MCTOPMH APEBHErO BOCTOKA - msu.ru...py6em ~amefi 3pb1), Knacc~qec~~fi (py6em ~amefi 3pb1 - X B....
Transcript of MCTOPMH APEBHErO BOCTOKA - msu.ru...py6em ~amefi 3pb1), Knacc~qec~~fi (py6em ~amefi 3pb1 - X B....
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ISBN 978-5-7695-28 10-1 B ~ Y ~ ~ H O M ~ O C O ~ M M M3JlaraeTCR MCTOPMR n e p B b I X U M B M J I M ~ ~ U M ~ , B03HMKUIMX B O ~ U I M P H O M
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n O C T a T O q H 0 , q~06dl ee M O X H O 6 b 1 n o A e -
L U k I @ p o ~ a T b . 3
Qpecw Teorwy5~a~a o 7 p a x a t o T pa3n~q- H b I e CTOPOH~I m ~ 3 ~ ero 06~ra~ene f i . OHW COCTOHT M3 ~ M ~ y m b h b l ~ , M M @ O J I O ~ M ~ ~ C K M X ,
BOeHHblX M ~ ~ I T O B ~ I X CUeH. O C H O B H ~ I ~ CIO-
X e T b l : ~ O X ~ C T B O AoXAII, f l e p ~ a ~ b l f i 3Mefi ,
6 0 m e c ~ ~ o O r H R , ~ O X ~ C T B O - ~ ~ M T K ~ , P a C T e -
HUH Pi XMBOTHbIe, Y M H a M n b l , X p a M b l , BOM-
Hb1-OPnb1 M B O M H ~ I ~ R ~ ~ P ~ I , qeJIOBeVeCKWe
C e p A u a M KPOBb, XePTBOnPMHOll leHIIZI , pe- q e B 0 f i 3aBMTOK ( M K O H O ~ P ~ @ M ~ ~ C K U ~ ~ 3ne- MeHT, C M M B O ~ M ~ M P Y I O L ~ I M ~ ~ peqb n e p C O H a -
ma), PaKOBMHbI , M r p a B M R q , K y n a H M e W
npyrue. 3nnmaccnqec~nii (750 - 900 rr.) n pan-
nnii n o c ~ m a c c n ~ e c ~ n i i (900 - 1250 rr.) ne- pn0~1.1. nocne n m e H m T e o T M y a K a H a B ce- P e n M H e VII B. U e H T p a n b H a R M ~ K c M K ~ OKa-
3 a n a C b p a 3 n e n e H a H a HeCKOnbKO MMnMTaPM-
CTCKWX rOCYAapCTB ( U I O Y M K ~ ~ ~ K O , m 0 9 M -
TeKaTJlb , K ~ H T O H ~ . K a K a U I T n a M A p y r M e ) .
O ~ H O B ~ ~ M ~ H H O B p e r M O H n p O H M K a n M ne- p e c e n e H u b 1 c cesepa, nonyqueuue o6qee
m a T o B O ~ H H K ~ O r o c y n a p c T B o m o n b m e l c o e co c~onaueh B Tonna~e (Tyna). Hosan nepxa- Ba IIpeTeHAOBZiJIa H a BOCCTaHOBJIeHMe 661- no# CnaBbl T e o T k l y a K a H a , TaK KaK MMeHHO
TOJIbTeKOB IlOCJIenyloUIaH TpaAkIUkIH CY WTa-
na c o 3 n a ~ e n ~ ~ u B ~ I C O K O ~ ~ n p e ~ ~ e f i KYJI~TY-
pb1. ~ J I ~ H M P O B K ~ Tonna~a HanOMMHZTa Teo- T u y a K a H , H a c e n e H H e T a m e xuno B 6onb- ~ M X XUJI~IX K o M m e K c a x . X a p a ~ ~ e p ~ o f i y e p -
TO# r O p O n a HBJIHnOCb HaJIMYHe 6 o n b m o r o
KOJIklYeCTBa MaCTepCKklX no 06pa60~~e 06- C W M a H a , MeCTOPO)K4eHAR KOTOPOrO KOHT-
POJIMpOBaJIklCb rOCynapCTBOM. top roan^ 06- C W H a H O M , C B H 3 a B U M BCIO M ~ ~ O ~ M ~ P M K Y , 6 b l n a BaXHbIM 3JIeMeHTOM ~ O ~ H T U ~ ~ C K O ~ ~
MOUU T O ~ ~ T ~ K C K O ~ ~ n e p X a B b 1 M C ~ O C O ~ C T B O -
sana p a c n p o c T p a H e H u l o ero B.JIURHMR B OT-
AaneHHbIe PeI'HOHbI.
Ha~6onee M ~ B ~ C T H ~ I M n p a s u T e n e M Ton- J IaHa 6 b ~ 1 T o I I M ~ ~ u H H K e u a J I b K ~ a T n b (ce- penma X B.). f lo3n~efiura~ T ~ ~ R M U H H c M e -
mana ero o6pa3 c 6 o r o ~ K e u a n b K o a T n e M ,
n03TOMY BbIWleHMTb HCTOPM9eCKHe AaHHbIe
o em n p a w e H u u a3 n o n y ~ u ~ o n o r w s e c ~ u x - nOlIy3IIM'IeCKMX c ~ a 3 a H k l f i OYeHb CJIOXHO.
fl0-BUAMMOM~, K e u a J I b K o a T n b IIOnbITanCH
npOBeCTU p H n p e @ o p M M Y H U @ U U H P O B ~ T ~
penur~o3~o-~neonom~ec~y10 ccrcTeMy. BTO npueeno ero K KOH@JIMKTY co c~apofi 3 ~ a - T ~ I O -H x p e u a M u . Cornac~o ~ ~ @ o n o r u ' i e - C K O ~ ~ T p a n u u m , nocne 3~01-o OH 6exan H a BOCTOK M y n n b u l 3a M o p e , 9 ~ 0 6 b l B e p -
HYTbCH.
IIo3nunji n o c ~ ~ n a c c n q e c ~ ~ t i nepnon (1200 - 1521 rr.). A c ~ e ~ c ~ a s nepmasa. B KOHUe XI1 B. Tonna~ 6b1n pa3pyure~ HO-
B O ~ BOJIHO# MMVaHTOB C CeBepa . OCT~TKM monbmelco6 - l cynya gem an^ B K y n y a K a H , B
~ Z ~ J I T O K ~ H ~ o 6 0 c ~ o ~ a n a c b OmOMU, B K o ~ T - n m s a H e - a l conya , B A c K a n o q a n b ~ o - me- naHelcu. BepxoBHazr BnaCTb n p u H W e m a n a
npanmenm u3 n u H a c T m i U o n o ~ n ~ , HOCMB-
IIIHM TMTyn YUYUM~lcUmeKymflU 1.1 npaBMB-
UIMM B T e ~ a # y ~ e . H a ~ s b l c m e r o p a c u s e T a MX
n e p m a B a n o c T u r n a npu K u ~ a u w ~ e ( 1300 - 1357 rr.), B 1327 r. n e p e H e c u H M c T o n u q y B
T e c K o K o . npu n p e e M H u K a x K u ~ a u ~ ~ a re- reMOHMH I l epe l l I J l a K A c K ~ ~ o u ~ ~ J ~ K o . npa- BMTenb T~COCOMOK ( 1 363 - 1427 rr.) non- YMHMn 3HaYMTeJlbHyIO 9aCTb AOJIMHbI Me- XMKO, pa3PYIIIMB ~ ~ J I T o K ~ H kI K y n y a ~ a ~ .
B 1418 r. T~COCOMOK p a 3 V O M k m T e c K o K o ki
y6m ero n p a e w T e n H .
O ~ H M M M k13 n o c n e n H u x BO ~ ~ o p o f i no- JIOBMHe XI11 B. B AOJIMHY M e x u ~ o n p u 6 b 1 n u
a c T e K u . Cornac~o M M @ ~ M , ~3 nereyqap~oh IIpapOAMHbI A C T ~ ~ H nneMH B e n 60r YHUM- JIOnOYTJIM. C H a l l a n a OHM 6 b 1 n n HaeMHHKaMH
B K y n y a ~ a ~ e , a s a ~ e ~ neperunu H a c~opo- H y ACK~IIOUZUI~KO. O A H ~ M3 rpynn aCTeKOB
B 1325 r. OCHOBZXi H a OCTpOBe IIOCpenH 03e- pa T e c ~ o K o ropon T ~ H O Y T U T ~ ~ H . Ha cnyx6e y T e c o c o ~ o ~ a aCTeKki YCklJIklnMCb H B 1 376 r. us6pan~ npaeu~enzr-mnamoa~u A ~ a ~ a n u s - TJIM (1376-1396 rr.), BHyKa UapH Kynya- KaHa. BTO YpaBHHnO T ~ H O Y T H T ~ ~ H C APYrM-
MU rOCYnaPCTBaMM U ~ H T P & ~ ~ ~ H O # M ~ K C M K U
n0cne CMepTki ~ e c o c o M o K a ~ C T ~ K C K U ~ ~
TnaTOaHM H I I K O ~ T J I ~ M HaCnenHMK T p O H a
T~CKOKO H e ~ a y a J I b K ~ f i ~ T n b p a 3 r p o ~ ~ n u H
p a s p y u ~ n u A c ~ a n o u a n b ~ o . nocne 3~01-o 6 b m C @ O ~ M M ~ O B ~ H T P O ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I U COIO3,
B ~ 0 ~ 0 p b 1 f i B O W M T ~ H O ~ T U T ~ ~ H , T~CKOKO H T ~ ~ ~ H ~ K C K U # rOPOA T J I a K o n a H . K 1434 r.
C 0 1 0 3 a IIInO nOCTOHHHOe COnePHMYeCTBO
M e m y T ~ H O Y T M T J I ~ H O M M T~CKOKO. H u ~ o a ~ n b (1428 - 1440 rr.) n p o B e n pm
BaXHbIX P~@OPM. Fbul YCTaHOBJIeH IIOpRnOK
npecTonoHacneAMH: OT 6pa~a K Gpa~y, a 3a- TeM K IIIIeMHHHHKaM. T ~ ~ T O ~ H U C T U ~ 3 6 ~ - paTbCH M3 YJIeHOB Q C O B ~ T ~ YeTbIpeX*, K y n a
s x o n k l n a B e p x y u K a n u H a c T u u . be3 cornacm COBeTa TnaTOaHH H e I IpennpMHMMaJI HUKa-
KMX A ~ ~ ~ C T B U ~ . M U K O ~ T ~ ~ yKpenUJI IIOJIOXe-
H u e B O ~ H H O ~ ~ 3HaTH, YqPeAUB "21 THTYn
3HaTHOCTHD M YCTaHOBUB CUCTeMY B03Ha-
r p a x n e ~ ~ u 3a BoeHHble sacnyru. IIo npu- ~ a 3 y npasmenzr 6 b 1 n u c o m m e H b i B c e uepor- n ~ @ u s e c K k i e p y ~ o n i c ~ , B KOTOP~IX conep- XaJIMCb CBHAeTeJIbCTBa n p e X H M X H e y n a y aC-
TeKOB.
B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e p e a o p ~ s ~ a q e ~ ~ e pono~oh 3HaTM, n p e ~ c T a B J I H ~ l U e f i O ~ U I M H ~ I kI KBap-
T a b 1 T ~ H o ~ T u T ~ ~ H ~ , .CHM3MnOCb, @ ~ K T M ~ ~ c -
KU CBenHCb K @ M C K ~ J I ~ H ~ I M M C Y ~ ~ ~ G H ~ I M 0 6 ~ - 3aHHOCTHM.
ITPM M O T ~ K ~ C O M ~ 1 (1440- 1469 r r . ) B
T~Ho'~TMTJI~H€! M H e c a y a n b ~ o f i o ~ n e ( I43 1 - 1472 IT.) B T e c ~ o ~ o Ha'iaJIaCb 3KCnaHCMR
T ~ O ~ ~ C T B ~ H H O ~ O COIO3a 3a n p e n e n b l AOJIklHbI
Mexu~o. Ee IlPM'iMHb1 nexanu B 3KOHOMM-
s e c ~ o h caepe: c a M a n o n u H a 6 b 1 n a 6 e n ~ a I I P H ~ n H b l M M PeCypCaMM. ~ O X O A ~ I COm3HM-
KOB 6 b 1 n u H a n p a B n e H b I H a n o n q u H e H w e
rJIaBHbIX TOprOBbIX n y ~ e h U n l I O ~ O p O ~ H b l X
s e ~ n e n e n b ~ e c ~ u x 06nac~eii. K 1470 r. cows- HMKM YCTaHOBMnH KOHTPOJIb H a n Bcef i U ~ H - r p a n b ~ o u M ~ K C M K O ~ ~ , a T a K X e H a r 0 C y n a p -
CTBaMM TOTOHaKOB H a n o 6 e p e m b e M e K c u -
KaHCKOrO 3aJIUBa, 3eMnHMM B nys6ne, M
3aCTaBkIJlM IlJlaTMTb A a H b CanOTeKCKMe H
MHLUTeKCKMe KHHXeCTBa.
A n H KOHTPOJIH Hai l nOnYHHeHHbIMM npa- BMTeJIHMM CTanM IIOCblJIaTbCH C ~ O P U I I I K M
naHM - lcOJlbtlUlUKU, OIIMpaBlUkleCH H a BO-
e ~ H b l # TaPHM30H. B CJIyqae BOCCTaHUH npa- BMTeJIH MOrJIM 3aMeHMTb aCTeKCKMM HaMeCT-
HMKOM. Y s p e m a e ~ c ~ n o n m H o c T b cccTapmero
K;1J1bnMUKM*, B03UlaBJIRBUIerO a n n a p a T ~ 6 0 - pa n a H u .
B 03HaMeHOBaHMe no6en M O T ~ K ~ C O M ~ I nepeCTpOUJl r 0 p O n T ~ H O Y T M T ~ ~ H , B03nBMr-
HYB M O H Y M ~ H T ~ ~ ~ H ~ I # XpaM 6ora- n O K p 0 -
BMTeJIH aCTeKOB ~ u L I u J ~ o ~ o Y T J ~ u . M U @ 0
npuxone k13 ~ a n e ~ o f i n p a p o n M H b 1 A c T n a ~ a
IIOA npeABOAklTelIbCTBOM Y H U H I I O ~ O Y T ~ M
CTaHOBMTCH O C H O B O ~ MneOJIOrU M , O ~ O C H O -
I I O m e p X M B a T b er0 CMnbl X ~ ~ T B ~ H H O ~ ~ KpO-
~ b m , y6epera~ M M P OT r u 6 e n ~ . B ~ o ~ u n w c b
XepTBOnpMHOWeHMR B @ O P M ~ n O e n M H K a
IIJIeHHMKa C aCTeKCKHMH BOMHaMM H a Xep- TBeHHOM a n T a p e ( U K ~ M H ~ COJIHU~*). B 1455 r. ~ C T ~ K C K U # TJlaTOaHM B n e p B b l e n p O B e n Ue-
PeMOHMIO 3 a X X e H U R UHOBOrO OrHH*, 3Ha-
M e H y l o u r e r o K o H e u csauretitioro 5 2 - n e ~ ~ e - r0 UMKJla, - PMTyaJI U C K J ~ ~ ' ~ U T ~ J ~ ~ H O U BaX-
HOCTM M H HapOAOB M ~ K C M K M . npM M O T ~ K ~ C O M ~ I HaYMHaeTCH CaKpa-
nM3auUH nepCOHb1 mflUmOUHU, M OnHOBpe-
MeHHO YXeCTOYaIOTCH HOPMbl 3TMKeTa, pas- r p a H a Y u B a B w u e npasuneruu 3 ~ a ~ u M 06- UMHHMKOB. n p u BMJIerMefi 3HaTM CTaHOBUT-
CR m o n K o B a H onexna u ynorpe6ne~ue Ha-
IIHTKOB H 3 KaKaO, YKpaUleHMH M 3 XafleMTa.
HCKJIIOY u ~ e n b ~ o e s ~ a ~ e ~ u e n o n y q a e T KO-
AeKC IIOBeneHMH 3HaTHbIX BOMHOB, COrJIaC-
HO KOTOPOMY CMePTb H a XepTBeHHOM aJITa-
pe 6bma 6onee n o q e ~ ~ o h , q e M no6er.
nocne CMePTM H e ~ a y U I b K O r i O l n ~ T ~ H o - qTMTnaH C T m L(OMMHMpOI3aTb U T ~ O ~ C T B ~ H - HOM COlo3e. T n a ~ o a H u AUlaHaKaTnb ( 1469 - 148 1 rr.) M TMCOK (148 1 - 1486 rr.) npo- nonxanu nOJIMTMKy TePpHTOPHtWbHblX 38-
xeaToB. B 1473 r. 6b1n p a s r p o ~ n e ~ ropon- 6 n u 3 ~ e q T e ~ o Y ~ u ~ n a ~ a T n a ~ e n o n b ~ o - KpynHe#IIIMfi PbIHOK AOnMHbl Mexki~o. OH 6 b ~ n 0 6 . b e n k i ~ e H C ~ C T ~ K C K O ~ ~ C T O I I U U ~ ~ . B Ha-
Yaeu re t i c r r B 1478 r. B0f iHe C ~ ~ I C T P O PBCTY-
urea nepxasofi T a p a c K o s ( 3 a n a ~ ~ a ~ M e K -
C U K ~ ) A l L I a f i a ~ a T n b noru6. H a u 6 o n b l u n x
pa3MepOB T P O ~ ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ C0103 DOCTH r n p H
Ayuco~ne (1486 - 1502 rr.). OH COBepWHn
y n a s H b I e n o x o n b l B Oaxa~y, H a H e K o T o p o e
BpeMH IIOflYMHHB CanOTeKOB H MMWTeKOB,
y c n e m H o BoeBan c T a p a c K a M u M s a x ~ a ~ u n o 6 n a c ~ b COKOHYCKO H a IOr0-BOCTOYHOM no- 6epemae Tcrxoro OKeaHa , 6blBlUylo ~ ~ B H ~ I M
MCTOYHHKOM KaKaO.
K HaY2UIy XVI B. T P O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I ~ ~ COD^ ( @ ~ K T M Y ~ C K H yXe A C T ~ K C K ~ X n e p ~ a ~ a ) BKIlfOYaJI TePPMTOPMIO HbIHeIIIHUX UTaTOB
Bepa~pyc , M n a n b r o , nys6na, M e x u ~ o , Mopenoc M q a c T u w o reppep, Oaxa~y M
K a n a , ) I ~ U I O ~ M H K O M A P Y ~ U ~ ) . O A H O ~ ~ M 3
K p y n H b r x n p o 6 n e ~ c T a n o n e p e H a c e n e H u e
nOnHHb1 M e x u ~ o , o c o 6 e ~ ~ o T e H o ~ T k i T J l a -
Ha , U BbI3BaHHaH 3TMM HeXBaTKa npOnOBOJlb-
CTBUH a n p e c H 0 f i BOAbI.
C ~ I H A m a j l a K a T n x M O T ~ K ~ C O M ~ 11 ( 1502 - 1520 rr.) B O ~ O ~ H O B M ~ n p o B e n e H u e
r y q e c T s e H H o e r o c y n a p c T B o TpyTene~, npo- c y q e c T B o s a B m e e no H a q a n a XVI B.
C XI1 B. HaqWHaeTCR IlpOHMKHOBeHMe
MWlUTeKOB B nOnMHy OaxaKCI. M M ~ U T ~ K C K H ~
KHR3bR 3aKJIIO'iaJTM 6pa~ki C CanOTeKCKMMW
nMHaCTWRMW U OCeAaJIM H a WX 3eMnRX CO
CBOMMM POnaMM KaK COIO3HWKM.
B n o c T K n a c c u q e c K o e spem o 6 q e c ~ ~ o O a x a ~ n COCTOIU~O u3 3 cnoes: S H ~ T ~ , CBO-
6 0 ~ ~ 6 1 ' 2 O~LUWHHMKM W 3aBMCWMbIe. B KnaC-
c u q e c K o e BpeMfi, c y n ~ no a p x e o n o r H q e c K u M
AaHHbIM, CyWeCTBOBaJla T a Xe CTpyKTypa.
n p 0 c T b 1 e O ~ U M H H H K M XMJ7W B ~ e 6 0 n b ~ ~ ~ x
TPOCTHMKOBbIX XMmMHaX WJIM AOMaX W3 KWp-
nk i s a -CbIpUa , 3 H a T b o 6 n ~ a n a B KaMeHHbIX
ABOpUaX C MHOXeCTBOM KOMHaT CI MMeJla
6 0 r a ~ b 1 e 3aXOpOHeHWH. &lpcKkie nBOpUb1
6_blnkI P a C K O n a H b I B M O H T ~ - A ~ 1 b 6 a ~ e M
H y K y u T e .
B n o n u H e O a x a ~ a c y q e c T e o a a n a cnom- HaR MPPWraUMOHHaR CWCTeMa, nomepxu- BaBWaRCR rOCyAapCTBOM. B rOpHbIX nOJlHHaX
M W m T e K a - A n bTb1 WCnOnb30BanOCb T e p p a c -
H o e 3eMJIeAenWe W BbICOKOnpOnyKTWBHaR
CHCTeMa / l a ~ ~ - 6 0 p d 0 - MCKYCCTBeHHbIX MHO-
rOCT)'IleH.iaTbIX T e p p a C B OBpa raX , H a KOTO-
pbrx H a K a n n u B a n a c b n n o n o p o n H a R nossa. ~ ~ o $ ~ c c u o H ~ J I ~ H ~ ~ ~ PeMeCneHHMKH pa6o- T a w H a nBOpUOBOe X O ~ R ~ ~ C T B O . B 3KOHOMW-
q e c ~ o f i X M ~ H M B a n m y m p o n b wrpana npo- W ~ B O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ R cne~uan~3auwzr n e p e B e a b c nocnenymqm p a c n p e n e n e H H e M T o s a p o s
qepe3 CMCTeMy PbIHKOB. f i n W 3 r O T O ~ e H U H
0 p y n W f i T p y n a H C n O n b 3 0 B a n M C b MeCTH bIe
IIOpOnbI KaMHR H MMnOPTMPOBUCR O ~ C W -
nWaH M3 U ~ H T ~ U ~ H O ~ ~ M e K c w ~ n .
C a n o ~ e ~ u B VI - V BB. no H. 3. paspago- T m M C O ~ C T B ~ H H ~ I O CMCTeMY nWCbMeHHOCTM,
3aMMCTBOBaHHYlO MWUITeKaMH. B T ~ IlMCb-
MeHHocTb ewe H e n e m n $ p o ~ a ~ a , HO, no- BIWHMOMY, o H a 6 b 1 n a C~OB~CHO-cnoro~oii, KaK nMCbM0 ~ a f i f i . C IIWeHMeM M O H T ~ - A n b -
6 a ~ a o H a B b I m n a u3 y n o ~ p e 6 n e ~ w ~ , w B
Oaxa~e p a c n p o c T p a H n n c z r UeHTpanbHoMeK-
C W K ~ H C K M ~ ~ B a p M a H T J I ~ r ~ r p a $ k i q e ~ ~ ~ f i
nWCbMeHHOCTH, B KOTOPO~~ c$epa npWMe-
HeHWR @ O H ~ T H Y ~ C K M X 3HaKOB 6b1na OFpaHW-
Y e H a WMeHaMH M TOnOHWMaMW.
,@I54 CanOTeKCKOrO W MMlUTeKCKOrO WC-
KyCCTBa X a p a K T e p H a CnOXHOCTb 06pa30~, BbICOKaR ~ ~ O ~ ~ ~ O T ~ H H O C T ~ ne~anefi. B KJIaC-
c H r e c K o e s pem m u p o K o e p a c n p o c 7 p a H e H w e
rionyqwru a ~ ~ p o n o ~ o p $ t i b r e K e p a M H q e c K w e
$Wr)'pbl n p e n K O B ( T ~ K Ha3bIBaeMbIe <<yp-
H ~ I * ) , KOTOPbIe HaXOnRT B norpe6e~uzrx. B ~ I C O K O ~ O YpOBHR pa3BMTWR AOCTMrna Ka-
MeHHaR C K y n b n T y p a . B ~ o c T K J I ~ C C U ~ ~ C K W ~ ~
IlepWOn y MMlUTeKOB 6 y p ~ 0 pa3BWBanaCb Me-
~annoo6pa6o~~a. M H ~ U T ~ K C K H ~ IOBenMpbI ws- r o T a B n M B a n w y K p a i u e H H R u3 ~ o ~ s a ~ m e u s o n o ~ o f i $ o n b r u w n p o B o n o m .
B ~ X H ~ I M BKJIanOM MWlUTeKOB B M e 3 0 -
aMepWKaHCKyIO KynbTYPY 6 b 1 n 0 CO3AaHUe B
MCKyCCTBe CTWJIR << M a m ~ e ~ a - n y s 6 n a 0 , B
XII[- XV BE. CTaBlUerO <<HHTePHaUMOHaJlb-
HUM*. M H O ~ O ~ U C ~ ~ H H ~ I ~ <<MeKCUKaHCKUe*
3neMeHTbI B Pa3lIMYHbIX KynbTYpaX ( H ~ J I ~ W -
M e p , y IOKaTaHCKkiX ~ a f i R ) 6 b m W H e cswe- TeJlbCTBOM MeKCHKaHCKOrO EUIURHMH MJIM 3a- BOeBaHUR, a p e 3 y n b T a T O M KYnbTYPHbIX W
TOprOBbIX KOHTaKTOB, OXBaTbIBaBLUWX BCIO
M e s o a ~ e p u ~ y .
K y n b ~ y p a ~ a f i R p a 3 ~ u s a n a c b H a Teppki-
TOPMW D X H O ~ M ~ K C M K C ~ W r ~ a ~ e ~ a J I b 1 . B H e k
BbInenRnWCb 2 BapWaHTa: KyJlbTypa HaTOPbR,
OXBaTblBaBlUaR r O p H b I e p a f i o ~ b l %anaca W
r B a T e ~ a J I b 1 , I4 K y n b T y p a H W ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ ,
C n o m B m a R c R B 3 o ~ e B n a n m b l x ponmec- KMX JIeCOB H a IIOnYOCTPOBe D K ~ T ~ H . R3b1-
KOBaR CeMbR M ~ B R c $ o ~ M u ~ o B ~ U I ~ C ~ B KOH-
U e 111 TbIC. A 0 H. 3. B r0p~0fi 3 0 H e . P a k 0 ~ b 1
H H ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ 6 b 1 n u OCBOeHbl H a py6eme [I - 1 TbIC. a0 H. 3.
Knaccmec~uii nepuon (250 - 830 rr.). B ropeou r ~ a ~ e ~ a n e BO TI - I BB. no H. 3. no- m a n u c b n e p e b l e r o c y n a p c T s a , c aMbIM MO-
TYqeCTBeHHbIM H 3 KOTOPblX 6 b 1 n o K a ~ u - ~ 2 3 J I b ~ y f i I O B AOJlHHe r B a T e ~ a n b 1 . Ero EUIaCTb
I I O ~ e p X H B a J I O C b KOHTpOJIeM 3a n o 6 b r s e f i W
T o p r o e n e f i 06cwnwa~o~ . nocne y n a n K a ,
Bb13BaHHOr'O 3THHYeCKWMkl IIepeABWXeHkiR-
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HoBk ino CBOIO r e r e M o H u m 6naronapn TOP-
rOBbIM CBR3RM C T e o T w y a ~ a H o ~ . HO B
VII B. OHO n o T e p R n o ece anmeawzr 3a npe- AenaMM AOJIWHbI r B a T e ~ a n b 1 , a 3aTeM roc)'- napcmo p a c n a n o c b .
B HW3MeHHOCTRX rOCynapCTBa C$OPMM-
p o s a n u c b nosn~ee, B I - I1 BB. H. 3. K ~ K u B
npyrux p e r u o H a x M e s o a ~ e p ~ ~ u , c e n b c K o e
H a c e n e m e n e p e M e q a n o c b B ropona-CTO~W- UbI. K IV B. B Pe rMOHe H H ~ M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ CnO-
Xl4JIOC b HeCKOnbKO AeCRTKOB H e 6 o n blUkix
rocynapcm, ~ak16onee B a x H b I M n3 KOTOP~IX
6b1n M y ' r y n b ( T w ~ a n b ) .
B 378 r. 3eMnW ~ a f i R 6b1n14 I IOnsWHeHbl
U a p e M T ~ o T H ~ ~ K ~ H ~ . Ero HaMeCTHWKOM C T W
BOeHaqaJ lbHWK CWkax-K~K, IIoJIy~WBLLIWfi
TkITYJI ICUlOMmC M EMOH) OH)>, < < U a p b uapeu*); uapu ~ a i b C Y n T a n u c b ero B a c c a n a M a . Ha TPOH B M p y n e 6b1n n o c a x e H ~ a n o n e _ ~ ~ u i l CbIH TeOTWYaKaHCKOrO I IpaBMTenR Mam- H ~ H - ~ W H 1 (378-405 rr.).
POCT CaMOCTOHTeJlbHOCTM HOBO^ AWHaC-
THM M y ~ y n ~ B V B. n p w B e n K KOH$~HKTY c T ~ O T M ~ ~ K ~ H O M B n p a m e H u e q a ~ - T o ~ - M s a - K a 111 (486-508 rr.). Ero HaCJlenHMKW np0- B03rJIaCMJlM c e 6 ~ He3aBWCMMbIMW W CaMH
npM.lruurW TWT)'n K a O M T e . OAH~KO MX COIIep-
HWKaMu BbrcTynWnu npasmenw npemero U a p c T s a K a H y n b . B p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e B O # H ~ I M e x -
ny B a ~ - Y a ~ - K a s w n e ~ (537-562 rr.) M YT- g a ~ a n e ~ (553 r. - OK. 572 r.) M y ~ y n b c K a R
nepxaea p a c n a n a c b . Anorefi K a H y n R npn- w e n c R H a n p a a n e H w e H Y K H O M - Y ~ H ~ (636- 686 rr.), B H O B ~ P ~ ~ ~ O M W B I U ~ ~ O M ~ y n b u nonsmnswero noqm B c e rocynapcma HU3-
M ~ H H O C T ~ ~ ~ . OH I I e p e H e C CTOJIMUY B Y U K H ~ ~ (roponaqe K a n a ~ ~ y n b), 6nnme K U e H T p y
~a f i r rc~wx 3e~enb. B 695 r. a p M m em n p e e M -
HMKa f i y ~ ~ o h 4 - ~ n q a ~ - ~ a ~ a 6 b 1 n a pa36u~a M y T y n b c K u M U a p e M X a c a 6 - Y a ~ - K a ~ u n e ~ (695-734 rr.), BOCCTaHOBMBIUMM MOrylUC-
CTBO CBOWX IIPeflKOB.
B VllI B. T e H n e t i u n R n o n n T n q e c K o r o pa3- BklTW5I M ~ R H U3MeHMJlaCb. B M ~ C T O o6unp- H ~ I X nepmas H a s a n n @ o p ~ n p o a a ~ b c ~ perno-
Y C ~ M ~ C M H T ~ , U c a ~ a J I b H a C e B e p e nOnyOCT-
POBa D K ~ T ~ H ) . B CBR3M C 3THM Y'laCTUJlWCb
~ o f i ~ b l M e m y U a p c T s a M H , n p n B e n I l l n e K
n w e H H l o D x ~ o r o M y ~ y n n B 760-e rr. n f i o ~ u 6 a w n a q a ~ a B H a r a n e IX B.
B H a s a n e IX B. HM3MeHHOCTU Ma#R OXBd-
T U n KPH3WC ( T ~ K Ha3bIBaeMbl f i *KOJIJIanC
~ a i l n ~ ) . A o n b m e B c e r o e M y c o n p o T u a n R n u c b
M y ~ y f l b (no KOHUa IX 6.) M K a ~ y n b (no H a s a n a X B.). Kpnsnc npmen K pacnany
MY, B OAHMX CJlyqaRX OH 66111 Bb13BaH 3KO-
JlOrMqeCKWMW $ ~ K T O ~ ~ M H , B APYrMX - B H F -
PMIIOJlMTMqeCKMMM, B TpeTbklX - IIOCTOHH-
HblMW B O U H ~ M M .
OCHOBH~IMM n o n W T m e c m M H e n n H u u a -
MW Y KnaCCnqeCKWX ~ a f i R 6 b m a ~ e 6 0 J I b L U k i e
<<HOMOBbleb r o c y n a p c T B a BO rnase c tiacnen- CTBeHHbl MH MOHapXaMM, HOCWBlllHMH TM-
7yn KyxYRb UXay ( < ~ 6 0 m e c ~ s e ~ ~ b 1 f i uapb* ) . no AaHHblM ~ e p o r n u @ u q e c m i x ~annwceii w3se- CTHO 0 CYlUeCTBOBaHWW 3 COUWalIbHblX
rpynn: axayo6 ( u a p b , ero CeMbR w HOTOM-
K M ) . caxm06 ( < ~ M u ~ H ~ K M ~ [nIOnW])* - np0- BUHLlWWlbHaR 3 H a T b W UICYXYHO~ (<<nMcub1)>).
O C H O I ~ H ~ H M a c c a 6 b 1 n a o p r a ~ m o s a ~ a B ro- POnCKMC M CenbCKMe 06IUWHb1, OCHOBaHHbIe
H a 6 0 ~ 1 ~ I I J H X CeMbRX.
U a p c ~ k i f i ABOp 3aHWMWI UeHTpaJ IbHOe
~ c c r o 13 c n c T e M e y n p a s n e H m . AAMWHWCT-
paTU HH b l e $YHKUHH BbIIIOJlHRJlW npeACTa-
IIHTCJIW p a H r a c c n l l c u o s u . U a p c ~ s a M ~ W R 061,1'1~0 COCTOHnM W3 HeCKOnbKWX o6nac- rcu. B p a H H e K n a c c w e c K o e BpeMR (250- 600 IT.) 3TW 06nac~ki y f lpaBnRJ lHCb M A W -
UlMMU nMHWHMW U ~ P C K O ~ nMHaCTMH WJIW
M C C T H O ~ ~ J I W T O ~ ~ . B ~ O ~ A H I O I O K n a c c n K y
(600- 830 IT.) IIORBMnllCb CaXaJlM - Ha-
MCCTHWKM 0 6 n a c ~ e f i .
0 6 q W ~ H n ~ n BbInJlaqWBaJlW UapIO M Ha-
MeCTHWKaM IlOnaTM M npHEUIeKaJlWCb K 06- IUCCTBeHHbIM p a 6 0 T a ~ ( C T ~ O H T ~ ~ ~ C T B ~ 3Aa-
t l n i i , nopor). B n o n a T b sxonwnu I I p O ~ y l c r b I
IIHT;1HHR, a T a K X e XJlOIIKOBbIe TKaHM.
OCHOBO~~ 3KOHOMWKCI 6b1n0 3eMJIeAeJIWe.
man^ BbIpaqHB&JIll BeCb O C H O B H O ~ ~ ~ a 6 o p ~ e 3 0 a ~ e p W K a H d K M X KYnbTYP ( K Y K Y P Y ~ ~ , 606b1 , TbIKBa, XJIOHOK, I I e p e l I W T.A.), a T a K X e 6 0 n b m o e KOnkIqeCTBO TPOIIMqeCKWX
~ ~ c T ~ H W R ( K ~ K ~ o , a B O K ~ 0 , 6aHaHb1) . Mc- I IOJlb30BanWCb pa3J IWqHbIe HHTeHCWBHbIe
s e ~ n e n e n b q e c ~ w e TexHnKH: 1 ) anpnnontln- TbIe UOJIRD - 3eMnRHble HaCbInM B 3 a T a n -
n u s a e M b I x n o n o B o n b e M y r a c T K a x , H a KOTO-
p b ~ x ocenan m; 2) T e p p a c H o e s e ~ n e n e n ~ e H a CKnOHaX XOIIMOB; 3) MHOrOKyJIbTYPHble
r p ~ K O B O - O r O p O n H b I e I I O C U m i .
Me~anna B K n a c c k ~ s e c ~ n # n e p H o n ~ a i i n H e u c n o n b s o ~ a n ~ . Bce opynwrr k i s r o ~ a a n a -
B m M C b M3 KaMHR, KOCTM WflW PaKOBWH.
Ulupo~oe p a c n p o c T p a H e H u e nonywn 06- c u n u a H , ~ o c ~ a a n n s m n f i c ~ 113 rop~ofi r ~ a - T e M m b I , a T a m e MeCTHbIe n O p O ~ b I KpeMHR.
~ p o $ e c c a o ~ a n ~ 3 a u w ~ B p e M e c n e 6 b m a pas- B u T a cna6o. Mac~epa, a s r o ~ a ~ n w ~ a ~ r n w e
HOCTb H e @ p M T a ) , U e H H b I e PaKOBMHbl M T . A .
Tepmn~ana~ai f i ~ n a c c n ~ e c ~ n f i nepnon (830- 1000 W.). K ) K ~ T ~ H H e M C n b I T a n pas- PyUIMTeJIbHOrO KPM3MCa, pa3BMBaBIIlerOCH
B u e H T p a I I b H b l X O ~ J I ~ C T R X . H a 3 a n w e nony-
O ~ J I ~ C T M n y y ~ . l - o c n o n c ~ ~ y m ~ e e nonome- H U e 3 n e C b 3aHMMZiJI Y I I l ~ r n b . C~oeoGpas- ~ b l h CTUJIb aPXMTeKTYPb1 r O p O n O B n y y ~ a - @ a c a n b l C MaCKaMM 6ora n O W H q a ~ a , 60- r a T b l M r e O M e T p M ~ e C K U M O P H a M e H T O M ,
B x o n , p a 3 n e n ~ e ~ b 1 f i napoi K o n o t i t i - 6 b 1 -
CTPO p a c n p o c T p a H c r n c H no B C e M y n o n y o c T -
p o ~ y . B B O C T O Y H O ~ ~ q a c T M npononmanacb re- r e M O H M R U a p C T B a T a n o n b CO C T O ~ M U ~ R B
S K - k U l a M e .
Bo B T O P O ~ n o n o B M H e VIII B. 6b1na oc- H O B a H a qkire~-Mua. 0 Y e ~ b G ~ I C T P O 3TOT
~ononok ropon c ~ a n O n a C H b l M conepacr- KOM M H coceneh. B colose c T m o n e ~ ero n p a B w T e n M n o n s M H n n M ce6e ~ H ~ Y M T ~ J I ~ H ~ K )
Y a C T b U e H T p a J I b H O r O K ) K ~ T ~ H ~ . M O ~ ~ U ~ C T B O 9 M s e H - M u b 1 p e 3 K O B O 3 p a C T a e T BO B T O P O ~
n o n o e c r H e 1X B., B n p a B n e H M e B o M H c T B e H -
HOrO U a p H K ~ K ~ I I ~ K ~ J I R , ~ 0 ~ 0 p b l f i p a 3 p y -
U I M n M c a ~ r n b . B r O p O n e BO3nBMrZiJIMCb no- C T P O ~ K U T a K H a 3 b I B a e M O r O c(CTapOr0 ( M a f i -
R C K O T O ) 9 P i Y e ~ a u C HpKMMU Y e p T a M M CTM-
nH n y y ~ . ~ o J I ~ T M ~ ~ c K ~ H O p T a H M 3 a U M H 9 M q e H -
H u b 1 B IX B. OTJIWYanaCb OT K ~ ~ C C M Y ~ C K O ~ ~ .
~ O C ~ A ~ ~ C T B O M YnpaBJJHJIM T P W Y M B M P a T B
n M u e K a K y n a K a n H , H . l a ~ a ~ a n b - Y o - K a ~ a ,
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Y n a K a I I H OTKa3anMCb OT M ~ ~ H C K O ~ nMCbMeH-
HOCTM M MCnOJIb30BanM UeHTpaIIbH0MeKCI . I -
K a H c K u e aeporn~@b~. ~ o c ~ ~ n a c c n s e c ~ n f i nepnon (1000-
1541 IT.). B X B. q m e ~ - M u a nonsuama ce6e 6 0 n b w y K ) W C T b K ) K ~ T ~ H ~ . K 3TOMY B p e M e -
HM 3 T 0 6blJI0 C a M O e MOTYII leCTBeHHOe r O C y -
n a p c T B o B M e s o a ~ e p u ~ e . O n ~ a ~ o ee rocnon- CTBO 6 b 1 n 0 H e n o n r a M , M B c e p e n u H e XI B.
ropon 6 b l n paspywee. B TO me B p e M R npo- u s o u n ~ n a n e H M e roponoe n y y ~ a - Y m ~ a - n z l M Ka6axa.
nocne nepMona H e y p H n c r u , nocnenosas- UIMX 3 a I I w e H M e M ~ M Y ~ H - ~ u ~ I , rOCnO,l(CTBO
H a IlOnyOCTpOBOM YCTaHOBMnM I I p a B M T e n U
r O p O n a M a f i z r n a ~ a 113 AMHaCTMM KOKOMOB,
BMCen OT MX BO3MOWHOCTM KOHTPOnMPOBaTb
T O p r O B n l o C RPYrMMM PerMOHaMM M e s o a ~ e - PMKM. B 1441 r. K O K O M ~ I 6 b l n M C B e p r H Y T b I B
p e 3 y n b ~ a ~ e saroeopa, a M a i ~ n a ~ paspywea. I O K ~ T ~ H pasnenwnczr H a n o n T o p a n e c z r T K a
B p a w y m u w x 0 6 n a c ~ e f i .
n p a ~ c r ~ e n b Makzrna~a M M e H o s a n c z r KO-
m e K n a H - c(~axon~uukczr BO neopue,,. Ero H ~ ~ ~ C H ~ I M IlOKpOBMTeneM CsPiTalICR Keuanb- K O a T n b , KYnbT KOTOPOrO C T a n 0 6 ~ 3 a T e n b H b 1 ~
n n H n o n s u H e H H b r x 0 6 n a c ~ e f i . H x npaeme- JIM - XUl?UY-6UHUKU - IIOCTOHHHO X M n M B
M a i i H n a H e . ~ O A ~ M H ~ H H ~ I ~ M M npasmenu r o p o n K o s - 6 a m a 6 b 1 - n p M H a m e m a n M K
pony XLlilUY-6UHUK-U M COCTaBJI5WH 3 a M K H m
n p o c n o k K y ~ H ~ T M - L l i l m e x e H o e . O C H O B H Y K )
M a c c y H a c e n e H u z r c o c T a m n w O ~ U M H H M K M .
B , Q O M O X O ~ H ~ ~ C T B ~ X 3HaTM M 3amMTOYHbIX 06- U M H H U K O B IlpMMeHRnCH T p Y n p a 6 0 ~ .
Kynb~ypa n HCKYCCTBO mafill. XOTR Ka-
n e H n a p b M ~ e p o r n ~ @ ~ s e c ~ a ~ n M c b M e H H o c T b
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CKMX), rOCyLlapCTB, M a k H C y U e C T B e H H O MX
M O ~ M @ M U M ~ O B ~ M . B XpOHOJIOrUseCKMX PaC-
s e T a x ~ c n o n b 3 0 ~ a n ~ c b n e p M o n b 1 B M m n u -
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@ o J I o ~ M Y ~ c K U X C O ~ ~ I T M ~ ) , OCYU(eCTBnRJIMCb
~ a 6 n m n e ~ ~ ~ 3 a JIYHHblMM u m n a M M . B OT-
JIUY H e OT U e H T P ~ b H O M e K C U K a H C K O T O , Ka-
n e H n a p b M a k H n03BOnHJI n a T M p O B a T b ~ 0 6 6 1 -
T U H H e T o n b K o B npenenax 5 2 - n e ~ ~ e r o ~ U K -
na, H O M U C I I O J I ~ ~ ~ H ccnonr~k c s e T ) , - c y K a 3 a H U e M n a T b I no 3pe.
Mepornu@u~a ~ a i z r T M n o n o r c r r e c K M OT-
HOCMTCR K CJIOBeCHO-CnOTOBblM CMCTeMaM
n U C b M a . B IV-V BB. M a k R 6 b 1 n 8 p a 3 p a 6 0 ~ a -
H a c c r c T e M a o p @ o r p a @ n c l nnrr n e p e n a s M H a
I lMCbMe pa3JlMrHblX M a C H b l X , r T O 0 6 n e r q M -
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K n a c c M s e c K o r o nepMona H B n z l n w c b U a p c K M e
H a n n u c u H a M o H y M e H T a x , a T a m e snanenb- q e c K C i e H w n M c M Ha n p e n M e T a x ~ e n ~ o h nna- CTMKU M K e p a M M K e . O ~ H ~ K O O C H O B H O ~ M a c -
CUB IlMCbMeHHbIX IlaMZlTHMKOB H e COXpaHkiJ-
C R , T a K KaK OH 6 b l n 3alIMCaH H a 6 y ~ a r e Pi3
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cIU& IIepMOA HaMBblCLLlerO P a C U W a . B I'OpOnaX
B03f lBMTanMCb Uepe,MOHM%'lbHbIe K O M n n e K -
C b l , Y C n O B H O H a 3 b I B a e M b I e a K p O I I O n H M U , C
I IMpaMMAaMM, nBOpUOBb1 MM C 0 O p ) X e H U H M M
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r p y I I I l M p O B a n M C b BOKPYr u ~ H T ~ U I b ~ 0 h n p H -
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q a C T 0 BeHraJlM MaCCl lBHble r p e 6 H M . T ~ X H U - K a CTpOMTenbCTBa M O r n a 6 b l ~ b p a 3 ~ 0 0 - OT
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KpbIBanMCb p e 3 b 6 0 k M H a I l M C H M M . B 6 0 n b -
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orpaeurmanacb penbe@o~, I O J I L A O B KO- n a H e M T O H M H ~ n o n y q c i ~ ~ a P a c l l p o c T p a H e -
Hcle K p y r n a z r c K y n b n T y p a . M O H Y M C H T ~ I Ja-
q a C T Y l o paCKpaLLIMB&lIUCb.
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3 a a H M k , n o r p e 6 a n b H b l x K a M e p . K p a c ~ a Ha- K J l a f l b l B W a C b n ~ 6 0 no c b 1 p 0 f i I I l T y K a T y p K e
( a p e c ~ a ) , nu60 no c y x o ~ y r p y ~ ~ y . OCHOII- H 0 f i T ~ M O ~ p0cnPicea 6 b m U MaCCOBble C u e -
HbI - C P a X e H M H . I l p a 3 A H e C T B a M T . n . H a w - 6onee M3BeCTHbl POCnMCM ~ o H ~ M I I ~ K ~ - ~ A ~ H M R 143 3 n o ~ e q e ~ ~ k , C T ~ H ~ I M n o T o n -
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B n o c ~ K n a c c ~ r e c ~ u k nepaon K y n b T y p a
MakH M3MeHMnaCb. A p x a ~ e ~ ~ y p a T e p r t n a MO-
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MeHHblM OCTaJlCR naHTeOH M ~ ~ R C K M X ~ O X ~ C T B .
npononman~ ~ c n o n b s o ~ a ~ b ~ e p o r n n @ ~ ~ y . B IlOCTKJlaCCUKy ~ ~ I J I H C03AaHbI BCe C o x p a -
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Lty I TblC. H.3 . B 3KOHOMMKe ( B TOM rMCJIe B
s e ~ n e n e n ~ ~ ) c T a n a U I M P O K O n p M M e H H T b c H
MblUrbRKOBMCTaZl 6 ~ 0 ~ 3 a . ~ K O H O M H Y ~ C K ~ R
C T p y K T y p a ~ H A C K O ~ UMBMnM3aUMM O n p e n e -
JlzlnaCb C M C T ~ M O ~ <~BepTMKiUlbHOrO KOHTPO-
nH*. OH^ COCTOHna BO B ~ ~ M M O ~ ~ ~ C T B M H M e X -
ny H a r O p b e M ( C b e p p a ) - 3 0 ~ 0 k B b l p a U M -
B a H m K J l y 6 ~ e n n o n o ~ ( n p e w e B c e r o K a p -
~o@enzr) a p a 3 ~ e n e ~ ~ ~ n a M M no6epembe~
( K o c ~ a ) - ~ O H O ~ M a W c o B o r o s e~nenen~w M M O P C K O ~ O n p o M b I c n a .
HCTOPMR A ~ n c ~ o k o ~ J I ~ c T M :
- ~ o K ~ ~ ~ M M Y ~ c K M ~ ~ I l e p U O f l (4000 - 2000 rr. no H . 3.);
- H a q a J I b H b l k n e p U O n (2000 - 800 rr. IlO
H. 3.);
- PaHHHR @ a 3 a (800 - 200 IT. A0 H. 3.);
- p a ~ ~ ~ i i n e p e x o n ~ b ~ f i n e p M o n (200 I,. no H . 3. - 500/600 r. H . 3.);
- c p e n H R R @ a m (500/600- 1000 rr. ~ . s . ) ; - ~ O ~ A H M ~ nepexon~b~h n e p M o n (1000 -
1470 rr. H . 3.);
- n o s n ~ ~ ~ @ a m (1470- 1532 rr H. 3.).