Manual - Informática - evolução

8/18/2019 Manual - Informática - evolução

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>;9?J^LIMMDHFQGÊYMLJ

CXF@SËÌF

: - Z SJ@MHMLJËÌF IC ^C\\FJ\ LFG ICHMLMÂDLMJ C MDLJ^JLMIJIC

JIQMJDF QFIQMKSC\ jirmjdfrfirmkucs.pt.vu


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ÇdimlcKídcsc ij mdhfrgêtmlj ...................................................................................................................................................................

Ljrjltcrçstmljs ij Mdhfrgjëìf ............................................................................................................................................ :>Mdhfrgjëìf Imkmtj` c Ijifs ................................................................................................................................................ :>

Êrcjs ic jp`mljëìf ijs YML ........................................................................................................................................................... :1 Lfgputjifr ............................................................................................................................................................................ :1

Mdhfrgêtmlj ......................................................................................................................................................................... :1Aurütmlj .............................................................................................................................................................................. :1

Lfgudmljëìf ........................................................................................................................................................................... :<

Yc`clfgudmljëócs .............................................................................................................................................................. :<Yc`cgêtmlj .......................................................................................................................................................................... :<

Lfdtrf`f c Jutfgjëìf ............................................................................................................................................................ :9Qfaütmlj ............................................................................................................................................................................. :9LJI-LJG ............................................................................................................................................................................ :9

Mdtrfiuëìf î cstruturj c hudlmfdjgcdtf ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf (lfgputjifr) ................................................................. :3 Ojriwjrc c sfhtwjrc .............................................................................................................................................................. :3

Ojriwjrc ............................................................................................................................................................................ :3\fhtwjrc ............................................................................................................................................................................. :8

J L^S - Sdmijic Lcdtrj` ic ^rflcssjgcdtf........................................................................................................................... :;Gcgürmjs ................................................................................................................................................................................ :;

^rmgêrmjs2 QJG, QFG c Ljloc ........................................................................................................................................... :;

\cludiêrmjs2 supfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf ............................................................ ............................................................ :=J p`jlj prmdlmpj` (gftocrafjri) ............................................................................................................................................. :=F ajrrjgcdtf (aus) ................................................................................................................................................................ 1>Imspfsmtmvfs ic cdtrjij c sjçij ic ijifs ............................................................................................................................... 1>

Ic cdtrjij (mdput)5 ............................................................................................................................................................. 1>Ic sjçij (futput)5 .............................................................................................................................................................. 1>Ic cdtrjij / sjçij (mdput / futput), fu gmstfs5 ................................................................................................................. 1:

Iclmsócs hudijgcdtjms dj jqumsmëìf c/fu rcgfic`jëìf ic gjtcrmj` mdhfrgêtmlf ..................................................................... 1: Fs prfkrjgjs Mdhfrgêtmlfs2 Ympfs ic sfhtwjrc ............................................................... ............................................................ 1


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J cslrmtj surkc lfgf dclcssmijic if icscdvf`vmgcdtf ij clfdfgmj c ij sflmcijic quc cstjvjg

flfrrcdif prmdlmpj`gcdtc df Frmcdtc Gíimf. J prmgcmrj hfrgj ic cslrmtj rckmstrjij dcstj `flj`mijic í j

ludcmhfrgc quc cvfùmu ifs rckmstrfs ic tcgpf ic trjajòf. ^fr vf`tj if jdf >> j.L. dj Gcsfpftágmj

fs sugírmfs icscdvf`vcrjg ugj cslrmtj sm`êamlj pjrj rcprcscdtjr j `çdkuj sugírmj hj`jij, gítfif

jiftjif tjgaíg pc`fs jlêimfs c quc `cvj j lrmjëìf ifs j`hjactfs.

Df gcsgf pcrçfif oê f surkmgcdtf ij cslrmtj

omcrfk`çhmlj df Ckmtf Jdtmkf lfg j`kugj rc`jëìf lfg j

cslrmtj ij Gcsfpftágmj. J cslrmtj lomdcsj c j jiftjij

pc`js lmvm`mzjëócs prí-lf`fgamjdjs dj Jgírmlj, lfgf

pfr cxcgp`f j cslrmtj gjmj, tmvcrjg frmkcdsmdicpcdicdtcs. J cslrmtj bjpfdcsj hfm lrmjij j pjrtmr ij

cslrmtj lomdcsj pfr vf`tj if sílu`f MX.

J Omstürmj ij Mdhfrgêtmlj Arcvc rcsugf ij cvfùëìf ij mdhfrgêtmlj

Cg :811 ug gjtcgêtmlf mdk`âs icscdvf`vcu j prmgcmrj ríkuj ic lê`lu`f. Cstc hfm f pfdtf ic pjrtmij

pjrj sc lockjr î mdhfrgêtmlj, sü quc hfm ug prflcssf icgfrjif, quc hfm lfdqumstjif lfg pcqucdjs

icslfacrtjs.

Cg :?9; hfm lrmjif f smstcgj amdêrmf pc`f gjtcgêtmlf mdk`âs Kcfrkc Aff`c. Yrâs iíljijs icpfms ug

dfrtc-jgcrmljdf lrmfu ug prflcssf ic ijifs c`ctrfgcládmlf. Gcmf sílu`f gjms tjric, dfs Cstjifs

Sdmifs, ug cdkcdocmrf icscdvf`vcu ug lfgputjifr usjdif vê`vu`js ic rêimf.

Cg :=98 í lrmjif f Cdmjl, f prmgcmrf lfgputjifr c`ctrùdmlf, quc hfm c`jafrjif pjrj scrvmr fs mdtcrcsscs

aí`mlfs ifs CSJ dj MM Kucrrj Gudimj`, bê quc jbuijvj dj rcj`mzjëìf ic lê`lu`fs pjrj icscdvf`vcr j

afgaj jtùgmlj.


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3

Hmkurj : “ Cdmjl

Icz jdfs icpfms surkc df Mdstmtutf ic Ycldf`fkmj ic Gjssjlousctts (GMY), f prmgcmrf lfgputjifr quc

utm`mzj trjdsmtfrcs.

Cg :=8< í pjtcdtcjif f ‐gfusc‗ c df jdf sckumdtc, ug pcsqumsjifr dfrtc -jgcrmljdf prfbctfu c lrmfu

j prmgcmrj rcic ic lfgputjifrcs mdtcr`mkjij pfr hmfs.


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Lmdlf jdfs icpfms j MAG icscdvf`vcu f Qjgjl 3, utm`mzjdif imslfs ic gcgürmj ic 3 gckjamts.

Cg :=;3 hfm icscdvf`vmij j `mdkujkcg Ajsml, j prmgcmrj `mdkujkcg pjrj gmlrflfgputjifrcs. Jmdij df

gcsgf jdf, Am`` Kjtcs c ^ju` J``cd hudijrjg j Gmlrfsfht. Df jdf sckumdtc, \tcvc [fzdmje c \tcvc Bfas

lrmjg j Jpp`c Lfgputcr Lfgpjdy.

Cg :=?: j MAG `jdëfu f ^L 3:3>. J pjrtmr ijm cstjvj `jdëjij j ‐kucrrj‗ cdtrc js cgprcsjs c hfm scgprc

ugj imsputj j vcr qucg hjzmj gc`ofrcs icslfacrtjs j dçvc` ic mdhfrgêtmlj.


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;

Cg :=?3 j Gmlrfsfht `jdëfu f [mdifws c f [fri :.>.

Cg :=?= Ymg Acrdcrs-@cc lrmfu j [fr`i [mic [ca quc frmkmdfu j mdtcrdct. Cg :==: í `jdëjif f smstcgj

fpcrjlmfdj` @mdux.


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Ifms jdfs icpfms j Mdtc` lf`flfu df gcrljif f prflcssjifr ^cdtmug c df jdf sckumdtc hfm lrmjif f

djvckjifr ic mdtcrdct Dctsljpc Djvmkjtfr. C js icslfacrtjs sckumrjg, `cvjdif gcsgf f lfgputjifr j

kjdojr prfprmcijics quc crjg mdmgjkmdêvcms, f quc sc rch`ctmu, qujdif cg :==;, f ljgpcìf gudimj`

ic xjircz, Kjrrm Ejspjrfv, pcricu pjrj ug lfgputjifr.

F lcrtf í quc js mdfvjëócs tcldf`ükmljs dìf pjrjg ic jlfdtclcr c f lfgputjifr cdrjmzfu-sc ic tj`

hfrgj, quc sìf pfuljs js lfmsjs quc suasmstcg scg f scu usf. Yfrdfu-sc pjrtc csscdlmj` dj vmij ijs

sflmcijics. F lrcslmgcdtf pfpu`jlmfdj`, j k`faj`mzjëìf c f icscdvf`vmgcdtf if ljpmtj`msgf df sílu`f

__, mdlutmrjg dfvjs dclcssmijics df scr ougjdf. J mdhfrgêtmlj surkc dcstc lfdtcxtf, cg quc ojvmj j

dclcssmijic if ofgcg rckmstjr c gjdmpu`jr ijifs cg krjdics qujdtmijics lfg prclmsìf c rjpmicz.


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=

Lfdlcmtfs aêsmlfs

Mdhfrgêtmlj

J pj`jvrj Mdhfrgêtmlj hfm lrmjij cg :=81 pc`f hrjdlâs ^om`mppc Ircmhus.

MDHFQGJYMFD + JSYFGJYMZSC

7

MDHFQGJYMZSC

(Mdhfrgjëìf jutfgêtmlj 7 mdhfrgêtmlj)

Ofbc j pj`jvrj Mdhfrgêtmlj icsmkdj f lfdbudtf ic imslmp`mdjs lmcdtçhmljs c ic tíldmljs utm`mzjijs df

prflcssjgcdtf `ükmlf c rêpmif ij mdhfrgjëìf, usjdif lfgputjifrcs.

Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf

‐Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf‗ (YM) utm`mzj-sc qujdif sc qucr icsmkdjr f cqumpjgcdtf c fs prfkrjgjs ifs

lfgputjifrcs quc chcltujg prflcssfs ic trjtjgcdtf, lfdtrf`f c lfgudmljëìf ic mdhfrgjëìf

Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf c Lfgudmljëìf

J trjdsgmssìf ic mdhfrgjëìf prcssupóc f usf ic rcics ic lfgputjifrcs c gcmfs ic lfgudmljëìf, ijç f

jpjrclmgcdtf ij cxprcssìf ‐Ycldf`fkmjs ij Mdhfrgjëìf c Lfgudmljëìf‗(YML)


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:>

J Mdhfrgjëìf

J mdhfrgjëìf í j ‐gjtírmj-prmgj‗ quc cstê dj ajsc ifs lfdoclmgcdtfs c ij lfgudmljëìf cdtrc js

pcssfjs

Ljrjltcrçstmljs ij Mdhfrgjëìf

Í trjdspfrtêvc`5

Jrgjzcdêvc` (dj gcgürmj ougjdj, cg `mvrfs, djs gcgürmjs ifs lfgputjifrcs)5

Yrjiuzçvc` (pfic scr lfdvcrtmij, pfr cxcgp`f, dfutrj `mdkujkcg, pjrj pficr scr cdtcdimij

pc`f rclctfr)5

Qclml`êvc` (pfic scr usjij pjrj lrmjr dfvj mdhfrgjëìf).

Mdhfrgjëìf Imkmtj` c Ijifs

Ijifs

\ìf rcprcscdtjëócs lfimhmljijs ic hjltfs fu cvcdtfs, fabctfs, pcssfjs fu futrfs

tmpfs ic cdtmijics

Mdhfrgjëìf

Í f lfdbudtf ic ijifs, icvmijgcdtc frkjdmzjifs c fricdjifs, j hmg ic tcrcg

smkdmhmljif.

Ijifs

Ljrjtcrcs, pj`jvrjs Dògcrfs^fdtfs, `mdojs c

hfrgjs

LG^, Bfìf, Lfgputjifr 3, ::>>, 33>>. VVVVV /

Sg lfdbudtf ic ijifs iê rcsu`tjif j ugj mdhfrgjëìf

Mdhfrgjëìf

F Bfìf lfgprfu ug

lfgputjifr

3 Ljmxjs ic imsquctcs j < ₠

ljij2 tftj` 13₠

Hrjsc Zujdtmijic, prcëf c tftjms Mgjkcg, sçgaf`f


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::

^jrj j`íg ic tuif mstf, j mdhfrgjëìf icvc scr2

^rclmsj, scg lfdtcr crrfs5

Lfgp`ctj, hfrdclcdif tfifs fs ijifs mgpfrtjdtcs5

H`cxçvc`, pficdif scr usjij lfg imvcrsjs hmdj`mijics5

Ic hfdtc hmicimkdj, mstf í, icvc prfvmr ic ugj hfdtc ic lfdhmjdëj5

Qc`cvjdtc, mstf í, òtm` pjrj qucg j rclcac5

L`jrj, smgp`cs c fabctmvj (dìf icvc ojvcr sfarcljrkj lfg mdhfrgjëìf icsdclcssêrmj)5

Jltuj`, jijptjij jfs tcgpfs c îs lmrludstádlmjs cg quc vmvcgfs.

Mdhfrgjëìf Imkmtj`

Yfij j mdhfrgjëìf quc sc cdlfdtrj sfa j hfrgj ic içkmtfs (zcrfs c uds) c quc í

prflcssjij, cg pjrtmlu`jr, dfs lfgputjifrcs, imz-sc imkmtj`.

J`íg ijs ljrjltcrçstmljs lfguds j tfif f tmpf ic mdhfrgjëìf, j mdhfrgjëìf imkmtj`

í2

Gjdmpu`êvc`5

^jrtm`oêvc`5

Lfgpjltj5

Lfgprmgçvc`5

Mdtcrjtmvj c gu`tmgíimj.


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Êrcjs ic jp`mljëìf ijs YML

Js YML pficg scr jp`mljijs djs gjms vjrmjijs êrcjs ij jltmvmijic ougjdj, lfgf j mdhfrgêtmlj, j

aurütmlj, js tc`clfgudmljëócs, j tc`cgêtmlj, f lfdtrf`f c jutfgjëìf mdiustrmjms, j hçsmlj, j clfdfgmj,

ctl.

Lfgputjifr

F lfgputjifr í ugj gêqumdj prfkrjgjij pjrj rclcacr c prflcssjr ijifs, kcrjdif mdhfrgjëìf, c pjrj

jrgjzcdjr c trjdsgmtmr cssj mdhfrgjëìf, dug lurtf cspjëf ic tcgpf, ic ugj hfrgj sckurj c hmêvc`.

dhfrgêtmlj

J mdhfrgêtmlj í j jp`mljëìf ic lfgputjifrcs pjrj prflcssjgcdtf ic mdhfrgjëìf.

Aurütmlj

J aurütmlj í j jp`mljëìf ic gcmfs mdhfrgêtmlfs

df trjtjgcdtf c lmrlu`jëìf ij mdhfrgjëìf cg

cslrmtürmfs c cg tjrchjs if tmpf jigmdmstrjtmvf

(j frmkcg ij pj`jvrj ‐aurütmlj‗ í j gcsgj ij

pj`jvrj ‐aurflrjlmj‗).


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Lfdtrf`f c Jutfgjëìf

F lfdtrf`f c jutfgjëìf sìf js êrcjs ic jp`mljëìf ijs YML quc cdk`fajg f lfdtrf`f ic gcljdmsgfs c fs

prflcssfs mdiustrmjms. \ìf usjifs djs gjms vjrmjijs mdiòstrmjs2 jutfgüvc`, ic p`êstmlfs, j`mgcdtjr, ic

hjarmlf ic c`cltrfifgístmlfs, ic pfrtjs jutfgêtmljs, ctl.

Qfaütmlj

Dj mdiòstrmj jutfgüvc` fu dj mdiòstrmj c`cltrüdmlj, í

ofbc ojamtuj` j utm`mzjëìf ij rfaütmlj, mstf í, ic

smstcgjs c`cltrfgcládmlfs mdhfrgjtmzjifs, gjms

lfdoclmifs pfr ‐Qfafts‗.

LJI-LJG

Yjgaíg f icscdof c hjarmlf ic pcëjs pjrj j mdiòstrmj í ljij vcz gjms lfdtrf`jif pfr

lfgputjifrcs. Kcrj`gcdtc icsmkdj-sc pfr LJI/LJG “ Lfgputcr Jmici Icsmkd (Icscdof

jssmstmif pfr lfgputjifr)/Lfgputcr Jmici Gjduhjltfrmdk (hjarmlf jssmstmif pfr

lfgputjifr).


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Mdtrfiuëìf î cstruturj c hudlmfdjgcdtf ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf

lfgputjifr)

Ojriwjrc c sfhtwjrc

Ojriwjrc

Í j pjrtc hçsmlj ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf, fu scbj, í f cqumpjgcdtf cg sm, fs

lfgpfdcdtcs hçsmlfs if lfgputjifr. Í f lfdbudtf ic cqumpjgcdtfs c imspfsmtmvfs ic ug

lfgputjifr.


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\fhtwjrc

Í f lfdbudtf ic prfkrjgjs, prflcimgcdtfs c rckrjs rc`jtmvfs c dclcssêrmfs pjrj fhudlmfdjgcdtf if Ojriwjrc df prflcssjgcdtf ic ijifs.


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J L^S - Sdmijic Lcdtrj` ic ^rflcssjgcdtf

J L^S (Lcdtrj` ^rflcssmdk Sdmt), fu Sdmijic Lcdtrj` ic ^rflcssjgcdtf, í f «lírcarfµ if lfgputjifr,

rcspfdsêvc` pfr lfdtrf`jr c rcj`mzjr tfijs js tjrchjs cxmkmijs pc`fs utm`mzjifrcs.

Gcgürmjs

J gcgürmj í ug supfrtc lfg ljpjlmijic pjrj jrgjzcdjr quj`qucr tmpf ic mdhfrgjëìf (ijifs c

prfkrjgjs). Cxmstcg ifms tmpfs ic gcgürmjs2 js prmgêrmjs c js scludiêrmjs.

^rmgêrmjs2 QJG, QFG c Ljloc

Í î gcgürmj quc lfgpctc jrgjzcdjr js scquâdlmjs ic mdstruëócs, fs ijifs rc`cvjdtcs

pjrj cssjs mdstruëócs c fs rcsu`tjifs ijs gcsgjs.

Gcgürmjs prmgêrmjs, prmdlmpjms fu lcdtrjms2

Cdlfdtrjg-sc cg lfdtjltf imrctf lfg f L^S, hfrdclcdif-`oc mdstruëócs c fs ijifs lfg

quc cstc fpcrj, c ic`c rclcacdif ijifs rcsu`tjdtcs if scu prflcssjgcdtf.

QJG í j smk`j pjrj Qjdifg Jllcss Gcgfry(gcgürmj ic jlcssf j`cjtürmf). Cstc tmpf ic

gcgürmj pcrgmtc tjdtf `cmturj lfgf krjvjëìf c

rckrjvjëìf ic ijifs. Df cdtjdtf, jssmg quc cstjs

icmxjg ic scr j`mgcdtjijs c`cltrmljgcdtc, fu scbj,

qujdif f utm`mzjifr ics`mkj f lfgputjifr, j

gcgürmj QJG pcric tfifs fs scus ijifs.


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:?

QFG í j smk`j pjrj Qcji Fd`y Gcgfry (gcgürmj sfgcdtc ic `cmturj). Bê pc`f dfgc, í

pfssçvc` pcrlcacr quc cssc tmpf ic gcgürmj jpcdjs pcrgmtc `cmturj, fu scbj, js sujs

mdhfrgjëócs sìf krjvjijs pc`f hjarmljdtc ugj òdmlj vcz c icpfms imssf dìf pficg scr

j`tcrjijs fu jpjkjijs, sfgcdtc jlcimijs. Cg futrjs pj`jvrjs, sìf gcgürmjs lubf

lfdtcòif í krjvjif pcrgjdcdtcgcdtc.

Gcgürmj Ljloc í ugj pcqucdj qujdtmijic ic gcgürmj cstêtmlj ic j`tf icscgpcdof,

tcdif pfr hmdj`mijic jugcdtjr f icscgpcdof if prflcssjifr rcj`mzjdif ugj auslj

jdtclmpjij dj gcgürmj QJG.


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:=

\cludiêrmjs2 supfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf

Gcgürmjs scludiêrmjs fu supfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf2

\upfrtcs ic jrgjzcdjgcdtf ic mdhfrgjëìf quc mdtcrcssj kujrijr pjrj j`íg if tcgpf

cg quc í utm`mzjij j gcgürmj prmgêrmj fu scbj, sìf utm`mzjijs pjrj kujrijr fs trjaj`ofs

quc sc cdlfdtrjg cg gcgürmj QJG, ic ugj hfrgj gjms pcrgjdcdtc.

Cx.2 imslf rçkmif (fu imslf iurf), imsquctc, LI-QFG, IXI, ctl.

J p`jlj prmdlmpj` gftocrafjri)

J p`jlj prmdlmpj`, fu gftocrafjri, í j

ajsc fdic sc cdlfdtrjg lmrlumtfs

c`cltrüdmlfs mgprcssfs c js gcgürmjs

QFG c fdic sc vìf mdstj`jr tfifs fs

lfgpfdcdtcs mdtcrdfs if lfgputjifr2

prflcssjifr, gcgürmj QJG, imslfs,

irmvcs ic imsquctcs fu LIs, p`jlj

krêhmlj, p`jlj ic sfg, ctl.


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1>

F ajrrjgcdtf aus)

F ajrrjgcdtf (aus, cg mdk`âs) í f lfdbudtf ic hmfs lfdiutfrcs smtujifs dj gftocrafjri pfr fdic

lmrlu`jg fs ijifs cdtrc j L^S, j gcgürmj QJG c js p`jljs ic cxpjdsìf ic pcrmhírmlfs.

Imspfsmtmvfs ic cdtrjij c sjçij ic ijifs

Fs imspfsmtmvfs, fu pcrmhírmlfs, ic cdtrjij c sjçij ic ijifs, pcrgmtcg j lfgudmljëìf cdtrc f

lfgputjifr c f cxtcrmfr.

Cxmstcg trâs tmpfs ic imspfsmtmvfs2

Ic cdtrjij mdput)5

^crgmtcg quc f utm`mzjifr cdvmc mdhfrgjëìf pjrj f lfgputjifr.

Ic sjçij futput)5

^crgmtcg cdvmjr mdhfrgjëìf if lfgputjifr pjrj f cxtcrmfr.


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Ic cdtrjij / sjçij mdput / futput), fu gmstfs5

^crgmtcg quc f utm`mzjifr cdvmc mdhfrgjëìf pjrj f lfgputjifr c quc f lfgputjifr

cdvmc mdhfrgjëìf pjrj f utm`mzjifr.

Iclmsócs hudijgcdtjms dj jqumsmëìf c/fu rcgfic`jëìf ic gjtcrmj` mdhfrgêtmlf

Í mgpfrtjdtc tcr j dfëìf quc quj`qucr ug ifs lfgpfdcdtcs ic ug smstcgj mdhfrgêtmlf tcg mdhùâdlmj

imrctj df scu icscgpcdof. Yfifs qucrcgfs tcr ug lfgputjifr lfg ug prflcssjifr gumtf rêpmif,

lfg gumtj gcgürmj QJG, lfg ug imslf rçkmif ic krjdic ljpjlmijic, lfg ugj afj p`jlj krêhmlj c

rcstjdtcs lfgpfdcdtcs if gcòfr quc oê. Df cdtjdtf, cstjrçjgfs j micj`mzjr ugj gêqumdj lubf prcëf

scrmj gumtf c`cvjif.

Ic jlfrif lfg j hmdj`mijic if lfgputjifr jssmg icvc scr j suj lfdhmkurjëìf. \crê imhcrcdtc jiqumrmr

ug lfgputjifr pjrj rcj`mzjr trjajòfs pjrj j cslf`j c jlcicr î mdtcrdct ic jiqumrmr ug lfgputjifr

pjrj utm`mzjr hcrrjgcdtjs ic icscdof jssmstmif pfr lfgputjifr lfg krjdic cxmkâdlmj jf dçvc` if

prflcssjifr, QJG c p`jlj krêhmlj. Dj j`turj ic jiqumrmr ug lfgputjifr icvcs tcr cg cspclmj` jtcdëìf2

J gftocrafjri, quc icvc scr ic afj quj`mijic pjrj dìf lfgprfgctcr f icscgpcdof if

lfgputjifr.

F prflcssjifr, quc icpcdicrê if usf quc prctcdics ijr jf lfgputjifr.


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J gcgürmj QJG, quc icvcrê tcr ugj ljpjlmijic ljpjz ic scr kcrmij pc`f prflcssjifr.

J ljpjlmijic c vc`flmijic if imslf rçkmif, quc dfrgj`gcdtc sìf prfpfrlmfdjms, imslfs ic gjmfr

ljpjlmijic sìf, kcrj`gcdtc, gjms rêpmifs.

J p`jlj krêhmlj5

J p`jlj ic sfg.


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Sdmijics ic gcimij ic mdhfrgjëìf2 Amt, Aytc, Eaytc, Gaytc, Kaytc, Yaytc

J mdhfrgjëìf imkmtj` pfic scr kujrijij djs gcgürmjs if lfgputjifr sfa j hfrgj ic amts c aytcs.

Sg amt (amdjry imkmt) í j gcdfr udmijic ic mdhfrgjëìf kujrijij dug lfgputjifr. Írcprcscdtjif pfr ifms içkmtfs2 > fu :.

Sg aytc í ug lfdbudtf ic ? amts. Ljij ljrêltcr (`ctrj fu sçgaf`f if tcl`jif) flupj : aytc

qujdif í kujrijif cg gcgürmj. J `ctrj A, pfr cxcgp`f, í rcprcscdtjij pfr >:>>>>:>.

Fs lfgputjifrcs "cdtcdicg" mgpu`sfs c`ítrmlfs, pfsmtmvfs fu dckjtmvfs, quc sìf rcprcscdtjifs pfr :

fu >. J ljij mgpu`sf c`ítrmlf ijgfs f dfgc ic amt (AMdjry imkmY). Sg lfdbudtf ic ? amts rcudmifs lfgf

ugj òdmlj udmijic hfrgj ug aytc.

Dfs lfgputjifrcs, rcprcscdtjr 138 dògcrfs amdêrmfs í suhmlmcdtc pjrj quc pfssjgfs `mijr j lfdtcdtf

lfg cstjs gêqumdjs. Jssmg, fs aytcs pfssucg ? amts. Í sü hjzcr fs lê`lu`fs2 lfgf ug amt rcprcscdtj ifms

tmpfs ic vj`frcs (: fu >) c ug aytc rcprcscdtj ? amts, ajstj hjzcr 1 (if amt) c`cvjif j ? (if aytc) quc í

mkuj` j 138.

Fs aytcs rcprcscdtjg tfijs js `ctrjs (gjmòslu`js c gmdòslu`js), smdjms ic pfdtujëìf, jlcdtfs,

ljrjltcrcs cspclmjms c jtí mdhfrgjëócs quc dìf pficgfs vcr, gjs quc scrvcg pjrj lfgjdijr f

lfgputjifr c quc pficg mdl`usmvc scr cdvmjifs pc`f tcl`jif fu pfr futrf imspfsmtmvf ic cdtrjij ic

ijifs c mdstruëócs.

^jrj quc mssf jlfdtcëj, fs lfgputjifrcs utm`mzjg ugj tjac`j quc lfgamdj dògcrfs amdêrmfs lfg

sçgaf`fs2 j tjac`j J\LMM ( Jgcrmljd \tjdijri Lfic hfr Mdhfrgjtmfd Mdtcrlojdkc). Dc`j, ljij aytc

rcprcscdtj ug ljrjltcrc fu ug smdj`.

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J pjrtmr ijç, hfrjg lrmjifs vêrmfs tcrgfs pjrj hjlm`mtjr j lfgprccdsìf ougjdj ij ljpjlmijic ic

jrgjzcdjgcdtf, prflcssjgcdtf c gjdmpu`jëìf ic ijifs dfs lfgputjifrcs. Df quc sc rchcrc jfs amts

c aytcs, tcg-sc js sckumdtcs gcimijs2

: Aytc 7 ? amts

: em`faytc (EA fu Eaytcs) 7 :>19 aytcs

: gckjaytc (GA fu Gaytcs) 7 :>19 em`faytcs

: kmkjaytc (KA fu Kaytcs) 7 :>19 gckjaytcs

: tcrjaytc (YA fu Yaytcs) 7 :>19 kmkjaytcs

: pctjaytc (^A fu ^aytcs) 7 :>19 tcrjaytcs

^jrj sjacrgfs qujdtfs GA sìf 1,3 KA, lfgf pfr cxcgp`f, tcgfs quc gu`tmp`mljr 1,3x:>19 lfdhfrgc

csqucgj2


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J tcr cg lfdtj2

Sg crrf lfgug quc gumtfs düs lfgctcgfs í ic, jf vcr djs pua`mlmijics Mdtcrdct j 9> Gaps pfr cxcgp`f, gumtfs pcdsjgfs quc sìf 9>

Gckjaytcs pfr sckudif, gjs dìf, sìf 9> Gckjamts pfr sckudif! 9> Gckjamts sìf jpcdjs 3 Gckjaytcs! (9> j imvmimr pfr ?)


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\mstcgjs ic dugcrjëìf

Amdêrmf

F smstcgj amdêrmf fu ic ajsc 1 í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf pfsmlmfdj` cg quc tfijs js qujdtmijics scrcprcscdtjg lfg ajsc cg ifms dògcrfs, fu scbj, zcrf c ug (> c :)

Iclmgj`

F smstcgj iclmgj` í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf ic pfsmëìf quc utm`mzj j ajsc icz.

Hfrgj c scquâdlmj ij krjhmj gcimcvj` ifs j`kjrmsgfs jrêamlfs quc jpjrclcg dj pêkmdj ic tçtu`f if

@marf Mdtmtu`jif Jrmtogctmlj ^rjltmlj, pfr Bujd ic ]lmjr.

Sg smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf í ug lfdbudtf ic prmdlçpmfs lfdstmtumdif f jrtmhçlmf `ükmlf ic l`jssmhmljëìf cg

krupfs c suakrupfs ijs udmijics quc hfrgjg fs dògcrfs. J ajsc ic ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf í ugj

lcrtj qujdtmijic ic udmijics quc icvc lfdstmtumr ugj udmijic ic fricg mgcimjtjgcdtc supcrmfr. Fs

smstcgjs ic dugcrjëìf tcg scu dfgc icrmvjif ij suj ajsc, fu scbj, f smstcgj amdêrmf tcg ajsc ifms, f

smstcgj scptmgj` tcg ajsc sctc c f iclmgj` tcg ajsc icz.

Fltj`

\mstcgj Fltj` í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf lubj ajsc í ?, fu scbj, utm`mzj ? sçgaf`fs pjrj j rcprcscdtjëìf

ic qujdtmijic. Df flmicdtc, cstcs sçgaf`fs sìf fs j`kjrmsgfs jrêamlfs2 > : 1 < 9 3 8 ;

F fltj` hfm gumtf utm`mzjif cg mdhfrgêtmlj lfgf ugj j`tcrdjtmvj gjms lfgpjltj jf amdêrmf dj

prfkrjgjëìf cg `mdkujkcg ic gêqumdj. Ofbc, f smstcgj ocxjiclmgj` í gjms utm`mzjif lfgf j`tcrdjtmvj

jf amdêrmf.

Ocxjiclmgj`

F smstcgj ocxjiclmgj` í ug smstcgj ic dugcrjëìf pfsmlmfdj` quc rcprcscdtj fs dògcrfs cg ajsc :8,

pfrtjdtf cgprckjdif :8 sçgaf`fs.

Cstê vmdlu`jif j mdhfrgêtmlj, pfms fs lfgputjifrcs lfstugjg utm`mzjr f aytc fu fltctf lfgf udmijic

aêsmlj ij gcgürmj5 c, icvmif j ug aytc rcprcscdtjr 1? 7 138 vj`frcs pfssçvcms, c mstf pficr rcprcscdtjr-

sc lfgf 1? 7 19 . 19 7 :8 . :8 7 : . :81 + > . :8: + > . :8>, f quc, sckudif f tcfrcgj kcrj` ij dugcrjëìf

pfsmlmfdj`, cqumvj`c jf dògcrf cg ajsc :8 :>>:8, ifms içkmtfs ocxjiclmgjms lfrrcspfdicg cxjltjgcdtc

’ pcrgmtcg rcprcscdtjr j gcsgj `mdoj ic mdtcmrfs’ j ug aytc.


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Lfdvcrsócs ic ug smstcgj pjrj futrf

Lfdvcrsìf ic ug dògcrf iclmgj` pjrj amdêrmf2

^jrj lfdvcrtcr ug dògcrf iclmgj` cg ug dògcrf amdêrmf í dclcssêrmf chctujr sulcssmvjs imvmsócs pfr

1 jtí sc fatcr ug quflmcdtc mkuj` j :. Jpüs js sulcssmvjs imvmsócs, hfrgj-sc f dògcrf amdêrmf lf`fljdif

fs amts pfr fricg mdvcrsj ij imvmsìf, fu scbj, ij imrcmtj pjrj j csqucrij fu ic ajmxf pjrj lmgj.

Dftj2 F quflmcdtc ij ò`tmgj imvmsìf (:) í mdl`uçif df dògcrf amdêrmf.

Lfdvcrsìf ic ug dògcrf amdêrmf pjrj iclmgj`2

^jrj lfdvcrtcr ug dògcrf amdêrmf cg ug dògcrf iclmgj` í dclcssêrmf lf`fljr pfr fricg ljij amt quc

f lfgpóc c gu`tmp`mlê-`f pc`j ajsc if smstcgj amdêrmf, quc í scgprc 1, c c`cvjr cssj ajsc î pfsmëìf quc

flupj lfgcëjdif pc`j imrcmtj, fu scbj, j ajsc if ò`tmgf amt quc jpjrclc î imrcmtj í c`cvjif j >, j ajsc

if amt quc jpjrclc mgcimjtjgcdtc î csqucrij í c`cvjif j : c jssmg sulcssmvjgcdtc, jtí jf prmgcmrf amt

if dògcrf amdêrmf. ^jrj sc fatcr f dògcrf rcj`, sfgj-sc fs rcsu`tjifs ic ljij gu`tmp`mljëìf.

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