COMUNICAÇÃO INTERNA COMO FATOR MOTIVACIONAL Estudo de caso da revista Expresso Fiat, produzida...

8/2/2019 COMUNICAÇÃO INTERNA COMO FATOR MOTIVACIONAL Estudo de caso da revista Expresso Fiat, produzida para os c…

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Onricl`n da _iqxn Ji`saon

OIEQ@LONÇÏI L@TAR@N OIEI JNTIR EITLZNOLI@NC

Astqdi da onsi dn razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt# vridqxldn vnrn is oicnbirndiras

dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals _)N

Baci Mirlxi`ta

Oa`tri Q`lzarsltîrli da Baci Mirlxi`ta -Q@L%BM,

26>>



Onricl`n da _iqxn Ji`saon

OIEQ@LONÇÏI L@TAR@N OIEI JNTIR EITLZNOLI@NC

Astqdi da onsi dn razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt# vridqxldn vnrn is oicnbirndiras

dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals _)N

Ei`igrnjln nvrasa`tndi ni oqrsi da Hir`nclsei di Oa`triQ`lzarsltîrli da Baci Mirlxi`ta -Q@L%BM, oiei ra~qlsltivnrolnc æ ibta`çïi di grnq da Bnomnrac

Irla`tndir8 Vrij Enqråoli Gqlcmarea dn _lczn Hr

Baci Mirlxi`ta

Oa`tri Q`lzarsltîrli da Baci Mirlxi`ta -Q@L%BM,

26>>



Ngrndaçi n Daqs# vir tidis is saqs vcnìs vnrn n el`mn zldn. N eaq

vnl# vaci neir lòi`dloli`nc N eaqs jnelclnras# vacn oi`jln`çn N

eaq ìlzi Dligi# vaci oqldndi a oievraa`sïi# a ni vrijassir

Enqråoli# vacn irla`tnçïi# dadlonçïi a onrl`mi



RA_QEI

Ns aevrasns ~qa vrata`dae sa sicldljlonr ì earondi vraolsne# n`tas da ~qnc~qar iqtri

l`zastlea`ti# snbar racnoli`nr%sa oie saqs dlzarsis vøbclois Tnc levirtâòln jil oi`sldarndnn vnrtlr di tìrelì di varåidi elcltnr ì Brnslc# ~qn`di n oieq`lonçïi tirìq%sa jarrnea`tn

astrntìglon vnrn i jqòli`nea`ti a dasa`ziczlea`ti dns l`stltqlçñas N oieq`lonçïi sÿ

ntl`glrî is ibhatlzis dasahndis# oi`tqdi# sa astnbacaoar bi`s racnoli`nea`tis oie is

jqòli`îrlis# iq sahn# oie saq vøbcloi l`tarì Nis viqois# n sioladnda tae varoabldi n

àoassldnda da oi`sldarnr ns vassins ae sqn titncldnda# vnrn ~qa zlzaòlae sqn levirtâòln

siolnc ì trnbncmi Assn àoassldnda oi`jlgqrn n levirtâòln dn eitlznçïi oiei eatn n sar

trnbncmndn vacn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns aevrasns Dndi i a}visti# i ibhatlzi dastn vas~qlsn

ì n`nclsnr ns astrntìglns nditndns vacn razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt # vridqxldn vacn Oieq`lonçïiL`tar`n dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals _)N# ~qa visslblcltae# æ aevrasn# oi`~qlstnr ratirì eitlznoli`nc

dis oicnbirndiras

Vncnzrns%omnza8 Hir`nclsei# Oieq`lonçïi Irgn`lxnoli`nc# Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n# Eitlznçïi#

A}vrassi Jlnt



CL_TN DA LCQ_TRNÇÑA_

Jlgqrn > % Vrlòlvnls zaåoqcis qtlclxndis vacn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n 2? Jlgqrn 2 % Mlarnr~qln da àoassldndas da Ensciw ?2 Jlgqrn ? % Tairln da dils jntiras da Marxbarg ?: Jlgqrn 4 % Aònrta asvaolnc di Vrigrnen BL_ 16 Jlgqrn 1 % Jireqcîrli 1? Jlgqrn : % L`jigrîjlois a oiras omnene nta`çïi di caltir 1: Jlgqrn 7 % Ns ji`tas raoabae nta`çïi asvaolnc 17 Jlgqrn = % Onvns dns adlçñas n`nclsndns 1< Jlgqrn < % Raoqrsis grîjlois jnolcltne n oievraa`sïi :6 Jlgqrn >6 % _açïi da onrtns :>

Jlgqrn >> % Entìrln zncirlxn n ntqnçïi di jqòli`îrli :2 ^qndri > % Jntiras eitlzndiras onvnxas da garnr sntlsjnçïi ?7



_QEÎRLI

> L@TRIDQÇÏI ................................................................................................................. =

2 OIEQ@LONÇÏI IRGN@LXNOLI@NC ..................................................................... >6 2> Irgn`lxnçñas8 oiòaltis >6 22 N oieq`lonçïi `ns irgn`lxnçñas >> 22> Oieq`lonçïi a}tar`n >4 222 Oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n >: 222> Oqctqrn irgn`lxnoli`nc oiei entìrln%vrlen dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n >= 2222 Oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n oiei dljaraòlnc oievatltlzi >< 222? A`dienrkatl`g 2> 2224 Jarrnea`tns dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n 22 2221 N razlstn oiei jarrnea`tn da dlîcigi 2: 222: Ea`sqrn`di rasqctndis ?6

? OIEQ@LONÇÏI A EITLZNÇÏI .............................................................................. ?2 ?> Eitlznçïi8 oiòaltis a tairlns ?2 ?>> N oi`strqçïi di dlsoqrsi eitlznoli`nc ?? ?>2 Eitlznçïi ì nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc ?1 ?2 Raoqrsis mqenìs oiei nclndi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n ?= ?2> Lda`tljlonçïi dns daen`dns l dlzldqnls a)iq oicatlzns ?< ?? Oieq`lonçïi# eitlznçïi a sibrazlzèòln irgn`lxnoli`nc 42

4 N@ÎCL_A A EATIDICIGLN ..................................................................................... 44 4> Eatidicigln 44 4>> Ontagirlns da n`îclsa 44 42 N Jlnt Nqtieÿzals 4: 42> N Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n 47 4?> N l`jirençïi oiei astrntìgln da eitlznçïi 14 4?2 Raastrqtqrnçïi vnrn nvri}lenr 1=

1 OI@OCQ_ÏI ................................................................................................................. :4



RAJARÈ@OLN_ ................................................................................................................. ::

N@A]I_ ............................................................................................................................ :< N`a}i N ‟ N`îclsa di ibhati da vas~qlsn :< N`a}i B ‟ A`trazlstn ae vrijq`dldnda# `n å`tagrn# ranclxndn oie i oiirda`ndir da

Oieq`lonçïi L`tar n dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals# Itmi` Enln 7>



=

> L@TRIDQÇÏI

Vir trntnr%sa da l`strqea`ti da l`tagrnçïi# trion a dasa`ziczlea`ti# n oieq`lonçïi ì

jq`dnea`tnc ni dln n dln dn sioladnda Oi`tqdi# nvasnr da sqn raoi`maoldn levirtâòln# n

oieq`lonçïi tae sa tir`ndi# oie enls jra~qèòln# i jioi dis enliras vribcaens dn

sioladnda Jncn%sa qen oilsn# a`ta`da%sa iqtrn a# ì nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc# assn rancldnda

`ïi ì dljara`ta @i Brnslc# assa tlvi da oieq`lonçïi sÿ gn`miq asvnçi nvÿs n dltndqrn elcltnr#

~qn`di i vnås vnssiq n sa racnoli`nr oie n aoiìeln eq`dlnc Ntqncea`ta# is vrioassis

oieq`lonoli`nls a}aroae vnvac jq`dnea`tnc `n oi`sicldnçïi dns aevrasns ì earondi ae

~qa astïi l`sarldns Ì vir eali dacn ~qa n racnçïi dn aevrasn# oiei slstaen nbarti# sa

azldaòln Ncìe dlssi# ì ondn zax enlir n oibrn`çn dn sioladnda vir irgn`lxnçñas ~qaastahne nta`tns æ racnçïi a`tra i aevraa`dlea`ti a i slstaen siolnc

Enromlirl -266:, dastnon ~qa qen aevrasn sa oieq`lon bae n vnrtlr di eiea`ti ae ~qa

astnbacaoa bie racnoli`nea`ti oie is jqòli`îrlis># iq sahn# oie saq vøbcloi l`tarì

_agq`di n nqtirn# ns irgn`lxnçñas dazae# ondn zax enls# vraioqvnr%sa oie i ei`ltirnea ti

dns l`jirençñas a n nbartqrn da dlîcigis oie is dlzarsis grqvis da l`tarassas Qen ajatlzn

oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n rajcata n astrqtqrn a n lengae l`stltqoli`nc dn aevrasn# ntì easei# ì

earondi a}tarì# ens `ïi ì nva`ns vir lssi ~qa n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n ì levirtn`taOi`jirea Bargnel`l -><<7,# nis viqois# n sioladnda tae varoabldi n àoassldnda da

oi`sldarnr n vassin oiei øtlc a jq`dnea`tnc vnrn i trnbncmi# i ~qa dajlà n levirtâòln dn

eitlznçïi oiei eatn n sar trnbncmndn vacn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns aevrasns Nssle# i

ibhati da n`îclsa dasta trnbncmi ì n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt # vqbclonçïi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals# ~qa tae oiei ibhatlzi orlnr i racnoli`nea`ti dlrati oie i vøbcloi

l`tarì dn aevrasn

Vnrn oievraa`dareis i vrioassi da oieq`lonçïi dns irgn`lxnçñas# i sagq`di onvåtqci dastneiìgrnjln dlsoqta i jirtncaolea`ti dn oieq`lonçïi oiei aci a`tra is dlzarsis vøbclois N

dlsoqssïi vnssn vacis oiòaltis da irgn`lxnçïi# oieq`lonçïi l`tagrndn a oqctqrn

irgn`lxnoli`nc# oi`sldarndis# vir Gnqdèòli Tir~qnti -><=:,# _tavma` Ribbl`s -266<, a

Enrcaà Enromlirl -266:,# oiei astrntìglois ni racnoli`nea`ti a`tra aevrasns a

> Is tareis –jqòli`îrlis― a –oicnbirndiras― sïi qtlclxndis àstn vas~qlsn oiei sl`ô`leis



<

oicnbirndiras Is raoqrsis# ~qa n`tas sa dastl`nzne nva`ns æs dlzqcgnçñas a}tar`ns# ngirn

ioirrae da enàlrn l`tagrndn Oi`jirea Tir~qnti -><=:,# n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n `ïi sa

cleltn æ dlzqcgnçïi da vridqtis a oieq`londis ijlolnls# a dlx rasvalti æ vraelssn da ~qa is

trnbncmndiras dazae snbar i ~qa ioirra `n aevrasn# vnrn ~qa sa a`ziczne oie i trnbncmi

Nl`dn oi`jirea Tir~qnti -><=:,# n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n `ïi ntl`ga nva`ns qe l`dlzådqi

lsicndi# ens grqvis oi`stltqådis vir dljara`tas eaebris dns irgn`lxnçñas

Ncìe da dasa`ziczar vnvac jq`dnea`tnc `n oi`sicldnçïi dn aevrasn ì earondi# n

oieq`lonçïi daza zncirlxnr ns vassins _agq`di Enromlirl -2661,# n racnçïi oieq`lonoli`nc

daza sar ranclxndn vnrn ~qa tidns ns vassins ~qa ntqne ì nebla`ta aevrasnrlnc# ìs enls

dljara`tas `åzals# vissne dlsoqtlr# l`tarvratnr a garnr oi`maolea`ti oievnrtlcmndi @assa

sa`tldi# i taroalri onvåtqci dastn eiìgrnjln dlsoirra sibra n àoassldnda da trnbncmnr nsvassins ì nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc# sa`di n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n i eali dljqsir da tnc

àoassldnda a vitaòlnclxndir da eitlznçïi

Vir jle# ì ~qnrti onvåtqci oi`stne n eatidicigln di trnbncmi a n n`îclsa da oi`taødi

racntlzn ni ibhati da vas~qlsn Oiei hî rassnctndi# bqsoiq%sa ibsarznr ns astrntìglns nditndns

vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals# `n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt # rasvi`sîzals vir

astleqcnr a oi`~qlstnr i ratirì eitlznoli`nc dis oicnbirndiras



>6

2 OIEQ@LONÇÏI IRGN@LXNOLI@NC

2.> Irgn`lxnçñas8 oiòaltis

Ribbl`s -266<, dajlà irgn`lxnçïi oiei q`ldnda siolnc oiirda`ndn da eidi oi`sola`ta#

oievistn da dqns iq enls vassins# vnrn jqòli`nr da enàlrn oi`tå`qn# oie i l`tqlti da

ntl`glr qe ibhatlzi oieqe @asta oi`ta}ti# a`ta`da%sa ~qa ns irgn`lxnçñas# sahne acns da

`ntqraxn aoi`ôelon iq siolnc# sïi oievistns vacn racnçïi a l`jcqèòln eøtqn da saqs dlzarsis

grqvis En}lelnì -2664, dastnon ~qa ns irgn`lxnçñas da `ntqraxn aoi`ôelon vissqae

onrîtar asvaoåjloi da aevrasn# sïi dlrlgldns vacn cÿglon di àgÿoli a tèe jl`ncldnda cqorntlzn

Hî ns irgn`lxnçñas da `ntqraxn siolnc sïi zictndns æs nçñas oieq`s iq da qtlcldnda vøbclon#sae ibhatlzi da cqori Nebns sïi ravrasa`tndns vir aevrasns vrlzndns# vøbclons iq di

taroalri satir# ns Irgn`lxnçñas @ïi Gizar`nea`tnls# I@Gs# a iqtrns a`tldndas oie jl`s

jlcn`trÿvlois

Nl`dn da noirdi oie En}lelnì# ns irgn`lxnçñas sïi orlndns# oi`jirea is ibhatlzis# vnrn n

ibta`çïi da vridqtis a)iq sarzlçis L`dava`da`taea`ta sa oie jl`s cqorntlzis iq `ïi# ns

irgn`lxnçñas vraolsne da raoqrsis mqenìs# entarlnls# taoìcÿglois a jl`nòalris# ncìe da

lengae a oradlblcldnda oi`sicldndns# vnrn ntl`glr is ibhatlzis trnçndis Eirnas -2664,nrgqea`tn ~qa tnls raoqrsis vissqae l`tardava`dèòln di eali nebla`ta# ì ~qnc astïi

l`sarldns# a oie aca ranclxne trions oi`stn`tas

Irgn`lxnçñas sïi l`stltqlçñas siolnls a n nçïi dasa`ziczldn vir eaebris ì dlrlgldn viribhatlzis _ïi vrihatndns oiei slstaens da ntlzldndas a nqtirldnda# daclbarndnea`taastrqtqrndis a oiirda`ndis# acns ntqne da enàlrn l`tarntlzn oie i eali nebla`ta ~qa nsoaron -EIRNA_# 2664# v <>,

Tir~qnti -><=:, oi`sldarn ~qa ns irgn`lxnçñas sïi slstaens nbartis# ~qa sa racnoli`ne oie

saqs dlzarsis vøbclois# sahne acas l`tarìs iq a}tarìs Tnebìe vnrn Eirgn` -><<:,# ns

–irgn`lxnçñas sïi slstaens nbartis ~qa àoassltne da oqldndisn ndel`lstrnçïi vnrn sntlsjnxar

a a~qlclbrnr àoassldndas l`tar`ns# nssle oiei ndnvtnr%sa n olroq`stâòlns nebla`tnls―

-EIRGN@# ><<:# v 1?,



>>

Ns vassins vartaòae n zîrlis grqvis a irgn`lxnçñas sleqctnànea`ta# dasaeva`mne

dlzarsis vnvìls a ioqvne vislçñas dljara`tas `n asjarn siolnc Ì vir assn rancldnda ~qa# ondn

zax enls# tir`n%sa levirtn`ta raoi`maoar ~qa is l`dlzådqis# is grqvis a ns irgn`lxnçñas

vissqae àoassldndas n sar sntlsjaltns Oi`jirea Tir~qnti -2662,# assn rancldnda ì raoa`ta a

zae orasoa`di dasda n Razicqçïi L`dqstrlnc# vils ns irgn`lxnçñas gn`mnrne oievca}ldnda a

zicqea# a}vn`dl`di a eacmirn`di n ondn dln# levqcsli`ndns vacn nctn oievatltlzldnda a

a}lgèòln dn sioladnda

2.2 N oieq`lonçïi `ns irgn`lxnçñas

N oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc2 nbrn`ga tidns ns jirens a eidncldndas da oieq`lonçïi

qtlclxndns vacns aevrasns

?

vnrn racnoli`nr a l`tarnglr oie saqs dlzarsis vøbclois _agq`diTir~qnti -><=:,# assa racnoli`nea`ti ì levrasol`dåzac vnrn ns aevrasns ~qa vrata`dae sa

sicldljlonr ì earondi Vnrn Bargnel`l -><<7,# `ïi ì vissåzac oiòabar qen aevrasn sae

oievraa`dar ~qa n oieq`lonçïi ì rasvi`sîzac vir oi`strqlr i jqtqri dassn mlstÿrln Njl`nc# ì

n oieq`lonçïi ~qa njatn# dl`nelxn# orln a dî sa`tldi nis racnoli`nea`tis irgn`lxnoli`nls# n

jle da vrieizar i dasa`ziczlea`ti dn irgn`lxnçïi

N oieq`lonçïi a}aroa vidar vnrn a~qlclbrnr# dasa`ziczar a a}vn`dlr ns aevrasns# sa qtlclxndn

da enàlrn ajlola`ta a ajlonx @i a`tn`ti# assn oieq`lonçïi sÿ ntl`glrî is ibhatlzis dasahndissa n ldaln da aevrasn# oiei slstaen jaomndi a`tra vntrïi a aevragndi# jir sqbstltqådn vacn

onrnotarlxnçïi dns aevrasns oiei slstaens nbartis a ~qa vissqae vnvac siolnc Nl`dn

sagq`di Tir~qnti -><=:,# n oieq`lonçïi tnebìe daza sar a`ta`dldn oiei qe slstaen

nbarti# vir sa trntnr da nçïi l`tagrndn da ealis# jirens# raoqrsis# on`nls a l`ta`çñas# ~qa

a`zicza ns ji`tas# is oidljlondiras# is daoidljlondiras a is raoavtiras

I orasolea`ti dn oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc oilòldlq oie qe varåidi mlstÿrloi da grn`das

trn`sjirençñas oqctqrnls a vrigrassis aoi`ôelois# n Razicqçïi L`dqstrlnc4 Oi`tqdi# da

2 Is tareis –oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc―# –oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc―# –hir`nclsei irgn`lxnoli`nc―# a–hir`nclsei aevrasnrlnc― sïi qtlclxndis àsta onvåtqci oiei vrioassis da oievnrtlcmnea`ti da l`jirençñas dnsirgn`lxnçñas# lòcql`di ns aevrasns vrlzndns# vøbclons iq elstns? I tarei aevrasn ì qtlclxndi oiei sl`ô`lei da l`dlzådqis oiirda`ndis# ae bqson da qe ibhatlzi oieqe4 Ioirrldn `n L`gcntarrn# a`tra eandis di sìoqci ]ZLLL ni sìoqci ]]# jil rasvi`sîzac vir eqdn`çns siolnlsioirrldns# vrlòlvncea`ta# ae oi`sa~qèòln di rîvldi dasa`ziczlea`ti taoìcÿgloi Dlsvi`åzac ae8mttv8))wwwmlstirlnàtoiebr)oi taqdi)dajnqctnsv}9oidlgi5?6 Noassi ae 2= da ngisti da 26>>



>2

noirdi oie Tir~qnti -><=7,# ns onrtns olroqcnras dns oirtas dn dl`nstln Mn`1# ae 262 nO#

jirne ns vraoqrsirns di hir`nclsei aevrasnrlnc

Oie n nqtientlxnçïi a i orasolea`ti dns l`døstrlns# miqza rqvtqrn `ns racnçñas a`tra

aevragndis a aevragndiras# ti`n`di%ns enls levassinls N asvaolnclxnçïi nqea`tiq n

oievca}ldnda dns aevrasns a n dlzlsïi di trnbncmi gariq sagea`tnçïi l`tar`n# dljloqctn`di#

nl`dn enls# n oievraa`sïi dn irgn`lxnçïi oiei qe tidi Ncìe dlssi# ns dljara`çns oqctqrnls

~qa savnrnzne is trnbncmndiras# ae jq`çïi di è}idi rqrnc:# tnebìe dljloqctnrne i

astnbacaolea`ti dns racnçñas da oieq`lonçïi `ns aevrasns ae orasolea`ti Tir~qnti -><=7,

njlren ~qa# n vnrtlr dassa eiea`ti# oieaçnrne ns vrlealrns vrîtlons di hir`nclsei

aevrasnrlnc# oie n vqbclonçïi da hir`nls a razlstns vnrn is jqòli`îrlis# oie i ibhatlzi da

jnelclnrlxî%cis oie i nebla`ta# oie n vicåtlon dn irgn`lxnçïi a da dlel`qlr ns dlstâòlnsjåslons a`tra n ndel`lstrnçïi a n bnsa ivarîrln @i a`tn`ti# `ïi jil nva`ns n àoassldnda

l`tar`n ~qa levqcsliìq n oieq`lonçïi `ns irgn`lxnçñas Ns aevrasns tlzarne da l`zastlr

ìs eaon`lseis da oieq`lonçïi# n jle da sa tir`nrae enls oi`maoldns ì earondi a

oi`~qlstnrae n vrajarèòln di vøbcloi

@i Brnslc# n oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc noievn`miq i dasa`ziczlea`ti aoi`ôeloi# siolnc

a vicåtloi# ae eandis dn dìondn da ><:6 _agq`di Tir~qnti -><=:,# n oieq`lonçïi sÿ

gn`miq asvnçi nvÿs n dltndqrn elcltnr# ~qn`di i vnås vnssiq n sa racnoli`nr oie n aoiìelneq`dlnc Ntqncea`ta# n oieq`lonçïi a}aroa vnvac jq`dnea`tnc `n oi`sicldnçïi dns aevrasns

ì earondi ae ~qa astïi l`sarldns# vils ì ondn zax enlir n oibrn`çn dn sioladnda vir

irgn`lxnçñas nta`tns æ racnçïi a`tra i aevraa`dlea`ti a i slstaen siolnc N dìondn da ><76

daq l`åoli n qen oieq`lonçïi oie vislçïi enls astrntìglon# onvnx da ncl`mnr nsvaotis

a}tarìs a l`tarìs# n jle da garnr oi`sa`tlea`ti a vridqxlr noaltnçïi

Da noirdi oie Tir~qnti -><=:,# vnrn ~qa n oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc a}arçn tnc vnvac

astrntìgloi# daza mnzar# `ns irgn`lxnçñas# oi`stn`ta bqson vir qen oieq`lonçïi sae rqådis#~qa jnziraçn n eng`ltqda a i oclen l`tarì# oievraa`da`di is l`tarassas dn aevrasn a

eadln`di ns racnçñas oie is dlzarsis vøbclois Vnrn ncon`çnr tnls ibhatlzis# i nqtir vrivña

1 L`nqgqrndn vir Clq Vn`g `n Oml`n# nvÿs grn`da orlsa vicåtlon `n~qaca vnås Dlsvi`åzac ae8mttv8))adqononiqicoiebr)mlstirln)qct>:<6q:6hmte Noassi ae 2= da ngisti da 26>>: Elgrnçïi da trnbncmndiras rqrnls ae dlraçïi nis oa`tris qrbnìs# dazldi ni orasolea`ti dn l`døstrlnDlsvi`åzac ae8 mttv8))eq`diadqononiqicoiebr)gaigrnjln)ajaltis%a}idi%rqrncmte Noassi ae 2= da ngisti da26>>



>?

~qa n oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc sahn# vrlealrnea`ta# a`ta`dldn sib i oiòalti eidarì da

–enssn―# vils sa trntn da oieq`lonçïi dlrlgldn n vøbclois dlzarsis a# garncea`ta# grn`das

Dln`ta dlssi# Tir~qnti -><=:, dastnon n levirtâòln da qe bie vcnàhnea`ti# vils n

oieq`lonçïi ioirra ae très jcq}is8 i dasoa`da`ta# i nsoa`da`ta a i cntarnc

I jcq}i dasoa`da`ta irlgl`n%sa dn aclta ndel`lstrntlzn dns irgn`lxnçñas a sagqa i `åzac

mlarîr~qloi Hî i jcq}i nsoa`da`ta aònel`mn# nis `åzals sqvarliras# l`jirençñas dn bnsa

mlarîr~qlon I jcq}i cntarnc ì dlraoli`ndi nis grqvis da easei `åzac jqòli`nc Tir~qnti

-><=:, rassnctn# tnebìe# n àoassldnda da a}lstlr qe vcnàhnea`ti ~qa caza ae oi`sldarnçïi

ns onrnotaråstlons a vnrtloqcnrldndas da ondn jcq}i

N irgn`lxnçïi vrioqrn qtlclxnr%sa da saq vidar a}vrasslzi vnrn# l`tar`nea`ta# ndel`lstrnr nta`sïi a i oievirtnea`ti siolnc dn oieq`ldnda# nhqstn`di%i nis ibhatlzis dnndel`lstrnçïi# nta`qn`di n oi`trizìrsln# a a}tar`nea`ta# nqea tnr sqn l`jcqaòln a trâ`slti

hq`ti nis vidaras a nis ealis da oieq`lonçïi# orln`di oradlblcldnda a rasvaltnblcldnda vnrna}vn`dlr sqns bnsas da oi`sa`tlea`ti -TIR^QNTI# ><=:# v <6,

Nl`dn sagq`di Tir~qnti -><=:,# n oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc daza ioirrar da enàlrn

blcntarnc# iq sahn# vrieiza`di oi`sa`sis a qe oclen da eøtqn oiivarnçïi `ns racnçñas

mqen`ns Vir eali dlssi# ns vassins ta`dae n sa tir`nr enls oi`sola`tas da saq vnvac ì

nebla`ta da trnbncmi# dljara`taea`ta dn oieq`lonçïi q`lcntarnc# ~qa sa bnsaln q`lonea`ta `n

~qastïi dn ibadlèòln

Da noirdi oie Ribbl`s -266<,# i vrivÿslti dn oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc ì trndqxldi ae

jiren da ea`sngae# ~qa vnssnrî da qe aelssir vnrn qe raoavtir oidljloî%cn a trndqxl%cn#

rasqctn`di ae slg`ljlondi Assn ea`sngae trnjagn vir eali da qe on`nc# qen eådln# ~qa

vida sar jirenc iq l`jirenc Is on`nls jirenls sïi astnbacaoldis vacn irgn`lxnçïi a

trn`seltae ea`snga`s ijlolnls ~qa# trndloli`ncea`ta# sagqae n mlarnr~qln; is on`nls

l`jirenls sïi asvi`tâàis a daoirrae da asoicmns l`dlzldqnls

N oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc ì savnrndn ae dqns zarta`tas8 qen oie jl`s l`stltqoli`nls a

iqtrn oie jl`s earondicÿglois @i a`tn`ti# vnrn Tir~qnti -><=:,# i sqoassi dn oieq`lonçïi#

`qe oi`ta}ti eq`dlnc# a}lga raq`lïi dassns dqns vrivistns# da eidi ~qa i vøbcloi l`tarì

oi`trlbqn vnrn n bin ravqtnçïi dn aevrasn ì earondi a}tarì I ibhatlzi ì orlnr qen

lengae gcibnc# dn aevrasn a di vridqti# oi`sicldndn Assa visloli`nea`ti dnrî irlgae n

qen oieq`lonçïi sae i jntir nrtljlolnc garndi vacn vqbcloldnda Tir~qnti -><=:, rassnctn#



>4

tnebìe# n levirtâòln dn oieq`lonçïi sar aònrndn oiei l`zastlea`ti# vils n ielssïi a i

dasoi`maolea`ti dn nctn dlratirln dns aevrasns ta`da n vrahqdlonr i rasqctndi Qe vrioassi

l`tagrndi da oieq`lonçïi ì rasvi`sîzac vir dljq`dlr a dnr oi`slstèòln æs grn`das astrntìglns

aevrasnrlnls# nssle oiei vir varjlcnr n aevrasn a lda`tljloî%cn ì earondi

2.2.> Oieq`lonçïi a}tar`n

N oieq`lonçïi a}tar`n ì rasvi`sîzac vaci visloli`nea`ti a lengae dn irgn`lxnçïi `n

sioladnda _agq`di Tir~qnti -2662,# i jioi dn oieq`lonçïi a}tar`n ì n ivl`lïi vøbclon#

vir~qa# dln`ta dns oi`stn`tas eqdn`çns ~qa varealne ns irgn`lxnçñas `n ntqncldnda# ì

levrasol`dåzac ~qa i davnrtnea`ti da oieq`lonçïi dns aevrasns oievraa`dn a astahn nta`ti

nis eaon`lseis dn cÿglon di oi`sqei I oievirtnea`ti di oi`sqeldir jil# ntì a`tïi#radqxldi æ àoassldnda da trion oie jiràoadiras a da orlnçïi a dlstrlbqlçïi znciras @i

a`tn`ti# n gcibnclxnçïi a n vnrtlolvnçïi# ondn zax enls l`ta`sn# dn sioladnda `n zldn eidar`n

tèe vrivlolndi qe ìzi varjlc da oi`sqeldir# enls a}lga`ta# ~qa sacaoli`n eacmir is

vridqtis a ~qa nd~qlra oie iqtrns jl`ncldndas# ncìe dn àoassldnda

Vnrn Tir~qnti -2662,# assa ìzi varjlc slg`ljlon enls a}lgèòln da ~qncldnda# i ~qa nqea`tn n

rasvi`snblcldnda dns irgn`lxnçñas a dis rasvi`sîzals vacn oieq`lonçïi a}tar`n# ~qa sa

aòi`trne dln`ta dn àoassldnda da –nvrqenr saq dlsoqrsi æ vrioqrn da vi`tis ~qa vissne hqstnvir is l`tarassas dis oi`sqeldiras a dns aevrasns# sae sa daszlnr dis oievrielssis

ìtlois dn zardnda a di varjlc dis oi`sqeldiras― -TIR^QNTI# 2662# v :1,

N enàlrn da sar da qen irgn`lxnçïi vida sar l`tarvratndn vacns jirens da oieq`lonçïi

dasa`ziczldns# i ~qa levclon raoi`maoar ns dlzarsns irgn`lxnçñas oiei oi`strqtirns da

sa`tldis Dln`ta dlssi# Tir~qnti -2662, sqgara ~qa ns irgn`lxnçñas ta`mne oiei ibhatlzi qe

davnrtnea`ti da oieq`lonçïi a}tar`n ~qa zlsa8

Dlzqcgnr n elssïi dn irgn`lxnçïi# astnbacaoa`di oirrati a nda~qndi visloli`nea`ti#nssagqrn`di qen lda`tldnda tìo`lon ~qa vissn oi`jarlr æ irgn`lxnçïi i rasvalti a iraoi`maolea ti dn sioladnda;

Orlnr ntltqdas jnzirîzals æs ntlzldndas dn irgn`lxnçïi# eacmirn`di sqn vislçïi anevcln`di ns bnsas da oi`sa`tlea`ti sibra n eatn da eidar`lxnçïi;

Dasvartnr ìs vøbclois a}tarìs sa`tlea`tis da ~qa n eidar`lxnçïi dn irgn`lxnçïi ìjq`dnea`tnc;

Vrivlolnr zlsïi ocnrn da nsvaotis# vrigrnens a ntlzldndas dn irgn`lxnçïi# hq`ti nisvidaras oi`stltqådis# astraltn`di i racnoli`nea`ti oie i vidar caglscntlzi;



>1

Nssassirnr ns îran dn irgn`lxnçïi `ns tnrajns da levcaea`tnçïi da eqdn`çn alìznçñas racazn`tas;

Zncirlxnr is raoqrsis a vitaòlnls mqenìs dn irgn`lxnçïi# a`nctaoa`di saq trnbncmi araoi`maoa`di# ~qn`di jir i onsi# sqn ajatlzn oi`trlbqlçïi vnrn i nvarjalçinea`ti aa`grn`daolea`ti dn irgn`lxnçïi -TIR^QNTI# 2662# v76,

Ei`talri -266?, dastnon n àoassldnda da n irgn`lxnçïi orlnr a en`tar jcq}is da

oieq`lonçïi# n jle da oi`~qlstnr i nvili dn ivl`lïi vøbclon a# vir oi`sa~qèòln# sibrazlzar

ì earondi Ns eqdn`çns ì oa`îrli aoi`ôeloi# siolnc a vicåtloi tèe vriziondi nctarnçñas

ae tidi i slstaen gcibnc a# vnrn ~qa ns aevrasns vissne oievatlr da eidi ajlola`ta#

vraolsne a`ziczar%sa oie n eådln# da eidi n ntl`glr is dlzarsis vøbclois Nl`dn sagq`di

Ei`talri -266?,# ~qn`di ns irgn`lxnçñas ivtne vir vridqxlr ìtåoln a vrieizar lengae# ni

easei taevi# trn`sjirene ioirrèòlns l`stltqoli`nls ae noi`taolea`tis vøbclois# i ~qa

azldaòln n àoassldnda da nznclnr ns ntltqdas dis oi`sqeldiras a da garlr astrntaglonea`ta n

oieq`lonçïi oie bnsa `ns sagql`tas nçñas8

noievn`mnr enls da varti ns ta`dèòlns siolnls; vrioqrnr aòi`trnr qe al}i a dajl`lr ocnrnea`ta saq vnvac; azltnr nditnr n vistqrn ciw vrijlca7 ; snbar daja`dar%sa ì eiea`ti oarti oie qe dlsoqrsi nda~qndi; vravnrnr eacmir saq slstaen da virtn%zixas# vnrn azltnr sqrvrasns; dasa`ziczar qe ajlola`ta slstaen da nrtloqcnçïi oie i q`lzarsi dns

a`tldndas;

sar enls îgals `ns rasvistns a ì nta`dlea`ti æs daen`dns; tar jca}lblcldnda -dlvcienoln, ì aònel`mnea`ti dns daen`dns da`ntqraxn vicåtlon# vrasarzn`di# ì ocnri# n lda`tldnda tìo`lon;

azltnr a`trnr ì jigi dns dlsoqssñas noncirndns# en`ta`di%sa nolen dnszlsñas varsi`nclstns a da dajasn da l`tarassas grqvnls;

vcnàhnr oie eqlti oqldndi i cn`çnea`ti da vrigrnens# vrihatis aaza`tis# vnrn azltnr l`tarvratnçñas dlstiroldns vir vnrta dn eådln;

bqsonr vnroarlns ì onevi da trnbncmi# da`tri dn cÿglon dnrnoli`nclxnçïi da astrqtqrns a sarzlçis;

nevnrnr%sa `n taroalrlxnçïi da sarzlçis; vravnrnr jirta vrigrnen da enrkatl`g l`stltqoli`nc# oie è`jnsa `n

nrtloqcnçïi oie is Vidaras oi`stltqoli`nls -A}aoqtlzi# Caglscntlzi a

Hqdlolîrli, a ì enrkatl`g siolnc; dasa`ziczar oqctqrn da a}oacèòln -bqson varenà`ta da ~qncldnda, da

vridqtis a sarzlçis; xacnr vaci oiòalti; oi`sicldnr lengae da a`ziczlea ti siolnc -TIR^QNTI# 2662# v:7,

7 A}vrassïi l`gcasn qtlclxndn vnrn onrnotarlxnr a}aoqtlzis ~qa `ïi gistne da astnr `n eådln



>:

I vnvac dn oieq`lonçïi zae sa jirtncaoa`di# ondn zax enls# oiei aci a`tra is dlzarsis

vøbclois Tnc àoassldnda tae nbarti asvnçi vnrn n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n a is raoqrsis# ~qa

n`tas dastl`nzne%sa nva`ns æs dlzqcgnçñas a}tar`ns# ngirn ioirrae da enàlrn l`tagrndn

2.2.2 Oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

_agq`di Enromasl -2661,# ae jq`çïi dns trn`sjirençñas ~qa i eq`di zae sijra`di# ns

grn`das aevrasns vraolsne sa vravnrnr a ntqnclxnr i eidaci da gastïi qtlclxndi ntì i

eiea`ti# ncìe da –[U nda~qnr saqs dlsoqrsis æs àoassldndas da ondn qe dis vøbclois

astrntìglois ~qa grnzltne ni saq radir― -ENROMA_L# 2661# v 4:, Tir~qnti -2662, dastnon

~qa# mî dìondns# n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns aevrasns cleltnzn%sa n dlzqcgnr ìzis vridqtis a

oieq`lonr daolsñas aevrasnrlnls Oi`tqdi# oie i vnssnr dis nìs# oievcaea`tn Enromasl-2661,# ns aevrasns astïi varoaba`di n àoassldnda da ndarlr ni eaon`lsei da oieq`lonçïi

l`tagrndn# ae ~qa `ïi siea`ta i vøbcloi a}tarì vraolsn da l`jirençïi# ens# vrlòlvncea`ta#

i vøbcloi l`tarì# vils –i dlsoqrsi aevrasnrlnc `ïi vida sar dljara`ta dn nçïi― -ENROMA_L#

2661# v 47,

_agq`di vas~qlsn= ranclxndn vacn Nssiolnçïi Brnslcalrn da Oieq`lonçïi Aevrasnrlnc# Nbarha#

ae 2667# n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns grn`das aevrasns di Brnslc tae sa astrqtqrndi oie i

vnssnr dis nìs8 :=! dns aevrasns l`dlone ~qa n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n ì vnrta da qe vcnìda oieq`lonçïi l`tagrndn# ~qa vrassqvña i trntnea`ti ncl`mndi a sleqctâài dn oieq`lonçïi

vnrn oie is vøbclois l`tarì a a}tarì

Vnrn Enromlirl -2661,# va`snr `n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n da enàlrn l`tagrndn ì jq`dnea`tnc#

vils qe slstaen oqctqrnc `ïi a}lsta sae ns vassins a n oieq`lonçïi a`tra acns N racnçïi

oieq`lonoli`nc daza sar ranclxndn da eidi ~qa ns vassins ~qa ntqne ì nebla`ta

aevrasnrlnc# ìs enls dljara`tas `åzals# vissne dlsoqtlr# l`tarvratnr a garnr oi`maolea`ti

oievnrtlcmndi

_agq`di Tir~qnti -2662,# is ibhatlzis bîslois dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dazae sa

jq`dnea`tnr ae garnr oi`sa`tlea`ti a vridqxlr noaltnçïi# nçñas zltnls# ae datarel`ndis

= Vas~qlsn ranclxndn vacn Nbarha# ae vnroarln oie i l`stltqti DntNBARHA# L stltqti da Vas~qlsn dn NBARHA# ae2667# oie i l`tqlti da envanr is nzn`çis `n îran da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n a oievnrnr dndis oie ns vas~qlsnssibra i easei taen# ranclxndns ae 2662 a 2661 Dlsvi`åzac ae8wwwnbarhaoiebr)vas~qlsn)vas~qlsnYOieYL`tar`nY2667vdj Noassi ae 64 da sataebri da 26>>



>7

eiea`tis# vnrn ntl`glr is rasqctndis asvarndis Vnrn ~qa sahn vissåzac oqevrlr tnls ibhatlzis#

Tir~qnti clstn ns sagql`tas eatns8

Eitlznr a l`tagrnr is jqòli`îrlis# vir eali da eaon`lseis da l`jirençïi# varsqnsïi

a a`ziczlea`ti;

Orlnr oclens jnzirîzals æs eqdn`çns# oie nq}åcli dis raoqrsis mqenìs;

Dlraoli`nr ns nçñas vnrn ns eatns vrata`dldns# oie i ibhatlzi da vrlirlxnr nçñas a

azltnr asjirçis dasàoassîrlis;

Oi`trlbqlr vnrn i orasolea`ti di vitaòlnc mqenì;

Nvarjalçinr is vrioassis a tìo`lons hî a}lsta`tas# vir eali da oieq`lonçïi ocnrn a

ajlola`ta;

Dasvartnr i sa`tlea`ti da irgqcmi a oi`trlbqlçïi ìs jqòli`îrlis; Oieq`lonr oie ocnraxn a nglcldnda# el`lelxn`di rqådis a orlsas vcn`tndns vacn

làjloîoln dn oieq`lonçïi;

@i a`tn`ti# ì vissåzac# nl`dn# lda`tljlonr# sagq`di Tir~qnti -2662,# ~qa ns aevrasns

vraioqvne%sa enls oie n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n ìs eiea`tis da orlsa oiirvirntlzn _agq`di

Tir~qnti# siàgnr l`jirençïi garn qe oclen da lòartaxn a vrivloln tqrbqcèòln l`tar`n#

vrahqdlon`di i oclen da trnbncmi Tnc visloli`nea`ti ì ~qastli`ndi vir Enromasl -2661,# hî

~qa qen aevrasn sÿ oi`sagqlrî orasoar ì earondi ~qn`di oi`sagqlr vcn`tnr ì vøbcloi

l`tarì i sa`tlea`ti da ~qa saq vnvac ì jq`dnea`tnc vnrn n oi`~qlstn a en`qta`çïi dis

ocla`tas Is aevragndis a saqs jnelclnras levnotne dlratnea`ta `n ravqtnçïi dn aevrasn a#

vir lssi# earaoae qen oieq`lonçïi astrntìglon a vrlirltîrln

[U n oieq`lonçïi ì jq`dnea`tnc vnrn garnr oradlblcldnda a oi`jln`çn# eistrnr ocnrnea`tai jioi dis àgÿolis# astleqcnr vistqrns l`tarntlzns# oievrieatlea`ti a eiblclxnçïi vnrnns eatns# orlnr qe asvårlti da vartaòar a qe oclen jnzirîzac vnrn i orasolea`ti adasa`ziczlea`ti dns aevrasns -ENROMA_L# 2661# v 47,

Vicldiri -2661, rassnctn ~qa sÿ ì vissåzac qen aevrasn sa oi`sicldnr ì earondi sa tlzar qe

nebla`ta ~qa zncirlxn ns vassins# ~qa l`zasta ae adqonçïi a ì nqtidasa`ziczlea`ti N

oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n vraolsn ranjlrenr sqn levirtâòln garaòlnc n vnrtlr dns vassins# vils

–[U `ndn ì enls astrntìgloi vnrn qen aevrasn di ~qa n ~qncljlonçïi a n raìznçïi dis

cådaras a da sqns a~qlvas― -VICLIDIRI# 2661# v <7, Assn raìznçïi ì jq`dnea`tnc vnrn



>=

tir`nr a}vcåoltis is vrlòåvlis# oiòaltis# znciras a ora`çns dn irgn`lxnçïi# zncirlxn`di# vir

eali dn oieq`lonçïi# n lengae l`stltqoli`nc

2.2.2.> Oqctqrn irgn`lxnoli`nc oiei entìrln%vrlen dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

Enromlirl -266:, rassnctn n levirtâòln di oiòalti da oqctqrn vnrn n oievraa`sïi dn oqctqrn

irgn`lxnoli`nc a# oi`sa~qa`taea`ta# vnrn i trnbncmi dn oieq`lonçïi Oiei slstaen nbarti#

ns irgn`lxnçñas l`jcqaòlne a raoabae l`jcqèòln dn oqctqrn# ì ~qa tn`ga nis slstaens a

oievirtnea`tis dn sioladnda _noken``< -><<># oltndi vir ENROMLIRL# 266:, dajlà

oqctqrn oiei sl`ô`lei da oi`maolea`ti oievnrtlcmndi –Ì n~qaca tidi oievca}i ~qa lòcql

oi`maolea`ti# ora`çn# nrta# eirnc# cal# oistqea a ~qnc~qar iqtrn onvnoldnda a mîbltis

nd~qlrldis vaci mieae a`~qn`ti eaebri dn sioladnda― -ENROMLIRL# 266:# v 11,

Ondn irgn`lxnçïi vissql qen oqctqrn l`tar`n# ~qa ngrqvn# oi`jirea Kiccriss -s)d,# ns ritl`ns#

ìrens siolnls# oistqeas# astrqtqrns a racnoli`nea`tis# rasqctndi da dlzarsis oi`jcltis a`tra

a}lstèòln a azicqçïi _agq`di Enromlirl -266:,# ni easei taevi ae ~qa n oqctqrn

irgn`lxnoli`nc a}vrassn n irgn`lxnçïi# ntqn tnebìe ì sa`tldi da irla`tnr ns nçñas a

oi`dqtns dasahîzals Ni vnrtlr dassa oiòalti# ns irgn`lxnçñas vnssne n a}lstlr oiei slstaen

da slg`ljlondis oievnrtlcmndis# ì ~qnc ì levrasol`dåzac i a`ta`dlea`ti da ~qa tidis sïi

vridqtiras da oqctqrn# vir~qa n nctarne a eidljlone oi`jirea oi`stltqae n zldn mqen`n

Dln`ta da tnls dajl`lçñas# vida%sa oiòcqlr ~qa n oqctqrn irgn`lxnoli`nc daza# oi`stn`taea`ta#

ìrtanr i trnbncmi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# vils sagq`di Enromlirl -266:,# oqctqrn a

oieq`lonçïi sa oievcaea`tne –L`dlzådqis trnxae qen oqctqrn ~qa# sae siebrn da døzldn#

njatn n jiren oie ~qa acas sa oieq`lone# a n jiren oie ~qa is l`dlzådqis sa oieq`lone

vida eqdnr n oqctqrn ~qa oievnrtlcmne― -ENROMLIRL# 266:# v =7, Tnc oiòcqsïi gn`miq

dastn~qa n vnrtlr dis nìs ><=6# vils# ntì a`tïi# n oqctqrn irgn`lxnoli`nc arn a`ta`dldn#

q`lonea`ta# oiei oi`hq`ti da ragrns n sarae ibadaoldns vir saqs eaebris I nebla`ta daeqdn`çns ~qa varealn ns irgn`lxnçñas tirìq jq`dnea`tnc i dlîcigi ~qa –[U oi`strÿl is

racnoli`nea`tis# garn slg`ljlondis ~qa vidae sar trn`sjirendis ae oi`maolea`ti

oievnrtlcmndi# dava`da`di dn rancldnda aòi`trndn -ENROMLIRL# 266:# v =?,

< _NOKEN@@# _N Oqctqrnc kìwcadga l` irgn`lxntli`s8 a}vcirl`g tma oiccaotlza el`d Ci`di`8 _nga# ><<>



><

I oi`maolea`ti mqenì vida sar oi`sldarndi oiei entìrln vrlen dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n a

dns irgn`lxnçñas ~qa dasahne qen oqctqrn irgn`lxnoli`nc bae sicldljlondn a a`gnhndn

_agq`di Enromlirl -266:,# is vrijlssli`nls da oieq`lonçïi dazae astnr nta`tis n assas

nsvaotis# vils n nctarnçïi `ns jirens a znciras dns irgn`lxnçñas l`jcqaòln dlratnea`ta ìs

rasqctndis _agq`di Kiccriss -s)d,# is vrijlssli`nls da oieq`lonçïi dazae dasa`ziczar

astrqtqrns a jarrnea`tns# da eidi ~qa sahn vissåzac n l`tarnçïi a`tra l`tagrn`tas a

irgn`lxnçïi# n jle da dasa`ziczar n oqctqrn irgn`lxnoli`nc N oieq`lonçïi ì i acaea`ti da

oià}ïi ~qa qà ns vassins# oi`stltql n irgn`lxnçïi# en`tìe a trn`sjiren n oqctqrn

irgn`lxnoli`nc

2.2.2.2 Oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n oiei dljaraòlnc oievatltlzi

Ns irgn`lxnçñas tèe a`jra`tndi vribcaens jra~qa`tas ~qn`di i nssq`ti ì i trnti oie ns

vassins# ae jq`çïi dn dljloqcdnda da cldnr oie ns eqdn`çns oi`tå`qns ~qa n ntqncldnda

levña Ribbl`s -266<, ncartn ~qa# miha ae dln# is a}aoqtlzis `ïi vidae dava`dar nva`ns dn

oievatèòln tìo`lon# vils n oievatèòln l`tarvassinc ì ondn zax enls rasvi`sîzac vaci

nebla`ta oievatltlzi a dljaraòlndi dns irgn`lxnçñas _agq`di Ribbl`s -266<,# assn

daen`dn jnx àoassîrli i astqdi di oievirtnea`ti irgn`lxnoli`nc# iq sahn# dns nçñas a dns

ntltqdas ~qa ns vassins nvrasa`tne da`tri dns irgn`lxnçñas

N àoassldnda da oi`maoar i oievirtnea`ti irgn`lxnoli`nc ì ondn zax enls vrasa`ta# vils#

oiei slstaen nbarti# qen aevrasn ì oievistn vir dljara`tas vøbclois a oqctqrns Vnrn

trnbncmnr da enàlrn ajlonx# ì vraolsi garaòlnr ns dljara`çns a a~qlclbrnr i l`tarassa dn

irgn`lxnçïi oie i dis dlzarsis vøbclois Asta ì oartnea`ta i enlir dasnjli vnrn ns aevrasns

~qa vraolsne noieidnr a nta`dar nis dljara`tas astlcis da zldn# àoassldndas a haltis da

trnbncmnr Assn dlzarsldnda trnx levclonçñas levirtn`tas# vils# ~qn`di bae ndel`lstrndn#

vida oi`trlbqlr da enàlrn orlntlzn `ns irgn`lxnçñas# ni l`zìs da sar sl`ô`lei da

ritntlzldnda# dljloqcdnda da oieq`lonçïi a oi`jcltis l`tarvassinls _agq`di i nqtir# –istrnbncmndiras da qen aevrasn vidae sar is vrlòlvnls astleqcndiras dn lìznçïi a dn

eqdn`çn# iq vidae sar i vrlòlvnc bci~qali― -RIBBL@_# 266<# v >?,

Dln`ta dassa oa`îrli# n oieq`lonçïi razacn%sa ondn zax enls astrntìglon `ns irgn`lxnçñas a#

sagq`di Enromlirl -266:,# ì levrasol`dåzac n vraioqvnçïi oie i dlîcigi a`tra is dlzarsis

vøbclois ~qa ns oievñae Vnrn n nqtirn# qen oieq`lonçïi sÿ garn sa`tldi sa ntqnr `n sacaçïi



26

da l`jirençñas ~qa jnçne vnrta di oi`ta}ti dn aevrasn# vils# vnrn sa oieq`lonr bae# ì

vraolsi lda`tljlonçïi N oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc dns aevrasns daza zncirlxnr i dlîcigi

oiei jiren da bqsonr oi`sa`si a ndel`lstrnr is oi`jcltis# vils ns nçñas da sqoassi dava`dae

da qe racnoli`nea`ti ajatlzi a`tra is dlzarsis vøbclois ~qa oievñae assn irgn`lxnçïi –Ì

àoassîrli ~qa is ndel`lstrndiras a`ta`dne ns ntltqdas a is znciras da ondn qe da saqs

vøbclois vnrn ~qa# dassn jiren# vissne ntl`glr ibhatlzis l`stltqoli`nls `n orlnçïi dassn rada

da racnoli`nea`ti irgn`lxnoli`nc― -ENROMLIRL# 266:# v 2=,

Enromlirl -2661, dajlà oiei jq`çïi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n `ns aevrasns garnr

vri}leldnda# dnr sa`tldi ni oi`maolea`ti nd~qlrldi# nvrleirnr racnoli`nea`tis a l`tagrnr ns

vassins Vnrn n nqtirn# da `ndn ndln`tn tar qe jcq}i lea`si da l`jirençïi sa n easen astî

dasnoradltndn N oieq`lonçïi vraolsn sar trnbncmndn oie ibhatlzldnda a vca`ltqda# njl`nc#–siea`ta oie i datncmnea`ti di oi`ta}ti ì ~qa sa vida ncon`çnr ajloîoln `n oieq`lonçïi#

vils astn nçïi nonbn dn`di sagqrn`çn vnrn n ranclxnçïi dn oieq`lonçïi― -ENROMLIRL#

2661# v >>4,

@i a`tn`ti# n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns aevrasns brnslcalrns nl`dn ì viqoi astrqtqrndn a tae

asbnrrndi ae eqltns dljloqcdndas# racntn Enromasl -2661, _agq`di i nqtir# n vrlòlvnc dacns

ì n jnctn da onvnoldnda dis vrijlssli`nls da oieq`lonçïi ae oicionr i satir oiei qen îran

astrntìglon a ~qa dî rasqctndis Enromasl a`tïi nrgqea`tn ~qa n oieq`lonçïi ì rancea`taastrntìglon# ens tnebìe vissql qe dljaraòlnc oievatltlzi# vils vrieiza i jcq}i dns

l`jirençñas a orln `ns vassins i sa`tlea`ti da nhqdnr n oi`strqlr n mlstÿrln dn irgn`lxnçïi ae

~qa astî l`sarldn

Is aevrasîrlis ~qa dasahne n ajatlznçïi dn irgn`lxnçïi dazae# vrlirltnrlnea`ta# zncirlxnr n

oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# vils# `qe vrlealri eiea`ti# ì i nebla`ta l`tarì ~qa daza astnr

jirtncaoldi _agq`di Enromasl -2661,# sa asta nebla`ta `ïi astlzar oi`sicldndi# dljlolcea`ta

n aevrasn astnrî vravnrndn vnrn cldnr oie is daenls vøbclois oie nctn ~qncldnda a ajlolèòlnIs racnoli`nea`tis l`tarìs dazae sar zncirlxndis# vils sïi àoassîrlis a astrntìglois vnrn

~qa ns nçñas a}tar`ns sahne trnbncmndns oie sagqrn`çn a ajatlzldnda Ncìe dlssi# n

oieq`lonçïi ì n assèòln dn oqctqrn# vils n sqn ajlolèòln sÿ ì vissåzac ~qn`di vassins da

dljara`tas oqctqrns trnbncmne hq`tns



2>

2.2.2.? A`dienrkatl`g

Jnoa æs dlzarsns eqdn`çns ~qa varvatqne ì nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc# garaòlnr vassins tae

sldi qe dis enliras# sa`ïi i enlir# dasnjli dns grn`das aevrasns Ns eqdn`çns `ns racnçñas

da trnbncmi# l`lolndns ì sìoqci ]ZLL oie n Razicqçïi L`dqstrlnc# a}lgae# ondn zax enls# n

zncirlxnçïi di sar mqenì vnrn i nconòa da bi`s rasqctndis _agq`di Brqe -2661,# vnrn sa

en`tarae ì earondi# ns aevrasns vraolsne l`jirenr# vravnrnr# zncirlxnr a sntlsjnxar ns

àoassldndas di vøbcloi l`tarì Dln`ta dassn daen`dn# i a`dienrkatl`g tir`n%sa

levrasol`dåzac æs aevrasns# vir sa trntnr da qen jarrnea`tn da oieq`lonçïi ~qa ntqn da

jiren slstèelon a l`tagrndn# n jle da lòa`tlznr is jqòli`îrlis n trnbncmnr ae vric da qe

easei ibhatlzi8 i sqoassi dn irgn`lxnçïi

Vnrn Bakl` -><<1,# i a`dienrkatl`g ì qe vrioassi varenà`ta da eitlznçïi di jqòli`îrli#

~qa tae vir ibhatlzi jirtncaoar a mnrei`lxnr ns racnçñas ì nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc Brqe

dastnon ~qa i vrigrnen sqrglq ae daoirrèòln dn àoassldnda da eitlznr vassins# vils n

racnçïi dn aevrasn oie i earondi dava`da# vrlealrnea`ta# dn ntqnçïi di vøbcloi l`tarì

Elcalda -2667, nrgqea`tn ~qa# ì a`dienrkatl`g# vradiel`n n racnçïi da trion a`tra

aevrasn a jqòli`îrli# vils mî l`zastlea`ti da raoqrsis# vir vnrta dn aevrasn# zlsn`di n

sntlsjnçïi di ocla`ta l`tarì Oiei ratirì# i ocla`ta l`tarì astnrî dlsvisti n trionr znciras a

a}varlèòlns _agq`di Baokl`# n zncirlxnçïi dis jqòli`îrlis daza a`jntlxnr i oi`maolea`ti#n vrîtlon di vidar oievnrtlcmndi# i vidar da daolsïi da ondn jqòli`îrli ìs rasvaotlzis

satiras a n dazldn raoieva`sn

Brqe dajlà vrigrnen da a`dienrkatl`g oiei –oi`hq`ti da nçñas a l`strqea`tis orlndis#

vridqxldis a dlstrlbqådis oie i ibhatlzi da l`jirenr# l`tagrnr a aòn`tnr i vøbcloi l`tarì―

-BRQE# 2661# v=1, I sqoassi di vrigrnen dava`da# ncìe dns vrîtlons da raoqrsis

mqenìs oiei adqonçïi a dasa`ziczlea`ti# vrioassis da sacaçïi# vcnìs da onrralrn# ato# da

bqson oi`stn`ta vir tìo`lons a l`strqea`tis da oieq`lonçïi @asta sa`tldi# ns jarrnea`tnsqtlclxndns vaci vrigrnen sïi dlzldldns ae l`jirentlzns a l`tagrndirns# nssle onrnotarlxndns8

Is l`strqea`tis da l`jirençïi sïi tidis n~qacas ìs ~qnls n aevrasn aelta n ea`sngae ai jqòli`îrli n raoaba; sïi is entarlnls vncvîzals# ~qa tèe vara`ldnda Is da l`tagrnçïisïi tidis is eiea`tis iq nctar`ntlzns nebla`tnls oiciondis æ dlsvislçïi dis jqòli`îrlisvnrn ~qa oi`zlzne a`tra sl a oie n irgn`lxnçïi― -BRQE# 2661# v=:,



22

Zîrlis l`strqea`tis da oieq`lonçïi vidae sar qtlclxndis ì vrigrnen da a`dienrkatl`g#

ens Brqe -2661, rassnctn ~qa n asoicmn daza astnr ncl`mndn æ rancldnda aevrasnrlnc#

aebnsndn# tnebìe# vir qe astqdi dn oqctqrn irgn`lxnoli`nc a vir qe vcnì da levcn`tnçïi

_agq`di n nqtirn# ns jarrnea`tns enls qtlclxndns sïi8

zådais l`stltqoli`nls iq da nvrasa`tnçïi da vridqtis# n jle da oicionr ae oi`tnti

dlrati n a~qlva l`tar`n oie n rancldnda aevrasnrlnc;

en`qnls tìo`lois a adqontlzis ~qa l`jireae sibra is vridqtis# sarzlçis# cn`çnea`tis

a ta`dèòlns dn aevrasn Ì jq`dnea`tnc# ~qa i vøbcloi l`tarì oi`maçn n l`stltqlçïi

~qa jnx vnrta;

hir`nls l`tarìs iq eqrnls# ~qa nbirdae l`jirençñas racazn`tas a ntqnls sibra i

vrigrnen Vida%sa nvrizaltnr i zaåoqci vnrn dlzqcgnr vicåtlons da raoqrsis mqenìs adn nssiolnçïi da jqòli`îrlis

onrtnxas eitlznoli`nls a l`jirentlzis asvncmndis vacn aevrasn# vnrn en`tar saevra

zlzn n astrntìgln a`tra is jqòli`îrlis;

raq`lñas ragqcnras a vncastrns l`tar`ns# n jle da vrieizar n l`tarnçïi jnoa n jnoa a i

a`ziczlea`ti dn dlratirln ì vrigrnen;

–grlja― l`tar`n# vir eali dn dlstrlbqlçïi da onelsns# bi`ìs a noassÿrlis dn aevrasn;

I a`dienrkatl`g daei`striq# ni ci`gi dis nìs# ~qa ì jq`dnea`tnc vnrn ns irgn`lxnçñas# ae

rnxïi dns vrijq`dns eqdn`çns ~qa onrnotarlxne i earondi ntqnc _agq`di Bakl` -><<1,# i

sqoassi a n vrisvarldnda da qen irgn`lxnçïi sïi rasqctndi dn sien da dlzarsis jntiras# oiei

n zlsïi astrntìglon di àgÿoli# ns oi`dlçñas da earondi a n taoìcigln# ens# vrlòlvncea`ta#

ns vassins a`ziczldns ìs vrioassis sïi datarel`n`tas vnrn tnc sqoassi

2.2.2.4 Jarrnea`tns dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

Ae garnc# is on`nls da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns irgn`lxnçñas oiòa`trne%sa ae hir`nls#

razlstns# bicatl`s varlÿdlois a vrigrnens da rîdli a TZ# ae nebla`ta l`tarì _agq`di

Tir~qnti -2662,# n asoicmn sa hqstljlon vir~qa tidis vissqae onrnotaråstlons hir`ncåstlons#

oiei ntqncldnda# varlidloldnda# q`lzarsncldnda a dljqsïi oicatlzn @i a`tn`ti# Tir~qnti

daja`da ~qa# n`tas da asoicmar is on`nls# dazae sar ibsarzndis i virta dn irgn`lxnçïi# n

dlea`sïi dns q`ldndas# i vøbcloi a n varlidloldnda Ae 2667# n Nssiolnçïi Brnslcalrn da



2?

Oieq`lonçïi Aevrasnrlnc# Nbarha# ranclxiq vas~qlsn sibra i varjlc dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n ì

Brnslc a ntl`glq is sagql`tas rasqctndis# oi`jirea grîjloi nbnl}i8

Jlgqrn > % Vrlòlvnls zaåoqcis qtlclxndis vacn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

Ji`ta8 Nbarha8 mttv8))wwwnbarhaoiebr)vas~qlsn)vas~qlsnYOieYL`tar`nY2667vdj

_agq`di n vas~qlsn# oie n vivqcnrlxnçïi dn l`taràt# i hir`nc levrassi dal}iq da sar i

vrlòlvnc zaåoqci qtlclxndi vacns aevrasns oiei jarrnea`tn da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

A`tratn`ti# ì vissåzac varoabar i orasolea`ti da iqtris zaåoqcis# i ~qa onrnotarlxn enlir

dlzarsldnda a visslblcldnda da vrivngnçïi dns astrntìglns aevrasnrlnls

Ns vrlòlvnls dljara`çns a`tra qen vqbclonçïi l`tar`n a a}tar`n# sagq`di Caeis a Dac Gnqdli

-266?,# astïi ì tlvi da cl`gqngae# vøbcloi nczi a vnqtn Astn ì astnbacaoldn ae rnxïi dis

ibhatlzis ~qa sa vrata`da ntl`glr @i a`tn`ti# ni va`snreis `ns astrntìglns a#

oi`sa~qa`taea`ta# `ns jarrnea`tns da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns irgn`lxnçñas# raoiea`dn%sa

~qa mnhn vraioqvnçïi# tnebìe# ae8



24

rastnqrnr n oi`jln`çn ae tirì dn lda`tldnda dn aevrasn; vrieizar i oi`maolea`ti ae tidis is `åzals; l`jirenr ondn aevragndi da enàlrn ndnvtndn; dasa`ziczar i oievirtnea`ti oieq`lontlzi a`tra is gara`tas; jnziraoar n a}vrassïi da tidis is aevragndis; dlzqcgnr ns l`lolntlzns a sqoassis dns a~qlvas ì trnbncmi

-CAEI_ A DAC GNQDLI# 266?# v2:6,

Tir~qnti -2662, daja`da ~qa ns vqbclonçñas l`tar`ns dazae lr ncìe dn vrihaçïi dn lengae

aevrasnrlnc# vir sa trntnr da vaçn oa`trnc ì racnoli`nea`ti a`tra jqòli`îrlis a

aevragndiras Ns vqbclonçñas dazae sarzlr n tidis is jcq}is ‟ dasoa`da`ta# nsoa`da`ta a

cntarnc ‟ a ns ea`snga`s vraolsne nbsirzar znrlndis tlvis da entìrlns a oi`taødis# sa`di acns

da onrîtar l`stltqoli`nc# eitlznoli`nc# vrijlssli`nc# adqonoli`nc iq da a`trata`lea`ti# ato

Da noirdi oie is nsvaotis oltndis nolen# Caeis a Dac Gnqdli -266?, nvrasa`tne isvrlòlvnls zaåoqcis hir`ncåstlois aevrasnrlnls8

L`jirentlzi)bicatle8 oievisti vir ìtns a ìtåolns oqrtns# zlsqnc slevcas a da varlidloldnda

va~qa`n Garncea`ta ì qtlclxndi vnrn ìtlolnr jntis ~qa vraolsne da nglcldnda

L`jirentlzi dlgltnc8 vissql onrnotaråstlons saeacmn`tas ni l`jirentlzi)bicatle# ens n

dlstrlbqlçïi ioirra vir eali da oirrali acatrô`loi Vida sar qsndi vnrn oieq`lonçïi oie

dlzarsis vøbclois# ae jq`çïi dn rnvldax a nconòa

Hir`nc8 a}lga enlir acnbirnçïi a l`zastlea`ti# vir lssi n varlidloldnda ì enls asta`dldn I

oi`taødi ta`da n sar bnstn`ta znrlndi vnrn ntl`glr i vøbcloi l`tarì# n jneåcln iq jirendiras

da ivl`lïi

@awscattar8 garncea`ta i oi`taødi ì enls asvaolnclxndi# taens asvaoåjlois vnrn qe vøbcloi

datarel`ndi

Eqrnc8 onrnotarlxn%sa vacn slevcloldnda Noasslblcldnda a jca}lblcldnda sïi zn`tnga`s# vir~qa

ì njl}ndi ae asvnçis vrÿvrlis `ns vnradas# dlzlsÿrlns iq ae onzncatas a vida tar asvnçi

dajl`ldi vnrn l`jirençñas da l`tarassa asvaoåjloi dn îran i`da sarî oiciondi# lòcqslza

entarlnc trnxldi vacis jqòli`îrlis



21

L`trnàt8 jqòli`n oiei i eqrnc acatrô`loi Mî àoassldnda da ntqnclxnçïi leadlntn a

sleqctâàn dns l`jirençñas# nssle oiei lòirvirnçïi da raoqrsis grîjlois ~qa jnolcltae n

oievcaea`tnçïi dns l`jirençñas

Razlstn8 n vridqçïi ì enls sijlstlondn a is l`tarzncis da olroqcnçïi tnebìe sïi enliras

Daza a}vcirnr taens racazn`tas vnrn n irgn`lxnçïi a# ntì easei# oievcaea`tnr oie

nbirdnga`s enls nevcns n l`jirençïi ijaraoldn vacis zaåoqcis enls rîvldis

OD%RIE8 nl`dn viqoi a}vcirndi# ens vida sar qtlclxndi ncìe di sqvirta vnrn is zaåoqcis

trndloli`nls

Vrigrnen da TZ)zådai8 nvasnr dn zn`tngae oieq`lontlzn dn lengae# ì qen jarrnea`tn ~qavraolsn da ncti l`zastlea`ti a n`îclsa oartalrn di vøbcloi nczi# vnrn ~qa n a}lblçïi nconòa is

ibhatlzis asvarndis

Vrigrnen da rîdli8 nvasnr di oqsti da vridqçïi sar enls bnl}i di ~qa i dn TZ ì àoassîrli

tnebìe nznclnr i vøbcloi# vnrn ~qa n oieq`lonçïi sahn asvaoåjlon# oie jirenti# aelssirn a

mirîrli da zaloqcnçïi nda~qndis

Iqtdiir8 enls qtlclxndi vir aevrasns ~qa vissqae grn`da astrqtqrn jåslon Garncea`ta sïinq}lclnras æs onevn`mns da a`dienrkatl`g a jqòli`ne oiei dlzqcgndiras da aza`tis#

baàjåolis# ato

Oason -><<1, ocnssljlon ns jarrnea`tns da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n oiei ensslzn a da

oieq`lonçïi dlrlgldn Is zaåoqcis da oieq`lonçïi ensslzn trn`seltae qen easen

ea`sngae n dlzarsis vøbclois# da jiren sleqctâàn# da`tra is vrlòlvnls dastnon%sa8 hir`nls#

razlstns# aelssirns da rîdli# a TZ# ato Hî is zaåoqcis da oieq`lonçïi dlrlgldn oi`dqxae

l`jirençñas da enàlrn cleltndn# irla`tndn a vnrn qe vøbcloi sacaoli`ndi a mieigèài#ocnssljlondis ae asorltis# irnls# nvri}lentlzis# zlsqnls# nqdltlzis a nqdlizlsqnls

L`dava`da`ta dis zaåoqcis qtlclxndis vacns irgn`lxnçñas# Tir~qnti -2662, omnen nta`çïi vnrn

i jnti da ~qa i enls levirtn`ta ì n olroqcnçïi da l`jirençñas oie ~qncldnda a oradlblcldnda

Tir~qnti clstn nl`dn znciras ~qa dazae irla`tnr ns nçñas da oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc# da`tra



2:

acas8 zardnda# ~qncldnda# a~qlcåbrli# rnvldax# oirdlncldnda a rasvalti# levassincldnda#

q`ljireldnda a oiarèòln# dlraoli`ncldnda a rasvi`snblcldnda siolnc

2.2.2.1 N razlstn oiei jarrnea`tn da dlîcigi

_agq`di Bqaì -266?,# n oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc ì Brnslc vissql eaìs da 21 nìs a#

nvasnr dns aevrasns sa oieq`lonrae dasda n dìondn da ><76# vir eali dis miqsa irgn`s a dn

vqbcloldnda# i ranc sa`tldi dn oieq`lonçïi nl`dn arn dasoi`maoldi Ns nçñas jirne

dasa`ziczldns lsicndnea ta a n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# vrlòlvncea`ta# jqòli`nzn oiei jiren

da nqtirltnrlsei a dasaståeqci ni dlîcigi A`tratn`ti# n oievatltlzldnda siolnc# n vcqrncldnda

earondicÿglon a is l`dlzådqis# ondn zax enls a}lga`tas# tir`nrne àoassîrli qe vrioassi da

oieq`lonçïi enls oievca}i# oie sagqrn`çn `n trn`selssïi da l`jirençñas n tidis isvøbclois# l`tarìs iq a}tarìs

Bqaì dastnon ~qa i tarei miqsa irgn`# n~ql qtlclxndi vnrn –daslg`nr ns vqbclonçñas da qen

irgn`lxnçïi# sibratqdi ns ~qa sa a`daraçne ni vøbcloi l`tarì# dasaeva`mne vnvac

levirtn`ta oiei on`nls da racnoli`nea`ti oie is dlzarsis vøbclois da l`tarassa dn aevrasn―

-BQA@I# 266?# v 247, @i a`tn`ti# vnrn Tir~qnti -><=4,# mî àoassldnda da ibsarznr ns

asvaoljloldndas tìo`lons da ondn vqbclonçïi l`tar`n# i ~qa tir`n i oiòalti miqsa irgn`

qctrnvnssndi `n oieq`lonçïi ntqnc Vnrn i nqtir# ì l`tarassn`ta ibsarznr ondn jarrnea`tn# sahnacn hir`nc# razlstn iq bicatle# da enàlrn lsicndn Oi`tqdi# l`dava`da`taea`ta dn jarrnea`tn

qtlclxndn# ì q`lzarsnc n àoassldnda dns aevrasns ae oi`strqlr dlîcigis oie saqs dlzarsis

vøbclois# ae asvaolnc# oie i vøbcloi l`tarì rasvi`sîzac# ae vrlealri cqgnr# vacn oi`strqçïi

dn lengae a dn ravqtnçïi aevrasnrlnc

N oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dns aevrasns dlsvña# virtn`ti# da dlzarsns jarrnea`tns da

nvrleirnea`ti di dlîcigi a dn trion da l`jirençñas oie i vøbcloi l`tarì @i a`tn`ti# ns

razlstns tèe en`tldi asvnçi levirtn`ta# easei oie i nzn`çi dns taoìciglns>6 VnrnTir~qnti -><=:,# ns jarrnea`tns da oieq`lonçïi# l`dava`da`taea`ta di jirenti# sïi

levrasol`dåzals vnrn i sqoassi dns irgn`lxnçñas8

>6 Da noirdi oie i L`stltqti Zarljlondir da Olroqcnçïi -LZO,# a`tra hqcmi da 26>6 a hq`mi da 26>># n eìdln daolroqcnçïi da razlstns ì Brnslc jil da >?7?1<>< a}aevcnras# qe nqea`ti da 1#>! ae racnçïi æ eìdlnraglstrndn a`tra hqcmi da 266< a hq`mi da 26>6 Dlsvi`åzac ae8 mttv8))wwwn`ntaoirgbr)lzovdj Noassi ae 6=da Daxaebri da 26>>



27

Da slevcas bicatl`s n sijlstlondns razlstns# oie nbirdnga`s dlzarsljlondns iq easeiasvaolnclxndns# acns miha oi`stltqae jarrnea`tn da vrlealrn grn`daxn l`strqea`tnc daoieq`lonçïi dns eidar`ns aevrasns Ì nssle ìs Astndis Q`ldis# i`da assn ntlzldndaoi`siea i asjirçi da elcmnras da asvaolnclstns a qe zicqea saevra orasoa`ta da dÿcnras#`n Aqrivn# i easei ìs ìssis vnåsas cntlì%nearlonìs# i`da n ntlzldnda tae%sadasa`ziczldi n cnrgis vnssis# sahn vacn l`jcqèòln dis jirtas slstaens da oieq`lonçïi dis

grqvis eqctl`noli`nls# sahn vacn zncirlxnçïi a dasa`ziczlea`ti oiòaltqnc dns îrans daoieq`lonçïi# ì âeblti da asoicns a jnoqcdndas -TIR^QNTI# ><=:# v >2,

Vnrn Zlcns Bins -><<:,# ns razlstns vraaòmae is znxlis l`jirentlzis dal}ndis vacns

oibartqrns dis hir`nls dlîrlis# rîdli a tacazlsïi# a vareltae ta}ti enls orlntlzi# ~qa sa

qtlclxne da raoqrsis lòievntåzals oie n zacioldnda di hir`nclsei dlîrli N varlidloldnda ì#

virtn`ti# jntir vravi`darn`ta ni astlci da ta}ti dns razlstns –Ns razlstns jnxae hir`nclsei

dn~qlci ~qa nl`dn astî ae azldèòln ìs ìtlolîrlis# sien`di n astas vas~qlsn# dioqea`tnçïi

a rl~qaxn ta}tqnc Lssi visslblcltn n acnbirnçïi)vridqçïi da qe ta}ti vrnxarisi da car#

rieva`di ns nenrrns dn vndri`lxnçïi oitldln`n― -ZLCN_ BIN_# ><<:# v <,

N vrlealrn razlstn jil vqbclondn ae >::?# `n Ncaen`mn# a# sagq`di _oncxi -266=,# omnenzn%

sa Arbnqcloma%Q`tarradqga` -iq Adljlon`tas Dlsoqssñas Ea`snls, Tnc vqbclonçïi jax aearglr

zîrlns razlstns saeacmn`tas ì eq`di @i a`tn`ti# tnls vqbclonçñas vnraolne%sa enls oie

clzris a n razlstn ~qa enls sa nvri}len di eidaci ntqnc sqrglq ae >7?> `n Jrn`çn# sib i

tåtqci da Ca Earoqra Gncn`t

Ni ci`gi di sìoqci ]L]# ns razlstns oieaçnrne n gn`mnr asvnçi# vrlòlvncea`ta `n Aqrivn a

ìs Astndis Q`ldis# ae rnxïi dn radqçïi ì `øeari da n`ncjnbatis# ncìe di nzn`çi tìo`loi

dns grîjlons _agq`di _oncxi# n dljloqcdnda ì noassi æs ìzns taoìciglns# qsndns ae vasi

vacis hir`nls dlîrlis# nhqdiq n ranjlrenr i onrîtar lìzndir dns razlstns# ~qa vraolsnrne

dasa`ziczar `ntqraxn dljara`ta vnrn sibrazlzar _agq`di n nqtirn# i `nsolea`ti dn Tlea#

vrlealrn razlstn saen`nc da ìtåolns# ae ><2?# ìs Astndis Q`ldis# oi`trlbql da enàlrn

grn`dlisn vnrn i dasa`ziczlea`ti dns razlstns# vir l`nqgqrnr n ldaln dn vqbclonçïi da ìtåolns

saen`nls# di vnås a di eq`di# `nrrndns oiòlsnea`ta a oie ~qncldnda `n nvqrnçïi

@i Brnslc# n mlstÿrln dns razlstns astî ntracndn ni dasa`ziczlea`ti aoi`ôeloi di vnås N

vrlealrn razlstn brnslcalrn sqrga ae >=>2# ae _nczndir# sib i ìea da Ns Znrladndas iq

A`snlis da Cltarntqrn# oie n vrivistn da eistrnr a}trntis dn mlstÿrln n`tlgn a eidar`n#

traomis da nqtiras ocîsslois a rasqeis da zlnga`s Ae >=>?# `nsoa n razlstn I Vntrlitn# n

sagq`dn ì vnås Da noirdi oie _oncxi# n sagea`tnçïi oieaçn n sqrglr ì Brnslc ae >=27#



2=

oie n razlstn Vrivngndir dns Olèòlns Eìdlons @i a`tn`ti# ì ae ><2= ~qa sa l`loln i

dasa`ziczlea`ti dns razlstns ì Vnås# oie n orlnçïi da I Orqxalri Orlndn vaci hir`nclstn

Nssls Omntanqbrln`d# n vqbclonçïi oi`tl`mn grn`das ravirtnga`s a dnzn asvnçi ni

jitihir`nclsei

N vnrtlr dis nìs ><16# ns razlstns tlzarne da sa ral`za`tnr# ae rnxïi dn nzncnòma da ìzns

taoìciglns _agq`di Zlcns Bins -><<:,# ae ><17# i qsi dns oiras vnssiq n zlgirnr ae

razlstns oiei I Orqxalri a Enòmata# oiei jiren da sibravir ns lenga`s ae vrati a brnòi

dn tacazlsïi –N oievatlçïi taoìcÿglon -a vcîstlon, a}lglrî ~qncldnda ae tidis is sa`tldis8

grîjlon# tìo`lon# nrtåstlon# zlsqnc a da ta}ti― -ZLCN_ BIN_# ><<:# v >67, Ntqncea`ta#

sagq`di _oncxi# sïi oiearolnclxndns ì Brnslc# ae eìdln# :66 elcmñas da razlstns vir nì a i

sagea`ti jael`lì ravrasa`tn n enlir jntln di earondi _agq`di Enr~qas -s)d,# i earondiaevrasnrlnc tae l`zastldi tnebìe `ns razlstns oqstielxndns# ~qa vissqae onrnotaråstlons

slelcnras æs trndloli`nls# ens bqsone nta`dar ns àoassldndas asvaoåjlons dns irgn`lxnçñas

hq`ti n saqs vøbclois a}tarìs# n vnrtlr da vcnàhnea`ti astrntìgloi ~qa zlsn ngragnr zncir æ

lengae a æ enron l`stltqoli`nls

@ïi mî jÿreqcn asvaoåjlon vnrn asorazar ae razlstn# ens# vnrn sa dljaraòlnr di hir`nclsei

dlîrli# ns razlstns dazae oievcaea`tnr i oi`taødi# hî vqbclondi vir acas# oie n`gqcnçïi

dljara`ta a# nl`dn enls# asvaoåjlon# vir eali da cl`gqngae a astlci vrÿvrlis# ci`ga dns nenrrnstrndloli`nls Oi`jirea i nqtir# daza%sa tar nta`çïi ni rltei# æ ocnraxn a æ oiòlsïi# vils

nva`ns n ntqncldnda ì l`sqjlola`ta ì hir`nclsei da razlstn Zlcns Bins dastnon# nl`dn# n

levirtâòln di taevari a dn ti`ncldnda ì ta}ti engnxlà# vils varelta# nbartnea`ta#

l`tarvratnr i jnti a oi`strqlr qen bin mlstÿrln –@n razlstn tarî qen bin mlstÿrln# bae

n`nclsndn a l`tarvratndn# i ta}ti ~qa `ïi dasvraxnr oartis raoqrsis oistqealris a àe vir lssi

eaìs racazn`tas― -ZLCN_ BIN_# ><<:# v >7,

Vactxar -><<2, dastnon ~qa ns razlstns a}vcirne eqlti bae is raoqrsis zlsqnls Ncìe dlssi#sagq`di i nqtir# is vrlealris acaea`tis n omnenr n nta`çïi di caltir# ae qen vîgl`n da

hir`nc iq da razlstn# sïi is l`jigrîjlois a ns jitis a# nva`ns ae taroalri cqgnr# is tåtqcis

Dljara`taea`ta dis hir`nls levrassis# ns razlstns `ïi tèe oiei l`tarassa jnxar n oibartqrn da

tidis is nssq`tis di eiea`ti# vils saq dlsoqrsi ì enls rajca}lzi a i oi`taødi# garncea`ta# ì

jirendi vir entìrlns jrlns



2<

_agq`di Tir~qnti -><=7,# i oi`taødi dns razlstns aevrasnrlnls dlzlda%sa ae dils grqvis8

l`jirençñas sibra n irgn`lxnçïi a l`jirençñas sibra is jqòli`îrlis Ns entìrlns rajara`tas

ni l`tarassa dis aevragndis sïi nssle dlzldldns vir Tir~qnti8

Entìrlns ratrnti8 sïi n~qacns –tlvi varjlc―;

Entìrlns davnrtnea`tnls8 àcns# qe eaebri da saçïi iq davnrtnea`ti dn aevrasn

tir`n%sa ibhati dn ravirtngae;

Entìrlns da lcqstrnçïi8 sïi entìrlns ae ~qa i nssq`ti `ïi tae clgnçïi oie n

aevrasn oiei tqrlsei# olèòln# eadlol`n# oldndas# ato;

Entìrlns irla`tndirns8 n~qacns ~qa irla`tne i oicnbirndir sibra l`jirençñas

dlzarsns a ntaevirnls;

Entìrlns da a`trata`lea`ti8 dlstrnae i caltir# oie vlndns a ~qndrl`mis; Entìrlns nssiolntlzns8 n~qacns ~qa vrieizae ntlzldndas siolnls iq oieq`ltîrlns a

~qa a}aroae qe vnvac levirtn`ta `n l`tarnçïi dis ~qndris siolnls

Ns razlstns bqsone oiàotnr is noi`taolea`tis a ijaraoar zlsïi enls vrijq`dn dn rancldnda#

iq sahn# di jnti# i ~qa azldaòln n àoassldnda da bin nbirdngae Njl`nc# easei dln`ta da

dlngrnençñas a}ocqslzns a acnbirndns# tåtqcis sa`snoli`nls a oirtas jitigrîjlois# n

oradlblcldnda astî `n enàlrn oiei i jnti ì trn`seltldi Dljara`taea`ta di hir`nclsei dlîrli#

ns razlstns vissqae ta}ti ~qa `ïi a}lga rnvldax `n caltqrn a ns vncnzrns vidae sar qsndns oie

sa`tldis oiìtntlzis Ncìe dlssi# Zlcns Bins dastnon ~qa i ta}ti da razlstn asoi`da qen

ta`dèòln8 `ïi a}lsta levnrolncldnda titnc ae saqs ta}tis# vils mî lòcl`nçïi vnrn n ta`dèòln

dis caltiras# di vøbcloi nczi

_oncxi -266=, dastnon ~qa# dasda i vrlòåvli# ns razlstns ta`dae n jqòli`nr oiei n

njlrençïi da dils onel`mis8 adqonçïi a a`trata`lea`ti# a `ïi siea`ta oiei zaåoqci

ìtlolisi Ncìe dlssi# n sagea`tnçïi ì vnrta dn assèòln di zaåoqci# vils sa snba# a}ntnea`ta#

i vøbcloi nczi

Razlstn qà a jq`da a`trata`lea`ti# adqonçïi# sarzlçi a l`tarvratnçïi dis noi`taolea`tisVissql eaìs l`jirençïi ì sa`tldi ocîssloi -ns –ìtåolns ~qa`tas―, a enls l`jirençïivassinc -n~qacn ~qa znl nhqdnr i caltir ae sqa oitldlnì# ae sqn zldn vrîtlon, -_ONCXI#266=# v >1,



?6

_agq`di Enr~qas -s)d,# ns onrnotaråstlons dns razlstns sïi nclndns dn oieq`lonçïi

irgn`lxnoli`nc# vir sa trntnr da zaåoqcis oie jioi ì caltir# vrihati adltirlnc sagea`tndi#

enlir varlidloldnda a clbardnda ta}tqnc Vnrn i nqtir# ns razlstns aevrasnrlnls dazae astnr ae

sl`ti`ln oie ns àoassldndas dns vassins ~qa trnbncmne `n irgn`lxnçïi# jiràoa`di#

slstaentlonea`ta# l`jirençñas vraolsns a ntqnclxndns# oie n tnrajn da ngragnr zncir a

oi`trlbqlr vnrn n ibta`çïi da rasqctndis a vnrn i oqevrlea`ti dn elssïi dn irgn`lxnçïi# da

eidi n gnrn`tlr zlslblcldnda nis znciras irgn`lxnoli`nls a æ oqctqrn oirvirntlzn

2.2.2.: Ea`sqrn`di rasqctndis

_agq`di Civas -s)d,# is vrijlssli`nls da oieq`lonçïi vraolsne astnr nta`tis æ àoassldnda da

nvrasa`tnr rasqctndis Njl`nc# i earondi a}lga ~qa tidn îran oi`sldarndn astrntìglon# a oievrioassis da gastïi# daei`stra i ~qn`ti ns vrîtlons nq}lclne ns irgn`lxnçñas ì nconòa da

saqs ibhatlzis da àgÿoli Civas oiirdaìq qe dis viqois astqdis sibra ea`sqrnçïi da

rasqctndis ae oieq`lonçïi a# oiei oiòcqsïi# dastnon ~qa n lengae a n ravqtnçïi dn

aevrasn `ïi sïi varoabldns oiei rasqctndis dns nçñas da oieq`lonçïi oirvirntlzn# ens sle

is jntiras clgndis æ oievatltlzldnda

Dns aevrasns a`trazlstndns vacn nqtirn# n enlirln nvi`tiq ~qa n a}vislçïi `n eådln a i

å`dloa da raoncc sïi is vrlòlvnls l`dlondiras qtlclxndis vnrn ea`sqrnr rasqctndis dnoieq`lonçïi Nl`dn sagq`di n vas~qlsn da Civas# viqons irgn`lxnçñas njlrenrne racnoli`nr

is rasqctndis da iqtris davnrtnea`tis# oiei nqea`ti di `øeari da za`dns a jaomnea`ti da

oi`trntis# oie i trnbncmi da gastïi dn lengae a da racnoli`nea`ti oie is vøbclois da

l`tarassa dn irgn`lxnçïi ranclxndi vacn oieq`lonçïi

Vnrn Civas# n ea`sqrnçïi dns nçñas da oieq`lonçïi astî oa`trndn# `n enlirln dns aevrasns#

`n nznclnçïi dis vridqtis oieq`lonoli`nls a `n ajloîoln di vrioassi oieq`lonoli`nc Ae

oartis onsis# tnebìe vir eali dn eqdn`çn da oievirtnea`ti# ntltqda a ivl`lïi dis vøbcloisastrntìglois dn irgn`lxnçïi# sae# ì a`tn`ti# jnxè%ci oie varlidloldnda

Tir~qnti -><=:, vrivña ~qa n oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc# nssle oiei n oieq`lonçïi da

enssn# vraioqva%sa ae ea`sqrnr is rasqctndis vacn ÿtlon ~qncltntlzn# vils n ìtåoln

aevrasnrlnc tnebìe vnssn vaci vrioassi da sacaçïi dis l`dlzådqis Tnc njlrençïi razacn ~qa

n ea`sqrnçïi# vnrn is zaåoqcis da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# daza lr ncìe dis vi`tis oltndis



?>

nolen# vils i l`tarassa dis l`dlzådqis vir tnc vqbclonçïi bnsaln%sa `n bngngae vnrtloqcnr da

ondn eaebri dn nqdlèòln Njl`nc# i vøbcloi dn irgn`lxnçïi ì tnebìe vøbcloi da ncgi enlir#

~qa tae zldn nvÿs n irgn`lxnçïi# i ~qa jnziraoa nl`dn enls n bqson vaci oi`maolea`ti a

vri}leldnda dassa vøbcloi nczi –Ì enls qen zax noi`sacmîzac ~qa sa ta`mn i enlir

oi`maolea`ti vissåzac sibra i saq vøbcloi# vnrn ~qa n qtlclxnçïi da tidis is raoqrsis dn

oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc vissn sar n enls ajlola`ta vissåzac― -TIR^QNTI# ><=:# v 27,

Ncìe dns trndloli`nls vas~qlsns da ivl`lïi# Tir~qnti -><=:, dastnon ~qa tnebìe ì

levirtn`ta dnr nta`çïi nis l`dlontlzis da dasl`tarassa vacis zaåoqcis# oiei oiea`tîrlis

viqoi aciglisis a nbn`diì dn caltqrn Vnrn i nqtir# qen oieq`lonçïi ajlola`ta dava`da

l`talrnea`ta di oi`maolea`ti ~qa i caltir tae dn dlea`sïi dn ea`sngae trn`seltldn @ae

easei ns radas l`jirenls da oieq`lonçïi da`tri dns aevrasns vidae sar dasonrtndns# vilsta`dae n sar l`dåolis a l`dlontlzis da eacmirlns ì vrioassi oieq`lonoli`nc

Civas dastnon# nl`dn# ~qa qen ta`dèòln vnrn jnolcltnr i vrioassi da ea`sqrnçïi dn

oieq`lonçïi ì n racnçïi dis rasqctndis ibtldis vir iqtrns îrans ae ~qa mî enlir

visslblcldnda da ~qn`tljlonçïi dis dndis oie i trnbncmi ranclxndi vacn oieq`lonçïi# oiei

vir a}aevci# ~qn`di mî nqea`ti `ns za`dns a ntracn%sa tnc oi`~qlstn æ datarel`ndn nçïi di

satir da oieq`lonçïi# enrkatl`g iq vqbcloldnda N nqtirn dastnon# vir jle# ~qa n rancldnda

zlzaòlndn vacn enlirln dns aevrasns dltn ~qa n oieq`lonçïi sa rastrl`hn n nznclnr isvridqtis a i vrioassi oieq`lonoli`nc oiei qe rajca}i di varjlc irgn`lxnoli`nc @assn

rancldnda# n oieq`lonçïi `ïi ì oi`sldarndn astrntìglon a ns irgn`lxnçñas `ïi oi`sagqae

zlscqebrnr ns oi`trlbqlçñas ~qa acn vida trnxar



?2

? OIEQ@LONÇÏI A EITLZNÇÏI

?.> Eitlznçïi8 oiòaltis a tairlns

I sar mqenì# ae garnc# zlza da aståeqcis a# sagq`di Maccar -><<<,# n eitlznçïi ì n jirçn

~qa i astleqcn n nglr Ribbl`s -266<, dajlà eitlznçïi oiei n dlsvislçïi vnrn jnxar ncgi# n

jle da sntlsjnxar qen àoassldnda l`dlzldqnc8 ì i vrioassi rasvi`sîzac vacn l`ta`sldnda#

dlraçïi a varslstèòln dis asjirçis da qen vassin vnrn i nconòa da datarel`ndn eatn Tnc

dajl`lçïi bnsaln%sa `n tairln eitlznoli`nc enls oi`maoldn8 n tairln dn mlarnr~qln da

àoassldndas da Nbrnmne Ensciw Da noirdi oie Ribbl`s# n dìondn da ><16 jil qe varåidi

da l`ta`si dasa`ziczlea`ti ìs astqdis sibra eitlznçïi# ~qa# aebirn eqlti ~qastli`ndns#tlzarne oi`trlbqlçïi slg`ljlontlzn

N tairln da Ensciw varelta l`jarlr i ~qa eitlzn ondn vassin# vir eali di vrlòåvli bîsloi dn

eitlznçïi8 –qen àoassldnda sntlsjaltn `ïi ì qe eitlzndir da oievirtnea`ti―

-CNOIEBA# 2661, I eidaci sqgara ~qa ns vassins tèe qe oi`hq`ti da olòi ontagirlns da

àoassldndas8 jlslicÿglons# da sagqrn`çn# siolnls# astlen a da nqtirranclxnçïi _agq`di

Cnoieba# i ~qa eitlzn ns vassins sïi ns àoassldndas l`sntlsjaltns# vils# æ eadldn ~qa qen

àoassldnda ì snolndn# iqtrns aeargae a vnssne n sar vrlirltîrlns# aebirn à`mqen hnenlssahn sntlsjaltn vir oievcati

Jlgqrn 2 % Mlarnr~qln da àoassldndas da Ensciw

Ji`ta8 -Omlnza`nti# 266<# v >=4,



??

Is dils vrlealris `åzals da àoassldndas vrivistis vir Ensciw ‟ jlslicÿglons a da sagqrn`çn

‟ oi`stltqae àoassldndas vrleîrlns; ns daenls ‟ siolnls# astlen a da nqtirranclxnçïi ‟

slebiclxne ns àoassldndas saoq`dîrlns Tnc dlzlsïi vnrta dn vraelssn da ~qa ns àoassldndas

vrleîrlns sïi# ~qnsa saevra# sntlsjaltns a}tar`nea`ta# a`~qn`ti ns àoassldndas saoq`dîrlns#

l`tar`nea`ta

Is astqdis da Ensciw l`jcqaòlnrne Dnzld EoOcaccn`d# nqtir dn tairln oi`taevirâàn dns

àoassldndas N tairln vrivña n a}lstèòln da nva`ns très ontagirlns da àoassldndas a tae

ìrtandi is astqdis ntqnls# vrlòlvncea`ta# sibra eitlznçïi ì trnbncmi _agq`di Ribbl`s

-266<,# ns ontagirlns sïi nssle dlzldldns8

@aoassldnda da ranclxnçïi8 onrnotarlxn%sa vacn zi`tnda da ncon`çnr qe ibhatlzi ~qaa}lhn sqvarnçïi a asjirçi I jioi ì ntl`glr sqoassi;

@aoassldnda da vidar8 mî i dasahi da l`jcqaòlnr vassins a tir`nr%sa rasvi`sîzac vaci

oievirtnea`ti dacns N jl`ncldnda ì a}aroar l`jcqèòln sibra i grqvi;

@aoassldnda da nssiolnçïi8 dasahi da astnbacaoar racnoli`nea`tis bae

jq`dnea`tndis# vrÿ}leis a da onrîtar nelgîzac# n jle da oiivarnr a gnrn`tlr

oievraa`sïi eøtqn

Omlnza`nti -266<, njlren ~qa# nvasnr dis l`øearis astqdis sibra eitlznçïi# ì dljåolc dajl`lr

oie a}ntldïi i oiòalti n sar qtlclxndi Ae garnc# i nqtir dajlà eitlznçïi oiei tqdi n~qlci

~qa levqcsli`n n vassin n nglr da datarel`ndn jiren# iq irlgl`n qe oievirtnea`ti

asvaoåjloi# vida`di i levqcsi sar vriziondi vir aståeqci a}tarì -di nebla`ta, iq sar

garndi –l`tar`nea`ta―# ìs vrioassis ea`tnls di l`dlzådqi

?.>.> N oi`strqçïi di dlsoqrsi eitlznoli`nc

I mieae vrleltlzi `ïi oievraa`dln n ~qastïi eitlznoli`nc oiei vribcaen# vils tidi i

oievirtnea`ti mqenì arn ntrlbqådi æs ora`çns eåstlons Oi`tqdi# ì l`åoli di sìoqci ]]#

is astqdis da Wlccln` Eo Diqgncc darne æ eitlznçïi enlir è`jnsa `n bqson vacn

oievraa`sïi di oievirtnea`ti mqenì Oi`jirea Omlnza`nti -266<,# oie i vnssnr dis



?4

nìs# n eitlznçïi tae sa trn`sjirendi ae vrngeîtloi l`strqea`ti onvnx da l`jcqaòlnr i

oievirtnea`ti mqenì

Da noirdi oie Bargnel`l -><<7,# i l`tarassa vacn eitlznçïi mqen`n vida sar ibsarzndi hî

`ns ibrns dis vrlealris va`sndiras dn mqen`ldnda @i a`tn`ti# ns tairlns eitlznoli`nls

jirne oiòabldns n vnrtlr da dndis astntåstlois ~qa# eqltns zaxas# `ïi a}vclone# rancea`ta# i

~qa oi`stltql qe sar mqenì eitlzndi _agq`di n nqtirn# i enlir a~qåzioi dis astqdis ì

varoabar i sar mqenì lsicndi da sqn a}lstèòln a onrnotaråstlons l`dlzldqnls# hî ~qa n

eitlznçïi astî vir trîs da qen grn`da znrladnda da nsvaotis oievirtnea`tnls dns vassins

Omrlst| -s)d,# nssle oiei Bargnel`l# ncartn vnrn a~qåziois aòi`trndis ì dlsoqrsi

eitlznoli`nc _agq`di n nqtirn# i sa`si oieqe tae nvrasa`tndi sicqçñas sqvarjlolnls vnrnis vribcaens eitlznoli`nls# ~qa ensonrne is sl`tiens vrijq`dis# nonrratndis vacn

daseitlznçïi Vnrn Omrlst|# is vrlòlvnls eltis dn eitlznçïi sïi8

>. Jnçn i ~qa gistn a zioè sa sa`tlrî eitlzndi. N eitlznçïi dava`da da eatns a

ibhatlzis jqtqris# virtn`ti# sqoassi slg`ljlon# eqltns zaxas# jnxar i ~qa `ïi gistn

Vassins bae sqoadldns tèe dlsvislçïi a `ïi icmne# nva`ns# vnrn i vrasa`ta# sïi

eizldns vacn zi`tnda da oi`~qlstnr# sae sa levirtnr ae ranclxnr ntlzldndas

dasngrndîzals ì vrasa`ta

2. Ì vissåzac eitlznr i iqtri. @l`gqìe eitlzn `l`gqìe a ns aevrasns tèe vardldi

taevi va`sn`di ~qa is omnendis –gqrqs eitlznoli`nls― oi`sagqae vrieizar n

eitlznçïi dis jqòli`îrlis

?. Dl`malri ì qe jirta jntir eitlznoli`nc. N eitlznçïi vaci dl`malri ì vnssngalrn#

vils ncìe da astnr clgndn n raoieva`sn# hî ~qa `n nqsèòln n eitlznçïi nonbnrî#

tnebìe `ïi onqsn a`tqslnsei# ì nrtljlolnc

4. N eitlznçïi ì i rasqctndi dn sntlsjnçïi. Trnbncmnr ae qe nebla`ta dasngrndîzac

garn daseitlznçïi# ens n sntlsjnçïi `ïi ì sl`ô`lei da eitlznçïi N ta`dèòln ì ~qa

~qn`di mî sntlsjnçïi vca`n mnhn tnebìe daseitlznçïi



?1

Bargnel`l -><<7,# njlren ~qa easei dln`ta dns dlzarsns tairlns eitlznoli`nls a}lsta`tas# `ïi

mnzln# n`tas dn Razicqçïi L`dqstrlnc# vraioqvnçïi ae snbar i ~qa eitlznzn ns vassins#

vrlòlvncea`ta# ì nebla`ta da trnbncmi @i a`tn`ti# oie ns ìtîzals trn`sjirençñas ì

earondi eq`dlnc# ns irgn`lxnçñas eidljlonrne n enàlrn da a`ta`dar i vnvac dasaeva`mndi

vacns vassins# dadlon`di taevi a asjirçis ni a`ta`dlea`ti di dlsoqrsi eitlznoli`nc ì

nebla`ta aevrasnrlnc

?.>.2 Eitlznçïi ì nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc

_agq`di Bargnel`l -><<7,# n`tas dn Razicqçïi L`dqstrlnc# n ldaln da eitlznçïi oi`slstln ae

nvclonr vq`lçñas# n jle da oi`~qlstnr i ibhatlzi dasahndi vacn irgn`lxnçïi Ens# oie i

nzn`çi dn l`døstrln# tirìq%sa àoassîrli nqea`tnr n ajlolèòln dn vridqçïi# i ~qa jnziraoaqi lòa`tlzi jl`nòalri oiei ìzn jarrnea`tn eitlznoli`nc Oie lssi# vnssnrne n sar

qtlclxndns –jirens da oi`trica sibra is sqbnctarìs vnrn ~qa sa oi`sagqlssa jnxè%cis [is

jqòli`îrlisU ntl`glr `åzals vradatarel`n`tas da vridqtlzldnda― -BARGNEL@L# ><<7# v 26,

Vnrn n nqtirn# n ldaln da raoieva`sn jl`nòalrn dal}iq is grn`das va`sndiras dn ìvion

oi`zlotis da ~qa tl`mne dasoievclondi n oiòavçïi mqen`n# ni noradltnr ~qa i vribcaen dn

eitlznçïi astnzn rasiczldi

Drqokar>>

-><77# oltndi vir BARGNEL@L# ><<7, n`nclsn n varzarsldnda dassa tlvi daastrntìgln# vils is lòa`tlzis aoi`ôelois zïi sa tir`n`di dlraltis# ae zax da raoieva`sns

Eqrracc -><7:, njlren ~qa Jradarlok Wl`sciw Tn|cir# orlndir dn Tairln dn Ndel`lstrnçïi

Ola`tåjlon# noradltnzn `n levirtâòln di dl`malri oiei garndir da eitlznçïi @i a`tn`ti#

nvasnr di a~qåzioi# Eqrracc oi`sldarn ~qa is astqdis da Tn|cir oi`trlbqårne vnrn i ~qa sa

oievraa`da oiei eitlznçïi ìs dlns ntqnls# vir nssagqrnr n vrisvarldnda di aevragndi

_agq`di Bargnel`l# ns tairlns bnsandns ae raoieva`sns –[U oi`dqxae æ ora`çn da ~qa ns

vassins astïi vrasns n saqs onrgis dazldi n qe slstaen da raoieva`sns a}tar`ns# `ïi vir~qavissne astnr l`trl`saonea`ta eitlzndns vir n~qlci ~qa jnxae― -BARGNEL@L# ><<7# v 1?,

Nl`dn sagq`di n nqtirn# i slstaen da raoieva`sn oi`sagqa qen sqbelssïi taevirîrln# vils#

æ eadldn ~qa is vrèelis `ïi sïi enls sqjlola`tas# n vistqrn zictn n sar znxln da zncir a

oievrielssi dajl`ltlzi

>> DRQOKAR# Vatar I jntir mqenì a dasaeva`mi _ïi Vnqci8 Vliàlrn# ><<>



?:

Ribbl`s -266<, dastnon# tnebìe# n tairln dn mlglaà%eitlznçïi# tnebìe omnendn da tairln

da dils jntiras# vrivistn vir Jradarlok Marxbarg# ~qa oi`slsta# bnslonea`ta# `n a}lstèòln da

dils tlvis da jntiras a}tarìs ni l`dlzådqi8 is jntiras nebla`tnls -mlglè`lois,# ~qa `ïi

eitlzne is aevragndis# ens ~qa# sa itlelxndis# azltne n l`sntlsjnçïi; a is jntiras l`tarìs

ni l`dlzådqi# clgndis æ `ntqraxn dn ntlzldnda ~qa sïi oi`sldarndis eitlzndiras vir trnxarae

sntlsjnçïi ni aevragndi

Jlgqrn ? % Tairln da dils jntiras da Marxbarg

Ji`ta8 Ribbl`s# 266<# v 1>

_agq`di Ribbl`s# is jntiras ~qa cazne æ sntlsjnçïi ì trnbncmi sïi dljara`tas a

l`dava`da`tas dn~qacas ~qa cazne æ l`sntlsjnçïi a# nvasnr dns oråtlons# n tairln da Marxbarg ì

jirtaea`ta oi`maoldn a`tra is a}aoqtlzis –Eqlti di a`tqslnsei l`lolnc ae zncirlxnr i

trnbncmi# vareltl`di ~qa is jqòli`îrlis ta`mne enls rasvi`snblcldnda ì vcnàhnea`ti a

oi`trica di vrÿvrli trnbncmi# vida sar# ae bin vnrta# ntrlbqådi æs dasoibartns a

raoiea`dnçñas da Marxbarg― -RIBBL@_# 266<# v 12,

Ns vrivistns da eitlznçïi oltndns# ntì a`tïi# sïi oi`sldarndns jncmns vir Bargnel`l -><<7,#

vils n racnçïi di sar mqenì oie i trnbncmi ì enls oievca}n di ~qa sa nvrasa`tn Njl`nc# ì

ncgi ~qa eiza ns vassins Miha# i enls levirtn`ta `ïi ì snbar i ~qa jnxar vnrn eitlznr# ens

nditnr raoqrsis ~qa `ïi sqji~qae ns eitlznçñas l`dlzldqnls

Da`tri da qen varsvaotlzn enls nbrn`ga`ta# is eidacis da ndel`lstrnçïi oi`sldarne istrnbncmndiras oiei l`dlzådqis ~qa sa eistrne eitlzndis vir qe oi`hq`ti enls oievca}ida jntiras# ~qa vir sqn zax# gqnrdne oirracnçñas a`tra sl Ncìe dlssi# oieaçn%sa n ndeltlr#oiei vi`ti da vnrtldn# ns rastrlçñas levistns vacns dljara`çns l`dlzldqnls ae sltqnçñas da



?7

trnbncmi Nssle sa`di# ì jirçisi noaltnr ~qa dljara`tas vassins bqs~qae dljara`tasibhatlzis eitlznoli`nls ni sa a`gnhnrae ae datarel`ndi tlvi da trnbncmi -BARGNEL@L#><<7# v 2?,

Ribbl`s -266<, oi`sldarn ~qa i aevragndir vraioqvndi ae eitlznr sqn a~qlva daza

raoi`maoar ns dljara`çns l`dlzldqnls# nda~qnr ns vassins ni trnbncmi# astnbacaoar eatns a

ibhatlzis ntl`gåzals# vcnàhnr bae i trnbncmi# l`dlzldqnclxnr ns raoieva`sns a dlstrlbqå%cns ae

rnxïi di dasaeva`mi# nssle oiei nznclnr n hqstlçn di slstaen Nis viqois# n sioladnda tae

varoabldi n àoassldnda da oi`sldarnr n vassin ae sqn titncldnda –Is ndel`lstrndiras a

sqvarzlsiras vnssnrne# a`tïi# n vrioqrnr jnxar oie ~qa is aevragndis sa`tlssae n sqn

qtlcldnda a levirtâòln vassinc ì trnbncmi― -BARGNEL@L# ><<7# v 2>, I trnbncmndir

vraolsn tar sqns àoassldndas raoi`maoldns# a`~qn`ti l`dlzådqi ~qa jnx vnrta da qe grqvi

siolnc# vils i nta`dlea`ti dassns àoassldndas sqbstltql i ajalti dns raoieva`sns

_agq`di Maccar -><<<,# oartns astrntìglns vidae sar nditndns vacns irgn`lxnçñas oie i

ibhatlzi da eitlznr is jqòli`îrlis# vir eali dis omnendis –jntiras eitlznoli`nls― Vnrn i

nqtir# –is jntiras eitlznoli`nls sïi oi`strqådis n vnrtlr di orasolea`ti a dn nqti%ranclxnçïi

~qa ondn eaebri di grqvi a}trnl da sqns tnrajns― -MACCAR# ><<<# v >>, Nl`dn sagq`di i

nqtir# dacagnr rasvi`snblcldndas vida a`rl~qaoar ns tnrajns dn a~qlva

^qndri > % Jntiras eitlzndiras onvnxas da garnr sntlsjnçïi

^qnls sïi Vir ~qa jqòli`ne

Oi`~qlstns

Ncon`çnr iq qctrnvnssnr is ibhatlzis da qen tnrajn levirtn`ta

a`zicza qe levqcsi mqenì bîsloi Trntn%sa da qe jirta eitlzndir a

da qen rlon ji`ta da sntlsjnçïi

Nzn`çis

Vrieiçñas a vrèelis vacns oi`~qlstns sïi eqlti levirtn`tas

Vriznzacea`ta# i enlir jntir da eitlznçïi vnrn qen vassin ì sa`tlr n

visslblcldnda da vrigrassi _ahn miàsti ~qn`ti æs omnòas ranls da

ondn jqòli`îrli

L`tarassa

Tar qe trnbncmi ~qa ijaraoa sntlsjnçïi vnrn ns vassins# a vnrn i grqvi

oiei qe tidi# oi`stltql qen jirçn eitlznoli`nc levirtn`ta Da`tri

di vissåzac# ns tnrajns dazae oi`sldarnr is l`tarassas l`dlzldqnls

Raoi`maolea`tiI raoi`maolea`ti dns oi`~qlstns vacis sqvarliras ì nctnea`ta

eitlznoli`nc# vils nhqdn n jirtncaoar n nqtiastlen Vnrn eqltis



?=

jqòli`îrlis# i raoi`maolea`ti tae i zncir da qen raoieva`sn

jl`nòalrn

Rasvi`snblcldnda

N visslblcldnda da a}aroar n nqtirldnda a i vidar a}lga ns

onvnoldndas da oien`di# da oirrar rlsois a da nqtigastïi Tidis

assas acaea`tis astleqcne n nqtiastlen a eitlzne ~qa nssqea ìzns

rasvi`snblcldndas

Ji`ta8 Maccar# ><<<# v >>

Maccar -><<<, nvrasa`tn# ae oi`trnvnrtldn# jntiras bîslois ~qa vidae garnr daseitlznçïi# sa

`ïi nta`dldis vacns irgn`lxnçñas _ïi acas8 sncîrlis a baàjåolis; oi`dlçñas da trnbncmi;

vicåtlon dn aevrasn; stntqs; sagqrn`çn di trnbncmi; sqvarzlsïi a nqtiìeln; zldn vrijlssli`nc

a zldn vassinc Ribbl`s -266<, l`dlon ~qa onba nis ndel`lstrndiras vriviroli`nr qe oclen

ngrndîzac a snqdîzac vnrn is jqòli`îrlis# da enàlrn ~qa acas vissne ranclxnr saq trnbncmi

oie vridqtlzldnda a qe grnq eå`lei da neblgqldnda ae racnçïi ni ~qa oi`stltql ns ìrens

dn aevrasn Ncìe dlssi# Maccar dastnon ~qa ~qn`ti enls ivçñas da jntiras eitlznoli`nls

jirae ijaraoldis vacns irgn`lxnçñas# enls omnòa da a~qlvas rancea`ta eitlzndns

?.2 Raoqrsis Mqenìs oiei nclndis dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

_agq`di Cnoieba -2661,# ns irgn`lxnçñas hî noaltnrne n levirtâòln dns vassins a n

àoassldnda da ndel`lstrî%cns# dljara`taea`ta di vnssndi# ~qn`di i jioi arn n taoìcigln dis

vridqtis# i earondi a is raoqrsis jl`nòalris Omlnza`nti -266<, dlzlda n azicqçïi mlstÿrlon

dis Raoqrsis Mqenìs ae très jnsas8 n –Arn dn L`dqstrlnclxnçïi Ocîsslon―# da ><66 n ><16#

~qn`di vradielìq i jirenti oa`trnclxndir dns ragrns a ragqcnea`tis l`tarìs Ns vassins

arne oi`sldarndns# nssle oiei ns eî~ql`ns# raoqrsis da vridqçïi

N sagq`dn jnsa ì n –Arn dn L`dqstrlnclxnçïi @aiocîsslon―# da ><16 n ><<6 @assn atnvn#

aocidlrne is oi`jcltis a`tra vricatnrlndi a irgn`lxnçïi# ~qa azldaòlnrne n àoassldnda da

qe vrijlssli`nc onvnx da garaòlnr eqdn`çns @i a`tn`ti# nvasnr dns aevrasns tarae

oieaçndi n orlnr is davnrtnea`tis da Raoqrsis Mqenìs# i vrlòåvli arn i easei dn arn

l`dqstrlnc Jil n vnrtlr dn dìondn da ><=6 ~qa oieaçnrne n sqrglr ìzns tìo`lons a tairlns

garaòlnls# ~qa irlgl`nrne n taroalrn jnsa8 n –Arn dn L`jirençïi― Oie n gcibnclxnçïi# ns

vassins vnssnrne n sar zlstns oiei saras l`taclga`tas# oi`maoadiras# mnblcldisis# oie

varsi`ncldndas a nsvlrnçñas @n arn dn l`jirençïi# n ndel`lstrnçïi da raoqrsis mqenìs



?<

nssqea ìzi vnvac8 `ïi sa trntn enls da ndel`lstrnr vassins# ens da ndel`lstrnr oie vassins#

is ìzis vnroalris dn irgn`lxnçïi

_agq`di Omlnza`nti -266<,# n gastïi da raoqrsis mqenìs oi`slsta ae vcnàhnr# irgn`lxnr a

oiirda`nr tìo`lons onvnxas da vrieizar i dasaeva`mi ajlola`ta di vassinc# vir eali da qe

oi`hq`ti da vrlòåvlis a ragrns ~qa irla`tne ns daolsñas a oi`dqxae ns dljara`tas ntlzldndas

dn aevrasn Vnrn i nqtir# tnebìe onba nis Raoqrsis Mqenìs n ndel`lstrnçïi da oi`jcltis

l`tarvassinls# àoassldnda ~qa tae noacarndi n racnçïi a`tra i satir a n oieq`lonçïi Ribbl`s

-266<, dastnon ~qa is vrlòlvnls oi`jcltis di nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc sïi onqsndis vir

vribcaens n oieq`lonçïi

I nqtir vi`darn ~qa# nvasnr dns dlzarsns ntlzldndas ~qa n irgn`lxnçïi vida nditnr# zlsn`dioi`~qlstnr is oicnbirndiras# eacmirnr i oclen l`tarì a en`tar n ~qncldnda dis saqs sarzlçis#

à`mqen dacns sarî sqjlola`ta sa is jqòli`îrlis `ïi astlzarae a`gnhndis a oievnrtlcmn`di

ibhatlzis oieq`s Vnrn qen oieq`lonçïi ajlonx# n îran da Raoqrsis Mqenìs daza# ncìe da

qtlclxnr is dlzarsis on`nls dlsvi`lblclxndis vacn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# nvclonr jaadbnok >2# vils

–eqltis vribcaens da oieq`lonçïi vidae sar ntrlbqådis n a~qåziois `n oievraa`sïi dn

ea`sngae a æ jnctn da vraolsïi― -RIBBL@_# 266<# v >1>,

Vnrn Maccar -><<<,# i ldanc ì ~qa tidis snlbne sibra i ~qa njatn# dlratn a l`dlratnea`ta# nsntlzldndas dn aevrasn# bqson`di azltnr bintis onvnxas da garnr daseitlznçïi ni trnbncmi

_agq`di i nqtir# n aevrasn daza sa vraioqvnr ae8 oieq`lonr is jntis l`tarìs oie rnvldax;

aòirnhnr n a~qlva vnrn n tiendn da daolsñas; nvrizaltnr is raoqrsis dlsvi`åzals vacn

taoìcigln; astleqcnr n oi`zarsn a i dabnta a# vrlòlvncea`ta# bqsonr oievraa`dar ns

àoassldndas a eitlznçñas vrÿvrlns da ondn l`dlzådqi

?.2.> Lda`tljlonçïi dns daen`dns l`dlzldqnls a)iq oicatlzns

Oi`jirea Omlnza`nti -266<,# ns vassins tèe àoassldndas vrÿvrlns a l`dlzldqnls# ~qa

vrizione# levqcsli`ne a l`jcqaòlne va`snea`tis# nçñas a oievirtnea`tis Vnrn i nqtir# n

eitlznçïi ì l`tar`n a ondn vassin vida sa`tlr a varoabar saqs eitlzis# nsvlrnçñas#

>2 Jaadbnok ì i vrioassi da oieq`lonçïi# l`dlzldqnc iq oicatlzi# ~qa tae vir ibhatlzi jiràoar l`jirençñassibra oiei sqn ntqnçïi njatn iqtrns vassins# n jle da vrivlolnr eqdn`çns da oievirtnea`ti Dlsvi`åzac ae8mttv8))wwwontmioiebr)oqrsis)jaadbnok Noassi ae 62 da iqtqbri da 26>>



46

àoassldndas a dasahis da enàlrn dljara`ta# ae ìvions iq sltqnçñas dlzarsns Is dasahis

mqenìs tèe jirta vitaòlnc vnrn clbarnr aìreas ~qn`tldndas da jirçn eitlznoli nc

Kn`nnà -><<4, tnebìe ncartn vnrn i jnti da ~qa i mieae `ïi sa racnoli`n sixl`mi a da ~qa

ì àoassîrli oi`sldarî%ci oiei l`dlzådqi l`tagrn`ta da qe grqvi a da qen irgn`lxnçïi Ns

vassins sïi dljara`tas a# sagq`di Kn`nnà# tnc njlrençïi sa hqstljlon vir~qa n oi`dqtn

mqen`n onrnotarlxn%sa vacis nvra`dlxndis nd~qlrldis siolncea`ta a ~qa nctarne#

slstaentlonea`ta# i nebla`ta da trnbncmi Dln`ta dlssi# ì levirtn`ta oi`sldarnr ns dljara`çns

l`dlzldqnls vnrn snbar ~qnls lòa`tlzis# vrassñas a ijartns dazae sar qtlclxndns oiei ji`ta da

eitlznçïi Enr~qas -s)d, a`qearn ncgqens dns dljara`çns l`dlzldqnls n sarae ibsarzndns#

vnrn ~qa ns nçñas eitlznoli`nls ioirrne da enàlrn enls ajlola`ta8

>. Oi`maolea`ti vassinc8 ~qn`ti enls oi`maolea`ti i l`dlzådqi tae n rasvalti dns

ntlzldndas# enls eitlzndi astnrî vnrn ranclxî%cns Dnå n levirtâòln dis tral`nea`tis a

ntlzldndas adqonoli`nls ì nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc# n jle da nqea`tnr n onvnoltnçïi

a azltnr# ntì easei# nolda`tas da trnbncmi;

2. Adqonçïi jirenc a oqctqrnc8 ns eatns dazae sar dajl`ldns oie bnsa ì `åzac da

asoicnrldnda a oqctqrn dis l`dlzådqis# vils sa `ïi miqzar assn oi`jireldnda i `ïi

oqevrlea`ti dns easens vida garnr daseitlznçïi;

?. Astndi olzlc8 is l`tarassas znrlne da noirdi oie i astndi olzlc Qen vassin onsndn

tae àoassldndas dljara`tas da qen vassin sictalrn a nebns dazae sar ibsarzndns

n`tas da nditnr jarrnea`tns eitlznoli`nls a)iq vrigrnens da baàjåolis;

4. _ltqnçïi jl`nòalrn8 n ra`dn vassinc a)iq jnelclnr l`jcqaòln `n eitlznçïi# vir~qa n

sltqnçïi aoi`ôelon datarel`n asoicmns# vrajarèòlns a gistis;

1. _nøda8 i â`lei# astndi da asvårlti a n vrì%dlsvislçïi vnrn a}aroar ncgqen ntlzldnda

dava`dae dn snøda Vassins oie vribcaens da snøda sïi dljåoals da ngrndnr a# eqltns

zaxas# `ïi sa a`ziczae ae tidns ns vrivistns;



4>

:. Oradi raclglisi8 garncea`ta ns vassins eqlti raclglisns sa eistrne lrradqtåzals

~qn`di ns daolsñas iq nçñas# da ~qnc~qar `ntqraxn# ntl`gae iq njatne sqns ora`çns;

7. Racnçñas siolnls8 i racnoli`nea`ti l`tarvassinc daza sar oi`sldarndi ì eiea`ti daastnbacaoar tnrajns# n jle da azltnr oi`strn`glea`tis a n bnl}n vridqtlzldnda di grqvi

da trnbncmi;

=. A}varlèòlns8 ns a}varlèòlns da zldn eicdne ns a}vaotntlzns# varoavçñas a znciras

l`dlzldqnls dns vassins a dazae sar ibsarzndis `n daslg`nçïi da tnrajns;

<. Ldnda a sa}i8 is jntiras eitlznoli`nls znrlne da noirdi oie n jnl}n atîrln a i sa}i da

ondn qe# virtn`ti# oi`taødis dazae sar va`sndis a trnbncmndis rasvaltn`di tnebìe

assns onrnotaråstlons

Is jntiras eitlznoli`nls sïi a}ocqslzis di l`dlzådqi a# sagq`di Bargnel`l -><<7,# `ïi ì

jîolc oievraa`dar n eitlznçïi di iqtri Njl`nc# –[U i sa`tldi ~qa ondn qe ntrlbql æ~qlci

~qa jnx a cma dî sntlsjnçïi ì vrÿvrli nva`ns dn~qacn vassin a i slg`ljlondi ~qa aevrastn æs

sqns nçñas gqnrdn astraltn clgnçïi oie n sqn asoncn vassinc da znciras― -BARGNEL@L# ><<7#v2<, N nqtirn sqgara ~qa i astqdi dn eitlznçïi daza# virtn`ti# oi`maoar n irlgae di

oievirtnea`ti mqenì# vnrn ~qa sahn vissåzac oievraa`dar oiei aca sa dasa`ricn a tarel`n

Is l`dlzådqis ngae dn enàlrn oiei noradltne ncon`çnr i ibhatlzi dasahndi @i a`tn`ti#

sagq`di Kn`nnà -><<4,# ì levirtn`ta ibsarznr ~qa i mieae siolnc `ïi vida sar

oi`sldarndi oiei l`dlzådqi vir sl sÿ# æ eadldn ~qa vnssn n ntqnr ae dljara`tas grqvis a

oieq`ldndas Tnc nsvaoti a}lga di sar mqenì a}aroar vnvìls dljara`tas# ~qa levclone

lòirvirnçïi# nvra`dlxngae a ranvra`dlxngae da ìzns oi`dqtns I nqtir ncartn ~qa nsirgn`lxnçñas dazae astnr nta`tns æs eitlznçñas l`dlzldqnls a grqvnls# n jle da gnrn`tlr

ndel`lstrnçïi ajlonx da oi`jcltis a vnrtlolvnçïi)l`tagrnçïi dis oicnbirndiras



42

?.? Oieq`lonçïi# eitlznçïi a sibrazlzèòln irgn`lxnoli`nc

Bargnel`l -><<7, oiòcql ~qa n eitlznçïi ì ncgi l`dlzldqnc a l`tarì a# virtn`ti# `ïi mî i

~qa vissn sar jalti vnrn orlnr eitlznçïi `ns vassins Dln`ta dlssi# n nqtirn dastnon n

levirtâòln dns nçñas da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n ranclxndns vacns irgn`lxnçñas# vils is

trnbncmndiras dazae oi`maoar# nevcnea`ta# tqdi ~qa dlx rasvalti æ irgn`lxnçïi# vnrn ~qa

vissne aeltlr ivl`lñas n rasvalti dns dlratrlxas ndel`lstrntlzns

Vnrn Enromasl -2661,# n oieq`lonçïi vissql ~qntri jq`çñas da`tri dn irgn`lxnçïi8 a}aroar

oi`trica# eitlznr# a}vrassnr aeiçñas a l`jirenr Tnls jq`çñas jnziraoae n àoassldnda dns

nçñas da oieq`lonçïi dn aevrasn ae sa dlraoli`nr æs vassins# da enàlrn ~qa acns

aòi`trae# `n oieq`lonçïi# hqstljlontlzn vnrn sa oievrieatar a sa visloli`nr dln`ta dnirgn`lxnçïi Enromasl tnebìe daja`da ~qa qen aevrasn sÿ oi`sagqlrî orasoar ì earondi

~qn`di oi`sagqlr vcn`tnr ì vøbcloi l`tarì i sa`tlea`ti da ~qa saq vnvac ì jq`dnea`tnc æ

oi`~qlstn a æ en`qta`çïi dis ocla`tas Ncìe dlssi# i nqtir dastnon ~qa aevragndis a

jnelclnras levnotne dlratnea`ta `n ravqtnçïi dn aevrasn a# vir lssi# earaoae qen

oieq`lonçïi astrntìglon a vrlirltîrln

[U n oieq`lonçïi ì jq`dnea`tnc vnrn garnr oradlblcldnda a oi`jln`çn# eistrnr ocnrnea`tai jioi dis àgÿolis# astleqcnr vistqrns l`tarntlzns# oievrieatlea`ti a eiblclxnçïi vnrn

ns eatns# orlnr qe asvårlti da vartaòar a qe oclen jnzirîzac vnrn i orasolea`ti adasa`ziczlea`ti dns aevrasns -ENROMA_L# 2661# v 47,

Vicldiri -2661, rassnctn# nssle oiei Enromasl -2661,# ~qa sÿ ì vissåzac qen aevrasn sa

oi`sicldnr ì earondi sa tlzar qe nebla`ta ~qa zncirlxn ns vassins# ~qa l`zasta ae adqonçïi

a ì nqtidasa`ziczlea`ti _agq`di i nqtir# n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n vraolsn ranjlrenr sqn

levirtâòln garaòlnc n vnrtlr dns vassins# vils –[U `ndn ì enls astrntìgloi vnrn qen

aevrasn di ~qa n ~qncljlonçïi a n raìznçïi dis cådaras a da sqns a~qlvas― -VICLIDIRI#

2661# v <7, Tnc raìznçïi# sagq`di Vicldiri# ì jq`dnea`tnc vnrn tir`nr a}vcåoltis is

vrlòåvlis# oiòaltis# znciras a ora`çns dn irgn`lxnçïi# zncirlxn`di# vir eali dn

oieq`lonçïi# n lengae l`stltqoli`nc

I nqtir tnebìe nrgqea`tn ~qa n oqctqrn dlzqcgndn vacn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n daza oi`trlbqlr

vnrn dasa`ziczar ìs l`dlzådqis i dasahi da sarzlr bae is ocla`tas# oie rasvi`snblcldnda a

dlsolvcl`n Vnrn Vicldiri# –oacabrnr dntns# miea`nganr vassins a tir`nr vøbcloi i



4?

raoi`maolea`ti n ~qa acns sa vrastne daza sar zlsti# virtn`ti# oiei qe a}aroåoli da

vrasarznçïi dn eaeÿrln [U ~qa dî sqsta`tnçïi æ oqctqrn― -VICLIDIRI# 2661# v <=,

Ribbl`s -266<, njlren ~qa n oieq`lonçïi a}aroa vnvac jq`dnea`tnc ì nebla`ta

irgn`lxnoli`nc a# sa `ïi jir bae trnbncmndn# vida tir`nr%sa qen jirçn rastrltlzn ni bie

dasaeva`mi di grqvi _agq`di i nqtir# n oieq`lonçïi vraolsn sa nssagqrnr dn trn`sjarèòln

a dn oievraa`sïi di slg`ljlondi# vir eali da n`îclsa# jca}lblcldnda# oievraa`sïi a

l`jirençïi sae dlssi`âòln# vnrn ~qa sahn vissåzac oi`trlbqlr oie n sntlsjnçïi a eitlznçïi

ì trnbncmi



44

4 N@ÎCL_A A EATIDICIGLN

4.> Eatidicigln

Oie bnsa ìs onvåtqcis taÿrlois nvrasa`tndis n`tarlirea`ta# vrata`da%sa n`nclsnr ~qnls

astrntìglns sïi nditndns# vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals# `n vridqçïi dn

razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt # onvnxas da visslblcltnr n oi`~qlstn da ratirì eitlznoli`nc dis

oicnbirndiras Vnrn tnc# qtlclxneis# ncìe da vas~qlsn taÿrlon# n`îclsa da oi`taødi dn razlstn

A}vrassi Jlnt # dlstrlbqådn nis jqòli`îrlis dn Jlnt ì varåidi da hqcmi da 26>6 n jazaralri da

26>>>?# a a`trazlstn ae vrijq`dldnda oie i rasvi`sîzac vacn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dn

aevrasn

N asoicmn di ibhati da vas~qlsn daza%sa ni jnti da ~qa n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt ì i ø`loi

zaåoqci levrassi dn aevrasn dastl`ndi n tidis is jqòli`îrlis# sahne acas dn îran

ndel`lstrntlzn iq dn vridqçïi Ncìe dlssi# ae 26>6# n vqbclonçïi jil oi`sldarndn n eacmir

razlstn aevrasnrlnc di Astndi# dastl`ndn ni vøbcloi l`tarì# a raoabaq i Vrèeli Ragli`nc dn

Nssiolnçïi Brnslcalrn da Oieq`lonçïi Aevrasnrlnc -Nbarha,

I vrivÿslti dastn n`îclsa ì ibsarznr n, ns astrntìglns nditndns `n vqbclonçïi a b, i eidioiei n oieq`lonçïi ea`sqrn i ratirì oi`~qlstndi N vrata`sïi `ïi ì n`nclsnr n razlstn

sagql`di orltìrlis hir`ncåstlois da ìtlolnblcldnda# ens nvrasa`tnr qen l`zastlgnçïi

gaàrnclstn dn rajarldn razlstn oiei zaåoqci da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n rasvi`sîzac vir astleqcnr

‟ vir eali da jitis# ta}tis a oiòaltis astrntìglois ‟ n eitlznçïi dis oicnbirndiras

4.>.> Ontagirlns da n`îclsa

N vas~qlsn n~ql dasa`ziczldn tarî oiei jioi n dlsoqssïi dns onrnotaråstlons garnls dn

vqbclonçïi# vi`tqndns da noirdi oie n àoassldnda da aòi`trnr astrntìglns ~qa eitlzae# iq

`ïi# is jqòli`îrlis dn aevrasn Vnrn dlraoli`nr n n`îclsa da oi`taødi dn razlstn# sarïi

ibsarzndis is sagql`tas nsvaotis8

>? Adlçñas n`nclsndns8 `¸ 2:2# da hqcmi)ngisti da 26>6; `¸ 2:?# da sataebri)iqtqbri da 26>6; `¸ 2:4# daìzaebri)daxaebri da 26>6; ¸ 2:1# da hnàlri)jazaralri da 26>>



41

Ontagirlns da n`îclsa Dajl`lçïi

@¸ da vîgl`ns dn razlstnZarljlonr ~qn`tns vîgl`ns vissql ondn adlçïi dn

razlstn

Nssq`tis da onvn Vi`tqnr is tåtqcis dns entìrlns da onvn

@øeari a dlzarsldnda da saçñas N`nclsnr ~qn`tns saçñas n razlstn vissql `ns adlçñasvrivistns

Tlvi da entìrlnsZarljlonr sa vradiel`ne ns entìrlns oie l`jirençñas

sibra n aevrasn iq sibra is jqòli`îrlis

Oi`taødi dns entìrlns vqbclondns `n razlstn

Dajl`lr ~qnls entìrlns# oie jioi ìs jqòli`îrlis#

vradiel`ne `n razlstn8 entìrlns Ratrnti#

Davnrtnea`tnls# da Lcqstrnçïi# Irla`tndirns# da

A`trata`lea ti a Nssiolntlzns

Ravaroqssïi dns ravirtnga`s -tidns ns adlçñas dn

razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt sïi dlstrlbqådns oie qe

jireqcîrli vnrn nznclnçïi dn adlçïi Is rasqctndis

ibtldis `n vas~qlsn sïi# vir neistrngae# vqbclondis

`n adlçïi vistarlir dn razlstn,

Zarljlonr ~qnls entìrlns jirne ns enls cldns `nivl`lïi dis caltiras dn razlstn

Vqbcloldnda Vi`tqnr is asvnçis dastl`ndis æ vqbcloldnda

Vnrn i dasa`ziczlea`ti di trnbncmi# ranclxiq%sa a`trazlstn ae vrijq`dldnda oie i

rasvi`sîzac vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals# i hir`nclstn Itmi` Enln# vnrn ~qa

is nsvaotis ibsarzndis# ntì a`tïi# jissae vistis ae dlsoqssïi Vnrn tnc# dlsoqtlq%sa n

racazâòln astrntìglon dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n vnrn n aevrasn# nssle oiei i vrioassi da

vridqçïi a ea`sqrnçïi dis rasqctndis dn razlstn Vnrn rasvi`dar æs ~qastñas vrivistns# jirne

ranclxndis is sagql`tas ~qastli`nea tis8

Oiei n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n sa irgn`lxn9

^qnc i vnvac astrntìgloi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n vnrn n Jlnt Nqtieÿzals9

^qnls is vrlòlvnls zaåoqcis da oieq`lonçïi vridqxldis vnrn i vøbcloi l`tarì9

Oiei ì ranclxndn n sacaçïi dns ìtåolns zaloqcndns `n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt 9

^qae vnrtlolvn di vrioassi da sacaçïi9

Oiei sa dî i vrioassi da vridqçïi dn razlstn9

^qnls is vrlòlvnls nssq`tis nbirdndis `n razlstn9

^qnc n cl`gqngae qsndn9 A ~qnc n levirtâòln dis nsvaotis grîjlois9

^qnc i ibhatlzi dn vqbclonçïi A}vrassi Jlnt 9 A ~qnc n jq`çïi astrntìglon dassn

vqbclonçïi9



47

‟ Jadarnçïi @noli`nc dn Dlstrlbqlçïi da Zaåoqcis Nqtieitiras>4 Vnrn ncon`çnr tnls

rasqctndis# n Jlnt oievraa`daq# mî ncgq`s nìs# n àoassldnda da ntqnr oie qen oieq`lonçïi

~qa zî ncìe di onevi a}tarì

4.2.> N Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n

Ns ntlzldndas dn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt astïi zlòqcndns æ dlratirln da Raoqrsis

Mqenìs# i ~qa azldaòln jntir levrasol`dåzac vnrn ~qa sa ibta`mn sqoassi oie ns vrîtlons

oieq`lonoli`nls8 oi`maoar i vøbcloi vnrn i ~qnc ns nçñas sa dastl`ne I davnrtnea`ti jil

orlndi ae ><==# oie i ibhatlzi da astrqtqrnr ns dlzarsns jarrnea`tns a nçñas# hî l`stnqrndns# a

orlnr qe racnoli`nea`ti dlrati oie i vøbcloi l`tarì @i a`tn`ti# ì daoirrar dn dìondn da

><<6 ì ~qa sa nvrleirnrne ns vrîtlons da oieq`lonçïi a ìzis oiòaltis jirne lòirvirndis

ni vcnàhnea`ti dn aevrasn# ae zlrtqda dns ìzns taoìciglns a a}lgèòlns di eq`di

gcibnclxndi

I satir ì rasvi`sîzac vaci racnoli`nea`ti oie i vøbcloi l`tarì# ntqncea`ta astlendi ae ?6

elc vassins# a`tra cådaras# aevragndis a jnelclnras Is aevragndis sïi i jioi dn

oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# vir sarae is rasvi`sîzals vaci sqoassi dn aevrasn Ncìe dlssi#

trnbncmn%sa oie jarrnea`tns a nçñas vnrn is jnelclnras# ~qa vnrtlolvne ntlznea`ta dis

noi`taolea`tis dn aevrasn a sïi jq`dnea`tnls vnrn gnrn`tlr i bie racnoli`nea`ti a`tra isl`dlzådqis Is cådaras# àsta oa`îrli# razacne%sa ondn zax enls vrleirdlnls ni bie

racnoli`nea`ti di vøbcloi l`tarì# vils rajirçne n oieq`lonçïi jnoa n jnoa

Ns ntlzldndas dasa`ziczldns vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt dlzldae%sa ae très vlcnras da

ntqnçïi8 i vlcnr L`jirençïi onrnotarlxn ns jarrnea`tns da dljqsïi l`tar`n da ea`snga`s; hî i

vlcnr Oclen)Eitlznçïi a`gcibn nçñas oie i l`tqlti da jirtncaoar i bie oclen irgn`lxnoli`nc

a n sntlsjnçïi dis oicnbirndiras# vir eali da aza`tis a vrieiçñas; vir jle# i vlcnr Dlîcigi#

oievña%sa dns nçñas da vrieiçïi jnoa n jnoa# jarrnea`tn da oieq`lonçïi dlratn

I vlcnr L`jirençïi ì oievisti# vrlòlvncea`ta# vacns jarrnea`tns levrassns Trntn%sa dns

razlstns A}vrassi Jlnt a Jlnt ae Jneåcln# dis l`jirentlzis Jncn Jlnt a Jlnt @aws a di

>4 Dlsvi`åzac ae 38 mttv8))wwwtacnoiebr)dndisYearondi)za`dnsznrahi)l`da}nsv9oidltae5>>0 Noassi ae21 da nbrlc da 26>>



4=

^qndri da Nzlsis Ncìe dlssi# mî dils ealis acatrô`lois8 n L`trnàt a i a%àws @itåoln di

Dln

Hî i vlcnr Dlîcigi ì oievisti vacns nçñas jnoa n jnoa# ~qa oi`tne# ondn zax enls# oie i

nvili dis cådaras ì vrioassi da oieq`lonçïi dlratn Da`tra ns vrlòlvnls jarrnea`tns astïi n

Raq`lïi da –Bie Dln―# n Oieq`lonçïi Aòndandn# i Ritalri da Cådaras a iqtris aòi`tris

a`tra ns cldarn`çns a is trnbncmndiras

I vlcnr Oclen)Eitlznçïi dlx rasvalti æs nçñas asvaolnls# ~qa bqsone eacmirnr i nebla`ta

irgn`lxnoli`nc# oiei glòn`ns# vrieiçñas# oieaeirnçñas# aza`tis da vraelnçñas ato# ncìe

dns trndloli`nls oieaeirnçñas# oiei n Jastn di Trnbncmndir# ranclxndn ì jarlndi da >¸ da

Enli# a n Jastn da @ntnc

4.? A}vrassi Jlnt8 l`jirenr# a`tratar# irla`tnr iq eitlznr9

N razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt ì vnrta di vlcnr L`jirençïi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dn Jlnt N

vqbclonçïi ì vridqxldn oie zîrlis ibhatlzis ‟ da`tra is ~qnls# vrivlolnr n eitlznçïi dis

jqòli`îrlis Da varlidloldnda bleastrnc# n vqbclonçïi ì dlstrlbqådn n tidis is oicnbirndiras#

ae saqs rasvaotlzis cionls da trnbncmi _agq`di i rasvi`sîzac vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn

Jlnt Nqtieÿzals# hir`nclstn Itmi` Enln>1

# i oi`taødi sa bnsaln ae nssq`tis da grn`daravaroqssïi a racazâòln vnrn n aevrasn a oicnbirndiras# n jle da oqevrlr i vrlòlvnc

ibhatlzi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n8 orlnr i racnoli`nea`ti dlrati oie i vøbcloi l`tarì dn

aevrasn

N razlstn onrnotarlxn%sa# ae sqn titncldnda# vacn vndri`lxnçïi di oi`taødi Iq sahn# ae tidns

ns adlçñas a}lsta qen entìrln ~qa oi`dqx ns daenls# jrqti da nssq`ti ~qa sa racnoli`n#

vrntlonea`ta# oie tidns ns iqtrns ravirtnga`s# entìrlns a ìtns N adlçïi 2:4 dn razlstn

nvrasa`tn entìrln da onvn oie i Jlnt Eli# onrri%oiòalti dn ei`tndirn# oi`strqådi oie noicnbirnçïi dis l`tar`nqtns# vrlòlvncea`ta# vir eali dns radas siolnls I nssq`ti

vradielìq a oi`dqxlq zîrlns iqtrns entìrlns dn vqbclonçïi# oiei n a`trazlstn oie i dlratir

da oieq`lonçïi a nssq`tis vøbclois di Giigca Brnslc# Jacl} ]lea`s# sibra n azicqçïi dn

l`taràt @astn adlçïi# ntì easei n saçïi _iq Jlnt da oirnçïi# ~qa nvrasa`tn davilea`tis da

>1 A`trazlstn da Itmi` Enln oiòadldn n Onricl`n Ji`saon# vir tacajià# ì dln >? da iqtqbri da 26>>



4<

vrivrlatîrlis a qsqîrlis dis onrris Jlnt# sagqlq n entìrln da onvn a is davilea`tis jirne#

tnebìe# sacaoli`ndis `ns radas siolnls

N oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dn Jlnt nditn astrntìglns vaoqclnras vnrn i vøbcloi l`tarì# ae bqson

di ncl`mnea`ti dns l`jirençñas a# oi`sa~qa taea`ta# da qen oieq`lonçïi sae rqådis# vils#

oi`jirea Tir~qnti -><=:,# `n arn dn l`jirençïi# n mnblcldnda ì vrioassnea`ti di oi`taødi

ravrasa`tn znclisn ivirtq`ldnda vnrn n eacmirln di vrioassi da oieq`lonçïi ì eq`di dis

àgÿolis

N razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt oi`tn# ae eìdln# oie 42 vîgl`ns# a ns sagql`tas saçñas jl}ns8

Ni Caltir # i adltirlnc dn razlstn asorlti vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n;

Îrzira dn zldn# ~qa nbra asvnçi vnrn ns nçñas da rasvi`snblcldnda siolnc dn aevrasn;

Ns enls cldns# ~qa dlzqcgn ns eacmiras entìrlns dn øctlen adlçïi dn razlstn#

oi`sldarn`di n ivl`lïi dis caltiras;

Bin ldaln# bin sicqçïi# saçïi ~qa dlzqcgn ns vrlòlvnls ldalns sqgarldns ì vrigrnen

da sqgastñas BL$# vnrn astleqcnr is oicnbirndiras n vnrtlolvnr di vrigrnen# ~qa ra`da

vraelnçñas ae trion da bins ldalns

Onrtns# ~qa dlzqcgn traomis dns onrtns a`zlndns ni satir da oieq`lonçïi sibra ns

adlçñas n`tarliras a)iq sqgastñas dis caltiras; Olroqlti Jlnt# ~qa dastnon n ondn adlçïi qen îran iq davnrtnea`ti dn Jlnt;

Ae Jioi# ~qa nvrasa`tn nrtlgis sibra dlzarsis taens acnbirndis vacis vrijlssli`nls dn

Jlnt# oie i ibhatlzi da l`tagrnr a dlzqcgnr ldalns ~qa oi`trlbqne vnrn i

dasa`ziczlea`ti dis oicnbirndiras;

A`trazlstn# asvnçi vnrn a`trazlstns oie vrijlssli`nls a asvaolnclstns a}tarìs sibra is

nssq`tis da onvn# a ~qa vradiel`ne# `n razlstn;

@i vÿdli# ~qa dastnon is vrèelis raoabldis vacn aevrasn;

Va`sa @lssi# ~qa trnx dlons da jlceas a clzris vnrn is oicnbirndiras# astleqcn`di n

adqonçïi a i dasa`ziczlea`ti oqctqrnc

Ns daenls vîgl`ns dn razlstn sïi oievistns vir saçñas a entìrlns asvaolnls# ~qa znrlne

oi`jirea n daen`dn da l`jirençñas _agq`di Itmi` Enln>:# n vridqçïi dn razlstn ì da

>: A`trazlstn da Itmi` Enln oiòadldn n Onricl`n Ji`saon# vir tacajià# ì dln >? da iqtqbri da 26>>



16

l`talrn rasvi`snblcldnda di satir da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n @i a`tn`ti# is daenls satiras dn

aevrasn oi`trlbqae ntlznea`ta vnrn tnc# vir eali dns sqgastñas da vnqtn Itmi` rassnctn ~qa

i orltìrli vnrn sacaçïi dns vnqtns oa`trn%sa ae nssq`tis ntqnls –@issi orltìrli vnrn n vnqtn dn

A}vrassi Jlnt ì ntqncldnda; `ïi i jnotqnc# ens i ntqnc―# dastnon Itmi`

A}aevcis da nssq`tis ntqnls `n razlstn sïi dlzarsis Nvasnr dlssi# i aònrta asvaolnc di

vrigrnen BL_ earaoa dastn~qa N vqbclonçïi ì oievcaea`ti dn adlçïi 2:4 dn A}vrassi Jlnt

a nvrasa`tn is datncmas dn oieaeirnçïi dis >6 nìs di vrigrnen BL_# Bins Ldalns a

_icqçñas# ~qa dî vi`tis nis jqòli`îrlis vir ldalns a sqgastñas levcn`tndns vnrn n eacmirln

dis vrioassis dn aevrasn Tnls vi`tis vidae sar triondis vir vrèelis a# ntì easei# onrris

dn ei`tndirn @i aònrta# tèe%sa is sagql`tas dastn~qas8 n mlstÿrln di vrigrnen# ns dax

eacmiras ldalns levcn`tndns ae 26>6 a n oibartqrn dn jastn da aòarrnea`ti a vraelnçïi dinì

Jlgqrn 4 % Aònrta asvaolnc di Vrigrnen BL_



1>

N oacabrnçïi –Zioè ì smiw― taza i l`tqlti da zncirlxnr n vnrtlolvnçïi dis jqòli`îrlis ì

vrigrnen# vils# ncìe dn vraelnçïi ae vi`tis# is easeis jirne ngrnolndis oie n jastn da

aòarrnea`ti Ncìe dlssi# n oibartqrn di aza`ti jil ntqnc vnrn n ìvion# hî ~qa n jastn

noi`taoaq ae daxaebri da 26>6 a n razlstn rajara%sa ni easei varåidi Vnrn Tir~qnti

-><=:,# ì astrntìgloi ~qa is jqòli`îrlis ta`mne noassi n entìrlns saevra ntqnls _agq`di i

nqtir# ì levirtn`ta ~qa acas sahne is vrlealris n oi`maoar ìzns vistqrns# vridqtis a

l`jirençñas dn aevrasn Lssi jnx oie ~qa sa sl`tne vnrta levirtn`ta di àgÿoli# bae oiei

oi`trlbql vnrn n lengae a i oclen da trnbncmi visltlzi @ïi jil vissåzac lda`tljlonr entìrlns

ae ~qa i jqòli`îrli ta`mn oi`maolea`ti di nssq`ti ae vrlealrn eïi# ens ì vissåzac

zarljlonr ~qa n razlstn ta`da n sar asocnraoadirn# iq sahn# n sarzlr oiei sqvirta æ vrivngnçïi

dns l`jirençñas# ~qa# nvnra`taea`ta# hî jirne dlzqcgndns vacis iqtris ealis da oieq`lonçïi

dn aevrasn

Oi`jirea Omlnza`nti -266<,# ì da grn`da levirtâòln n vnrtlolvnçïi dis daenls satiras dn

aevrasn ì trnbncmi dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# n jle da oi`trlbqlr oie l`jirençñas ~qa

irla`tae ns nçñas dis jqòli`îrlis Vnrn i nqtir# n racnçïi a`tra is satiras da Oieq`lonçïi

L`tar`n a da Raoqrsis Mqenìs ì ondn zax enls levirtn`ta# vils is vrlòlvnls oi`jcltis di

nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc sïi onqsndis vir vribcaens `n oieq`lonçïi @n adlçïi 2:1 dn

razlstn# ì vissåzac zarljlonr entìrlns l`dlondns iq va`sndns vaci satir da Raoqrsis Mqenìs

_ïi acns8 –Qen nvistn ì bae%astnr―# dn adltirln da _nøda# a –Rls~qa i varlgi―# dn adltirln_agqrn`çn Nebns sïi entìrlns# vradiel`n`taea`ta# irla`tndirns# oi`jirea n ocnssljlonçïi

da Tir~qnti -><=7,# vir nvrasa`tnrae# rasvaotlznea ta# l`strqçñas ni vøbcloi l`tarì

N entìrln dn adltirln da _nøda# vqbclondn `n adlçïi 2:1 ‟ ~qa ravrasa`tn i varåidi da

ìzaebri)daxaebri da 26>6 ‟ nbirdn i ìzi eidaci di _lstaen da _nøda dn Jq`dnçïi Jlnt#

~qa vnssiq n sa omnenr @øocai da _nøda a Bae%Astnr a bqson vrastnr nta`dlea`ti nis

oicnbirndiras# oie i ibhatlzi da azltnr ngrnznea`tis da a`jareldndas a vrieizar n snøda

_ae i qsi dis raoqrsis astrntìglois vissåzals# n ravirtngae hî ì da l`tarassa di oicnbirndir#vir sa trntnr da nçïi jiondn ae vrieizar qe nebla`ta ~qa vrivirolià i dasa`ziczlea`ti

dns vassins a jirtncaçn n oqctqrn da a}oacèòln ì racnoli`nea`ti mqenì

N adltirln da _agqrn`çn sagqa i easei rnolioå`li# vils ì jq`dnea`tnc ~qa n aevrasn

vrivngqa a irla`ta# da enàlrn ocnrn a oiòlsn# ns l`strqçñas da _agqrn`çn vnrn tidis is

oicnbirndiras I cand dn entìrln hî dal}n bae ocnri ~qnc i ibhatlzi vrivisti8



12

Oie i ibhatlzi da dljq`dlr n oqctqrn da sagqrn`çn a oiòa`trnr nçñas l`tarntlzns n Jlnt aaevrasns vnroalrns ranclxnrne# ì eès da ìzaebri# n _aen`n L`tar`n da Vraza`çïi aNolda`tas di Trnbncmi L`tagrndn -_lvnt, Vrieiza`di ntlzldndas adqontlzns oiei bnsavnrn n l`tagrnçïi a n dlzqcgnçïi da l`jirençñas racazn`tas# n saen`n sa tirìq qen

a}oaca`ta ivirtq`ldnda vnrn is vrijlssli`nls oicionrae ae dln saqs oi`maolea`tis-A]VRA__I JLNT# 26>># ad 2:4# v >?,

Ncìe dlssi# n entìrln oltndn nolen ravrasa`tn i vradieå`li da entìrlns ntqnls `n razlstn

_agqrn`çn di Trnbncmi ì taen raoirra`ta `ns daenls jarrnea`tns da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dn

Jlnt @i a`tn`ti# ae jq`çïi dn _lvnt# ~qa ioirraq ae ìzaebri# i taen# enls qen zax#

gn`miq dastn~qa

Tir~qnti -><=:, dastnon ~qa n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n daza bqsonr nvri}lençïi oie i caltir#

sahn vir eali da oi`taødi iq di nsvaoti zlsqnc Lssi vir~qa# vnrn i nqtir# n ìtåolnaevrasnrlnc tnebìe vnssn vaci vrioassi da sacaçïi dis l`dlzådqis# ~qa sa bnsaln `n bngngae

vnrtloqcnr da ondn eaebri dn nqdlèòln Dln`ta da tnc àoassldnda# n A}vrassi Jlnt ijaraoa# n

ondn adlçïi# qe jireqcîrli da nznclnçïi dn razlstn# i –Vas~qlsn vraelndn― I jireqcîrli

nvrasa`tn ~qastñas jl}ns a asvnçi vnrn oiea`tîrlis a sqgastñas# ~qa vidae sar dlzqcgndis `n

adlçïi vistarlir dn vqbclonçïi _a i jqòli`îrli ~qlsar oiòirrar nis vrèelis# daza sa

lda`tljlonr# i ~qa `ïi ì ibrlgntÿrli Tidis is jireqcîrlis dns adlçñas n`nclsndns tèe n

sagql`ta astrqtqrn8

Asvnçi vnrn is dndis vassinls;

Vrèelis ~qa sarïi sirtandis;

Entìrln ~qa enls gistiq;

Entìrln ~qa eaìs gistiq;

Oiea`tîrli iq sqgastïi da taen vnrn n razlstn;

@itn da > n 1 vnrn n dlngrnençïi zlsqnc dn razlstn;

@itn da > n 1 vnrn is nssq`tis nbirdndis `n razlstn



1?

Jlgqrn 1 % Jireqcîrli

_agq`di Itmi` Enln# i jireqcîrli sarza vnrn zarljlonr n ajloîoln dn razlstn –N ga`ta jnx n

tnbqcnçïi dn vas~qlsn n ondn adlçïi vnrn noievn`mnr n ivl`lïi di caltir# sahn di vi`ti da

zlstn da oi`taødi iq da cn|iqt# oiei tnebìe ae sqgastïi da vnqtn a oiea`tîrlis dlzarsis―#

dastnon Itmi`>7 Tnc l`lolntlzn ì jq`dnea`tnc vnrn ~qa n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n nssqen vnvac

astrntìgloi# vils n dajl`lçïi di oi`taødi daza sar ibtldn vir qe dlng`ÿstloi# bnsandi aevas~qlsns a ì astqdi dns racnçñas oieq`lonoli`nls Tir~qnti -><=:, dastnon# nl`dn# ~qa ì

levirtn`ta iqzlr oicnbirndiras da tidis is `åzals# n`tas da acnbirnr# levcn`tnr# dasa`ziczar a

en`tar qe vrihati da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n

>7 A`trazlstn da Itmi` Enln oiòadldn n Onricl`n Ji`saon# vir tacajià# ì dln >? da iqtqbri da 26>>



14

@i a`tn`ti# n vas~qlsn ae ~qastïi vissql ratirì va~qaì# oie oaron da ?66 jireqcîrlis

daziczldis# qen eìdln da 2!# hî ~qa# ntqncea`ta# n aevrasn vissql enls da >1 elc

jqòli`îrlis N Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt oi`sldarn n Vas~qlsn Vraelndn oiei enls qen

jiren da nznclnçïi –Ibzlnea`ta# acn `ïi ì qen vas~qlsn oa`sltîrln Acn `ïi ì qen vas~qlsn

~qa zioè tae ~qa tar qen grn`da nbrn`gèòln# ì enls qen jiren da n ga`ta noievn`mnr assn

nznclnçïi# a en`tar qen n`îclsa oråtlon sibra n vqbclonçïi― >=# dastnon i oiirda`ndir

4.?.> N l`jirençïi oiei astrntìgln da eitlznçïi

Vnrn Omlnza`nti -266<,# `ïi bnstn tar qen a~qlva da tnca`tis nctnea`ta eitlzndis# sa acn `ïi

astlzar bae l`jirendn Njl`nc# ì vir eali dn l`jirençïi ~qa is l`tagrn`tas sa oieq`lone

nda~qndnea`ta a oi`sagqae vitaòlnclxnr i tnca`ti vnrn i trnbncmi _agq`di Tir~qnti-2662,# n l`jirençïi `ns vqbclonçñas l`tar`ns daza sarzlr n tidis is jcq}is ‟ nsoa`da`ta#

dasoa`da`ta a cntarnc @i a`tn`ti# `ns adlçñas n`nclsndns dn razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt # ì vissåzac

varoabar ~qa mî vradieå`li dns entìrlns dasoa`da`tas# iq sahn# ~qn`di n l`jirençïi jcql dis

`åzals mlarîr~qlois sqvarliras vnrn l`jarliras# dis sqvarliras vnrn is sqbirdl ndis N ajloîoln

da qe zaåoqci aevrasnrlnc vida sar njatndn vaci enq qsi dns astrntìglns da oieq`lonçïi#

vrlòlvncea`ta ì ~qa dlx rasvalti æ trn`selssïi dn l`jirençïi ni ci`gi dn ondaln

mlarîr~qlon Oi`tqdi# vnrn azltnr tnc làjloîoln# n A}vrassi Jlnt bqson cl`gqngae ocnrn a

ibhatlzn# oie oi`taødi# vradiel`n`taea`ta# l`jirentlzi# n jle da azltnr n`sladndas#l`sntlsjnçñas a rqeiras a`tra is oicnbirndiras

N vnqtn dn A}vrassi Jlnt ì# sagq`di i hir`nclstn Itmi` Enln><# oiirda`ndir da Oieq`lonçïi

L`tar`n dn Jlnt# va`sndn a acnbirndn vacis vrijlssli`nls dn îran ae vnroarln oie n Vrass

Oieq`lonçïi Aevrasnrlnc# ngèòln rasvi`sîzac vacn vridqçïi adltirlnc a dlngrnençïi dn

razlstn Vnrn Enr~qas -266=,# ns onrnotaråstlons dns razlstns sïi nclndns dn oieq`lonçïi

irgn`lxnoli`nc# vils sa oi`jlgqrne oiei zaåoqcis oie jioi ì caltir# vrihati adltirlnc

sagea`tndi# enlir varlidloldnda a clbardnda ta}tqnc _agq`di i nqtir# ns razlstnsaevrasnrlnls dazae astnr ae sl`ti`ln oie ns àoassldndas dns vassins ~qa trnbncmne `n

irgn`lxnçïi# jiràoa`di%cmas# slstaentlonea`ta# l`jirençñas vraolsns a ntqnclxndns# oie n

tnrajn da ngragnr zncir a oi`trlbqlr vnrn n ibta`çïi da rasqctndis

>= A`trazlstn da Itmi` Enln oiòadldn n Onricl`n Ji`saon# vir tacajià# ì dln >? da iqtqbri da 26>>>< A`trazlstn da Itmi` Enln oiòadldn n Onricl`n Ji`saon# vir tacajià# ì dln >? da iqtqbri da 26>>



11

Dln`ta dlssi# ì vissåzac njlrenr ~qa ns adlçñas n`nclsndns dn A}vrassi Jlnt nvrasa`tne

onrnotaråstlons ~qa astleqcne n eitlznçïi dis jqòli`îrlis# da eidi n jnxar oie ~qa sa

sl`tne vnrta dn aevrasn# vils i ibhati ae ~qastïi jiràoa# hqstnea`ta# l`jirençñas vraolsns

a ntqnclxndns vnrn is oicnbirndiras Oi`trlbql%sa# dassa eidi# oie n nevclnçïi dn

zlslblcldnda nis znciras irgn`lxnoli`nls a æ oqctqrn oirvirntlzn A}aevci dlssi astî `n adlçïi

2:1 dn razlstn# ~qa oirrasvi`da ni varåidi da hnàlri a jazaralri da 26>> N entìrln da onvn

‟ –Noacarn Jlnt Jil dndn n cnrgndn.― ‟ nbirdn i vcnàhnea`ti astrntìgloi dn aevrasn vnrn is

nìs da 26>> n 26>4 I oi`taødi jil trnbncmndi da enàlrn ibhatlzn# oie i qsi da n`ncigln

a`tra i varoqrsi di eitirlstn a i dn aevrasn

Tidi eitirlstn ~qa sa vraxa vraolsn oi`maoar eacmir i varoqrsi a n trnhatÿrln enls sagqrna# nl`dn sar ajlola`ta `ns oqrzns a en`tar%sa `n dlraçïi oirratn Ens# onsi# vraolsa da qen

nhqdl`mn a}trn# aca tnebìe vida gqlnr%sa vaci GV_ a lda`tljlonr sqn cionclxnçïi# vareltl`ditrnçnr onel`mis oie enls jnolcldnda a nglcldnda Ì vir lssi ~qa ondn ritn daza sar astqdndnvrazlnea`ta vacis oi`dqtiras da jiren ~qa oi`maçne i eiea`ti a}nti da ondn qen dnsenìbrns a vissne n`tazar is vribcaens jqtqris Dn easen jiren# qen aevrasn vidaazltnr is varoncçis æ eadldn ~qa acas nvnraoae Iq# a`tïi# vida acnbirnr qe envn vnrnnhqdî%cn `n trnhatÿrln enls ajlola`ta ntì ns eatns trnçndns -A]VRA__I JLNT# 26>># v26 a2>,

Nl`dn àssn entìrln da onvn# ì vissåzac n`nclsnr n levirtâòln dis raoqrsis zlsqnls# vils#

sagq`di Vactxar -><<2,# is vrlealris acaea`tis ~qa omnene n nta`çïi di caltir# ae qen

vîgl`n da hir`nc iq da razlstn# sïi is l`jigrîjlois a ns jitis a# siea`ta ae taroalri cqgnr# is

tåtqcis Tnls astrntìglns jirne l`taclga`taea`ta qtlclxndns `n oievislçïi dn ravirtngae# vilsi taen ì bnstn`ta a}visltlzi# hî ~qa nvrasa`tn ns eatns# ìrens a vrioadlea`tis trnçndis vacn

aevrasn vnrn is vrÿ}leis nìs Oi`jirea Vactxar dastnoiq# ns oiras a is l`jigrîjlois# ncìe

da a`rl~qaoarae n l`jirençïi# jnolcltne i l`tarassa di caltir vaci oi`taødi a}visti



1:

Jlgqrn : % L`jigrîjlois a oiras omnene nta`çïi di caltir

N A}vrassi Jlnt ì bleastrnc# i ~qa jnziraoa n vridqçïi da oi`taødis enls nvqrndis a bae

acnbirndis Assn onrnotaråstlon ì enron`ta# vils# ae garnc# ns entìrlns vissqae zîrlns ji`tas#

jitis a lcqstrnçñas Ns entìrlns ~qa ioqvne qen vîgl`n ‟ oie jiti ‟ tèe `i eå`lei dqnsji`tas; hî ns entìrlns enliras# oiei –Da El`ns vnrn i eq`di ‟ tlvi a}virtnçïi―# onvn dn

adlçïi 2:?# ~qa ioqvn >> vîgl`ns# tae 2< ji`tas Ncìe dlssi# vida%sa varoabar ~qa is `ieas

dns ji`tas sïi dastnondis `ns ravirtnga`s# oiei jiren da garnr oradlblcldnda a zncirlxnr n

vnrtlolvnçïi dn ji`ta `n vridqçïi dn razlstn



17

Jlgqrn 7 % Ns ji`tas raoabae nta`çïi asvaolnc

Ns adlçñas dn razlstn vissqae entìrlns saevra racnoli`ndns n sqsta`tnblcldnda a

zicq`tnrlndi Tnls nssq`tis vidae slg`ljlonr n àoassldnda dn aevrasn ae rntljlonr sqn

ntqnçïi siolnc# nssle oiei l`dlonr ~qa mî vraioqvnçïi oie i nssq`ti a l`ta`çïi da caznr æ

oi`sola`tlxnçïi# oqevrl`di oarti vnvac adqonoli`nc N saçïi Îrzira dn Zldn ì a}ocqslzn vnrn

dastnonr tnls ntqnçñas# ens# ni l`zìs da trnxar ratirì àgntlzi# nva`ns oiei nrtljåoli

vqbcloltîrli# sarza oiei irla`tnçïi nis jqòli`îrlis# ~qa ta`dae n sa sa`tlr irgqcmisis a

eitlzndis n a}aroar ‟ a# ntì easei# baàjlolnr%sa da ‟ tnls vrîtlons Tnc vi`darnçïi taezncldnda# vils# dns ~qntri adlçñas n`nclsndns dn razlstn# ae dqns# ns entìrlns enls cldns jirne

dn saçïi



1=

4.?.2 Raastrqtqrnçïi vnrn nvri}lenr

Nl`dn da noirdi oie n àoassldnda da garnr nvri}lençïi# n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt vnssiq vir

dlzarsns rajireqcnçñas ni ci`gi dis 27 nìs N øctlen noi`taoaq ae 266= a# vnrn Itmi`# jil

àoassîrli vnrn dal}nr n razlstn enls ntrna`ta nis dlzarsis vøbclois –N rajireqcnçïi dn

razlstn jil hqstnea`ta vnrn ntl`glr qen cl`gqngae ~qa jissa# ondn zax enls# vrnxarisn ae car#

enls ibhatlzn# enls rajl`ndn# `ïi rajl`ndn va`sn`di ì sa`tldi acltlxndi# ens sle ì sa`tldi

da tir`nr oie jioi ì vrnxar da car# azltnr n~qaca tie l`stltqoli`nc# da zaåoqci dlstn`ta a ~qa

`ïi dasvarta n nta`çïi di caltir― 26 _agq`di _oncxi -266=,# ns razlstns l`stltqoli`nls dazae

astnr nl`dn enls nta`tns n asta ~qaslti# vils# sagq`di Enromlirl -2661,# ns irgn`lxnçñas

vraolsne nda~qnr i dlsoqrsi æs àoassldndas da saq vøbcloi Ns eqdn`çns `n A}vrassi Jlnt

jirne slg`ljlontlzns a dajl`lrne eacmirlns ìs ta}tis# tåtqcis# nbirdnga`s# cands a cn|iqt #vrlòlvncea`ta

Vida%sa ibsarznr ~qa n razlstn# ae garnc# vissql zlsqnc caza# ~qa bqson trn`seltlr nis

jqòli`îrlis n zi`tnda da –aebnronr― vaci q`lzarsi di ~qnc jnxae vnrta# n Jlnt Nqtieÿzals

Hqstljlon%sa tnc njlrençïi vacn vrÿvrln enron dn razlstn# ~qa raeata n qe tlokat da zlngae# irn

ae tie enls ocnri# irn enls asoqri# ibsarzn`di%sa saevra n ti`ncldnda da jq`di

26 A`trazlstn da Itmi` Enln oiòadldn n Onricl`n Ji`saon# vir tacajià# ì dln >? da iqtqbri da 26>>



1<

Jlgqrn = % Onvns dns adlçñas n`nclsndns

_aeacmn`ta æ enron dn razlstn# ns saçñas tnebìe sleqcne qen zlngae vacns vîgl`ns dn

razlstn# vils ravrasa`tne is on`mitis da qe tlokat da zlngae

N adlçïi 2:2 dn A}vrassi Jlnt vissql 4: vîgl`ns oievistns vir oiras dlzarsns a ~qa#

sagq`di n Tairln dns Oiras2># a}aroae dljara`tas ajaltis vsloicÿglois sibra ns vassins Mî

vradieå`li dns omnendns oiras ~qa`tas22# ~qa ìs trn`seltae n sa`snçïi da oncir a astïi

nssiolndns ni sic a ni jigi Varoaba%sa# tnebìe# `ns adlçñas n`nclsndns# i vradieå`li dns

oiras zareacmi a nraln -oiras dn enron A}vrassi Jlnt ,# nxqc# nenraci a zarda

2> N Tairln dns Oiras# dasa`ziczldn vir Cai`nrdi dn Zlòl# bnsaln%sa ae jireqcnçñas mlstÿrlons raq`ldns ìclzri Trntndi dn Vl`tqrn a dn Vnlsngae ‟ _iebrn a Cqx Ns oiòcqsñas da Dn Zlòl ì n tairln enls oirra`tasibra i taen Dlsvi`åzac ae8 mttv8))wwwjjoievqtndirasoie)mst)TAIRLN!26dn!26OIR!26OJVJmteNoassi ae 21 da hq`mi da 26>>22 Dlsvi`åzac ae8 3mttv8))wwwvrij2666vt)qsars)mhoi)cqxYoir2)vng666?mte0 Noassi ae 21 da hq`mi da 26>>



:6

N rajireqcnçïi dn razlstn jnziraoaq n l`sarçïi da lenga`s a raoqrsis l`tarntlzis ~qa

jnolcltae n oievraa`sïi di caltir Garncea`ta# ns vîgl`ns sïi dlzldldns ae# ì eî}lei# très

oicq`ns# vnrn `ïi on`snr i icmnr di caltir a# ncìe dlssi# tareis a grnjlns dasoi`maoldis# iq

`ïi eqlti qsqnls# sïi asocnraoldis oie i nq}åcli da mlvarcl`ks iq caga`dns

@n entìrln –Acas jnxae noi`taoar―# dn adlçïi 2:1# jil vissåzac varoabar i qsi da mlvarcl`ks a

da grîjlois jnxa`di oià}ñas zlsqnls oie i oi`taødi vrivisti# a`rl~qaoa`di n l`jirençïi a

jnolcltn`di n eaeirlxnçïi

Jlgqrn < % Raoqrsis grîjlois jnolcltne n oievraa`sïi

Ncìe dn levirtâòln di qsi da mlvarcl`ks `n entìrln ae ~qastïi# n a}vclonr# vir a}aevci# i

oiòalti da Hqst l` Tlea ‟ slstaen da ndel`lstrnçïi qtlclxndi vacn aevrasn i`da `ndn daza

sar vridqxldi# trn`svirtndi iq oievrndi n`tas di eiea`ti dn qtlclxnçïi di vridqti ‟ n ìznrajireqcnçïi dn razlstn tae a}vcirndi ns lenga`s oiei jiren da nvri}lençïi Garncea`ta#

ns lenga`s qtlclxndns `n razlstn trn`seltae ncagrln a sara`ldnda# ncìe da jionrae ìs

datncmas# vnrn ~qa mnhn caltqrn dn l`jirençïi# tnebìe vir eali dacns# sae on`snr i caltir Ns

lenga`s noievn`mne i ta}ti# saevra ~qa vissåzac# `n irdae da caltqrn



:>

4.?.? Jioi `ns vassins

Ncìe dn levirtâòln dis nsvaotis grîjlois# Ragi -><=:, dastnon n àoassldnda da n

oieq`lonçïi ioirrar da enàlrn blcntarnc# vrieiza`di oclen da eøtqn oiivarnçïi `ns

racnçñas mqen`ns# vnrn ~qa ns vassins tiràe%sa enls oi`sola`tas da saq vnvac ì nebla`ta

da trnbncmi Assn onrnotaråstlon blcntarnc jlon enls azlda`ta `n saçïi da onrtns# `n ~qnc is

caltiras vidae ivl`nr sibra nssq`tis jqtqris a ns adlçñas vnssndns @i a`tn`ti# oi`sldarn%sa

~qa i asvnçi dastl`ndi n assn l`tarntlzldnda ì va~qaì# oi`sldarn`di%sa i tnen`mi dn razlstn

Jlgqrn >6 % _açïi da onrtns

Iqtri jntir levirtn`ta# zarljlondi `n vqbclonçïi# dlx rasvalti æ entìrln –Onàtn `n eïi# ldaln

`n onbaçn―# vqbclondn `n adlçïi 2:? dn razlstn Enromlirl -266:, njlren ~qa i vnvac dn

oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n `ns irgn`lxnçñas ì jnziraoar n l`tagrnçïi# da eidi n orlnr zncir vnrn

oi`dqxlr ns ntltqdas di vøbcloi nczi a# oi`sa~qa`taea`ta# garnr raoi`maolea`ti N entìrln



:2

trndqx astn njlrençïi da Enromlirl# vils astleqcn n vnrtlolvnçïi dis jqòli`îrlis ì

nvrleirnea`ti dis vrioassis dn aevrasn# vir eali dn dlzqcgnçïi di vrigrnen da sqgastñas

orlntlzns# ~qa vraeln is nqtiras dns eacmiras ldìlns Enromlirl njlren# nl`dn# sar jq`dnea`tnc

i a`ziczlea`ti da jqòli`îrlis a dn nctn ndel`lstrnçïi vnrn ~qa ns nçñas vissne jcqlr

`ntqrncea`ta

Jlgqrn >> % Entìrln zncirlxn n ntqnçïi di jqòli`îrli

Ncìe da dlzqcgnr i vrigrnen da ldalns dn aevrasn# n ravirtngae trnbncmn i varjlc da

jqòli`îrlis ~qa hî oi`trlbqårne a# ae jq`çïi dlssi# tlzarne eacmirlns ae sqns ritl`ns da

trnbncmi

N øctlen rajireqcnçïi dn razlstn# hî oltndn n`tarlirea`ta# tnebìe taza oiei ibhatlzi dal}nr

n vqbclonçïi eaìs jnotqnc a enls rajca}lzn –N vrivistn ì tar i jioi `n vassin# ì nebla`ta

vrijlssli`nc# `ïi `n aevrasn―# njlren Itmi` Enln2? A}aevci dlssi astî `n adlçïi 2:?# ~qa

oirrasvi`da ni varåidi da sataebri a iqtqbri da 26>6 N entìrln da onvn# –Da El`ns vnrn i

eq`di―# trntn dn oi`~qlstn dn jîbrlon da Batle# ~qa ncon`çiq n enron da très elcmñas da

zaåoqcis za`dldis vnrn enls da >66 vnåsas Ns astrntìglns da oieq`lonçïi zïi ncìe di

2? A`trazlstn da Itmi` Enln oiòadldn n Onricl`n Ji`saon# vir tacajià# ì dln >? da iqtqbri da 26>>



:?

oi`taødi vqbclondi# ~qa ioqviq >> vîgl`ns @assn entìrln# ì n jiti da onvn ~qa earaoa

dastn~qa# vils qà dqns vassins da dljara`tas `åzals mlarîr~qlois -ndel`lstrntlzi a

ivarnoli`nc,# daei`strn`di n levirtâòln di trnbncmi ae a~qlva vnrn i nconòa dis

rasqctndis

N saçïi @i Vÿdli tnebìe earaoa dastn~qa ~qn`di i nssq`ti ì jioi `ns vassins# vils dastnon

is vrèelis raoabldis vacis vrijlssli`nls dn Jlnt Tnc asvnçi ì levirtn`ta vir zncirlxn n

ntqnçïi a i a`ziczlea`ti dis jqòli`îrlis# Ncìe dlssi# assn vistqrn aevrasnrlnc levqcsli`n

n vnrtlolvnçïi# oievrieata is jqòli`îrlis a tir`n n aevrasn enls mqen`åstlon Da`tra ns

saçñas# hî oltndns n`tarlirea`ta dn A}vrassi Jlnt # dastnon%sa tnebìe n –Tøàc di Taevi―

~qa tae oiei ibhatlzi en`tar n mlstÿrln dn aevrasn a eqctlvclonr oi`maolea`ti

irgn`lxnoli`nc _agq`di Bargnel`l -><<7,# n eitlznçïi dava`da di zncir ~qa ondn vassinntrlbql æ sqn ntlzldnda Virtn`ti# astlen%sa ~qa i ibhatlzi dassn saçïi sahn astleqcnr i sa`tldi

da vartaòar n assn mlstÿrln# sa`tlea`ti ~qa orln a ngragn zncir



:4

1 OI@OCQ_ÏI

I ibhatlzi di rajarldi trnbncmi arn n`nclsnr ns astrntìglns# nditndns `n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt #

vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals _)N# onvnxas da visslblcltnr# æ aevrasn# n

oi`~qlstn di ratirì eitlznoli`nc dis oicnbirndiras Vnrn omagnr n tnc ibhatlzi# n n`îclsa da

oi`taødi jil dlzldldn ae dqns cl`mns da vas~qlsn8 n, ibsarznçïi dns astrntìglns nditndns `n

vqbclonçïi a b, zarljlonçïi di eidi oiei n oieq`lonçïi ea`sqrn i ratirì oi`~qlstndi

vacn razlstn

N eatn jil oqevrldn n vnrtlr da jq`dnea`tnçñas taÿrlons# da n`îclsa dn razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt

a da a`trazlstn ae vrijq`dldnda# ranclxndn `n aevrasn Hq`tns# tnls l`lolntlzns da l`zastlgnçïidarne oi`dlçñas vnrn ~qa sa omagnssa æ oiòcqsïi da ~qa i satir da Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn

Jlnt qtlclxn%sa# `n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt # da astrntìglns ~qa jnziraoae n eitlznçïi dis

jqòli`îrlis N razlstn oqevra saq vnvac oiei zaåoqci da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n onvnx da orlnr

nebla`tas da eitlznçïi vnrn is jqòli`îrlis# visti ~qa l`jirençïi a l`tagrnçïi sïi jntiras

oi`sldarndis eitlznoli`nls

Ncìe dlssi# n vraioqvnçïi ae oievnrtlcmnr ldalns oie is dlzarsis vøbclois vrivngn i

a`ziczlea`ti dis jqòli`îrlis oie n irgn`lxnçïi Varoaba%sa# virtn`ti# ~qa oicnbirndiras#jqòli`îrlis l`jirendis a l`tagrndis ta`dae n sar enls oievrieatldis a eitlzndis oie i

nebla`ta irgn`lxnoli`nc @i a`tn`ti# zarljloiq%sa# tnebìe# ~qa `ïi a}lsta jÿreqcn iq raoaltn

asvaoåjlon vnrn aståeqci dis jqòli`îrlis# hî ~qa n eitlznçïi ì ncgi l`trå`saoi ni sar mqenì

Iq sahn# dln`ta da tnc oi`jlgqrnçïi# enls di ~qa va`snr ae eitlznr is jqòli`îrlis# onba æs

aevrasns zncirlxnrae i vitaòlnc mqenì# n jle da `ïi garnr daseitlznçïi

Vir iqtri cndi# varoaba%sa ~qa a}lsta# nl`dn# grn`da dajlolèòln ì ~qa sa rajara æ

visslblcldnda da eadlr i nconòa a n ajloîoln dn vqbclonçïi# hî ~qa# dln`ta dn ~qn`tldnda dajarrnea`tns dasa`ziczldns vacn Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt# n ea`sqrnçïi ì jaltn da enàlrn

enls gcibnc# a da nì ae nì N ø`lon jiren da nznclnr n A}vrassi Jlnt # da eidi lsicndi# a

oie n vnrtlolvnçïi dlratn dis jqòli`îrlis# sae l`tarza`çñas# ì vir eali di jireqcîrli

dlstrlbqådi da`tri dn vrÿvrln razlstn Ncìe dlssi# oiei dlti n`tarlirea`ta# i ratirì dassas

jireqcîrlis nl`dn ì viqoi slg`ljlontlzi dln`ta di zicqea da oicnbirndiras ~qa raoaba n

razlstn



:1

_a# da qe cndi# varoaba%sa ~qa n ea`sqrnçïi da ~qncldnda a ajloîoln dn razlstn ì nl`dn

vraoîrln# vir iqtri# zarljlon%sa vraioqvnçïi ae vridqxlr qen razlstn da ~qncldnda _agq`di

Itmi` Enln# i l`zastlea`ti eìdli ae ondn a}aevcnr ì da R$>#:6# i ~qa slg`ljlon qe oqsti

bleastrnc da# nvri}lendnea`ta# 24 elc ranls# sa caznreis ae oi`tn is >1 elc a}aevcnras

ntqnls

@asta oi`ta}ti# vi`darn%sa ~qa# sa jirae trnbncmndns ns jirens da ea`sqrnçïi da rasqctndis#

n razlstn ta`da n sa onrnotarlxnr nl`dn enls oiei jarrnea`tn da nvili eitlznoli`nc# vils

astnrî ondn zax enls vrÿ}len di caltir# a ae oi`jireldnda oie sqns a}vaotntlzns I vrioassi

oi`tå`qi da ea`sqrnçïi vareltlrî ~qa i vøbcloi a}vrassa# da enàlrn enls vrasa`ta# sqns

ivl`lñas a a}vaotntlzns sibra n razlstn Ncìe dlssi# `ïi ì vissåzac njlrenr ~qa n vqbclonçïioi`trlbqn vnrn i aståeqci dis jqòli`îrlis# vils i vrioassi da eitlznçïi a`zicza dlzarsns

iqtrns ntlzldndas dasa`ziczldns vacn vrÿvrln Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt ‟ enls

asvaoljlonea`ta# i vlcnr Eitlznçïi

Gqnrdndns ns dazldns vrivirçñas# n razlstn oqevra saq vnvac a`~qn`ti jarrnea`tn da

oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n ijlolnc dn aevrasn# ~qa zlsn l`jirenr a nvri}lenr i vøbcloi l`tarì#

azltn`di# oie lssi# n daseitlznçïi# ionsli`ndn# `n enlirln dns zaxas# vir jnctn da l`jirençïi

a zncirlxnçïi dis jqòli`îrlis vir vnrta dis aevragndiras Ns astrntìglns n`nclsndns vir assnvas~qlsn nvi`tne ~qa n razlstn A}vrassi Jlnt nvrasa`tn l`jirençñas ntqnls a vraolsns# jioi

`ns vassins a l`tarassa vir nsvaotis grîjlois# onrnotaråstlons oi`sldarndns jq`dnea`tnls vnrn

~qa is jqòli`îrlis sl`tne%sa zncirlxndis ì nebla ta da trnbncmi



::

RAJARÈ@OLN_

BAKL@# _nqc Jnl`gnqs Oi`zarsn`di sibra a`dienrkatl`g _ïi Vnqci8 Enkri` Biiks# ><<1

BARGNEL@L# Oaoåcln Wmltnkar Eitlznçïi `ns Irgn`lxnçñas 4 ad _ïi Vnqci8 Ntcns# 266:

BRQE# N`nclsn da Eadalris A`dienrkatl`g oiei astrntìgln da gastïi8 aòn`ta saq ocla`tal`tarì ? Ad Virti Ncagra8 C*VE# 2661

BQA@I# Wlcsi` dn Oistn Oieq`lonçïi Aevrasnrlnc8 tairln a vas~qlsn Bnrqarl8 Enìca#266?

OA_ON# Ocaqxn G Gleaàs Oieq`lonçïi dlrlgldn asorltn `n aevrasn8 tairln a vrîtlon?ad _ïi Vnqci8 _qeeqs# ><<1

OMLNZA@NTI# Ldncbarti Ndel`lstrnçïi ìs ìzis taevis 2 ad Rli da Hnàlri8 AdOnevqs# ><<<

OIACMI# Jîbli Qcmin En`qnc da dlralti oiearolnc _ïi Vnqci8 _nrnlzn# 2664

OMRL_T\# Jrn` Is sagradis dn eitlznçïi Dlsvi`åzac ae8mttv8))vtsorlbdoie)dio)24=47>)is%sagradis%dn%eitlznoni Noassi ae 6> da _ataebri da26>>

OQR\# N`ti`li Irgn`lxnçïi a eìtidis8 qen zlsïi micåstlon ‟ 7 ad _ïi Vnqci8 Ntcns#2666

MACCAR# Ribart Oiei eitlznr vassins _ïi Vnqci8 VqbclJicmn# ><<<

KN@NN@A# Ribarti Oievirtnea`ti Mqenì `ns Irgn`lxnçñas8 I mieae rqei ni _ìoqci ]]L. _ïi Vnqci8 Ntcns# ><<4

KICCRI__# @loica Ns racnçñas vøbclons ìs grqvis irgn`lxnoli`nls Dlsvi`åzac ae8mttv8))wwwbiooqblvt)vng)kiccriss%`loica%racnoias%vqbclons%grqvis%irgn`lxnoli`nlsvdjNoassi ae 2= da ngisti da 26>>

CNOIEBA# Jrnòlsoi Hisì; MALCBIR@# Glcbarti Cqlx Hisì Ndel`lstrnçïi8 vrlòåvlis ata`dèòlns _ïi Vnqci8 _nrnlzn# 266?

CAEI_# Ocîqdln; DAC GNQDLI# Rixîcln Vqbclonçñas hir`ncåstlons aevrasnrlnls L`8DQNRTA# Hirga -Irg, Nssassirln da levra`sn a racnoli`nea`ti oie n eådln _ïi



:7

Vnqci8 Ntcns# 266?

CIVA_# Zncìrln da _l~qalrn Onstri I racnçñas%vøbclons oiei gastir dn lengae a nlevirtâòln dn ea`sqrnçïi dis rasqctndis ae Oieq`lonçïi Oirvirntlzn Dlsvi`åzac ae8wwwaonqsvbr)davnrtne)orv)oqrsis)visgrnd)gastoirv)irgn`loie Noassi ae 6> da_ataebri da 26>>

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ENROMLIRL# Enrcaà Oqctqrn a oieq`lonçïi irgn`lxnoli`nc8 qe icmnr astrntìgloi sibra n

irgn`lxnçïi _ïi Onatnì di _qc8 Dljqsïi Adltirlnc# 266:

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ENR^QA_# Hisì Onrcis Zaåoqcis da vnvac % ns razlstns oqstielxndns oiei ìznvisslblcldnda da oieq`lonçïi aevrasnrlnc ì earondi nqtieiblcåstloi brnslcalri Dlsvi`åzacae8 mttv8))wwwj`vhirgbr)sino)ios)zlawvnvarvmv9ld5>?=*oj57 Noassi ae 6> da_ataebri da 26>>

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EIRNA_# N``n Enrls Varalrn L`tridqçïi æ Ndel`lstrnçïi _ïi Vnqci8 Vra`tloa Mncc# 2664

EIRGN@# Gnratm Lenga`s dn irgn`lxnçïi Trndqçïi da Oaoåcln Wmltnkar Bargnel`l aRibarti Oidn _ïi Vnqci8 Ntcns# ><<:

EQRRACC# M|wac Eitlznçïi ì Trnbncmi Rli da Hnàlri8 Xnmnr Adltiras# ><7:

VACTXAR# Gi`xnci Hir`nclsei loiìgrîjloi. Trndqçïi da Nren`di Varalrn dn _lczn Clsbin8 Vcnàtn Adltirn# ><<2



:=

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_ONCXI# Enråcln Hir`nclsei da razlstn 2 ad _ïi Vnqci8 Oi`ta}ti# 266=

_ORIJAR@AKAR# Ocaqsn Enrln N`drnda Trnhatÿrlns taÿrloi%oiòaltqnls dn oieq`lonçïiirgn`lxnoli`nc. Virti Ncagra8 Razlstn JNEAOI_ `¸?># 266: Dlsvi`åzac aemttv8))razoievirtoiel`taroieirgbr)l`da}vmv)jneaois)nrtloca)zlaw)>>>6)=?2 Noassi ae27 da Ngisti 26>>

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ZLCN_ BIN_# _argli I astlci engnxlà8 i ta}ti ae razlstn _ïi Vnqci8 _qeeqs# ><<:



:<

N@A]I_

Nà}i N ‟ N`îclsa di ibhati da vas~qlsn

Adlçïi

Ontagirlns

Ad. 2:2 Ad. 2:? Ad. 2:4 Ad. 2:1

@¸ da vîgl`ns dn

razlstn4: 42 42 42

Nssq`tis da onvn

Entìrln sibra

_qsta`tnblcldnda#

l`tltqcndn8 –Vnrn ns

jqtqrns garnçñas―

Mî tnebìe qen

omnendn vnrn n

entìrln –Enls

Ajlolèòln―# sibra

is ìzis eitiras

ATir~

Entìrln sibra n

enron ncon`çndn

vacn aevrasn da

très elcmñas da

zaåoqcis

a}virtndis I tåtqci

ì8 –Da El`ns vnrn i

eq`di― Mî

tnebìe qen

omnendn vnrn i

cn`çnea`ti dn cl`mn

enls eidar`n di

–@izi Ldan―

Entìrln sibra i

Eli# onrri oiòaltidn aevrasn# ~qa jil

oi`strqådi oie i

nq}åcli dis

l`tar`nqtns#

l`tltqcndn8 –I Eli ì

ìssi.― Mî

tnebìe qen

omnendn vnrn n

entìrln –@izi

Brnzi―# sibra i

cn`çnea`ti di

eidaci ì vnås

Entìrln sibra icn`çnea`ti di

envn astrntìgloi dn

aevrasn oie is

ibhatlzis ntì 26>4#

l`tltqcndn8 –Noacarn

Jlnt― Mî tnebìe

qen omnendn vnrn

n entìrln –Ibrns `n

Jîbrlon― sibra is

l`zastlea`tis dn

Jlnt i Brnslc

@¸ da saçñas >< 2> >< 26

Tlvi dns

entìrlns24

Dns ravirtnga`s

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# mî

a~qlcåbrli a`tra ns

~qa vissqae

l`jirençñas sibra n

aevrasn a

jqòli`îrlis

Dns ravirtnga`s

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# n enlirln

nvrasa`tiq

l`jirençñas sibra

is jqòli`îrlis

Dns ravirtnga`s

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# n enlirln

nvrasa`tiq tnebìe

l`jirençñas sibra

is jqòli`îrlis

Dns ravirtnga`s

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# mî

a~qlcåbrli a`tra ns

~qa vissqae

l`jirençñas sibra n

aevrasn a

jqòli`îrlis

24 _agq`di Tir~qnti -><=7,# ns vqbclonçñas l`stltqoli`nls dlzldae ns entìrlns vqbclondns ae dils grn`dasgrqvis8 entìrlns sibra n vrÿvrln irgn`lxnçïi a entìrlns sibra is jqòli`îrlis



76

Oi`taødi dns

entìrlns

vqbclondns n

razlstn21

Lda`tljloiq%sa ~qa

dns entìrlns

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# oie

l`jirençñas sibra

is jqòli`îrlis#

vradiel`ne%sa ns

davnrtnea`tnls#

ratrntis a da

irla`tnçïi

Lda`tljloiq%sa ~qa

dns entìrlns

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# oie

l`jirençñas sibrais jqòli`îrlis#

vradiel`ne%sa#

ìznea`ta# ns

davnrtnea`tnls#

ratrntis a da

irla`tnçïi

Lda`tljloiq%sa ~qa

dns entìrlns

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# oiel`jirençñas sibra

is jqòli`îrlis#

vradiel`ne%sa ns

davnrtnea`tnls a da

irla`tnçïi

Lda`tljloiq%sa ~qa

dns entìrlns

vqbclondns `n

razlstn# oie

l`jirençñas sibrais jqòli`îrlis#

vradiel`ne%sa#

ìznea`ta# ns

davnrtnea`tnls#

ratrntis a da

irla`tnçïi

Ravaroqssïi dns

ravirtnga`s2:

Ns enls cldns

jirne8 >, @nsoa qe

ìzi elti -entìrlnda Onvn,; 2, I oìq

ì i clelta -saçïi

Îrzira dn Zldn,; ?,

I onel`mi dn

lìznçïi -saçïi

Tøàc di Taevi,

Ns enls cldns

jirne8 >, Eïis ~qa

oi`striae i jqtqri

-entìrln da Onvn,;

2, Vir qe vcnàtn

sqsta`tîzac -saçïi

A`trazlstn,; ?, Acas

jnxae noi`taoar

-saçïi Olroqlti

Jlnt,

Ns enls cldns

jirne8 >,

A}virtnçïi

-entìrln da Onvn,;

2, N mirn di

zicq`tnrlndi -saçïi

Îrzira dn Zldn,; ?,

?4 nìs ncìe dn

jri`talrn -saçïi

Tøàc di Taevi,

Ns enls cldns

jirne8 >, I Eli ì

ìssi -entìrln daOnvn,; 2,

Brnzi.Brnzi.

-saçïi Vridqti,; ?,

Omalrl`mi da onrri

ìzi -saçïi Vlt

_tiv,

Vqbcloldnda

Vqbcloldnda l`tar`n

`n oi`trn%onvn a ì

zarsi Vqbcloldndaa}tar`n ì oi`trn%

zarsi

Vqbcloldnda l`tar`n

`n oi`trn%onvn a ì


zarsi

Vqbcloldnda l`tar`n

`n oi`trn%onvn a ì


zarsi

Vqbcloldnda l`tar`n

`n oi`trn%onvn a ì


zarsi

21 _agq`di Tir~qnti -><=7,# ns entìrlns sïi dlzldldns ae8 Ratrnti# Davnrtnea tnls# da Lcqstrnçïi# Irla`tndirns#da A`trata`lea`ti a Nssiolntlzns2: Tidns ns adlçñas dn A}vrassi Jlnt sïi dlstrlbqådns oie qe jireqcîrli vnrn nznclnçïi dn adlçïi Is rasqctndisibtldis `n vas~qlsn sïi# vir neistrngae# vqbclondis `n adlçïi vistarlir dn razlstn



7>

Nà}i B ‟ A`trazlstn ae vrijq`dldnda# `n å`tagrn# ranclxndn oie i oiirda`ndir da

Oieq`lonçïi L`tar`n dn Jlnt Nqtieÿzals# Itmi` Enln.

>. Oiei n oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n dn Jlnt sa irgn`lxn9

Ns ìssns nçñas da oieq`lonçïi sïi dlzldldns vir îran da nta`dlea`ti a# ncìe dlssi# n ga`ta

dlzlda ns ìssns ntqnçñas ae très vlcnras Qe vlcnr ~qa n ga`ta omnen da l`jirençïi# ~qa ì

clgndi n gastïi da zaåoqci l`tarì# qe vlcnr ~qa ì omnendi da dlîcigi# dlraoli`ndi n tidis ns

nçñas da vrieiçïi da jnoa n jnoa# a qe da eitlznçïi ~qa ì dlraoli`ndi n aza`tis#

onevn`mns# a`jle# ns daenls ntqnçñas da oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n A`tïi aq ta`mi qe n`nclstn

~qa jlon enls dlraoli`ndi vrn oqldnr dn A}vrassi Jlnt a vnrn n vridqçïi di zaåoqci aq ta`mi n

Vrass oiei ngèòln vnroalrn ~qa jnx tidn n a}aoqçïi# tn`ti da oi`taødi oiei dlngrnençïidn razlstn

2. A`tïi n A}vrassi Jlnt `ïi ì jaltn l`tagrncea`ta vir zioès# ens sle vacn Vrass9

N a}aoqçïi sle# ens tidn n vnrta da radnçïi a dlngrnençïi ì ibzlnea`ta oiirda`ndn Aq siq

rasvi`sîzac a n Aclxn# ~qa ì assn n`nclstn# ì rasvi`sîzac vir oiirda`nr i vrioassi da vridqçïi

dn razlstn# a}aoqçïi dns vnqtns# ato Dasda ><<<# tnczax# n A}vrassi Jlnt hî ì taroalrlxndn

_ïi# vrntlonea`ta# >6 nìs# oiei ì `n enlirln dns aevrasns

?. _ibra n vnqtn# ~qae vnrtlolvn dns raq`lñas9 Tae l`tarjarèòln da iqtris satiras#

oiei RM# oiearolnc iq ì sÿ oieq`lonçïi oie n dlratirln9

N ga`ta tae n dajl`lçïi ijlolnc dn vnqtn# ens# ibzlnea`ta# n ga`ta vada sqgastñas a raoaba

vadldis da vqbclonçïi da tidns ns îrans dn aevrasn Ni ci`gi dis dils easas da vqbclonçïi

dn razlstn n ga`ta daolda ns vnqtns# jnx i jaomnea`ti a dî l`loli ni vrioassi da vridqçïi N

ga`ta omagn àssns vnqtns da noirdi oie ns àoassldndas ~qa zïi omagn`di ni ci`gi divaråidi Ncìe dlssi# n ga`ta jnx i raoirta da noirdi oie ns àoassldndas da nga`dn dn

aevrasn A}lsta tnebìe qe oieltè da oieq`lonçïi ~qa ea`sncea`ta sa raøà# trnx vnqtns# n

zlsïi di caltir sibra n razlstn a iqtrns sqgastñas da entìrlns

4. A`tïi àssa oieltè zioès cazne ae oi`sldarnçïi tnebìe n ivl`lïi di caltir9



72

_le# sle Ì qe oieltè da oieq`lonçïi ~qa tae ravrasa`tn`tas da tidns ns îrans da aevrasn#

~qa ìs trnxae sqgastñas# ncìe da jnxar n nznclnçïi da razlstn tnebìe

1. A oiei ~qa zioès jnxae n nznclnçïi dn razlstn9

Tidn razlstn tae qe jireqcîrli da nznclnçïi ~qa n ga`ta qtlclxn# a nå n ga`ta jnx n tnbqcnçïi

dn vas~qlsn n ondn adlçïi vnrn noievn`mnr n ivl`lïi di caltir ~qa sahn di vi`ti da zlstn da

oi`taødi a da cn|iqt# oiei tnebìe ae sqgastïi da vnqtn a oiea`tîrlis dlzarsis

:. A n nbrn`gèòln9 Ns vassins tèe oistqea da rasvi`dar nis jireqcîrlis iq ì viqoi i

`øeari da vassins ~qa rasvi`dae æs ~qastñas9

Ì qe ratirì rnxiîzac# taeis qe ratirì da enls iq eaìs ?66 vassins vir adlçïi# a`tïi

garn qen enssn bin da oråtlon sibra n razlstn Ibzlnea`ta acn `ïi ì qen vas~qlsn oa`sltîrln#

acn `ïi ì qen vas~qlsn ~qa zioè tae ~qa tar qen grn`da nbrn`gèòln# ì enls vnrn qen

vas~qlsn da nqti# dava`da dn vnrtlolvnçïi ntlzn di caltir# a`tïi# ì enls qen jiren da dn ga`ta

noievn`mnr assn nznclnçïi# a en`tar qen n`îclsa oråtlon sibra n vqbclonçïi

7. A zioès tèe iqtrns jirens da ea`sqrnr lssi oie i caltir9 Iq sahn# oie is vrÿvrlis

jqòli`îrlis9

N ga`ta ranclxn n`qncea`ta ns ocå`lons da oieq`lonçïi oie i grqvi Jionls# ì qen vas~qlsn

~qnc| [~qncltntlznU ranclxndn l`tar`nea`ta A n ondn 2 nìs n ga`ta tae qen dlng`ÿstloi da

oieq`lonçïi ~qa tnebìe jnx nznclnçïi da tidis is vrioassis da oieq`lonçïi lòcql`di n

razlstn

=. A`ta`dl. A ì eiea`ti da sacaoli`nr i oi`taødi dn razlstn# a dns iqtrns jarrnea`tns

da oieq`lonçïi# zioès cazne ae oi`sldarnçïi# vir a}aevci# ns vas~qlsns dn îran daraoqrsis mqenìs# nznclnçïi di vøbcloi l`tarì# onrnotaråstlons# ato9

Ntqncea`ta n ga`ta tae qen vas~qlsn ~qa ì qe envanea`ti di vøbcloi l`tarì# ~qa

oi`sldarneis oiei qen dlzlsïi di vrÿvrli vøbcloi easei Acn ìs nq}lcln vnrn jnxareis

qen oieq`lonçïi enls dlraoli`ndn ni varjlc di vøbcloi# sahn ae racnçïi ni sa}i# ldnda#

taevi da aevrasn# a`jle# mlarnr~qln `n aevrasn# ato N ga`ta tae tidn assn dlzlsïi da



7?

envanea`ti ~qa ìs nhqdn n lda`tljlonr i varjlc di caltir# lssi ì n`qncea`ta ì ranclxndi A n

ga`ta tae n ondn dils nìs n vas~qlsn da oclen# ~qa astî eqlti enls clgndi oie ns ~qastñas

di racnoli`nea`ti di aevragndi oie n aevrasn A`tïi ibzlnea`ta acn sarza oiei bnsa

oiei qe rasqctndi oicntarnc vnrn n oieq`lonçïi# ens `ïi ì ~qa acn dlraoli`n vnqtn# ntì

vir~qa n oibartqrn el`qolisn ì eqlti enls dl`âelon# a`tïi acn cazn enls ae oi`tn assn

caltqrn di nebla`ta a i ratirì dns vas~qlsns

<. Zioè snba ea dlxar ~qnc i l`zastlea`ti eìdli n ondn adlçïi dn razlstn9

Da onbaçn `ïi sal ta dlxar# ens miha dazaeis tar qe vraçi vir adlçïi da R$ >#:6# enls iq

eaìs# sïi >1 elc a}aevcnras# dî vnrn sqvireis qe zncir nvri}lendi da 26 elc ranls# tnczax

>6. N A}vrassi Jlnt ì i ø`loi zaåoqci dlraoli`ndn tn`ti vnrn vridqçïi oiei vnrn n

îran ndel`lstrntlzn# oarti9

Oarti

>>. Vir ~qa zioès asoicmarne qen razlstn a `ïi# vir a}aevci# qe hir`nc vnrn sar

assa zaåoqci da oieq`lonçïi dlratn9

@n zardnda `ÿs taeis qe virtjÿcli n~ql da ilti zaåoqcis l`tarìs `ì9.

>2. Ens ~qa nbrn`ga ns dqns îrans# `ïi ì9

Ì# ens nå n ga`ta tae ns jarrnea`tns sagea`tndns Aq ta`mi qe hir`nc asvaoåjloi vnrn n îran

da vridqçïi# qe l`jirentlzi asvaoåjloi da îran a ndel`lstrntlzn ~qa sïi ea`snls# n razlstn dn

jneåcln ~qa jnx i raoirta enls zictndi vnrn n jneåcln di aevragndi# is ~qndris da nzlsi#

l`trnàt# tirvadis _E_# ~qa sïi = zaåoqcis ni tidi# a nå n ga`ta tae is ealis sagea`tndis Nrazlstn acn ì rancea`ta i on`nc oirvirntlzi# ~qa dî n zlsïi di tidi dn aevrasn# a dnå n

levirtâòln dacn ntl`glr tidis is oicnbirndiras

>?. ^qnc ~qa ì n jq`çïi astrntìglon dn oieq`lonçïi l`tar`n# a ~qnc n levirtâòln di

ibhatlzi dn razlstn da`tri dassn zlsïi astrntìglon dn aevrasn9



74

N oieq`lonçïi# a`jle# ì qen îran nctnea`ta astrntìglon da`tri dn Jlnt# qen zax ~qa va`sn# n

Jlnt acn vraxn vnrn ~qa n oieq`lonçïi sahn qen jarrnea`tn astrntìglon nclndn ni

racnoli`nea`ti dn aevrasn oie n~qaca vøbcloi Is ocla`tas# jiràoadiras# gizarì# levra`sn#

a tnebìe vnrn i vøbcloi l`tarì @assa sa`tldi# tidn n vrîtlon da racnoli`nea`ti oie i

vøbcloi sa bnsaln tnebìe `n jiren da oieq`lonçïi oie assa vøbcloi# a`tïi assn

oieq`lonçïi acn a`trn oiei assa grn`da nxalta àssn racnçïi a`tra aevrasn a aevragndi ì

sa`tldi da oievnrtlcmnr zlsïi# oievnrtlcmnr jqtqri# a`jle# tidis is oiòaltis# znciras# a

ibhatlzis dn irgn`lxnçïi A`tïi n oieq`lonçïi tae assa vnvac da trnbncmnr `n racnçïi a`tra

aevragndi a aevrasn vnrn ~qa lssi ioirrn da qen jiren enls l`tagrndn a oievnrtlcmndn

vissåzac @assa sa`tldi n razlstn acn ì qe dis eaon`lseis ~qa n ga`ta tae vrn jnxar assa

oievnrtlcmnea`ti da zlsïi# elssïi# znciras# a`jle# da tidis is oievià`tas dn zldn a dn

astrntìgln dn aevrasn A`tïi# n razlstn `qòn vida n`nclsndn savnrndnea`ta# acn jnx vnrta daqe oievisti da oieq`lonçïi# ~qa cazn ae oi`tn àe siea`ta is zaåoqcis l`tarìs# ens

vrlòlvncea`ta tnebìe tidi qe trnbncmi da oieq`lonçïi jnoa n jnoa da qe dlîcigi l`tarì#

ncìe dns onevn`mns# vrieiçñas a aza`tis Da qen jiren l`tagrndn n oieq`lonçïi oi`sagqa

ntl`glr i saq eî}lei A n razlstn ì sle qen dns vrîtlons# qen dns vrîtlons oi`sicldndns a

tnczax qe dis grn`das zaåoqcis l`tarìs ~qa n ga`ta tae

>4. N razlstn acn tae ~qn`tis nìs9

Acn ì da ><=4 @n zardnda acn sqrglq oiei hir`nc# a`jle# acn vnssiq vir zîrlns eidljlonçñas#

ens n vrlealrn A}vrassi Jlnt jil vqbclondn ae ><=4 N øctlen rajireqcnçïi jil ae 266=

>1. _ÿ enls qen vargq`tn# dlraoli`ndn n cl`gqngae qtlclxndn `n razlstn. Zioès tèe n

vraioqvnçïi da nda~qnr n cl`gqngae vnrn qe vøbcloi# æs zaxas# tïi dljara`ta9

Varjalti Ibzlnea`ta taeis qe oqldndi eqlti grn`da# a tnczax qe dis vlcnras dn øctlen

rajireqcnçïi dn razlstn jil hqstnea`ta ntl`glr# qen razlstn ~qa sa tlzassa qen cl`gqngae ~qajissa ondn zax enls vrnxarisn ae car# enls ibhatlzn# enls rajl`ndn# `ïi rajl`ndn va`sn`di ì

sa`tldi acltlxndi# ens sle ì sa`tldi da tir`nr oie jioi ì vrnxar da car# azltnr n~qaca tie

l`stltqoli`nc# da zaåoqci dlstn`ta a ~qa `ïi dasvarta n nta`çïi di caltir Assn rajireqcnçïi znl

trnbncmnr ta}tis# tåtqcis# nbirdnga`s# cands# ato# ~qa sahne ondn zax enls l`tarassn`tas `n zlsïi

di caltir A`tïi nomi ~qa assa ì qe grn`da trq`ji dn øctlen rajireqcnçïi dn razlstn# a zioè



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znl zar `i onsa qe viqoi i ~qa jil n `issn astrntìgln vir trîs dlssi a ae ~qa n ga`ta

trnbncmiq

COMUNICAÇÃO INTERNA COMO FATOR MOTIVACIONAL Estudo de caso da revista Expresso Fiat, produzida...

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