DOS(5)
Transcript of DOS(5)
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5. fMLd vkWijsfVax LVe
(Disk Operating System)
5.1 ifjp; (Introduction)
MkWl ¼fMLd vkWijsfVax LVe½ ekbØks dEI;wVjks esa lcls
vf/kd dke esa vkus okyk vkWijsfVax LVe ga! vkb"# c$#
%e#(IBM) us vius ekbØks dEI;wVjksa ds fy% lcls igys MkWl dke esa
fy;k! vkb"# c$# %e# &kjk fod' MkWl PC-DOS dgyk'k ga!ekbØkslks(V us )k$ I*+el ,-,./,-,, ifjokj ds ekbØksdEI;wVjksa
ds fy% MkWl dke esa fy;k! ekbØkslks(V &kjk fod' MkWl MS-
DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) dgyk'k ga!
vf/kd'j ekbØks dEI;wVjksa esa MS-DOS g$ dke esa vk'k
ga v'0 MkWl dk i;k"; cu x;k ga! v'0 ;g v/;k; M123 ds
la*)k" esa fy4kk x;k ga!MS-DOS %d axy ;w+j vkWijsfVax LVe ga!
MS-DOS ds olZu~l (Versions)
ol"u5l d$ ifjd6iuk %d fd'kc ds laLdj7k (editions) d$ 'jg ga!
vkWijsfVax LVe esa l8/kkj o c*yko gks's jg's ga o u;s u;s ol"u
fod' gks's jg's ga! 9*kgj7k'0 M123 ds e84; ol"u5l :1- 1- <1- =1- >1- .1- o ?1- ga! ?1- @;wu'e ol"u ga!
vc MS-DOS ds LAkku ij fo7Mksa B>CB, (Windows 9!9")
vkWijsfVax LVe dk vf/kd 9i;ksx gks'k ga! v'0 ekbØkslks(V
us vc bl vkWijsfVax LVe ij dk;" djuk yx)kx lekI' dj f*;k ga!
MS-DOS dh dqN fo'ks"krk,+ (Features of MS-DOS)
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¼:½ MS-DOS 9i;ks2'k dks vk*sDkksa ij vk/kkfj'
b7Vjsl F*ku dj'k ga! 9i;ks2'k M123 ds vk*sDkksa
dk F;ksx djds dEI;wVj ij dk;" dj ld'k ga!
MS-DOS dEI;wVj eku$Vj ij %d FksEIV *Dkk"'k ga!
9i;ks2'k 9l FksEIV ds ck* vk*sDk Vkb"i dj ld'k ga!
blds ck* 9i;ks2'k +ls g$ %@Vj #ey *ck'k ga M123
bl vk*sDk ds vu8lkj dEI;wVj ds ek/;e ls dk;" dj'k ga o
ifj7kkeksa dks eku$Vj ij *Dkk"us ds ck* i8u0 FksEIV
f*4kk'k ga! blds ck* 9i;ks2'k *wljk vk*sDk *s ld'k
ga! vk*sDk ds xy' gksus ij MS-DOS 9i;82'
G8fVHla*sDk ($rror Message) )k$ eku$Vj ij *Dkk"'k ga!
¼½ MS-DOS kb""y Fca/ku (%i&e Management) ds fy%
cg8' ls vk*sDk F*ku dj'k ga! f+ud$ lgk;'k ls ge
kb"yksa ij fof)k@u FfØ;k% (operation) dj ld's ga +ls
fd kb"y dkWi$ djuk kb"y dk uke c*yuk kb"y
fMy$V (de&ete) djuk kb"y dks fF@V djuk kb"y dkseku$Vj ij *s4kuk bJ;kf*!
¼<½ MS-DOS kb"yksa dks l83;ofLAk' Fdkj ls )k7Mkfj'
djus ds fy% Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ ifjd6iuk dke esa ys'k ga!
Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lgk;'k ls kb"yksa dks vklku$ ls ox$"K'
fd;k +k ld'k ga!
¼=½ MS-DOS kb"yksa dk cdvi ysus d$ o cdvi lskb"yksa d$ fjLVksj ('estore) djus d$ l8fo/kk F*ku dj'k
ga!
¼>½ MS-DOS cg8' l$ ;8fVfyfV +ls d$ lksV" o'+ o
%fMV ($dit) F*ku dj'k ga!
¼.½ MS-DOS f6Vj vk*sDk (%i&ter commands) )k$ 9iyN/k
djok'k ga!
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¼?½ MS-DOS bui8VHvk9Vi8V fjMkbjs2Dku ('edirection)
d$ l8fo/kk )k$ F*ku dj'k ga!
¼,½ MS-DOS ;8f2';ksa devices dks )k$ kb"y d$
'jg g$ dke esa ys'k ga f+lls 9i;ks2'k dks dk$
vklku$ gks'$ ga!
¼B½ MS-DOS lkek@;'0 dke vkus oky$ l)k$
bui8VHvk9Vi8V ;8f2';ksa dks dke esa ysus ds fy%
9i;ks2'k dks vkoD;d vk*sDk 9iyN/k djk'k ga!
!kZ# dh ifjd$iuk (oncept of Fi!e)
M123 kb"y d$ '8yuk ge vkWfl kb"y ls dj ld's ga!
f+l Fdkj ge vkadMksa o l8Oukvksa ds )k7Mkj7k ds fy% vkWfl
kb"y dke esa ys's ga P$d 9l$ Fdkj f&'$;d LeQQf' esa )k7Mkj7k
ds fy% ge kb"y dke esa ys's ga! MkWl kb"y es ge l)k$ Fdkj
ds vkdMsR lwOuk% o FksxSke )kaMkfj' dj ld's ga!
vkWfl kb"yksa dks ge 9i;82' uke *s's g +ls fd il"uykb"y ijOs+ kb"y ls6l kb"y bJ;kf* 'kfd +Tj' iMRus ij ge
kb"y dk uke *s4kdj g$ lg$ kb"y dk O;u dj ldsa! 23 P$d bl$
Fdkj kb"yksa dks )k$ uke *suk vkoD;d gks'k ga! +Tj' iMRus ij
ge fdl$ )k$ kb"y dks 9ldk uke *sdj f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkI' dj ldsa
o 9ls eku$Vj ij *s4k ldsa ;k fF7Vj ij fF7V dj ldsa!
5." !kZ# ds ukedj%k ds fu;e (#u!es of $aming Fi!es)
vkWfl kb"y d$ 'jg FJ;sd MkWl kb"y dk )k$ uke gks'k
ga f+ls ge kb"y use (%i&e ame) dg's ga!
fdl$ )k$ kb"y ds uke ds *ks )kkx gks's ga!
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¼:½ uke okyk )kkx (ame Part)
¼½ %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx ($tension Part)
• bu *ksuksa )kkxksa ds c$O esa *Dkeyo (Period) dke
esa fy;k +k'k ga% +ks b@gs vyx djus dk dke dj'k ga!
• uke okys )kkx esa : ls , 'd djs2Vj gks ld's ga!
• %2lVsaDku okys )kkx esa : ls < 'd djs2Vj gks ld's ga!
;g )kkx vfuok;" ug$sa g vAkk"' kb"y ds uke
esa %2lVsaDku gksuk +Tj$ ug$a ga!
• bu ukeksa esa * ls + 'd o7k"ekyk ds vUkj ¼cMRs o
ksVsH,pper Case .ower Case½ - ls B 'd vad (digits) o
d8 foDksk F'$d (Specia& Sym/o&s) +ls 01 21 31 -1 41 51 61 71
81 (1 )1 H bJ;kf* dk 9i;ksx fd;k +k ld'k ga!
• kb"y ds uke esa 4kky$ +xg (/&ank space) dkek o fuEu
F'$dksa (Sym/o&s) dk 9i;ksx ug$a dj ld's --!1 1 :1 ;1 <1 =1
>1 ?1 @1 A1
• d8 DkN* l8jfUk' ('esered Words) gks's ga v'0 vudk
9i;ksx kb"y ds uke d$ +xg ij ug$a dj ld's! ;s DkN*
CO1 COME1 COMF1 COMG1 COMH1 *,1 .PJE1 .PJF1 .PJG1
P'1 ,.. vkf* ga!
9*kgj7k 0
accoKntdat
sa&arywkE
addFc
kb"y ds uke okyk )kkx lk/kkj7k'0 9lesa
)k7Mkfj' vkadMRks o lwOukvksa dks *Dkk"'k g
+cfd %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx Fk;0 9l lks(Vos;j dks
*Dkk"'k g f+ldk 9i;ksx djds kb"y cuk;$ x;$ ga!
9ij f*;s x;s 9*kgj7kksa LwkE esa yksVl d$ kb"y esa
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dke vk'k ga LCX;g *Dkk"'k g fd bl kb"y esa LCX
dk FksxSke g dat Fk;0 ;g *Dkk"'k g fd bl kb"y esa
d8 vkdMRs g blds vykok d8 %sls %2lVsaDku )k$
gks's ga f+udk MkWl esa foDksk vf)kFk; gks'k ga
+ls fd LCOM1 L$$1 LB*JX vkf*!
5.% Mkjs&Vjh dh ifjd$iuk (oncept of Directory)
%d g$ le; esa f&'$;d LeQf' esa g+kjksa kbysa gks ld'$ ga!
kb"y dks dsoy uke ls g$ igOkuk +k ld'k ga v'0fd@g$ )k$ *ks
kb"yksa ds uke leku ug$a gksus Okfg%! fdl$ )k$ u;$ kb"y dkuke j4k's le; gesa igys dke vk O8ds l)k$ ukeksa dks /;ku esa
j4kuk iMsRxk! ;g cg8' dfPu o vlE)ko lk dk;" ga!
%d vkWfl esa cg8' l$ kb"ysa gks ld'$ ga o
f)k@uHf)k@u fo)kkxksa d$ kb"yksa ds uke )k$ %d ls gks
ld's ga! vkWfl kb"yksa dks P$d Fdkj ls ox$"K' djus ds fy;s
ge kb"y dfcusV dke esa ys's ga! vyxHvyx kb"y dfcusVesa leku uke oky$ kb"y gksus ij )k$ ge 9uesa v@'j dj ld's
ga! %d g$ dfcusV d$ vyxHvyx Dk6 )k$ gks ld'$ ga! *ks
Dk6ksa esa leku uke oky$ kb"ysa gkus ij 9uesa )k$ v@'j
fd;k +k ld'k ga!
P$d 9l$ Fdkj ls kb"y dfcusV o Dk6 ds LAkku ij dEI;wVj
esa kb"yksa dks ox$"K' Ti esa )kaMkfj' djus ds fy% geMkbjs2Vj$ dke esa ys's ga! Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ '8yuk kb"y
dfcusV ls dj ld's ga o Dk6 d$ '8yuk lcHMkbjs2Vj$
(sK/directory) ls dj ld's ga!
MkWl esa kb"yksa dks ox$"K' djds f)k@uHf)k@u
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa j4k ld's ga! blls )k7Mkj7k dk dke dk$
l83;ofLAk' gks +k'k ga!
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MkWl esa Mkbjs2Vj$ dks )k$ kb"y d$ 'jg uke *suk
iMR'k ga! kb"y ds ukedj7k ds fu;e Mkbjs2Vj$ ds fy% )k$
ykxw gks's gaa!
Vh Mkjs&Vjh lajpuk (&ree Directory Structure) H +ls d$
Yij OOk" d$ x;$ g ge kb"yksa dks vyxHvyx Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk dj
)k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga! ij@'8 %slk )k$ lE)ko ga fd fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$
esa cg8' vf/kd kb"y gks +k;sa! MkWl gesa Mkbjs2Vj$ ds v@*j
)k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ cukus d$ l8fo/kk *s'k ga! v'0 %d Mkbjs2Vj$
esa vf/kd kb"y gksus ij ge 9@gsa vkj Mkbjs2Vj$ cukdj)k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga! fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ds v@*j cu$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks
lcHMkbjs2Vj$ dg's ga! v'0 fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa vf/kd
kb"yksa ds gksus ij ge 9lesa vkj lc Mkbjs2Vj$ cukdj 9u
kb"yksa dks P$d Fdkj ls )k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga!
MkWl d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk d$ '8yuk ge %d isMR (tree) ls dj
ld's ga! f+ldk vkjE)k +MR (root) ls gks'k gsa vkj fj 9lesacg8' l$ Dkk4kk% (BrancNes) gks ld'$ ga! FJ;sd Dkk4kk d$ )k$
vusd Dkk4kk% gks ld'$ ga vkj lg Øe fuj@'j Oy ld'k ga!
MkWl d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk ewy (root) Mkbjs2Vj$ ls vkjE)k
gks'$ ga vkj blesa ge vkoD;d'ku8lkj fd'u$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ o lc
Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga! MkWl d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk *Dkk"us ds
ge root dks lcls Yij f*4kk's ga vkj fj bld$ f)k@uHf)k@u Dkk4kk% vAkk"' Mkbjs2Vj$ *Dkk"'s ga!
#oot
De'es a!pana
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iAk uke ds vk/kkj ij ge buesa v@'j dj ld's gaa! vki iAk uke dks
kb"y 'd ig8Ous dk jkL'k )k$ le\ ld's ga! %d kb"y ds iAk
uke esa 'oo+ ls vkjE)k djds 9l 'd ig8Ous esa vkus oky$ l)k$
Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke )k$ vk's ga o v@' esa Lo;a kb"y dk uke
vk'k ga! *ks lc Mkbjs2Vj$ ds c$O esa ge LX dke esa ys's ga!
iAk uke dk vkjE)k Fk;0 ] ls gks'k ga +ks root Mkbjs2Vj$ dks
*Dkk"'k ga!
9*kgj7k ds fy% fOG >1: esa *Dkk";$ x;$ kb"y L/iodataX dk
iAk dk uke g H
deesNpersona&/iodata
;f* Mkbjs2Vj$ dEI;wVj d$ gkM" fMLd ij ga 'ks iAk uke 0
N:deesNpersona&/iodata
gksxk! ;gk LC :XgkM f"MLd ds fy% dke esa fy;k x;k ga o
LC: gkM" fMLd d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga!
bl$ Fdkj ;f* root Mkbjs2Vj$ (yksi$ fMLd esa gks 'ks kb"y
dk iAk uke gksxk H*:deesNpersona&/iodata
MkWl esa iAk uke dks *Dkk"us ds *ks 'j$ds ga H
¼:½ iAk uke 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls vkjE)k fd;k +k ld'k
ga!
¼½ iAk uke dks o'"eku (CKrrent) Mkbjs2Vj$ ls )k$
vkjE)k fd;k +k ld'k ga! vki %d le; esa fdl$ )k$ %d Mkbjs2Vj$ esadke dj ld's ga! o'"eku esa vki f+l Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dke dj jgsa
ga 9ls cKrrent directory dg's ga!
*- fujis/k i.k uke (+,so!ute *at $ame) H fujisUk iAk
uke gesDkk Mkbjs2Vj$ ls vkjE)k gks'k ga! 9*kgj7k ds fy;s
LscNoo&X lc Mkbjs2Vj$ esa kb"y dk fujisUk iAk uke ga H
ka&panascNoo&docE
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*-0 lkis/k i.k uke (#e!ati'e *at $ame) H ;f* VZ$
lajOuk esa db" L'j gks 'ks kb"y dk fujisUk iAk uke dk$ cMRk
gks ld'k ga! vf/kd'j 9i;ks2'k viu$ kb"ysa vyxHvyx
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa j4k's ga! v'0 dke dj's le; os 9l lc Mkbjs2Vj$
dks dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga f+lesa d$ 9ud$ vf/kd'j
kb"ysa ga!
%sls esa ge kb"yksa dks dsoy 9uds uke ls ;k lc
Mkbjs2Vj$ ds ck* okys iAk ls )k$ igOku ld's ga! bls ge lkisUk
iAk uke dg's ga!
9*kgj7k ds fy;s ;f* dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&pana ga 'ksLscNoo&X lc Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ LdocE kb"y ds fy% ge fuEu lkisUk iAk
uke dke esa ys ld's ga H
scNoo&dotE
;g lkisUk iAk uke 9l$ kb"y dk g f+ldk fujisUk iAk uke fuEu
ga H
ka&panascNoo&docE
MkWl *ks foDksk F'$d dke esa ys'k g f+uls lkisUk iAk
ukeksa dk 9i;ksx cg8' g$ vklku gks +k'k ga! ;s fuEu g H
*Dkeyo (period) dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga!
dj@V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ ijs7V (parent) Mkbjs2Vj$ vAkk"' %d
L'j Yij oky$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga H
9*kgj7k ds fy% ;f* djs@V Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&panaaccoKntX gks 'kslkisUk iAk uke LscNoo&X Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&panascNoo&X dks *Dkk"'k
g 2;ksafd LaccoKntX d$ ijs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ Lka&panaX ga!
5. !kZ# o ;qf&r;ksa ds 1hp lekurk (Fi!e De'ice
Independence) --
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MkWl kb"y o bui8VHvk9Vi8V ;8f2';ksa esa )ks* ug$a
dj'k! 9*kgj7k ds fy% MkWl fF7Vj dks %d ^[JX uke d$ kb"y
eku'k ga! ;f* vki [J kb"y esa d8 fy4ksaxs ;k )k7Mkfj' djus
dk F;kl djsaxs 'ks og fF7Vj ij fF7V gks +k;sxk! bl$ Fdkj MkWl
d@lksy d$ cksM" _ eku$Vj ½ dks %d N3 uke d$ kb"y eku'k
ga! ;f* vki ^N3X kb"y esa d8 fy4ksaxs ;k )k7Mkfj' djus dk
F;kl djsaxs 'ks og eku$Vj ij *fDk"' gksxk! bl$ Fdkj vki ;f* ^N3
kb"y ls d8 j$M Jead djsaxs 'ks og d$HcksM" ls j$MR
gksxk!
5./ 12fVax (0ooting)
dEI;wVj d$ jkse J3M esa %d foDksk FksxSke gks'k ga
f+ls ge cwVLVZsi yksMj (/ootstrap &oader) dg's gas! +ls g$ ge
dEI;wVj d$ ikWoj fLoO vkWu dj's ga cwVLVZsi yksMj dk fuik*u
vkjE)k gks +k'k ga! cwVLVZsi yksMj MkWl ds %d )kkx dks
f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM Load dj *s'k ga! MkWldk ;g )kkx dEI;wVj dk fu;aG7k vius gkAk es ys ys'k g o eku$Vj
ij MkWl FksEIV f*4kk'k ga +ks fd lkek@;'0
C: gksx$!
;g FksEIV ;g *Dkk"'k g fd dEI;wVj vc 9i;ks2'k ls vk*sDk
ysus ds fy;s ';kj ga! dEI;wVj dk fLoO vkWu djus ls FksEIV
eku$Vj ij vkus ds c$O d$ FfØ;k dks ge cwfVax dg's ga!cwVLVZsi yksMj *ks kb"yksa LMSDOSSSX o LIOSSX dks
FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM dj'k ga! bu kbyksa esa MkWl dk d8
)kkx gks'k ga! MkWl dk ;g )kkx kb"y COMM*DCOMX dks
FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM dj'k ga! LCOMM*DCOMX dks ge
MkWl Dky )k$ dg's ga! dEI;wVj ij FksEIV *Dkk"us dk dke MkWl
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Dky g$ dj'$ ga! lkAk g$ MkWl Dky dEI;wVj o 9i;ks2'k ds
c$O %d b@Vjsl dk dke )k$ dj'$ ga!
MkWl Dky 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa CO%IQSS kb"y d$
9ifLAkf' d$ )k$ +kO dj'$ ga o blesa f*;s x;s fooj7k ds vu8lkj
dEI;wVj ds dk;" djus ds fy;s ok'koj7k ($nironment) ';kj (ConfigKre)
dj'$ ga!
MkWl Dky 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa L*,JO$$CB*JX kb"y d$
9ifLAkf' d$ )k$ +kO dj'$ ga o blesa f*;s x;s vk*sDkksa d$
ikyuk djus ds ck* g$ eku$Vj ij fFEIV *Dkk"'$ ga!
5. okZ$M dkMZ djs&VlZ (2i!d-ard aracters)
MkWl esa *ks foDksk F'$dksa (Specia& sym/o&s) ` o > dk dk$
egJo gks'k ga! ;s okb"6M dkM" djs2Vl" dgyk's ga!
MkWl kb"y LVe esa g+kjksa kb"ysa gks ld'$
ga! %sls esa kb"yksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke ;k* j4kuk
dk$ e8fDdy dk;"" ga! db" ckj gesa kb"y ;k Mkbjs2Vj$ds uke dk d8 )kkx g$ ;k* jg'k ga! %sls esa okb"6M
dkM" djs2Vj dk$ lgk;d gks ld's ga!
¼:½ okZ$M dkMZ djs&Vj 3
kb"y uke esa fdl$ )k$ djs2Vj d$ +xg ge ` dk 9i;ksx dj
ld's ga! bldk 9i;ksx 'kDk ds 4ksy esa +ksdj d$ 'jg ga!
9*kgj7k ds fy% ;f* vki kb"y uke S*.$``` *sa 'ks ;g S*.$S
ds uke ls vkjE)k gksus oky$ o vkP djs2Vj oky$ l)k$ kb"yksa
ls esy 4kk'k ga! v'0 ;g fuEu kb"yksa d$ igOku esa 9i;ksx$
gksxk H
S*.$SR*1 S*.$S%%B1 S*.$SEFG bJ;kf*!
bl$ Fdkj C*PJ$'? fuEufyf4k' kb"yksa ls esy 4kk'k ga H
C*PJ$'E1 C*PJ$'F bJ;kf*!
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;f* ge LC*PJ$' X uke ds vkjE)k gksus oky$ l)k$
kb"yksa ij dkb" FfØ;k (Operation) djuk Okgsa 'ks )k$
okb"6M dkM" ` dk$ lgk;d gksxk!
¼½ okb"6M dkM" djs2Vj >
;g okb"6M dkM" ` ls )k$ ;k*k egJoiw7k" ga! bldk
9i;ksx kb"y uke esa fd'us )k$ djs2Vl" ¼Dkw@; ;k vf/kd½ ds
fy% gks ld'k ga!
9*kgj7k 0
>C bldk vAk" g dj7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa %2LVsaDku oky$l)k$ kb"ysa!
9udk uke okyk )kkx d8 )k$ gks ld'k ga!
>> bldk vAk" g dj7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ l)k$ kb"ysa! uke
okys )kkx esa uke d8 )k$ gks ld'k ga! bl$ Fdkj
%2LVsaDku okys )kkx esa dk vAk" g fd %2LVsaDku d8
)k$ gks ld'k ga!CNap>> bldk vAk" g fd oks l)k$ kb"ysa f+uds uke ds
igys Okj djs2Vl" ga! buds ck* uke esa dkb" )k$
djs2Vl" vk ld's ga! bl$ Fdkj %2LVsaDku d8 )k$ gks
ld'k ga!
5.3 MkWl ds vk4s'k (DOS ommands)
cwfVax ds ck* ge eku$Vj ij C: \ FksEIV *s4k's ga! bl
FksEIV ds ck* ckjHckj fVefVek'k g8vk dl"j f*4kkb" *s'k ga! ;g
bl ck' dks lwfO' dj'k g fd vc ge dEI;wVj dks okaf' vk*sDk *s
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ld's ga! vkids &kjk Vkb"i fd;s x;s vk*sDk dl"j okys LAkku ij
*Dkk";s +k;sasxs vkj +lsH+ls vki Vkb"i djsaxsa dl"j vkxs
cR'k +k;sxk!
;f* ge cwfVax ds le; g$ lkjs MkWl vk*sDkksa ls lEcf@/k'
FksxSke FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM dj*sa 'ks 9udk fuik*u dk$
'$oS xf' ls fd;k +k ld'k ga! ij@'8 blesa dk$ LeQf' csdkj gks
+k;sx$! *wlj$ 'j ;f* ge fdl$ )k$ MkWl vk*sDk ls lEcf@/k'
FksxSke dks cwfVax ds le; LeQf' esa yksM ug$a djas 'ks
vk*sDkksa dk fuik*u /k$e$ xf' ls gksxk 2;ksafd +c vki vk*sDk
*saxs ')k$ lEcf@/k' 23 FksxSke f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkAkfed LeQf'esa yksM gksxk! v'0 ge de FkAkfed LeQf' ls dke Oyk ld's ga
ij@'8 vk*sDkksa dk fuik*u /k$e$ xf' ls gksxk!
vk*sDkksa ds F;ksx d$ *j dks /;ku esa j4k's g8% MkWl ds
vk*sDkksa dks *ks sf7k;ksa esa fo)kkf+' fd;k x;k ga H
¼:½ vka'fjd MkWl vk*sDk (Interna& DOS Commands)
¼½ ck MkWl vk*sDk ($terna& DOS Commands)
5.3.1 vkarfjd MkWl vk4s'k (Interna! DOS ommands) H ckjHckj
dke vkus okys MkWl vk*sDkksa ls lEcf@/k' FksxSke cwfVax
ds le; g$ FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM gks +k's ga! Fk;0 ;s
MkWl Dky (COMM*DCOM) dk )kkx gks's ga! bu
vk*sDkksa ds fuik*u ds fy% gesa vkj fdl$ kb"y d$vkoD;d'k ug$a gks'$! ;s cwfVax ls ysdj dEI;wVj ds fLoO
vkW gksus 'd bld$ FkAkfed LeQf' esa jg's gaa v'0 budk
fuik*u cg8' '$oS xf' ls gks'k ga!
d8 lkek@;'0 dke esa vkus okys vka'fjd MkWl vk*sDk H
CDI' or CD P'OMPJ
C.S 'D or 'MDI'
8/18/2019 DOS(5)
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COP '$ or '$*M$
D*J$ JIM$
D$. or $'*S$ JP$
DI' T$'
MD or M#DI' TO.
P*J
*50 1k6 MkWl vk4s'k (4terna! DOS ommands) H
'8yukJed Ti ls de dke vkus okys vk*sDkksa ls lEcf@/k' FksxSke
f&'$;d LeQf' esa kb"yksa esa gks's ga! +Tj' iMRus ij g$ ;s
FksxSke f&'$;d LeQf' ls FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM gks's ga! budkfuik*u vka'fjd MkWl vk*sDkksa d$ '8yuk esa /k$e$ xf' ls gks'k
ga 2;ksafd buls lEcf@/k' FksxSkeksa dks yksM gksus esa d8
le; yx'k ga!
d8 lkek@;'0 dke esa vkus okys ck MkWl vk*sDk H
*JJ'IB %ID '$SJO'$
B*C#,P %O'M*J SO'J
C#DS# .*B$. SS
DIS#COMP P'IJ J'$$
DIS#COP COP
*57 MkWl vk4s'k dk Lo8i (Format of DOS ommands)
H %d MkWl vk*sDk ds '$u )kkx gks ld's ga! vk*sDk dk igyk )kkx9ldk uke (ame) gks'k gaa! ;g vkoD;d ga! *wljs )kkx esa
ijke$Vl" gks's ga +ks %d ;k %d ls vf/kd gks ld's ga! d8
vk*sDkksa esa ijke$Vj okyk )kkx ug$a gks'k! 9*kgj7k ds fy%
;f* vki %d kb"y dks fMy$V djuk Okg's ga 'ks vkids vk*sDk ds
uke ds lkAkHlkAk 9l kb"y dk uke )k$ *suk gksxk f+ls vki
fMy$V djuk Okg's ga! ;gk kb"y dk uke %d ijke$Vj ga! ;f*
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vki %d kb"y d$ dksi$ djuk Okg's ga 'ks vkidks dksi$ djus ds
vk*saDk ds lkAk g$ *ks ijke$Vj *aus gksaxs! igyk ijkefVj 9l
kb"y dk uke gksxk f+ld$ dksi$ dju$ g o *wljk ijke$Vj 9l
kb"y dk uke gksxk f+lesa kb"y dksi$ dju$ ga!
vk*sDk dk '$ljk )kkx fLoO (switcN) dgyk'k ga! ;g vk*sDk d$
lkek@; dk;"Dky$ dks ifjof'"' dj *s'k ga!
9*kgj7k ds fy% ge Mkbjs2Vj$ *s4kus ds fy% 2IJ vk*sDk dke
esa ys's ga! ij@'8 ;f* ge bl vk*sDk ds lkAk fdl$ fLoO dk F;ksx
djsa +ls fd 2IJ/[ +ks bldk ifj7kke vyx gksxk! vk*sDk ds uke ds
ck* L! (%orward S&asN) yxkdj ge 9lds vkxs fLoO dk F'$d fy4k's ga+ks lkek@;'0 %d djs2Vj dk gks'k ga!
*9 vkarfjd MkWl vk4s'k (Interna! DOS ommands)
bl )kkx esa MkWl ds vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk o7k"u f*;k x;k
ga!
6S H bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx eku$Vj ij fy4k$ l)k$ lwOukvksa
MkWl FksEIV ds vf'fj2'½ dks gVkus ds fy% fd;k +k'k ga! eku$Vj
ij fy4k$ lwOukvksa dks gVkus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk Vkb"i djds
EEJ d$ *ck;sa
C:C.S
;gk d$ cksM" d$ $J$' d$ dks *ckus ds fy% lads' dk F;ksxfd;k x;k ga! FJ;sd MkWl vk*sDk ds ck* EEJ d$ dks *ckuk
vkoD;d gks'k ga ')k$ vk*sDk dk fuik*u vkjE)k gks'k ga!
bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ds ck* dEI;wVj eku$Vj ls l)k$ lwOuk%
feV +k;sax$ o eku$Vj ds 9ij$ ck;s dksus (Jop &eft Corner) esa
FksEIV C: f*4kk;$ *sxk!
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&IM4 H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge dEI;wVj d$ vka'fjd kMR$
Nlock dk le; *s4k ld's ga vkj ;f* 2ykWd lg$ le; ug$a f*4kk
jg$ gks 'ks bls c*y ld's ga!
;g vk*sDk fuEufyf4k' 'j$ds ls f*;k +k'k ga H
C: JIM$
blds fuik*u ds ck* eku$Vj ij vki fuEu la*sDk *s4ksaxs H
CKrrent time is : EU : GU : HU
$nter new time :
;f* vki le; dks c*yuk ug$a Okg's 'ks $J$' d$ *ck;sa! blds
ck* i8u0 MkWl FksEIV vk +k;sxk!;f* le; lg$ ug$a gks 'ks vki lg$ le; Vkb"i djus ds ck* $J$'
d$ *ck;sa! blls dEI;wVj d$ vka'fjd 2ykWd dk le; c*y +k;sxk o
*wckjk JIM$ vk*sDk *sus ij 2ykWd dk c*yk g8vk le; eku$Vj ij
f*4kk;$ *sxk! le; ds '$u )kkxksa dks V: &kjk vyx djds *Dkk";k
x;k ga! ls '$u )kkx ØeDk0 kaVs fefuV o ld7M *Dkk"'s ga!
D+&4 H vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge LVe d$ f*ukad vka'fjd
2ykWd d$ f*ukad½ *s4k ld's ga! vkoD;'ku8lkj ge f*ukad dks
c*y ld's ga!
o'"eku f*ukad F*fDk"' djus ds fy% fuEufyf4k' vk*sDk Vkb"i
djas H
CD*J$
blls fuEu la*sDk eku$Vj ij f*4kk;$ *s'k ga!
CKrrent date is Sat UG-E-FUUE
$nter new date : (mm-dd-yy) :
;f* vki f*ukad *s4kus ds ck* $J$' d$ *ck;sa 'ks i8u0
MkWl FkEIV eku$Vj ij vk +k;sxk! ;f* vki f*ukad dks c*yuk Okgsa
'ks u;$ f*ukad Vkb"i djus ds ck* $J$' d$ *ck;sa! f*ukad ds
8/18/2019 DOS(5)
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'$u )kkxksa dks ls vyx djds *Dkk";k x;k ga! ;s '$u )kkx ØeDk0
eg$uk f*u o ok" *Dkk"'s ga!
V4# H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge dEI;wVj esa F;82' MkWl dk
ol"u *s4k ld's ga! VO6 H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge gkM"
fMLd ;k (ykWi$ fMLd dk yscy (.a/e&) *s4k ld's ga!
gkM" fMLd dk oks6;we yscy *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C: TO. C:
blls fuEu vk9Vi8V eku$Vj ij *Dkk";$ *sxk H
To&Kme in drie C: is CB
To&Kme Seria& nKm/er is UEEF-EF%%
(ykWi$ dk ok6;we yscy *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C: To& * :
DI# H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa fLAk'
kb"yksa o lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's ga! ;f* gevk*sDk ds lkAk dksb" ijke$Vj ug$a *s 'ks eku$Vj ij djs7V
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa fLAk' kbyksa o lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ *Dkk";$
+k;sx$!
;f* vki fuEu vk*sDk *s 'ks H
C: DI'
eku$Vj ij ewy (root) Mkbjs2Vj$ C d$ kbyksaa 'AkklcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ f*4kk;$ *sx$! +lk d$ fOG >1 esa *Dkk";k
x;k ga!
C:dir To&Kme in drie C Nas no &a/&eTo&Kme Seria& Km/er is FH%-EU"Directory of C :
*,JO$$C O.D GGU UE-FG-UE EU:HGa *,JO$$CO.D*.D,S ADI' EF-FU-UU X:U9a *.D,SE fi&e(s) GGU /ytesE dir(s) F1HX MB freec:
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fp( *0 : DI# vk4s'k dk vkViqV
9ijks2' fOG esa F*fDk"' lwO$ fuEu lwOukvksa dks *Dkk"'$
g H
• FAke iaf2' esa gkM" fMLd dk yscy vkids &kjk f*;k x;k
:: djs2Vj dk uke½ F*fDk"' gks'k ga!
• *wlj$ iaf2' esa gkM" fMLd dk Øekad (Seria& Km/er)
F*fDk"' gks'k ga!
• '$lj$ iaf2' esa 9l Mkbjs2Vj$ dk fujisUk iAk uke vk'k
ga f+ld$ kbyksa d$ lwO$ *Dkk";$ x;$ ga!
• blds ck* kb"yksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ 0
dkWyeksa esa *Dkk";$ +k'$ gaa! FAke dkWye esa
kb"y ;k Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ dk uke vk'k ga! *wljs
dkWye esa kb"y uke dk %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx vk'k
ga! '$ljk dkWye dsoy Mkbjs2Vj$ ds fy% dke vk'k
ga! ;f* igys o *wljs dkWye ds uke %d Mkbjs2Vj$ ds
gks 'ks '$ljs dkWye esa fy4kk +k'k ga! OkAks
dkWye esa kb"yksa dk vkdkj ckb"V5l esa *Dkk";k
+k'k ga! ikOosa dkWye esa ADI' kb"y o
Mkbjs2Vj$ cukus ;k vaf'e ckj kb"y esa d8 djus d$
f'Ak$ gks'$ ga! Ps dkWye esa le; *Dkk";k +k'k
ga!
• kb"yksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ ds ck* *ks vkj
iaf2';k gks'$ ga! igy$ iaf2' esa d8y kb"yksa
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¼djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$½ d$ la4;k o djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ dk
ckb"V5l esa vkdkj *Dkk";k +k'k ga!
*wlj$ ;k vaf'e iaf2' esa lcMkbjs2Vj$ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$½
d$ d8y la4;k o iwj$ fMLd esa 4kky$ +xg dks ckb"V5l esa *Dkk";k
+k'k ga!
;f* gesa djs7V Mkbjs2vj$ ds vykok fdl$ vkj Mkbjs2Vj$ d$
lwO$ *s4ku$ gks 'ks ge 9l Mkbjs2Vj$ dk uke ijke$Vj ds Ti esa
*s ld's ga! 9*kgj7k ds fy% ;f* vki fuEu vk*sDk *sa 'ks
C:DI' CO'$.D'*W
eku$Vj ij LCO'$.D'*WX lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ *Dkk";$+k;sx$!
fLop ;k <#=x dk >;ksx (7se of s8itc or f!ag) H fLoO ;k (yx
dk 9i;ksx djds ge fdl$ )k$ vk*sDk d$ dk;"Dky$ esa c*yko yk
ld's ga! DI' vk*sDk ds lkAk cg8' ls fLoO dke esa fy;s +k ld's
ga! d8 e84; fLoO o 9uds F)kko dks fuEu lkj7k$ esa *Dkk";kx;k ga!
fLoO F)kko
DI'!P H blls ge %d ls cMR$ lwO$ dks )k$ eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's
ga! vk*sDk ds fuik*u ij vki igyk is+ eku$Vj ij
*s4ksaxs vkj is+ ds v@' esa vkidks (Press any key to
continKe) la*sDk f*4kk;$ *sxk! fdl$ )k$ (#ey) d$ dks
*ckus ij lwO$ dk *wljk is+ f*4kk;$ *sxk! bl Fdkj
vki %dH%d djds l)k$ is+ *s4k ld's ga!
DI'!W H ;f* kbyksa o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ cg8' yEc$ gks
+ks OkMRkb" (WidtN-wise) esa kb"yksa o
Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke *s4kus ds fy% bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx
8/18/2019 DOS(5)
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dj ld's ga! blls kb"y o Mkbjs2Vj$ ds uke ikO
dkWyeksa esa f*4kkb" *saxsa!
DI'!O Hbl vk*sDk ls kb"yks o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ uke ds
vkjksg$ (*scending) Øe esa f*4kk;$ *sx$!
DI'!OD Hbl vk*sDk ls kb"yks o Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ f'Ak$ o
le; ds Øe esa f*4kk;$ *sx$!
DI'!*D Hbl vk*sDk ls vki dsoy lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ *s4k
ld's ga!
okZ$M dkMZ dk i;ksx (7sing 2i!d ards)
DI' vk*sDk ds lkAk ge okb"6M dkM" djs2Vl" )k$ dke esa
ys ld's ga!
fuEu lkj7k$ esa budk 9i;ksx le\k;k x;k ga H
DI# 9. -- bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ij vki djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa
fLAk' 9u l)k$ kbSyksa d$ lwO$ *s4k ik;saxs
f+uds uke dk %2lVsaDku okyk )kkx LCX ga!DI# :+*&4# ; bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ij vki djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$
d$ 9u l)k$ kb"yksa d$ lwO$ *s4k ik;saxs f+uds
uke ikys )kkx ds igys lk' djs2Vj LC*PJ$' X ga
o 9lds ck* vkPosa LAkku ij dksb" )k$ djs2Vj
ga!
DI# :+*&4# 9.9 bl vk*sDk ls vki djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ 9ul)k$ kb"yksa d$ lwO$ *s4k ik;saxs f+uds uke
ikys )kkx ds igys lk' djs2Vj YYC*PJ$' X gks o
9lds ck* uke okys )kkx o %2lVsaDku okys )kkx
esa dksb" )k$ djs2Vj gksa!
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MD<MDI# (Make Directory ommands) ) gesa kb"yksa
dks P$d Fdkj ls )k7Mkfj' djus ds fy;s Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ +Tj' iMR'$
ga! bl vk*sDk ls vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ ;k fdl$ v@; Mkbjs2Vj$ esa
u;$ Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld'ss ga!
9*kgj7k ds 'kj ij %d vkfl d$ kbyksa dks P$d Fdkj ls j4kus
ds fy;s ge ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa '$u lcMkbjs2Vj$ ØeDk0
.$JJ$'S1 $P$S$ o ICOM$ ds uke ls cukuk Okg's ga!
$P$S$S Mkbjs2Vj$ esa *ks lcMkbjs2Vj$ O%%IC$' o C.$'#
ds uke ls ga! bl$ Fdkj ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa '$u lcMkbjs2Vj$
ØeDk0 C*S1 BI..S o IJ$'$SJ ds uke ls ga! IJ$'$SJ
Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ )k$ *ks lcMkbjs2Vj$ ØeDk0 B*+*' o B*#S ds
uke ls ga!
bl lajOuk dks fuEu Fdkj ls *Dkk";k +k ld'k g H
'oot dir (c:)
fp( ** : Mkjs&Vjh lajpuk
+lk d$ fOG >1> es *Dkk";k x;k g fd ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ C: ds
v@'x"' '$u lcMkbjs2Vj$ .$JJ$'S1 $P$S$S o ICOM$ ga!
Interest 0i!!s
4penses 6etters Income
0a=ar
Officers as
0anks
!erk
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fuEu vk*sDkksa dk 9i;ksx djds ge ls lcMkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's
ga H
C: MD .$JJ$'S
C: MD $P$S$S
C: MD ICOM$S
djs@V Mkbjs2Vj$ C: g v'0 9ijks2' l)k$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ C:
esa g$ cusax$!
;f* djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ C : ds vykok dksb" vkj Mkbjs2Vj$ gks
'ks vkidksa C: esa lcMkbjs2Vj$ cukus ds fy% fujisUk iAk uke *suk
gksxk!'c vki fuEu vk*sDk *s ld's ga H
C: MD.$JJ$'S
C: MD $P$S$S
C: MD ICOM$
lcMkbjs2Vj$ $P$S$S esa ge fuEu vk*sDkksa d$ lgk;'k ls
)k$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga HC: MD $P$S$SO%%IC$'S
C: MD $P$S$SC.$'#S
gesa ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ ls ysdj lcMkbjs2Vj$ 'd dk fujisUk ;k
lkisUk iAk uke *suk iMRsxk!
;f* vki djs@V Mkbjs2Vj$ dks c*y dj
C:$P$S$S dj *sa ;g vxys )kkx esa le\k;k x;k ga 'ks vkiu;$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ C:$P$S$S cukus ds fy;s ds lkisUk iAk uke *s
ld's ga +lk fd u$Os f*4kk;k x;k ga H
C:$P$S$S MD O%%IC$'S
C:$P$S$S MD C.$'#S
bl$ Fdkj vki ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa )k$ fuEu vk*sDkksa ds
ek/;e ls lcMkbjs2Vj$ C*S1 BI..S o IJ$'$SJ cuk ld's gsa!
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C: MD ICOM$C*S
C: MD ICOM$BI..S
C: MD ICOM$IJ$'$SJ
vki C:ICOM$ dks djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ cukdj fuEu vk*sDk )k$
*s ld's ga H
C:ICOM$ MD C*S
C:ICOM$ MD BI..S
C:ICOM$ MD IJ$'$SJ
bl$ Fdkj d$ lcMkbjs2Vj$ cukus ds fy;s fuEu vk*sDk *s ld's
ga 0C: MD ICOM$IJ$'$SJB*+*'
C: MD ICOM$IJ$'$SJB*#S
;fn ICOM$IJ$'$SJ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ gks 'ks fuEu vk*sDk
ls )k$ vki lcMkbjs2Vj$ B*+*' o B*# cuk ld's ga H
N:ICOM$IJ$'$SJ MD B*+*'
C:ICOM$IJ$'$SJ MD B*#S
D>:DI# (ange Directory ommand) H cwfVax ds ck* vki
ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa gks's ga! bl vk*sDk ds ek/;e ls ge fdl$ )k$
Mkbjs2Vj$ dks djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ cuk ld's ga! Mkbjs2Vj$ c*yus
ds fy% CD ds ck* Mkbjs2Vj$ dk fujisUk ;k lkisUk uke *suk gks'k
ga!ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa +kus ds fy;s vkidks fuEu vk*sDk
*suk gksxk H
C:CD ICOM$
blds ck* MkWl FkEIV fuEu gksxk H
C:ICOM$
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;f* vki ICOM$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls C*S lcMkbjs2Vj$ esa +kuk
Okg's g 'ks CD vk*sDk ds lkAk lkisUk ;k fujisUk iAk uke dk 9i;ksx
dj ld's ga! v'0 vki fuEu vk*sDkksa esa ls dksb" lk )k$ vk*Dk
*s ld's ga H
C:ICOM$ CD C*S
;k
C:ICOM$ CDICOM$C*S
lkisUk iAk uke dk 9i;ksx vklku ga! bl vk*sDk ds ck* MkWl
FkEIV fuEu gksxk H
N:ICOM$ C*S
;f* vki Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ga vkj okl l$/ks ewy Mkbjs2Vj$
esa +kuk Okg's g 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *s 0H
C:ICOM$ C*S CD
blds ck* MkWl FkEIV fuEu gksxk H
C:
vki fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa vkus ds fy%CD vk*sDk dke esa ys ld's ga!
;f* vki B*#S lcMkbjs2Vj$ esa g vkj bld$ ijs7V
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa +kuk Okg's g 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJB*#S CD
blds ck* MkWl FkEIV fuEu gksxk H
C:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJ
vki fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls 9ld$ ijs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa +kus
ds fy% CD vk*sDk dke esa ys ld's ga!
#D or #MDI# ( #emo'e Directory ommands) Hbl vk*sDk dk
9i;ksx fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks f&'$;d LeQf' esa ls gVkus ds fy%
(De&ete) gks'k ga!
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bl vk*sDk ls vki %d Mkbjs2Vj$ dks ')k$ fMy$V dj ld's ga
+cfd H
og Mkbjs2Vj$ 4kky$ gks vAkk"' 9lesa dksb" )k$ kb"y o
lcMkbjs2Vj$ u gks!
f+l Mkbjs2Vj$ dks fMy$V djuk g og djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ ug$s
gksu$ Okfg;s!
;f* vki B*+*' lcMkbjs2Vj$ esa ga vkj bls gVkuk (De&ete)
Okg's ga 'ks igys vkidks blesa ls l)k$ kbyksa o lcMkbjs2Vj$
gVkuk gksxk! blds ck* vki Mkbjs2Vj$ c*y dj 9ld$ ijs7V
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa vk;sa! %slk vki fuEu vk*sDk ls dj ld's ga HC:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJB*+*' CD
blds ck* MkWl FkEIV fuEu gksxk H
C:ICOM$ IJ$'$SJ
vc ;f* B*+*' Mkbjs2Vj$ 4kky$ ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk ls vki
bls gVk ld's ga H
;f* Mkbjs2Vj$ 4kky$ ga 'ks vki fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ B*+*'
ds vykok esa ls fujisUk iAk uke dk 9i;ksx djds bls gVk ld's
ga! ;f* vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk ls B*+*'
Mkbjs2Vj$ gVk ld's ga H
C:'DICOM$IJ$'$SJB*+*'
D46 or 4#+S4 Hbl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls vki fdl$ )k$ kb"ydks f&'$;d LeQf' esa ls gVk ld's ga!
;f* vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ (C:) esa ga vkj 9lesa fLAk' %d
kb"y *CCO,JD*J dks gVkuk Okg'sa ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa
H
C: D$. *CCO,JD*J
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;f* ;g kb"y ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ug$a ga 'ks fuEu G8fV
la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H
fi&e not foKnd
fujisUk o lkisUk iAk ukeksa dk 9i;ksx djds vki fdl$ )k$
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa jg's g8% *wlj$ Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ kb"ysa gVk ld's
ga!
9*kgj7k ds fy;s C:D*S$ Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ls l)k$ FksxSke
kb"ysa¼f+udk %2lVsaDku LP'QX g gVkus ds fy% vki fuEu vk*sDk
*s ld's ga H
C:D$. DB*S$ >P'Q
fdl$ Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ l)k$ kb"yksa dks gVkus ds fy% fuEu
Fdkj vk*sDk *sa H
C: D$.
bl vk*sDk dk vi;ksx cg8' g$ lko/kku$ ds lkAk djuk Okfg%
2;ksafd lkj$ kb"ysa fMy$V gks +k'$ ga!
;f* vki %d Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ls vf/kd'j kb"ysa gVkuk Okg'saga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
D$. >>!P
;g vk*sDk *sus ij kbS"yksa ds uke %d ds ck* %d djds
f*4kk;s +k's ga vkj 9i;ks2'k dks ] ;k ] Vkb"i djus ds fy%
FkEIV fd;k +k'k ga! ;f* vki ] Vkb"i dj's g 'ks kb"y fMy$V
gks +k'$ ga v@;Akk ug$aa!
#4$ or #4$+M4 H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls vki fdl$ )k$
kb"y dk uke c*y ld's ga!
;f* vki kb"y BIOD*J*DOC dk uke c*y dj D$T$SDOC
djuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C:'$ BIOD*J*DOC D$T$SDOC
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bl vk*sDk ds fuik*u ds ck* kb"y BIOD*J*DOC dk uke
c*y dj D$T$SDOC gks +k;sxk! vki DI' vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds
*s4k ld's ga! ;f* D$T$SDOC uke ls igys g$ dksb" kb"y
gksx$ 'ks kb"y BIOD*J*DOC dk uke ug$a c*ysxk vkj eku$Vj
ij G8fV la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H
DKKp&icate fi&e or fi&e not foKnd
&?*4 H Vs2l5V (tet) kbyksa esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks ge
eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's ga!
ge kb"y *'$*JJ esa lafO' ]C FksxSke dks eku$Vj ij*s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx dj ld's ga H
JP$ *'$*C
O*? H bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds ge fdl$ d$ kb"y d$
Ff'fy (Copy) cuk ld's ga! Ff'fy djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ ;k fdl$ v@;
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa cuk ld's ga!9*kgj7k ds fy;s ;f* vkidks kb"y BIOD*J*DOC d$ Ff'fy
D$T$SDOC ds uke ls cuku$ g 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *saH
C: COP BIOD*J*DOC D$T$SDOC
;f* vki bl vk*sDk ds ck* 2IJ vk*sDk *saxas 'ks lwO$ esa
*ksuksa uke d$ kb"ysa gksx$a! vk*sDk djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ d$
kb"yksa ij ykxw gks'k ga ij@'8 vki fujisUk ;k lkisUk i* ukeksadk 9i;ksx djds fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ kb"y dks fdl$ )k$ *wlj$
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dksi$ dj ld's ga!
fuEu vk*sDk ls vki D$T$S Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ l)k$ kb"yksa
dks #.*P** Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dksi$ dj ld's ga H
C: COPD$T$S>> #*.P**
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dksi$ vk*sDk d 9i;ksx djds *ks kbyksa dks +ksMRdj '$lj$
kb"y esa )k$ dksi$ dj ld's ga! fuEu vk*sDk *CCE %oa *CCF
kb"yksa dks +ksMRdj *CCG kb"y esa dksi$ dj *sxk H
COP *CCE=*CCF *CCG
dksi$ vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds ge d$ cksM" ds &kjk Vkb"i
fd;s x;s djss2Vl" dks %d kb"y esa lafO' dj ld's gaa! MkWl d$
cksM" dks )k$ LYYCOX uke d$ kb"y eku'k ga! v'0 ge fuEu
vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx djds d$ cksM" ls Vkb"i fd;s +kus okys djs2Vl"
d$ J$MPJJ uke d$ kb"y esa dksi$ dj ld's gaH
C: COP CO J$MPJJ
bl vk*sDk ds *sus ds ck* vki +ks )k$ Vkb"i djsaxs og
J$MPJJ kb"y esa dksi$ gks'k jgsxk! okaf' djs2Vl" Vkb"i
djus ds ck* ge Ctr&=+ Contro& o + d$ dks %d lkAk *ckuk iMRsxk d$
*ckdj ge MkWl FkEIV ij okil vk ld's ga! N+'lR" kb"y ds v@'
dks *Dkk"'k ga! vAkk"' Ctr&=+ *ck's g$ d$ cksM" kb"y dk
v@' vk +k;sxk o blls igys vkius +ks d8 )k$ Vkb"i fd;k ogJ$MPJJ kb"y esa lafO' gks +k;sxk!
bl vk*sDk dks dke esa ys's le; lko/kku$ j4kuk vkoD;d ga!
;f* J$MPJJ kb"y igys ls g$ gks 'ks og fMy$V gks +k;sx$ o
9l$ uke ls u;$ kb"y cu +k;sx$! vAkk"' kb"y vksojjkb"V
(Oerwrite) gks +k;sx$!
MkZo dh ifjd$iuk (oncept of Dri'e) H 9ijks2' )kkxksa
esa vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk v/;;u dj's le; ge ;g eku dj Oy jgs ga fd
vki gkM" fMLd esa dke dj jgs ga f+ls C: MZkb"o dg's ga!
vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk 9i;ksx ge (yksi$ MZkb"o ij lafO' kb"yksa
ds fy;s )k$ dj ld's ga! (yksi$ MZkb"o dks lkek@;'0 *: MZkb"o
dg's ga! fdl$ dEI;wVj esa *ks yksi$ MZkb"o gks 'ks 9@gsa *
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0 o B0 MZkb"o dg's ga! vka'fjd vk*sDkksa dk 9i;ksx ge gkM"
fMLd o (yksi$ *ksuksa d$ kb"yksa ij )k$ dj ld's g
lkek@;'0 ge fujisUk iAk uke dks V ls vkjE)k dj's ga o
MZkb"o ug$a c'k's! MkWl ;g eku dj Oy'k g fd ge vk*sDkksa dks
djs@V MZkb"o d$ kb"yksa ij ykxw djuk Okg's ga! ;f* vki
gkM" esa dke dj jgs ga ;kfu djs@V MZkb"o C: g vkj (yksi$ d$
kb"y dke esa ysuk Okg's ga 'ks vkidks fujisUk iAk uke esa
MZkb"o *: dk 9i;ksx djuk iMRsxk!
vAkk"' vkidks V d$ +xg *: dk 9i;ksx djuk gksxk 2;ksafd V
gkM" fMLd d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ C: dks *Dkk"'k ga!
bl$ Fdkj ;f* vki *: MZkb"o esa dke dj's g8% gkM" fMLd d$
kb"y dke esa ysuk Okgsa 'ks V ds LAkku ij NT 9i;ksx djuk
gksxk!
%d dEI;wVj esa %d ls ;k*k yksf+dy (&ogica&) gkM" fMLd )k$
gks ld'$ ga! ;f* *ks &ogica& gkM" fMLd gksa 'ks 9uds fy% ge
MZkb"o F'$d C: o D: dk 9i;ksx djsaxs! vc gkM" fMLd d$ kb"yd$ P$d ls igOku djus ds fy% gesa fujisUk iAk uke esa ewy
Mkbjs2Vj$ ds fy% ds V LAkku ij C: o D: dk 9i;ksx )k$ djuk iMR
ld'k ga! MZkb"o d$ ifjd6iuk dks ge d8 9*kgj7kksa ds lkAk
le\saxs!
MkZo dks 14#uk (anging Dri'e)
ekuk vki C MZkb"o esa dke jgs ga! blls eku$Vj ij FkEIV C:
f*4kkb" *sxk! vc vki MZkb"o *: esa dke djuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu
vk*sDk *sa H
C: *:
blls MkWl FkEIV c*y dj fuEu gks +k;sxk H
*:
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;f* vki i8u0 C: MZkb"o esa vkuk Okgsa 'ks fuEu vk*sDk *sa
H
*: C:
vc vki i8u0 fuEu MkWl FkEIV *s4ksaxs H
NT` \
: MkZo esa dke djrs ?q, +: MkZo dh
!kZ#ksa dks 4s@kuk H ;f* vki : MZkb"o esa dke dj jgsa
ga o (yksi$ d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa fLAk' kb"y .$JJ$'JJ
esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks eku$Vj ij *s4kuk Okg's ga +ks fuEu
vk*sDk *sa HC: JP$ *: .$JJ$'JJ
;gk (yksi$ d$ ewy 'oo+ Mkbjs2Vj$ dks *Dkk"'k ga!
vA; 4k?j%k
¼:½ C0 MZkb"o ls *0 d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ *s4kus ds
fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C: DI' *:
¼½ C0 MZkb"o ls *0 d$ lcHMkbjs2Vj$ *CCO,J d$
lwO$ *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C: DI' *: *CCO,J
¼<½ C0 MZkb"o esa *0 d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ls
.$JJ$'JJ kb"y gVkus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C: D$. *: .$JJ$'JJ
¼=½ *0 MZkb"o ls gkM" fMLd d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ esa
fLAk' kb"y .$JJ$'DOC dk uke c*y dj .$JJ$'JJ j4kus ds fy%
fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
*: '$ C:.$JJ$'DOC C:.$JJ$'JJ
¼>½ *0 d$ ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ ls l)k$ kb"yksa dks C0
d$ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa dksi$ djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
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*: COP >> C:
¼.½ C0 d$ djs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ ls l)k$ kb"yksa dks *
0 MZkb"o esa dksi$ djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa COP
>> *:
* MkWl ds 1k6 vk4s'k (4terna! ommands of DOS)
bl )kkx esa MkWl ds ck vk*sDkksa dk o7k"u fd;k x;k g!
, H bl vk*sDk dk 9i;ksx Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk dks *s4kus
ds fy% fd;k +k'k ga!;f* vki ewy Mkbjs2Vj$ (C:) esa fLAk' l)k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ o
lcMkbjs2Vj$ d$ VZ$ (tree) lajOuk *s4kuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu
vk*sDk *sa H
C: J'$$
blls VZ$ ds Ti esa C0 MZkb"o d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk eku$Vj ij
F*fDk"' gksx$!(yksi$ d$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa
H
C: J'$$ *:
;f* vki Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk esa Mkbjs2Vj$ o lcMkbjs2Vj$ ds
lkAk lkAk kb"yksa ds uke )k$ *s4kuk Okgsa 'ks fuEu vk*sDk
*sa HC: J'$$!%
!% fLoO ds 9i;ksx ls eku$Vj ij F*fDk"' VZ$ lajOuk esa
kb"yksa ds uke )k$ *Dkk";s +k's ga!
FO#M+& H %d ub" (yksi$ dks ge l$/ks dke esa ug$a ys
ld's! 9i;ksx esa ykus ls igys (yksi$ dks kWjesV (format) djuk
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gksxk! +c %d (yksi$ dks MkWl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls kWjesV dj's
gas +ks blesa yksf+dy (&ogica&) VZs2l (tracks) o ls2Vj (sector) cu's
ga! blds lkAk g$ 4kjkc ls2Vjksa d$ igOku )k$ gks +k'$ ga o
9@gs fOf@g' Ma'k dj f*;k +k'k ga! blds ck* g$ ge (yksi$ ij
kb"ysa )k7Mkfj' dj ld's ga!
%d u;$ (yksi$ dks ksjesV djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C: %O'M*J *:
bl vk*sDk ds ck* eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H
Insert new diskette for drie *:
and press $J$' wNen ready
blds ck* (yksi$ MZkb" esa (yksi$ Mkysa f+ls ksjesV djuk
ga o bldk Mksj 2yks+ dj *sa! blds ck* vki +ls g$ $J$' d$
(key) *ck;saxs (yksi$ d$ kWjesfVax vkjE)k gks +k;sx$! d8 le;
iDOk'5 vki eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk *s4ksaxs H
CNecking eisting disk format
Terifying EHH M
%ormat comp&ete
To&Kme &a/e& (EE CNaracters1 $J$' for none) ?
;gk ij (yksi$ d$ igOku ds fy% :: djs2Vl" dk uke *s ld's ga
f+ls oks6;we yscy (To&Kme &a/e&) dg's ga! blds ck* EEJ d$
key *ck;sa! vki fcuk dksb" uke Vkb"i fd;s )k$ $J$' d$ (key)
*ck ld's ga!blds ck* kWjesfVax iwj$ gks +k'$ ga vkj vki eku$Vj ij
d8 bl Fdkj dk la*sDk *s4ksaxsH
E1H1XXH /ytes tota& disk space
E1H1XXH /ytes aai&a/&e on disk
EF /ytes in eacN a&&ocation on disk
F1"H a&&ocation Knits aai&a/&e on disk
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To&Kme seria& nKm/er is GCXC-E$UF
format anotNer (y!n) ? -
;f* vkj )k$ (yksi$ kWjesV dju$ gks 'ks ] Vkb"i djs
v@;Akk ] Vkb"i djsa!
;f* vki fdl$ %sl$ (yksi$ dks kWjesV dj jgs ga f+lesa igys ls
g$ d8 lwOuk% ga +ks /;ku jgs kWjesfVax ds ck* l)k$j i8jku$
lwOuk% uV gks +k;sax$!
;f* vki (yksi$ dks LVe (yksi$ cukuk Okg's ga 'ks
ksjesV djus ds fy;s fuEu vk*sak *sa H
%O'M*J *:!S
bl vk*sak lsa yksi$ kWjesV 'ks gksx$ ij 9lesa MkWl d$
LVe kb"y +ks cwfVax ds fy;s vko;d ga! )k$ dksi$ gks
+k;asx$ bl yksi$ fMLd dks dEI;wVj dks cwV djus esa dke esa
fy;k +k ld'k ga!
kWjesV vk*sDk dk vf/kd'e 9i;ksx (yksi$ kWjesV djus
esa g$ gks'k ga ij@'8 blls gkM" fMLd dks )k$ kWjesV dj ld'sga!
DISO*? H bl vk*sDk ls vki %d (yksi$ fMLd ij )k7Mkfj' l)k$
duVs7Vl (contents) *wlj$ (yksi$ ij dksi$ dj ld's ga! %d (yksi$ ds
l)k$ ls2Vj (sector) %dH%d djds *wlj$ (yksi$ ij dki$ gks's ga! v'0
(yksi$ dk oks6;we yscy )k$ dksi$ gks +k'k ga! f+l (yksi$ dksdki$ dj's ga 9ls lksl" (SoKrce) (yksi$ dg's ga o f+l (yksi$ ij
dksi$ dj's ga 9ls VkjxsV (target) (yksi$ dg's ga! ;f* VkjxsV
(yksi$ u;$ g +ks dksi$ ds *kjku og kWjesV )k$ gks +k'$
gaa ;g +Tj$ ga fd *ksuksa d$ )k7Mkj7k Uke'k leku gksu$ Okfg%!
;f* vki ds dEI;wVj esa *ks (yksi$ MZkb"o ga 'ks (yksi$
d$ dki$ djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
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DIS#COP *: B:
blds ck* eku$Vjj ij fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H
Insert soKrce diskette in drie *:
Insert target diskette in drie B:
Press enter wNen ready
vki $J$' *ckus ls igys ;g fufDO' djsa fd MZkb"o ! esa lksl"
fMLd ga o MZkb"o B esa VkjxsV fMLd ga!
+ls g$ vki EEJ d$ *ck;saxs dEI;wVj lksl" fMLd dks
VkjxsV fMLd esa dksi$ djuk vkjE)k dj *sxk! dki$ lEkkI' gksus ds
ck* fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk HCopy Comp&ete
Do yoK want to make anotNer copy (y!n) ?
;f* vki lksl" fMLd d$ vkj dksi$ ug$a cukuk Okg'sa 'ks ]
Vkb"i djsa! ;f* vki ] Vkb"i dj's ga 'ks iwj$ FfØ;k fj ls
*ksgjk;$ +k;sx$ 'Akk lksl" fMLd d$ %d ls ;k*k dki$ cuk ld's ga!
;f* vki ds dEI;wVj esa %d g$ MZkb"o gks 'ks lksl" d$ dksi$djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *saH
DIS#COP *: *:
MkWl vkidks igys lksl" (yksi$ Mkyus ds fy% la*sDk *sxk!
MkWl lksl" (yksi$ ds co*+e*+s dks FkAkfed LeQf' esa dksi$ dj
ysxk o 9lds iDOk'5 vkidks VkjxsV (yksi$ Mkyus ds fy% la*sDk
*sxk! +ls g$ vki VkjxsV (yksi$ *: MZkb""o esa Mkysaxs MkWlFkAkfed LeQf' ls lksl" (yksi$ ds dks VkjxsV (yksi$ esa contents
dksi$ djuk vkjE)k dj *sxk!
DISOM* H bl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge *ks (yksi$ fMLdksa
ds d$ '8yuk dj ld's ga! vkids dEI;wVj esa %d g$ (yksi$ MZkb"o
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gks 'ks *ks (yksi$ fMLdksa d$ '8yuk djus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa
H
C: DIS#COMP *: *:
blds ck* eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H
Insert diskette in drie * :
Press any key to continKe
vc %d (yksi$ fMLd dks MZkb"o esa Mkydj dksb" )k$ key
*ck;sa! d8 le; iDOk'5 eku$Vj ij fuEu la*sDk f*4kk;$ *sxk H
Insert anotNer diskette in drie * :
Press any key to continKe
vc igy$ (yksi$ fMLd fudky dj *wlj$ (yksi$ MZkb"o esa
Mkysa vkj dksb" )k$ d$ (key) *ck;sa!
*ksuksa (yksi$ ds %dH%d VZs2l o ls2Vj d$ '8yuk gksx$! ;f*
*ksuksa (yksi$ ds contents leku ga 'ks eku$Vj ij vki fuEu la*sDk
*s4ksaxs H
Compare O#
compare anotNer diskette ! ?
;f* *ksuksa (yksi$ fMLdksa ds contents leku ug$a gks 'ks
9udk v@'j eku$Vj ij F*fDk"' gksxk o 9lds ck* fuEu la*sDk
f*4kkb" *sxk H
Compare anotNer diskette (!) ?
vki %d vkj (yksi$ d$ '8yuk djuk Okg's ga 'ks ] Vkb"idjsa! blls iwj$ FfØ;k i8u0 *ksgjk;$ +k;sx$! ] Vkb"i djus ij
MkWl FkEIV vk +k;sxk!
MO#4 H ;g vk*sDk f6Vj vk*sDkksa d$ s7k$ esa vk'k ga!
fdl$ )k$ vk*sDk ds vk9Vi8V dks ge MO'$ vk*sDk dk bui8V cuk
ld's ga!
8/18/2019 DOS(5)
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vB;kl ds
oLrqfu"C >'u (O,@ecti'e &ype Auestions)
;f* fdl$ vk*sDk dk vk9Vi8V db" is+ksa dk ga 'ks vk*sDk d$
lgk;'k ls *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
9*kgj7k ds fy% %d Mkb"js2Vj$ lwO$ dks M3JE vk*sDk d$
lgk;'k ls *s4kus ds fy% fuEu vk*sDk *sa H
C: DI' @ MO'$
;g vk*sDk *sus ij Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ lwO$ dk igyk is+ eku$Vj ij
f*4kk;$ *sxk o is+ ds v@' esa fuEu la*sDk F*fDk"' gksxk H
MO'$
dksb" )k$ d$ (key) *ckus ij lwO$ dk vxyk is+ F*fDk"'
gksxk! bl 'jg vki %dH%d djds l)k$ is+ *s4k ld's ga!DI' o MO'$ ds c$O esa @ X F'$d dke esa fy;k x;k ga bls ge
ikb"i (Pipe) F'$sd (Sym/o&) dj's ga! bldk F;ksx %d vk*sDk ds
vk9Vi8V dks *wljs vk*sDk ds bui8V ls +ksMRus ds fy% fd;k +k'k
ga! 9ijks2' 9*kgj7k esa DI' vk*sDk dk vk9Vi8V l$/kk eku$Vj ij
F*fDk"' ug$a gks'k ij@'8 MO'$ vk*sDk ds &kjk ;g eku$Vj ij
F*fDk"' gks'k ga!bl$ Fdkj ;f* vki fdl$ kb"y esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks %d %d is+
djds *s4kuk Okg's ga 'ks fuEu vk*sk *sa H
C: JP$ .$JJ$'JJ @ MO'$
bl$ Fdkj ;f* vki fdl$ kb"y ds vk9Vi8V dks MO'$ vk*sDk
dks vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls *s4k ld's ga!
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DdE fuFuf#f@kr >'uksa esa l?h fod$i dk pquko
dhfG;sH
:1 MkWl esa fuEu esa ls dkulk kb"y uke le*a9e xy' ga
`
¼v½ :N3M ¼c½ PI32!!
¼l½ PR2!! ¼*½ P12!!
1 MkWl H
¼v½ gkM"os;j ga ¼c½ LVe lks(Vos;j ga¼l½ %Iy$dsDku lks(Vos;j ga ¼*½ ;wfVfyfV lks(Vos;j
ga!
<1 buesa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk No99a*d %d Vs2LV +ex+
kb"y esa lafO' lwOukvksa dks eku$Vj ij f*4kk'k ga `
¼v½ LI ¼c½ 2I[L!6
¼l½ 6[E ¼*½ [JI=1 MkWl esa fuEu esa ls dkulk kb"y uke le*a9e xy' ga
`
¼v½ I2I!7h ¼c½ LEEJ7"
¼l½ )E\)E73 ¼*½ !PN27N3M
>1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk eku$Vj ij MkWl dk ol"u
ve'sio* f*4kk;sxk `¼v½ A3JM! ¼c½ 2IJ
¼l½ VEJ ¼*½ V3L
.1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk %d (yksi$ d$ dksi$ cukus
esa dke vk'k ga `
¼v½ N3[6 ¼c½ 2IN3[6
¼l½ hN3[6 ¼*½ 2IN3M[
8/18/2019 DOS(5)
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?1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk %d (yksi$ d$ l'g ij VZs2l
+'acks o sec+o' ls2Vl" cuk'k ga `
¼v½ A3JM! ¼c½ NJE!E
¼l½ VEJ ¼*½ M!E
,1 MkWl esa vk*sDkksa ij vk/kkfj' Dky +ks fd 9i;ks2'k dks
b@Vjsl F*ku dj'$ ga fdl kb"y esa gks'$ ga `
¼v½ I376 ¼c½ N3AI76
¼l½ N3MM!27N3M ¼*½ !@3EhEN7P!
B1 ;f* dEI;wVj dks gkM" fMLd ls cwV djsa 'ks fuEu esa dkulk
MkWl FkEIV eku$Vj ij f*4kk;$ *s'k ga `¼v½ !T o' !T` \ ¼c½ N o' NT` \
¼l½ P7 o' PT` \ ¼*½ 9ijks2' esa ls dksb"
ug$a!
:-1 fuEu esa ls dkulk djs2Vj c$a'ac+e' MkWl ds iAk uke esa
Mkbjs2Vj$ o kb"yksa dks vyx djus esa dke vk'k ga!
¼v½ ` ¼c½ / ¼l½ \ ¼*½ T
::1 fuEu esa ls dku lk dAku lg$ ga H
¼v½ cwfVax ds ck* iwjk M123 FkAkfed LeQf' esa yksM
gks +k'k ga!
¼c½ cwfVax ds ck* (yksi$ ;k gkM" fMLd esa ls M123
fMy$V gks +k'k ga!¼l½ cwfVax ds ck* M123 dk d8 )kkx FkAkfed LeQf'
esa yksM gks +k'k ga!
¼*½ cwfVax ds ck* M123 dk d8 )kkx (yksi$ ;k gkM"
fMLd esa ls fMy$V gks +k'k ga!
:<1 fuEu esa ls fdl MkWl vk*sDk ls cwVscy Poo+able (yksi$
cusx$ `
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¼v½ A3JM! !T/P ¼c½ A3JM! !T/
¼l½ NJE!E 6EM ¼*½ 9ijks2' esa ls dksb"
ug$a!
:=1 fu@e esa ls fdl MkWl vk*sDk ls ge Mk;js2Vj$ lajOuk dks
eku$Vj ij *s4k ld's ga `
¼v½ JEE ¼c½ 2IJ
¼l½ [JI ¼*½ 6[E
:>1 fuEu esa ls dkulk MkWl vk*sDk %slk g +ks FJ;sd kb"y
dks 2ele+e fMy$V djus ls igys 9i;ks2'k ls iwsxk `
¼v½ 2EL 7/[ ¼c½ h2ELEE¼l½ J2 7 ¼*½ 9ijks2' esa ls dksb"
ug$a!
Ikj)rkf#dk
:1¼l
½1
¼c
½<1
¼l
½=1
¼l
½>1 ¼l½
.1¼c
½?1
¼v
½,1
¼l
½B1
¼c
½:-1 ¼l½
::1¼v
½:1
¼l
½:<1
¼c
½:=1
¼v
½:>1
¼v
½
D@kE fj&r Lfkkuksa dh i2frZ
dhfG;s 3
:1 %d vk*sDk ga!
1 %d vk*sDk ga!
<1 MkWl vk*sDk d$ lgk;'k ls ge fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$
d$ ijs7V Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ig8O ld's ga!
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=1 MkWl vk*sDk ls ge fdl$ )k$ Mkbjs2Vj$ ls ewy
Mkbjs2Vj$ esa ig8O +k;saxs!
>1 MkWl esa %d kb"y dk uke okyk )kkx vf/kd'e o
%2lVsaDku okyk )kkx vf/kd'e vUkjksa dk gks ld'k
ga!
9mkj H
:1 Ex+e'*al
1 I*+e'*al
<1 N277=1 N2`
>1 , % <
DxEfuFuf#f@kr ok&; l?h ?=a ;k x#r 1rk;sH
:1 M123 e84;'0 fOIl c$iOs ij vk/kkfj' ekbØksdEi;wVjksa ds
fy% fod' fd;k x;k ga!1 M123 dks IPM dEiu$ us fod' fd;k ga!
<1 MkWl esa VZ$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk dke esa y$ x;$ ga!
=1 ck vk*sDk cwfVax ds le; g$ dEI;wVj d$ FkAkfed LeQf' esa
yksM gks +k's ga!
>1 2IN3[6 vk*sDk ds dke djus ds fy% *ksuksa (yks;ksa dk
leku gksuk vkoD;d ga!
Ikj)rkf#dk
:1 1 A <1 =1 A >1
8/18/2019 DOS(5)
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#Jk2IjkKed >'u
=horG H4s2er #pe !uesGio4s
:1 vk'afjd I*+e'*al o ck Ex+e'*al MkWl vk*sDkksa ds c$O
dk v@'j LiV d$f+;sa!
1 cwfVax 2;k ga ` laUksi esa le\kb;s!
<1 iAk uke [a+$*a9e 2;k ga! laUksi esa le\kb;s!
=1 Mkbjs2Vj$ d$ 9i;ksfx'k le\kb;s!
>1 okb"6M dkM"l Wild ca'ds d$ 9i;ksfx'k le\kb;s!
.1 M123 d$ '$u e84; kbyksa ys+e9 les ds uke fyf4k;s!?1 d)k$Hd)k$ J2 vk*sDk ls ge %d Mkbjs2Vj$ dks fMy$V
dele+e ug$a dj ik's! 2;ksa `
fu1AOkkKed >'u
Fssa# #pe !uesGio4s
:1 MkWl d$ foDksk'kvksa fea+u'es of 23 ds ckjs esa foL'kj
ls fyf4k;s!
1 MkWl &kjk dke esa fy% +kus oky$ VZ$ Mkbjs2Vj$ lajOuk ds
ckjs esa fyf4k;s!
<1 MkWl esa kb"y Fca/ku esa dkuHdku ls vk*sDk dke esavk's ga ` 9udk fooj7k *$f+;s!
=1 MkWl esa Mkbjs2Vj$ Fca/ku esa dkuHdku ls vk*sDk dke
esa vk's ga ` 9udk fooj7k *$f+;s!