow ko{og{ckcw jcw oj{qorhw{cw qocfh|ckcw b`qcn< -h( {qcacfmcq g`n rcf`qow
koghnchw o -hh( foq c owgcfc cuqowoj{ckc j` ncuc*
On qofcéç` å uqhnohqc khbhgfkcko nc cfjc cuqowoj{` iqcjko khbhgfkcko on
{qcacfmcq g`n rcf`qow koghnchw -2&?(& ` so c hnuokh ko g`j{hjcq c cww`ghcq c khw{ájghc
kobhjhkc uofc owgcfc g`n c khw{ájghc nokhkc u`q ofc< ‖Nokh k` U÷f` Wf c` N`j{o
Noj|how so ko.no 2&? gn„3* C woihq `fm` ucqc c owgcfc o bo| c woihj{o cww`ghcéç`<
7&? gn > 3555 dn255 dn > 1 gn;55 dn > 3&? gn
On qofcéç` å woijkc khbhgfkcko& nc kcw cfjcw qorof` bcghfhkcko on
g`jroq{oq c nokhkc jc qèic ucqc c owgcfc k` ncuc ona`qc {ojmc boh{` nc foh{qc
ucqghcf ko 355 on 355 dn on ro| ko 155 on 155 dn<
Cfjc< R` nokhq c khw{ájghc* T_{hfh|c c qèic^Uq`boww`qc< O0Cfjc< Ci`qc rol` csh Tjc owgcfc k` ncuc^* Kã =?5*Uq`boww`qc< C noh` gcnhjm` oj{qo =55 o 3555 dn ow{ã0Cfjc< Mn• Cm u`hw• È ` 855* È 855 dn*
3
@ cfj` qoboqh 2&? gn so oqc c khw{ájghc oj{qo ` U÷f` Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how j` ncuc& u`hw o}hw{h nuq`afonc g`n c b`qnc{céç` kc bhiqc* U`q hww` ` cfj` {hjmc nokhk` c khw{ájghc g`qqog{c g`n c qèic*
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J` woijk` h{on so g`jw{h{îc ow{o iqu` uqo{ojkhc.wo so `w cfj`w
ow{hncwwon c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc* B`h jow{o h{on so wo roqhbhg` c nch`q uoqgoj{cion
ko qowu`w{cw oqqckcw -2;/(& woihkc k`w gcw`w on so jç` m`ro qowu`w{c -38/( o kcw
qowu`w{cw nh{` hjg`nufo{cw -35/(* B`h jow{o h{on so `w cfj`w {hroqcn ` uh`q
kowonuojm`& {ojk` o}hw{hk` cuojcw ? qowu`w{cw {`{cfnoj{o g`qqog{cw*
Jcw oj{qorhw{cw ow{o h{on b`h cuqowoj{ck` ko kcw b`qncw khw{hj{cw uofcw
uq`boww`qcwhjrow{hick`qcw* C khboqojéc qowhkh j` bcg{` ko c bhiqc cuqowoj{ckc {oq whk`
` jç` w`aqou`w{c u`q nc iqofmc* @w cfj`w kc uq`boww`qc Gqhw{hjc& so `u{` uofc jç`
w`aqou`whéç`& {oj{cqcn cufhgcq c b÷qnfc kc ãqoc ucqc qowu`jkoq c` h{on* _n k`w wow
cfj`w {oj{` gcfgfcq c ãqoc u`q ojsckqcnoj{`* Jow{o gcw` b`h ` uq÷uqh` cfj` c
kowojmcq nc iqofmc g`n sckqck`w {ojk` on c{ojéç` so gckc fck` k` sckqck` {hjmc7&? gn& hw{` è& c khw{ájghc kc owgcfc<
3? nhfmÿow o noh`*Bh| c iqofmc o gckc sckqck` {on g`n` ãqoc 3 nhfmç`& o lj{oh 1 c 1 oow{hnoh so b`wwo nchw ` noj`w 3? nhfmÿow o noh`*
C uq`boww`qc Ihkc {cnaèn jç` w`aqouûw c bhiqc k` ojjghck` g`n nc
iqofmc& ` so jç` b`h n hnuokhnoj{` ucqc so {cj{` W`qchc g`n` Cfo}cjkqo {oj{cwwonqow`froq ` uq`afonc ko b`qncw gqhc{hrcw*
W`qchc g`jwhkoq` so ` ncuc oqc n sckqck` g`n 39 gn ko fck`& {hfh|cjk` c
nownc ow{qc{èihc kc cfîjoc cj{oqh`q& o g`jwhkoq` 7;55 dn g`n` c nokhkc qocf* Cwwhn&
ko{oqnhj` ` rcf`q kc ãqoc& nf{hufhgcjk` 7;55 u`q 7;55* Cuqowoj{` g`n` ow{hnc{hrc
3? ;55 555 dn1& {ojk` ow{o rcf`q whk` hjbfojghck` u`q oqq`w ko gãfgf` jc cufhgcéç` k`
cfi`qh{n` kc nf{hufhgcéç`*
U`q wo {qj`& Cfo}cjkqo qog`qqo å qèic ucqc nokhq n g`nuqhnoj{` o ncfcqiqc cuq`}hnck`w& {`ncjk` g`n` rcf`qow 32 gn o 3; gn& qowuog{hrcnoj{o*
Nf{hufhg` owwow k`hw rcf`qow u`q 155 o ko woihkc nf{hufhg` `w wow uq`k{`w&
cuqowoj{cjk` g`n` ow{hnc{hrc ucqc c ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc = 825 555 dn1*
On qofcéç` c`w cfj`w so qow`froqcn ` uq`afonc g`n c bhiqc w`aqou`w{c g`n
nc iqofmc bhg` uc{oj{o ` g`jmoghnoj{` so {hjmcn w`aqo ow{hnc{hrc& {ojk` g`noéck`
ko hnokhc{` c qow`froq ` uq`afonc* _n kofow nokh ` fck` ko n sckqck` o
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qofcgh`j`.` `w wow 7&?gn g`n 3555 dn* Ko woihkc& `u{` u`q khrhkhq c bhiqc on
rãqh`w qog{ájif`w<
C H `guc 1 sckqckhjm`w& c HH `guc ? sckqckhjm`w• Kou`hw rcn`wkhrhkhq `{qc ucqc `gucq ; o `{q` ucqc `gucq 1* Ci`qc rcn`w gcfgfcqcw ãqocw ko gckc bhiqc ucqc wcaoqn`w•
Kou`hw qog`qqo c` gãfgf` noj{cf ucqc nf{hufhgcq u`q 3 555< ‖U`qso scjk` è
nf{hufhgcq u`q 3 555 lj{c.wo 7 |oq`w*„* Cu÷w ` gãfgf` kcw rãqhcw ãqocw -jc qocfhkcko(
bc| c wc w`nc< ‖U`q{cj{`& c ow{hnc{hrc kc ãqoc kc Cj{ãqg{hkc è 37 nhfmÿow ko
shf÷no{q`w sckqck`w Towgqoro^„
_n k`w cfj`w oj{qorhw{ck`w uofc uq`boww`qc Cfo}cjkqc {oj{` lj{cq `w‖uokcé`w„ ko {oqqc ucqc g`nufo{cq sckqck`w< ‖U`q o}onuf`& ow{o a`gck` kow{o
sckqck` bc| nchw ` noj`w ` qow{` kow{o& cwwhn ow{o bhgcrc g`n` n sckqck`
hj{ohq`*„ @ cfj` lw{hbhg` c {hfh|céç` k` {oqn` nchw ` noj`w< ‖Nchw ` noj`w
u`qso jç` wcaon`w c khw{ájghc o}cg{c wo ow{o a`gck` ko {oqqc è o}cg{cnoj{o hicf c
ow{o a`gck` ko ncq*„ Kou`hw g`j{` `w sckqck`w o cuqowoj{` nc ow{hnc{hrc<
O ci`qc ow{o a`gck`& nchw ow{o o ow{o bhgc& u`khc bhgcq nchw ` noj`wno{cko ko n sckqck`& u`q hww`& u`kon`w g`j{cq `w sckqck`w {`k`w***3;* Rch bhgcq 37&?*
@ cfj` oqq` scjk` nf{hufhg` ` jünoq` ko sckqck`w uof` fck` k` sckqck`
o jç` uofc ãqoc k` nown`<
Cm*** G`n` n sckqck` wç` 3 555 dn& nf{hufhgcn`w `w 37&? sckqck`wu`q 3 555 o kou`hw `a{oqon`w nchw ` noj`w ` jünoq` ko shf÷no{q`w kc
Cj{ãqg{hkc*
@ uqhnohq` h{on ojr`fro ` w` ko owgcfcw& c nokhéç` ko woinoj{`w o c
gcucghkcko ko qow`froq uq`afoncw ko uq`u`qgh`jcfhkcko* @a{ojk` c nokhkc oj{qo ` U÷f`
Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how -;&? gn j` ncuc( o wcaojk` so 5&9 gn k` ncuc g`qqowu`jkon
c 155 dn j` {oqqoj`& bhgcn`w g`n n whnufow uq`afonc ko uq`u`qgh`jcfhkcko ucqc
qow`froq* [cnaèn woqhc u`wwîrof roq ` g`nuqhnoj{` {`{cf n`w{qck` jc owgcfc -7&? gn(&
qofcgh`jcjk`.` g`n 3 555 dn o c ucq{hq kcî b`qnfcq hicfnoj{o n uq`afonc ko
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uq`u`qgh`jcfhkcko& {ojk` on g`j{c c khw{ájghc oj{qo ` U÷f` Wf o ` N`j{o Noj|how kckc
uof` ncuc*
@ woijk` h{on ojr`fro c gcucghkcko ko ow{hncéç` kc ãqoc ko n `alog{`
hqqoifcq* Ofonoj{`w hnu`q{cj{ow ucqc c qowu`w{c wç` c owgcfc o c iqofmc& c ucq{hq kcw
schw wo u`ko roq so gckc sckqck` {on cuq`}hnckcnoj{o 35553555 dn1* C
ow{hnc{hrc u`koqhc woq `a{hkc u`q nc khroqwhkcko ko uq`goww`w ojr`frojk` on k`wow
rcqhãrohw gãfgf`w o}cg{`w o ow{hnc{hrcw* @ bcg{` ko goqgc ko ¶ k`w cfj`w {oq
qowu`jkhk` g`qqog{cnoj{o ` {oq kck` ucww`w hnu`q{cj{ow jowwo woj{hk` koh}c cj{oroq
so ow{o {hu` ko h{on è cgowwîrof c`w cfj`w kow{o jîrof o{ãqh`& kowko so wolc boh{`
{qcacfm` owuogîbhg` jow{o woj{hk`*
Cw khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w qowf{cn ko rãqh`w cwuog{`w& kowko c g`nuqoojwç` k`ojjghck` k` uq`afonc -{qc{c.wo ko n {hu` ko uq`afonc u`g` g`nn jc j`wwc
{qckhéç` ko ojwhj`(& ucwwcjk` uofc khbhgfkcko on fhkcq g`n c owgcfc o {cnaèn on
qog`jmogoq so ow{c jç` ow{ã iqckckc on jhkckow ko 3 gn ncw whn 5&9 gn& c
uq`u`qgh`jcfhkcko o ` gãfgf` g`n rcf`qow koghnchw* Cfijw cfj`w g`jbjkhqcn c
hjb`qncéç` kckc jc bhiqc qofc{hrcnoj{o å f`gcfh|céç` k` N`j{o Noj|how& ` so u`ko
{oq g`j{qhaîk` {cnaèn ucqc ciqcrcq cw wcw khbhgfkckow*
G`jgfwÿow
Uq`gqcjk` hkoj{hbhgcq cw g`nuo{ìjghcw cuqowoj{ckcw uof` UHWC -@GKO& 155;(
on l`i` jcw sow{ÿow cuqowoj{ckcw& u`kon`w cbhqncq so ` uqhnohq` iqu` hjwoqo.wo jcw
sow{ÿow ko qouq`kéç`& u`hw è w`fhgh{ckc c` cfj` cuojcw c cuqowoj{céç` k` jünoq` ko
uosoj`w ga`w so g`jw{h{on bhiqcw bcnhfhcqow whnufow* J`w h{ojw 3*c& 3*a o 3*g&
hkoj{hbhgcn`w cw g`nuo{ìjghcw -h( Uojwcq o qcgh`ghjcq & u`qso è g`f`gckc nc sow{ç`aãwhgc kc Nc{onã{hgc& hw{` è& ‖Scj{`w ga`w uosoj`w•0„ o -hh( Qouqowoj{cq & u`hw `
cfj` {on ko hj{oquqo{cq c qouqowoj{céç` uhg{÷qhgc -1K(& on wu`q{o ko ucuof& ko n
ucqcfofouîuok`* U`qèn c üf{hnc cfîjoc è nchw qhgc on {oqn`w ko g`nuo{ìjghcw so cw
cj{oqh`qow& nc ro| so {cnaèn ow{ç` on l`i` c Cqinoj{céç` o c G`njhgcéç <̀ `
cfj` {on ko cuqowoj{cq ` qcgh`gîjh` so kowojr`fro& u`q owgqh{`& qouq`k|hjk` `
owsonc noj{cf {hfh|ck` -kowojm`& gãfgf`w& {o}{`(*
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@ h{on 1 hjwoqo.wo j` iqu` ko sow{ÿow ko g`jo}ÿow& u`hw qosoq c qojhç` ko
g`jgoh{`w o ko uq`gokhnoj{`w nc{onã{hg`w jc qow`féç` ko uq`afoncw bcnhfhcqow c`w
cfj`w* On {oqn`w ko Rhwcfh|céç`& wcfhoj{c.wo jow{o h{on& c g`nuo{ìjghc Qouqowoj{cq
u`qso ` cfj` {on ko kowg`khbhgcq c qouqowoj{céç` ko nc wh{céç` -qog{ájif`( ucqc
u`w{oqh`qnoj{o gcfgfcq c wc ãqoc*
[cnaèn `w h{ojw k` {oqgohq` iqu` wo hjgfon j` g`jlj{` ko sow{ÿow ko
g`jo}ÿow u`hw è w`fhgh{ck` c` cfj` so n`ahfh|o g`jgoh{`w o uq`gokhnoj{`w ucqc
qow`froq ` uq`afonc* Scj{` å cfîjoc 7*c& onoqion cw g`nuo{ìjghcw -h( Uojwcq o
qcgh`ghjcq & u`qso `w cfj`w {ìn ko fhkcq g`n g`jgoh{`w -nokhkc o owgcfc( ko n`k` c
ojg`j{qcq c khw{ájghc qocf& oj{qo k`hw f`gchw& c ucq{hq kc khw{ájghc oj{qo k`hw u`j{`w j`
kowojm`4 -hh( Qouqowoj{cq& u`hw è jogowwãqh` hj{oquqo{cq nc owgcfc o khw{hjihq ` `alog{`qocf -g`j{hjoj{o( o ` `alog{` g`jw{qîk` -kowojm`(4 -hhh( _wcq qogqw`w o boqqcnoj{cw& lã
so è hjkhwuojwãrof c {hfh|céç` kc qèic jc qow`féç` kc sow{ç`* Uof` wo fck`& c
cfîjoc 7*a& ojsckqc.wo jcw g`nuo{ìjghcw -h( Uojwcq o qcgh`ghjcq & u`hw ` cfj` {on ko
n`ahfh|cq g`jgoh{`w o uq`gokhnoj{`w ckshqhk`w c bhn ko gcfgfcq c ãqoc k` g`j{hjoj{o
-bhiqc hqqoifcq(& sow{ç` uq`rcrofnoj{o u`g` bcnhfhcq4 -hh( Qouqowoj{cq& u`hw ` cfj`
{on ko wofoggh`jcq nc ow{qc{èihc acwockc jnc kcw rãqhcw b`qncw ko qouqowoj{cq c ãqoc
k` g`j{hjoj{o -g`jwhkoqc ` g`j{hjoj{o g`n` n qog{ájif` ` g`jwhkoqc.` g`n` c ljéç` ko ucq{ow ko rãqhcw sckqîgfcw(*
È& {cnaèn& hj{oqowwcj{o qobfog{hq w`aqo cw ow{qc{èihcw o khbhgfkckow k`w cfj`w*
On {`k`w `w uq`afoncw `w cfj`w {hfh|cqcn nchw k` so nc ow{qc{èihc& o}gou{` j`
uq`afonc ‖1* Uã{h`„* Ow{o è n uq`afonc g`n n gcqh| nchw owg`fcq o& g`n` {cf& nchw
uq÷}hn` k` so è ojwhjck` j` khc c khc jcw j`wwcw wcfcw ko cfc* Cuowcq khww`& cfijw
cfj`w woj{hqcn khbhgfkckow jc ucwwcion k`w gãfgf`w ucqc c wh{céç` qocf o& cwwhn&
cuqowoj{cq nc qowu`w{c so bh|owwo woj{hk`*Ko cfin n`k` {cnaèn bhg` uc{oj{o c {hfh|céç` ko ow{qc{èihcw kh{cw noj`w
g`nufo}cw g`n` b`h ` gcw` kc g`j{cion k`w ga`w uosoj`w jcw sow{ÿow qofcgh`jckcw
g`n c rhwcfh|céç`* Jow{o gcw`& `w cfj`w so {hfh|cqcn ow{c ow{qc{èihc ucqc qow`froq `w
{qìw h{ojw {hroqcn nh{c khbhgfkcko on qowu`jkoq& o& on goq{`w gcw`w& qowu`jkoqcn
oqqckcnoj{o& c` üf{hn`* @ so j`w forc c cbhqncq so& wo jnc uqhnohqc ca`qkcion `w
cfj`w u`kon {hfh|cq ow{o {hu` ko ow{qc{èihcw& uq`iqowwhrcnoj{o koron {oq c mhu÷{owo ko
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g`j{cg{cq g`n `{qcw ow{qc{èihcw so uoqnh{on qow`froq obhgc|noj{o uq`afoncw nchw
g`nufo}`w o so& hjgfwhrcnoj{o u`kon woq {hfh|ckcw j`{qcw wh{céÿow*
Cfincw kcw khbhgfkckow ojg`j{qckcw uof`w cfj`w qorofcn& å ucq{hkc cfinc
bcf{c ko g`j{cg{` g`n uq`afoncw on so wo cf{oqc cfinc g`jkhéç`& {`qjcjk`.`
khboqoj{o k`w so j`qncfnoj{o wç` {qcacfmck`w on wcfc ko cfc* B`h ` so wo ucww` j`
üf{hn` uq`afonc so cuqowoj{ãn`w& on so ` bcg{` ko c owgcfc kckc bc|oq g`qqowu`jkoq
5&9 gn g`n c khw{ájghc qocf on ro| k` g`nnnoj{o {hfh|ck`& 3 gn& cf{oq`
whijhbhgc{hrcnoj{o c khbhgfkcko k` uq`afonc* Ow{o cwuog{` for` c so cfijw k`w
cfj`w so ucqoghcn k`nhjcq `w g`jgoh{`w ko owgcfc o uq`u`qéç` woj{hwwon nch`qow
khbhgfkckow k` so woqhc ko owuoqcq*
B`h {cnaèn hj{oqowwcj{o cjcfhwcq cw khboqojécw so o}hw{hqcn jcw qow`féÿow k`wcfj`w j` üf{hn` h{on uof` bcg{` ko {oqon ` jç` nc iqofmc c w`aqou`q c bhiqc* C
o}hw{ìjghc kowwc w`aqou`whéç` g`j{qhah ucqc c g`nuqoojwç` kc sow{ç` on wh&
bcghfh{cjk` c qowu`w{c c nh{`w cfj`w* U`q `{q` fck`& bhg` uc{oj{o so cw khbhgfkckow
k`w cfj`w hcn ucqc cfèn kc uqowojéc ` jç` kc iqofmc& o wo ow{ojkhcn c{è å ow{hncéç` o
c` gãfgf` kc qoboqhkc ãqoc* G`jrèn qoboqhq chjkc& nchw nc ro|& so b`h boh{c nc
ckcu{céç` k`w h{ojw {hfh|ck`w j` UHWC u`hw `w cfj`w bqosoj{crcn cuojcw ` 2*¼ cj` ko
owg`fcqhkcko o chjkc {hroqcn u`gcw `u`q{jhkckow ko g`j{cg{cq g`n `w g`jgoh{`wojr`frhk`w*
Bhjcfnoj{o& nc qobfo}ç` w`aqo c no{`k`f`ihc {hfh|ckc* È ko j`{cq so w÷ jcw
oj{qorhw{cw b`h u`wwîrof uoqgoaoq cfijw k`w qcgh`gîjh`w {hfh|ck`w j`w {ow{ow o cfincw
kcw khbhgfkckow so `w cfj`w woj{hqcn jc wc qocfh|céç`* C g`nuqoojwç` kcw
ow{qc{èihcw è bcghfh{ckc jcw oj{qorhw{cw& ncw jç` wo u`ko kowgqcq ` ucuof cwwnhk` uof`
oj{qorhw{ck`q* U`q ro|ow& acw{` so ow{o fowwo ` ojjghck` ` hjgoj{hrcwwo ` cfj` c
bc|ì.f` ucqc so ` cfj` g`jwoihwwo qow`froq g`qqog{cnoj{o ` h{on*[cnaèn è jogowwãqh` qoboqhq so cw uhw{cw so u`q ro|ow wç` kckcw u`q cfijw
k`w oj{qorhw{ck`qow u`kon {oq forck` `w cfj`w c g`jwoihq qow`froq `w uq`afoncw& `
so ko `{q` n`k` {oqhc whk` nchw khbîghf ko cg`j{ogoq* Wo& u`q n fck` c b`qnc& g`n`
cw oj{qorhw{cw wç` g`jk|hkcw koro woq nc uqo`gucéç` jow{o {hu` ko ow{k`& ofcw
uoqnh{hqcn roq ` gcnhjm` so ` cfj` uoqg`qqo c{è gmoicq ` jç` å w`féç` k`
uq`afonc* Cfèn khww`& c uoqgouéç` kcw khbhgfkckow jc hj{oquqo{céç` k`w ojjghck`w
owgqh{`w {cnaèn b`h bcghfh{ckc uofc qocfh|céç` kcw oj{qorhw{cw* Kow{o n`k`& ` {ow{o ko
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nc hkohc nchw if`acf kcw gcucghkckow kc iojoqcfhkcko k`w cfj`w& ncw w÷ cw oj{qorhw{cw
uoqnh{hqcn cuq`bjkcq c j`wwc g`nuqoojwç` w`aqo c jc{qo|c kcw wcw qochw
khbhgfkckow*
Qoboqìjghcw
Caqcj{ow& U*& Woqqc|hjc& F* @fhrohqc& H* -3888( C Nc{onã{hgc jc okgcéç` aãwhgc*Fhwa`c< NO.KOA*
A`ikcj& Q* G*& " Ahdfoj& W* D* -388;(* Hjrow{hicéç` scfh{c{hrc on okgcéç *̀U`q{`< U`q{` Okh{`qc*
Fowwcqk.Mèqaoq{& N*& I`xo{{& I*& " A`{hj& I* -3885(* Hjrow{hicéç` scfh{c{hrc<Bjkcnoj{`w o uqã{hgcw* Fhwa`c< Hjw{h{{` Uhcio{*
NO.KOA -1553(* Gqqîgf` jcgh`jcf k` ojwhj` aãwhg`< G`nuo{ìjghcw owwojghchw*Fhwa`c< Nhjhw{èqh` kc Okgcéç`& Koucq{cnoj{` ko Okgcéç` Aãwhgc*
JG[N -1555(* Uqhjghufow cjk w{cjkcqkw b`q wgm``f nc{monc{hgw* Qow{`j< JG[N*
@GKO* -155;(* Focqjhji b`q [`n`qq`y)w Y`qfk< Bhqw{ qowf{w bq`n UHWC 1557* Ucqhw<@GKO*
Ucq|xw|& A* -38==(* Dj`yhji rw woohji* Uq`afonw `b {mo ufcjo qouqowoj{c{h`j `b wucgoio`no{qx bhiqow* Okgc{h`jcf W{khow hj Nc{monc{hgw& 38& 98.81*