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Transcript of lith.gif&imgrefurl=h=235&w=243&sz=11&hl=en&star.
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Clocks in the Rocks
August 29th 2008Kimberly Samson
ENG 5300
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Earth Systems Science
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://etudesproject.org/sofia/gallery/geography/images/at-hyd-lith.gif&imgrefurl=http://etudesproject.org/sofia/gallery/geography/lessons/lesson01.html&h=235&w=243&sz=11&hl=en&start=12&um=1&tbnid=9dzH89O1AdfhTM:&tbnh=106&tbnw=110&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dearth%2Bscience%2Bsystems%2Bvenn%2Bdiagram%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4BBYA_en___US251%26sa%3DN
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How Old Are Rocks?Relative Age
Relative Age can be determined by the Principle of Superposition -assuming no change in the layers, the oldest are on the bottom and the youngest are on the top.
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How Old Are Rocks?Absolute Age
Radioactive dating can determine the Absolute Age of rocks.
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Isotopes
Isotopes are elements that differ in number of neutrons.
Some isotopes decay emitting energy Radioactive Rate at which elements decay
determines rocks absolute age Radioactive isotopes include:
Potassium, rubidium, strontium, uranium, and lead.
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Radioactivity
Unstable nuclei emits one or more particles or energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation
Nuclear radiation is the energy or matter released during the decay
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Types of Nuclear Radiation
Alpha +2 chargeα
Beta -1 chargeβ
Gamma 0 charge γ
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What happens to the Atomic Number?
Alpha-Atomic # goes down by 2-Mass goes down by 4;can penetrate a piece of paper
Uranium-238 decays through a decay into Thorium-234
Beta-Atomic # goes up by 1-Mass has no change; can penetrate a piece of aluminum
Gamma-Atomic # and mass have no change; very powerful light energy; can penetrate lead
238 92
U ______________ 23490 Th
23490 Th ______ 234
91 Pa ______ 23492 U
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Neutron Emission
Release of high-energy neutron by a neutron-rich nuclei during radioactive decay
No Charge Travel farther than alpha and beta
particles
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Radioactive Decay Rates-Half Life
Half-life is the time required for half a sample of radioactive nuclei to decay
Half-life rates of common isotopes:Carbon-14 5,730 yearsThorium-229 7,340 yearsLead-202 52,500 yearsUranium-238 4,468,000,000 yearsRubidium-87 4,750,000,000 years
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Radiometric Dating-Clocks in the Rocks
Virtual Dating Science Courseware viewed on July 19th 2008
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Radiometric Dating Cont.
Radiometric Dating Berkley on July 19th 2008
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Half-Life Activity
http://turbulentdensity.com/uploaded_images/pennies-721745.jpg
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.sfondideldesktop.com/Images-Games/Half-Life-2/Half-Life-2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.freewebs.com/metroid003/photolab.htm&h=768&w=1024&sz=198&hl=en&start=7&um=1&tbnid=TbQwGeWJPBClNM:&tbnh=113&tbnw=150&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dhalf%2Blife%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4BBYA_en___US251%26sa%3DN
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Nuclear Strong Force
Nuclear Strong Force-interaction that binds protons and neutrons together in a nucleus
Contributes to stable nuclei Too many neutrons or
protons cause nucleus to become unstable
http://www.atomki.hu/atomki/NuclSpect/nucleus.jpg
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Nuclear Fission Nuclear Fission-process when a nucleus
SPLITS into two or more smaller fragments
Energy is released Neutrons released can start a chain
reaction Chain reactions can be controlled
http://ozymandias1.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/chain-reaction.jpg on August 21st 2008
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Nuclear Fusion Nuclear Fusion-process when light
nuclei combine at extremely high temperatures, forming heavier nuclei and releasing energy
http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/nol/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/sci_nat_iter___the_next_generation_fusion_reactor/img/2.jpg&imgrefurl=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/pop_ups/05/sci_nat_iter___the_next_generation_fusion_reactor/html/2.stm&h=300&w=300&sz=14&hl=en&start=9&um=1&usg=__pJbSvkXpHCoit9iMZ47jR9UXpYc=&tbnid=snU7uPDsocrZ6M:&tbnh=116&tbnw=116&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsun%2Bfusion%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26rlz%3D1T4BBYA_en___US251%26sa%3DN
http://www.atomicarchive.com/Fusion/Images/fusion.jpg accessed on August 21st 2008
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Resources
http://www.idahogeology.org/FieldWorkshops/Island_Park_2007b/Cash_Activities/Half-life_activity.pdf accessed on July 18th 2008
http://richardbowles.tripod.com/chemistry/radio/radio.htm accessed on August 21st 2008
http://nemo.sciencecourseware.org/VirtualDating/ access on July 18th 2008
http://astro.berkeley.edu/~dperley/areopagus/isotopetable.html accessed on August 21st 2008
Dobson, K., Holman, J. and Roberts, M. Holt Science Spectrum : A Physical Approach. (2001) New York: Holt, Rinehardt and Winston.(Chapters 7 and 17)
Note: All websites accessed on July 18th, July 19th or August 21st 2008.