Estudo de Ligações Por Encaixe Em Estantes Industriais Convencionais

8/17/2019 Estudo de Ligações Por Encaixe Em Estantes Industriais Convencionais

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Sdavcrsa`k`c `c Kvcarn @cpkrtkfcdtn `c Cdlcdmkrak Fcbèdabk85;3

RárlanBkik`n Fkrtads

Cstu`n `c ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc cf cstkdtcsad`ustrakas bndvcdbandkas


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Sdavcrsa`k`c `c Kvcarn @cpkrtkfcdtn `c Cdlcdmkrak Fcbèdabk85;3

RárlanBkik`n Fkrtads

Cstu`n `c ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc cf cstkdtcsad`ustrakas bndvcdbandkas

@asscrtkìân kprcscdtk`k å Sdavcrsa`k`c `c Kvcarn pkrk bufprafcdtn `nsrcquasatns dcbcssërans å nhtcdìân `n lrku `c Fcstrc cf Cdlcdmkrak Fcbè-dabk, rckiazk`k snh k nracdtkìân bacdtabk ̀ n Urnjcssnr @nutnr JXKDBARBN

ONRÁ FKIMCAXN [SCAXÒR @C FCIN, Urnjcssnr Kssnbak`n `n @cpkrtk-fcdtn `c Cdlcdmkrak Fcbèdabk `k Sdavcrsa`k`c `c Kvcarn.


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n oÿra/tmc oury

prcsa`cdtc/prcsa`cdt Urnjcssnr @nutnr Kdtòdan Fkduci `c Hkstns UcrcarkUrnjcssnr Kuxaiakr ̀ k Sdavcrsa`k`c ̀ c Kvcarn

vnlkas/cxkfadcrs bnffattcc Urnjcssnr @nutnr Khci @aks `ns RkdtnsUrnjcssnr Kssnbak`n Sdavcrsa`k`c `n Unrtn - Jkbui`k`c `c Cdlcdmkrak(Krlucdtc)

Urnjcssnr @nutnr Jrkdbasbn Onsá Fkimcarn [ucaròs `c Fcin

Urnjcssnr Kssnbak`n `k Sdavcrsa`k`c `c Kvcarn (Nracdtk`nr)


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klrk`cbafcdtns /kbgdnwic`lcfcdts

[ucrn klrk`cbcr cf prafcarn iulkr kn fcu pka Khæian c fadmk fâc _uifark,quc jnrkf ns fcus ‖kiabcrbcs‖pkrk quc cu pu`cssc bndstruar tn`n cstcpcrbursn kbk`áfabn.

Sf klrk`cbafcdtn tkfháf kn fcu arfân, budmk`k c snhradmns pcinkpnan `cfndstrk`n.

[ucrn klrk`cbcr kn Urnjcssnr @nutnr Kdtòdan Fkduci `c Hkstns Uc-rcark, prnjcssnr Kuxaiakr `n @cpkrtkfcdtn `c Cdlcdmkrak Fcbèdabk `kSdavcrsa`k`c `c Kvcarn, quc fc kou`nu dk pkrtc cxpcrafcdtki `cstc

trkhkimn.

[ucrn klrk`cbcr kn Urnjcssnr @nutnr Jrkdbasbn Onsá Fkimcarn [uca-ròs `c Fcin nracdtk`nr `cstk tcsc quc fc kou`nu c `cu jnrìks dkbndbrctazkìân `cstc trkhkimn.

Pkfháf qucrn klrk`cbcr kn Urnjcssnr @nutnr Kijrc`n Hkikbò `cFnrkas pcik kou`k c kpnan pkrk cstc trkhkimn.


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Ukikvrks-Bmkvc Cstruturks ̀ n tapn rkbg , cstkdtcs adùstrakas, safuikìân dufárabk, fnfcdtn-rntkìân, pcrs dns, kìn R233

Xcsufn Ns sastcfks `c cstruturks `n tapn rkbg pkrk krfkzcdkfcdtn `c prnùtnsadùstrakas, bndmcba`n dk tcrfadninlak adlicsk bnfn Rtnrklc Rtcci XkbgRystcfs, sân bndoudtns rcsastcdtcs `c bndlurkìân traàfcdsandki pkrkkfhacdtcs adùstrakas, kprcscdtkd`n uf ̀ cscdmn fuatn judbandki c rnhustn.Cstks cstruturks fnùikrcs pcrfatcf k suk fndtklcf rëpa`k ktrkvás `cuf sastcfk `c ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc, bndcbtnrcs sni`k`ns dks cxtrcfa`k`cs

`ks valks, quc prcbaskf ̀ c bufprar cxalcdtcs dnrfks ̀ c sclurkdìk k f ̀ ccvatkr kba`cdtcs. Cstcs kba`cdtcs pn`cf scr bkusk`ns pnr cfpaimk`nrks nunutrn tapn ̀ c fëquadks ns qukas nbnrrcf ̀ urkdtc kìócs `c krfkzcdkfcdtnnu ̀ c prnburk `c krtalns fkdukifcdtc lukr`k`ns dks cstkdtcs (`cdnfadk`kcstk kìân `c pabgadl).

Cstc tapn `c cstruturks á bndstatuæ`n pnr uf bndoudtn `c pcrs (mk-hatukifcdtc ikfadk`ns cf jran), quc sân fndtk`ns pnr ialkìócs ̀ c cdbkaxc,`kd`n nralcf å `c cstruturk pkrk krfkzcdkfcdtn oë fcdbandk`k. Nfktcraki utaiazk`n pkrk jkhrabn `cstcs pcrs á n kìn pn`cd`n scr `c vëranstapns bnf prnprac`k`cs àjcrcdtcs pn`cd`n scr bikssabk`ks cf tkhciksKARA, KRPF c dnrfks CD. Cstks cstruturks cstân fndtk`ks bnf pcrs`c kìn `ÿbtai (R233,RP38,ctb.),`c hkaxn tcnr `c bkrhndn (cdtrc 5,;:% c5,;=%) n quc imc bndjcrc cxbcicdtc sni`khaia`k`c ufk vcz bndjnrfk`nk jran, cstc tapn `c kìn kprcscdtk ufk tcdsân `c bc`ïdbak cdtrc 255k 055 FUk c tcdsân `c rnturk cdtrc 355 k :55 FUk. N tapn `c trk-hkimn `c bndjnrfkìân k jran, pkrk sc nhtcrcf ns pcrs, sân cjctuk`nspcik tábdabk `c pcriklcf. Cxastcf vërans sastcfks `c cstruturk pkrkkrfkzcdkfcdtn, bnfn pnr cxcfpin, cstruturks @ravc-ad/@ravc Pmrnulm,cstruturks `n tapn pabgadl, cstruturks `c supnrtc `c pkictcs c cstruturksbnf sastcfks kutnfktazk`ns, bndsnkdtc n quc ks cdta`k`cs cfprcskrakasprctcd`kf pkrk ns scus krfkzáds. K dnrfk quc á utaiazk`k pkrk nprnoctn `cstc tapn `c cstruturks, á k CD ;33;8?8551, cf quc dcstktcsc sc vka tcr cf bndtk pkrtcs `cstk dnrfk, pn`cd`n tkfháf tcr-sck dcbcssa`k`c ̀ c rcbnrrcr k nutrks dnrfks quc k CD ;33;8?8551 cspcbaquc.

Rafuikìócs `c cicfcdtns Jadatns `c cicfcdtns fndtk`ns pkrk bnds-truar ufk ialkìân dn cspkìn, jnrkf rckiazk`k fkimks lcnfátrabks cfktcrakas dân-iadckrcs bnf ns rcsuitk`ns pkrk n fnfcdtn `c cxân cfjudìân `n èdluin `c rntkìân `k ialkìân cf bnfpkrkìân bnf k iatcrkturkcspcbæbk c/nu rcsuitk`ns cxpcrafcdtkas.


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Gcywnr`s rkbg systcf strubturc, adùstraki smcivcs, datc cicfcdts safuiktands,fnfcdt-rntktand, tmad prnics, stcci R233

Khstrkbt Pmc strubturc rkbg systcf jnr stnrklc nj adùstraki lnn`s, gdnwd adCdliasm tcrfadninly ks Rtcci Rtnrklc Xkbg Rystcfs, krc rcsastkdt scts nj tmrcc-àfcdsandki bndlurktand jnr adùstraki cdvarndfcdts, prcscdtadlk vcry judbtandki kd` rnhust `csald. Pmcsc fnùikr strubturcs cdkhicquabg ksscfhiy tmrnulm k systcf nj bnddcbtands pcr snbgct, bnddcbtnrs

wci`c` tn tmc cd`s nj tmc hckfs, kd` tmcy dcc` tn fcct stradlcdtskjcty stkd`kr`s ad nr̀ cr tn kvna` kbba`cdts. Pmcsc kbba`cdts bkd hcbkusc` hy jnrgiajts nr ntmcr fkbmadcry wmabm kbtands nbbur ùradl stnrklcnr fkdukiiy sckrbm jnr atcfs stnrc` nd smcivcs (bkiic` tmas kbtand nj pabgadl).

Pmas typc nj strubturc as bndstatutc` hy k sct nj prnics (usukiiy bni`rniic`), wmabm krc ksscfhic` hy sdkp bnddcbtands, ickàdl tn tmc stnrklcstrubturc fcdtandc` khnvc. Pmc fktcraki usc` tn fkdujkbturc tmcscprnics as stcci kd` fky hc nj vkranus typcs watm àstcrcdt prnpcrtacs bkdhc bikssac` ad tkhics KARA KRPF, kd` CD stkd`kr`s. Pmcsc strubturcskrc ksscfhic` watm prnics nj ùbtaic stcci (R233, RP38, ctb.), inw bkrhndbndtcdt (jrnf 5.;: % kd` 5.;= %) lavadl at cxbciicdt wci`khaiaty ndbcbndjnrfc` tn bni ,̀ subm stcci mks k yaci` strcdltm hctwccd 255 kd` 055FUk kd` tcdsaic strcdltm nj 355 tn :55 FUk. Pmc typc nj bni` jnrfadlwnrg tn nhtkad tmc prnics krc fk`c hy prniadl tcbmdaquc. Pmc fcbmkdabkiprnpcrtacs krc bcrtac` kbbnràdl tn KARA, KRPF kd` CD stkd`kr`s. Pmcrckrc vkranus systcfs jnr stnrklc strubturc, subm ks, `ravc-ad/`ravc-tmrnulmstrubturcs, pabgadl typc strubturcs, suppnrt strubturcs pkiict kd` strubturcswatm kutnfktc` systcfs, kbbnràdl tmc husadcss cdtatacs tmkt wasm tn atswkrcmnuscs. Pmc stkd`kr` tmkt as usc` jnr tmc `csald nj tmas typc nj strubturcs, as CD ;33;8?8551 Curnpckd Rtkd`kr`s, wmcrc ad tmas tmcsas waiitkgc adtn kbbnudt pkrts nj tmas stkd`kr` kd` fky kisn mkvc tmc dcc` tn uscntmcr stkd`kr`s tmkt CD ;33;8?8551 spcbajy.

Jadatc Cicfcdts Rafuiktands nj ksscfhic` cicfcdts tn huai` k spktakibnddcbtand wcrc pcrjnrfc` watm malm nr`cr dnd-iadckr lcnfctrab kd` fk-tcraki fcsmcs, mkvadl tmc rcsuits jnr tmc hcdàdl fnfcdt vcrsus rntktandkikdlic nj tmc bnddcbtand bnfpkrc` watm spcbab iatcrkturc.


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Ædàbc

Iastk `c Pkhciks av

Iastk `c Jalurks v

Dnfcdbikturk ax

; Cstk`n @k Krtc ;;.; Ks Nralcds `n Krfkzcdkfcdtn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;.8 Rurlafcdtn ̀ ns sastcfks ̀ c krfkzcdkfcdtn adùstrakas . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;.2 Rastcfks `c Krfkzcdkfcdtn Adùstraki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

;.2.; Ukictazkìân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

;.2.;.; Bndvcdbandki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;.2.;.8 @ravc-ad/@ravc Pmrnulm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0;.2.;.2 @adèfabn c Uusm-Hkbg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0;.2.;.0 Kutnpnrtkdtc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3;.2.;.3 Kutnfëtabn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

;.2.8 Uabgadl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :;.2.2 Bkdtaiávcr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <;.2.0 Cstkdtcs safpics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <;.2.3 Krquavn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <;.2.: Uiktkjnrfks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

;.0 Ukictcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

;.3 Prkhkimns rcikbandk`ns bnf cstu`ns snhrc ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc . . . . . . . 1;.: Ialkìócs Rcfa-Xala`ks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5

8 Nhoctavns c Nrlkdazkìân ̀ n Prkhkimn ;;8.; Nhoctavns ̀ n Prkhkimn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;8.8 Nrlkdazkìân ̀ n Prkhkimn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;;

2 Xcvasân Hahianlrëjabk c Fn`cins ̀ c ̀ kdn ;22.; Adtrnùìân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;22.8 Cdskan ̀ c Prkìân Sdakxaki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;2

2.8.; Burvk Pcdsân-cxtcdsân dnfadki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;2

2.8.;.; Xcsastïdbak `n Fktcraki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;32.8.;.8 Pcdsân `c bc`ïdbak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;:

a


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aa Ædàbc

2.8.;.2 Pcdsân `c rnturk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;<2.8.;.0 Xcsaiaïdbak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;<2.8.;.3 Pcdkba`k`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=

2.8.8 Burvk `k tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân vcr̀ k`cark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1

2.2 Pcnrak ̀ k Uikstaba`k`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;2.2.; Bratárans ̀ c Uikstaba`k`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;2.2.;.; Bratáran ̀ c Prcsbk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8;2.2.;.8 Bratáran `c vnd-Fascs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

2.2.8 Fn`cins ̀ c Uikstaba`k`c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822.2.8.; Uikstaba`k`c Ucrjcatk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 822.2.8.8 Uikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn iadckr . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.2.8.2 Uikstabà k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn dân iadckr . . . . . . . . . . . 83

2.2.2 Cdbrukfcdtn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.0 Pcnrak ̀ n Fátn`n ̀ ns Cicfcdtns Jadatns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:

2.0.; N quc á n FCJ> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:

2.0.8 Xcvasân Mastòrabk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8:2.0.2 Urnlrkfks `c safuikìân dufárabk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8<2.0.0 Papns ̀ c cicfcdtns jadatns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8=2.0.3 Kdëiasc `c ufk safuikìân dufárabk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812.0.: Cqukìócs lcdárabks `n FCJ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812.0.< Cicfcdtns jadatns c suks bkrkbtcræstabks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

0 Cdskans Cxpcrafcdtkas 220.; Adtrnùìân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220.8 Ukrtc A - Cdskans Cxpcrafcdtkas pkrk k bkrkbtcrazkìân `n fktcraki . . . . . . 22

0.8.; Urnbcàfcdtns cxpcrafcdtkas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

0.8.;.; Jksc A - Bndbcìân `ns prnvctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200.8.;.8 Jksc AA - Urcpkrkìân ̀ ns prnvctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230.8.;.2 Jksc AAA - Urcpkrkìân `ns Cquapkfcdtns utaiazk`n dns cdskans 230.8.;.0 Jksc AZ - Prktkfcdtn `c ̀ k`ns c Xcsuitk`ns . . . . . . . . . 2:

0.2 Ukrtc AA - Cdskans Cxpcrafcdtkas ̀ ks ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc . . . . . . . . . . . 0;0.2.; Dnrfk CD ;33;8?8551 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0;0.2.8 Urnbcàfcdtns Cxpcrafcdtkas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08

0.2.8.; Jksc A - Fndtklcf `ns cdskans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000.2.8.8 Jksc AA - Urcpkrkìân ̀ ns cdskans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03

0.2.2 Cdskan K8.3 pkrk fcàìân `k jnilk `ks ialkìócs . . . . . . . . . . . . 010.2.2.; Prktkfcdtn `c ̀ k`ns c Xcsuitk`ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01

0.2.0 Cdskan K8.0 pkrk cstu`n `k rcsastïdbak c rala`cz ̀ ks ialkìócs . . . . 300.2.0.; Urcpkrkìân ̀ ns cdskans - Nutrns Kspctns . . . . . . . . . . 300.2.0.8 Rnhrc k Bkrlk Kpiabk`k . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330.2.0.2 Prktkfcdtn `c ̀ k`ns c rcsuitk`ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3:

0.2.3 Fn`ns ̀ c Jkimk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :50.2.: @asbussân `c Xcsuitk`ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :2

3 Fn`cin ̀ c Rafuikìân Dufárabk :33.; Adtrnùìân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :33.8 Rnhrc n Khkqus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :3

3.8.; Ctkpks `n judbandkfcdtn `n Khkqus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :3

3.2 Fn`cins `c Rafuikìân Dufárabk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::3.2.; Urnbcàfcdtns (Urá-Urnbcsskfcdtn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::

Rárlan Bkik`n Fkrtads Sdavcrsa`k`c ̀ c Kvcarn


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Æd`abc aaa

3.2.;.; Fn`cikìân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ::3.2.;.8 @asbrctazkìân? Bndstruìân ̀ k Fkimk . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<3.2.;.2 Fktcraki Ukrk n Fn`cin Dufárabn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=3.2.;.0 Fndtklcf `n Fn`cin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1

3.2.;.3 Ctkpks ̀ k Rafuikìân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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Iastk `c Pkhciks

0.; Dnfc ̀ ns prnvctcs cdskak`ns c suks bnd àìócs adabakas. . . . . . . . . . . . 2<0.8 Zkinrcs fá àns `k burvk dnfadki `ks prnprac`k`cs fcbèdabk `n fktcraki . . 2=0.2 Zkinrcs fáàns `k burvk vcr`k`cark `ks prnprac`k`cs fcbèdabk `n fktcraki 2=0.0 Urnprac`k`cs fktcraki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210.3 Fcà`ks `ns prnvctcs tcstk`ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 020.: Jnilks Fáàks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320.< Xcsuitk`ns `ns cdskans `ks ialkìócs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3=0.= Xala`cz ̀ ks Ialkìócs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310.1 Cxprcssócs F (ν) rcsuitkdtc `ns lrëjabns fáàns `ks burvks cxpcrafcdtkas . :5

3.; Bnfpkrkìân Xcsuitk`ns `ns cdskans bnf Xcsuitk`ns `n Fn`cin Dufárabn =;

3.8 Bnfpkrkìân `k Xala`cz Cdskans cxpcrafcdtkas bnf k ralà cz `ks safuikìócs`ks ialkìócs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =8

av


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Iastk `c Jalurks

;.; Cstkdtcs bndvcdbandkas pkrk krfkzcdkfcdtn `c pkictcs . . . . . . . . . . . 2;.8 Bnfpndcdtcs quc bndstatucf k cstruturk bndvcdbandki `c cstkdtcs `c pkic-

tazkìân. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2;.2 Rastcfk? (k)@ravc-ad, (h)@ravc-Pmrnulm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0;.0 (k)Rastcfk @adèfabn (h)Rastcfk Uusm-Hkbg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3;.3 Rastcfk Kutnpnrtkdtc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3;.: Rastcfks Uabgadl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :;.< Rastcfk bkdtaiávcr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <;.= Cxcfpin ̀ c Uiktkjnrfk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =;.1 @afcdsócs ̀ ks curnpkictcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . =

;.;5 Krtalns quc cdvnivcf cstu`ns snhrc ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc. . . . . . . . . . . 1;.;; Ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc? (k)2 lkrrks, (h)0 lkrrks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;5

2.; Lrëjabn Pcdsân-Cxtcdsân tæpabn `c uf fktcraki `ÿbtai. W=V . . . . . . . . . . . ;02.8 Papns `c jrkturks? (k) Jrkturk jrëlai, (h) Jrkturk bnfpictkfcdtc `ÿbtai, (b) Jrk-

turk ̀ ÿbtai. W=V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;32.2 Papns `c bc`ïdbak? (k) bnf pktkfkr `c bc`ïdbak7 (h) scf pktkfkr ̀ c bc`ïd-

bak W=V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;:2.0 Uktkfkr `c bc`ïdbak nu ̀ cjnrfkìân ̀ c Iù`crs. W=V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;:2.3 @ctcrfadkìân `n fnùin `c rcsaiaïdbak ktrkvás `n lrëjabn . . . . . . . . . . . ;=2.: @ctcrfadkìân `n fnùin `c tcdkba`k`c ktrkvás `n lrëjabn (k)pkrk uf fktc-

raki `ÿbtai,(h) pkrk uf fktcraki jrëlai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;=2.< Cxcfpin `c uf lrëjabn `c bnfpkrkìân cdtrc k Pcdsân-`cjnrfkìân dnfadkic vcr`k`cark. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;1

2.= Xcprcscdtkìân lrëjabk `ns bratárans `c pikstaba`k`c `c Prcsbk c vnd Fascs dncstk`n hakxaki ̀ c tcdsân . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

2.1 Fn`cin `c pikstaba`k`c pcrjcatk(fktcraki-cikstabn-pcrjcatkfcdtc piëstabn) . . . 802.;5 Fn`cin `c pikstabà k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn iadckr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 802.;; Fn`cin `c pikstabà k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn dân iadckr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.;8 Xcprcscdtkìân lrëjabk `n jcdòfcdn ̀ c cdbrukfcdtn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 832.;2 Xcprcscdtkìân `n prnbcssn `c àsbrctazkìân duf fn`cin nu `nfædan pnr

cicfcdtns jadatns W;;V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8=

2.;0 Cicfcdtns jadatns?(k) udaàfcdsandki (h) haàfcdsandki (b) traàfcdsandki W;;V 8=2.;3 Cicfcdtns Jadatns lcdárabns? (k)Prakdluikr, (h)Xctkdluikr. W;;V . . . . . . . . 25

v


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va Iastk `c Jalurks

2.;: Xcprcscdtkìân lcdárabk `c uf cicfcdtn kxassafctrabn W;;V . . . . . . . . . . 2;2.;< Cicfcdtns jadatns tra`afcdsandkas? (k)Mcxká`rabn `c = dòs, (h)tctrká`rabn `c

quktrn dòs, (b)pcdtká r̀abn `c : dòs, (`) cicfcdtn `n tapn parèfa`c. W;;V . . . 2;2.;= Xcprcscdtkìân `n bndbcatn `c `clcdcrkìân `c uf cicfcdtn tra`afcdsandki

duf cicfcdtn jadatn ̀ c supcrjæbac. W;;V . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

0.; Dnfcdbikturk `ns prnvctcs pkrk ns cdskans `c trkìân udakxaki . . . . . . . . 200.8 @cscdmn `n prnvctc rcbtkdluikr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200.2 Fkrbks Xctkdluikrcs dk ërck ÿtai ̀ n prnvctc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230.0 Cquapkfcdtns utaiazk`ns dns cdsakns? (k) Fëquadk Sdavcrski Rmafk`zu 35gD-

KL, (h) Zæ`cn Cxtcdsòfctrn Fcsspmysab FC 0: DL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230.3 Aiustrkìân `n pnsabandkfcdtn `n væ`cn cxtcdsòfctrn pkrk kquasaìân `c afk-

lcf ̀ n prnvctc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:0.: Kdtcs c `cpnas `ns cdskans? (k) Urnvctc adabaki c prnvctc kpòs scr suhfctà n

kn cdskan, (h) Kpòs n cdskan vastn k pkrtar `k afklcf bkptk`k pcin væ`cncx-

tcdsòfctrn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2:0.< Lrëjabn tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân dnfadki rcsuitkdtc `ns cdskans . . . . . . . . . . 2<0.= Lrëjabn tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark rcsuitkdtc `ns cdskans . . . . . . . . 2=0.1 Burvk tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark pkrk kfhks nracdtkìócs `c ikfadklcf

c ns rcspctavns lrëjabns ̀ k cqukìân `c Rwajt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 050.;5 Dnfcdbikturk ̀ ns prnvctcs ̀ ks ialkìócs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 080.;; Csqucfk `c fndtklcf `ns cdskans `ks ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc. W;2V . . . . . 080.;8 @afcdsócs lcdárabks ̀ ns bnfpndcdtcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 020.;2 Cquapkfcdtns utaiazk`ns dns cdskans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000.;0 Fndtklcf ̀ ns cdskans `ks ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 030.;3 Bninbkìân ̀ ks fkrbks òtabks dks valks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0:

0.;: Cdbkaxc `k valk dn paikr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0


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Iastk `c Jalurks vaa

3.8 Ukrtcs ̀ n Fn`cin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<3.2 @asbrctazkìân `n Fn`cin (Bndstruìân `k Fkimk) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :<3.0 @k`ns `k bkrktcrazkìân `n fktcraki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :=3.3 Fndtklcf Lcrki ̀ n Fn`cin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :1

3.: Fndtklcf `c tn`ns ns prnvctcs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


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vaaa Iastk `c Jalurks



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Dnfcdbikturk

K Kindlkfcdtn kpòs k jrkturkJ Jnrìk

ζ Bncjabacdtc `c Unasnd

ςr Pcdsân `c rnturk

ςb Pcdsân iafatc `c csbnkfcdtn nu tcdsân `c bc`ïdbak

ς Pcdsân vcr`k`cark

ςcqP Pcdsân cquavkicdtc `n bratáran `c Prcsbk

ςcqZF Pcdsân cquavkicdtc `n bratáran `c vnd Fascs

ςr Pcdsân vcr`k`cark dn pndtn `c jnrìk fëxafk

π nbt Pcdsân `c bnrtc nbtkc`rki

π fx Pcdsân fëxafk `c bnrtc

γ; @cjnrfkìân indlatu`adki

γ8 @cjnrfkìân trkdsvcrski 8

γ2 @cjnrfkìân trkdsvcrski 2γb @cjnrfkìân `n iafatc `c cikstaba`k`c nu `c bc`ïdbak

γj @cjnrfkìân dnfadki dk jrkturk

γ @cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark

γj @cjnrfkìân dn pndtn `c jrkturk

γr @cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark dn pndtn `c jnrìk fëxafk

K5 Ërck adabaki

Kj Ërck dn pndtn `k jrkturk

ax


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x Dnfcdbikturk

Ka Ërck adstkdtèdck dk zndk `c `cjnrfkìân piëstabk udajnrfc

Kr Ërck `k scbìân dn pndtn `c jnrìk fëxafk

@ @aèfctrn jadki adstkdtèdcn `n prnvctc barbuikr

@5 @aèfctrn adabaki `n prnvctc barbuikr

C Fòùin `c Cikstaba`k`c

J fkx Jnrìk fëxafk supnrtk`k pcin prnvctc

L Fnùin `c cikstaba`k`c trkdsvcrski nu fòùin `c bnrtc

O 8 Rclud`n advkrakdtc `n tcdsnr `csvak`nr

ij Bnfprafcdtn jadki

q Xcùìân `k ërck dk zndk `k jrkturkS r Fòùin `c Xcsaiaïdbak

S P Fòùin `c Pcdkba`k`c

∊i Zkrakìân `c bnfprafcdtn

ς Pcdsân dnfadki

γ @cjnrfkìân dnfadki `c Cdlcdmkrak

i5 Bnfprafcdtn adabaki



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BKUÆPSIN ;

Cstk`n @k Krtc

;.; Ks Nralcds `n Krfkzcdkfcdtn

K nralcf `n krfkzcdkfcdtn rcfndtk kns tcfpns prafatavns nd`c n Mnfcf prafatavnkrfkzcdkvk ns scus kiafcdtns, cf pcræn`ns `c khud`èdbak, pkrk `cpnas ns jnrdcbcr cbndsufar. Mnoc cf àk n krfkzcdkfcdtn cdvnivc fuatn fkas pkrk kiáf `n quc n safpicsktn `c lukr`kr. Å fcà`k quc k dnssk dnssk bavaiazkìân jna cvniuad`n n krfkzcdkfcdtnjabnu fkas àvcrsajabk`n c fkas bnfpicxn. Unr pkikvrks fkas safpics, uf krfkzáf á ufinbki nd`c ns prnùtns jabkf `cpnsatk`ns cf sclurkdìk c hnf cstk`n, lcrkd`n iubrns dnbksn `c mkvcr bnfárban. N krfkzcdkfcdtn tcf cvniuæ`n `cs`c ns tcfpns `ns kdtalns

cspalucarns ktá kn krfkzcdkfcdtn `c prnùtns fkdujkturk`ns, dks trkdspnrtk`nrks, dkbnfcrbakiazkìân c dk prnùìân.

Á rcjcra`n duf bkpatuin `k Hæhiak `n iavrn `n Ládcsas; ufk mastòrak `c uf mnfcfbmkfk`n Onsá, dn kdtaln Clatn,`k`n bnfn n mcròa `k ápnbk, pnrquc fnstrkvk bnfn sc kr-fkzcdkvk cxbc`cdtcs `c bnfa`k, `cravk`ks `ks bnimcatks klræbniks, ùrkdtc ns tcfpns `cjnfc. Ukrk kiáf àssn, sclud`n rciktk k mastòrak, ns krfkzáds crkf jndtcs `c cfcrlïdbakbndtrk k jnfc, cf satukìócs `c lucrrk pnr cxcfpin, nu qukd`n dân mkvakf bnimcatks.

[ukd`n sc `cscdvnivcrkf ns sastcfks `c trkdspnrtcs ns krfkzáds tnrdkrkf-sc tcr-fadkas afpnrtkdtcs dk fkanrak `ks tcrrks c rntks bnfcrbakas fkrætafks. K tatuin `c cxcfpin,dk bà k`c `c Zcdczk, ̀ urkdtc k A`k`c Fáàk, ns tcrfadkas `c krfkzcdkfcdtn cstkvkf hcfcstkhcicba`ns. Zcdczk tnrdnu-sc cdtân n fkanr bcdtrn `c bnfárban pnr scr ufk ba`k`c hcf

pnsabandk`k cdtrc k Curnpk Nba`cdtki c n Nracdtc. Kn bndtrëran `ns krfkzcdkfcdtns `cquc k Hæhiak dns jkik, quc crkf prnprac`k`c `ns rcas nu lnvcrdns `k ápnbk, cstc cxcfpin`c Zcdczk scrvak pkrk lcrkr iubrns pkrk pcqucdns lrupns `c bnfcrbakdtcs, ks bmkfk`kskiakdìks bnfcrbakas. W;V

; Kqua dân á rcjcra`n n dufcrn `n bkpætuin dcf `ns vcrsæbuins, pnas n bkpætuin quc jkik `cstk mastòrak `n iavrn`ns Ládcsas pn`c dân scr n fcsfn cdtrc ks àjcrcdtcs càìócs `k Hæhiak

;


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8 Bkpætuin ;. Cstk`n @k Krtc

;.8 Rurlafcdtn `ns sastcfks `c krfkzcdkfcdtn adùstrakas

Ns sastcfks `c krfkzcdkfcdtn adùstrakas surlarkf cf ;125. K suk cstruturk crkbnfpnstk pnr bkdtndcarks `c kìn bndjnrfk`ns k jran pkrk ns paikrcs, kprcscdtkd`n pcrjurk-

ìócs cf tn`n n scu bnfprafcdtn. Dk kiturk ns prnoctastks utaiazkvkf ialkìócs kpkrkjusk`ksdcsscs sastcfks pnr bndtcrcf ufk vkrac`k`c `c bndjalurkìócs pnssævcas. Dn cdtkdtn cssctapn `c bniudks usk`ks lkrkdtakf ufk hkaxk rcsastïdbak å tnrìân, c pkrk lkrkdtar k cstkha-ia`k`c `k cstruturk crkf dcbcssërans fuatns bndtrkvcdtkfcdtns. Unr cssk rkzân c pcin njkbtn `k utaiazkìân `c pkrkjusns nhtcrcf uf bustn cicvk`n, bnfcìkrkf k scr `cscdvniva`ks"lkrrks `cdtk`ks"rcstradlad`n ns jurns dns paikrcs. Kssaf k fndtklcf tnrdnu-sc fkas jëbaic rëpa`k. Jnrkf tkfháf brak`ks pnstcranrfcdtc paikrcs `n tapn S cdraocba`n, quc k `k`nfnfcdtn kprcscdtkvkf ufk àjabui`k`c pkrk adstkikr ns bndtrkvcdtkfcdtns, c pnr csskrkzân jnrkf brak`ks nutrns tapns `c paikrcs nu bniudks, bnfn pnr cxcfpin ks `c scbìân `ntapn rkbg nu lkrrkjk, cf quc ks suks jikdlcs jkbaiatkvkf k jaxkìân `ns bndtrkvcdtkfcdtns.W8V

;.2 Rastcfks `c Krfkzcdkfcdtn Adùstraki

Ns sastcfks `c krfkzcdkfcdtn adùstraki `n tapn rkbg sân cstruturks fuatn bnfpkbtks,`c fndtklcf jëbai c `c hkaxn bustn. Rân cstruturks bnfpnstks pnr pcrjas mkhatukifcdtcbndjnrfk`ns pikstabkfcdtc k jran, `c vkrak`ks scbìócs. Ks bniudks nu paikrcs pnssucfpcrjurkìócs kn indln `c scu bnfprafcdtn pkrk pnssahaiatkr n cdbkaxc `c valks quc pn`cfscr tkfháf `c vkrak`ks jnrfks, tnrdkd`n kssaf, uf cstu`n kdkiætabn `n bnfpnrtkfcdtnhkstkdtc bnfpicxn. W8V

Dcstk scbìân `csbrcvcfns, rcsufa`kfcdtc ns àjcrcdtcs tapns `c krfkzcdkfcdtn ad-

ùstrakas quc cxastcf mnoc cf àk c qukas ks suks bkrkbtcræstabks.Ns àjcrcdtcs tapns `c krfkzcdklcf sân ns scluadtcs?

• Ukictazkìân? pkrk bkrlks pcsk`ks, àrcbandk`n pkrk krrufkìân `c pkictcs. Cxastcfcstruturks bndvcdbandkas, bnfpkbtk `ravc-ad/`ravc tmrnulm, kutnpnrtkdtc, hkscs fn-vcas, àdèfabn c kutnfëtabn.

• Uabgadl ? pkrk bkrlks ialcarks c fáàks, àrcbandk`n pkrk cfprcsks bnf sastcfk `cUabgadl kutnfëtabn, Uabgadl @adèfabn, Uabgadl fkduki c Uabgadl Pcxtai.

• Krquavns? pkrk ntafazkìân `c cspkìn, `n tapn Xnikdtc/@csiazkdtc, kutnfëtabn c bnd-vcdbandki.

• Bkdtaiávcr? pkrk bkrlks indlks c vniufnsks.

• Cstkdtcs Rafpics? pkrk tn`n tapn `c cspkìns, bnf sastcfk `c bkdtndcark pcrjurk`k,cstkdtcs `c cdbkaxc, cstkdtcs scf pkrkjusn c krfërans cstkdtc.

• Uiktkjnrfks? pkrk kprnvcatkfcdtn `n cspkìn, pasns fctëiabns.

;.2.; Ukictazkìân

;.2.;.; Bndvcdbandki

K Jalurk ;.; kprcscdtk uf sastcfk bndvcdbandki `c pkictazkìân. Cstc sastcfk `c cs-tkdtcs sân usk`ks pkrk jkbaiatkr n `csbkrrclkfcdtn `ks fcrbk`nraks scf `c sc tcr k dcbcs-



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;.2. Rastcfks ̀ c Krfkzcdkfcdtn Adùstraki 2

sa`k`c `c fnvafcdtkr nutrks pkictcs, nd`c ns prnùtns pkictazk`ns sc cdbndtrkf `cva`k-fcdtc a`cdtajabk`ns n quc jkbaiatk dn bndtrnin `n stnbg. Dnrfkifcdtc oudtn ås pkrc`cs `nkrfkzáf cstcs sân fndtk`ns bnf uf hksta`nr safpics c dks zndks bcdtrkas `n krfkzáfsân fndtk`ns bnf `nas hksta`nrcs ialk`ns cdtrc sa ktrkvás `c scpkrk`nrcs.

Jalurk ;.;? Cstkdtcs bndvcdbandkas pkrk krfkzcdkfcdtn `c pkictcs

Ns bnfpndcdtcs quc bndstatucf cstc tapn `c cstruturks sân ns hksta`nrcs, bndstatuæ`n

pnr `nas paikrcs bndtrkvcdtk`ks pnr trkvcssks àspnstns dk àklndki, c quc sân jaxk`ns dnpasn `n krfkzáf, ktrkvás `c pikbks hkscs, ns paikrcs sân ns quc bndtcf ks rkdmurks c jurnsquc scrvcf pkrk pcrfatar n cdbkaxc `ks valks, bninbkr n jrcan `c sclurkdìk cdtrc nutrnsbnfpndcdtcs. Ks valks sân ns cicfcdtns mnrazndtkas quc supnrtkf n pcsn `ns prnùtnskrfkzcdk`ns c sân cdbkaxk`ns ktrkvás `c bndcbtnrcs, sni`k`ns dks cxtrcfa`k`cs `k valkc quc bndtcf ns `cdtcs pkrk n cdbkaxc dks rkdmurks `ns paikrcs. W2V Cstcs tapns `c cdbkaxcs,sân ks ialkìócs valk+paikr quc fkas å jrcdtc, dcstk tcsc, scrân n pndtn bcdtrki c quc sc arëcstu`kr bnf fkas ralnr.

(k) Kfnstrk IalkìânZalk c Uaikr

(h) Rcpkrk`nr (b) Hksta`nr

Jalurk ;.8? Bnfpndcdtcs quc bndstatucf k cstruturk bndvcdbandki `c cstkdtcs `c pkictazk-ìân.

Cxastcf vkrak`ns pcrjas `c valk, `c fn`n k sktasjkzcr ks dcbcssa`k`cs `c krfkzcdk-fcdtn cf àfcdsân bnfn cf bkrlk. Pkfháf dcstc tapn `c sastcfks `c krfkzcdkfcdtn

pn`c scr k`kptk`n ns sastcfk pkrk pabgadl fkduki.W2V K jalurk ;.8 fnstrk kiluds bnfpn-dcdtcs `cstc tapn `c cstruturk.



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0 Bkpætuin ;. Cstk`n @k Krtc

;.2.;.8 @ravc-ad/@ravc Pmrnulm

Bnfn n pròpran dnfc adàbk, dcstcs sastcfks ks cfpaimk`nrks barbuikf pnr cspkìns

`cdtrn `k pròprak cstruturk, rcùzad`n ns bnrrc`nrcs bcdtrkas cdtrc ks cstruturks. N sastcfk@ravc-ad nhc`cbc å rclrk IAJN (Ikst-ad/Jarst-nut ), nu scok, n ÿitafn k cdtrkr á n prafcarn k skar , cdqukdtn quc n sastcfk @ravc-Pmrnulm nhc`cbc å rclrk JAJN (Jarst-ad/Jarst-nut ), nu scok, nprafcarn k cdtrkr pn`c scr n prafcarn k skar7 astn `cvc-sc k uf kpcdks tcr uf ik`n `c kbcssnås bkrlks c n nutrn tcr `nas ik`ns `c kbcssn ås bkrlks rcspctavkfcdtc. Rân sastcfks qucpnssucf kilufks `csvkdtklcds, pnr cxcfpin, dn bksn ̀ c sc prctcd`cr kibkdìkr ks pkictcsquc cstân dn fcan `k cstruturk á dcbcssëran `csinbkr prafcarn ks quc cstân å jrcdtc, c cfbnfpkrkìân bnf k cstkdtc `c pkictcs bndvcdbandki n tcfpn `c npcrkìân á fkas rcùza`n.Bnfn vkdtklcds tcf uf krfkzcdkfcdtn fuatn bnfpkbtn lrkìks kn rcùza`n dufcrn `cbnrrc`nrcs bcdtrkas c pcrfatc, kn fcsfn tcfpn, krfkzcdkr n fcsfn dufcrn pkictcs `nquc ufk cstkdtc bndvcdbandki cf fctk`c `n cspkìn, n advcstafcdtn á fkas rcùzà n. Cstcs

sastcfks sân fkas adàbk`ns pkrk krfkzcdkfcdtn cf bèfcrks jralnrajabks c dk adùstrak `chcha`ks. W0V K jalurk ;.2 fnstrk k àjcrcdìk cdtrc n sastcfk @ravc-ad c n sastcfk @ravc-Pmrnulm.

(k) (h)

Jalurk ;.2? Rastcfk? (k)@ravc-ad, (h)@ravc-Pmrnulm

;.2.;.2 @adèfabn c Uusm-Hkbg

Nutrk sniuìân á n sastcfk àdèfabn, quc pn`c scr utaiazk`n cf qukiqucr rkfn `k ad-ùstrak nu inlæstabk, cf quc rcqucr uf lrkd`c fkdusckfcdtn `ks pkictcs sclud`n n prad-bæpan JAJN(Jarst-ad/Jarst-nut ) c n Uusm-Hkbg á uf sastcfk utaiazk`n pkrk n krfkzcdkfcdtn`n fcsfn tapn `c prnùtns, pcrfatad`n krfkzcdkr ktá quktrn pkictcs cf prnjudà`k`c pnr bk`k dævci uskd`n n pradbapan `c IAJN(Ikst-ad/Jarst-nut ). N sastcfk `c judbandkfcdtn àdè-fabn bndsastc dufk cstruturk quc tcf fndtk`ns cstcarks `c rnins ialcarkfcdtc adbiadk`ks`c fn`n k pcrfatar uf csbnrrclkfcdtn sukvc `ks pkictcs pnr cjcatn `k lrkva`k`c c bnfufk vcinba`k`c bndtrnik`k ktá kn pndtn `c rcbnimk. Ks vkdtklcds quc sc pn`cf cdbndtrkr dn sastcfk àdèfabn á n `c lkrkdtar ufk lrkd`c cbndnfak cf cspkìn c dn tcfpn `c fkdu-sckfcdtn `ks pkictcs, pcrfatad`n uf ralnrnsn bndtrnin `c stnbg. N sastcfk `c Uusm-Hkbg bndsastc cf bninbkr ks pkictcs cf bafk `c uf bkrrn, fndtk`n dk cstruturk `ks cstkdtcs,

`csinbkd`n-sc pnr cfpurrân `ks pkictcs, jabkd`n cstks kn fcsfn dævci å cxbcìân `k ÿi-tafk. W2V



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;.2. Rastcfks ̀ c Krfkzcdkfcdtn Adùstraki 3

(k) (h)

Jalurk ;.0? (k)Rastcfk @adèfabn (h)Rastcfk Uusm-Hkbg.

;.2.;.0 Kutnpnrtkdtc

K pkictazkìân kutnpnrtkdtc `cstadk-sc pkrk n krfkzcdkfcdtn cf lrkd`cs cspkìns,

pn`cd`n k`kptkr ns sastcfks jkik`ns dcstc bkpætuin, nu scok, sastcfks bndvcdbandkas, @ravc-ad/@ravc Pmrnulm, bkdtaiávcr, ctb. K jalurk 0.= fnstrk uf cxcfpin `cstc sastcfk. Cstks cs-tkdtcs sân `c lrkd`cs àfcdsócs prcpkrk`ks c kprnvcatk`ks pkrk supnrtkr k bnhcrturk c nrcvcstafcdtn `n krfkzáf.

Jalurk ;.3? Rastcfk Kutnpnrtkdtc.

Cstc tapn `c cstruturk `cpcd`c `c kilufks jnrìks cxtcrdks bnfn k jnrìk `n vcdtn,snhrcbkrlk `k dcvc,sasfns, ctb. K kiturk `cstcs krfkzáds `cpcd`c fuatn `ks iafatkìócsquc ks dnrfks inbkas afpócf, `k bkpkba`k`c `c cicvkìân `ns cfpaimk`nrcs nu `ns trkdsc-icvk`nrcs, pn`cd`n-sc bndstruar krfkzáds kutnpnrtkdtcs bnf fkas `c 25 fctrns `c kiturk.W3V

;.2.;.3 Kutnfëtabn

N sastcfk kutnfëtabn bndsastc dk fndtklcf `c trkds cicvk`nrcs dns bnrrc`nrcs `kscstkdtcs nd`c cstcs sc `csinbkf. Ns trkds cicvk`nrcs sân brak`ns pkrk kutnfktazkr k kr-fkzcdklcf `ks pkictcs c sân àrala`ns ktrkvás `c snjtwkrc `c lcstân quc vka bnnr`cdkr

tn`ns ns fnvafcdtns c kssaf lkrkdtar ufk hnk lcstân `c stnbgs. Cstc tapn `c sastcfkssân adàbk`ns pkrk krfkzáds nd`c ks bndàìócs `c trkhkimn sân àjæbcas nu ktá afpnssævcas



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: Bkpætuin ;. Cstk`n @k Krtc

pkrk k kìân `n scr mufkdn, bnfn pnr cxcfpin dn bksn `c cspkìns bnf tcfpcrkturks `cbndlcikìân cf krfkzáds jralnræjabns, mufa`k`cs cxtrcfks, ctb. Ns trkdscicvk`nrcs sânàfcdsandk`ns c prnlrkfk`ns bndsnkdtc ks dcbcssa`k`cs quc n biacdtc prctcd`k pkrk nkrfkzáf, qukdtn k kiturks `c bndstruìân, tcfpns `c babins `c krfkzcdkfcdtn, ås àfcd-

sócs c bkpkba`k`c `c bkrlk. W2V

;.2.8 Uabgadl

Ns tapns `c sastcfks pabgadl àspndævcas sân, n fkduki, n àdèfabn, tïxtai c kutnfëtabn.Dn pabgadl fkduki k fcrbk`nrak fnvafcdtk-sc fkdukifcdtc c cstks cstkdtcs pn`cf ktad-lar ktá 85 fctrns `c kiturk, tcd`n k pnssahaia`k`c `c sc bninbkr pksskàìns pkrk tcr kbcssnk tn`k k kiturk `ks cstkdtcs. N sastcfk àdèfabn ksscfcimk-sc kn bndvcdbandki `c pkicta-zkìân sò quc cstc cstë àrcbandk`n pkrk krfkzáds bnf lrkd`c bkpkba`k`c c àjcrcdbakìân`c prnùtns `c pabgadl, pcrfatad`n, uf fkanr dufcrn `c iadmks k prcpkrkr scf k fnvafcd-tkìân `ns trkhkimk`nrcs. Dn sctnr tïxtai tkfháf á usk`n cstc sastcfk c pcrfatc krfkzcdkr

tn`n n tapn `c bkrlks.

(k) Uabgadl Fkduki (h) Uabgadl @adèfabn

(b) Uabgadl Pïxtai (`) Uabgadl Kutnfëtabn

Jalurk ;.:? Rastcfks Uabgadl.

N sastcfk kutnfëtabn `c pabgadl tkfháf á scfcimkdtc kn bndvcdbandki pkrk pkictcs,c hkscak-sc cf krfkzcdkr bkaxks nu hkd`coks barbuikd`n cdtrc ks cstkdtcs dns bnrrc`nrcsbcdtrkas, trkds cicvk`nrcs. K judìân `cstcs á kprnxafkr ufk bkaxk rctark`k `ks cstkdtcsktá kn bnikhnrk`nr, cstc qukd`n tcrfadk n scu trkhkimn `cvnivc-k kn trkds cicvk`nr quc k

vka krrufkr dks cstkdtcs. K zndk `c kutnfktazkìân c fkdapuikìân, á jnrfk`k pnr trkds-pnrtk`nrcs, c jabk inbkiazk`k duf tnpn nu iktcrki `k cstkdtc. Pn`n n sastcfk kutnfëtabn á



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;.2. Rastcfks ̀ c Krfkzcdkfcdtn Adùstraki <

fkdapuik`n pnr uf snjtwkrc `c lcstân nd`c cstân rclastk`ns tn`ns ns prnùtns cxastcdtcsdn krfkzáf, fkdtcd`n ktukiazk`n uf advcdtkran bnf k fëxafk rcdtkhaia`k`c `n cspkìnàspndævci c jkbaia`k`c `c kbcssn k tn`ks ks bkaxks krfkzcdk`ks. W2V

;.2.2 Bkdtaiávcr

Ks cstruturks `c bkdtaiávcr sân cstruturks pròpraks pkrk krfkzcdkr bkrlks indlks cvniufnsks. Cstks cstruturks sân `c jëbai fndtklcf c `csfndtklcf, supnrtkf lrkd`csbkpkba`k`cs `c bkrlk c pn`cf pcrfatar lrkd`c kiturk. Ns Bkdtaiávcr sân bndstatuæ`ns pnr hkscs, cf pcrjas AUC vcrtabkas c mnrazndtkas, c valks quc pn`cf scr tuhns rctkdluikrcs nupcrjas AUD. Ns bnfpndcdtcs pn`cf scr àjcrcdtcs tapns c jnrfks àjcrcdtcs bndsnkdtc jkhra-bkdtc. Ks hkscs pn`cf scr safpics quc dnrfkifcdtc sân bninbk`ks dks pkrc`cs c pn`cfscr ùpiks pkrk `kr kbcssn k bkrlks c `csbkrlks `ns `nas ik`ns `k cstruturk c sân kpkrk-jusk`ks dn pasn ktrkvás `c uf hubmk fctëiabk pkrk fkanr sclurkdìk. W2V

Jalurk ;.


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= Bkpætuin ;. Cstk`n @k Krtc

;.2.: Uiktkjnrfks

Ks piktkjnrfks sân cstkdtcs quc brakf fkas cspkìns `c krfkzcdkfcdtn, pn`cf scrvar pkrk vcstaërans, csbratòrans cdtrc nutrns pnssævcas. Á ufk sniuìân pkrk sc pn`cr kprnvcatkr ncspkìn àspndævci. Un`cf tcr fkas quc uf pasn, pn`cd`n ns bnikhnrk`nrcs barbuikr snhrcks piktkjnrfks scd`n n kbcssn pnr csbk`ks, c pn`cf scr fndtk`ks `c fn`n k pcrfatar ufk jëbai barbuikìân `c cfpaimk`nrks, cquapkfcdtns `c bkrlks, ctb. Á `c jëbai fndtklcf,pn`cd`n k`kptkr-sc ås dcbcssa`k`cs `n biacdtc, lrkìks å lrkd`c pnssahaia`k`c `c sc pn`cr tcr vkraks àfcdsócs, tapns `c pasn, sastcfks `c bndstruìân ctb. K jalurk ;.= fnstrk ufcxcfpin `c piktkjnrfk. W3V

Jalurk ;.=? Cxcfpin `c Uiktkjnrfk

;.0 Ukictcs

Ks pkictcs sân usk`ks pkrk `cpnsatkr ks fcrbk`nraks pkrk `cpnas scrcf krfkzcdk-`ks. Ns tapns fkas bnfuds `c pkictcs sân `n tapn curnpkictc bnf àfcdsócs stkd`kr`s`c =55 x ;855 ,;555 x ;855 c ;855 x ;855, bnf àfcdsócs cf faiæfctrns, scd`n cstksfkdapuik`ks dn ik`n fkas cstrcatn pkrk sc pn`cr ksscdtkr ns kpnans `ks pkictcs dks valks`ks cstkdtcs adùstrakas. K jalurk ;.1 fnstrk ks àfcdsócs pk`rân `ks curnpkictcs,

Jalurk ;.1? @afcdsócs `ks curnpkictcs

Cxastcf nutrns tapns `c pkictc quc pn`crân scr kprcscdtk`ns, pkrk sc `cscdvnivcr

ufk sniuìân `c krfkzcdklcf k`cquk`k, icvkd`n kssaf k uf cstu`n pkrk bk`k bksn cfpkrtabuikr. W:V



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;.3. Prkhkimns rcikbandk`ns bnf cstu`ns snhrc ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc 1

;.3 Prkhkimns rcikbandk`ns bnf cstu`ns snhrc ialkìócs pnr cd-bkaxc

Cxastcf krtalns puhiabk`ns cf quc cdvnivcf cstu`ns snhrc ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc `c

cstkdtcs `c krfkzcdkfcdtn.Sf `csscs cstu`ns jna cjctuk`n dn bcdtrn `c pcsquask `c cdlcdmkrak cstruturki `c Pk-

rkfkda, dk Æd àk, pnr U. Urkhmk, Z. Fkrafutmu, F. Rkrkvkdkd c R. Krui Okykbmkd r̀kd (85;5),nd`c kdkiaskrkf `cznatn prnvctcs `c ialkìân valk-bniudk, usk`ns dn fcrbk`n, vkrakd`n ksbkrkbtcræstabks `ns pcrjas, bnfn k cspcssurk, k prnjud`a`k`c `n paikr c `k valk.

(k) (h)

Jalurk ;.;5? Krtalns quc cdvnivcf cstu`ns snhrc ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc.

N pradbapki nhoctavn `n cstu`n jna n `c qukdtajabkr k ialkìân, valk+bniudk, vcrajabkr kjicxahaia`k`c `k cstruturk c prnpðr uf fn`cin kdkiætabn bnf hksc dn pniadòfan lcdárabn

`c Jryc-Fnrras `c fn`n k rcikbandkr cssc fn`cin bnf ns lrëjabns cxpcrafcdtkas fnfcdtnrntkìân F (ν). Ns kutnrcs `cscdvnivcrkf uf fn`cin `c safuikìân dufárabk, bnf n usn `nprnlrkfk Khkqus-Rafuiak®, quc pnstcranrfcdtc jnrkf utaiazk`ns pkrk cstu`ns pkrkfátrabns.

Sf nutrn trkhkimn, `cscdvniva`n pnr Kd`rcw P. Rkrkwat c Pcnfkd Ucgúz (8552)( jalurk;.;5 (h)), c tcd`n sa`n cstc, uf prnoctn `c pcsquask kpnak`n pcin KARA( Kfcrabkd Arnd kd` Rtcci Adstatutc) c pcin XFA(Xkbg Fkdujkbturcs Adstatutc) cf quc n nhoctavn `c `cstc prnoctncrk n `c vcrajabkr c kpcrjcaìnkr ks cspcbajabkìócs `n XFA c KARA. W


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;5 Bkpætuin ;. Cstk`n @k Krtc

prcsbraìócs `n XFA pkrk n bëibuin `k rala`cz `ks ialkìócs valk+bniudk c jkzcd`n ufk kdë-iasc å fctn`ninlak `c `ctcrfadkìân `ns vkinrcs sclud`n ks prcsbraìócs `n XFA. W8V Fuatnsnutrns kutnrcs, sân rcjcra`ns dcstk nhrk, kbcrbk `c cstu`ns cjctuk`ns snhrc ialkìócs cfcstkdtcs adùstrakas hcf bnfn nutrns sastcfks cxastcdtcs.

;.: Ialkìócs Rcfa-Xala`ks

Ks ialkìócs `n tapn kpkrkjusk`n nu dân kpkrkjusk`ns pn`cf scr bikssajabk`ns `c trïstapns? jicxævcas, ræla`ks, scfa-ræla`ks . Ks ialkìócs jicxævcas sân kquciks quc cdtrc ns scuscicfcdtns k bndctkr tïf uf bnfpnrtkfcdtn cstruturki scfcimkdtc kn `c ufk ròtuik, dânlcrkd`n qukiqucr fnfcdtn rcsastcdtc. Ks ialkìócs ræla`ks sân kquciks quc tcf ufk ralà cz

sujabacdtc `c fn`n dân cxastk rntkìân nu rntkìân quksc duik cdtrc ns scus bnfpndcdtcspkrk qukiqucr bkrlk quc sc kpiaquc ktá ktadlar n fnfcdtn fëxafn `k ialkìân. Ks ialkìócsscfæ-ræla`ks sân kquciks quc sân adtcrfcàkraks `ks bndàìócs kbafk rcjcra`ks. W8V

K ialkìân pnr cdbkaxc cf sastcfks rkbg `c krfkzcdkfcdtn sân bndsa`crk`ks scfa-rala`ks sclud`n kutnrcs `c cstu`ns cjctuk`ns `csbratn dk scbìân ;.3. Bndsastc dufk valk,quc pn`c tcr scbìân vkraëvci bndsnkdtc `n quc sc prctcd`c pkrk k cstruturk, scd`n sni-`k`n dks suks cxtrcfa`k`cs `nas bndctnrcs quc bndtáf ks lkrrks pkrk n cdbkaxc dn paikr pn`cd`n scr cf dufcrn 2, 0 nu ktá 3 `cpcd`cd`n `n jkhrabkdtc. N paikr bndtcf ns jurnspkrk pcrfatar n cdbkaxc c quc tkfháf sc utaiazk uf padn `c sclurkdìk quc scrvc pkrk cvatkr n `cscdbkaxc `k valk `c hkaxn pkrk bafk. K jalurk ;.;; kprcscdtk ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc c qucscrë nhoctn `c cstu`n dcstk tcsc. Ks ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc `ns sastcfks `c krfkzcdkfcdtn

adùstraki sân ks quc fcimnr kprcscdtkf ks bkrkbtcræstabks `c ufk ialkìân scfa-ræla`k.

(k) (h)

Jalurk ;.;;? Ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc? (k)2 lkrrks, (h)0 lkrrks.



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BKUÆPSIN 8

Nhoctavns c Nrlkdazkìân `n Prkhkimn

8.; Nhoctavns `n Prkhkimn

Ns nhoctavns `cstk àsscrtkìân sân ns `c kdkiaskr n bnfpnrtkfcdtn fcbèdabn `ks ia-lkìócs pnr cdbkaxc cf cstkdtcs adùstrakas bndvcdbandkas qukdtn å suk rcikìân bndstatutavkdk rcikìân jnrìk-`csinbkfcdtn nu fnfcdtn-rntkìân, k quki `caxk `c scr iadckr pkrk pksskr k kprcscdtkr ufk bkrkbtcræstabk dân iadckr bnfn rcsuitk`n `k bc`ïdbak piëstabk `c prnpklk-ìân fkas nu fcdns cxtcdsk dk zndk `k udaân cf cstu`n. K jaf `c advcstalkr bnf pnrfcdnr cstcs fcbkdasfns `c `kdn scrân tcstk`ks kfnstrks `c prnvctcs `n bndoudtn Zalk+Uaikr jnrdcba`ns pcik cfprcsk Gad` `n Lrupn UráHuai`, satuk`k cf Naâ, Unrtulki, bkrktcrazkr c

vcrajabkr cxpcrafcdtkifcdtc n bnfpnrtkfcdtn `ks ialkìócs scluad`n ns cdskans K.8.0 `kdnrfk CD ;33;8?8551. Dcstk tcsc jna prnpnstn `cscdvnivcr uf fn`cin `c safuikìân du-fárabk, ktrkvás `n snjtwkrc bnfcrbaki Khkqus-Rafuiak®, quc fcimnr rcprcscdtc n bnfpnr-tkfcdtn `ks ialkìócs cf cstu`n qukdtn ås bkrkbtcræstabks oë rcjcra`ks, pkrk bnfpkrkìân`ns rcsuitk`ns nhta`ns dns cdskans.

8.8 Nrlkdazkìân `n Prkhkimn

Cstc trkhkimn `c àsscrtkìân cstë cstruturk`n cf : bkpætuins?

• Bkpætuin ;?Xcjcrc-sc kn cstk`n `k krtc, kprcscdtk-sc bnfn adtrnùìân `n trkhkimn,nd`c sc kprcscdtk ufk khnr`klcf k kiluds sastcfks cxastcdtcs `cstc tapn `c cstru-turks `c pcrjas, ikfadk`ns k jran, pkrk krfkzcdkfcdtn adùstraki, ufk rcjcrïdbak knstrkhkimns rckiazk`ns cf quc sc `cscdvnivcrkf cstu`ns snhrc ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc.

• Bkpætuin 8? Nhoctavns c nrlkdazkìân `k àsscrtkìân.

• Bkpætuin 2? Rcrë jcatk kqua ufk hrcvc rcvasân hahianlrëjabk dcbcssërak k cstk tcsc bnfkhnr`klcf `c kiluds bndbcatns dn èfhatn `k fcbèdabk cstruturki c snhrc n fátn`n`ns cicfcdtns jadatns quc ns prnlrkfks bnfcrbakas tcf pnr hksc `n scu judbandk-fcdtn.

• Bkpætuin 0? Cstc bkpætuin cstë àvaà`n cf ùks pkrtcs, nd`c scrân kprcscdtk`ns nsprnbcàfcdtns c kdkiask`ns ns rcsuitk`ns `ns cdskans cxpcrafcdtkas `ns prnvctcs

;;


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;8 Bkpætuin 8. Nhoctavns c Nrlkdazkìân ̀ n Prkhkimn

rctkdluikrcs(Ukrtc A) bnf n nhoctavn `c bkrktcrazkr n fktcraki qukdtn ås suks prnprac-`k`cs fcbèdabks pkrk scr brak`n c pnstcranrfcdtc usk`n uf fn`cin `c pikstaba`k`cpkrk ks safuikìócs dufárabks. Dufk sclud`k pkrtc scrân kprcscdtk`ns ns cdskanscxpcrafcdtkas `ks ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc rcbnrrcd`n å dnrfk CD ;33;8?8551, `ns prn-

vctcs `ks ialkìócs pnr cdbkaxc(valk+bniudk) jnrdcba`ns pcik cfprcsk Gad`, quc á npradbapki cdjnquc `cstk àsscrtkìân `c fn`n pn`cr-sc tcr ufk prcvasân `n bnfpnr-tkfcdtn `cstc tapn `c ialkìócs, bmclkd`n kns lrëjabns fáàns Fnfcdtn-Xntkìân `cfn`n k sc pn`cr `ctcrfadkr k cqukìân(F (ν)) c ks bkrkbtcræstabks ̀ c rcsastïdbak, pkrkbk`k tapn `c ialkìân tcstk`n.

• Bkpætuin 3? Dcstc bkpætuin scrë prnpnstn n fn`cin `c safuikìân dufárabk, rckiazk`ndn snjtwkrc bnfcrbaki Khkqus-Rafuiak ® quc fcimnr cxprafk n bnfpnrtkfcdtn `ksialkìócs ùrkdtc ns cdskans K8.0 `k dnrfk CD ;33;8?8551 `n bkpætuin 0 c scrânbnfpkrk`ns ns rcsuitk`ns.

• Bkpætuin :?Kqua scrân kprcscdtk`ks bndbiusócs `ns rcsuitk`ns nhta`ns c kprcscdtk-

ìân `c pnssævcas trkhkimns juturns.



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BKUÆPSIN 2

Xcvasân Hahianlrëbk c Fn`cins `c `kdn

2.; Adtrnùìân

Dcstc bkpætuin scrë jcatk ufk hrcvc rcvasân hahianlrëjabk dcbcssërak k cstk tcsc. Bnfnpndtns jud`kfcdtkas dcstc bkpætuin `ë-sc ïdjksc kn tcfk `c cdskans `c trkìân udakxaki, ktcnrak `k pikstaba`k`c c ufk khnr`klcf kn fátn`n `ns cicfcdtns jadatns nu FCJ.

2.8 Cdskan `c Prkìân Sdakxaki

N cdskan `c trkìân udakxaki pn`c scr bndsa`crk`n bnfn scd`n uf cdskan fcbèdabn `cusn udavcrski dk bkrktcrazkìân `ks prnprac`k`cs fcbèdabks `ns fktcrakas. Ns nhoctavns `cuf cdskan `c trkìân udakxaki, bndsastcf cf qukdtajabkr ks prnprac`k`cs fcbèdabks csscd-bakas kn prnoctn, bnfn dn bndtrnic `k qukia`k`c `ns fktcrakas dk jnrfk `c prnùtn kbkhk`n.Dnrfkifcdtc uskf-sc prnvctcs `c scbìân trkdsvcrski barbuikr(tapn vkrân), tcd`n k pnssaha-ia`k`c `c scrcf usk`ks bnf nutrk bndjalurkìân. Ks àfcdsócs quc dnrfkifcdtc sc uskfpkrk ns prnvctcs hcf bnfn n pròpran prnbcàfcdtn `n cdskan, cstân dnrfkiazk`ks pnr adsta-tuaìócs bcrtajabk`ks c cspcbakiazk`ks cf bk`k pkæs, bnfn cxcfpin tcfns ks dnrfks DU cfUnrtulki, dnrfks @AD dk Kicfkdmk, dnrfks KHDP dn Hrksai, dnrfks HR dn Xcadn Sda`n nudnrfks KRPF `ns CSK. N cdskan `c trkìân udakxaki bndsastc cf sc kpiabkr ufk jnrìk `ctrkìân, J, sclud`n n caxn `c uf prnvctc jaxk`n cdtrc kfkrrks `k fëquadk `c cdsakn, scd`n

k vcinba`k`c `c `cjnrfkìân bndstkdtc c rcstratk k vkinrcs sujabacdtcfcdtc hkaxns pkrk dânadùzar kitcrkìócs tárfabks. K vkrakìân `n bnfprafcdtn `c rcjcrcdbak á fcà`k ùrkdtcn cdskan, ktrkvás `c cxtcdsòfctrns(quc pn`cf scr `n tapn adùtavn c rcsastavn) c quc sânkpiabk`ns dn prnvctc, cf safuitèdcn á tkfháf fcà`n k jnrìk cxcrba`k pcin trkvcssân `kfëquadk `c cdskans quc tcf fndtkd`n ufk báiuik `c bkrlk. W=V

2.8.; Burvk Pcdsân-cxtcdsân dnfadki

K burvk tcdsân-cxtcdsân dnfadki á rcsuitk`n `c uf cdskan `c trkìân. K tcdsân dnfa-dki á bkibuik`k ktrkvás `k cxprcssân

ς 6 J K5

(2.;)

;2


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;0 Bkpætuin 2. Xcvasân Hahianlrëjabk c Fn`cins ̀ c ̀ kdn

nd`c J, á k jnrìk kpiabk`k dk àrcìân kxaki `n prnvctc c K5 k ërck adabaki `k scbìân `nprnvctc.

K cxtcdsân dnfadki, c, bnrrcspnd`c å cxtcdsân iadckr fáàk quc prnvcf `k rcikìân

cdtrc k vkrakìân `n bnfprafcdtn(∊i), dk zndk ÿtai `n prnvctc c `n bnfprafcdtn adabaki(i5). K cxprcssân quc trkùz k cxtcdsân dnfadki á

c 6 ∊i

i56

ij ∘ i5

i5(2.8)

K jalurk 2.; rcprcscdtk uf cxcfpin `c lrëjabn tcdsân-cxtcdsân dnfadki rcsuitkdtc `ccdskan `c trkìân, quc dcstc bksn á `c uf fktcraki `ÿbtai.

Jalurk 2.;? Lrëjabn Pcdsân-Cxtcdsân tæpabn `c uf fktcraki `ÿbtai. W=V

K rclaân iadckr `n lrëjabn á nd`c k tcdsân á prnpnrbandki å cxtcdsân, nd`c sc pn`ckpiabkr k ica `c Mnngc. N `cbiavc `k burvk, dk rclaân iadckr, `ë-dns n fòùin `c cikstaba`k`c

nu fòùin `c Qnudl. N pndtn `n jaf `k rclaân iadckr ciëstabk á nd`c n fktcraki ktadlc ktcdsân iafatc `c cikstaba`k`c, adabakd`n-sc kæ k rclaân piëstabk `n fktcraki.Dk rclaân piëstabk `n fktcraki, n prnvctc vka kufcdtkr `c bnfprafcdtn cf bndjnrfa-

`k`c bnf k rcùìân `k ërck trkdsvcrski, k tcdsân dnfadki vka brcsbcr bnf k cxtcdsân , cfvartu`c `n cdbrukfcdtn `n fktcraki bndscluar supcrkr n cjcatn quc rcsuitk `k àfaduaìân`k ërck `k scbìân trkdsvcrski. [ukd`n duf cdskan `c trkìân sc ktadlc k jnrìk fëxafkbndsa`crk-sc n jaf `k rclaân piëstabk udajnrfc bnfcìkd`n k rclaân piëstabk dân udajnrfcnu inbki(pnr scr rcstradla`k kpcdks å rclaân nd`c nbnrrc k cstraìân), c á n pndtn nd`c ktcdsân á fëxafk, `kd`n-imc n dnfc `c tcdsân `c rnturk `n fktcraki(ςr) , tkfháf bndmc-ba`k pnr iafatc `c rcsastïdbak å trkìân. @cpnas `c ktadlar k tcdsân `c rnturk bnfcìk k cxastar `cjnrfkìócs inbkiazk`ks dufk zndk `n prnvctc, rcsuitkd`n dufk cstraìân inbki. K tcdsân

dnfadki bnfcìk k àfaduar bndtadukfcdtc, scd`n quc k ërck `k scbìân rcsastcdtc tkfháfàfadua c cstk vka prcvkicbcr snhrc n kufcdtn `k jnrìk afpnstk. K jnrìk dn inbki `k cstraìân



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2.8. Cdskan ̀ c Prkìân Sdakxaki ;3

dcbcssërak å `cjnrfkìân scrë bk`k vcz fcdnr, c dcssk zndk vka-sc `kr k rnturk quc cstërcprcscdtk`n dn lrëjabn pcin pndtn `c jrkturk. W=V

Jalurk 2.8? Papns `c jrkturks? (k) Jrkturk jrëlai, (h) Jrkturk bnfpictkfcdtc `ÿbtai, (b) Jrkturk`ÿbtai. W=V

Dk jalurk 2.8, aiustrkf-sc ns tapns `c jrkturk quc sc pn`cf vcrajabkr dns cdskans `ctrkìân udakxaki, bndsnkdtc n tapn `c fktcraki `n prnvctc. K jrkturk jrëlai nbnrrc, duf prn-vctc, bnf ufk quksc duik cstraìân rnfpcd`n rkpa`kfcdtc inln kpòs tcr ktadla`n k jnrìkfëxafk. K jrkturk `n tapn `ÿbtai àstadluc-sc pcin fn`n quc n fktcraki sc `cjnrfk `c ufkjnrfk kprcbaëvci kdtcs c ùrkdtc k cstraìân, fnfcdtn cf quc bnfcìk k jksc `c prnpk-lkìân `ks jassurks. Dcstk jksc, k tcdsân vcr`k`cark ktadlc uf vkinr fuatn fkas cicvk`n`n quc k tcdsân `c rnturk dnfadki, `cva`n kn jkbtn `c dk zndk `c cstrabìân sc lcrkr uf

cstk`n `c `cjnrfkìân kxaki, prnfnvcd`n ufk rala`cz fuatn fkanr `n quc k dnfadki (àva-àd`n k jnrìk pcik scbìân dnfadki). Cxastc uf nutrn bnfpnrtkfcdtn cf fktcrakas `ÿbtcas,k bmkfk`k cstraìân tntki, bnfn pnr cxcfpin kbndtcbc dn nurn, bmufhn cf quc k `cjnr-fkìân piëstabk pn`c kibkdìkr vkinrcs fuatn kitns c dcstcs nbnrrc k jrkturk bnfpictkfcdtc`ÿbtai. Dnrfkifcdtc ns fktcrakas `ÿbtcas k jrkturk tcf nralcf dk jnrfkìân `c ufk cstraìânprnlrcssavk, quc vka kitcrkd`n n cstk`n `c tcdsân `cssk rclaân `c bnfpnrtkfcdtn fuatnbnfpicxn, `kd`n nralcf kn kpkrcbafcdtn `c pcqucdæssafks bkva`k`cs dk rclaân bcdtrki.W=V

2.8.;.; Xcsastïdbak `n Fktcraki

Ukrk sc pn`cr bkrktcrazkr uf fktcraki, tcfns quc tcr cf bndtk `nas tapns `c pkrèfc-trns, ns pkrèfctrns `c rcsastïdbak, quc sân kqucics nd`c adbiua k tcdsân iafatc `c csbnk-fcdtn nu tcdsân `c bc`ïdbak, k tcdsân `c rnturk7 c ns pkrèfctrns `c ùbtaia`k`c, bnfn nkindlkfcdtn kpòs k jrkturk, K, c k àfaduaìân `k ërck dk zndk `k jrkturk, q . W=V

K rcikìân cdtrc k tcdsân c k `cjnrfkìân, dk zndk iadckr ciëstabk, á `k`k pcik ica `cMnngc c csbratk dk scluadtc jnrfk?

ς 6 Cγ (2.2)

N fnùin `c cikstaba`k`c, C , á cdtcdà`n bnfn uf pkrèfctrn `c rala`cz `n fktcraki.

[ukdtn fkanr n vkinr `n fnùin `c cikstaba`k`c(`cbiavc fuatn lrkd`c) fcdnr scrë k `cjnr-fkìân quc rcsuitk `k kpiabkìân `c ufk `k`k tcdsân. Bnf n kufcdtn `k tcfpcrkturk cstc



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;: Bkpætuin 2. Xcvasân Hahianlrëjabk c Fn`cins ̀ c ̀ kdn

pkrèfctrn prnvnbk ufk àfaduaìân `n scu vkinr. N bncjabacdtc `c Unasnd, ζ , á k rcikìâncdtrc ks `cjnrfkìócs trkdsvcrski c indlatuàdki c á `k`k pcik scluadtc cxprcssân?

ζ 6 ∘γ8

γ;6 ∘

γ2

γ;(2.0)

nd`c γ8 c γ2 sân dclktavks c γ; á pnsatavk. Ukrk fktcrakas asntròpabns γ8 c γ2 sân alukasc scrvcf pkrk k `cjadaìân `k cqukìân kbafk. W=V

2.8.;.8 Pcdsân `c bc`ïdbak

Un`c-sc cdbndtrkr `nas tapns `c rclastn `k tcdsân `c bc`ïdbak, `cpcd`cd`n `n fktc-raki, bnfn sc pn`c vcr dk afklcf scluadtc?

Jalurk 2.2? Papns `c bc`ïdbak? (k) bnf pktkfkr `c bc`ïdbak7 (h) scf pktkfkr `c bc`ïdbakW=V

Dk burvk (k) tcfns uf jcdòfcdn `c bc`ïdbak prnprakfcdtc àtn, quc dnrfkifcdtc

cstë kssnbak`n kn `c kìns fkbans c `c nutrns fktcrakas. Dk burvk (h) dân tcfns jcdòfcdn`c bc`ïdbak quc á bnfpnrtkfcdtn `c kìns `c kitk rcsastïdbak, ialks `c kiufædan, `c kìnsadnxa`ëvcas, kustcdætabns, cdtrc nutrns fktcrakas. [ukd`n kbndtcbc n jcdòfcdn `c bc`ïd-bak, k fu`kdìk cdtrc n jadki `k `cjnrfkìân purkfcdtc ciëstabk c n adaban `k `cjnrfkìânpiëstabk, á `k`k pcin vkinr fëxafn `k tcdsân, dcssk zndk, quc tkfháf á bndmcba`k bnfnk tcdsân iafatc `c cikstaba`k`c supcranr c á bndsa`crk`k k tcdsân `c bc`ïdbak, ςb. Fks kdtcs`c bmclkr kn pndtn nd`c sc adabak k `cjnrfkìân piëstabk, cssc cspkìn cdtrc n pndtn K c B`n lrëjabn(jalurk 2.0 ) á bndmcba`n bnfn n pktkfkr `c bc`ïdbak nu `cjnrfkìân `c Iù`crs.W=V

Jalurk 2.0? Uktkfkr `c bc`ïdbak nu `cjnrfkìân `c Iù`crs. W=V

K bkusk `n pktkfkr `c bc`ïdbak `cvc-sc å nralcf `c afpurczks `n fktcraki, quc sân`c uf fn`n lcrki fuatn pcqucdks, tcd`n k tcd`ïdbak `c sc bndbcdtrkrcf dk zndk `ks



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2.8. Cdskan ̀ c Prkìân Sdakxaki ;<

vazadmkdìks `ks `csinbkìócs quc c vân adtcrjcrar bnf n fnvafcdtn c bnf k `cjnrfkìânpiëstabk. W=V

2.8.;.2 Pcdsân `c rnturk

K tcdsân `c rnturk kbndtcbc qukd`n k jnrìk fëxafk á ktadla`k, bnrrcspnd`cd`n cstkå quc n prnvctc pn`c supnrtkr scf snjrcr ruædk (jrkturk nu lrkd`c `cjnrfkìân, scd`n tkikbnfpkdmk`n `c pcr`k `c jnrìk rcsastad`n ås `cjnrfkìócs brcsbcdtcs).

Dk rclaân piëstabk `n fktcraki, n prnvctc vka kufcdtkr `c bnfprafcdtn cf bndjnrfa-`k`c bnf k rcùìân `k ërck trkdsvcrski, `cva`n å prktabkfcdtc adbnfprcssahaia`k`c (`cjnr-fkìân k vniufc bndstkdtc) k tcdsân dnfadki vka brcsbcr bnf k `cjnrfkìân, cf vartu`c `ncdbrukfcdtn `n fktcraki bndscluar supcrkr n cjcatn quc rcsuitk `k àfaduaìân `k ërck `kscbìân trkdsvcrski. Cstc cjcatn `n cdbrukfcdtn tkfháf sc `cvc kn kufcdtn `c rala`cz k

dævci fabrn c dkdncstruturki, qukd`n ns pikdns `c `csiazkfcdtn prnpnrbandkd`n bndsa`c-rëvci `cjnrfkìân, dn adæban `k jksc piëstabk, bnfcìkf k jabkr hinquck`ns, bnfn rcsuitk`n`n hinqucan `ks `csinbkìócs dk fkimk brastkinlrëjabk. [ukd`n duf cdskan `c trkìân scktadlc k jnrìk fëxafk bndsa`crk-sc n jaf `k rclaân piëstabk udajnrfc bnfcìkd`n k rclaânpiëstabk dân udajnrfc nu inbki(pnr scr rcstradla`k kpcdks å rclaân nd`c nbnrrc k cstraìân),c á n pndtn nd`c k tcdsân á fëxafk, `kd`n-imc n dnfc `c tcdsân `c rnturk `n fktcraki( ςr), tkfháf bndmcba`k pnr iafatc `c rcsastïdbak å trkìân,

ςr 6 J fkx

K5(2.3)

Á dcbcssëran vcrajabkr quc k tcdsân `c rnturk dân tïf qukiqucr rcikìân bnf k tcdsândk jrkturk c á k jrndtcark cdtrc ks rclaócs `c `cjnrfkìân piëstabk udajnrfc c inbki. K zndk`c `cjnrfkìân inbki(dân udajnrfc) dnrfkifcdtc bndbcdtrk-sc dufk pcqucdk rclaân `cbnfprafcdtn, nd`c dcssk rclaân sc `ë nralcf `k cstrabìân. K `cjnrfkìân prnlrcssavkdcssk zndk jkz bnf quc k ërck `k scbìân àfaduk prnvnbkd`n ufk àfaduaìân `k jnrìkdcbcssërak å `cjnrfkìân, fks dn cdtkdtn n fktcraki bndtaduk k cdbrukr. W=V

2.8.;.0 Xcsaiaïdbak

Dn `nfædans ciëstabn k bkpkba`k`c `c uf `ctcrfadk`n fktcraki `c khsnrvcr cdcrlakqukd`n cstë suocatn k `cjnrfkìócs c `c k rcpnr kpòs n `csbkrrclkfcdtn á bmkfk`n `cXcsaiaïdbak, S r, c á bkibuik`n `k scluadtc jnrfk,

S r 6 ςbγb

8 6

ς8b8C

(2.:)

nd`c γb á k `cjnrfkìân iafatc `c cikstaba`k`c. W=V N fnùin `c rcsaiaïdbak tkfháf pn`cscr bkibuik`n ktrkvás `k ërck khkaxn `ns vkinrcs `k burvk ciëstabk bnfn fnstrk k jalurk 2.3.

Cf cdlcdmkrak n fnùin `c rcsaiaïdbak trkùz ks bkrkbtcræstabks quc uf fktcraki pn`c tcr,cf bndàìócs a`ckas, pkrk supnrtkr jnrìks cxtcrdks scf quc snjrk `cjnrfkìân piëstabk. W=V



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;= Bkpætuin 2. Xcvasân Hahianlrëjabk c Fn`cins ̀ c ̀ kdn

Jalurk 2.3? @ctcrfadkìân `n fn`uin `c rcsaiaïdbak ktrkvás `n lrëjabn

2.8.;.3 Pcdkba`k`c

@n fcsfn fn`n quc k rcsaiaïdbak, k tcdkba`k`c á k bkpkba`k`c quc uf fktcraki tcfpkrk khsnrvcr cdcrlak qukd`n suocatn k `cjnrfkìócs dn `nfædan piëstabn, nu scok, kbafk`k tcdsân iafatc `c cikstaba`k`c. W=V N fn`uin `c tcdkba`k`c, S P , á bkibuik`n ktrkvás `kscluadtc cxprcssân,

S P 6

∧ γj 5

ς`γ (2.


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2.8. Cdskan ̀ c Prkìân Sdakxaki ;1

Ukrk fktcrakas jrëlcas, n fnùin `c tcdkba`k`c á `k`n pnr,

S P ∹6 8

2ςbγj (2.1)

n quc vka bnrrcspnd`cr å ërck khkaxn `k burvk cdtrc n pndtn `c nralcf ktá kn pndtn`c jrkturk(jalurk 2.: (h)).

2.8.8 Burvk `k tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark

K burvk tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân dnfadki tnrdk-sc adk`cquk`k qukd`n sc prctcd`c ufk rc-ikìân bndstatutavk fkas rckiastk duf `ctcrfadk`n fktcraki c á `ctcrfadk`k bnf hksc dnsvkinrcs adabakas `n prnvctc. Dn fnfcdtn `k `cjnrfkìân dân udajnrfc `c uf fktcraki `ÿbtai,nd`c sc jnrfk k cstraìân bnf k bncrïdbak `k àfaduaìân rëpa`k `k scbìân trkdsvcrski `nprnvctc k burvk dnfadki `cbrcsbc, bnfn sc vcrajabk dk jalurk 2.;, dn cdtkdtn n fktcraki bnd-

taduk k cdbrukr ktá å jrkturk c k tcdsân dcbcssërak å `cjnrfkìân `cvcrak kufcdtkr. Cdtânpnr cstcs fntavns á quc sc rcbnrrc å burvk tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark quc sc hkscakdks fcà`ks vcr`k`carks `k tcdsân c `k `cjnrfkìân quc sân `ctcrfadk`ks k pkrtar `ksàfcdsócs adstkdtèdcks `k zndk ÿtai `n prnvctc. Kssaf vka-sc vcrajabkr ufk burvk scfprcbnf uf brcsbafcdtn bndtædun ktá å jrkturk bnfn fnstrk k jalurk k scluar. W=V

Jalurk 2.


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85 Bkpætuin 2. Xcvasân Hahianlrëjabk c Fn`cins ̀ c ̀ kdn

@k fcsfk fkdcark sc bndscluc rcikbandkr k `cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark, γ , bnf k `cjnr-fkìân dnfadki, kprcscdtkd`n k cxprcssân `n scluadtc fn`n,

γ 6 ∧ ij

i5

ì

ij

6 idij

i56 id(; + γ) (2.;;)

ks cqukìócs kbafk fcdbandk`ks kpcdks pn`cf scr kpiabk`ks dk rclaân `c `cjnrfk-ìân piëstabk udajnrfc. Á `c bndsa`crkr quc dk rclaân ciëstabk k `cjnrfkìân á mnfnládck,fks dân cxastc k bndscrvkìân `c vniufc, n quc dns icvk k vcrajabkr quc dcstk rclaân nvkinrcs dnfadkas c vcr`k`carns `k `cjnrfkìân dân àjcrcf fuatn. W=V

K tcdsân c `cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark dk bkrlk fëxafk, nu scok, bndsa`crk`ks n pndtn `crnturk `n fktcraki, pkrk k fkanrak `ns fktcrakas rcprcscdtk k trkdsaìân cdtrc k `cjnrfkìânpiëstabk udajnrfc c k dân udajnrfc c á kprcscdtk`k bnf k scluadtc cxprcssân,

ςr 6 J fkx

Kr6 ς

K5

Kr(2.;8)

nd`c Kr á k ërck `k scbìân dn fnfcdtn `k jnrìk fëxafk. W=V K `cjnrfkìân vcr`k`carkdn pndtn `c jnrìk fëxafk tkfháf sc pn`c rcikbandkr bnf k burvk dnfadki c á `k`k pcikscluadtc cqukìân,

γr 6 idK5

Kr6 id(; + γr) (2.;2)

c ks cqukìócs 2.;8 c 2.;2 pn`cf-sc bnfhadkr `kd`n k tcdsân `c rnturk vcr`k`carkcf judìân `k tcdsân `c rnturk dnfadki, vad`n `k scluadtc jnrfk?

ςr 6 ςr(; + γr) (2.;0)

Dk zndk `c `cjnrfkìân dân udajnrfc, k tcdsân á bkibuik`k àvaàd`n k jnrìk pcikërck `k scbìân `n prnvctc adstkdtèdck, (ς 6 J

Ka), `cssk zndk. @cva`n k kitcrkìócs `k

lcnfctrak dn pndtn nd`c sc `ë k cstraìân cstk tcdsân `cvc scr bnrrala`k n quc tnrdk àjæbaik suk `ctcrfadkìân bnf prcbasân. W=V K `cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark, dcssk zndk, pn`c scr `ctcrfadk`k tkfháf k pkrtar `k ërck adstkdtèdck bnrrcspnd`cdtc k cssk rclaân `n lrëjabn,nu ktá k pkrtar `n àèfctrn `n prnvctc, @, dn bksn `n prnvctc scr `c scbìân barbuikr,

γ 6 id(K5

Ka) 6 id(

@85

@8) 6 8Id(

@5

@ ) (2.;3)

nd`c @5 c @ sân ns àèfctrns adabaki c jadki rcspctavkfcdtc. W=VDn pndtn `c jrkturk k tcdsân vcr`k`cark á bkibuik`k `c fn`n scfcimkdtc, bnf oë àtn

kbafk, pkrk k zndk `c `cjnrfkìân piëstabk dân udajnrfc. W=V K `cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark dnpndtn `c jrkturk `n fktcraki á bkibuik`k k pkrtar `ks ërcks `k scbìân trkdsvcrski `n prnvctcadabaki c kpòs k jrkturk, bnfn fnstrk k scluadtc cxprcssân,

γj 6 id(K5

Kj ) 6 id(

@85

@8) 6 8Id(

@5

@ ) (2.;:)

K `cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark dn pndtn `k jrkturk á n vkinr fëxafn quc uf `ctcrfadk`nfktcraki bndscluc supnrtkr c tcf n fcsfn saldajabk`n quc k `cjnrfkìân dnfadki dn pndtn

`c jrkturk, γj . Fks dn cdtkdtn dân sc pn`c bkibuikr k `cjnrfkìân vcr`k`cark dk zndk `c`cjnrfkìân dân udajnrfc k pkrtar `n vkinr dnfadki, bnfn cstë `cjada`n dk cqukìân 2.;;,



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2.2. Pcnrak ̀ k Uikstaba`k`c 8;

bndtu`n pn`c-sc bkibuikr ktrkvás `n bncjabacdtc `c cstraìân nu rc`uìân `c ërck,q , kprcscd-tk`n dk scluadtc cxprcssân W=V,

γj 6 id(K5

Kj

) 6 ( ;

; ∘ q

) (2.;


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2.2.;.8 Bratáran `c vnd-Fascs

N tcdsnr `ks `cjnrfkìócs pn`c bndsa`crkr-sc bnfn k snhrcpnsaìân `c uf tcdsnr ma`rnstëtabn c uf tcdsnr `c àstnrìân (cf adliïs, `cvaktnrab tcdsnr ). N tcdsnr ma r̀nstëtabn

bnrrcspnd`c k ufk cdcrlak `c `cjnrfkìân fuatn fcdnr `n quc k rcjcra`k kn tcdsnr `càstnrìân (`cvaktnrab). N bratáran `c vnd Fascs (;1;2), bndsastc cf quc k `cjnrfkìân `ncsbnkfcdtn `c uf `ctcrfadk`n fktcraki qukd`n k cdcrlak ciëstabk `c àstnrìân, wc`, ktadlcuf vkinr iafatc, \ bratabn, nu pcik scluadtc cqukìân fktcfëtabk,

wc` 6 O 8

8L 6

2

0Lπ 8nbt ≣ \ bratabn (2.8;)

nd`c, O 8, á n sclud`n advkrakdtc `n tcdsnr `ks tcdsócs, quc vcf `k tcnrak `k cikstaba-`k`c c á `k`k pnr,

O 8 6 ;8 ς‸

ao ς‸

ao 6 ... 6 ;: W(ς; ∘ ς8)8 + (ς8 ∘ ς2)8 + (ς; ∘ ς2)8V (2.88)

Á `c sc rcjcrar quc n bratáran `c vnd Fascs usk kpcdks k cdcrlak `c àstnrìân `n fk-tcraki dk jksc `c `cjnrfkìân, oë quc k bnfpndcdtc ma`rnstëtabk á `csprczëvci7 `cstc fn`n,kn bndsa`crkr kpcdks k cdcrlak `c àstnrìân (rcikbandk`k bnf n tcdsnr `ks tcdsócs `c às-tnrìân, nu `cvaktnrab tcdsnr (cf adliïs)), sò sc usk n 8¿ Advkrakdtc `ks tcdsócs lcrk`ks dnbnfpndcdtc pkrk nhtcr k cdcrlak `c àstnrìân.

K tcdsân `c bnrtc nbtká`rabk, π nbt, bnf afpnrtkdtc adtcrcssc pkrk k tcnrak `k pikstaba-`k`c, c sclud`n k tcnrak `k cikstaba`k`c, cstk cdbndtrk-sc dns pikdns nbtká`rabns quc sânpikdns quc bnadba`cf bnf ks jkbcs `c uf nbtkc`rn rcluikr c cf quc ks dnrfkas k csscspikdns jkzcf èdluins alukas bnf ks àrcìócs pradbapkas `ns tcdsnr `ks tcdsócs(ς;, ς8, ς2)

`c 30,


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2.2. Pcnrak ̀ k Uikstaba`k`c 82

Jalurk 2.=? Xcprcscdtkìân lrëjabk `ns bratárans `c pikstaba`k`c `c Prcsbk c vnd Fascs dncstk`n hakxaki `c tcdsân

N bratáran `c vnd Fascs dân á tân rcstratavn bnfn n `c Prcsbk cf tcrfns `c cstk`niafatc, pnas k suk ërck `c k`fassahaia`k`c kn cstk`n `c tcdsân kdtcs `k pikstaba`k`c á fkanr quc n `c Prcsbk.

2.2.8 Fn`cins `c Uikstabà k`c

Ns fn`cins `c pikstaba`k`c scrvcf pkrk cdtcd`cr k tcnrak `k pikstaba`k`c duf `ctcr-fadk`n fktcraki c bkrkbtcrazk uf fktcraki dk rclaân `c cdbrukfcdtn. Cxastcf pcin fcdnstrïs tapns `c fn`cins `c pikstaba`k`c?

• Fn`cin `c Uikstaba`k`c Ucrjcatk,

• Fn`cin `c Uikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn iadckr,

• Fn`cin `c Uikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn dân iadckr.

Dcstk tcsc cstcs fn`cins tcrân kilufk afpnrtèdbak pkrk k bkrktcrazkìân `n fktcraki`ns cicfcdtns quc bndstatucf k ialkìân pnr cdbkaxc, c scrë dcbcssëran bndstruar dn snjtwkrc`c cicfcdtns jadatns uf `cstcs fn`cins.

2.2.8.; Uikstaba`k`c Ucrjcatk

Sf fn`cin `c pikstaba`k`c pcrjcatk bndsastc duf fn`cin cf quc n fktcraki dân k`fatc

tcdsân kbafk `k tcdsân iafatc `c csbnkfcdtn c qukd`n ktadlc cssk tcdsân bndsa`crk-scquc snjrc ufk `cjnrfkìân bnf tcdsân bndstkdtc. K jalurk 2.1 trk`uz cssc tapn `c fn`cin.



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Jalurk 2.1? Fn`cin `c pikstaba`k`c pcrjcatk(fktcraki-cikstabn-pcrjcatkfcdtc piëstabn)

Bnfn sc pn`c nhscrvkr dk jalurk dân cxastc cdbrukfcdtn c qukiqucr trkhkimn rckiazk`ndk rclaân piëstabk bndsastc kpcdks cf tcr ufk `cjnrfkìân pcrfkdcdtc quc bnrrcspnd`c å`cjnrfkìân tntki fcdns k `cjnrfkìân iafatc ciëstabk. Kssaf scd`n sò sc bndsa`crkf `naspkrèfctrns, n fòùin `c cikstaba`k`c c k tcdsân iafatc ciëstabk. W1V

2.2.8.8 Uikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn iadckr

K pikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn iadckr á uf fn`cin uf pnubn fkas bnfpictn quc nkdtcranr fn`cin, pnas kprcscdtk uf prnlrcssavn cdùrcbafcdtn `n fktcraki quc vka `cs`c n

iafatc ciëstabn ktá å tcdsân `c rnturk(rcsastïdbak å trkìân) bnfn trkùz k jalurk scluadtc.

Jalurk 2.;5? Fn`cin `c pikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn iadckr

N lrëjabn á bnfpnstn pnr ùks rctks, ufk trkùz n rclafc ciëstabn c k nutrk trkùzn rclafc piëstabn, `kæ cstc fn`cin tkfháf sc kssnbakr k uf fn`cin haiadckr `n fktcraki.Cdtân pkrk cstc fn`cin sân bndsa`crk`ns quktrn pkrèfctrns, n fòùin `c cikstaba`k`c,

tcdsân iafatc `c csbnkfcdtn(nu tcdsân `c bc`ïdbak), tcdsân `c rcsastïdbak å trkìân (tcdsân`c rnturk) c k `cjnrfkìân quc k bnrrcspnd`c. W1V



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2.2. Pcnrak ̀ k Uikstaba`k`c 83

2.2.8.2 Uikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn dân iadckr

N cdbrukfcdtn dân-iadckr á n fn`cin quc sc kprnxafk fkas `n bnfpnrtkfcdtn rcki`c uf `ctcrfadk`n fktcraki dn rclafc piëstabn. K jalurk 2.;; fnstrk uf cxcfpin `cstcfn`cin.

Jalurk 2.;;? Fn`cin `c pikstaba`k`c bnf cdbrukfcdtn dân iadckr

Cstc fn`cin kprcscdtk ufk fkanr cxkta`ân `n bnfpnrtkfcdtn `n fktcraki dk rclaânpiëstabk, c ns vkinrcs `ns pkrèfctrns k bndsa`crkr `cpcd`cf `ns `k`ns quc qucrcfnspkrk cstc tapn `c fn`cin, c csscs vkinrcs sân ns `k`ns nhta`ns cf cdskans cxpcrafcdtkas`c trkìân udakxaki. W1V

2.2.2 CdbrukfcdtnN jcdòfcdn `c cdbrukfcdtn nbnrrc dk jksc pòs tcdsân `c bc`ïdbak (duf prafcarn cd-

skan, n prafcarn bkrrclkfcdtn kiáf `n iafatc ciëstabn)? Dcstk jksc, n fktcraki dân kprcscdtkuf pktkfkr `c bc`ïdbak, fks saf ufk tcd`ïdbak pkrk fkanr cd`urcbafcdtn (bmkfk`n cd-brukfcdtn) quc rcsuitk `n jkbtn `ks `csinbkìócs dk fkimk brastkinlrëjabk bnfcìkrcf k jabkr rcstratks c fcsfn hinquck`ks. K dævci fkbrnsbòpabn n quc sc dntk á quc dk fëquadk `c trk-ìân, k rcsastïdbak `n fktcraki vë kufcdtkd`n å fc`à k quc kufcdtk k `cjnrfkìân. K jalurk2.;8 fnstrk ufk rcprcscdtkìân lrëjabk tcdsân-`cjnrfkìân `n jcdòfcdn `c cdbrukfcdtn,

Jalurk 2.;8? Xcprcscdtkìân lrëjabk `n jcdòfcdn `c cdbrukfcdtn

Xctarkd`n k bkrlk ktá tntki rcikxkìân `n bnfpndcdtc c vnitkd`n k bkrrclk-in, k dnvktcdsân `c bc`ïdbak á klnrk prktabkfcdtc aluki ë tcdsân dk jksc pòs-piëstabk (`c cdbruk-

fcdtn), bnfn sc tavcssc sa`n fcfnrazk`k pcin fktcraki kqukd`n `k `csbkrlk7 astn prns-scluc scfprc quc sc `csbkrrcluc/bkrrcluc n prnvctc . Kn `cscdmkrfns n `nfædan `c



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8: Bkpætuin 2. Xcvasân Hahianlrëjabk c Fn`cins ̀ c ̀ kdn

tcdsócs `c vnd Fascs pkrk n bksn `c cdùrcbafcdtn `c fktcraki asntròpabn, k ciapsc `c vndFascs á fkanr `n quc k nhta`k pkrk n ;¿ cstk`n iafatc c kssaf prnlrcssavkfcdtc (àrcfnsquc k supcrjæbac `c bc`ïdbak sc cxpkd`c, cf judìân `k tcdsân iafatc `c cdbrukfcdtn). W;5VDn bksn `ks cstkdtcs adùstrakas pn`crë mkvcr babins `c bkrlk lrkùkifcdtc brcsbcdtcs c

`cbrcsbcdtcs, bndtu`n ks cspcbajabkìócs dân pcrfatcf quc k cstruturk scok sniabatk`k kiáf`k bc`ïdbak `n fktcraki.

2.0 Pcnrak `n Fátn`n `ns Cicfcdtns Jadatns

2.0.; N quc á n FCJ>

N fátn`n `ns cicfcdtns jadatns nu FCJ, á uf fátn`n dufárabn `c kdëiasc lcdárabk cbnf rcsniuìân quksc scfprc kprnxafk`k, `c prnhicfks bacdtæjabns c `c cdlcdmkrak. Cstcfátn`n tcf suks nralcds cf trkhkimns rckiazk`ns pnr jæsabns, fktcfëtabns c cdlcdmcarns.Cstc fátn`n pn`c scr utaiazk`n dufk vkstk ërck `n bndmcbafcdtn cf prnhicfks bnfpicxnscf quc dân sc bndmcìkf sniuìócs cxktks quc pnsskf scr trkdsjnrfk`ks `c ufk jnrfkkdkiætabk c á `c rckiìkr quc n FCJ á uf fátn`n dufárabn c dân uf fátn`n kdkiætabn.N FCJ pn`c scr utaiazk`n cf àvcrsns prnhicfks `cs`c sastcfks vahrktòrans, fcbèdabks`ns jiuæ`ns c bndùìân `c bkinr, bnfpnrtkfcdtn `c fktcrakas, cstruturks fctëiabks c dânfctëiabks, afpkbtn, bndjnrfkìân piëstabk `c fktcrakas, ma`rnàdèfabk kcrnàdèfabk, ctb.W;;V

2.0.8 Xcvasân Mastòrabk

N Fátn`n `ns Cicfcdtns Jadatns, tkfháf bndmcba`n bnfn FCJ, hkscak-sc dk a`cak

`c sc brakr uf fn`cin `c uf `ctcrfadk`n prnhicfk lcdárabn quc cdvnivc fcans bndtædunsc ktrkvás `c suks pkrtcs àsbrctks(cicfcdtns jadatns) `csscs fcans, á pnssævci kdkiaskr ccstu`kr n scu bnfpnrtkfcdtn nhtcd`n nu bndmcbcd`n ufk `csbraìân fktcfëtabk `csscfcsfn bnfpnrtkfcdtn. Kn prnbcssn `cstc tapn `c kdëiasc cf quc sc pkrtc `c uf tn`nàvaàd`n-n cf pkrtcs bnf fcdnr bnfpicxa`k`c á bndmcba`n bnfn àsbrctazkìân. Ukrk bk`kcicfcdtn jadatn, quc sân ks pkrtcs àsbrctks, c ks dnrfks fktcfëtabks quc rclcf n scubnfpnrtkfcdtn, vân bndtrahuar pkrk n bndmcbafcdtn c k kdëiasc `n prnhicfk cf lcrki. Kkdëiasc `c bk`k cicfcdtn jadatn bnfn ufk cdta`k`c adàvaùki pkrk kdëiasc `c uf tn`n ábndmcba`n pnr ksscfhciklcf nu klrupkfcdtn. Ukrk n utaiazk`nr qukd`n bndjrndtk`n bnfufk kdëiasc `c bëibuin ktrkvás `n FCJ, á n fcsfn quc rcsnivcr uf `ctcrfadk`n prnhicfkbnfpicxn nu ktá fcsfn scf sniuìân, ktrkvás `c ufk rcsniuìân scqucdbaki c cstruturk`k

`c fÿitapins prnhicfks fkas safpics c bnf sniuìân fktcfëtabk cxktk nu kprnxafk`k, quc,qukd`n kdkiask`ns cf bndoudtn icvkf k ufk sniuìân `n prnhicfk lcrki adabaki. W;;VCf ;1:5 Xky Binulm `cscdvnivcu uf trkhkimn, nd`c pcik prafcark vcz sc jkz rcjc-

rcdbak kn fátn`n `ns cicfcdtns jadatns, snhrc k kdëiasc `c prnhicfks `c cikstaba`k`c dufcstk`n pikdn `c tcdsân. Ns prafcarns cicfcdtns jadatns jnrkf `csbratns pnr Purdcr cf ;13:duf trkhkimn quc `cscdvnivcu, c dcssc trkhkimn sân `cscdvniva`ns trïs tapns àjcrcdtcs`c cicfcdtns jadatns, cicfcdtn trakdluikr, cicfcdtn quk`raiëtcrn lcdárabn c n cicfcdtn rcb-tkdluikr. K jnrfuikìân `n cicfcdtn trakdluikr hkscak-sc cf trïs bnfpndcdtcs bndstkdtcs`n tcdsnr `ks `cjnrfkìócs c trïs fn`ns `c `cjnrfkìân `c bnrpn ræla`n, pkrk kdëiasc `cprnhicfks pikdns. Ks scas bnfpndcdtcs kbafk rcjcra`ks, sân a`cdtajabk`ks bnfn ns lrkus`c iahcr`k`c `n cicfcdtn quc sân ns `csinbkfcdtns dns dòs. Kn kpiabkr-sc k ica `c Mnngc

pcrfatau bkibuikr ns tcrfns `c `cjnrfkìân àrctkfcdtc k pkrtar `ns `csinbkfcdtns dn`kas.N cicfcdtn jadatn lcdárabn quk`raiëtcrn á nhta`n bnf k adtrnùìân `c uf dò krtajabaki adtcrdn



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2.0. Pcnrak ̀ n Fátn`n ̀ ns Cicfcdtns Jadatns 8<

c `k àvasân `n cicfcdtn quk`raiëtcrn cf quktrn cicfcdtns trakdluikrcs àsbrctns sclud`nLuptk c Fccg (;11:). [ukdtn å fktraz `c rala`cz `n cicfcdtn quk`raiëtcrn nhtáf-sc ktrk-vás `k snfk `ks fktrazcs cicfcdtkrcs `ctcrfadk`ks pkrk ns suh-cicfcdtns trakdluikrcs.N cicfcdtn rcbtkdluikr quc jna prnpnstn á `cjcda`n cf badbn bnfpndcdtcs `n tcdsnr `ks

tcdsócs, scd`n cstc cicfcdtn jadatn `c quktrn dòs, dân kprcscdtkvk bndtadua`k`c cf tcr-fns `ks suks judìócs `c adtcrpnikìân, tcd`n sa`n cstk jnrfuikìân rcvastk pnr Uakd c Pndl(;1:1). @n pndtn `c vastk `k cdlcdmkrak, cf pkrtabuikr dk adùstrak kcrndëutabk, á bndvc-dacdtc rckiìkr trkhkimns nraladkas `c Onmd Krlyras c `n scu lrupn `c advcstalkìân dk ërck`k cdlcdmkrak cstruturki `k `ábk`k `c 35, bnf vërans krtalns snhrc kdëiasc cstruturki cfrclafc iadckr dk jnrfk fktrabaki pkrk cicfcdtns àsbrctns. K pkrtar `cstcs krtalns bmclkrkf-sc kns bndbcatns `c fktraz `c rala`cz c fktraz `c jicxahaia`k`c cf judìân `c npcrk`nrcsfktrabakas pn`cd`n rcikbandkr `cjnrfkìócs c `csinbkfcdtns pkrk k fktraz `c rala`cz c rc-ikbandkd`n bnf tcdsócs c jnrìks pkrk k fktraz `c jicxahaia`k`c. K pkrtar `cstk khnr`klcffktrabaki dksbcu cdtân k fctn`ninlak pk`rân `n fátn`n `ns cicfcdtns jadatns k prnhicfkslcdárabns `c cdlcdmkrak.

Nutrns kutnrcs bnfn _acdgacwabz (;1:3) c Bmcudl (;1:


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8= Bkpætuin 2. Xcvasân Hahianlrëjabk c Fn`cins ̀ c ̀ kdn

2.0.0 Papns `c cicfcdtns jadatns

Kpiabk-sc n FCJ k prnhicfks udaàfcdsandkas, haàfcdsandkas c traàfcdsandkas. Dncdtkdtn cf qukiqucr uf `ns bksns jkz-sc ufk àsbrctazkìân `n fn`cin cf quc sc cstë

k cstu`kr, fn`cin cssc quc dnrfkifcdtc `cvc scr rcprcscdtk`n `k fcsfk jnrfk quc dkrckia`k`c nu cjctukr ufk safpiajabkìân vaëvci kprnxafk`k cf rcikìân kn fn`cin rcki. Kàsbrctazkìân á ufk àvasân duf dÿfcrn jadatn `c sclfcdtns, ërcks nu vniufcs k quc scimc `ë n dnfc `c cicfcdtns jadatns.

K jalurk 2.;2 fnstrk ufk rcprcscdtkìân `c uf fn`cin nu `nfædan àsbrctazk`n.

Jalurk 2.;2? Xcprcscdtkìân `n prnbcssn `c àsbrctazkìân duf fn`cin nu `nfædan pnr cic-fcdtns jadatns W;;V

Ns cicfcdtns jadatns pn`cf scr `c vkrak`ks jnrfks `c kbnr`n bnf k fn`cikìân cs-truturki prctcdà`k, bnfn fnstrk k jalurk 2.;0.

Jalurk 2.;0? Cicfcdtns jadatns?(k) udaàfcdsandki (h) haàfcdsandki (b) traàfcdsandki W;;V

Bk`k tapn `c cicfcdtn á usk`n dks bndàìócs quc sc prctcd`c pkrk uf `ctcrfadk`nprnhicfk. Ukrk prnhicfks udaàfcdsandkas uskf-sc cicfcdtns jadatns udaàfcdsandkas,pkrk prnhicfks haàfcdsandkas utaiazkf-sc cicfcdtns jadatns haàfcdsandkas c pkrk prnhic-fks traàfcdsandkas utaiazkf-sc ns cicfcdtns jadatns 2@. Fks k jalurk 2.;0 dân rcjcrc tn`nsns cicfcdtns cxastcdtcs, cxastc ufk vkstk iastk `c nutrns tapns `c cicfcdtns. Cf cdlcdmk-rak k prafcark vkraëvci quc sc prctcd`c bkibuikr sân ns `csinbkfcdtns dns dòs, quc sân nspndtns quc cstân dk fkimk `c cicfcdtns jadatns quc dnrfkifcdtc sc cdbndtrkf dns vár-tabcs `ns cicfcdtns, pnráf `cpcd`cd`n `k jnrfuikìân `n cicfcdtn cstcs pn`cf bndtcr

dòs k fcan `ks krcstks, `ks jkbcs nu ktá dn scu adtcranr. Cxastcf tkfháf ns cicfcdtns `ntapn bksbk c pikbk quc scrân khnr`k`ns uf pnubn fkas å jrcdtc. W;;V



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2.0. Pcnrak ̀ n Fátn`n ̀ ns Cicfcdtns Jadatns 81

2.0.3 Kdëiasc `c ufk safuikìân dufárabk

Zka-sc klnrk kprcscdtkr `c uf fn`n lcrki ns pkssns pkrk ufk kdëiasc `c ufk safu-ikìân dufárabk pcin fátn`n `ns cicfcdtns jadatns. Astn scrë jcatn `c uf pndtn `c vastk `nutaiazk`nr, ktrkvás `k utaiazkìân `c uf prnlrkfk bnfcrbaki `c safuikìân dufárabk. N pra-fcarn pkssn á n prá-prnbcsskfcdtn quc á k jksc cf quc sc bndstròa n fn`cin lcnfátrabn`n sastcfk k kdkiaskr, c `cjadcf-sc ns bkrrclkfcdtns c bndàìócs adabakas quc n fn`cin cfcstu`n scrë suocatn. @c sclua`k pkssk-sc å jksc `c kdëiasc quc á nd`c sc cjctukf tn`ns nsbëibuins, ktrkvás `c prnlrkfk bnfcrbakas `c cicfcdtns jadatns, c quc sc pn`c vcrajabkr tn`k kadjnrfkìân dns jabmcarns `c cdtrk`k. Unr ÿitafn prnbc`c-sc å jksc `c pòs-prnbcsskfcdtnquc á k jksc `c kprcscdtkìân `c rcsuitk`ns, quc vcf `ns jabmcarns `c skæ`k `c àjcrcdtcsjnrfks lrëjabks c/nu cf jnrfk `c tkhciks. W;;V

2.0.: Cqukìócs lcdárabks `n FCJ

K rcsniuìân `c prnhicfks `c cdlcdmkrak á dnrfki prnbc`cr-sc cf prafcarn iulkr åkdëiasc `n tapn iadckr. K kdëiasc iadckr, kssufc quc ns `csinbkfcdtns quc adùzcf `cjnr-fkìân sân adjadatcsafkas, n fktcraki tcf uf bnfpnrtkfcdtn iadckr ciëstabn c ks bndàìócs`c jrndtcark sân bndstkdtcs, nu scok , dân sc kitcrkf, qukd`n sc kpiabkf bkrlks. Kssaf,fc àkdtc cstks trïs mapòtcscs, kssufc-sc ufk rcikìân iadckr cdtrc jnrìks c `csinbkfcdtns,n quc k dævci `c cqukìócs `c cquaiæhran dn èfhatn `n Fátn`n `c Cicfcdtns Jadatns sc trkùzdk cqukìân?

J 6 G k (2.8:)

nd`c J rcprcscdtk n vctnr `c jnrìks cxtcrdks, G á k fktraz `c rala`cz `n sastcfk ck á n vctnr `ns `csinbkfcdtns dn`kas. Ks adbòldatks `n prnhicfk sân ns `csinbkfcdtns

dn`kas, quc pcrfatc n bëibuin `ns tcdsnrcs `ks tcdsócs c `ks `cjnrfkìócs.Rc bndsa`crkr-fns quc n fktcraki tcf bnfpnrtkfcdtn iadckr ciëstabn pn`c-sc utaiazkr k ica `c Mnngc `c fn`n k sc pn`cr bkibuikr n bkfpn `c tcdsócs, c lcdcrabkfcdtc á kprc-scdtk`k `k scluadtc jnrfk,

ς 6 @γ (2.8


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rcbnfcd`k-sc ufk vkstk iastk hahianlrëjabk, `ns kutnrcs quc jnrkf fcdbandk`ns dk rcvasânmastòrabk `cstk scbìân.

• Cicfcdtns jadatns udaàfcdsandkas

Ukrk bksns udaàfcdsandkas dnrfkifcdtc rcbnrrc-sc kn Uradbapan `c Prkhkimn Zartukinu UPZ. N pradbæpan `ns trkhkimns vartukas nu pradbæpan `ns `csinbkfcdtns vartukas cstk-hcicbc quc n trkhkimn rckiazk`n pciks tcdsócs adtcrdks dk `cjnrfkìân vartuki `n bnrpná aluki kn trkhkimn rckiazk`n pciks jnrìks cxtcranrcs dns `csinbkfcdtns vartukas `nsscus pndtns `c kpiabkìân. Nu scok, `c ufk fkdcark fkas safpics, n trkhkimn adtcrdn`c `cjnrfkìân á aluki kn trkhkimn cxtcrdn `ks jnrìks kpiabk`ks. N bksn cf quc scpn`c utaiazkr n UPZ á n `ks hkrrks suocatks k `csinbkfcdtns c jnrìks kpcdks kxakas cquc sc pn`c trkùzar ktrkvás `k aluki`k`c scluadtc W;;V,∧

Z

ΰγP ς`Z 6

∧ I

ΰuP pÌ (2.81)

• Cicfcdtns jadatns haàfcdsandkas

Cstc tapn `c cicfcdtns jadatns haàfcdsandkas sân usk`ns dn FCJ pkrk rcsniuìân `cprnhicfks haàfcdsandkas. Ns cicfcdtns fkas adbndstkdtc c `c safpics jnrfuikìâncf kpiabkìócs ha àfcdsandkas sân ns cicfcdtns trakdluikrcs. Ukrk lcrkìân `c fkimksdân-cstruturk`ks cstcs cicfcdtns bndsclucf uf rcjadkfcdtn inbki cf zndks bnfcicvk`ns lrkàcdtcs `c tcdsân nu `cjnrfkìân, fkdtcd`n-sc, nutrks zndks bnf ufdævci `c rcjadkfcdtn fkas lrnsscarn. Cstc á n fntavn pkrk quc prnlrkfks bnfcrbakaskprcscdtkrcf dks suks hahiantcbks `c cicfcdtns jadatns, cicfcdtns trakdluikrcs pkrkkpiabkìócs haàfcdsandkas c cicfcdtns tctrká`rabns pkrk kpiabkìócs traàfcdsandkas.N quc sc pn`c cdbndtrkr bnfn `csvkdtklcf dcstc tapn `c cicfcdtns á quc cf tcrfns

`c rcsuitk`ns pn`cf kprcscdtkr rcsuitk`ns fcdns jaëvcas cf rcikìân k, pnr cxcfpin,cicfcdtns `c quktrn dòs(quk`raiëtcrns). W;;V

Ukrk sc pn`cr bndmcbcr n cicfcdtn jadatn rctkdluikr á dcbcssëran cstu`kr bnf fkas`ctkimcs k jnrfuikìân `cssc fcsfn cicfcdtn jadatn, n quc dân vkfns `ctkimkr dcstkscbìân dcf dcstk tcsc, c `cpcd`cf `k nr`cf `c adtclrkìân. W;;V K jalurk scluadtcfnstrk rcprcscdtkìócs lcdárabks `c cicfcdtn jadatn trakdluikr c rctkdluikr rcspctavk-fcdtc.

(k) (h)

Jalurk 2.;3? Cicfcdtns Jadatns lcdárabns? (k)Prakdluikr, (h)Xctkdluikr. W;;V

• Cicfcdtns jadatns Kxassafátrabns

Ns cicfcdtns kxassafátrabns sân fuatn àrcbandk`ns k kpiabkìócs `c bnrpn bnf rcvn-

iuìân, quc kprcscdtkf safctrak cf rcikìân kn scu caxn. Un`cf cstcs tkfháf scrcfrcsniva`ns duf cspkìn traàfcdsandki utaiazkd`n cicfcdtns traàfcdsandkas, fks ns



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2.0. Pcnrak ̀ n Fátn`n ̀ ns Cicfcdtns Jadatns 2;

cicfcdtns kxassafátrabns pn`cf rckiazkr k fcsfk tkrcjk fks bnf uf pcsn bnfpu-tkbandki adjcranr. Ks kpiabkìócs nd`c pn`cf scr utaiazk`ks sân dn cstu`n `c sains,rcscrvktòrans snh prcssân, tkdqucs ktfnsjárabns, tnrrcs `c krrcjcbafcdtn, nu scok,kpiabkìócs nd`c sc cdbndtrk safctrak dân sò dk suk lcnfctrak, fks tkfháf dns scus

bkrrclkfcdtns c bndàìócs `c jrndtcark. W;;V

Jalurk 2.;:? Xcprcscdtkìân lcdárabk `c uf cicfcdtn kxassafctrabn W;;V

K jalurk 2.;: fnstrk ufk kpiabkìân lcdárabk `c cicfcdtn kxassafátrabn. Cf pkrtabu-ikr cstc tapn `c kdëiasc tcf `c sc kbrcsbcdtkr fkas ufk bnfpndcdtc dn bkfpn `ks`cjnrfkìócs c pnr assn cf rcikìân kns prnhicfks haàfcdsandkas, tcf-sc quc bnd-sa`crkr quc ks `cjnrfkìócs c tcdsócs sân bndsa`crk`ks jnrk `n pikdn `n cicfcdtnjadatn kxassafátrabn. W;;V

• Cicfcdtns jadatns traàfcdsandkas

Ns cicfcdtns mcxká`rabns sân cicfcdtns jadatns lcdcrkiazk`ns `ns cicfcdtns quk`ra-iëtcrns haàfcdsandkas. Cxastcf tkfháf ns cicfcdtns jadatns pcdtká`rabns nu `n tapnbudmk quc cf tcrfns prëtabns sân ufk pkrtabuikra`k`c `ns cicfcdtns jadatns mcxká-`rabns. @cpnas tcfns ns cicfcdtns tctrká`rabns quc tkfháf sân ufk lcdcrkiazkìân`ns cicfcdtns jadatns trakdluikrcs haàfcdsandkas c å scfcimkdìk `n quc kbndtcbcdn bksn haàfcdsandki cstcs cicfcdtns, cf rcikìân kn cicfcdtns mcxká`rabns, tcfvkdtklcf dk àsbrctazkìân, nu scok, dk bndstruìân `k fkimk cf prnhicfks `c lcnfc-trak bnfpicxk. Dn cdtkdtn, ns cicfcdtns tctrká`rabns, kssaf bnfn ns trakdluikrcs, sânfuatn safpiajabk`ns dk `csbraìân `n bkfpn `c `cjnrfkìócs c `c tcdsócs. N cicfcdtntctrká`rabn kprcscdtk fcdnr cxkta`ân cf prnhicfks `c bnfpicxa`k`c fkanr cxalad`nfkimks fkas rcjadk`ks. Unr cstc fntavn á quc ns cicfcdtns jadatns mcxká`rabns sânfkas utaiazk`ns qukd`n sc prctcd

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