PERSONAL PRONOUNSI eu

You você

He ele

She ela

It ele/ela para objetos e animais.

We nós

You vocês

They eles/elas

DON’T FORGET:

O pronome pessoal “I” (eu) é sempre escrito com letra (i) maiúscula, não importando sua posição na

frase (início, meio ou fim).

O pronome “you” é tanto usado para a segunda pessoa do singular (você ou tu) como para a segunda

pessoa do plural (vocês ou vós). O contexto e, principalmente, o substantivo (singular ou plural) indicará a

pessoa correta. Ex: You are a doctor. – You are doctors.

“They” é usado para pessoas e objetos no plural.

O “it” é usado apenas para se referir a animais, objetos, e coisas em geral.

Em inglês não há omissão de sujeito como acontece em português. No caso de sujeito inexistente,

oculto ou indeterminado usa-se it, we or they. Ex:

Falamos português no Brasil.

We speak Portuguese in Brazil.

Chove muito no verão.

It rains a lot in the summer.

SINGULAR PLURAL

GRAMMAR

SUBJECT + BE + NOUN

I am a student.

You are a student.

John is a student.He is a student.

Mary is a student.She is a student.

The rose is a flower.

It is a flower.

SUBJECT + BE + NOUN

We are students.

You are students.

John and Lia are students.They are students.

Roses are flowers.They are flowers.

1) Complete the sentences with am, is, or are.

Ex: We are friends.

a) I .................... a student.

b) Peter ................. a doctor.

c) He .................. happy.

d) Linda .................... a teacher.

e) May and Andrew ................. married.

f) They ........................ lawyers.

g) You .............. tired.

h) I ................ single.

i) You ........................ businessmen.

j) You and Jack ................... classmates.

CONTRACTIONS WITH BEAM I + am = I’m I’m a teacher.

O sinal (‘) chama-se apostrofe.

IS

he + is = he’s

she + is = she’s

it + is = it’s

He’s a doctor.

She’s a little girl.

It’s a rose.

ARE

you + are = you’re

we + are = we’re

they + are = they’re

You’re a student.

You’re students.

We’re brothers.

They’re sisters.

As “contractions” são permitidas

apenas em situações mais informais,

como bilhetes, mensagens a amigos,

etc. Porém, é muito comum na fala,

pois ajuda na velocidade.

2) Replace the subjects for the pronouns (you, he, she, it, we, they) and rewrite the sentences using

contractions.

Ex: Marianne is a student. – She ‘s a student.

a) Luke is my brother. .........................................................................................

b) Kelly is in m class. .........................................................................................

c) Judy and Jill are my friends. .........................................................................................

d) My sister is 11 years old. .........................................................................................

VERB TO BE (AFFIRMATIVE

)

e) My mother and I are in the park. .........................................................................................

f) You and Celina are classmates. .........................................................................................

g) The cat is clean. ..........................................................................................

h) Martin and you are in the bank. ..........................................................................................

i) Martha is my aunt. ..........................................................................................

j) Your hands are dirty. ..........................................................................................

k) Mary and John are students. ..........................................................................................

l) My brother and my sister are with my mother. .....................................................................................

m) My dogs are in the backyard. ..........................................................................................................

n) Lucy and I are teachers. .........................................................................................................

o) Your dog and my parrot are friends. .........................................................................................................

VERB TO BE (NEGATIVE)

FULL FORM CONTRACTION FORM

I

You

She

He

It

We

You

They

am not

are not

is not

is not

is not

are not

are not

are not

a teacher.

in room 13.

Marianne

Nick.

a schoobag.

students.

at home.

actors

I’m not

You aren’t

She isn’t

He isn’t

It isn’t

We aren’t

You aren’t

They aren’t

a teacher.

in room 13.

Marianne

Nick.

a schoobag.

students.

at home.

actors

VERB TO BE (INTERROGATIVE

Am

Are

Is

Are

Are

Are

I

you

he/she/it

we

you

they

Brazilian?

Russian?

Peruvian?

American?

British?

Argentinian?

3) Complete with am, is or are:

a. My first name ____ Jennifer.

b. We ____ brothers.

c. My mom and I ____ friends.

d. Hello. I ___ Anna.

e. Antonio and Juan ___ at home.

f. My teacher ___ Brazilian.

g. He ___ a police officer.

h. Alice and Lanna ___ in room 14.

i. It ___ my little cat.

k. How old ___ you?

4) In your notebook, change these sentences in affirmative (+), negative (-) or interrogative (?).

Ex: Is New York the capital of USA?(-) New York isn’t the capital of USA.

a. I’m British. (-)

b. He isn’t Paul. (?)

c. The teacher is here. (-)

d. Are you from Italy? (+)

e. My name is Nick. (-)

f. It’s not my diary. (?)

g. London is a famous city. (?)

h. Is Diego here? (+)

i. His father isn’t lazy. (+)

j. Are they Japanese? (-)

k. My father is forty-four years old. (-)

l. I am studying now. (-)

m. Is Lorraine in the class? (+)

n. The dictionary isn’t on the table. (?)

5) Complete the sentences using is, isn’t, are or aren’t:

Ex: A ball is round

a) The mouse .............

big.

b) Lemons ..............

green.

c) Bananas ...........

yellow.

d) A lemon ..........

sweet.

e) A diamond ................

cheap.

f) Apples ............

expensive.

g) My pen ...........

heavy.

h) A turtle .............

slow.

i) The

airplanes ............... fast.

j) The sun .............

hot.

k) Ice

cream .................. sweet.

l) Flowers ............

ugly.

m) The

donkeys ............. intelligent.

n) Madonna ..............

beautiful.

o) The

day ................. cold.

p) My cell

phone ........... black.

q) Apples ......... red.

r) The sky ...............

blue.

SINGULAR PLURAL

HAVE AND HAS (TER)

I youwe havethey

heshe hasit

I

You

He

She

IT

have

have

has

has

has

blue eyes.

blue eyes.

blue eyes.

blue eyes.

blue eyes.

We

You

They

have

have

have

a car.

a car.

a car.

6) Complete the sentences with have or has:

a) I ................... a

dictionary.

b) We ....................

grammar books.

c) Melissa ............... a

green pen.

d) Bob .................... a

notebook.

e) Michely ...............

two televisions.

f) I ..................... a

guitar.

g) You and

Jonathan .................... blue eyes.

h) Martin and

Paty .................. a car.

POSSESSIVES – my, your, his, her, our, their Subject – Possessive

I – my

you – your

he – his

she – her

it - its

we – our

they - their

SINGULAR PLURAL

I have a book. You

have a book.

He has a book.

She has a book.

My cat has a ball.

My book is red.

Your book is red.

His book is red.

Her books is red

Its ball is red

We have cars.

You have cars.

They have cars.

Our cars are black.

Your cars are black.

Their cars are black.

7) Complete the phrases using have or has and my, your, his, her, our, their:

Ex: I have a hamster. My hamster is funny.

a) Bob ............ a car. .............. cars is red.

b) Anne and Robert are married, they .............. a daughter. ............... name is Janne.

c) Kevin ............. a dog. ............. name is Ted.

d) Jenniffer ............. a motorcycle. ............. motorcycle is black.

e) Tom and Larry ................ a bike. ............. bike are green.

f) Bianca and I ............... computers. ............. computers are new.

g) Briam ........... a dog. .............. name is Zeus.

h) Karen ............ a little cat. ............. name is Bebel.

i) My husband and I .................. a son. ............ son is seven years old.

j) I ..................... a daughter. ............ name is Sophye.

k) Sue and Clark ............... two children. ............ names are Alex and Meg.

l) Billy ......... four dogs. ................. dogs are poodles.

Na língua inglesa temos três gêneros:

1. MASCULINO 2. FEMININO 3. NEUTRO

The groom is ready for the

wedding. He looks very elegant.

The bride is wering a beautiful

white dress. She looks radiant.

This is my new shirt. Isn’t it cool?

ATENÇÃO:

A maioria dos substantivos que se referem a pessoas tem a mesma forma para o masculino e

feminino. Traduza:

lawyer - ............................

teacher - ............................

cook - ................................

child - ................................

driver - ...............................

parent - ..............................

doctor - .............................

student - ............................

nurse - ................................

Há substantivos que tem uma forma para o masculino e outra para o feminino. Exemplos:

father / mother - ...............................................

mom / dad - .....................................................

brother / sister - ..............................................

son / daughter - ...............................................

bull / cow - ......................................................

king / queen - ...............................................

husband / wife - ............................................

uncle / aunt - .................................................

horse / mare - ................................................

waiter / waitress - ........................................

REGRA GERAL: Forma-se o plural acrescentando-se “s” ao substantivo. Ex:

week / weeks - ...................................

cup / cups - ........................................

kid / kids - ..........................................

book / books - ....................................

NÚMERO:Singular/Plural

car / cars - ...........................................

dog / dogs - ........................................

egg / eggs - ...............................................

house / houses - ........................................

boy / boys - ...............................................

day / days - ................................................

key / keys - ................................................

Para os substantivos que terminam em o, ch, s, ss, sh, e x acrescenta-se –es. Ex:

kiss / kisses - ............................................

match / matches - ....................................

bus / buses - ...........................................

box / boxes - .........................................

watch / watches - ..................................

dish / dishes - .........................................

mango / mangoes - ................................

tomato / tomatoes - ...............................

Para os substantivos que terminam em ch com som de s, acrescenta-se apenas –s. Ex:

stomach / stomacks - ....................................... monarch / monarchs - .....................................

Muitos substantivos que terminam em f ou fe fazem o plural substituindo o fe por –ves. Ex:

knife / knives - .......................................

leaf / leaves - ...........................................

life / lives - ...............................................

thief / thieves - ..........................................

wife / wives - .............................................

wolf / wolves - ...........................................

Há também aqueles substantivos que terminam em f, ff ou fe que fazem o plural apenas

acrescentando -s. Ex:

belief / beliefs - ..........................................

chef / chefs - ..............................................

cliff / cliffs - ...............................................

proof / proofs - ...........................................

puff / puffs - ................................................

roof / roofs - ................................................

safe / safes - .................................................

serf / serfs - ...................................................

SUBSTANTIVOS DERIVADOS DO LATIM E DO GREGO

1. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em -us acrescenta-se –i ou -es:

alumnus / alumni = aluno(s)

cactus / cacti, cactuses = cacto(s)

calculus / calculi, calculuses = cálculo(s)

chorus / choruses = coro(s)

circus / circuses = circo(s)

colossus / colossi, colossuses = colosso(s)

focus / foci, focuses = foco(s)

fungus / fungi, funguses = fungo(s)

genius / genii, geniuses = génio(s)

locus / loci = localização, (-ões) num texto

minus / minuses = sinal (-is) menos (-)

nucleus / nuclei, nucleuses = núcleo(s)

prospectus / prospectuses = folheto(s)

radius / radii = raio(s)

stimulus / stimuli = estímulo(s)

stylus / styli, styluses = estilete(s)

terminus / termini, terminuses = estação

terminal, estações terminais

2. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em –um acrescenta-se -a ou -s:

aquarium / aquaria, aquariums = aquário(s)

colloquium / colloquia, colloquiums = colóquio(s)

curriculum / curricula = currículo(s)

datum / data = dado(s)

erratum / errata = errata

gymnasium / gymnasia, gymnasiums = ginásio(s)

maximum / maxima, maximums = máximo(s)

medium / media, mediums = meio(s)

millennium / millennia, millenniums =

milénio(s)

minimum / minima, minimums = mínimo(s)

planetarium / planetaria, planetariums =

planetário(s)

spectrum / spectra, spectrums = espectro(s)

3. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em -a acrescenta-se –ae ou -s:

alga / algae = alga(s)

alumna / alumnae = aluna(s)

antenna / antennae = tentáculo(s)

antenna / antennas = antena(s) (de rádio)

formula / formulae, formulas = fórmula(s)

larva / larvae = larva(s)

4. Substantivos de origem latina terminados em –ex ou -ix acrescenta-se –es ou -ices:

appendix / appendixes = apêndice(s)

appendix / appendices = anexo(s)

codex / codices = códice(s)

index / indexes, indices = índice(s)

matrix / matrixes, matrices = matriz(es)

vortex / vortexes, vortices = vórtice(s)

5. Substantivos de origem grega terminados em -is acrescenta-se -es:

axis / axes = eixo(s)

basis / bases = base(s)

crisis / crises = crise(s)

diagnosis / diagnoses = diagnóstico(s)

hypothesis / hypotheses = hipótese(s)

thesis / theses = tese(s)

6. Substantivos de origem grega terminados em -on acrescenta-se -a, -s:

automaton / automata, automatons = autómato(s)

criterion / criteria = critério(s)

ganglion / ganglia = gânglio(s)

phenomenon / phenomena = fenómeno(s)

Quando os substantivos terminam em consoante + -y, converte-se o -y em -i, e adiciona-se -es:

baby / babies - .......................................... cherry / cherries - ......................................

country / countries - ...................................

Exceto os substantivos próprios, aos quais só se adiciona -s :

Kennedy / the Kennedys = (os) Kennedy(s) Kirkby / the Kirkbys = (os) Kirkby(s)

Há também aquelas palavras que não seguem nenhuma regra e têm, portanto, uma forma própria

para o plural. Ex:

foot / feet - ..............................................

goose / geese - ........................................

louse / lice - ............................................

man / men - ..............................................

mouse / mice - ...........................................

tooth / teeth - .............................................

woman / women - ......................................

child / children - .........................................

8) Correct the mistakes in these sentences:

There are two mans waiting for you. ................................................................................................

We are going to supermarket to buy fishs. ...............................................................................................

I need some potatos. .................................................................................................

The childs are in the school. ...................................................................................................

The cherrys aren’t red. ...................................................................................................

The wolfs ate two sheeps. ....................................................................................................

He bought three loafs of bread. ...................................................................................................

You should brush your tooths every day. ..................................................................................................

O artigo indefinido tem duas formas (a and an ) e é usado apenas diante de substantivo no singular.“A” é usado antes de palavras que começam com som de consoante ou de semiconsoante e “AN” é usado antes de apalavras que começam com som de vogal. Exemplos:

a table - .......................................

an ungly dress - ...........................

a cat - ..........................................

an hour - .....................................

a maid - ......................................

a university - ..............................

an apple - ....................................

a lawyer - ....................................

a week - ......................................

an orange - ..................................

a year - ........................................

an architect - ...............................

an umbrella - ..............................

a bag - ..........................................

9) Choose the correct alternative:

a) (A, AN) purple bird is fling.

b) He is (a, an) old man.

c) There is (a, an) child in my room.

d) This is (a, an) hot day.

e) We are going to meet you in (a, an) hour.

f) It isn’t (a, an) good idea.

g) There is only (a, an) apple in the basket.

h) He is (a, an) honest man.

O ARTIGO DEFINIDO É USADO:

Antes de substantivos precedidos ou não por adjetivos. Ex:

the boy

the sad boy

the bank

the old bank

Antes de nomes de instrumentos musicais e de nomes de famílias. Ex:

the violin

the Kennedys

the guitar

The Jacksons

Antes de nomes de oceanos, mares, rios, montanhas (plural), ilhas (plural), paises (plural),

hotéis, cinemas, teatros, trens e navios. Ex:

the Pacific

the Caribbean

the Amazon River

the United States

the Hilton Hotel

the Himalayas

the Titanic

the Atlantic

Antes de um representante de uma classe ou espécie. Ex:

the rich the poor the dead

Antes de um substantivo único na espécie ou quando particularizado. Ex:

the Earth the Sun the Coliseum

“O ARTIGO DEFINIDO É OMITIDO”:

Antes de nomes próprios, nomes de ciências e línguas. Ex: Mary Bob Mathematics Spanish

Antes de substantivos usados no sentido geral e de substantivos incontáveis. Ex: honesty money man coffe

Antes de promomes possessivos. Ex: our car his house their children

Antes de alguns substantivos como: home, church, school, hospital, bed, prison, quando forem usados para seu propósito original. Ex:

I went to church (to pray).I went to school (to study).

I went to hospital (because I was sick).

Um dos aspectos mais importantes para a aprendizagem de uma língua

estrangeira é o desenvolvimento do vocabulário. À medida que o

vocabulário vai sendo desenvolvido a construção de significado de

textos, tanto orais quanto escritos, vai se tornando uma tarefa cada

vez mais fácil. Portanto, aplique-se no estudo de novas palavras e

expressões. Esteja atento!

1) Translate the words:

Countries Places Foods and Drinks Greetings

Australia - hotel - coke - Hello -

Brazil - bank - soda - Hi -

Canada - restaurant - water - Good morning -

England - airport - coffee - Excuse - me -

Ireland - avenue - juice - Good afternoon -

New Zealand street - tea - Good night -

Scotland - theater - milk - Please -

South Africa park - café latte - Thank you -

The United

America -

States of service station espresso - Goodbye -

square - potatoes - Welcome -

office - bread - Thanks -

beach - fruit - Good evening -

Wales - downtown wine - Bye -

Poland - café - beer -

Peru - bar - ice cream -

Holland - train station hamburger -

Spain - parking lot - pizza -

France - hospital - soup -

Japan - museum - steak -

China - school - spaghetti -

Mexico - university - pie -

Italy - floor - rice -

Argentina - reception - salad -

Germany - church - sandwich -

2) Match the opposites:

1 hot ___________________ ( ) Far ___________________

2 Good ___________________ ( ) Raining ___________________

3 Married ___________________ ( ) Alive ___________________

4 Strong ___________________ ( ) Dry ___________________

5 With ___________________ ( ) Hard ___________________

6 sunny___________________ ( ) Old ___________________

7 Wet ___________________ ( ) Night ___________________

8 Short ___________________ ( ) Cold ___________________

9 Fat ___________________ ( ) Long ___________________

10 Comfortable ___________________ ( ) Heavy _________________

11 Clean ___________________ ( ) Big ___________________

12 Dead ___________________ ( ) Weak ___________________

13 Easy ___________________ ( ) Single ___________________

14 Near ___________________ ( ) Thin ___________________

15 Young ___________________ ( ) Dirty ___________________

16 Light ___________________ ( ) Sad ___________________

17 Happy ___________________ ( ) Uncomfortable ________________

18 Small ___________________ ( ) Below ___________________

19 Morning ___________________ ( ) Bad ___________________

20 Above ___________________ ( ) Without _________________

3) What is the different word? Highlight it!

a) complete – circle – happy – underline

b) shy – funny – always – boring

c) hair – sunny – nose – eyes

d) see – listen – touch – hot

e) body – rain – snow – windy

f) Sunday – Friday – June – Wednesday

g) I – you – on – we

h) March – May – July – Saturday

i) dress – eagle – bird – horse

j) sweater – eleven – tie – shorts

l) fly – flew – felt – flown

m) mother – aunt – father – soon

n) there – her – our – their

o) bag – flower – open – key

p) Greece – Spain – British – Sweden

o) apple – grape – juice - peach

From your teacher: Mayara C. P. Rocha