Compreendendo a Terra

Cap. 23:Ambiente, Mudanças Globais, e

Impactos Humanos

Lecture Slides prepared by

Bill Dupré • Peter Copeland

Copyright © 2004 by W. H. Freeman & Company

Frank Press • Raymond Siever • John Grotzinger • Thomas H. Jordan

4a Edição

Fig. 23.1

Interacting Geosystems:

Climate – Plate Tectonics – Geodynamo

Fig. 23.2

O Simulador da Terra:

maior computador já construído

Centro de ciências da Terra, Yokohama-Japão

Fig. 23.2

Fig. 23.2

Fig. 23.3

Componentes do Sistema Climático da Terra

Fig. 23.3

As atividades antrópicas

podem resultar em mudanças:

Sea ice and

extent of glaciers

Land surface, vegetation,

and ecosystems

The hydrologic cycle

Oceanic circulation,

sea level, and geochemistry

Atmospheric composition

and circulation

Fig. 23.4

O gelo marinho é parte

importante da Criosphere

Arctic Sea ice flowing

south through the

Bering Strait, May

2002

Fig. 23.5

Energia solar

~ 342 Watts/meter2

Energia Geotérmica

~ 0.06 Watts/meter2

O calor radiante da Terra

deve ser equivalente ao

gerado pelo sol

Fig. 23.6

Entrada e Saída

de radiação na Atmosfera Terrestre

Quais são os gases do efeito estufa?

(What are the greenhouse gases?)

(excluindo H2O)

• Dióxido de Carbono:49%

• Metano: 18%

• “CFC’s”: 14%

• Óxidos Nitrosos: 06%

• Outros: 13%

Qual a fonte do CO2 adicionado?

• Queima de comb fóssil: 75%

• Desmatamento: 15%

• Manufacturing: 07%

• Combustível de madeira: 03%

Fig. 23.8a

Global Temperatures Compared to

Increased CO2 Concentration

Fig. 23.8b

Global Temperatures and CO2 Concentrations

Over the Last Millennium

Fig. 23.8b

But…. How can we determine temperature and

CO2 content prior to instrumental readings?

Box 16.1

The ice core, such as at

Vostok Science Station in

Antarctica provides over

100,000 years of data on:

1) temperature,

2) CO2 content, and

3) methane content

Fig. 23.7

Temperature and greenhouse

gas concentrations both

decline during glacial periods

Fig. 23.7

Temperature and greenhouse

gas concentrations both rise

rapidly during deglaciation

Fig. 23.7

Climate has been relatively warm and

stable during the last 10,000 yrs, the

Holocene interglacial period

Box 23.1

El Nino and La Nina

Box 23.1

During normal years, warm

surface waters in the Pacific lie in

the east off Indonesia

Box 23.1

During normal years, warm

surface waters in the Pacific lie in

the east off Indonesia

When the pattern oscillates to an

“El Nino”, the warm water shifts

east

Box 23.1

During normal years, warm

surface waters in the Pacific lie in

the east off Indonesia

When the pattern oscillates to an

“El Nino”, the warm water shifts

east

“La Nina” is characterized by

colder sea-surface temperatures

and stronger trade winds in the

eastern tropical Pacific

Box 23.1

South

America

During “Normal Years”

Warm water in the western Pacific causes low pressure and high rainfall;

pressure system drives tradewinds from east to west;

tradewinds drive warm water to the west;

causing cold water to rise off South America and flow west.

Box 23.1

South

America

During “El Nino”

Warm water shift to the eastern Pacific causes drought in western Pacific;

low pressure over the warm eastern Pacific causes heavy rains

and inhibits upwellings along the coast of South America.

Fig. 23.9

Transport Processes Between

Components of the Climate System

Fig. 23.10

The Calcium Cycle(showing fluxes in and out of the ocean)

Fig. 23.11

The Carbon Cycle(showing global reservoirs and fluxes)

Fig. 23.12

Human Effects on the Carbon Cycle

Fig. 23.12

Human Effects on the Carbon CycleHuman activities release

~7.1 Gt* of carbon into

the atmosphere each year

*Gt = gigaton

Fig. 23.12

Human effects on the Carbon CycleHuman activities release

~7.1 Gt* of carbon into

the atmosphere each year

*Gt = gigaton

New plant growth and

air-sea exchange

removes ~3.8 Gt/yr

Fig. 23.12

Human effects on the Carbon CycleHuman activities release

~7.1 Gt* of carbon into

the atmosphere each year

*Gt = gigaton

New plant growth and

Air-sea exchange

removes ~3.8 Gt/yr

…yielding a net

atmospheric increase

of ~ 3.3 Gt/yr.

Fig. 23.13

Fig. 23.13

Fig. 23.13

Before and After the Effects of Acid Rain

Fig. 23.14

Acidity of Rain:

1955-1998

Fig. 23.14

Burning high-sulfur coal generates atmospheric sulfuric acid

which falls as acid rain down-wind, to the northeast.

Fig. 23.14

Rains became more acidic and affected broader areas

until sulfur-reducing regulations were enacted…

Fig. 23.14

…reducing acid rain in the Northeast, however coal-fired

power plants in the Southwest have increased acid rain there.

Fig. 23.15

Fig. 23.16

Projected Changes in Ozone Concentration

With and Without the Montreal Protocol

Fig. 23.17a

Projected Changes in CO2 Concentration

Under Three Different Scenarios

Fig. 23.17b

Projected Changes in Global Temperature

Under Three Different Scenarios

Range

of

uncertainty

Continued reliance on fossil fuels

increased reliance on nonfossil fuels

Rapid conversion

to cleaner and more

resource-efficient technologies

Fig. 23.18

Global warming is

projected to reduce

the north polar ice

cap, disrupting Arctic

ecosystems, but

possibly improving

navigation.

Table 23.1

Potential Climate-Change Effects

on Various Systems

Systems Potential Effects

Table 23.1

Potential Climate-Change Effects

on Various Systems

Systems Potential Effects

Table 23.1