FOTOJORNALISMO: O espaço fotojornalístico em cobertura de desastres naturais dos terremotos do...

8/7/2019 FOTOJORNALISMO: O espaço fotojornalístico em cobertura de desastres naturais dos terremotos do Haiti Chile pelas…

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8 KCZYOJVÎÇO

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yfhlkqhjo fb jokw phâwfw xvf womyfyhb gob hw zyhnëjkhw ghvwhjhw poy zfyyfbozow, co jkh 89 jf

ahcfkyo f co jkh 9> jf mf}fyfkyo jf 9080# Phyh jfwgyf}fy o xvf hgoczfgfv phyh o pñilkgo

iyhwklfkyo, hw yf}kwzhw Ëpogh f ]fah fcghbkcdhyhb fxvkpfw jf mozoaoychlkwzhw phyh o Dhkzk f

phyh o Gdklf#

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mf}fyfkyo# O Dhkzk mok hzkcnkjo poy zyfboyfw jf zfyyh jf >,0 nyhvw ch fwghlh Ykgdzfy# Ow

fwzyhnow ch ghpkzhl, Poyzo Pykcgkpkf, moyhb yfnkwzyhjow jf jk}fywow écnvlow, phyh goczhy ho

lfkzoy o hgoczfgkbfczo# Aè o Gdklf mok hzkcnkjo poy vb zfyyfbozo jf 4,4 nyhvw ch fwghlh

Ykgdzfy# Gocgfpgk÷c mok h gkjhjf bhkw hmfzhjh pflh owgklhîço zfyyfwzyf#

H hcèlkwf jo jogvbfczo mozonyèmkgo pojf goczykivky phyh ow fwzvjow fb jk}fywhw èyfhw jo

gocdfgkbfczo, fczyf flhw h jf gobvckghîço wogkhl, hlëb jf }hloykqhy h hzk}kjhjfmozoaoychlâwzkgh fb }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço#

H hcèlkwf pyopöf fwzvjhy h hpyfwfczhîço f h kczfypyfzhîço jh chyyhzk}h }kwvhl vzklkqhjh pflhw

pvilkghîöfw, co yfnkwzyo jf kbhnfcw# Hlëb jf hchlkwhy zhbiëb o fwphîo mozonyèmkgo

jkwpockiklkqhjo pflhw fjkîöfw phyh h goifyzvyh jow mhzow# Zhbiëb pojf wfy oiwfy}hjo hw

jkmfyfcîhw wogkhkw, fgocúbkghw f fwzyvzvyhkw jh popvlhîço xvf womyfv gob ow zfyyfbozow#

O yfgoyzf wf jhyè h phyzky jh pvilkghîço jhw yf}kwzhw Ëpogh f ]fah }kwzo xvf hbihw hioyjhyhbfb wvhw pènkchw hw zyhnëjkhw cow jokw phâwfw# H gobpowkîço jf pènkchw gob kbhnfcw ch

goifyzvyh jf hgoczfgkbfczow }kwhb fcmhzkqhy o goczfñjo jfwgykzk}o f chyyhzk}o pyopowzo pflhw

fjkîöfw#

H kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh yfpyfwfczh phyh h wogkfjhjf vb phpfl kbpoyzhczf, pokw wvh goczykivkîço

gobo jogvbfczo bhzfykhlkqh vb bobfczo jh yfhlkjhjf wogkhl# Jfwwf bojo, o wkbplfw

yfnkwzyo jf vb mhzo pojf goczykivky phyh ow fwzvjow woiyf h dkwz÷ykh jf vbh jhjh gk}klkqhîço#

Wfnvcjo o zf÷ykgo myhcgáw Yolhcj Ihyzdfw $8;4:+, h lknhîço fczyf h kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh f o

oiafzo yfpyfwfczhjo, gocmkybh xvf h mozonyhmkh cço ë kc}fczhjh, flh ë h py÷pykh hvzfczkmkghîço,



4

ov wfah, zojh mozonyhmkh ë vb gfyzkmkghjo jf pyfwfcîh yfpyfwfczhcjo h dkwz÷ykh jo bvcjo# Ghjh

yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo yfpyfwfczh vb yfgoyzf yfhl jf vb mhzo, wkzvhîço, jf vbh wogkfjhjf#

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hkcjh h dkwz÷ykh jh kbhnfb#

Kckgkh"wf fwzf zyhihldo poy vbh kczyojvîço jo wvynkbfczo jh mozonyhmkh, wfnvkjh jf vbh

jkwgvwwço woiyf ow }hloyfw yfpyfwfczhzk}ow jh kbhnfb, ov wfah, h kbhnfb ë o yfzyhzo jh

yfhlkjhjf xvf zyhcwbkzf kcmoybhîöfw woiyf o xvf hgoczfgfv fb jfzfybkchjo fwphîo, f

fcgfyyhcjo o pykbfkyo ghpâzvlo gob h }kwço jh wogkfjhjf woiyf h mozonyhmkh goczfbpoyécfh#

Cvb wfnvcjo bobfczo, hpyfwfczh"wf o mozoaoychlkwbo, co xvhl ow hvzoyfw kyço hpyfwfczhy

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woiyf hw ghzfnoykhw jo mozoaoychlkwbo, fcgfyyhcjo fwzh fzhph gob h kcwfyîço jh mozonyhmkh cow

pfyk÷jkgow, woiyfzvjo fb yf}kwzh#

H zfygfkyh phyzf zfb gobo oiafzk}o h hcèlkwf jhw mozonyhmkhw fb wfv goczftzo, fwphgkhl f

chyyhzk}o, h bfzojolonkh hplkghjh gocwzkzvk ch kczfypyfzhîço wviafzk}h jf kbhnfcw xvfhioyjhyhb ow jfwhwzyfw chzvyhkw co Dhkzk f co Gdklf# Moyhb fwgoldkjhw mozonyhmkhw xvf

hpyfwfczhyhb f yfpyfwfczhyhb h dkwz÷ykh jo zfyyfbozo fb ghjh phâw# Kbhnfcw xvf fyhb jf

hyxvk}o pfwwohl moyhb jfwghyzhjhw, poy cço zfyfb wkjo yfnkwzyhjhw gob o pyop÷wkzo

aoychlâwzkgo#

Ho mkchl jfwzf, wfyço jkwgvzkjow ow yfwvlzhjow oizkjow hzyh}ëw jh golfzh jf jhjow f hcèlkwf jhw

kbhnfcw mozoaoychlâwzkghw#



;

9 H OYKNFB MOZONYÈMKGH

H dkwz÷ykh jh mozonyhmkh ë moybhjh poy vb gocavczo jf pfcwhjoyfw f gkfczkwzhw, xvf

jfwfc}ol}fyhb f hpfymfkîohyhb h zëgckgh mozonyèmkgh, fb zfbpow jkwzkczow ch dkwz÷ykh# Jfwwh

moybh, ivwgh"wf hpyfwfczhy cfwzf ghpâzvlo, ow pykcgkphkw hvzoyfw xvf jkwgvzfb fwzhw

jfwgoifyzhw zhkw gobo1 Ioykw Eowwo{ $9009+, Ahgxvfw Hvbocz $9009+ f Yolhcj Ihyzdfw

$8;4:+, hlëb jf Mfychcjo Zhggh $9006+, Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh $9009+ f Jhckfl Yojykno Bfkykcdo

jf Wovqh $900;+#

9#8 Ow pykb÷yjkow jh mozonyhmkh

H mozonyhmkh mok oyknkchjh hzyh}ëw jf }èykow fwzvjow woiyf h wfcwkiklkjhjf jh lvq# H

goczykivkîço phyh h jfwgoifyzh wvynkv hp÷w ow fwzvjow woiyf ow fmfkzow xvf h lvq pyojvqkh ho

phwwhy poy vb oykmâgko f wfyfb yf}flhjhw fb gdhphw# Fczyf ow pkocfkyow jfwzhghb"wf Aowfpd

Ckëpgf f Lovkw Ahgxvfw Bhcjë Jhnvfyyf#

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cfgfwwèykhw phyh xvf h ftpowkîço mkthwwf vbh kbhnfb ch gdhph, wfcjo yfgocdfgkjo gobo o

pykbfkyo yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo, fb 849=#

Zyfqf hcow jfpokw, Lovkw Ahgxvfw Bhcjë Jhnvfyyf hpyfwfczov wfv pyogfwwo, o jhnvfyyfozkpo

phyh h gobvckjhjf hghjábkgh myhcgfwh, xvf yfgocdfgfv o pykcgâpko mozonyèmkgo# Jhnvfyyf

gocwfnvkv jkbkcvky o zfbpo jf ftpowkîço jh kbhnfb jf okzo doyhw phyh 70 bkcvzow, hzyh}ëw

jo pyogfwwo xvâbkgo gob bfygñyko f gloyfzo jf w÷jko# Ckëpgf hwwkcov vb goczyhzo xvfomkgkhlkqh}h h wogkfjhjf gob Jhnvfyyf fb 849; wfcjo, poyzhczo, gocwkjfyhjow ow pkocfkyow jh

mozonyhmkh#

O pyogfwwo jh gébfyh fwgvyh, wfnvcjo Ihyzdfw $8;4:+ gocwkwzf fb vbh pfxvfch hifyzvyh mfkzh

ch phyfjf jo xvhyzo fwgvyo, poy ocjf ow yhkow lvbkcowow wf pyoafzh}hb, ch phyzf opowzh,

moybhcjo h kbhnfb jf oiafzow ftzfykoyfw# Fwwf pyogfwwo havjov ow fwzvjkowow h kc}fczhyfb h

mozonyhmkh co wëgvlo TKT#



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Phyh Aoynf Pfjyo Wovwh $9009+, h mozonyhmkh ë yfwvlzhjo jh gobikchîço fczyf ow flfbfczow jh

lvq fb vbh gébfyh fwgvyh f jh mozowwfcwkiklkjhjf jf bhzfykhkw xvf wf hlzfyhb fb ftpowkîço à

lvq# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, o pykcgâpko jh mozowwfcwkiklkjhjf pojf wfy fczfcjkjo gobo o pyogfwwo

xvâbkgo fczyf h lvq ftzfych f o mklbf ov jkwpowkzk}o jf hybhqfchbfczo jf kcmoybhîço co

kczfykoy jh gébhyh mozonyèmkgh# Hvbocz $9009+ hgyfjkzh xvf h mozonyhmkh ë o yfwvlzhjo jh hîço

jh lvq gobikchjow gob yfhnfczfw xvâbkgow, gdhbhjow wviwzécgkhw mozowwfcwâ}fkw# Hp÷w h

ftpowkîço jh pflâgvlh mozowwfcwâ}fl à lvq, moybh"wf h kbhnfb xvf mkghyè mkthjh ho phpfl phyh

mvzvyhbfczf wfy vzklkqhjh wogkhlbfczf#

H mozonyhmkh gobfîh xvhcjo fwwf zyhîo $hîço jh lvq+ ë mkthjo bhkw ov bfcow fb jfmkckzk}o,mkchlkqhjo phyh gfyzo vwo wogkhl# Zojhw hw dkwz÷ykhw jh mozonyhmkh bfcgkochb ‗ wfb ahbhkwzkyhy gocwfxvácgkhw ‗ xvf dov}f jvhw jkyfîöfw pykcgkphkw jh kc}fcîço jh mozonyhmkh1 hjkyfîço Ckëpgf ‗ Jhnvfyyf, h jh “mozo ‗ nyhmkh‒ pyopykhbfczf jkzh, jf vbh “fwgykzh jh lvq‒phyh mkthy h yfpyojvîço jhw hphyácgkhw, f h jkyfîço Mot Zhlioz, à jow pdozonfckg jyh~kcnw,xvf gocwkwzf fb pyojvqky fb yfwfy}h o zyhîo mozonáckgo jf oiafzow kczfypowzow fczyf h lvq fvb mvcjo mozowwfcwâ}fl# $HVBOCZ, 9009, p#8=:+#

Ahgxvfw Hvbocz $9009+ hmkybh xvf ftkwzfb jokw mvcjhbfczow phyh h kc}fcîço jh mozonyhmkh,

bhw gocglvk o pfcwhbfczo wfphyhcjo ow jokw fwzvjow pflh moybh gobo h mozo mok fbpyfnhjh

wogkhlbfczf# H pykbfkyh jf Ckëpgf f Jhnvfyyf mok vzklkqhjh phyh mhqfy mozow jf yowzo f

phkwhnfcw xvf bhkw zhyjf wviwzkzvkykh h pkczvyh# Aè o bojflo jf Mot Zhlioz cço vzklkqh}h vbh

oiafzk}h, h kbhnfb fyh oizkjh hzyh}ëw jh yfhîço xvâbkgh fczyf o phpfl mozowwfcwâ}fl gob h lvq,oyknkchcjo o xvf o hvzoy hzykivkv ho mozonyhbh#

Wfnvcjo Zhggh $9006+ h mozonyhmkh fyh fcgoczyhjh pykcgkphlbfczf fb wogkfjhjfw vyihchw

gobpowzhw pflh ivynvfwkh# H glhwwf poiyf }kh h mozonyhmkh gobo kjfczkjhjf }kwvhl hgfwwâ}fl

phyh zfy fb bçow yfzyhzow jf wk f jf mhbklkhyfw h ihkto gvwzo, wf gobphyhjo ho zyhihldo jf vb

pkczoy xvf goiyh}h zhthw bhkoyfw# O bfyghjo phyh pkczoyfw zoycov"wf fwghwwo hp÷w h kc}fcîço

jf Jhnvfyyf# Bkldhyfw jf hyzkwzhw bknyhyhb phyh h co}h zëgckgh hgyfjkzhcjo oizfy yfwvlzhjow

whzkwmhz÷ykow gobo o hvbfczo jh yfcjh f bfldoyfw gocjkîöfw jf }kjh# Jfwwh moybh, obo}kbfczo hlghcîov yfpfygvwwço bvcjkhl xvf jfwfcghjfov h nloihlkqhîço jh kbhnfb#

H jfwgoifyzh jh kbhnfb zëgckgh, ov wvh mkthîço, mok vbh oiwfwwço jf dobfcw jh gkácgkhfb }èykow phâwfw wkbvlzhcfhbfczf, yfhlkqhcjo pfwxvkwhw gob bhzfykhkw jkwzkczow, bhw gobpfywpfgzk}hw bvkzo wkbklhyfw1 vbh kbhnfb xvf pojfykh wfy nvhyjhjh, vbh bfb÷ykhjfmkckzk}h jf pfwwohw, phkwhnfcw f gokwhw5 vbh bfb÷ykh hphyfldâwzkgh fwpfzhgvlhy,pyonyhbhjh poy zfgcolonkh hplkghjh, hphyfczfbfczf lkbph jhw kbpfymfkîöfw dvbhchw#$ZHGGH, 9006, p#80+#

Hkcjh wfnvcjo Zhggh $9006+, gob o hj}fczo zfgcol÷nkgo jhw gébfyhw mozonyèmkghw poyzèzfkw o

moz÷nyhmo hjxvkykv bhkw hvzocobkh, pokw, gob o fxvkphbfczo pfybkzkh mozonyhmhy jfczyo jo



88

fwzñjko f fb hbikfczfw ftzfycow# O pyogfwwo hvzobèzkgo jow cfnhzk}ow f h pyojvzk}kjhjf jf

powkzk}ow powwkiklkzhyhb ho moz÷nyhmo nvhyjhy hw kbhnfcw phyh mvzvyhbfczf hbplkè"lhw wfb h

cfgfwwkjhjf jf ghyyfnhy fxvkphbfczow pfwhjow#

Co kcâgko jo pyogfwwo jf yfpyfwfczhîço kbhnëzkgh f wkbi÷lkgh hw mknvyhw fyhb mfkzhw chwphyfjfw jhw gh}fychw f powzfykoybfczf, gob zkczh woiyf zflhw, h pkczvyh phwwh h wfy hftpyfwwço jh yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf jo yfhl# Gob h f}olvîço zfgcol÷nkgh, o dobfb phwwov hyfnkwzyhy hw kbhnfcw fb bhzfykhkw mozowwfcwâ}fkw hzyh}ëw jh vzklkqhîço jf vb bfkobfgéckgo# Fyh o wvynkbfczo jh mozonyhmkh# $WOVQH, 900;, p#9+#

Phyh Wovqh $900;+ hp÷w h gykhîço jf fxvkphbfczow xvf ghpzhb kbhnfcw jknkzhkw hzyh}ëw jhw

gébfyhw poyzèzfkw h ihkto gvwzo, nyhcjf phyzf jh popvlhîço zf}f h opoyzvckjhjf jf yfhlkqhy

wfvw py÷pykow yfnkwzyow jf bhcfkyh wkbplkmkghjh wf gobphyhjh à ëpogh jo hj}fczo jh

mozonyhmkh, xvhcjo o pyogfwwo jf yf}flhîço jh kbhnfb jfboyh}h doyhw phyh mkghy pyoczo#

Eowwo{ $9009+ hpoczh xvf h mozonyhmkh ë hgfkzh ch hzvhlkjhjf gobo vbh pyo}h jf vb

hgoczfgkbfczo, yfnkwzyo xvf zyhcwbkzf gyfjkiklkjhjf how mhzow jhw hîöfw jo dobfb fb wfv

bfko wogkhl f gob h chzvyfqh# Bhw Ioynfw $9004+ hmkybh xvf h mozonyhmkh cço ë vb

jogvbfczo cfvzyo, ov wfah, h mozonyhmkh gykh co}hw moybhw jf jogvbfczhy h }kjh fb wogkfjhjf#

H hvzoyh hgyfjkzh xvf h mozonyhmkh ë zço kbpoyzhczf xvhczo h phlh}yh# Poy wfy oiafzk}h, h

kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh gykh ch bfczf jow yfgfpzoyfw vbh kczfypyfzhîço jh }fyjhjf#

Hlëb jf wfy gocwkjfyhjh gobo moczf jf kcmoybhîço dkwz÷ykgh poy Eowwo{ $9009+ h mozonyhmkh ë

ghphq zhbiëb jf zyhcwbkzky kjfkhw, jf gykhy f bhckpvlhy h opkckço popvlhy# Kwwo wf jf}f ho

h}hcîo jh zfgcolonkh xvf pfybkzkv h zyhcwbkwwço jf kcmoybhîço mozonyèmkgh hzyh}ëw jow bfkow

jf gobvckghîço#

Wfnvcjo Eowwo{ $9009+, o yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo, cço pojf wfy hgfkzo kbfjkhzhbfczf gobo

fwpfldo mkfl jow mhzow, pokw ow }fâgvlow jf gobvckghîço pojfb vzklkqhy hw kbhnfcw jf hgoyjo

gob o pyop÷wkzo kcwzkzvgkochl# Wfcjo hwwkb, hw kbhnfcw mozonyèmkghw pojfb zfy bhkw jf vbh

kczfypyfzhîço, ov wfah, bhkw jf vb wknckmkghjo xvf pojf fwzhy kbplâgkzo ch kbhnfb, mfkzh jf

bhcfkyh pfcwhjh, ghlgvlhjh pflo moz÷nyhmo jf hgoyjo gob o goczftzo dkwz÷ykgo fwzhiflfgkjo#



89

9#9 H yfpyfwfczhîço mozonyèmkgh

O dobfb, ho locno jow zfbpow, vzklkqov" wf jf jk}fywow bfkow phyh zyhcwbkzky h dkwz÷ykh

gvlzvyhl jf wvh wogkfjhjf hzyh}ëw jf jkwgvywow, jogvbfczow f kbhnfcw# Woiyf h yfpyfwfczhîço

jh kbhnfb, Zhggh $9006+ jfwzhgh xvf fwzh powwvk jvhw fzhphw gobplfbfczhyfw# Wfcjo h

pykbfkyh jfcobkchjh jf oyjfb jh chzvyfqh xvf wf yfmfyf àw mvcîöfw chzvyhkw jo goypo

dvbhco# H wfnvcjh jf oyjfb gvlzvyhl fwzè yflhgkochjh ho goczfñjo wogkol÷nkgo f gvlzvyhl jh

wogkfjhjf#

H kbhnfb bfczhl jfczyo jo xvf gdhbhbow jf kbhnkcèyko wogkhl, wf ë fmfzk}hbfczf

hgfwwâ}fl, mhq"wf poy bfko jhw yfpyfwfczhîöfw gojkmkghjhw jh yfhlkjhjf, pyèzkgh coybhzkqhjhpflhw yflhîöfw wogkhkw, pflh lonkgkjhjf jo }fyihl ov poy vbh lonkgkjhjf py÷pykh jh}kwvhlkjhjf# $ZHGGH, 9006, p#88+#

Jfwwf bojo, o kcgocwgkfczf, ho locno jo zfbpo, hybhqfch kcmoybhîöfw }kwvhkw xvf

powzfykoybfczf wfyço hwwkbklhjhw gob h kbhnfb }kwvhlkqhjh co pyfwfczf#

Zhggh $9006+ jfwzhgh h yflhîço jhw kbhnfcw bfczhkw gob hw kbhnfcw yfpyfwfczhzk}hw, phyh o

hvzoy hw kbhnfcw yfpyfwfczhzk}hw ftkwzfb phyh ogvphy o fwphîo jhw gokwhw co bvcjo# H

kbhnfb yfpyfwfczhzk}h pojf wfy vzklkqhjh zhbiëb phyh hpyotkbhy h yfpyfwfczhîço kbhnëzkgh

jh yfhlkjhjf jf vbh wogkfjhjf, poy hpyfwfczhy ghyhgzfyâwzkghw fwwfcgkhkw jo pyogfwwo jf

gykhîço jf wfczkjo wogkogvlzvyhl, wfcjo hwwkb o gobpvzhjoy cço zfb ghphgkjhjf jf zyhcwmfyky h

kbhnfb bfczhl phyh vb wkwzfbh ikcèyko phwwâ}fl jf kczfypyfzhîço#

Wfnvcjo Zhggh $9006+, h kbhnfb bfczhl ë gocwzyvâjh hzyh}ëw jo wfczkjo pfygfpzk}o hwwkb

gobo ovzyhw pfygfpîöfw wço zhbiëb pyogfwwow jf gocdfgkbfczo# “Hw }hykhczfw gvlzvyhkw xvf

}ço jfzfybkchy phjyöfw pfygfpzk}ow wço bfghckwbow wogkhkw jf goczyolf jh pfygfpîço f }khw

jf kcmoybhîço wfcwoykhl#‒ $ZHGGH, 9006, p#89+#

Hvbocz $8;;:+ oiwfy}h xvf h yfpyfwfczhîço kbhnëzkgh fwzè pyfwfczf co kcwzhczf fb xvf o

moz÷nyhmo kcwfyf co oldhy wvh kczfcîço# H fwgoldh jo hwwvczo h wfy mozonyhmhjo cço jfpfcjf

jh hgfkzhîço jo lfkzoy, fb jfzfybkchjhw gkygvcwzécgkhw, h kbhnfb zfyè gobo oiafzk}o gykzkghy

vb yfgoyzf mfkzo jh chzvyfqh ov jh wogkfjhjf# H kbhnfb gykhjh pflh gébfyh ë hgfkzh pflh

bfczf jow kcjk}âjvow wfb xvf fwzfw goczyh hynvbfczfb, ov wfah, h mozonyhmkh yfpyfwfczh h

gvlzvyh wogkol÷nkgh f h gocwzyvîço jf gocdfgkbfczo jh yfhlkjhjf#

Wf h yfpyfwfczhîço pfybkzf ho lfkzoy hpyotkbhy"wf “poy jflfnhîço‒ jf vbh yfhlkjhjf

hvwfczf, h klvwço ë vb mfcúbfco pfygfpzk}o pyo}oghjo pflh kczfypyfzhîço pwkgol÷nkgh f



87

gvlzvyhl jh yfpyfwfczhîço f, poy ñlzkbo, o yfhlkwbo ë }kwzo gobo vbh gocwzyvîço wogkhl jfyfnyhw jfzfybkchjhw# $ZHGGH, 9006, p#89+#

Phyh Zhggh $9006+ hw yfnyhw fwzhiflfgkjhw pflh wogkfjhjf jfzfybkchb h yflhîço dhybockowh

fczyf h yfpyfwfczhîço }kwvhl f h yfhlkjhjf wogkogvlzvyhl#

Wfnvcjo Eowwo{ $9009+, o jogvbfczo mozonyèmkgo powwvk ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jf vbh yfhlkjhjf

py÷pykh xvf pojfyè ov cço fwzhy yflhgkochjh gob h yfhlkjhjf xvf fc}ol}fv o hwwvczo f o

oiafzo co bobfczo jo yfnkwzyo co phwwhjo#

Zyhzh"wf jh yfhlkjhjf jo jogvbfczo, jh yfpyfwfczhîço1 vbh wfnvcjh yfhlkjhjf, gocwzyvâjh,gojkmkghjh, wfjvzoyh fb wvh boczhnfb, fb wvh fwzëzkgh, jf moybh hlnvbh kcnácvh,kcogfczf, bhw xvf ë, zojh}kh, o flo bhzfykhl jo zfbpo f fwphîo yfpyfwfczhjo, pkwzh jfgkwk}hphyh jfw}fcjhybow o phwwhjo# $EOWWO[, 9009, p# 99+#

O hvzoy zhbiëb glhwwkmkgh jokw flfbfczow pyfwfczfw ch gobpowkîço jh yfpyfwfczhîço

mozonyèmkgh# O pykbfkyo flfbfczo ë gdhbhjo jf oyjfb bhzfykhl, ov wfah, wço zhcnâ}fkw gobo

fxvkphbfczow zëgckgow, ÷pzkgow, xvâbkgow ov flfzyúckgow# O wfnvcjo flfbfczo, jf hgoyjo

gob Eowwo{ $9009+, wço ow jf oyjfb kbhzfykhl hîöfw pyojvqkjhw hzyh}ëw jf gocdfgkbfczow

bfczhkw f gvlzvyhkw jf ghjh moz÷nyhmo# Co bobfczo jo yfnkwzyo fwwhw hîöfw kcjk}kjvhkw wf

bhckmfwzhb fb pykbfkyo lvnhy, ho locno jo pyogfwwo jf gykhîço#

Wfah fb mvcîço jf vb jfwfao kcjk}kjvhl jf ftpyfwwço jf wfv hvzoy, wfah jf

gobkwwkochbfczow fwpfgâmkgow xvf }kwhb vbh jfzfybkchjh hplkghîço $gkfczâmkgh,aoychlâwzkgh, fzg#+ ftkwzf wfbpyf vbh bozk}hîço kczfykoy ov ftzfykoy, pfwwohl ov pyomkwwkochl,phyh h gykhîço jf vbh mozonyhmkh f hâ yfwkjf h pykbfkyh opîço jo moz÷nyhmo, xvhcjo fwzfwflfgkoch o hwwvczo fb mvcîço jf vbh jfzfybkchjh mkchlkjhjf/kczfcgkochlkjhjf# Fwzhbozk}hîço kcmlvkyè jfgkwk}hbfczf ch gocgfpîço f gocwzyvîço jh kbhnfb mkchl# $EOWWO[,9009, p#9>+#

Wfnvcjo Bfcjfw $900=+, hzyh}ëw jhw kbhnfcw ë powwâ}fl hpyfwfczhy h yfhlkjhjf gobo bfko jf

kcmoybhîço }kwvhl# H hvzoyh gobfczh xvf h mozonyhmkh mok vwhjh phyh yfpyfwfczhy h }kwço jo

bvcjo zhl gobo flf yfpyfwfczh f h lvq ë o pykcgkphl flfbfczo xvf gobpöf h zëgckgh phyh o

yfnkwzyo jh kbhnfb#

Aè Cf~zoc $9000+ hpoczh xvf o moz÷nyhmo ë o pykcgkphl flfbfczo phyh h gykhîço jh kbhnfb

mozonyèmkgh, ë flf o yfwpocwè}fl pflh fwgoldh jo hwwvczo, écnvlo f fcxvhjyhbfczo# Jfwwh

moybh, h gfch h wfy mozonyhmhjh fwzè wvafkzh à kczfypyfzhîço jo moz÷nyhmo, ow gocdfgkbfczow

gvlzvyhkw f kjfol÷nkgow pojfyço kczfymfyky co afkzo xvf o hwwvczo wfyè yfnkwzyhjo# O yfwvlzhjo

mkchl jh kbhnfb jfpfcjfyè jo oldhy, jh pfygfpîço f jh kczfcgkochlkjhjf jo moz÷nyhmo#

Ow }èykow fwzvjow woiyf h mozonyhmkh yfwvbfb h yfpyfwfczhîço mozonyèmkgh gobo wfcjo o

gocavczo jf hîöfw, fczyf o moz÷nyhmo f wvhw fwgoldhw gob o hwwvczo h wfy mozonyhmhjo# H moybh

jf zyhcwbkzky h yfhlkjhjf jfpfcjfyè jo avlnhbfczo jo moz÷nyhmo phyh fcxvhjyhy h gfch#



8:

Wfnvcjo Eowwo{ $9009+ ow pyogfwwow jf gocwzyvîço jf yfhlkjhjfw wço zyhzhjow gobo

bfghckwbow bfczhkw jk}kjkjow fb jokw bobfczow# O pykbfkyo ë o pyogfwwo jf gocwzyvîço jh

yfpyfwfczhîço, bobfczo jh pyojvîço jh mozonyhmkh pflo moz÷nyhmo# O wfnvcjo bobfczo fwzè

co pyogfwwo jf gocwzyvîço jh kczfypyfzhîço, ov wfah, h mozonyhmkh phwwh h wfy lkjh pflo oldhy jf

zfygfkyow gob gyâzkghw jkmfyfczfw#

H mozonyhmkh fwzhiflfgf fb cowwh bfb÷ykh vb hyxvk}o }kwvhl jf yfmfyácgkh kcwviwzkzvâ}flphyh o gocdfgkbfczo jo bvcjo# Fwwhw kbhnfcw, fczyfzhczo, vbh }fq hwwkbklhjhw fb cowwhwbfczfw, jfkthb jf wfy fwzèzkghw5 zoychb"wf jkcébkghw f mlvkjhw f bfwglhb"wf ho xvf wobow,pfcwhbow f mhqfbow# Cowwo kbhnkcèyko yfhnf jkhczf jhw kbhnfcw }kwvhkw jf hgoyjo gobcowwhw gocgfpîöfw jf }kjh, wkzvhîço w÷gko"fgocúbkgh, kjfolonkh, gocgfkzow f pyë"gocgfkzow#$EOWWO[, 9009, p#:6+#

Hvbocz $9009+ f Eowwo{ $9009+ gocgoyjhb ho jkqfy xvf h yfpyfwfczhîço jh kbhnfb wf

ihwfkh fb oiafzow gocgyfzow, xvf wf yflhgkochb gob h yfhlkjhjf bhzfykhl jo oiafzo co

phwwhjo# Phyh o yfgfpzoy ftkwzf vb gocmlkzo fczyf h mozonyhmkh }kwvhlkqhjh co pyfwfczf gob o

yfnkwzyo mfkzo co phwwhjo, pokw, o xvf hgoczfgfv w÷ ë powwâ}fl kbhnkcè"lo ë kbpowwâ}fl wf

yfzyhzhy jf moybh mkfl h bfwbh yfhlkjhjf jo phwwhjo f yfgykè"lo mkwkghbfczf#

H yfhlkjhjf phwwhjh ë mkth, kbvzè}fl, kyyf}fywâ}fl5 wf yfmfyf à yfhlkjhjf jo hwwvczo co wfvgoczftzo fwphgkhl f zfbpoyhl, hwwkb gobo à jh pyojvîço jh yfpyfwfczhîço# Ë fwzf o goczftzo

jh }kjh1 pykbfkyh yfhlkjhjf# H mozonyhmkh, kwzo ë, o yfnkwzyo gykhzk}o jhxvflf hwwvczo,goyyfwpocjf à wfnvcjh yfhlkjhjf, h jo jogvbfczo# H yfhlkjhjf cflf yfnkwzyhjh zhbiëb ëmkth f kbvzè}fl, poyfb wvafkzh àw bñlzkplhw kczfypyfzhîöfw# $EOWWO[, 9009, p#:>+#

Wfnvcjo Myfvcj $8;>=+, h yfpyfwfczhîço mozonyèmkgh zf}f wvhw oyknfcw co yfzyhzo mfkzo h ÷lfo f

powzfykoybfczf wfykh wviwzkzvâjo pflh mozonyhmkh# Hp÷w o jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh kcjñwzykh

zfgcol÷nkgh, h kbhnfb nfyhjh pflh gébfyh oizkcdh yfwvlzhjow jo pyogfwwo xvâbkgo f

bfgéckgo xvf jkwzhcgkh}hb jo yfzyhzo mfkzo bhcvhlbfczf# Jfwwf bojo, h mozonyhmkh gocwfnvf

ftpyfwwhy h gvlzvyh f h }kwço jf bvcjo jf vbh wogkfjhjf fb vb jfzfybkchjo pfyâojo jfzfbpo wfcjo, poyzhczo, gocwkjfyhjo vb jogvbfczo dkwz÷ykgo#

Nkwälf Myfvcj $8;>=+ yfwwhlzh xvf h mozonyhmkh fwzè kcwfykjh ch dkwz÷ykh jf bkldhyfw jf pfwwohw

f zfb gobo mvcîço yfpyfwfczhy f jogvbfczhy h yfhlkjhjf ch }kjh wogkhl fb zojow ow

hgoczfgkbfczow# Myfvj $8;>=+ gobphyzkldh gob h }kwço jf Eowwo{ $9009+ ho jkqfy xvf h

mozonyhmkh, hp÷w wfy jkmvcjkjh gobo kcmoybhîço, pojf zfy bñlzkplhw kczfypyfzhîöfw wfcjo,

poyzhczo, vzklkqhjh gobo kcwzyvbfczo jf bhckpvlhîço#



86

Wfnvcjo Bhvhj $9008+, h phyzky jo bobfczo xvf h mozonyhmkh mok gocwkjfyhjh vb jogvbfczo,

h kbhnfb phwwov h wfy zfwzfbvcdh }kwvhl jow hgoczfgkbfczow# Poyëb, phyh h hvzoyh, w÷ hp÷w h

kc}fcîço jhw gébfyhw poyzèzfkw o moz÷nyhmo phwwov h zfy lkbkzhîöfw cow pyogfwwow jf gykhîço,

fjkîço f pvilkghîço jh kbhnfb, pokw, hp÷w h bojfyckqhîço jow fxvkphbfczow h yfhlkjhjf

pojf wfy jogvbfczhjh fb wvh kcwzhczhcfkjhjf#

O xvf fwzh}h ftpowzo ch mozonyhmkh fyh vb pfjhîo jh yfhlkjhjf gocnflhjh, co zfbpo, pflokcwzhczécfo mozonyèmkgo f, pflo mhzo jf fwzhy gocnflhjh, pfybhcfgfykh hzyh}ëw jo zfbpo,kwfczh jf xvhlxvfy goczhbkchîço# $BHVHJ, 9008, p#9+#

Hj}kcjh jh pkczvyh, h mozonyhmkh wf pyopöf h yfpyfwfczhy o mhzo fb wk, gykhcjo vbh yfhlkjhjf

xvf cço pfybkzf goczfwzhîöfw# Phyh Wovwh $9000+, phyh wf mhqfy jh mozonyhmkh vbh hyzf fyhpyfgkwo xvf h kbhnfb powwvâwwf flfbfczow jh pkczvyh, zhkw gobo h ftployhîço jf fmfkzow jh

lvq f jh chzvyfqh#

H mozonyhmkh wf fwmoyîov ho locno jo wëgvlo TT phyh hcvlhy fwwf }âcgvlo gob o yfhl,jfwzhghcjo wfv ghyèzfy hyzkmkgkhl f wvh ghphgkjhjf jf zyhcwmoybhy o bvcjo ghpzhjo pflhgébfyh# Hkcjh xvf h mozonyhmkh jogvbfczhl zfcdh bhczkjo wvh }kzhlkjhjf, zfczov"wf wfbpyfjflkcfhy vbh coîço jf mozonyhmkh hyzâwzkgh bhyghjh pflhw powwkiklkjhjfw jf bhckpvlhîço fyfgocwzyvîço jh yfhlkjhjf, o xvf nhyhczkykh h lknhîço jfwwh pyojvîço gob o kbhnkcèyko jfwfv hvzoy# $WOVQH, 900;, p#=+#

Phyh ow fwzvjkowow Whczhfllh f Cozd $8;;;+, ow pyogfwwow gocwzyvzk}ow jh kbhnfb powwvfb

jvhw fzhphw1 o bobfczo pyë"mozonyèmkgo f o p÷w"mozonyèmkgo# Ch pykbfkyh fzhph, h kbhnfb

powwvk o xvf ow hvzoyfw jfcobkchb jf gfyzh bhzfykhlkjhjf, ov wfah, h mozonyhmkh yfpyfwfczh vb

oiafzo ñckgo, lfnâzkbo, yfwvlzhjo jo fcxvhjyhbfczo jo kcwzhczécfo jh yfhlkjhjf, o moz÷nyhmo

fwgoldf o hwwvczo f yfnkwzyh o fwphîo xvf ahbhkw pojfyè wfy yfzyhzhjo jh bfwbh bhcfkyh# Aè

ch wfnvcjh fzhph, o p÷w"mozonyèmkgo flkbkch h }kwço jf bhzfykhlkjhjf# Gob o hj}fczo

zfgcol÷nkgo f kcmoybhzkqhjo, h kbhnfb hnoyh ë jknkzhlkqhjh f zyhcwmfykjh phyh h zflh jogobpvzhjoy, fwzf poy wvh }fq, fxvk}hlf ho wvpoyzf kcmoybhgkochl co xvhl h mozonyhmkh }kyzvhl

phwwh h hwwvbky wvh moybh f kjfczkjhjf }kwvhl#

9#7 H mozonyhmkh ch wogkfjhjf goczfbpoyécfh

H kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh zyhcwbkzf kcmoybhîöfw how oldow jo kcjk}âjvo xvf, poy wvh }fq, zfczh

hwwogkhy h yfpyfwfczhîço mozonyèmkgh à yfhlkjhjf zyhcwbkzkjh poy flh# H mozonyhmkh ë hchlkwhjh



8=

jf hgoyjo gob h gvlzvyh jf ghjh wvafkzo f wvh ghphgkjhjf jf yfgocdfgfy h yfhlkjhjf

zyhcwbkzkjh pflh kbhnfb# Jfwwf bojo, h mozonyhmkh phwwh pflh pfygfpîço jh wogkfjhjf xvf

kczfypyfzh h kbhnfb jf hgoyjo gob h }kwço jf bvcjo, jf hgoyjo gob ow hvzoyfw Ikzzfcgovyz

$8;;:+, Bhyzkcw $9004+ f Olk}fkyh $9009+#

Bhyzkcw $9004+ hgyfjkzh xvf h mozonyhmkh f h wogkfjhjf gobphyzkldhb o phwwhjo jf bhcfkyh

wviafzk}h# Phyh o hvzoy, o hzo mozonyèmkgo powwvk jvplh yfhlkjhjf, ov wfah, o yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo

pojf zfy bhkw jf vbh kczfypyfzhîço#

Hw kbhnfcw jow zfyyfbozow co Dhkzk f co Gdklf cow pfybkzfb zfy vbh coîço jo gfcèyko jow

jfwzyoîow ghvwhjow pflo zyfboy jf zfyyh, gdfko jf fwgobiyow, pofkyh f goypow# Poy ovzyo lhjo,

h kbhnfb cow mhq yfmlfzky woiyf hw bèw gocjkîöfw jf }kjh jow dhkzkhcow fb goczyhpoczo àwkzvhîço gdklfch, xvf zfb h fgocobkh fb gocwzhczf jfwfc}ol}kbfczo# Woiyfzvjo pfybkzf

kcjhnhy woiyf hw jkmfyfcîhw jf ghjh phâw, gobo woiyf}k}fyhb f gobo wvpfyhyhb ow pyoilfbhw

fwzfw jokw po}ow hp÷w o zfyyfbozo#

Ho oldhy h mozonyhmkh jow jhcow ghvwhjow pflo zfyyfbozo, ghjh kcjk}âjvo kyè kbhnkchy o

womykbfczo jhw popvlhîöfw jf vb bojo jkmfyfczf, gob bhkw ov bfcow kczfcwkjhjf, hwwkb

gobo o yfp÷yzfy mozonyèmkgo hchlkwov o gfcèyko phyh mhqfy o yfnkwzyo jhxvklo xvf flf zkcdh h

kczfcîço jf zyhcwbkzky phyh o pñilkgo# Jfwwf bojo, h mozonyhmkh cow pfybkzf kbhnkchy hxvklo

xvf ë ov aè mok jo zfyyfbozo#

Bhyzkcw $9004+ gobpyffcjf xvf h yfpyfwfczhîço wogkhl mozonyèmkgh w÷ ftkwzf wf flh goczfbplhy

h yfgoyjhîço jo yfnkwzyo ov o moz÷nyhmo pfygfify xvf ë kbpowwâ}fl yfzyhzhy h yfhlkjhjf jf

moybh oiafzk}h#

Hkcjh wfnvcjo Bhyzkcw $9004+, hw pfwwohw xvf hphyfgfb ov wf jfkthb hphyfgfy jkhczf jh

gébfyh mozonyèmkgh wço pfywochnfcw xvf yfzyhzhb vbh }kwço jh wogkfjhjf }k}kjh fb vbjfzfybkchjo pfyâojo jf zfbpo#

H pfygfpîço f o gocdfgkbfczo jh yfhlkjhjf mhqfb phyzf jh gocwzyvîço jh }kwço jf bvcjo jf

ghjh kcjk}âjvo# O gocavczo jf }hloyfw wogkhkw pfybkzf xvf h pfwwoh gocwknh ftpyfwwhy wvh

opkckço bhckmfwzhjh gocmoybf ow }hloyfw kjfol÷nkgow, wogkhkw f gvlzvyhkw xvf ghjh kcjk}âjvo

powwvk# Ho oldhy phyh vbh mozonyhmkh, o yfgfpzoy hwwkbklh h mozo à yfhlkjhjf f ftpyfwwh wvh

}kwço woiyf o bobfczo yfzyhzhjo#



8>

H mozonyhmkh ë ghphq zhbiëb jf wfy vzklkqhjh phyh jfbocwzyhy h yfhlkjhjf, wfcjo hwwkb, flh

yf}flh kbhnfcw xvf pojfb mvzvyhbfczf wfy hchlkwhjo jf moybh gyâzkgh poy zfygfkyow jf hgoyjo

gob o yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo fwgoldkjo phyh yfpyfwfczhy h yfhlkjhjf#

Wfnvcjo Dvbifyzo $9000+, hzyh}ëw jh hcèlkwf mozonyèmkgh ë powwâ}fl fcmhzkqhy

xvfwzkochbfczow woiyf h yfhlkjhjf yfpyfwfczhjh# Zhkw hynvbfczow pojfb nfyhy co}hw

kczfypyfzhîöfw, bhw phyh o hvzoy cço wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf wf zyhzh jh hlzfyhîço jf vbh }fyjhjf,

hpfchw hioyjh h jfwgoifyzh jf vbh co}h gocwkjfyhîço woiyf h mozonyhmkh#

Ikzzfcgovyz $8;;:+ hgyfjkzh xvf, zhczo ho kczfypyfzhy h kbhnfb xvhczo ho gykhy vbh mozonyhmkh,

hbiow ow bobfczow powwvfb ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wviafzk}hw# Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, h mozonyhmkh powwvk

o gobpyobkwwo gob o yfhl co hzo jf hpyfwfczhy ho pñilkgo ow mhzow#

H kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh ho locno jo zfbpo hwwvbkv h yfwpocwhiklkjhjf jf yfpyfwfczhy h

yfhlkjhjf# Hzyh}ëw jo yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo mfkzo co phwwhjo, ë pfybkzkjo zyhqfy phyh o pyfwfczf,

myhnbfczow jh yfhlkjhjf jf vbh jfzfybkchjh ëpogh# Bhw, h gocwzyvîço jf yfhlkjhjf pojfyè

kczfy}ky ch kczfypyfzhîço jh kbhnfb, gocmoybf h kjfhlkqhîço jf ghjh }fâgvlo jf kcmoybhîço,

poy ftfbplo#

Bvkzhw wço hw powwkiklkjhjfw phyh yfzyhzhy hw zyhnëjkhw ghvwhjhw pflow zfyyfbozow, hw moybhwphyh hioyjhy h yfhlkjhjf pojfb fwzhy pyfwfczfw fb xvfwzöfw zëgckghw, poy ftfbplo, ch fwgoldh

jo écnvlo, jh pyomvcjkjhjf jf ghbpo f jh klvbkchîço xvf o moz÷nyhmo fwgoldfyè phyh wfy

yfnkwzyhjo# Hlëb zhbiëb jf fwgoldhw bfczhlbfczf moybvlhjhw pflo pyomkwwkochl, poy

ftfbplo, o xvf wf jf}f kcwfyky ov goyzhy jh mozo#

Olk}fkyh $9009+ lf}hczh h jvplh pfygfpîço jf kbhnfcw mozonyèmkghw, gocwkjfyhcjo h

kbpoyzécgkh fb kczfypyfzhy h mozonyhmkh poy jk}fywow oldhyfw# Wfnvcjo h hvzoyh, fb wkzvhîöfw

gobo fwwh, o lfkzoy pojfyè fcgoczyhy vb hwpfgzo xvf ldf gdhbf bhkw hzfcîço ch mozonyhmkh joxvf pyopykhbfczf h kczfcîço jo moz÷nyhmo xvhcjo h yfnkwzyov# Olk}fkyh $9009+ hgyfjkzh xvf,

cço ë powwâ}fl jflkbkzhy h ghphgkjhjf kczflfgzvhl jf ghjh kcjk}âjvo, ov wfah, cço dè gobo

vzklkqhy ow gocdfgkbfczow gvlzvyhkw f wogkhkw f vzklkqè"low gob h bfwbh kczfcîço#



84

7 MOZOAOYCHLKWBO F YF]KWZH

O mozoaoychlkwbo zfb gobo mkchlkjhjf chyyhy, jfwgyf}fy ov bfwbo hynvbfczhy gob kbhnfcw#

Cço w÷ ço flhw xvf zyhcwmoybhb o mhzo fb kbhnfb phyh zyhcwbkzky ho kcjk}âjvo vbh }kwço jo

hgoczfgkbfczo# Hwwkb o lfkzoy ë ghphq jf gobpyffcjfy bfldoy h cozâgkh hzyh}ëw jo oldhy jo

mozoaoychlkwzh# Wovwh $9009+ hpyfwfczh jf bojo hiyhcnfczf h dkwz÷ykh jfwzh kbpoyzhczf fwmfyh

jo aoychlkwbo#

7#8 H oyknfb jo mozoaoychlkwbo

O mozoaoychlkwbo ë vbh hzk}kjhjf wkcnvlhy xvf vwh h mozonyhmkh gobo vb }fâgvlo jfoiwfy}hîço, jf kcmoybhîço, jf hcèlkwf f jf opkckço woiyf h }kjh dvbhch f hwgocwfxüácgkhw xvf flh zyhq ho Plhcfzh# H mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh bowzyh, yf}flh,ftpöf, jfcvcgkh, opkch# Jè kcmoybhîço f havjh h gyfjkiklkqhy h kcmoybhîço zftzvhl#Pojf wfy vwhjh fb }èykow wvpoyzfw, jfwjf ow aoychkw f yf}kwzhw, àw ftpowkîöfw f howiolfzkcw jf fbpyfwh# O jobâcko jhw lkcnvhnfcw, zëgckghw f fxvkphbfczowmozoaoychlâwzkgow ë, hwwkb, vbh bhkw"}hlkh phyh xvhlxvfy pyomkwwkochl jhgobvckghîço# $WOVWH, 9009, p#6+#

Wovwh $9009+ hmkybh h mozonyhmkh zfb gobo pykcgkphl mkchlkjhjf kcmoybhy f pojf wfy

glhwwkmkghjh fb jokw gocavczow, mozojogvbfczhlkwbo f mozoaoychlkwbo# Ë kbpoyzhczf mhqfy h

jkwzkcîço fczyf hw ghzfnoykhw, pokw, zyhzh"wf jo bfwbo flfbfczo, h mozonyhmkh, fb goczftzow

jkmfyfczfw# O pyomkwwkochl xvf lkjh gob mozojogvbfczhlkwbo powwvk zojh fwzyvzvyh jo pyoafzo,

gobo o loghl f o hwwvczo xvf wfyè hioyjhjo, jfwwf bojo o mozojogvbfczhlkwzh gocdfgf ifb o

zfbh, pokw zf}f zfbpo phyh wf pyfphyhy# Aè o mozoaoychlkwzh w÷ gocdfgf o zfbh co bobfczo fb

xvf flf gdfnh à yfjhîço, ov wfah, o zfbh ë mhgzvhl#

Jvyhczf jëghjhw, h kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh mok jfw}hloykqhjh pflow pfyk÷jkgow kbpyfwwow, wfnvcjo

Wovwh $9009+ ow fjkzoyfw cço hgyfjkzh}hb ch kbpoyzécgkh kcmoybhzk}h jh mozonyhmkh,gocwkjfyh}hb xvf h mozonyhmkh cço wf hjfxvh}h h yfhlkjhjf gvlzvyhl f wogkhl jow bfkow jf

gobvckghîço aoychlâwzkgow#

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Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, fczyf hw jëghjhw jf 8;90 f 8;70, jo wëgvlo TT, xvhcjo wvynkv co phâw

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hzkcnkyhb h zkyhnfb jf bhkw gkcgo bkldöfw jf ftfbplhyfw phyh vb pñilkgo jf }kczf bkldöfw jfdhikzhczfw#



8;

H mozonyhmkh co wëgvlo TT, zkcdh gobo mkchlkjhjf gobplfbfczhy h chyyhzk}h jo zftzo

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jh Hlfbhcdh cow hcow jf 8;90# Co ghbpo mozoaoychlâwzkgo ë kbpoyzhczf jfwzhghy o wvynkbfczo

jf mlhwdfw bhkw bojfycow f o hvbfczo zhbiëb jo vwo jf gébfyhw jf pfxvfco moybhzo 76

bb# Phyh o mozo"yfp÷yzfy wf jfwzhghy pyomkwwkochlbfczf ë cfgfwwèyko zfy ioh moybhîço f câ}fl

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pñilkghw, bhw zhbiëb poy yfzyhzow jf pfwwohw gobvcw# Jfwwh moybh, hw fjkzoykhw jhw yf}kwzhw

hlfbçw gobfîhyhb h pvilkghy bhzëykhw woiyf o gozkjkhco jh popvlhîço ifb gobo wf

hvbfczov o fwphîo gvlzvyhl f fgocúbkgo jhw mozonyhmkhw#

U###R h mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh nhcdov moyîh, vlzyhphwwhcjo o ghyèzfy bfyhbfczf klvwzyhzk}o fjfgoyhzk}o h xvf fyh }ozhjh# O mozoaoychlkwbo jf hvzoy zoycov"wf yfmfyácgkh oiyknhz÷ykh#Pflh pykbfkyh }fq, pyk}klfnkov"wf h kbhnfb fb jfzykbfczo jo zftzo, xvf wvynkh gobo vbgobplfbfczo, poy }fqfw yfjvqkjo h pfxvfchw lfnfcjhw# $WOVWH, 9009, p#84+#

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aoychlâwzkgo h kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh, hczfw vzklkqhjh hpfchw gob ghyèzfy klvwzyhzk}o, ov wfah, h

mozonyhmkh fyh hnyfnhjh gobo vb gobplfbfczo ho goczfñjo fwgykzo, wfb cfgfwwhykhbfczf

powwvky gobpyobkwwo gob h }fyhgkjhjf jhw kcmoybhîöfw# W÷ hp÷w o kcâgko jo wëgvlo TT, hmozonyhmkh phwwov h ogvphy h bfwbh kbpoyzécgkh jo zftzo cow pfyk÷jkgow, jfwwf bojo kckgkov"

wf h gocgoyyácgkh mozoaoychlâwzkgh fczyf hw fbpyfwhw jf gobvckghîço fb ivwgh jf lvgyo f

pvilkgkjhjf cow aoychkw#

Phyh h wolkjkmkghîço jh “jovzykch jo wgoop $mozo ftglvwk}h jf pykbfkyh bço+‒ zhbiëb

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hgoczfgkbfczo $h mozonyhmkh gobo wknco gocjfcwhjo+, jf bhcfkyh h xvf mowwf mhgklbfczfkjfczkmkgè}fkw f lkjow $plhcow myoczhkw, fzg#+# Phyh kwwo, zhbiëb zfyè goczykivâjo o mhzo jf, cokcâgko jo wëgvlo TT, hw kbhnfcw wfyfb }hloykqhjhw bhkw pflh ckzkjfq f pflhyfpyojvzkiklkjhjf jo xvf pflo wfv }hloy cozkgkowo kczyâcwfgo, gocmoybf goczh Dkgew $8;69+#$WOVWH, 9009, p#8:+#

Ho locno jo zfbpo h mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh zoycov"wf flfbfczo pykboyjkhl chw pènkchw jow

aoychkw phwwhcjo hzë bfwbo ogvphy o fwphîo jfwzkchjo ho zftzo zhbhcdh wvh

yfpyfwfczhzk}kjhjf ch gocwzyvîço jo mhzo#

Cow pykbfkyow zfbpow jo co}o mozoaoychlkwbo, phyh wf oizfy wvgfwwo chw mozonyhmkhw fbkczfykoyfw poy }fqfw fyh cfgfwwèyko yfgoyyfy h plhghw jf }kjyo, bhkw wfcwâ}fkw, f pyogfjfy àyf}flhîço jhw plhghw fb ihcdow fwpfgkhkw# H pyomvcjkjhjf jf ghbpo zhbiëb fyh bvkzolkbkzhjh, pflo xvf o gèlgvlo jhw jkwzécgkhw zkcdh jf wfy mfkzo gob nyhcjf pyfgkwço, o xvf



90

jkmkgvlzh}h h }kjh jo moz÷nyhmo# Zhbiëb fyh pyfgkwo vwhy zykpë, kcgobojo f jkmâgkl jffwgocjfy# Yhyhbfczf wf gocwfnvkhb oizfy }èykhw mozow jf vb bfwbo zfbh, pflo xvf h mozoxvf wf oizkcdh jf}kh “mhlhy poy wk‒# Hwwkb, gobfîh h kcwkcvhy "wf, gob moyîh, comozoaoychlkwbo jo kcwzhczf, h coîço jo xvf, bhkw zhyjf, Dfcyk"Ghyzkfy Iyfwwoc glhwwkmkghyègobo “bobfczo jfgkwk}o $WOVWH, 9009, p#8;+#

Wovwh $9009+ jk}kjkv h dkwz÷ykh jo mozoaoychlkwbo fb zyáw yf}olvîöfw# H pykbfkyh yf}olvîço

wfnvcjo o hvzoy ogoyyfv hp÷w h KK Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl, zfcjo gobo jfwzhxvf hw hnácgkhw jf

cozâgkhw xvf pyojvqkhb mozonyhmkh aoychlâwzkgh f jogvbfczhl wfcjo hbihw hw moybhw bhkw

vzklkqhjhw phyh ftpyfwwhy h yfhlkjhjf jh wogkfjhjf# Poy ovzyo lhjo, Wovwh yf}flh xvf “h

yozkckqhîço f goc}fcgkochlkqhîço jo zyhihldo mozoaoychlâwzkgo f h pyojvîço fb wëykf jf mozow

jf mhkz"jk}fyw ihchlkqov o pyojvzo jf cozâgkhw‒# $WOVWH, 9009, p#98+

Co wëgvlo TT, chw jëghjhw jf 8;40 f 8;;0, wvynkv h mozo klvwzyhîço gocdfgkjh gobo h mozo

nlhbovy , h mozo ifhvzkmvl pfoplf, ov h mozo kcwzkzvgkochl, xvf jkmfyfcgkh}h jhw mozow

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gocmvcjkh"wf ch jkmfyfcgkhîço fczyf h hyzf f h ftpyfwwço jow moz÷nyhmow jf kbpyfcwh

$jogvbfczhlkwzhw f mozoaoychlkwzhw+#

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hbplkhcjo"h, poy ovzyo lhjo, o bfwbo mhzo womykh hlzfyhîöfw co goczfñjo gob bfcow

kcmoybhîöfw#

O jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo mozoaoychlkwbo hp÷w h Wfnvcjh Nvfyyh Bvcjkhl jfwzhgov ovzyow poczow

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fwpfgkhlkqhjhw $ bojh, jfgoyhîço, flfzyúckgh, mozonyhmkh+#

H wfnvcjh yf}olvîço co mozoaoychlkwbo ogoyyfv jvyhczf ow hcow 8;=0 gob o hvbfczo jo

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98

Zhl mhzo zfyè pyo}oghjo, nyhjvhlbfczf, o hihcjoco jh mvcîço w÷gko"kczfnyhjoyh xvf owbfjkh dkwzoykghbfczf powwvâhb, fb pyk}klënko jh fwpfzhgvlhykqhîço f jyhbhzkqhîço jhkcmoybhîço# Co mozoaoychlkwbo, fwzh bvjhcîh kcgyvwzov"wf bhkw co pyk}klënko jhjo àghpzvyh jo hgoczfgkbfczo wfcwhgkochl f ch kcjvwzykhlkqhîço jh hzk}kjhjf jo xvf ch yfmlftçowoiyf ow zfbhw, hw co}hw zfgcolonkhw, hw pfwwohw, ow moz÷nyhmow f ow wvafkzow yfpyfwfczhjow#

$WOVWH, 9009, p#9:+#

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hnácgkhw jf cozâgkhw xvf o hvzoy glhwwkmkgov gobo “mèiykghw jf mozonyhmkhw‒#

Xvhzyo yf}kwzhw klvwzyhjhw $Gollkfy‛w, Pkgzvyfw Powz, Looe f Lkmf+ phwwhyhb poy vbh gykwf co

mkchl jow hcow 8;60, jo wëgvlo TT, f fcgfyyhyhb wvhw hzk}kjhjfw jf}kjo ho jfw}kow jf

yfgvywow pvilkgkzèykow phyh h zflf}kwço#

Wfnvcjo Wovwh $9009+ co mkchl jow hcow 8;>0 hw yf}kwzhw pvilkghb gob bhkw myfxvácgkh

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cñbfyo jf pyomkwwkochkw#

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fwzfcjfv phyh ovzyow wfzoyfw, gobo h polâzkgh, ocjf o mozoaoychlkwzh womykh kbpfjkbfczow, ov

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kcjfpfcjfczf# Jfwwh moybh, ow polkgkhkw kcjkgh}hb phyh ow mozoaoychlkwzhw ow kcwzhczfw fb xvf

fyh pfybkzkjo yfnkwzyhy o f}fczo, hlëb jf wfy lkbkzhjo o fwphîo mâwkgo h wfy ogvphjo, wvynfb



99

zhbiëb hw mozow"mhbâlkh ocjf o polâzkgo wf powkgkoch}h ho lhjo jf wfvw gobphcdfkyow phyh

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wvynkv à pyèzkgh jo yhmlfy $lf}hy zvjo phyh xvf chjh yfwzf phyh h gocgoyyácgkh+#

H gocgoyyácgkh fczyf hw nyhcjfw hnfcgkhw cozkgkowhw " HMP, HP f Yfvzfyw ‗ jfv vb co}owfczkjo à ihzhldh zfgcol÷nkgh xvf }fko h pfybkzky h bfldoykh wknckmkghzk}h jhw gocjkîöfw jfzyhcwbkwwço f fjkîço jf kbhnfcw, fwpfgkhlbfczf jf}kjo àw zfgcolonkhw jknkzhkw# Zojh}kh,cço wf cozov vbh hlzfyhîço wviwzhcgkhl jow phjyöfw jf xvhlkjhjf jo hzo mozonyèmkgo, pokw omozoaoychlkwbo zyhjkgkochl jhw hnácgkhw cozkgkowhw pfybhcfgfv povgo gykhzk}o# Owmozoaoychlkwzhw jf hnácgkh povgo bhkw wço jo xvf mvcgkocèykow jh kbhnfb, fwgyh}ow jhhzvhlkjhjf h xvfczf, xvf cço fwgoldfb ow wfvw zfbhw f how xvhkw, yfnyh nfyhl, hpfchw ë

fcgobfcjhjh vbh mozo ‗ myfxvfczfbfczf jf xvhlkjhjf nfyhl, povgo pykboyowh ‗ poyhwwvczo# $WOVWH, 9009, p#94+#

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mozonyhmkh#

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97

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yfwnhzhjo cow nyhcjfw pfyk÷jkgow#

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pyomkwwkochl hjfxvhîço h jk}fywow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, ov wfah, o mozoaoychlkwzh zfb xvf

pfcwhy phyh xvhkw bfkow wfyço pvilkghjow wfvw zyhihldow gobo yf}kwzhw, aoychkw f kczfycfz#

H goc}fynácgkh bkjkèzkgh vckv jvhw pyomkwwöfw fb hpfchw vbh, kwwo wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf vbpyomkwwkochl gkcfbhzonyèmkgo pyojvq goczfñjo jkcébkgo $}âjfo+, fwzèzkgo $mozo+ f èvjko jf ioh

xvhlkjhjf fb vb ñckgo fxvkphbfczo ghphq jf nfyhy kcmoybhîöfw phyh xvhlxvfy }fkgvlo jf

gobvckghîço#

Hpfwhy jhw zfcwöfw, ë pyo}è}fl xvf o bfyghjo jh kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh wf hlhynvf f goczkcvfh jk}fywkmkghy1 goczkcvhb h wvynky co}hw pvilkghîöfw, myfxvfczfbfczf fwpfgkhlkqhjhw#Bfwbo cow aoychkw flfzyúckgow f kczfyhzk}ow, cow xvhkw hlnvbhw kbhnfcw aè cço wçopfxvfcow mklbfw }âjfo f cço kbhnfcw mkthw, hw mozow goczkcvhb h zfy lvnhy# $WOVWH, 9009,p#79+#



9:

Jfwwh moybh ghif h ghjh pyomkwwkochl mozonyèmkgo wf bhczfy hzvhlkqhjo woiyf hw zfgcol÷nkghw f

zfczhy wf hjfxvhy hw co}hw moybhw jf nfyhy goczfñjo mozoaoychlâwzkgo# Vbh powwâ}fl zfcjácgkh

bfyghjol÷nkgh fcgoczyh"wf fb pvilkghîöfw fwpfgkhlkqhjhw, o xvf nhyhczf jf gfyzh moybh h

pyomkwwço jo mozoaoychlkwzh#

7#9 Nácfyow mozoaoychlâwzkgow

O mozoaoychlkwbo ë jk}kjkjo fb }èykow nácfyow, gykhjow phyh kjfczkmkghy ghjh fwzklo jf

mozonyhmkh jfczyo jo aoychlkwbo#

Wfnvcjo Wovwh $9009+, ë pyfgkwo lf}hy fb gocwkjfyhîço h kczfcîço aoychlâwzkgh f o goczftzo co

xvhl fwzço kcwfykjhw hw kbhnfcw# O zftzo fb wvh moybh f goczfñjo ë kbpoyzhczf, pokw o

flfbfczo zftzo fwzè }kcgvlhjo à kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh# Kwwo xvfy jkqfy xvf, vbh mozonyhmkh

cozkgkowh wfphyhjh jo zftzo, pojfyè pfyjfy wvh kczfcgkochlkjhjf f wfy glhwwkmkghjh fb ovzyh

ghzfnoykh jf vb yfzyhzo, poy ftfbplo5 jf mfhzvyf pdozo, ov hzë bfwbo cço wf fcxvhjyhy fb

cfcdvbh ghzfnoykh# Hw mozonyhmkhw pvilkghjhw fb pfyk÷jkgow wço glhwwkmkghjhw jf bhcfkyhnfyhl gobo mozonyhmkhw jf cozâgkhw, jfczyo jfwzf nácfyo fcgoczyh"wf h wviglhwwkmkghîço jhw wpoz

cf~w f hw kbhnfcw mozonyèmkghw fb nfyhl#

Hw wpoz cf~w wço hw mozonyhmkhw “ñckghw‒ jf hgoczfgkbfczow “jvyow‒ $dhyj cf~w+,myfxvfczfbfczf kbpyf}kwzow# Cfwzhw wkzvhîöfw ow mozoaoychlkwzhw, nfyhlbfczf, zábpovgo zfbpo phyh plhcfahy hw kbhnfcw xvf xvfyfb oizfy# Hgocwfldh"wf wfbpyf hpyë"}kwvhlkqhîço# Bhw, co ghloy jf vb hgoczfgkbfczo, ë h ghphgkjhjf jf yfhîço xvfbvkzhw }fqfw jfzfybkch h xvhlkjhjf aoychlâwzkgh jh mozo# $WOVWH, 9009, p#880+#

H ftpfykácgkh pyomkwwkochl kyè jfzfybkchy h ghphgkjhjf jf jkwgfycky o bobfczo kjfhl phyh wf

yfnkwzyhy o hgoczfgkbfczo }hloykqhcjo hwpfgzow kbpoyzhczfw, gobo h lvbkcowkjhjf jo

hbikfczf f h kjfczkmkghîço jo loghl#

Wovwh $9009+ hgyfjkzh xvf hw wpoz cf~w wço mozonyhmkhw yfnkwzyhjhw fb gfcèykow zyhvbèzkgow,

fb xvf hw fboîöfw “fwzço à mloy jh pflf‒, gobo co ghwo jhw zyhnëjkhw ogoyykjhw co Dhkzk f co

Gdklf, xvf ftknkyhb jow pyomkwwkochkw mozonyèmkgow gfyzh dhiklkjhjf fb lkjhy gob }âzkbhw jo

zfyyfbozo, gob hvzoykjhjfw f bhckmfwzhczfw#

Ë jf whlkfczhy xvf, fb gfyzhw oghwköfw, hw kbhnfcw pozfcgkhlbfczf bhkw gdoghczfw,cobfhjhbfczf hxvflhw fb fv wf pojfb cozhy ov hzë kjfczkmkghy pfwwohw mfykjhw ov boyzhw,gdfkhw jf whcnvf, pojfb cço ftpyfwwhy zço ifb h fboîço xvf yojfkh vbh ogoyyácgkh



96

zyhvbèzkgh gobo jfzfybkchjhw mozow bfcow gdoghczfw# Ch }fyjhjf, vbh mozo jf wogoyykwzhwfthvwzow ov h hpyfwwhyfb"wf pfyhczf vbh wkzvhîço jf fbfynácgkh pojf wfy ihwzhczf bhkwkczfyfwwhczf f pojf ghvwhy bhkw kbphgzo jo xvf vbh mozo jf boyzow f mfykjow# $WOVWH,9009, p#888+#

Woiyfzvjo o gocavczo jf wpoz cf~w pojfb, wfnvcjo o hvzoy, mvcgkochy gobo vbh dkwz÷ykh fbmozonyhmkhw, ov wfah, h yfvckço jf mozonyhmkhw jhw zyhnëjkhw ghvwhjhw pflow zfyyfbozow pojfyè

wfy zyhcwmoybhjh fb pkgzvyf wzoy{#

Aè hw mozonyhmkhw xvf yfpyfwfczhb hw cozâgkhw fb nfyhl $nfcfyhl cf~w+ pfybkzfb xvf o

mozoaoychlkwzh wf pyfphyf gob hczfgfjácgkh, ov wfah, flf zfb h lkifyjhjf jf fwgoldfy ow mklbfw f

oiafzk}hw xvf kyè vzklkqhy#

Wfnvcjo Wovwh $9009+ hw phvzhw phyh fwzf zkpo jf goifyzvyh wço jkyfgkochjhw phyhhgoczfgkbfczow yozkcfkyow zhkw gobo1 fczyf}kwzhw golfzk}hw, yfvcköfw polâzkghw, wfbkcèykow,

gocnyfwwow, bhckmfwzhîöfw phgâmkghw, iolwh jf }hloyfw, ghbphcdhw flfkzoyhkw f f}fczow

gvlzvyhkw#

Nfyhlbfczf, o mozoaoychlkwzh wflfgkoch hpfchw vbh mozonyhmkh jf cozâgkh woiyf ghjhhgoczfgkbfczo# Poy ovzyhw phlh}yhw, nfyhlbfczf mhqfy mozonyhmkhw jf cozâgkhw goyyfwpocjf hwflfgkochy hpfchw vbh ñckgh kbhnfb fwzh mozonyhmkh “ñckgh‒, kjfhlbfczf, jf}f yfpyfwfczhy

o fwwfcgkhl jo hgoczfgkbfczo fb ghvwh# $WOVWH,9009, p#887+#

Hw mfhzvyfw pdozow wço mozonyhmkhw xvf wkwzfbhzkqhb hw kcmoybhîöfw yfwzhcjo phyh o aoychlkwzh

yfwpocwè}fl pflo zftzo hpfchw gobplfbfczhy pfxvfcow jhjow gobo loghl f jhzh jo

hgoczfgkbfczo# Hlëb jh hnklkjhjf co oizvyhjoy o mozoaoychlkwzh zfb xvf powwvky vbh

ghphgkjhjf jf pfywvhwço phyh jfkthy ow mozonyhmhjow bhkw gocmoyzè}fkw pfyhczf hw gébfyhw#

O mozo"yfp÷yzfy powwvk hlnvcw oiwzègvlow phyh gocwfnvky h kbhnfb, pokw, coybhlbfczf,

mfhzvyfw pdozow cço zfb loghl f jhzh pyf}kwzow# Ovzyo mhzoy xvf jkmkgvlzh o zyhihldo jo

mozoaoychlâwzh yfwkjf fb whify wflfgkochy kcwzhczhcfhbfczf o hwwvczo, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf

zfyè xvf jhy wfczkjo à kbhnfb yfnkwzyhjh, ifb gobo pfcwhy chw zëgckghw h wfyfb hplkghjhw co

fcxvhjyhbfczo#

O pyomkwwkochl phyh gocwfnvky iohw kbhnfcw pyfgkwh fwzhy, jf hgoyjo gob Wovwh $9009+, jf

pyoczkjço, bvckjo jf fxvkphbfczow fmkgkfczfw f oldhy zyfkchjo# Jfwwf bojo, o mozo"yfp÷yzfy

wfyè ghphq jf yfnkwzyhy kbhnfcw jf gvcdo aoychlâwzkgo wfb xvf phyh kwwo fwzfah fwghlhjo, fwzh

ghyhgzfyâwzkgh jkwzkcnvf gob glhyfqh o zyhihldo jf mozoaoychlkwzhw fwpfgkhlkqhjow fb mfhzvyfw

pdozow#



9=

H mozo‗ yfpoyzhnfb zfb gobo pykcgkphl oiafzk}o, wfnvcjo Wovwh $9009+, wkzvhy, jogvbfczhy,

bowzyhy h f}olvîço f ghyhgzfykqhy vb hgoczfgkbfczo yfhl f wfvw fc}ol}kjow, coybhlbfczf ë

hgobphcdhjh jf vb zftzo gvyzo phyh kczyojvqky jf moybh nfyhl o gocavczo jf mozonyhmkhw# H

mvcîço jfwwf nácfyo ë oykfczhy h gobpyffcwço jh lfkzvyh jhw kbhnfcw wfcjo zhbiëb oiafzo jf

gobplfbfczo ho zftzo#

7#7 Mozoaoychlkwbo jf Yf}kwzh

H yf}kwzh gdfnov ho Iyhwkl co wëgvlo TKT hzyh}ëw jow co}ow pyogfwwow jf kcjvwzykhlkqhîço#

Mok cfwwf pfyâojo zhbiëb xvf hw mozow nhcdhyhb fwphîo cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço gob

bhkw kczfcwkjhjf# H pykbfkyh yf}kwzh iyhwklfkyh xvf vzklkqov mozonyhmkhw fb wvhw fjkîöfw mok h

Yf}kwzh jh Wfbhch xvf mhqkh vb lf}hczhbfczo jow gykbfw f yfgocwzkzvâh fb wfvw fwzñjkow#

Ch jëghjh jf 8;60, o fbpyfwèyko f aoychlkwzh Hwwkw Gdhzfhviykhcj pvilkgov h Yf}kwzh O

Gyvqfkyo zyhqfcjo fb wvhw pènkchw goczfñjo mozoaoychlâwzkgo }hloykqhjo pflh fjkzoyh, cfwzf

pfyâojo h yf}kwzh gdfnov à bhygh jf >00 bkl ftfbplhyfw wfbhchkw#

Mok, poyzhczo, cfwzf hco, xvf h yf}kwzh nhcdov yfgocdfgkbfczo f jfwzhxvf, ho kc}fwzky chkczyojvîço jo nácfyo mozoyyfpoyzhnfb, yfpyfwfczhcjo vbh kco}hîço ch phkwhnfb jffjkzoyhîço co Iyhwkl# H phyzky jf fczço, h mozoyyfpoyzhnfb hjxvkykv vb ghyèzfy py÷pyko, fkwzo wf jfv poyxvf h kczyojvîço jo gocgfkzo gokcgkjkv gob h pyogvyh jf vbh gobpyffcwçojo phâw, gob vb vck}fywo gvlzvyhl f wogkhl fwpfgâmkgo, h phyzky jf vbh gocavczvyh polâzkghxvf pyfnh}h o chgkochlkwbo# $BOVYH, 900;, p#7+#

Wfnvcjo Bovyh $900;+, hp÷w h kcwfyîço jo mozoaoychlkwbo ch yf}kwzh O Gyvqfkyo, h xvhlkjhjf

nyèmkgh jo goczfñjo bfldoyov, pokw hzë fczço fyhb kbpyfwwow kbhnfcw klvwzyhzk}hw, ov wfah,

jfwfcdow# H mozonyhmkh phwwov h wfy flfbfczo pykboyjkhl ch gobpowkîço jh yfpoyzhnfb#

H kczyojvîço jf vb co}o nácfyo hghyyfzov fb vbh bvjhcîh co fwzklo f ch jkhnyhbhîço jhyf}kwzh# Hw bojkmkghîöfw kco}hyhb o pfymkl jf O Gyvqfkyo f wvyzkyhb jf mhzo, vb yfwvlzhjofb zfybow jf hgfkzhîço f kcwfyîço jfwzh, ch wogkfjhjf# O xvf mhq gob xvf h bfwbhhvbfczhwwf gocwkjfyh}flbfczf wvh zkyhnfb h phyzky jf 8;::, hlghcîhcjo wfv hvnf fbbfhjow jh jëghjh jf 8;60# $BOVYH, 900;, p#7+#

Fb 8;69 wvynkv h yf}kwzh Bhcgdfzf, jh Fjkzoyh Ilogd, xvf wf jfwzhgov co bfyghjo hp÷w

pykoykqhy ow flfbfczow nyèmkgow f mozonyèmkgow gob bhkw kczfcwkjhjf xvf h yf}kwzh O Gyvqfkyo#



9>

H yf}kwzh jf Myfjj{ Gdhzfhviykhcj fcgfyyov wvhw hzk}kjhjfw fb 8;>05 co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf

8;;0, h Bhcgdfzf jfgyfzov mhlácgkh#

Gob vbh lkcdh fjkzoykhl moghjh co aoychlkwbo kc}fwzknhzk}o f ch yfpoyzhnfb, Yfhlkjhjf hpyfwfczh vbh powzvyh wfnvcjo Bovyh $900;+ bhkw gyâzkgh xvf O Gyvqfkyo f Bhcgdfzf# H

yf}kwzh Yfhlkjhjf ë gocwkjfyhjh pflh h hvzoyh gobo vbh jhw yf}kwzhw iyhwklfkyhw bhkw

gocgfkzvhjhw#

Woiyf h goifyzvyh jf jfwhwzyfw chzvyhkw Wghlqo $9007+ hmkybh xvf1

Chw yfjhîöfw jf aoychkw ov jf zflfaoychkw, xvhcjo hgoczfgf hlnvb zfyyfbozo, poy ftfbplo,zvjo zyfbf# Ë pyfgkwo goyyfy f jhy h cozkgkh fb gkbh jh doyh# Chw yf}kwzhw, h yfjhîço cço

zyfbf, ov zyfbf ifb bfcow# Wf moy phyh mhlhy jo zfyyfbozo, w fyh cfgfwwèyko jfwgoiyky o xvfckcnvëb whif woiyf flf, ftplkgè"lo jf moybh jkmfyfczf# $ WGHLQO, 9007,p#:8+#

O ykzbo jhw yfjhîöfw jf pfyk÷jkgow wfbhchkw ë bhkw lfczo xvf fjkzoykhw jf aoychkw jkèykow#

Fcxvhczo aoychkw goyyfb hzyèw jo mhgzvhl phyh pvilkgè"low gob bhkoy hnklkjhjf wfb bvkzh

pyomvcjkjhjf jf kcmoybhîöfw, h yf}kwzh pyogvyh hioyjhy gob bhkw gobplftkjhjf hxvklo xvf ow

aoychkw cço pvilkghyhb#

Fcxvhczo ow aoychlkwzhw jf aoychl fwgyf}fb phyh vb pñilkgo bvlzkmhgfzhjo, ow yfjhzoyfw jf

yf}kwzh poy wvh }fq, pvilkghb wvhw bhzëykhw phyh vb pñilkgo wfnbfczhjo#

U###R h wfnbfczhîço poy hwwvczo f zkpo jf pñilkgo mhq phyzf jh py÷pykh fwwácgkh jo }fâgvlo#Phyh klvwzyhy, pojfbow lhcîhy bço jh wfnvkczf kbhnfb1 ch zflf}kwço, mhlh"wf phyh vbkbfcwo fwzèjko jf mvzfiol, ocjf cço wf jkwzkcnvfb yowzow jh bvlzkjço5 co aoychl, mhlh"wfphyh vb nyhcjf zfhzyo, bhw hkcjh cço wf gocwfnvf jkwzkcnvky xvfb ë xvfb ch plhzëkh5 aècvbh yf}kwzh wfbhchl jf kcmoybhîço, o zfhzyo ë bfcoy, h plhzëkh ë wflfgkochjh, }ogá zfbvbh kjfkh bfldoy jo nyvpo, hkcjh xvf cço gocwknh kjfczkmkghy vb poy vb# Ë ch yf}kwzhwfnbfczhjh, nfyhlbfczf bfcwhl, xvf jf mhzo wf gocdfgf ghjh lfkzoy, whif"wf fthzhbfczfgob xvfb wf fwzè mhlhcjo#$WGHLQO, 900;, p#8:+

Kwwo xvfy jkqfy xvf, h yf}kwzh powwvk vbh pyotkbkjhjf gob wfv pñilkgo, ov wfah, hw bhzëykhw jf

goczfñjo kcmoybhzk}o wço jkyfgkochjhw jf hgoyjo gob o mogo jf ghjh yf}kwzh#



94

: HW KBHNFCW MOZOAOYCHLÂWZKGHW JOW ZFYYFBOZOW CO DHKZK F COGDKLF

:#8 H kbhnfb gobo oiafzo jf fwzvjo

Jo lhzkb kbhno, kbhnfb ë xvhlxvfy }kwvhlkqhîço nfyhjh pflo wfy dvbhco, wfah ch moybh jf

oiafzo, pkczvyh, nyh}vyh, mozonyhmkh, ov hzë jf pfcwhbfczo gobo, poy ftfbplo, hw kbhnfcw

pyojvqkjhw bfczhlbfczf# H kbpoyzécgkh jh hcèlkwf jh kbhnfb pojfykh wfy, wfnvcjo ow

hvzoyfw Aoynf Jvhyzf f Hczúcko Ihyyow $900=+, h}hlkhjh pflo fwphîo ogvphjo pflow yfnkwzyow

}kwvhkw ch }kjh fb wogkfjhjf, co py÷pyko yfgocdfgkbfczo jhw oyknfcw jo dobfb#

H yfpyfwfczhîço jh yfhlkjhjf poy bfko jh mozonyhmkh kbplkgh fb kczfypyfzhîöfw wviafzk}hw,

zhczo jo pyojvzoy xvhczo jo kcjk}âjvo xvf yfgfif h bfcwhnfb# Ghjh yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo

yfpyfwfczh vb yfgoyzf yfhl jf vb mhzo, wkzvhîço, jf vbh wogkfjhjf, f, poyzhczo o moz÷nyhmo

yfhlkqh fwgoldhw co bobfczo jh mozonyhmkh#

H mozonyhmkh ghpzvyh o hwwvczo, o oiafzo f fzfyckqh o kcwzhczf, yfpyfwfczhcjo h }kwço wkbi÷lkgh

jh kbhnfb oyknkchl h phyzky jh fwgoldh jo yfgoyzf mfkzo pflo moz÷nyhmo# H kczfcîço jo pyojvzoy

}hykh jf hgoyjo gob h bfcwhnfb }kwvhl xvf wf pyfzfcjf zyhcwbkzky, ov wfah, ë lf}hcjo fb

gocwkjfyhîço o zkpo jf zyhihldo xvf jf}fyè wfy yfhlkqhjo jf hgoyjo gob o }fâgvlo jf

gobvckghîço#

Cfwzf ghpâzvlo, mok hchlkwhjo gobo hw jvhw yf}kwzhw Ëpogh f ]fah bowzyhyhb, hzyh}ëw jo

yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo, hw zyhnëjkhw co Dhkzk f co Gdklf# Fwgoldfv"wf xvhzyo fjkîöfw, wfcjo jvhw

jf ghjh pfyk÷jkgo, phyh yfpyfwfczhy ghjh zfbh, Ëpogh =0; f =8=5 ]fah 98:4 f 9866#

Pykbfkyhbfczf wfyè hchlkwhjo gobo hw yf}kwzhw zyhzhyhb o f}fczo co Dhkzk f jfpokw co Gdklf#

H kczfypyfzhîço jfwgykzk}h wf jhyè fb vb pykbfkyo bobfczo, wfnvkjo jh hcèlkwf zëgckgh f

mkchlkqhjh ch hcèlkwf }kwvhl#

:#9# Ëpogh f ]fah

H yf}kwzh Ëpogh, jh Fjkzoyh Nloio, mok lhcîhjh fb 96 jf bhko jf 8;;4, f, jfwjf wvh pykbfkyh

fjkîço, pyogvyov ftployhy ow yfgvywow nyèmkgow f mozonyèmkgow phyh gobpoy wvhw yfpoyzhnfcw# H

fjkzoyh jkwpvzh gob o nyvpo Hiykl h pyfmfyácgkh jo lfkzoy, wvh pfykojkgkjhjf ë wfbhchl,



9;

zyhqfcjo fb wfv goczfñjo, hwwkb gobo h gocgoyyfczf, mhzow xvf wf jfyhb co Iyhwkl f co

bvcjo#

H yf}kwzh ]fah, poy wvh }fq pfyzfcgf ho nyvpo Hiykl, gykhjh fb 8;=4, ë vb }fâgvlo jfgobvckghîço zyhjkgkochl iyhwklfkyo, wvh pfykojkgkjhjf ë wfbhchl f o goczfñjo hioyjh ow mhzow

ogoyykjow jvyhczf h wfbhch, wfcjo pvilkghjh how wèihjow# Hw fjkzoykhw zyhqfb kcmoybhîöfw

woiyf ow pykcgkphkw mhzow xvf jf jfyhb co Iyhwkl f co bvcjo#

:#7 H zyhnëjkh dhkzkhch chw mozow jf ]fah f Ëpogh

Hw kbhnfcw wço ghphqfw jf zyhcwbkzky goczfñjo kcmoybhzk}o ho oiwfy}hjoy# Wfcjo hwwkb, h

mozonyhmkh ë gocwkjfyhjh gobo vbh bfcwhnfb }kwvhl, poyzhjoyh jf ghyhgzfyâwzkghw wogkhkw jf

jfzfybkchjh gvlzvyh xvf moyhb yfnkwzyhjhw hzyh}ëw jhw pfywpfgzk}hw jo oldhy mozonyèmkgo jo

kcjk}âjvo# O oiafzo jfwzf fwzvjo fxvk}hlf h kczfypyfzhy h mozonyhmkh gobo zftzo }kwvhl gvah

ácmhwf fwzè co fwphîo jkwpockiklkqhjo phyh h pvilkghîço jf kbhnfcw gobo zftzo klvwzyhzk}o jh

yfpoyzhnfb# Hw kbhnfcw moyhb yfjvqkjhw f gologhjhw cfwzf ghpâzvlo phyh havjhy ch

}kwvhlkqhîço#

O bëzojo pyopowzo poy Bhvhj $9008+ kcglvk hchlkwhy ow flfbfczow zhkw gobo1 zhbhcdo, zkpo,

wfczkjo f jkyfîço# Co ghwo jhw hioyjhnfcw fjkzoykhkw hpyfwfczhjhw pflhw jvhw yf}kwzhw Ëpogh f]fah, wfyè zhbiëb kczfypyfzhjo o bojo jf hpyfwfczhîço jhw mozonyhmkhw, ov wfah, fb ghjh

kbhnfb ftkwzf vbh chyyhzk}h xvf wfyè hpyfwfczhjh fb gocavczo gob h hcèlkwf jo fwphîo

mozonyèmkgo#

:#7#8 Dhkzk ‗ Ëpogh

]hbow hchlkwhy hw mozow pvilkghjhw ch yf}kwzh Ëpogh, fjkîço =0;, jf 84 jf ahcfkyo jf 9080 h

yfwpfkzo jo zfyyfbozo co Dhkzk#



70

Mozo 8 ‗ JOY1 Vb jkh jfpokw jo zfyyfbozo, vb bfckco f vbh ao}fb wfczhb, jfwolhjow, fb vbh jhw pykcgkphkwh}fckjhw jf Poyzo Pyâcgkpf# H bhkoykh jh popvlhîço cço zfb phyh ocjf ky#

Moczf1 yf}kwzh Ëpogh fjkîço

Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H yf}kwzh Ëpogh opzov fb hpyfwfczhy how lfkzoyfw h yfhlkjhjf jh popvlhîço jo Dhkzk hzyh}ëw

jhw gykhcîhw xvf wknckmkghb o mvzvyo jo phâw, ov wfah, hp÷w o zfyyfbozo hw co}hw nfyhîöfwfwzço wfb jkyfîço f ftpfgzhzk}hw# H mozo hpyfwfczh zhbiëb o écnvlo jo gdço, gob h yvh

jflkbkzhcjo o fwphîo mozonyèmkgo# Fb 9± plhco h kbhnfb bowzyh h wkzvhîço jf pfwwohw chw

yvhw hcjhcjo wfb yvbo, ghyyfnhcjo o xvf yfwzov hp÷w ow hihlow wâwbkgow# O jfwzkco hkcjh ë

kcgfyzo, pokw, bvkzow pfyjfyhb wvhw ghwhw gob o zfyyfbozo# O nfwzo gob h bço woiyf h ghifîh

kcjkgh gfyzo jfwfwpfyo, hw pfwwohw cço whifb o xvf mhqfy# H pyfwfcîh jf vbh ao}fb f vbh

gykhcîh xvf fwzço wfczhjow ch ghlîhjh yfmoyîh h kbhnfb jfwolhjoyh jh yfhlkjhjf jf bkldhyfw

jf mkldow xvf zk}fyhb wfvw phkw boyzow pflow zyfboyfw jf zfyyh# Zhczo h boîh xvhczo o bfckco

fwzço wvaow poy ghvwh jo p÷ jow jfwzyoîow, wfvw goypow fwzço zhbiëb goifyzo poy mfykjhw, o

xvf wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf hbiow phwwhyhb poy jkmkgvljhjfw phyh gocwfnvky woiyf}k}fy# O oldhy



78

jo bfckco gdhbh h hzfcîço poy jfbocwzyhy kcwfnvyhcîh, wolkjço f bfjo, fb bfko how hjvlzow

flf cço whif phyh ocjf ky, fwzè ihwzhczf hihlhjo, jfwklvjkjo# H hjolfwgfczf hbphyh h gykhcîh

xvf fwzè woi hw bfwbhw gocjkîöfw xvf flh, ow jokw fwzço oldhcjo fb jkyfîço ho doykqoczf, o

xvf wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf, hlëb jow wfczkbfczow jf joy flfw hkcjh zfyço xvf wf pyfogvphy gob o

mvzvyo, gdfko jf jfwhmkow, pokw, gob h gkjhjf zozhlbfczf jfwzyvâjh wfyè jkmâgkl goc}k}fy fb vb

lvnhy gdfko jf kcgfyzfqhw#

H kbhnfb ë }hloykqhjh poy wfvw jfzhldfw xvf gdhbhb h hzfcîço phyh h kbhnfb jh ao}fb f jo

bfckco jfwolhjow xvf hkcjh cço záb ghphgkjhjf phyh fcmyfczhy woqkcdow ow jfwhmkow phyh

goczkcvhy h woiyf}k}fy hp÷w h phwwhnfb jo zfyyfbozo#

Mozo 9 ‗ Dhkzkhcow ghbkcdhb fczyf ow fwgobiyow jf vbh yvh jf}hwzhjh cvbh mh}flh jo Poyzo Pyâcgkpf#

Moczf1 9 Mozo jh yf}kwzh Ëpogh

Zhbhcdo1 9=,6 t 8=,6 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh



79

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H kbhnfb ë pfyzvyihjoyh poy goczfy vbh nyhcjf xvhczkjhjf jf fczvldo co gfczyo jo

fcxvhjyhbfczo# Hw pfwwohw hcjhb poy zojow ow lhjow, ovzyow fwzço jfkzhjow co gdço, ch

zfczhzk}h jf whl}hy hlnvb pfyzfcgf, ov poy cço whifyfb xvhkw bfjkjhw zfyço xvf zobhy hp÷w ow

hihlow# Dè bvkzh wvafkyh chw yvhw, o xvf fcmhzkqh h wfcwhîço jf ghow f mhlzh jf fwphîo phyh hw

pfwwohw wf logobo}fyfb# Hlëb jo ykwgo jf co}ow jfwboyochbfczow, ow boyhjoyfw zhbiëb

fwzço wvibfzkjow h womyfyfb gob jfwghynhw flëzykghw vbh }fq xvf ow powzfw jf fcfynkh fwzço

ghâjow pflhw yvhw f cço dè cfcdvb zkpo jf kcmoybhîço xvf powwh hlfyzhy woiyf o ykwgo jf

hgkjfczfw how dhikzhczfw#

Mozo 7 ‗ Woiyf}k}fczfw pkwhb woiyf yvâchw f o goypo bvzklhjo jf vbh }âzkbh

Moczf1 yf}kwzh Ëpogh

Zhbhcdo1 ; t =,6 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 bhynfb fwxvfyjh

H kbhnfb gdhbh hzfcîço phyh o iyhîo bvzklhjo hihkto jow pëw jow boyhjoyfw# H mozo

hpyfwfczh vbh jhw yfhlkjhjfw jo Dhkzk# O zfyyfbozo jfwzyvkv bvkzhw gocwzyvîöfw f pfwwohw cço

gocwfnvkyhb wf pyozfnfy h zfbpo# Hw pfwwohw hcjhb poy gkbh jow fczvldow f woiyf goypowwozfyyhjow# H mozonyhmkh jè vbh pfxvfch wfcwhîço jf hlzvyh jf}kjo à pyfwfcîh jow pëw, o



77

yfgoyzf wfb ow pëw cço zfykh zhczo kbphgzo poyxvf, wfykh hpfchw h yfpyfwfczhîço jf vb goypo

bvzklhjo, fb bfkow how jfwzyoîow# Ow pëw mhqfb vb kbpoyzhczf phpfl, pokw, yfmoyîh h yfhl

wkzvhîço jhw yvhw dhkzkhchw#

Mozo : ‗ Ao}fb gdoyh h pfyjh jf phyfczfw


Zhbhcdo1 80 t 4 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 bhynfb jkyfkzh

H kbhnfb yfpyfwfczh o gdoyo jfwfwpfyhjo jf vbh bfckch# H iogh hifyzh jè h wfcwhîço jf wfy

vb gdoyo hlzo, xvf ë yfmoyîhjo pflow oldow mfgdhjow f h bço co yowzo xvf lkbph hw lènykbhw#

Flh phyfgf fwzhy wfb ckcnvëb phyh hghlbè"lh o xvf hvbfczh h hnockh ftpyfwwh pflh mfkîço jh

gykhcîh xvf jfbocwzyh womykbfczo f joy#



7:

Mozo 6 ‗ Jfqfchw jf goypow wf hboczohb fb myfczf ho cfgyozëyko jh gkjhjf


Zhbhcdo1 80,6 t 80 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl


H kbhnfb ë b÷yikjh# Bowzyh vb nyhcjf cñbfyo jf goypow fwphldhjow pflo gdço# Cço dè

jkwzkcîço fczyf dobfcw f bvldfyfw, zojow ogvphb o bfwbo fwphîo vcw woiyf ow ovzyow, o xvf

wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf ow ghjè}fyfw moyhb zyhcwpoyzhjow phyh vb jfzfybkchjo fwphîo f gologhjow

jf xvhlxvfy moybh co gdço# O oldhy jo oiwfy}hjoy ë jkyfgkochjo phyh o gfczyo jh mozonyhmkh

ocjf wf fcgoczyh h bhkoykh jow goypow, co xvhl h mozonyhmkh bowzyh h jkbfcwço jo cñbfyo jf

}âzkbhw mhzhkw f h mhlzh jf gocjkîöfw jo phâw fb zyhzhy jow fczfyyow#



76

Mozo = ‗ H joy jf vb phk xvf ghyyfnh h mkldh boyzh gob vb phco wvao jf pofkyh f whcnvf


Zhbhcdo1 88 t 87 gb

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl


H ftpyfwwço mhgkhl jo dobfb jfbocwzyh zykwzfqh f joy, h kbhnfb gdhbh hzfcîço pflo hpflo

fbogkochl xvf flh zyhcwbkzf o yowzo jo dobfb, wvhjo, jfbocwzyh bvkzo womykbfczo, pokw, flf

gdoyh h boyzf jh gykhcîh# O wfbilhczf jh bfckch yf}flh pvyfqh f kcogácgkh, co pykbfkyo

bobfczo h gykhcîh hphyfczh joybky cow iyhîow jo dhkzkhco, lono hp÷w h lfkzvyh jh lfnfcjh ë

powwâ}fl jfzfybkchy xvf flh fwzè boyzh hzyh}ëw jhw bhyghw jf whcnvf jo lfcîol xvf h goiyf# H

gfch yfzyhzh h kbpoyzécgkh jo dobfb jkhczf jh zyhnëjkh# Fwwh kbpozácgkh pojf wfy

kczfypyfzhjh gobo h kbpozácgkh cço hpfchw jf vb phk fb whl}hy wfv mkldo, bhw jo phâw fb

whl}hy wfvw dhikzhczfw#



7=

Mozo > ‗ JFWOLHÎÇO1 ]âzkbhw jo zyfboy wço hzfcjkjhw fb vbh ihwf bklkzhy gobhcjhjh pflo Iyhwkl, fb PoyzoPyâcgkpf# H mhlzh jf fwzyvzvyh pyfavjkgh o wogoyyo#


Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H kbhnfb klvwzyh ow ihwzkjoyfw jo dowpkzhl kbpyo}kwhjo poy woljhjow phyh jhy ow pykbfkyow

wogoyyow àw }âzkbhw jo zfyyfbozo# Ch mozonyhmkh, ow mfykjow wço hzfcjkjow fb golgdöfwgologhjow co gdço, fcxvhczo mhbklkhyfw zhbiëb hnvhyjhb co gdço, h yfgvpfyhîço jow

phgkfczfw# Ow dhkzkhcow hlëb jf fcmyfczhyfb ow pyoilfbhw gobo h mhlzh jf boyhjkh f jf

gobkjh, o dowpkzhl kbpyo}kwhjo yfpyfwfczh vbh pyfogvphîço pflh pyfghykfjhjf chw gocjkîöfw

fwzyvzvyhkw# H mozonyhmkh gdhbh h hzfcîço phyh o dobfb gob h bço ch ghifîh jfbocwzyhcjo"

wf jfwolhjo, hihlhjo f ghcwhjo, bhw xvf, woiyfzvjo, goczkcvh qflhcjo pflh whñjf f ifb"fwzhy

jo mfykjo# H golvch iyhcgh kbpyo}kwhjh omfyfgf ykwgo h zojow, pokw, yfpyfwfczh myhnklkjhjf wf

wvibfzkjh h hihlow zfyyfwzyfw, fwzh zhbiëb powwvk h mkchlkjhjf ch kbhnfb jf jkwzkcnvky ow



7>

whvjè}fkw jow hjofczhjow# O gocavczo jf lvq f wobiyh yf}flh zhbiëb xvf h klvbkchîço

jfczyo jo dowpkzhl cço fyh wvmkgkfczf#

Mozo 4 ‗ WFB PYOZFÎÇO1 Dhkzkhcow hghbphb fb myfczf ho Phlègko Chgkochl, wfbkjfwzyvâjo# Bvkzow cço zfbbhkw ghwh#


Zhbhcdo1 84 t 89 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

Mhbâlkhw xvf pfyjfyhb wvhw ghwhw co zfyyfbozo vzklkqhb lfcî÷kw phyh hgobojhyfb co gdço#

Bvkzhw pfwwohw wf hnlobfyhb fb myfczf à wfjf jo no}fyco, ch zfczhzk}h jf gocwfnvky vb

yfmñnko, vb lvnhy zyhcxvklo phyh mkghy# O loghl ë vb nyhcjf ghbpo hifyzo o xvf hvtklkh ch

jkwzykivkîço jf pfwwohw xvf cço wf kbpoyzhb fb jk}kjky vb pfjhîo jo phco gob o py÷tkbo#

H wolkjhykfjhjf fczyf ow dhkzkhcow wf bowzyh phyh o bvcjo cfwzh kbhnfb# Fwzf gfcèyko klvwzyh

h yfhlkjhjf jf jk}fywhw mhbâlkhw xvf mkghyhb wfb vb lvnhy phyh boyhy# Hlëb jkwzo, o phlègko

f ow iflow goxvfkyow wço vb goczyhwzf jkhczf jh jfwzyvkîço f mhlzh jf yfgvywow jh popvlhîço#



74

Mozo ; ‗ CO POJFY1 O }kolfczo Phph Jog $à jky#+ yffwgyf}fv h Gocwzkzvkîço phyh wfy pyfwkjfczf }kzhlâgko#Hykwzkjfw $jfwzhxvf+ no}fycov o Dhkzk fb zyáw pfyâojow jf 8;;8 h 900:#


Zhbhcdo1 87 t 88 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

Afhc"Ifyzyhcj Hykwzkjfw zf}f nyhcjf phyzkgkphîço ch dkwz÷ykh jo Dhkzk# O ft"phjyf yfpyfwfczov

o no}fyco jo Dhkzk poy zyáw bhcjhzow gocwfgvzk}ow# Wfv yowzo hphyfgf jfczyo jf vb gâygvlo,

gvah ftpyfwwço mhgkhl zyhcwbkzf h wfcwhîço jf xvf Hykwzkjfw fwzh}h mhlhcjo, ftplkghcjo ov

xvfwzkochcjo hlnvbh gokwh co kcwzhczf jo yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo, pokw wvh iogh fwzè wfbk"hifyzhf hw woiyhcgfldhw fwzço lf}fbfczf hyxvfhjhw# H fjkîço kcwfykv fwwh kbhnfb phyh ftplkghy vb

povgo woiyf h zyhafz÷ykh polâzkgh jh Yfpñilkgh jo Dhkzk# Jfwwh, moybh o oiwfy}hjoy gocwfnvf

hwwkbklhy xvfb mok ow pykcgkphkw dobfcw xvf gocwzyvâyhb h dkwz÷ykh jo no}fyco#

H mknvyh bhkoy yfbfzf ho pyfwkjfczf Myhcîokw Jv}hlkfy $phph Jog+, wvh kbhnfb hphyfgf

powhjo lhzfyhlbfczf# H kbhnfb ë fwpoczécfh, ov wfah, o yfnkwzyo mok yfhlkqhjo fb vb

bobfczo fb xvf phph Jog jkqkh hlno# Hwwkb gobo aè jkzo hgkbh hbiow moyhb kcwfykjow chw

pènkchw jf Ëpogh phyh goczhy vb povgo jo phwwhjo jo Dhkzk phyh avwzkmkghy o hzvhl fwzhjo fbxvf wf fcgoczyh o phâw#



7;

Mozo 80" IHYYHGHW1 Gob bfjo jf co}ow jfwhihbfczow, h popvlhîço fwzè joybkcjo fb ihyyhghwkbpyo}kwhjhw#


Zhbhcdo1 4t= gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl


H mozonyhmkh hpyfwfczh jf bojo nfyhl o hiykno kbpyo}kwhjo pflow dhkzkhcow phyh wf pyozfnfyfb

jf co}ow jfwboyochbfczow# H opîço poy ihyyhghw ë vb bfko xvf h popvlhîço fcgoczyov phyh

gocwfnvky joybky jfihkto jf vb zfzo xvf cço hpyfwfczf ykwgow jf jfwboyochbfczow#



:0

Mozo 88" WHL]O1 O nhyozo Yfjafwoc Dhvwzffc, jf 9 hcow, wf hnhyyh ho goypo jf vb dobfb jhw fxvkpfw jfyfwnhzf# Flf mkgov jokw jkhw cow fwgobiyow#


Zhbhcdo1 8 pènkch

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 }fyzkghl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo gdhbh hzfcîço jo oiwfy}hjoy phyh o yfwnhzf jh gykhcîh jow fwgobiyow

pflh fxvkpf jf wogoyyo# O oldhy hbfjyoczhjo, myhgo, ghcwhjo f hihlhjo jh gykhcîh yfpyfwfczh

o oldhy jf bkldhyfw jf dhikzhczfw jo Dhkzk# H mozo jfwzhgh o whl}h" }kjhw fb vb nfwzo

dvbhckzèyko xvf hiyhîh f pyozfnf h gykhcîh, phwwhcjo wfnvyhcîh f wolkjhykfjhjf# H gykhcîh

hgfkzh o nfwzo f hp÷kh h ghifîh woiyf o obiyo jo wogoyykwzh, o xvf wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf ow jokw

wf kczfyhnkyhb jf moybh powkzk}h# H kbhnfb ë kbphgzhczf pflh pyfwfcîh jh gykhcîh, wâbiolo

jo mvzvyo jo Dhkzk, bfwbo wfcjo zço pfxvfco, o bfckco cço jfwkwzkv jf lvzhy phyh woiyf}k}fy#



:8

Mozo 89 ‗ DFYOÂWBO1 Vb bklkzhy pyfwzh wogoyyo h vbh }kzkbhjo zfyyfbozo#


Zhbhcdo1 8; t 8: gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

Ow bklkzhyfw kczfychgkochkw zk}fyhb vbh kbpoyzhczf goczykivkîço phyh hphqknvhy o womykbfczo

jh wogkfjhjf jo Dhkzk# Hw fxvkpfw }kfyhb jf jk}fywhw phyzfw jo bvcjo phyh havjhy ch ivwgh

poy woiyf}k}fczfw f hvtklkhy co zyhzhbfczo jf mfykjow# H kbhnfb bowzyh o hzfcjkbfczo bklkzhy

h vbh }kzkbh jo zfyyfbozo, fb vbh dowpkzhl kbpyo}kwhjo, ocjf ow phgkfczfw yfgfifb

yfbëjkow f ow pykbfkyow wogoyyow# O yfnkwzyo mozonyèmkgo hioyjh h hwwkwzácgkh bëjkgh mfkzh poy

vb bklkzhy co zyhzhbfczo jf kcghphgkzhjow fb bfko h jfqfchw jf pfwwohw }âzkbhw jo

zfyyfbozo# Ch mozonyhmkh dè vb goczyhwzf fczyf lvq f wobiyhw co xvhl h lvq fcmhzkqh ow mfykjow#

Ho kc}ëw jf hybhw, o bklkzhy wfnvyh vbh wfykcnh phyh jhy bfjkghbfczow ho mfykjo#



:9

Mozo 87" LVZO1 Jhlklh, bçf jo woljhjo Zkhno, xvf boyyfv# Flf }olzhykh ho Iyhwkl co jkh 8>


Zhbhcdo1 =,6 t = gb

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 fwxvfyjh

H kbhnfb chyyh h zykwzfqh jf vbh bçf xvf pfyjfv wfv mkldo, fb bkwwço pflo ftëygkzo

iyhwklfkyo co Dhkzk# Wfv yowzo yf}flh jfwklvwço, pfyjh, lvzo f vb oldhy wfb fwpfyhcîh# H mozo

jo bklkzhy ë wfnvyhjh gobo wf h bvldfy fwzk}fwwf pyozfnfcjo"o, ghyyfnhcjo h mozo gobo vbh

o oiafzo jf yfgoyjhîço# H yf}kwzh fwgoldfv vb wâbiolo bhzfyco phyh yfpyfwfczhy h joy jf

zojhw hw bçfw xvf pfyjfyhb wfvw mkldow fb bkwwço co zfyykz÷yko dhkzkhco#



::

Mozo 86 ‗ Qkljh Hycw


Zhbhcdo1 8 pènkch

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O ñlzkbo zfbh jh yf}kwzh fwzè moghjo ch goifyzvyh jh boyzf jh iyhwklfkyh Qkljh Hycw,mvcjhjoyh jh phwzoyhl jh gykhcîh# O yfzyhzo jf Qkljh zyhq o woyykwo wkcgfyo f ghzk}hczf, o oldhy

mkto bhyghjo poy lkcdhw jf ftpyfwwço yf}flh vbh bvldfy xvf fcmyfczov nyhcjfw jfwhmkow# Vbh

bvldfy h myfczf jf wfv zfbpo xvf mok ghphq jf lvzhy phyh o ifb"fwzhy jo pñilkgo kcmhczkl#



:6

Mozo 8= ‗ O ZYHIHLDO1 Qkljh hgobphcdh}h pfwwohlbfczf hw hîöfw jh Phwzoyhl jh Gykhcîh#


Zhbhcdo1 87t84 gb

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 }fyzkghl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh yf}flh o zyhihldo jh mvcjhjoyh jh phwzoyhl jh gykhcîh, xvf hphyfgf yojfhjh poy

gykhcîhw# Co yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo, Qkljh ghyyfnh cow iyhîow vb bfckco xvf jfbocwzyov fb vb

hiyhîo ghykcdowo o hnyhjfgkbfczo f hjbkyhîço pflow pyoafzow fb py÷l jhw gykhcîhw# H

mozonyhmkh hpyfwfczh o zyhihldo jh iyhwklfkyh Qkljh Hycw }kwkzhcjo vb fwphîo ocjf wf zfb

}èykhw gykhcîhw xvf h yojfkhb fb ivwgh jf ghykcdo f hzfcîço# Cozh"wf h hmfzk}kjhjf jh

iyhwklfkyh gob hw gykhcîhw# H kbhnfb wf jfwzhgh poy zyhcwbkzky ho oiwfy}hjoy h yfhlkjhjf

}k}kjh pflh iyhwklfkyh, xvf hgobphcdh}h jf pfyzo zojo o zyhihldo xvf jfwfc}ol}kh fb

ifcfmkgko kcmhczkl#



:=

Mozo 8> ‗ HJFVW1 Goypo jf Qkljh Hycw mok zyhqkjo jo Dhkzk ch wftzh"mfkyh 86 f }flhjo fb Gvykzkih#


Zhbhcdo1 87 t =,6 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O goypo jh iyhwklfkyh ë }flhjo gob h ihcjfkyh jo Iyhwkl wâbiolo bètkbo jh chîço# Phyfczfw,

hbknow f yfpyfwfczhczfw yflknkowow gobphyfgfyhb ho }fl÷yko phyh wf jfwpfjkyfb jf Qkljh

Hycw# Pyo}h jo yfgocdfgkbfczo f nyhzkjço phyh h bvldfy xvf bvjov h yfhlkjhjf jf bkldhyfw

jf gykhcîhw fb zojo o bvcjo#

Hnoyh }hbow hchlkwhy hw mozow jh yf}kwzh ]fah fjkîço 98:4, jf 90 jf ahcfkyo jf 9080#



:>

Mozo 84 ‗ HJFVW, MKLDH1 Lkocfl Bkgdhvj gdoyh fb myfczf ho cfgyozëyko jf Poyzo Pyâcgkpf, ocjf ghbkcdöfwjfwpfahyhb gfczfchw jf goypow# Fczyf ow boyzow fwzè wvh mkldkcdh jf 80 bfwfw1 flh f h bçf boyyfyhb wozfyyhjow

fb ghwh

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H fjkîço opzov Ch kbhnfb hphyfgfb ghjè}fyfw jkwpowzow jf moybh hlfhz÷ykh wfb xvhlxvfy

jkwzkcîço fczyf dobfcw f bvldfyfw# H bhkoykh jow goypow fwzè ch phyzf wobiykh jh mozo o xvf

mhq yfmfyácgkh à boyzf, ocjf h pyfjobkcécgkh jh goy pyfzh wkbiolkqh o lvzo# O dobfb fwzè

hnhgdhjo woiyf vb bvyo xvf wkbiolkqh vbh fwpëgkf jf jk}kw÷ykh fczyf boyzow f }k}o, flf

zhbiëb wf fcgoczyh ch phyzf bhkw glhyh jh mozonyhmkh o xvf wknckmkgh xvf flf yfpyfwfczh h

bâckbh phygflh xvf woiyf}k}fv ho zfyyfbozo# O dobfb fwzè jfwolhjo jkhczf jh gfch zfyyâ}fl#



:4

Mozo 8; ‗ MOYÎH WOIYFCHZVYHL1 O phlègko pyfwkjfcgkhl, gocwzyvâjo fb 8;84, hczfw f jfpokw jh zyhnëjkhgobo vbh mokgf nknhczf xvf jfwmfgdhwwf vb nolpf ch doykqoczhl

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh hpyfwfczh jokw bobfczow, h mknvyh bhkoy wkbiolkqh o fwzhjo hzvhl jo phlègko jo

no}fyco, f h mknvyh bfcoy bowzyh h kbhnfb jo phlègko hczfw jo zfyyfbozo# Jfwwh moybh, o

oiwfy}hjoy gocwfnvf zfy vbh pfywpfgzk}h jf gobo fyh h fwzyvzvyh jo no}fyco dhkzkhco# Cozh"

wf xvf h fczyhjh pykcgkphl mok bhkw jfwzyvâjh fb yflhîço ho yfwzhczf jo phlègko# Kwwo bowzyh

xvf hzë bfwbo o wâbiolo bètkbo jh oyjfb f ykxvfqh, cço mok ghphq jf fcmyfczhy wfb jhcow h

moyîh jow hihlow zfyyfwzyfw, ov wfah, xvhlxvfy gocwzyvîço fb wolo dhkzkhco fwzh}h }vlcfyè}fl

how zyfboyfw#



:;

Mozo 90 ‗ DOLOGHVWZO1 O goypo hihcjochjo jh bfckch, gob hw yvâchw jf vbh knyfah ho mvcjo ckcnvëbwoiyov phyh gdoyè"lh

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 8 pènkch

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 }fyzkghl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O zftzo }kwvhl gdhbh hzfcîço phyh o goypo hihcjochjo jf vbh bfckch fb bfko how

fwgobiyow fb gkbh jf vbh fwpëgkf jf pfcfkyh gob moyyo jh ihcjfkyh hbfykghch# Poy wf zyhzhy

jf vbh gykhcîh, h kbhnfb omfyfgf vb hpflo co wfczkjo jo goypo fwzhy woqkcdo, ov wfah, cço dè

kcmoybhîöfw woiyf ow phkw, zço povgo h cozâgkh jf xvf flfw fwzfahb }k}ow phyh gdoyhy h boyzf

jh mkldh# Bhkw vbh }fq, gobo h pènkch xvf hiyf h dkwz÷ykh jh zyhnëjkh co Dhkzk pflh yf}kwzh

]fah, o ghjè}fy fcgoczyh"wf ch wobiyh wkbiolkqhcjo h boyzf, o fwgvyo, o lvzo# Vb dobfb

ghbkcdh fb jkyfîço goczyèykh ho ghjè}fy, kwwo xvfy jkqfy xvf flf cço zfb }kcgvlo hmfzk}o gob

o goypo, ov xvf mok oiyknhjo h hihcjocè"lo# O wvafkzo fcgoczyh"wf ch phyzf glhyh jh mozonyhmkh

o xvf fcmhzkqh h pyopowzh jh fjkîço jf jfkthy klvbkchjo ow pfywochnfcw woiyf}k}fczfw# H mozo



60

zfczh ftpyfwwhy h wkzvhîço pyfgèykh jo phâw xvf cço gocwfnvf gvkjhy cfb jow }k}ow f cfb jow

boyzow#

Mozo 98 ‗ Fwgh}hjfkyh yfgoldf goypow

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 90 t 89,6 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo pyopöf vbh kbhnfb jf kbphgzo ho kcwfyky co goczftzo, vbh bèxvkch

xvf zfb poy mkchlkjhjf hvtklkhy ch fwgh}hîço ch gocwzyvîço gk}kl# Co Dhkzk h bèxvkch yfgfifv

vbh jfwzkchîço jkmfyfczf1 yfgoldfy ow boyzow chw yvhw jh gkjhjf# H bfjkjh mok cfgfwwèykh phyh

gocwfnvky hbfckqhy o moyzf ojoy ghvwhjo pflow goypow fb jfgobpowkîço# H vynácgkh jf

gologhy oyjfb co phâw cço pfybkzkv xvf hw hvzoykjhjfw zyhzhwwfb gob bhkoy hzfcîço hw

}kzkbhw boyzhkw jo zfyyfbozo, wfvw goypow moyhb yfgoldkjow gobo wf mowwfb lkto dvbhco#



68

Mozo 99 ‗ Wogoyykwzh fwphcdol gocwfnvf zkyhy gykhcîh jhw yvâchw1 gob >0& jh gkjhjf jfwzyvâjh f ow povgowwfy}kîow pñilkgow fb golhpwo gobplfzo, zvjo ë jkmâgkl phyh ow woiyf}k}fczfw

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Moybhw jf ftpyfwwço mozonyèmkgh


Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh chyyh o fcgoczyo fczyf o pyomkwwkochl jf yfwnhzf gob h gykhcîh dhkzkhch# Ow zocw

fwgvyow kcjkghb h goczkcvkjhjf jo zyhihldo jf ivwghw poy woiyf}k}fczfw jvyhczf o pfyâojo

cozvyco# O woyykwo jf whzkwmhîço jo wogoyykwzh yfpyfwfczh o nfwzo jf fwpfyhcîh jf zojhw hw

pfwwohw xvf hgyfjkzhyhb co wvgfwwo jhw ivwghw# Hw jkmkgvljhjfw ghvwhjhw pflh pyfghykfjhjf

jf lvq cço moyhb wvmkgkfczfw phyh kbpfjky xvf o pyomkwwkochl yfwnhzhwwf h gykhcîh gob }kjh# Dè

zhbiëb h pyfwfcîh jf vb boyhjoy xvf hgobphcdh}h f hvtklkh}h chw hzk}kjhjfw jowpyomkwwkochkw ch ivwgh poy woiyf}k}fczfw# H ftpyfwwço mhgkhl jo bfckco zyhcwbkzf phyh o

oiwfy}hjoy vb wfbilhczf jf ghcwhîo f bfjo jf vbh gykhcîh xvf cço zfb gocjkîöfw o

wvmkgkfczf phyh hwwkbklhy o xvf fwzh}h hgoczfgfcjo#



69

Mozo 97 ‗ POYZO DKYOWDKBH1 Gfch jf iobih hzúbkgh fb Poyzo Pyâcgkpf dhkzkhcow cço zkcdhb ghwh phyh}olzhy f }hnh}hb pflhw yvhw, gob bfjo f wfb hwwkwzácgkh# H lkwzh jf ghyácgkhw ë hlhybhczf mhlzhb hiykno, ènvh,

lvq, gobkjh f yfbëjkow phyh zojow#

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh hpyfwfczh h jfwolhîço jh popvlhîço xvf ghbkcdh pflhw yvhw wfb lvnhy wfnvyo

phyh mkghy, gob o gfcèyko jf ghwhw jfwzyvâjhw ho mvcjo, ow woiyf}k}fczfw cço whifb gobo

mkghyço wvhw }kjhw hp÷w o zfyyfbozo# Ch kbhnfb hw pfwwohw hphyfgfb oldhcjo fb jkyfîöfw

jkmfyfczfw, kwwo wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf h popvlhîço fwzè jfwoykfczhjh, ov wfah, wfb jfwzkco gfyzo#



67

Mozo 9: ‗ O ZHPFZF JF BOYZOW1 H gfch jhczfwgh wf yfpfzkv poy zojo ghczo goypow hboczohjow gobo lkto,yojfhjow poy bowghw# Phyfczfw jf jfwhphyfgkjow fxvklkiyh}hb"wf woiyf hw }âzkbhw fb ivwgh jf yowzow

gocdfgkjow#

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh klvwzyh h zfczhzk}h jf vb dhikzhczf jf wf fxvklkiyhy f hcjhy fczyf ow

goypow# O yfgoyzf o gfcèyko jf jf}hwzhîço jf }kjhw dvbhchw# O kbphgzo fwzè co mhzo jh

mozonyhmkh hiyhcnfy o nyhcjf cñbfyo jf boyzow# O Dhkzk cço fwzh}h pyfphyhjo phyh fcmyfczhy o

zfyyfbozo, o yfwvlzhjo mok vb nyhcjf cñbfyo jf boyzow f cço dè fwzyvzvyh o wvmkgkfczf phyhgvkjhy jo fczfyyo jf zhczow goypow#

#



6:

Mozo 96 ‗ ]hlh kbpyo}kwhjh phyh fczfyyhy ow goypowMoczfw1 yf}kwzh ]FAH

Zhbhcdo1 90 t 87 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh zyhcwbkzf kcmoybhîöfw woiyf vbh fwpëgkf jf go}h kbpyo}kwhjh, xvf mok

hifyzh h pykcgâpko pflo zfyyfbozo f jfpokw ftphcjkjh pflh popvlhîço phyh fczfyyhy hw }âzkbhw

mhzhkw jo zfyyfbozo# Boyhjoyfw wf hyykwghb co zfzo jf gocwzyvîöfw phyh oiwfy}hy ow goypow

hboczohjow#



66

Mozo 9= ‗ PHYH GOCZHY H DKWZ×YKH1 Zyhnëjkh chw yvhw f fwgobiyow jh knyfah Whgyë Gofvy, ocjf fwzh}hQkljh Hycw#

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah fjkîço

Zhbhcdo1 90 t 87 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mknvyh chyyh hw gocwfxvácgkhw ghvwhjhw pflo zfyyfbozo co kczfykoy jh knyfah ocjf fwzh}h h

iyhwklfkyh Qkljh Hycw# H fwzyvzvyh fwzè ihwzhczf jhckmkghjh gob yhgdhjvyhw fb zojhw hw

phyfjfw, ahcflhw xvfiyhjhw f bvkzh wvafkyh cow ihcgow, ghvwhjow pflh pofkyh xvf whkv jo zfzo

xvf jfwhiov jvyhczf ow hihlow# O mfktf jf lvq loghlkqhjo h jkyfkzh jo oiwfy}hjoy, gobpyo}h

xvf h moyîh jo zfyyfbozo mok ghphq jf jfwzyvky o zfzo jh knyfah xvf yvkv woiyf ow ihcgow#



6=

Mozo 9> ‗ Wfbkchykwzh Iovynovkc Bflzocf1 Flh fyh vbh pfwwoh klvbkchjh

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah


Zhbhcdo1 > t 88,6 gb

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo bowzyh vb dobfb fb myfczf à knyfah# H mfkîço mhgkhl yf}flh zykwzfqh f

joy ghyyfnhjo jf vb oldhy yfplfzo jf lhbfczhîöfw# H mozonyhmkh ftkif hzyèw jo boyhjoy ow

yfwzow jh phyzf ftzfych jo bocvbfczo yflknkowo, xvf yfgfif h klvbkchîço jow yhkow wolhyfw# Ho

bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf o dhikzhczf fwzè woi hw wobiyhw yfpyfwfczhcjo ow wfczkbfczow jf

wolkjço f jfwklvwço, pokw fwzè kwolhjo fb bfko how jfwzyoîow#



6>

Mozo 94 ‗ Wfjf jh Bkcvwzhd, h bkwwço jh OCV, ocjf gkcgo iyhwklfkyow mkghyhb wozfyyhjow#

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah


Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh yf}flh ow ihwzkjoyfw jh ihwf bklkzhy co Dhkzk gobhcjhjo poy iyhwklfkyow# H ihwf

bklkzhy mkgov phygkhlbfczf jfwzyvâjh hp÷w ow zyfboyfw, zojh h wfnvyhcîh fwzyvzvyhl cço mok

wvmkgkfczf phyh wvpoyzhy ow hihlow wâwbkgow# O goypo zhbiëb fbkzf gobvckghîço hwwkb gobo

h mhlh, jfwwf bojo, o nfwzo jo woljhjo gob h bço ch gkczvyh f o oldhy mkto, yfbfzf h vbh

powkîço yfmlftk}h woiyf zojh h zyhnëjkh xvf flf pyfwfcgkov, f woiyf hw powwkiklkjhjfw jf

woiyf}k}ácgkh fb vb phâw jf}hwzhjo#



6;

Mozo 70 ‗ H ÑLZKBH PYFNHÎÇO1 Fwgobiyow jh Knyfah Whgyë Gofvy jf Zvnfhv, fb gvah ghwh phyoxvkhl QkljhHycw pyomfykv vbh phlfwzyh hczfw jf boyyfy

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh fwzè gfczyhlkqhjh f cow yfbfzf h vbh knyfah, jf}kjo h pyfwfcîh jo gyvgkmkto xvf

mok o ñckgo gobpocfczf jh knyfah xvf cço mok jfwzyvâjo pflow hihlow# Dè zhbiëb h pyfwfcîh

jh popvlhîço xvf ghbkcdh fb myfczf h knyfah, bvckjo jf pfyzfcgfw ghyyfnhjow fb bhlhw,

bogdklhw f hzë bfwbo fb ihgkhw fxvklkiyhjhw ch ghifîh# Hgoplhjh h kbhnfb pykcgkphl ow

fjkzoyfw jf kbhnfb kcwfykyhb h mknvyh jf Qkljh Hycw, iyhwklfkyh, mvcjhjoyh jh phwzoyhl jhgykhcîh# Ch boczhnfb Qkljh hphyfgf fb zhbhcdo bhkoy xvf h kbhnfb goloykjh, wfv oldhy fwzè

jkyfgkochjo how jfwzyoîow fwphldhjow pflhw yvhw# H fwzyhzënkh aoychlâwzkgh ë yfbfzfy h kbhnfb

jo lvnhy whnyhjo gob o yfgocdfgkbfczo jow ifcfmâgkow mfkzow poy Qkljh, vbh bvldfy xvf

pyhzkgov o ifb phyh h dvbhckjhjf xvf boyyfv jfczyo jh knyfah# H iyhwklfkyh mok gobphyhjh h

jk}kcjhjf jf vbh whczh ho wfy kcwfykjh py÷tkbh h vbh knyfah, wvh gologhîço wf jf}f how

nyhcjfw ifcfmâgkow xvf Qkljh pyopoygkocov ho mvcjhy h phwzoyhl jh gykhcîh#



=0

Mozo 78 ‗ Qkljh Hycw f o ghykcdo jhw gykhcîhw

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah


Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh chyyh o gozkjkhco jf Qkljh Hycw fb vbh }kwkzh# Ch kbhnfb h iyhwklfkyh ë ifkahjh

poy jokw bfckcow fb vb nfwzo jf ghykcdo f nyhzkjço, pflow pyoafzow fb ifcfmâgko kbplhczhjow

pflh mvcjhjoyh jh phwzoyhl jh gykhcîh#



=8

Mozo 79 ‗ JFWPFJKJH JH BKWWKOCÈYKH1 O }fl÷yko jf Qkljh Hycw fb Gvykzkih $co gfczyo o hygfikwpo jfWhl}hjoy, job Nfyhljo Bhafllh+ wfv zyhihldo bvjov o jfwzkco jf bkldöfw jf gykhcîhw

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 88 t = gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 jkyfkzh jh bhynfb

H kbhnfb hpyfwfczh o mvcfyhl jh iyhwklfkyh Qkljh Hycw, o ghktço fwzè goifyzo pflo pflh

ihcjfkyh jo Iyhwkl, dobfchnfb mfkzh fb yfgocdfgkbfczo jh chîço, pflo kbpoyzhczf zyhihldo

jh mvcjhjoyh jh phwzoyhl jh gykhcîh# Co }fl÷yko bvkzhw pfwwohw wf gocgfczyhb phyh jfwpfjky

jf vbh jhw bvldfyfw bhkw kcmlvfczfw jo Iyhwkl#

]fyfbow hnoyh h goifyzvyh mozonyèmkgh jh yf}kwzh Ëpogh, fjkîço =8=, jf 4 jf bhyîo jf 9080,

jo zfyyfbozo xvf hzkcnkv o Gdklf#



=9

Mozo 77 ‗ JOY1 “Zfbow jf hihcjochy fwzh gkjhjf jfwnyhîhjh‒, nykzh}h Jfcckwf Pkcgogdfz jkhczf jf wvh ghwh

hyyhwhjh fb Zhlgh


Zhbhcdo1 9 pènkchw

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

H mozonyhmkh bowzyh o jfwfwpfyo jf vbh ao}fb hp÷w o zfyyfbozo# H ftpyfwwço ë jf joy f

womykbfczo pflhw pfyjhw bhzfykhkw# Hw bçow wvahw wkbiolkqhb h ivwgh fczyf ow jfwzyoîow poy

pfyzfcgfw xvf pojfyço wfy yfgvpfyhjow f xvf cço moyhb jfwzyvâjow gob ow hihlow wâwbkgow# Hkbhnfb jf mvcjo fwzè jfwmoghjh f yfpyfwfczh h jfwzyvkîço ghvwhjh pflo zfyyfbozo chw yvhw jo

Gdklf# O dobfb hiyhîh h bvldfy fb vb nfwzo jf hpoko f gocwolo pflo fwzhjo fbogkochl jh

bvldfy xvf hphyfczh fwzhy jfwfwpfyhjh gob zojh h wkzvhîço fb xvf wf fcgoczyh#



=7

Mozo 7: ‗ MKLBF GHZÈWZYOMF1 Ghyyow yf}kyhjow jfpokw xvf vbh hvzofwzyhjh yvkv jf}kjo ho zyfboy xvfhzkcnkv Whczkhno


Zhbhcdo1 8; t 86 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo bowzyh ghyyow ghpozhjow jf}kjo ho moyzf zyfboy xvf hzkcnkv h }kh f

jfbolkv }khjvzow ch gkjhjf jf Whczkhno# Zyhmfnhy chw fwzyhjhw gdklfchw yfpyfwfczh}h ykwgo

jf}kjo à kcwzhiklkjhjf# H kbhnfb hpyfwfczh vb goczyhwzf fczyf jokw ftzyfbow, jf vb lhjo

hphyfgfb ow ghyyow jhckmkghjow pflhw yhgdhjvyhw jo hwmhlzo f jf ovzyo o zyécwkzo mlvk jf bojo

coybhl gob ghyyow zyhmfnhcjo coybhlbfczf, ov wfah, vb pfxvfco bvyo jk}kjf ow ghyyowhgkjfczhjow jow ghyyow fb iob fwzhjo#



=:

Mozo 76 ‗ ZWVCHBK1 Boyhjoy zfczh yfbo}fy jfwzyoîow fb Zhlgh#


Zhbhcdo1 9= t 8=,6 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

Jkyfîço1 gfczyhl

O gfcèyko ftpowzo pflh mozonyhmkh bowzyh h jfwzyvkîço jfkthjh hp÷w o zfyyfbozo, h kbhnfb

yfpyfwfczh vbh phygflh jh wkzvhîço fb xvf ow gdklfcow wf fcgoczyh}hb, ov wfah, boyhjoyfw

pyogvyh}hb fczyf ow fwgobiyow oiafzow xvf pojfykhb wfy yfhpyo}fkzhjow# O xvf cço wfy}kykh

phyh vwo fyh kcgkcfyhjo fb vbh zfczhzk}h jf hbfckqhy h wvafkyh jfkthjh pflo zfyyfbozo# H

mozonyhmkh fcmhzkqh o fczvldo xvf pyffcgdf h bhkoy phyzf jh mknvyh, ghvwhcjo gfyzo kcgobojo

how oldow jo oiwfy}hjoy xvf jkyknf o oldhy phyh h phyzf kcmfykoy jh mozo, kwwo xvfy jkqfy xvf ow

jfwzyoîow ogvph}hb bhkw fwphîo xvf ow dhikzhczfw#



=6

Mozo 7= ‗ Pfjyo Hlhyg÷c f o ch}ko fcghldhjo jkhczf jf wvh ghwh, fb Zhlghdvhco


Zhbhcdo1 ;,6 t 4,6 gb

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl


O Gdklf ë ihcdhjo pflo Ogfhco Phgâmkgo# Dè bvkzow poyzow f ch}kow fb zojh h gowzh gdklfch, o

zfyyfbozo zf}f kcâgko mvcjo jo ogfhco f wf hlhwzyov phyh o goczkcfczf# H kbhnfb chyyh h

gocwfxvácgkh jh moyîh jh ènvh xvf mok ghphq jf hyyhwzhy vb ch}ko phyh h zfyyh mkybh mkghcjo

py÷tkbo àw ghwhw# Cozh"wf xvf h fbihyghîço fwzè lknfkyhbfczf kcglkchjh, kwwo wknckmkgh jkqfy

xvf, wf o ch}ko ghky flf hzkcnkyè h pyopykfjhjf jo boyhjoy, pokw o bfwbo fwzè h myfczf jf vbh

fwpëgkf jf bvyo jfbhyghjo pflh }fnfzhîço, xvf wkbiolkqh o lkbkzfw jf wvh yfwkjácgkh,

ghvwhcjo bhkw zyhcwzoycow phyh ow dhikzhczf jh gowzh jo Gdklf#



==

Mozo 7> ‗ Phgkfczfw hzfcjkjow ho hy lk}yf fb vb dowpkzhl kbpyo}kwhjo


Zhbhcdo1 89,6 t 4,6 gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl


Hw }âzkbhw jo zfyyfbozo jo Gdklf zk}fyhb o hpoko jh fxvkpf jf whñjf phyh wf yfgvpfyhyfb,

hphyfldow fwpfgâmkgow moyhb vzklkqhjow phyh hzfcjfy hw pfwwohw# Bfwbo wf zyhzhcjo jf vb

dowpkzhl kbpyo}kwhjo, h popvlhîço mok hzfcjkjh fb ghbhw dowpkzhlhyfw, ov wfah, o no}fyco

gdklfco pyfogvpov"wf fb nhyhczky vb zyhzhbfczo hjfxvhjo how mfykjow# Jfwwh moybh, ow

phgkfczfw yfgfifyhb o hvtâlko cfgfwwèyko# Ch kbhnfb, h fxvkpf jf pyomkwwkochkw jh whñjf

zyhihldh jf moybh oynhckqhjh f golhioyhzk}h, goczykivkcjo phyh pyopoygkochy how jofczfw

gocjkîöfw jf wf yfgvpfyhy bhkw yhpkjhbfczf#



=>

Mozo 74 ‗ HÎÇO BKLKZHY1 Vb woljhjo fthbkch ow jogvbfczow jf vb dobfb# H kczfy}fcîço jo Ftëygkzof}kzov bhkw whxvfw f yoviow


Zhbhcdo1 89 t 8= gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 }fyzkghl


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Cozh"wf zhbiëb h poyzh jf vbh loah hifyzh jf bhcfkyh moyîhjh f bvkzo lkto fwphldhjo pflh

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f mvyzhy bfyghjoykhw# Jfwwh moybh, o ftëygkzo gdklfco hnkv jf moybh yfpyfwwoyh co gobihzf

how gykbkcowow# H mvcîço jow bklkzhyfw fyh pyozfnfy f oykfczhy ho gkjhjço phyh wf pyf}fckyfb

jf powwâ}fkw hbfhîhw gobo co}ow zyfboyfw f mvyzow#



=4

H yf}kwzh ]fah zhbiëb cozkgkov gob mozow o zfyyfbozo co Gdklf# ]hbow hchlkwhy hw mozow jh

fjkîço 9866, jf 80 jf bhyîo jf 9080#

Mozo 7; ‗ JFWZYOÎOW JF VBH GKJHJF1 Co jkh wfnvkczf ho jh ghzèwzyomf, ow gdklfcow zfczhyhb, wfb

wvgfwwo, yfzobhy h yozkch fb Zhlghdvhco, jf}hwzhjh pflo zwvchbk

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

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lkzoyhkw fb yvâchw# H mozonyhmkh pfyzvyih pflh nyhcjf xvhczkjhjf jf fczvldo fwphldhjo pflh

yvh# Ow boyhjoyfw ivwghb poy oiafzow xvf pojfb wfy yfgvpfyhjow fb bfko how jfwzyoîow#

Vb dobfb fwzè }fwzkjo gob yovphw wogkhkw, o xvf kcjvq h kczfypyfzhy xvf h mozo hpyfwfczhjh,

wkzvh"wf fb vb ihkyyo ocjf hw pfwwohw powwvfb vb hlzo pojfy hxvkwkzk}o# H mozonyhmkh

hpyfwfczh jf moybh nfyhl o gfcèyko jfkthjo pflo zfyyfbozo, xvf fwzè jk}kjkjh1 jf vb lhjo ow

boyhjoyfw woiyf}k}fczfw, f jf ovzyo hphyfgfb hw pfyjhw bhzfykhkw, gobo ghyyo f ghwhw#



=;

Mozo :0 ‗ JF]HWZHÎÇO1 O Zwvchbk fbpvyyov ow ch}kow hcgoyhjow co Poyzo jf Zhlghdvhco phyh hw yvhw jh

gkjhjf#

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Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

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Gobo o zfyyfbozo ogoyyfv co ogfhco py÷tkbo h gowzh gdklfch, hw ocjhw hzkcnkyhb hw

fbihyghîöfw xvf fwzh}hb co poyzo f hw hyyhwzov phyh hw yvhw# Ë o xvf klvwzyh h mozonyhmkh jf

jvhw fbihyghîöfw xvf moyhb kîhjhw gob h moyîh jh ènvh phyh pfyzo jow pyëjkow, ow ch}kow cço

fwzço zozhlbfczf hpokhjow ho wolo, o xvf wknckmkgh jkqfy xvf dè ykwgo jf zobihyfb f

hlghcîhyfb ow pyëjkow hvbfczhcjo hwwkb h fwzhzâwzkgh jf jf}hwzhîöfw ch gkjhjf#



>0

Mozo :8 ‗ Wâbiolow jh fmkgkfczf kcmyhfwzyvzvyh gdklfch, ow }khjvzow jfwhihyhb chw kbfjkhîöfw jf Whczkhno#

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

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vbh jhw pkwzhw jh yojo}kh, ow moyzfw zyfboyfw hiykyhb ivyhgow f vb }khjvzo cço wvpoyzov how

zyfboyfw f yvkv kbpfjkcjo h phwwhnfb jow hvzob÷}fkw# Bfwbo o hwmhlzo mfkzo gob bhzfykhkw

yfwkwzfczfw cço wvpoyzov how hihlow wâwbkgow f jfwboyocov hzkcnkcjo ghyyow xvf ghpozhyhb

gob o kbphgzo jo zyfboy jf zfyyh# Zyhmfnhy fb fwzyhjhw jo Gdklf yfpyfwfczh}h ykwgo jf hiyky

co}hw yhgdhjvyhw#



>8

Mozo :9 ‗ Gkjhjçow mhbkczow hlkhyhb"wf h gykbkcowow phyh whxvfhy wvpfybfyghjow fb Gocgfpgâoc, h wfnvcjhbhkoy gkjhjf jo Gdklf

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 87t ; gb

Zkpo1 kcwzhczécfh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl


Hp÷w ow zyfboyfw jf zfyyh, }èykow gobëygkow mkghyhb ftpowzow h hîöfw jf whxvfhjoyfw xvf

hpyo}fkzhyhb jh kcwzhiklkjhjf jo wkwzfbh jf wfnvyhcîh jhw loahw phyh mvyzhy bfyghjoykhw# H

gébfyh yfnkwzyov o bobfczo fthzo jh hîço jf zyáw dobfcw mvyzhcjo bfyghjoykhw fb vbh loah

jf hlkbfczow#



>9

Mozo :7 ‗ Woiyf}k}fczfw jo Bhyfbozo

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 87 t 4 gb

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl


H mozonyhmkh chyyh o wfczkbfczo jf zykwzfqh jow boyhjoyfw xvf }k}fcgkhyhb ow zyfboyfw jf

zfyyh, f xvf pfyjfyhb pfwwohw jh mhbâlkh# Ghjh yowzo ftpyfwwh jf moybh jkmfyfczf o bfwbo

wfczkbfczo jf pfyjh f jfwfwpfyhcîh jf fcgoczyhy woiyf}k}fczfw# Hw pfwwohw wf hiyhîhb fb

vb nfwzo jf gobphktço f wolkjhykfjhjf, phyh gocwfnvky fcmyfczhy f wvpfyhy bobfczow jkmâgfkw#



>7

Mozo :: ‗ H ihzhldh goczyh ow whxvfhjoyfw

Moczf1 yf}kwzh ]fah

Zhbhcdo1 88,6 t 80 gb

Zkpo1 powhjh

Wfczkjo1 doykqoczhl

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H kbhnfb yfpyfwfczh h kbhnfb jf vb boyhjoy xvf zfbf h hîço jf whxvfhjoyfw# O bfjo jf

pfyjfy bhkw kzfcw jf }hloy mfq gob xvf o dobfb yfpyfwfczhjo ch mozo, wf pyfogvphwwf fb

pyozfnfy o xvf ldf yfwzov hp÷w o zfyyfbozo# Phyh wf pyozfnfy jow whxvfw fb wvh yfwkjácgkh, o

gdklfco hjozov wfvw py÷pykow pyogfjkbfczow, vzklkqhcjo vb pfjhîo jf bhjfkyh phyh nhyhczky h

wfnvyhcîh fb zoyco jf wvh pyopykfjhjf# Wfv oldhy fwzè hzfczo h xvhlxvfy hgoczfgkbfczo#



>:

6 GOCWKJFYHÎÖFW MKCHKW

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mozoaoychlâwzkgh fb jfwhwzyfw chzvyhkw fb jvhw yf}kwzhw, Ëpogh f ]fah# O xvf wf lá h wfnvky wço

hlnvbhw jkwgvwwöfw wvnfykjhw, xvf pojfyço f}fczvhlbfczf wfy phwwâ}fkw jf co}hw

kczfypyfzhîöfw ov yfmoybvlhîöfw woiyf hlnvbhw jhw kbhnfcw# Vzklkqov"wf phyh fwwh hcèlkwf o

fwzvjo jf hvzoyfw xvf pyopvwfyhb vb fwzvjo jo yfgoyzf mozonyèmkgo pflo }këw jh kczfypyfzhîço

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jf wvh chyyhzk}h# H mozonyhmkh cço pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjh hpfchw pflo yfnkwzyo jo yfhl, flh ë o

gocavczo fczyf h }kwço jf bvcjo xvf o oldhy jo moz÷nyhmo jfwfah phwwhy, f o oldhy mkchl jo

oiwfy}hjoy xvf h}hlkh o gocavczo jh oiyh# Hp÷w h hplkghiklkjhjf jo kcwzyvbfczo jf golfzhw f

jf pyogfwwhbfczo jf jhjow, h hcèlkwf oizf}f kcmoybhîöfw xvf pfybkzkyhb h kczfypyfzhîço jo

gocavczo jf gocglvwöfw h wfnvky#

Moyhb hchlkwhjhw vb zozhl jf xvhyfczh f xvhzyo mozonyhmkhw# H yf}kwzh Ëpogh pvilkgov o bhkoy

cñbfyo jf mozonyhmkhw co zfyyfbozo jo Dhkzk, co zozhl jf jfqfwwfzf# O zfyyfbozo jo Gdklf

yfgfifv bfcow jfwzhxvf gob hpfchw joqf mozow, jkwzykivâjhw fb wfkw pènkchw gob wfkw mozow

ch yf}kwzh Ëpogh f wfzf pènkchw gob wfkw mozow ch yf}kwzh ]fah, yfwpfgzk}hbfczf#

Xvhczo ho zfyyfbozo co Dhkzk, h yf}kwzh Ëpogh pvilkgov fb ahcfkyo, }kczf pènkchw gob zykczh f

wfkw mozow# Jfwzf zozhl, jfqfwwfzf moyhb fwzvjhjhw poy goczfy ghyhgzfyâwzkghw mozoaoychlâwzkghw,

hw jfbhkw wf zyhzh}hb jf mozow phyzkgvlhyfw, mfkzhw wfb h kczfcîço kcmoybhzk}h jo aoychlkwbo,

ov fyhb kcmonyèmkgow# H hioyjhnfb vzklkqhjh pflh yf}kwzh pyogvyh goczhy how lfkzoyfw h zyhnëjkh

ogoyykjh ch Hbëykgh Gfczyhl# Wfcjo hwwkb, h fxvkpf jf fjkzoyfw pyopúw klvwzyhy hw

gocwfxvácgkhw ghvwhjhw pflow hihlow wâwbkgow chw xvhzyo pykbfkyhw pènkchw, pyfjobkchcjoflfbfczow gobo o wfczkjo doykqoczhl, h pyomvcjkjhjf jf ghbpo f h kbpyfwwço }kwvhl gob zocw

glhyow f wobiyhw wvh}fw# Fb wfnvkjh, }á"wf o hzfcjkbfczo f hw gocjkîöfw pyfgèykhw jf vb

fwphîo kbpyo}kwhjo phyh zyhzhy hw }âzkbhw jo zfyyfbozo f vbh pyë}kh jo yowzo jow pykcgkphkw

no}fychczfw# H yf}kwzh fcgfyyh h wëykf jf kbhnfcw klvwzyhcjo hw boyzfw jf iyhwklfkyow

jfgoyyfczfw jow zyfboyfw, ow woljhjow fb bkwwço, f h mvcjhjoyh jh Phwzoyhl jh Gykhcîh, Qkljh

Hycw#

Fcxvhczo chyyhzk}h h fjkzoyh goczh hzyh}ëw jh kbhnfb, h dkwz÷ykh jf vb phâw fb yvâchw, gobvbh popvlhîço xvf phwwh poy nyhcjfw jkmkgvljhjfw phyh gocwfnvky woiyf}k}fy gob h



>6

pyfghykfjhjf jf hlkbfczow f whcfhbfczo# O zftzo }kwvhl zhbiëb hioyjh o phpfl kbpoyzhczf jo

yfmoyîo dvbhckzèyko jf ovzyhw chîöfw, phyh gocwfnvky jhy gocjkîöfw f oyjfb à popvlhîço, phyh

yfgocwzyvky o phâw# Fb vbh hioyjhnfb bhkw wvpfymkgkhl gob yfmfyácgkh how goypow ftpowzow

co gdço, h yf}kwzh ftployh bhkw ow yowzow jow woiyf}k}fczfw#

H fjkîço jh yf}kwzh ]fah, pvilkgov }kczf f gkcgo pènkchw woiyf o Dhkzk, gob zykczh f vbh

mozonyhmkhw, wfcjo hchlkwhjhw xvhzoyqf, pokw hw jfbhkw kbhnfcw fyhb jf gvcdo phyzkgvlhy ov

fyh kcmonyèmkgo# Phyh hpyfwfczhy f yfpyfwfczhy how wfvw lfkzoyfw o jfwhwzyf jo Dhkzk, h yf}kwzh

klvwzyov o hgoczfgkbfczo gobo vb zojo, chw jfq pykbfkyhw pènkchw, gob yfgoyzfw xvf jço

ácmhwf how goypow jhw }âzkbhw fwphldhjow pflh yvh# H zfbèzkgh vwhjh pflo moz÷nyhmo fb hlnvcw

bobfczow pyogvyov ftployhy ow flfbfczow jf klvbkchîço phyh jhy bhkw goczyhwzf ho hbikfczf,

ov wfah, h phyzf bhkw glhyh jo xvhjyo fwzh}h yfpyfwfczhjh poy woiyf}k}fczfw, f h phyzf gob

wobiyh wkbiolkqh}h ow boyzow, o xvf jè bhkw jyhbhzkgkjhjf ho gocavczo jh kbhnfb# H wfnvky

wço hpyfwfczhjow o wogoyyo àw }âzkbhw f hw boyzfw jow woljhjow, gob hlnvbhw pènkchw gob

mozonyhmkhw jfwzhghjhw fb zhbhcdo bëjko f poy mkb, h boyzf jf Qkljh Hycw xvf yfgfifv vbh

hzfcîço fwpfgkhl ch fjkîço# O plhco nfyhl mok o flfbfczo bhkw jfwzhghjo chw pènkchw, gob o

gfczyo jf kczfyfwwf co pykbfkyo plhco, hbplkhcjo hwwkb h pyomvcjkjhjf jf ghbpo, xvf fb

hlnvcw bobfczow, yfmoyîh o cñbfyo jf boyzow f h jfwzyvkîço jf gocwzyvîöfw jo Dhkzk# Wfcjo

hwwkb, h ácmhwf jh yf}kwzh ]fah mok h jf jfwzhghy o jyhbh jow dhkzkhcow, fb vbh pfywpfgzk}h

xvf wfcwkiklkqh o oiwfy}hjoy pflo moyzf kbphgzo jh jf}hwzhîço, jf vb phâw xvf pfyjfv nyhcjf

phyzf jf wvh popvlhîço#

Hw fjkîöfw jo zfyyfbozo jh Yfpñilkgh jo Gdklf whâyhb fb bhyîo, jokw bfwfw hp÷w o

zfyyfbozo jo Dhkzk# H yf}kwzh Ëpogh jkwpockiklkqov wfkw pènkchw, gob wfkw mozow, phyh yflhzhy h

goifyzvyh jo zfyyfbozo xvf hgoczfgfv ho wvjofwzf jh Hbëykgh jo Wvl# H fjkîço pvilkgov zyáw

kbhnfcw jh gkjhjf hmfzhjh pflo zfyyfbozo, h ácmhwf wf jfv cow jfwzyoîow xvf wf fwphldhyhbpflhw yvhw# Ow boyhjoyfw hphyfgfb }fwzkjow gob iohw yovphw, ov wfah, h popvlhîço xvf

woiyf}k}fv ho zyfboy zfb vb pojfy hxvkwkzk}o gocwkjfyè}fl, f ho goczyèyko jh fjkîço jo Dhkzk

xvf jfv jfwzhxvf phyh hw boyzfw, h fjkîço jo Gdklf, jfwzhgov hw pfyjhw jf ifcw bhzfykhkw# O

vwo jf mogo cow wvafkzow jkyfgkoch o oldhy jo oiwfy}hjoy phyh o wfczkbfczo jow woiyf}k}fczfw#

Zhbiëb mok klvwzyhjo o wogoyyo hw }âzkbhw jo zfyyfbozo mfkzo fb ghbhw dowpkzhlhyfw

kbpyo}kwhjhw fb vb fwphîo, bhw xvf, woiyfzvjo, omfyfgkh vb gocmoyzo bhkoy wf gobphyhjo

how golgdöfw kbpyo}kwhjow co gdço fb Poyzo Pyâcgkpf# Poy mkb, h yf}kwzh klvwzyov o moyzf

polkgkhbfczo jo no}fyco gdklfco phyh f}kzhy whxvfw co gobëygko#



>=

H fjkîço jh yf}kwzh ]fah jfwzkcov wfzf pènkchw gob wfkw mozow ho zfyyfbozo co Gdklf# H

chyyhzk}h gobfîh hpyfwfczhcjo jf moybh nfyhl ow fwzyhnow jfkthjow pflo zfyyfbozo, hpfwhy jhw

}âzkbhw boyzhkw co phâw, hw pènkchw cço hioyjhyhb goypow# O bhkoy pyfavâqo phyh ow gdklfcow

mok h pfyjh bhzfykhl jf ghyyow, ghwhw f whxvfw# Bfzhjf jhw kbhnfcw bowzyh}h hw gocwfxvácgkhw

jow hihlow wâwbkgow co hbikfczf# Hw jfbhkw klvwzyh}hb o wfczkbfczo jow boyhjoyfw fb

yflhîço how jhcow# O flfbfczo bhkw vzklkqhjo mok o pykbfkyo plhco xvf pfybkzf oiwfy}hy h

pyomvcjkjhjf jf ghbpo f gocwfxvfczfbfczf loghlkqhy o hwwvczo co hbikfczf, h fjkîço

zhbiëb vzklkqov jf mozonyhmkhw co wfczkjo doykqoczhl#

Hw fjkîöfw jhw jvhw yf}kwzhw jkwpvwfyhb bfcow fwphîo phyh h goifyzvyh jo zfyyfbozo co

Gdklf, pokw ogoyyfv fb vb phâw xvf zf}f gocjkîöfw jf fcmyfczhy hw jkmkgvljhjfw wfb havjh

ftzfych jf ovzyow phâwfw# H popvlhîço jo Gdklf zfb iohw gocjkîöfw wogkhkw f zhbiëb o

zfyyfbozo hghyyfzov bfcoy cñbfyo jf boyzow gobphyhjo àw pfyjhw dhkzkhchw# Aè o Dhkzk

gdhbov h hzfcîço jo bvcjo pflh boyzf jf bkldhyfw jf pfwwohw, ow dhkzkhcow zhbiëb womykhb

gocwzhczfbfczf jkwpvzhw kczfychw pflo pojfy# Hlëb jf fcmyfczhy ow jfwhmkow p÷w"zfyyfbozo, ow

woiyf}k}fczfw pyfgkwhyhb wvpfyhy h zyhnëjkh f yffynvfy o phâw xvf zfb xvf wvpfyhy

jkmkgvljhjfw fgocúbkghw, wogkhkw f polâzkghw#

Hw mozonyhmkhw moyhb ghphqfw jf goczhy vbh dkwz÷ykh, bowzyhy h wkzvhîço cow jokw phâwfw# Hwkbhnfcw jh yf}kwzh ]fah woiyf o zfyyfbozo co Dhkzk powwvâhb vb ghyèzfy bhkw wfcwhgkochlkwzh,

pokw ftployov fb zhbhcdo bhkoy mozow xvf hphyfgfb pfwwohw boyzhw, jhcjo ácmhwf how

jfzhldfw# Aè h yf}kwzh Ëpogh bowzyov kbhnfcw bfcoyfw ow boyzow f goczov h dkwz÷ykh jo

zfyyfbozo jo Dhkzk gob bhkw jfzhldfw vzklkqhcjo mozow jow yfpyfwfczhczfw



>>

YFMFYÁCGKHW

HVBOCZ, Ahxvfw# H kbhnfb# Zyhjvîço1 Fwzflh jow Whczow Hiyfv f Glèvjko G# Whczoyo# WçoPhvlo1 Phppkyow Fjkzoyh, 9009#

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IOYNFW, Bhykh Flkqh Lkcdhyfw# Dkwz÷ykh - Mozonyhmkh# 9# fj# Iflo Doykqoczf1 Hvzáczkgh,9004#

JKCKQ, Lk}kh Nhiykflh jow Whczow# Moybhw jf ]fy1 H kbhnfb mozonyèmkgh gobo gocwzyvîçowogkhl f gvlzvyhl# VCOPHY, Locjykch# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <~~~#iogg#vmm#iy/phn/iogg"jkckq"mozonyhmkh#pjm 3# Hgfwwo fb1 99 hno 9080#

JVHYZF, Aoynf5 IHYYOW, Hczocko $Oyn+# Bëzojow f zëgckghw jf pfwxvkwh fbgobvckghîço# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1 Hzlhw, 900=#

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MHIYKW, Hcchzfyfwh# Mozonyhmkh1 vwow f mvcîöfw co wëgvlo TKT# Wço Phvlo1 FJVWP, 8;;8#

DVBIFYZO, L# Mozonyhmkh, h poëzkgh jo ihchl# Iyhwâlkh1 Fjkzoyh Vck}fywkjhjf Iyhwâlkh,9000#

EOWWO[, Ioykw# Yfhlkjhjfw f Mkgîöfw ch Zyhbh Mozonyèmkgh# 9# fj# Wço Phvlo1 HzflkáFjkzoykhl, 9009#

LHNF, Cklwoc# Lkcnvhnfb aoychlâwzkgh# ># fj# Wço Phvlo1 Èzkgh, 9009#

BHVHJ, Hch Bhykh# Kbhnfcw jh Zfyyh1 Mozonyhmkh, Fwzëzkgh f Dkwz÷ykh# Pykbfkyow Fwgykzow,c°>" avldo jf 9008# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 <dzzp1//~~~#dkwzoykh#vmm#iy/pykbfkyowfwgykzow3# Hgfwwofb84 hno 9080 BHYZKCW, Aowë jf Wovqh# Wogkolonkh jh mozonyhmkh f jh kbhnfb# Wço Phvlo, Goczftzo1 9004#

BFKYKCDO JF WOVQH, Jhckfl Yojykno# H Bhckpvlhîço Mozonyèmkgh gobo Pyogfwwo jfYfpyfwfczhîço Jo Yfhl1 H Yfgocwzyvîço Jh Yfhlkjhjf# Phwwhnfw jf Phykw Ëjkzkoc Wpëgkhlf$900;+ 8;7"907# Jkwpocâ}fl fb1 < ~~~#hpfimy#oyn/phwwhnfwjfjfphykw3# Hgfwwo fb 87 hno9080#

BFCJFW, Wkl}hch Lvghw# 88 jf Bhyîo jf 900:1 H Kbhnfb Mozoaoychlkwzkgh jo HzfczhjoZfyyoykwzh jf Bhjyk, Jkwwfyzhîço jf bfwzyhfjo " Vck}fywkjhjf jo Wvl jf Whczh Ghzhykch,

Zvihyço, 900=#BOVYH, Yhckfllf Lfhl# Aowë Bfjfkyow f o mozoaoychlkwbo ch Yf}kwzh O Gyvqfkyo# Jkwpocâ}flfb <dzzp1//~~~9#bfzojkwzh#iy3# Hgfwwo fb 99 hno 9080#

http://www.bocc.uff.br/pag/bocc-diniz-fotografia.pdf


http://www.apebfr.org/passagesdedeparis

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http://www2.metodista.br/

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>4

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FOTOJORNALISMO: O espaço fotojornalístico em cobertura de desastres naturais dos terremotos do...

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