Cmp Manual 1

8/11/2019 Cmp Manual 1

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/cmp-manual-1 1/61

PRACTICAL :- 1

AIM:- STUDY OF MAINTENANCE KIT

List of various PC repair tools and the importance of each:

1).Standard scredr!"ers #n$t %a&net!c):

High-quality Phillips screwdrivers are indispensable. At the very

least you!ll need small and larger Phillips screwdrivers withvarious shaft lengths. A few different si"ed flat-head screwdrivers

are very helpful to have. Do not use magnetic screwdrivers inside

computers.

'). C$rd(ess recar&ea*(e scredr!"er:

#aves time and effort$ especially useful when fi%ing multiple

computers

&



+) Pa,er c(!,s

Almost all tray-load disc drives have an e%ternal release button and a small hole in the door to access themanual loc' release. (o open a tray-load drive do the following steps.

&. (urn off and then restart the computer.

). *nsert the end of a paper clip into therelease access hole in the cover of the

drive.

+. Press in gently on the paper clip until the

tray is released. ,eleasing the loc' will

allow the tray to only open a smalldistance.

. ,emove and discard the paper clip and

pull out the tray until it stops.

. ,emove the disc from the tray. Hold the

disc by the edges and avoid touching the

flat surfaces.

) M(t!tester

A %(t!%eter or a %(t!tester also 'nown as a "$(t/$% %eter or 0OM is an electronic measuring

instrument that combines several measurement functions in one unit. A

typical multimeter may include features such as the ability to

measure voltage current and resistance. /ultimeters may

use analog or digital circuits0 ana($& %(t!%eters and d!&!ta(

%(t!%eters1often abbreviated DMM or D0OM.2 Analog instruments

are usually based on a microammeter whose pointer moves over a

scale calibration for all the different measurements that can be made$

digital instruments usually display digits but may display a bar of a

length proportional to the quantity measured.

A multimeter can be a hand-held device useful for basic fault finding

and field service wor' or a bench which can measure to a very high

degree of accuracy. (hey can be used to troubleshoot electrical problems in a wide array of industrial

and household devices such aselectronic equipment motor controls domestic appliances power

supplies and wiring systems.

)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microammeter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibrated

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_appliance

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microammeter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calibrated

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fault

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_equipment

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domestic_appliance





). AT2 ,$er s,,(3 tester

A simple tool that indicates whether the power supply is indeed outputting power and provides convenien

terminals that allow you to easily test the voltage using a voltmeter or multitester.

32. Cable testers

A ca*(e tester is an electronic device used to verify the electrical

connections in a cable or other wired assembly. 4enerally a cable

tester consists of:

&. A source of electric current

). A volt meter

+. A switching matri% used to connect the current source and the volt meter to all of the contact

points in a cable.

*n addition to these parts a cable tester may also have a microcontroller and a display to automate the

testing process and display the testing results.

A cable tester is used to verify that all of the !ntended c$nnect!$ns e%ist and that there are no

n!ntended c$nnect!$ns in the cable being tested. 5hen an intended connection is missing it is said to

be 6open6 1as in 7pen circuit2. 5hen an unintended connection e%ists it is said to be a 6short6 1as

in #hort circuit2. *f a connection 6goes to the wrong place6 it is said to be 6miswired6 1the connection

has two faults: it is open to the correct contact and shorted to an incorrect contact2.

4enerally the testing is done in two phases. (he first phase called the $,ens test ma'es sure each of the

intended connections is good. (he second phase called the s$rts test ma'es sure there are no

unintended connections.

(here are two common ways to test a connection:

&. A c$nt!n!t3 test. Current is passed down the connection. *f there is current the connection is

assumed to be good. (his type of test can be done with a series combination of a battery 1to provide

the current2 and a light bulb 1that lights when there is a current2.

). A res!stance test. A 'nown current is passed down the connection and the voltage that develops is

measured. 8rom the voltage and current the resistance of the connection can be calculated and

compared to the e%pected value.

(here are two common ways to test for a short:

&. A ($ "$(ta&e test. A low power low voltage source is connected between two conductors that

should not be connected and the amount of current is measured. *f there is no current the conductors

are assumed to be well isolated.

+



). A !& "$(ta&e test. Again a voltage source is connected but this the voltage is of several hundred

volts. (he increased voltage will ma'e the test more li'ely to find connections that are nearly shorted

since the higher voltage will cause the insulation of nearly shorted wires to brea' down.

4). P$rt-test!n& s$5tare

9sed to determine whether various ports are wor'ing correctly.

6). 7rea8$t *$9es

A *rea8$t *$9 172 is an electrical device usually housed in a bo% in which a compound electricalconnector is separated or 6bro'en out6 into its component connectors. Compound connectors 1which are

often proprietary2 are used where sufficient space for 1or access to2 connections is unavailable. *f there

are only a few connections then a *rea8$t ca*(e 1also $ct$,s ca*(e2 may be used as is common onsmaller noteboo' computers.

). Ant!-stat!c #ESD) r!st*ands $r an8(e*ands

An ant!stat!c r!st stra, ESD r!st stra, or &r$nd *race(et isan antistatic device used to safely ground a person wor'ing on electronic

equipment to prevent the buildup of static electricity on their body

which can result in electrostatic discharge 1;#<2. *t is used in the

electronics industry by wor'ers wor'ing on electronic devices which can

be damaged by ;#< and also sometimes by people wor'ing around

e%plosives to prevent spar's which could set off an e%plosion. *t consists

of a stretchy band of fabric with fine conductive fibers woven into it. (he

fibers are usually made of carbon or carbon-filled rubber and the strap is

bound with a stainless steel clasp or plate. (hey are usually used in

con=unction with an antistatic mat on the wor'bench or a special static-dissipating plastic laminate on thewor'bench surface.

1;) Ant!-stat!c #ESD) s,ra3

>ery effective in reducing static electricity on fabric and carpet.

11) Ant!-stat!c #ESD) %ats

Provides a static-free surface. Can be used with anti-static wristbands. *ncludes anti-static floor mats.

1') POST card

A card that can be plugged into an e%pansion slot and contains a small display to a show a problem code

P7#( cards are timesavers that provide accurate and specific diagnoses.

1+) D!s8 dr!"e !nsta((at!$n s$5tare

#oftware utilities that are provided by the drive manufacturers and from other sources many of whichare available at no charge. (hese sometimes come with the drives but can also be downloaded.



1) 7IOS 5(as!n& t!(!t!es

9se these to flash *7#s and to perform other rescue operations on *7#s and C/7# chips with

problems.

1) US7 net$r8 ada,ter

Allows for easy networ' access on a computer that has 9# ports but no

internal networ' adapter. 9sed for data transfer and *nternet access on networ'sset up for it.

1<) Internet access

Allows access to 5eb-based virus-scanning software and other utilities and easy downloads of device

drivers.

14) Data trans5er ca*(es

Cables of various types such as serial 1null-modem2 parallel and 9# that allow for different methods

of data transfer. >ery often the best solution for a computer with serious 7# trouble is to format the harddrives 1which erases all content2 and reinstall the 7# and all software. <ata transfer is often the

most efficient method of saving data that will be erased by formatting the drive. >arious software

utilities some of which are supplied with 5indows allow for data transfer through these cables.

16) CD/D0D scratc re,a!r 8!ts

(hese can often save damaged software and data discs.

1) Un!nterr,t!*(e P$er S,,(3 #UPS)

An n!nterr,t!*(e ,$er s,,(3 also n!nterr,t!*(e ,$er s$rce UPS or *atter3/5(3ee(

*ac8, is an electrical apparatus that provides emergency power to a

load when the input power source typically the utility mains fails. A9P# differs from an au%iliary or emergency power system or standby

generator in that it will provide instantaneous or near-instantaneous

protection from input power interruptions by means of one or moreattached batteries and associated electronic circuitry for low power

users and or by means of diesel generators and flywheels for high power

users. (he on-battery runtime of most uninterruptible power sources isrelatively short0?& minutes being typical for smaller units0but

sufficient to allow time to bring an au%iliary power source on line or to

properly shut down the protected equipment.

';) Data-rec$"er3 s$5tare

#oftware that can often recover data from damaged hard drives.



'1) In5rared te%,eratre sens$r

Available from companies such as ,ayte' 1raytek.com2 this usesa laser to point at an ob=ect such as a CP9 to detect its

temperature. Can be very helpful in detecting bad connections or

heat-related problems.

'') Pr$*(e%-s$("!n& s$5tare

>arious software programs such as @orton 9tilities and /cAfeeB Clinic that solve many different

computer problems and optimi"e performance.

3



Pract!ca( :-'

Aim:-Introduction of Computer Peripherals

In,t De"!ces

(he foremost tas' of a computer is to accept data. An input device is used to

accomplish this tas'. An input device is used to enter the data and instructionsinto the computer. Advancement in the computer technology has resulted in avariety of input devices being available in the mar'et. eyboard and mouse arethe most commonly used input devices.

Ke3*$ard: eyboard is the most popular input device that allows users to typealphabets numbers and operators and also to control the cursor on the screen. Asimple 'eyboard layout is given below:

M$se: /ouse is a pointing device that allows user to point to a specific position on

the screen. *t has two or three buttons on top for selectingDe%ecuting different

operations. Pressing buttons of mouse is 'nown as clic'ing of mouse. (he mouse is placed on flat surface and moved around to move its controlling arrow on screen.

(he arrow showing the position of mouse on screen is 'nown as mouse pointer. Left button of mouse is used e%ecute the operation associated with it. ,ight

buttonD/iddle buttons are associated with special operations in different

situations.

E



#ome of the other *nput <evices are enlisted below:

De"!ce Ident!5!cat!$n Usa&e

Foy #tic'

*t is a device used to control

cursor on screen. @ormally it

is used in 4ames and

specially designedsimulation software

Light Pen*t is a device used for

drawing pictures and for directlycontrolling screen

operations

/icrophone *t is a device used to accept

audio inputs from the user

#canner

*t is a device used to capture

digital images of printed

documents graphics or other

printed media.

(ouch #creens

*t is a display device which

is touch-sensitive and allows

user to interact with the

computer system by

touching an area on the

screen.

G



ar Code ,eader

*t is used to accept barcode

inputs.A barcode is a series of

vertical bars representing

numbers and alphabets

printed on product labels. 7ne

must have noticed allstandarditems li'e perfumes greeting

cards boo's cassettes

available in the mar'et have

similar lines as shown in the

figure 'nown as bar codes.

(hese can be read with the

help of bar code

readers.

5eb Camera

*t is an easy to connect low-

resolution digital cameranormally e m p l o y e d f o r

t r a n s f e r o f i m a g e s

o n t h e w e b - b a s e d

conferencing

<igital Camera

*t is a high-resolution camera

which captures images and

stores them in digital format.

*t has provision to connect to

the computer using special

computer communication

cables 1such as 9# cables2.

Ot,t De"!ces

*t is a device used to provide the processed data from the computer to the user. /onitor

1><9D#creen2 and printer are the most commonly used output devices. (he usage of

some of the commonly used output devices is below:

M$n!t$r

A /onitor is an output device very similar to the

television screen. *t displays the information as it istyped and also displays the processed result or the output. *tis available in many forms cathode ray picture tube based display liquid crystal based display1LC<2 plasma panel display and touch panel display



Pr!nters

• *mpact Printers - (hese printers have a mechanism that touches the paper in

order to create an image. (he <ot /atri% Printer is an e%ample of this type.

• @on-impact Printers - (hese printers do not touch the paper when creatingan image. (he in'=et and laser printers are e%amples of this type

D$t Matr!9 Pr!nterPrinters in this category print the characters D images using dots through in'ed ribbon.

(hese printers are very economic and require very less maintenance cost. (he print

quality of the dot matri% printer is decided by the quantity of pins it has. (he number of

the pins can vary from nine to twenty four dependingon the 'ind of dot matri% printer. 5hen compared to

the other 'ind of printers li'e the laser printers or thein' =et printer the dot matri% printer is much moree%pensive. (he dot matri% printer has a tendency to

ma'e a lot of noise when compared to the other 'inds

of printers. (his is why the dot matri% printer is not very popular among customers. Iuality of print

in this category is not very high but is highly suitable

for printing situations requiring multiple copies.

(hese printers can print through hammering pattern of dots on the printing ribbon and can thus print multiple

copies of document if multiple papers separated by carbon papers are inserted in it. @ote

that this feature is not available with any other category of printers.

In8=et/Des8=et/7**(e=et Pr!nter

Printers in this category are most popular. (hese printers are very

low priced with

high runningDmaintenance cost. (hese printers wor' on liquid in'

technology and print the image using circuit-controlled =et of in'.

An in'=et sprays the in' onto the paper in tiny droplets to form te%t

and graphics. Printing speed of these printers is not very high

compared to Laser Printers. (hese printers are suitable for people having less printing

=obs with a desirable print uality. (hese printers are available in JColouredJ and Jlac' K5hiteJ options.

<ifferent companies have branded their products using thesame technology with different names e.g.

&



• Hewlett Pac'ard 1hp2 manufactures <es'Fet Printers

• ;pson manufactures *n'=et Printers

• Canon manufactures ubble Fet Printers

Laser Pr!nter(hese printers use a technique which is a combination of

laser and Mero% technology. (he technology involves dry

powder based in' which is adhered to a drum through

magnetic force and when a paper is passed through the

drum it releases in' on that paper. (hese are the fastest

available printers in the category and are most suitable for

uses involving high-speed quality prints.

St$ra&e de"!ces

#toring data is an important part of a computer system. (he main concern of allcomputer designers is to create fast and efficient storage devices. As is commonly

'nown the primary memory inside the computer 1,andom Access /emory or ,A/2 is

volatile i.e. whatever is stored in ,A/ is lost as soon as the computer is switched off.

#o if there is a need to save data from getting lost it can be put on a storage device

li'e floppy dis' hard dis's and C<-,7/# before switching off the Computer.

F($,,3 D!s8

*t is a smaller capacity removable storage device. *t is made up of thin and fle%ible

plastic material. (his thin plastic film is coated with a magnetic material 'nown as

iron o%ide for recording data and is protected by a hard outer cover. *t is very useful

in transferring data from one computer to another.

Plastic Fac'et

5rite Protect @otch

&&



Although technology has not changed substantially floppy dis's have certainly changed

considerably in order to meet the very demanding needs of the mar'etplace. 8rom an G

inch si"e they have evolved to a much smaller si"e with larger capacities. (odayJs

standard +. inch dis'ettes hold a formatted capacity of about &. megabytes. (he

evolution of the personal computer acted as a catalyst primary for designers to reduce the

si"e and cost of floppies. >ery quic'ly the floppy became the standard method of e%changing data between personal computers. *t also became the popular method of

storing moderate amounts of information outside of the computerJs hard drive. <is'ettes

are small ine%pensive readily available easy to store and have a good shelf life if stored

properly.

>$r8!n& $5 a F($,,3 D!s8

Conventional floppy drives contain the following basic components:

&. A spindle clamping mechanism to hold the dis'ette in place as it spins). ;ither one or two magnetic readDwrite heads mounted on a mechanism that

moves the heads across the dis'etteJs surface+. A sensor that detects the rotational position of the dis'ette via an inde% hole

1or magnetic sensor in +. inch drives2 on floppy dis's.

(he floppy dis' is divided into trac's and sectors. *n the ad=acent figure the concentriccircles are trac's and the sliced parts of these trac's are called sectors. 5hen the

computer system needs to access data on the dis'ette the readDwrite heads are stepped by

signals generated by the computer systemJs floppy controller. (hese steps are alonginvisible concentric cylinders which are usually referred to as 6trac's6. (he turning on

of the computer systemJs power results in the readDwrite heads of the drive being

automatically set to trac' 1the first trac' and starting position2. *n most drives this

starting position is located by means of a sensor in the drive which has been ad=usted totell the floppy controller when the heads have reached the first trac'. *f this sensor is not

in proper ad=ustment then this initial starting calibration is also incorrect and the heads

are not properly positioned over trac' . *n order to move the heads from this first trac' to other trac's the head positioner simply moves in or out one trac' for each step pulse

received from the computerJs floppy controller.

?ard D!s8 Dr!"e

*t is a storage device with very large capacity which ranges

from &4 to (erabytes in the modernscenario. *t is placedin side the cabinet of CP9 1Although e%ternal hard drives

are also available these days2. *t is not a removable drive in

normal circumstances. A hard dis' has a much larger storage capacity than a floppy dis'. *t is fitted inside the

computer and cannot be seen by us. (here can be one or

&)



more hard dis' in the system unit of a computer. (hey were originally called 6fi%ed

dis's6 or 65inchesters6. (hey later became 'nown as 6hard dis's6 to distinguish them

from 6floppy dis's.6 Hard dis's have a hard platter that holds the magnetic medium asopposed to the fle%ible plastic film found in tapes and floppies. At the simplest level a

hard dis' uses magnetic recording techniques =ust li'e the floppy dis'. /a=or benefits of

magnetic storage - the magnetic medium can be easily erased and rewritten and it will6remember6 the magnetic flu% patterns stored onto the medium for many years. (he

wor'ing of a hard dis' is similar to that of a floppy dis'. *n order to increase the amount

of information the drive can store most hard dis'shave multiple platters.

CD-ROM #C$%,act D!s8 Read On(3 Me%$r3)

*t is a storage device with medium capacity i.e. to hold 3 /DE / 13DG

/in.AudioD>ideo2. Computer has special drive 'nown as C<-<rive to provide support

for placing and running C<s. *t can store data audio and video. *t is made up of plastic

with special surface having optical sensitivity. C<-<rive has a laser light source thatreads data from the C<-,7/. (he C<-,7/ surface is a mirror covered with billions of

tiny bumps that are arranged in a long tightly wound spiral trac' of data circling from

the inside of the disc to the outside. (he C<-<rive reads the bumps with a precise laser and interprets the information as bits of data. C<-,7/s are economical and easily

available storage media. C<s are available in variations such as C<-, 1Compact <is'

,ecordable2 and C<-,51Compact <is' ,ewritable2. (he data on C<-, media can only be written once whereas C<-,5 media allows multiple writeDover-write operations on it.

(here are two types of C< <rives one 'nown as C<-, <rive that performs only read

operation and the other 'nown as C<-,5 <rive 1or C<-urner2 that performs read aswell write operations.

>$r8!n& $5 a CD-ROM Dr!"e

5hen you play a C< the laser beam passes through the C<Js polycarbonate layerreflects

off the aluminum layer and hits an optoelectronic device that detects changes in light. (he

bumps reflect light differently than the flat parts of the aluminum layer which are called

lands. (he optoelectronic sensor detects these changes in reflectivity and the electronicsin the C<-player drive interpret the changes as data bits

&+



D0D #D!&!ta( 0ersat!(e D!sc)

Computer has special drive 'nown as <><-<rive to provide support for placing andrunning <><s. A <>< is very similar to a C< but it has a much larger data storage

capacity. A standard <>< media holds about seven times more data than a C< media.(his huge capacity means that a <>< has enough room to store a full-length /P;4-)-encoded movie as well as other information. A <>< can store data audio and video. *t is

made up of plastic with special surface having optical sensitivity denser as compared to

C<s. A <>< drive is capable of running a C< media also. (he <>< media can store upto .E 4 of data as compared to 3-E / storage capacity of C<-,7/s. <><s are

of the same diameter and thic'ness as C<s and they are made using some of the same

materials and manufacturing methods. Li'e a C< the data on a <>< is encoded in the

form of small pits and bumps in the trac' of the disc

Pen Dr!"e

(his is a type of flash memory storage device of the si"e of a thumb and can plug into the

9# port of the computer. 9# flash drives are more

compact generally faster hold more data and are morereliable 1due to their lac' of moving parts2 than dis'

storage. /ost flash drives use a standard 9#

connector which is connected directly to the 9# porton a personal computer 8lash drive is nearly free from

scratch and dust problems that e%ist in the other storage

media such as floppy dis's and compact discs. (his ma'es it ideal for transporting data

or wor' files from one location to another such as from home to school or office or wor' places. *t also allows one to perform multiple read-write operations. 8lash drives are also

a relatively dense form of storage where even the cheapest will store do"ens of floppy

dis's worth of data. #ome can hold more data than a C< 1E /2. (op of the line flashdrives can store more data than a <><. 8lash drives often last for or more

eraseDwrite cycles. 7ptical storage devices are also slower than their flash-based

counterparts.

&



the various can be answered by a single resource loo' in your notes chec' out

your manuals and resource material as' question.

ESD :

,ead the section on electrostalie discharge and always ta'e ;#< precautionsremember it your can tell a statil shoc' its probably close to + relts some its can

be attched by as little as + rolts.

- always use an antistatic wrist strap.

- eep a supply of antistatic bars to place components in as they are removed.

- Hearing the computer plugged in is a reclaimed procedure however ma'e sure its

switched off and remembers that the cable going to the remote switch on the frontof the case carries AC current at house voltage Also A(M motherboards have

power o them all the time.

7e5$re 7e&!nn!n& :

Oou want to ma'e sure you have what you need your wrist strap is attached to thecomputer you don!t want to have to run to the other side of the room or to another

room to get something forget about the strap and your computer may follow you.

Have a pen and paper ready documentation is read important after you have changeda few =umper removed or replaced a few cables and cards you probably will have to

pay some bac' the way they where it you have documentation putting things bac'

together can be a simple reverse process this is true of slow troubleshooting as well.

- ma'e sure you have the resource materials drivers or software that you may need.

- *t possible enter the comes setup and record the information available at leastrecord the happy and hard drive configuration and any setting that may bedifferent from the default you want to be careful not to remove the battery

happens.

- <isassembly is ma=or surgery do a full bac'up at the system programs that youhave the original dis's for an always be replaced but any upgrades for those

programs and any programs that have been downloaded from the internet may or

may not still be suitable boo'mar's phone and fa% members and networ'ing protocols can be a real pain to replace.

- Close all programs shut down windows and turn of your computer then remove

the cable from the bac' of the case.

- 7ne other thing you have to use a little common sense don!t necessarily followthis information to the letter its only meant to be a guide if you thin' it could be

easier to remove some e%pansion but then do it.

Re%$"!n& te C$"er :

&3



(he standard way of removing tower cases used to undo -3 sarews on the bac'

of the case slide the cover bac' about an inch and life it off manufacturers are

beginning to come up with tric'ier and more intricate method of assembling therecases all the time it there is no manual then a little time ta'en for careful

inspection may be in order there are some things to remember.

- <on!t force anything it has to be forced it will probably brea' it there are no

screws on the bac' of the case for the cover chec' the plastic face plate on the

front some pry off to saved screws or release layers.- *f you notice a separation between the sides and the top than they must come off

separately only favorite A(M was allows you to remove two screws from the bac'

then slide the side panel to the rear inch and remove it.

- /a'e sure any screws removed are for the cover you don!t want to unscrew the power supply by accident and have it fall inside your computer.

- After the case is removed place it in a safe place where it want get 'noc'ed of a

table 'ic'ed or stepped on and bent.

Re%$"!n& Ada,ter Cards :

Again documentation is very important yes that &3-bit is a card will probably card

in any &3-bit is a slot but there may be a reason its in particular one.

- chec' the card for any cables or wires that might be attached and decide if it

would be easier to remove then before or after you remove the card.

- 9ndo the screw that holds the card in place.- (he card by its edges front and bac' and gently roc' it lengthwise to release it to

not it side as you can brea' the card the stop or the solder sometimes it haps to

group the inside corner of the card with one hand and place a figure from theother hand under the associated port out the bac' of the computer to pry up to theone end of the card.

- 7nce the card is removed you may want to record any =umper setting you see =ust

in case one is dislodged.

Re%$"e Dr!"er :

,emoving drivers is not that difficult they usually have a power connector and a

data cables attached from the device to a controller on the motherboard C<

,7/s may have an analog cable connected to the sound card.

- (he power will be attached using one of two connector or a large /ole%

connector or a smaller berg connector may need to the /ole% connector may need

to be wiggled slightly from side to side while applying gentle pressure out wor's.(he data cable needs to be dominated remember the pin are one rule 'now where each

one gees before you pull it out and record its orientation pull data cables gently and

carefully.

&E



⇒ Re%$"!n& te %e%$r3 %$d(es :

- /emory module is one of the chips that can be damaged careful at ;#7 andhandle them only by edges #*//# and <*//# are removed differently.

- #*// : gently push bac' the tabs holding the #*// away from the tabs to about

a angle .*t should now lift out put each #*// in its own protecting.- <*// : (here are plastic tabs on the end of the <*// soc'et push the tabs down

and away from the soc'et .(he <*// should lift slightly.

⇒ Re%$"!n& te ,$er s,,(3 :

- /a'e sure it!s unplugged.

- All power connector should be removed including the connection to themotherboard and any au%iliary fans watch the little plastic tabs on the

motherboard and any au%iliary fans.

- ,emove the connection to the remote power switch at the front the case

orientation of the colored wires at this switch is critical .*f you remove them ma'esure you document cell and during re-assembly plug the computer into a fused

surge protector before turning it on.

- ,emove the four screws at the bac' of the case and gently the power supply outof the case while removing the screws you don!t want it falling into the case.

⇒ Re%$"!n& te %$ter*$ard :

- <ocument and remove all wire attached to the motherboard.

- /ost case has a removable panel that the motherboard is attached to by removing

a couple of screws the panel can be ta'en off and you can gain much better access

to motherboard.

- (here is usually )or + screws holding down newer down motherboards ma'e sureyou have get the right ones and remove them.

- Place the motherboard in antistatic bag.

&G



PRACTICAL :-

A!%:- Reasse%*(!n& c$%,ter s3ste%

5hen it comes time to put a computer bac' together it!s usually =ust a matter of reversing

the order in which you too' it apart. Again you are going to rituali"e each step because

there may be an easier way. *( is easier to install the motherboard of the power supplyfirstN Are the ,A/ <*/F#1or #*//#2 easier to access before or after the power supply

out the bac' on a tray then install the CP9 and the ,A/ before replacing the tray.

(77L#:-

5hen putting the computer bac' together there are some basic tools that you will

find handy of course you will need your ;#< protection equipment and a Phillipsscrewdriver A small flashlight and a magnifying glass may come in handy as well as

needle nose pliers. A useful device for any 'ind of computer wor' is a small screwdriverwith Phillips head on one and a flat head on the other .once again you are not in a race

and cuts once. 5hen wor'ing on computers you want to double chec' everything youinstall or connect.

(he pourer supply:-

A fairly basic installation =ust lineup the holes and screw it on. <on!t plug it in yet.,emember the cable going to the remote switch on the front of the case carries && volts

off the switch ma'e sure you connect them =ust as they were before. A wrong connection

here can burn up your pc. After power supply is installed do not plug it in.(he ,A/:-

<(P memory modules are the hardest to install. Luc'ily it!s not done much anymore

#*//# are inserted at about a degree angle then stoned up until they don!t clip into place. *8 they don!t clip improperly maybe you have them in bac'wards. (hey willusually have them a 'ey cut into one side <*//# are 'eyed on the edge connector side

they can only be inserted one way. 7nce they are lined up push them down until the

loc'ing tabs on the side come up. C7A#( modules are also 'eyed on the bottom andinsert much li'e an adapter card.

(he CP9:-

Luc'ily CP9 soc'ets aren!t traction fit anymore. *f you have a P4A central processor it will fit into a Q*88 soc'et. Pin R& on the chip has to be lined up with pin R&

on the soc'et. (his can be indicated on the soc'et with an arrow a R& sil' screened on the

board or a flatted corner. 9sually the CP9 will indicate pin R& with a flatted corner.

9nclip and lift the handle insert the chip lower the handle and clip it in. *f it!s a Pentium) or a Pentium + it will fit into a slot & soc'et.

(he /otherboard:-

/ost PC cases will allow you to re more the metal tray that the motherboardattached to by re moving ) or more screws. *f you didn!t do that during dismally them

you should familiari"e yourself with it now. (he plastic standouts on the motherboard are

to 'eep the solder side of the board from touching the metal case and shorting out.9sually it!s better to install the possibility of fle%ing the board and crac'ing solder

&



connections or traces. 7rient the motherboard properly and either clip in or slide in the

standouts until the mounting screws that hold the board in place.

At this point you can install the video card. <o a final chec' on everythinginstalled. ,; chec' all installations and connections attach and plug in the monitor. (urn

the computer on. 5atch for lights on the front panel. How far does the *7# P7#(

routing getN Are there any error messageN *s this e%pectedN7ne thing that * don!t li'e to do is to completely re-assemble a computer and then

=ust turn it on. *f it doesn!t wor' at that point then you have to tear it all apart again to

find the problem. 7nce you are installed the power supply motherboard. CP9 and ,A/install the video card hoo' up the 'eyboard and cables and start your computer of course

there!s no drivers installed and some e%pansion cards are missing so you!re going to get

errors. ut if it recogni"es your video card count the memory and allows access to you

C/7# setup program then you 'now everything installed to that point is wor'ing. *f youget an une%pected error then it should be due to the last device you installed.

)



PRACTICAL :-

A!%: Tr$*(es$$t!n& and Re,a!r!n& $5 %$ter*$ard and C$%,$nents

$n M$ter*$ard

*f you open your computer you!ll see a large board on the bottom or side of the case into

which other boards are plugged. (hat large board is called the motherboard and is the

focus for the processor memory and buses. /any of the motherboard characteristics you

need to consider are prominently featured in computer system advertisements including

processor type cloc' speed and bus. An equal number of 'ey characteristics are often

omitted such as onboard peripheral support the range of processor speeds supported the

ma%imum amount of memory and the number of memory slots. (hese latter

characteristics strongly affect your ability to upgrade the machine in the future. 8igure is

a typical e%ample showing the *ntel <GEPQ motherboard annotated to identify the

ma=or components. (he features and layout of your motherboard will vary somewhat but

the ideas are similar and the parts tend to loo' much the same.

Pr$cess$r s$c8et

(his motherboard accepts *ntel Pentium processors. (he Q*8 1Qero-*nsertion 8orce2soc'et lets you easily insert and remove the chip. e careful to seat the processor in thesoc'et Srmly before closing the clamp. *f you don!t some of the pins may not ma'e

)&



contact properly and the machine won!t boot. (he heat sin' retention brac'et surroundsthe soc'et.

DIMM %e%$r3 s$c8ets B (his motherboard uses PC)E or PC+) #<,A/memory on dual inline memory module 1<*//2 strips depending on the speed of the

processor!s front side bus 1++ and G /H" respectively2. (he faster memory wor's

with the slower bus although the system won!t be any faster letting you prepare for future processor upgrades

AT2 ,$er c$nnect$r B (he A(M power supply output wires terminate in a single

relatively large connector plus a smaller connector for added &) > power.

F($,,3 c$nnect$r B (he Toppy dis' controller is on the motherboard. Oou run astandard cable from the Toppy dis' drive in the case to this connector.

D!s8 dr!"e c$nnect$rs B *f you use an *<; 1parallel A(A2 dis' or C<-,7/ you!ll

plug those devices into the *<; connectors. 9se the #erial A(A connectors for newer dis' drives.

N$rt*r!d&e c!, B Although

small the support chip comprises the

bul' of the electronics surroundingthe processor including support

for the A4P and PC* buses the dis'

controller and other functions.

PCI c$nnect$rs B 9p to Sve PC*

adapter cards plug in here and aresecured to the bac' of the case with a

screw.

AP c$nnect$r B An A4P videocard plugs in here.

Eternet c$nnect$r B Plug the PCinto your local area networ'

1LA@2 using this onboard ,F-connector.

Para((e( ,$rt c$nnect$r B Oou!ll

plug an older printer into this con-nector. @ewer printers use 9# or

;thernet.

US7 c$nnect$rs B eyboards mice spea'ers cameras scanners and other devices plug into the 9# ports. 9nli'e the P#D) mouse 'eyboard and parallel ports you don!t

have to turn off the computer to attach and detach 9# devices.

Ser!a( ,$rt c$nnect$r B #erial ports let you plug in modems and other e%ternal devices.PS/' %$se and 8e3*$ard c$nnect$r B (hese are standard mini <*@ connectors that

match the one at the end of your mouse or 'eyboard cable. Loo' for drawings near the

connectors to determine which is for the mouse and which for the 'eyboard.

AT2 c$nnect$r ,ane( B All the e%ternal *D7 connections from the motherboardincluding sound game serial parallel 9# ;thernet mouse and 'eyboard ports are

directly attached to the motherboard and mounted on the A(M connector panel.

))



Tr$*(es$$t!n& a 7ad M$ter*$ard

(here are many bad motherboard signs. *t is necessary that you identify the correct causeof your bad motherboard to repair it. (he most common causes of a bad motherboard are

always related to cabling and connections. Let us discuss the various causes of a bad

motherboard one by one. (he first thing to chec' is whether the screen is live or dead. *f the screen is dead follow the steps given below:

&. 8oremost chec' whether the fans and lights on the motherboard are in a wor'ing

condition. Also chec' whether the system is turning 7@ or not. *f all these signsare encountered it indicates that you have to troubleshoot power supply of your

des'top computer. 9sually it is observed that the connections and wiring from the

power supply to the computer system are not properly done.

). *f the power supply is wor'ing fine the ne%t step is to troubleshoot the video. Avideo failure may lead to a dead screen which may be mista'en as failure in the

power supply.

+. (he ne%t step after a negative result of video failure troubleshoots is to chec'

whether the ,A/ is inserted in the given slot properly. *mproper insertion of the,A/ modules must be chec'ed. *f the ,A/ is positioned properly and even then

your computer is not wor'ing change the ,A/.. (he ne%t step to be followed if the ,A/ is positioned and wor'ing properly is to

chec' that the CP9 is inserted in its soc'et perfectly or not. *t is possible that one

of the CP9 leads is not inserted in the soc'et properly. (his case is possible whenyou have upgraded your CP9 or installed a new one. (he heat sin' module inside

the cabinet is mounted upon the CP9 so it is quite possible that one of the leads

of the CP9 are bent due to the weight of the heat sin'. Chec' whether the CP9

leads are properly inserted in their respective soc'ets. *f you cannot insert theleads properly in the soc'et it is li'ely that the soc'et is faulty or the CP9 that

you have is not the correct one for your computer motherboard.

. *f you find no fault in the CP9 connection follow this step. Chec' whether thefan and the heat sin' is wor'ing properly. (he fan must be powered by connecting

the correct power point on the motherboard to connect the *7# to the computer

monitor . 5henever the *7# is turned 7@ the heat sin' and the fan must turn7@. ;nsure that the fan on the heat sin' is wor'ing properly and replace the fan if

it is not wor'ing properly.

3. (he ne%t step after you find that the fan and heat sin' are properly wor'ing is to

find whether you hear any beeps from the computer. (he ,A/ of your computer must be replaced if you hear a string of beeps. (he ne%t step is followed if beeps

are not heard.

E. ,estore the motherboard settings to default. Lastly if any of these steps are notthe reason for your motherboard failure replace the CP9.

(he ne%t steps are to be followed in case you do not witness a dead screen.

)+

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-computer-ram-random-access-memory.html

http://www.buzzle.com/articles/computer-monitors/


http://www.buzzle.com/articles/what-is-computer-ram-random-access-memory.html





&. 5hen the computer turns 7@ properly and the screen free"es on the *7# screen

the computer must be disassembled and assembled again with only a few parts.

(hese parts are: power supply motherboard ,A/ video adapter and CP9.). *f your computer system still free"es chec' whether the ,A/ is connected

properly.

+. 8inally set the C/7# setting to the default ones. 5hen you over cloc' thesystem the computer system may heat up and loc' the system. After this you

may have to replace your heat sin' and restore your default C/7# settings.

)



PRACTICAL:-<

Aim:- Troubleshooting and Repairing of Keyboard and

ScannerKeyboard

(here are many types of 'eyboards usually differentiated by the switch technology

employed in their operation. #ince there are so many switches needed 1usually about G-&&2 and because they have to be highly reliable this usually defines the 'eyboard. (he

choice of switch technology affects 'ey response 1the positive feedbac' that a 'ey has

been pressed2 and travel 1the distance needed to push the 'ey to enter a character reliably2. @ewer models use hybrids of various technologies to achieve greater cost

savings.

I5;,(O eyboard

A standard computer 'eyboard is called a I5;,(O 'eyboard because of the layout of its

typing area. (his 'eyboard is named after the first si% leftmost letters on the top

alphabetic line of the 'eyboard. A I5;,(O 'eyboard might limit your typing speed.

T3,es:-

Me%*rane 8e3*$ard

/ain article: /embrane 'eyboard

/embrane 'eyboards are usually flat. (hey are most often found on appliances li'e

microwave ovens or photocopiers. A common design consists of three layers. (he toplayer 1and the one the user touches2 has the labels printed on its front and conductive

stripes printed on the bac'. 9nder this it has a spacer layer which holds the front and

)



bac' layer apart so that they do not normally ma'e electrical contact. (he bac' layer has

conductive stripes printed perpendicularly to those of the front layer. 5hen placed

together the stripes form a grid. 5hen the user pushes down at a particular position hisfinger pushes the front layer down through the spacer layer to close a circuit at one of the

intersections of the grid. (his indicates to the computer or 'eyboard control processor

that a particular button has been pressed.

4enerally membrane 'eyboards do not have much of a 6feel6 so many machines whichuse them issue a beep or flash a light when the 'ey is pressed. (hey are often used in

harsh environments where water or lea' proofing is desirable. Although used in the early

days of the personal computer 1on the QMG QMG& and Atari 2 they have beensupplanted by the more tactile dome and mechanical switch 'eyboards. However

membrane 'eyboards with interchangeable 'ey layouts such as the *nterla'e!s and

<iscover: board are still commonly used by people with physical visual or cognitivedisabilities as well as people who require assistive technology to access a computer.

D$%e-s!tc 8e3*$ard

<ome-switch 'eyboards are 'ind of a hybrid of membrane and mechanical 'eyboards.

(hey bring two circuit board traces together under a rubber 6dome6 or bubble. (he inside

of the top of the bubble is coated in graphite. 5hen a 'ey is pressed it collapses thedome which connects the two circuit traces and completes the connection to enter the

character. (he pattern on the PC board is often gold-plated.

(his is a common switch technology used in mass mar'et 'eyboards today. *t isconsidered very quiet but purists tend to find it 6mushy6 because the collapsing dome

does not provide as much positive response as a hard closing switch. (hese are also a

good choice for office or consumer environments because they are generally fairly quiet.(his switch technology also happens to be most commonly used in handheld controllerssuch as those used with home video game consoles. <ome-switch 'eyboards are also

called direct-switch 'eyboards.

Ca,ac!t!"e 8e3*$ard

*n this type of 'eyboard pressing the 'ey changes the capacitance of a pattern of capacitor pads. 9nli'e 6dome switch6 'eyboards the pattern consists of two <-shaped

capacitor pads for each switch printed on a printed circuit board 1PC board2 and covered

by a thin insulating film of solder mas' which plays the role of a dielectric. (he

mechanism of capacitive switches is very simple compared to mechanical ones. *tsmovable part is ended with a flat foam element 1of dimensions near to a tablet of Aspirin2

finished with aluminum foil below. (he opposite side of the switch is a PC board with the

capacitor pads.

5hen a 'ey is pressed the foil tightly clings to the surface of the PC board forming a

daisy chain of two capacitors between contact pads and itself separated with thin solder

mas' and thus 6shorting6 the contact pads with an easily detectable drop of capacitive

)3



reactance between them. 9sually this permits a pulse or pulse train to be sensed. (he 'eys

do not need to be fully pressed to be fired on which enables some typists to wor' faster.

As of )G they are a rare find in generic PC 'eyboards 7nly vintage PCs are equippedwith this type of 'eyboard. (here are also industrial ma'es of capacitive 'eyboards that

are ine%pensive and they resist wear water foreign ob=ects and dirt.

Mecan!ca(-s!tc 8e3*$ard

/echanical-switch 'eyboards use real switches one under each 'ey. <epending on the

construction of the switch these 'eyboards have varying responses and travel times. @otable 'eyboards utili"ing this technology are the Apple ;%tended ** and its modern

imitator the /atias (actile Pro. (hese two 'eyboards use ALP# switches. 7n PCs the

7mni ey series from @orthgate Computers was popular and the line is now carried byCreative >ision (echnologies under the Advant brand. Cherry Corporation of 4ermany

also ma'es mechanical switches used in special purpose and high end 'eyboards. *n

*ndia the (># 4old mechanical 'eyboard is very popular despite costing about fivetimes as much as a membrane 'eyboard.

?a((-e55ect 8e3*$ard

Hall effect 'eyboards use magnets and Hall effect sensors instead of an actual switch.

5hen a 'ey is depressed it moves a magnet which is detected by the solid-state sensor.

(hese 'eyboards are e%tremely reliable and are able to accept millions of 'eystro'es before failing. (hey are used for ultra-high reliability applications in locations li'e

nuclear power plants or aircraft coc'pits. (hey are also sometimes used in industrial

environments. (hese 'eyboards can be easily made totally waterproof. (hey also resist

large amounts of dust and contaminants. ecause a magnet and sensor is required for each 'ey as well as custom control electronics they are very e%pensive.

Laser 8e3*$ard

A laser pro=ection device appro%imately the si"e of a computer mouse pro=ects the outlineof 'eyboard 'eys onto a flat surface such as a table or des'. (his type of 'eyboard is

portable enough to be easily used with P<As and cell phones and many models have

retractable cords and wireless capabilities. However sudden or accidental disruption of

the laser will register unwanted 'eystro'es. Also if the laser malfunctions the whole unit becomes useless unli'e conventional 'eyboards which can be used even if a variety of

parts 1such as the 'eycaps2 are removed. (his type of 'eyboard can be frustrating to usesince it is susceptible to errors even in the course of normal typing and its complete lac' of tactile feedbac' ma'es it even less user-friendly than the cheapest membrane

'eyboards.

De*n8!n&

5hen pressing a 'eyboard 'ey the 'ey 6bounces6 li'e a ball against its contacts severaltimes before it settles into firm contact. 5hen released it bounces some more until it

)E

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matias_Corporation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matias_Corporation



reverts to the uncontested state. *f the computer was watching for each pulse it would see

many 'eystro'es for what the user thought was =ust one.

(o resolve this problem the processor in a 'eyboard 1or computer2 6debouches6 the'eystro'es by aggregating them across time to produce one 6confirmed6 'eystro'e that

1usually2 corresponds to what is typically a solid contact. *t could be argued that the domeswitch technology outlined above owes its popularity to the ability of the processor to

accurately debounce the 'eystro'es. ;arly membrane 'eyboards limited typing speed because they had to do significant debouncing. (his was a noticeable problem on the

QMG&.

Oter ,arts $5 te PC 8e3*$ard

(he modern PC 'eyboard also includes a control processor and indicator lights to providefeedbac' to the user about what state the 'eyboard is in. <epending on the sophistication

of the controllerJs programming the 'eyboard may also offer other special features. (he

processor is usually a single chip GG microcontroller variant. (he 'eyboard switchmatri% is wired to its inputs and it processes the incoming 'eystro'es and sends the

results down a serial cable 1the 'eyboard cord2 to a receiver in the main computer bo%. *t

also controls the illumination of the 6caps loc'6 6num loc'6 and 6scroll loc'6 lights.

A common test for whether the computer has crashed is pressing the 6caps loc'6 'ey. (he'eyboard sends the 'ey code to the 'eyboard driver running in the main computer$ if the

main computer is operating it commands the light to turn on. All the other indicator

lights wor' in a similar way. (he 'eyboard driver also trac's the shift alt and controlstate of the 'eyboard.

Tr$*(es$$t!n& Ke3*$ard:

• /a'e sure the 'eyboard is plugged in. *f it is plugged into the bac' of the

computer the cord may have gotten =ammed or 'noc'ed out accidentally. 5iggle

the cord around and reinsert bac' into the slot to see if the 'eyboard wor's.

• #ave any wor' in progress and restart the computer. #ometimes the computer may

get so overloaded that the 'eyboard =ust shuts down and is unable to function

without a reboot. (he same thing can happen for a mouse too but this onlyusually happens on older computers that connect via a P#D) connection rather than

a 9#.

• #witch the 9# port where the 'eyboard is located. #ometimes 9# ports fail to

load or read things components li'e 'eyboards so the 'eyboard must be moved toanother port in order to get read. 7nce it is plugged in give it a few seconds and

try it out.

• Press the 6Caps Loc'6 'ey to see if the light appears on the 'eyboard. *f the light

does not light up then your 'eyboard currently has no power and is not

functioning. *f the 6Caps Loc'6 'ey does light up then your 'eyboard is wor'ing

normally and the program you are trying to use it in is malfunctioning.

)G



• Chec' to see if anything has =ammed in between or underneath the 'eys. A

'eyboard may wor' fine but a few buttons may not wor' properly. 8ood dust

and other particles could have damaged the 'eys. 9nplug the 'eyboard from thecomputer and use a butter 'nife to gently remove the 'ey and clean out anything

underneath it.

• Purchase a can of compressed air. #praying the compressed air into your 'eyboardwill ensure that it stays clean and dust-free preventing most of the problems fromcausing. (he only thing it cannot remove are stic'y stains that may occur from

beverages or candy.

Re,a!r!n& Ke3*$ard• 7rgani"e your tools and plug in the soldering iron. <etach any cables connected

to the 'eyboard.

• 5hile the soldering iron is warming up turn the 'eyboard over and remove the

phillips-head screws holding the bottom of the 'eyboard case on. ,emove the

bottom casing and set it aside then lift out the 'eyboard assembly. #et the top

casing aside with the bottom casing.

• 9sing a flat-blade screwdriver pry up the 'ey cap from the bro'en 'ey and any

surrounding 'ey caps that might get in your way.

• (urning the 'eyboard over locate the ) pins coming out of the bro'en switch. 1*

typically circle them with a pencil after * find them =ust so * don!t have to search

for them several times.2 9nsolder these connections being careful not to overheatthe connection and lift the foil up off of the board.

• 9sing a pair of needle-nose pliers gently move the unsoldered pins to be certain

that they are completely free from the sides of the hole.• (urn the 'eyboard bac' over so that the 'ey caps are on top. ,eferring to 8igure

) press in on the ) tabs at the top and the bottom of the switch. 5hile you are

pressing these tabs inwards lift out the switch. Please resist the temptation to use

pliers on the stem of the switch - you could brea' or damage the stem beyondrepair. Having a second person comes in handy hereU

• @ow that you have the switch out you can begin the repair. *f the problem is a

VfloatingW 'eyswitch then =ust glue the top and bottom halves of the switch

together 1ma'ing sure that all of the pieces are inside of course2 and s'ip the

ne%t step. *f the problem is the more common Vdead switchW type then do the

following:• 9sing a pair of small screwdrivers 1M-Acto R) 'nife blades also wor' well2 and

loo'ing at 8igure + insert the blade of the screwdrivers between the gray tabs andthe blac' upper body. Press the blade all the way down to the bottom of the case

on both sides and the two halves will pop apart. Pull the case halves apart being

careful not to lose the small spring.

• #tac' ) or three layers of self-adhesive paper labels together 1* use a spare dis'

label2 and cut it to about +DGW square - a little smaller than the bac' of the contact

)



assembly. (hen referring to figure stic' this paper VshimW to the bac' of the

contact assembly. 5hen a 'eyswitch dies it!s usually because the contact

assembly has nothing to press on behind it. (he labels provide the necessary bac'ing.

• Carefully re-assemble the switch. ecause of the labels it may ta'e a little

pressure to get the top and bottom casings bac' together. <on!t forget to installthe springU

• @ow it!s time to test your wor'. 9sing the ) pieces of wire solder one end of each

to each of the pins on the bac' of the switch. #older the end of one wire to one of

the pads on the 'eyboard where the switch was soldered and solder the other wireto the other pad. @ow plug in your 'eyboard turn on your /acintosh and test out

a few 'eys including the one you =ust modified. *f the modified 'ey fails then

ta'e it apart and chec' your wor'. ,e-assemble it again and try again.

• 9nsolder the wires from the 'eyboard and 'eyswitches. (hen chec' that the pins

are stic'ing straight out from the bac' of the switch and straighten them if

necessary. @e%t put the switch bac' into the hole in the 'eyboard where you

removed it. /a'e sure that the pins in the switch enter the holes in the circuit board and press the 'ey in until the gray tabs snap into place.

• ,e-solder the switch into place and 1optionally2 spray a little flu% remover on the

connection =ust to clean things up. *f you use cleaner be careful not to get any

inside the switchU

• ,e-assemble the 'eyboard and you!re doneU

#canners

#canners do a speciSc direct thing 0 they convert a printed image into an image in your

+



*n 8igure however the assumption is a poor one because the real image has sharpedges the interpolator doesn!t 'now about. ecause the interpolator!s assumption is bad the Vincreased resolutionW from the scanner does you no good because thecalculated data is bogus. Oour scanned image doesn!t faithfully reproduce the actualimage at the enhanced resolution. At the minimum you!ll want to be sure to Snd outthe raw resolution of the scanners you!re loo'ing at. *f you can!t Snd out Snd another scanner.

Inter5ace B #canners come with a variety of electronic interfaces ranging from serial

and parallel ports to 9#. (he interface you use determines how fast the image can get

into your computer and whether or not you have a suitable port on your computer.

S$5tare B /ore so than many other devices scanners require application software to

really be useful to let you acquire edit crop publish and convert images to te%t.

++



PRACTICAL:-4

Aim: - Troubleshooting and Repairing of Printer

Computer printers for personal computers started out as adapted typewriters.*nstead of being driven by a 'eyboard 1although some had them2 they received

instructions from the computer. 7peration notwithstanding they remained typewriters

inside. (he point of a printer isn!t to be a typewriter of course$ it!s to get in' on paper in =ust the right amount and in =ust the right place. (he same technology that created the

microprocessors that drive your computer created smaller microprocessors that could be

built into printers. 5hen that happened designers discovered that they could abandon thetypewriter-based approach and build printers based on the =ob that needed to be done.

5hen they started loo'ing at how to do high-quality graphics along with te%t they

noticed that copiers and monitors 1that is raster-based devices2 were a better starting

point. (he result was the laser and in' =et printers you have today.

In8 =et ,r!nters

*n' =et printers are really high-tech versions of the older dot-matri% printers which used

small pins to impact a ribbon and ma'e character images from a rectangular matri% of

dots. An in' =et printer cartridge squirts a matri% of dots a row at a time using an in' reservoir some circuitry and tiny no""les down at the bottom of the cartridge

• In8 reser"$!r B (he reservoir has to

ensure a continuous uninterrupted

supply of in' to the drivers andno""les. *t has to prevent sloshing and

foaming as the head moves. (he in'

composition is very important 0 it has

to flow smoothly out of the reservoirnot clog the tiny holes in the impulse

drivers and no""les have enough

surface tension to avoid smearing as itis e=ected from the no""le dry soon

enough to maintain the image and

avoid wic'ing out on the paper fibers1which would ma'e the image fu""y2.

• Inter5ace c!rc!t and !%,(se dr!"ers

B (he printer electronics command the driver behind each no""le independently

+



so in a highresolution printer you Snd a lot of separate circuits. ;ach is

terminated at a connecting point on the side of the cartridge that lines up with a

corresponding pin on the print head. (he interface circuit 1a Te%ible printedcircuit2 routes these signals down to the impulse drivers and no""les at the bottom

of the cartridge.

5hen activated the impulse drivers force a small drop of in' through the no""le 1one below each driver2 and onto the paper that!s in contactwith the head. *mpulse drivers wor' in two ways. #ome companies use a small pie"oelectric crystal 1one that e%pands when hit with an electrical impulse2$ othersuse a small ball of vapor produced by heating a poc'et of in'. 8igure shows theeffect of the driver 0 forcing a small precisely measured drop of in' down

through the no""le and onto the paper. (he operation of the drivers and no""les isshown by comparing the leftmost no""le in 8igure with the one ne%t to it. *n theleftmost no""le the driver isn!t activated so the surface tension of the in' 'eepsit conSned to the no""le. *n the ne%t no""le the driver has activated e=ecting thein' out of the no""le and onto the paper.

• N$(es B (he no""les establish the precise position of the dots relative to one

another and form the physical interface between the print cartridge and the paper .

(he print head positions the cartridge laterally along the paper. (he no""le spacing positions the dots the printer puts on the paper perpendicularly to the head movementwhile the printer electronics time the signals sent to the cartridge with the head motionto position the dots laterally. (he net result is that in' =et printers 0 the modernversion of the old dot matri% technology 0 can today achieve a resolution of )X&) dots per inch a resolution competitive with laser printers

+



Laser ,r!nters

Laser printers use Sne dry in' particles 1called toner2 to create an image on paper.

(his is the same process used in copiers. (he 'ey laser printer components are shownin 8igure. (he process starts at the point between the charging roller and the

photoconductor drum. (he charging roller imposes an electrical charge on the drum

which causes it to repel the toner particles. (he drum rotates under the laser 1which

sweeps bac' and forth in lines2 and everywhere the laser illuminates the drum the

charge dissipates. (hose points attract toner from the toner roller 0 the laser

effectively draws blac' and gray areas on the drum. (he drum continues to turn

bringing the patterned toner image into contact with the paper. (he transfer roller

attracts the toner to the paper where it stic's. (he combination of the fuser roller and

the bac'up roller heat the toner bonding it to the paper and ma'ing a permanent

image.

+3



Tr$*(es$$t!n&:-

Pr!nter d$es n$t a"e ,$er !nd!cat$r

8irst ma'e sure that the printer is on. 5hen a printer is on it should have somelight 1usually green2 indicating itJs receiving power and is on.

*f you do not have any indicator light ma'e sure the printer is connected to a

wor'ing power outlet by verifying each end of the power cable. @e%t press the

printer power button.

Ca*(es n$t c$nnected ,r$,er(3

Oour printer should have two cables connected to it. (he power cable and the datacable the power cable should have already been verified as being connected if your

printer has a power indicator light as mentioned above. /a'e sure the data cable1 parallel cable or 9# cable2 is also connected from the printer to the computer.

Pr!nter err$r #$ran&e $r *(!n8!n& (!&t)

After your printer has completed its initial startup you should have a solid green

light. *f the light indicator is blin'ing or orange often this is an indication of a

printer error. 8or e%ample this could indicate a paper =am issue with the in' or

toner cartridge or other serious error.

ecause there is no standard to what a blin'ing light or orange light means if youJre

getting either of these we suggest referring to the printer documentation fortroubleshooting steps or methods of determining what the status indicator isreporting.

N$ ,a,er $r ,a,er =a%

5ithout paper your printer will not be able to print. /a'e sure you have paper in

the paper loaded into the printer paper cartridge or tray. @e%t verify that no printer

paper is =ammed or partially fed into the printer. *f you have one or more pieces of paper stuc' in the printer these will need to be manually removed before the printer

will print again.

In8=et ,r!nter !n8 re(ated !sses

7ften when youJre encountering an in' related issue youJre printer status indicatorlight 1mentioned above2 should be flashing. *f this is not occurring you may want

to simply s'ip to the ne%t section. However if youJve recently inserted a new in'

cartridge you may want to try the below suggestions.

+G

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/paraport.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/usb.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/paraport.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/u/usb.htm



&. 8irst verify the tab protecting the in' from dispersing is not still on the cartridge.

). >erify the the in' cartridges have been inserted properly.

+. *f a lever has been changed from its original position allowing the in' cartridgesto be added D removed ensure it is bac' into its original position.

. Perform a head cleaning on printer if available.

. >erify no software errors are occurring abd print a test page.3. *f you are installing non manufacturer authori"ed in' attempt to use the

manufacturerJs in' instead.

E. *f any indication lights are flashing or are different refer to your printerdocumentation or printer manufacturerJs web page for additional information on

what the lights are indicating.

Pr!nter se(5 tests

/ost printers have a way of printing a test page. (his page allows you to determineif the printer is physically wor'ing or not. (his test is usually accomplished by

holding down a series of 'eys..

*n addition to testing the printer using the printer self-test /icrosoft 5indows users

can also perform a software self-test to determine if their computer is able to seethe printer and itJs able to print. 8ollow the below steps to perform this test.

M!cr$s$5t >!nd$s 6 ';;; ME 2P ';;+ and 0!sta sers

&. Clic' #tart #ettings and open Control Panel.

). <ouble-clic' the Printers or Printers and 8a% icon.

+. ,ight-clic' on the Printer you wish to test and clic' Properties. *f you do notsee your printer listed your printer is not installed.

. *n the Printers Properties window clic' the Print (est Page button.

. *f the printer is able to print a test page youJre printer is installed and setup

properly. However if youJre unable to print in other programs itJs possible

that the program youJre attempting to print from has issues.

O(der "ers!$ns $5 >!nd$s !t $(der ,r!nters

*f you are running an older printer and /#-<7# 5indows +.% 5indows

5indows G or 5indows @( you can also attempt the below software test.

et t$ a MS-DOS ,r$%,t - Additional information about getting an /#-<7# prompt can be found on document CH<7#.

+

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/start.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/controlp.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pushbutt.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/win3x.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/win95.htm


http://www.computerhope.com/winnt.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/issues/chdos.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/s/start.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/c/controlp.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/p/pushbutt.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/msdos.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/win3x.htm



http://www.computerhope.com/winnt.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/issues/chdos.htm



et t$ te r$$t d!rect$r3 - (ype cdY

Rer$te d!r t$ ,r!nter - (ype dir > lpt1

(he above should ta'e the directory listing and print to the printer. *f this does not print refer to your operating system troubleshooting section. ;%tra @ote: (his will

not paper feed therefore press your 88 or PP or manually e=ect the paper.

Pr!nter dr!"ers

*f your printer does not have any flashing lights and is connected properly itJs

possible you may be encountering a driver related issue. 5e suggest visiting our printer driver listing which lin's to all ma=or printer manufacturer driver pages and

downloading the latest printer drivers for your printer.

Para((e( #LPT) ,r!nters

*f the printer youJre connecting to the computer is an LP( 1parallel port2 printer wealso suggest verifying the below suggestions if your printer is not wor'ing.

Para((e( ,$rt !n CMOS

&. ;nter the computers C/7# setup.

). 7nce in C/7# verify that your parallel port is ena*(ed or !nsta((ed.

+. @e%t verify the printer or parallel port mode. (his option will often haveseveral different modes. *f your parallel port is set to ;CP mode we suggest

trying a different mode.

Oter ,ara((e( de"!ce

*f you have a parallel printer with other parallel devices such as a parallel scanneror "ip drive temporarily disconnect these devices to verify they are not causing

your issue.

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/driver.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/drivers/printers.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/lpt.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000192.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/d/driver.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/drivers/printers.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/jargon/l/lpt.htm

http://www.computerhope.com/issues/ch000192.htm



PRACTICAL:-

Aim: - Troubleshooting and Repairing of !ard "is#"ri$e

/any technologies go into building the high-performance dis' drives we use. (heyinclude the magnetic effects that pac' data onto the platters the design and construction

of the heads themselves the precision with which the platters themselves are built and

the electronics that turn small signals off the dis' heads into data for your computer.

As interesting as they are however these don!t matter from the standpoint of choosing

the dis' products you!ll put in your computer. 5hat you really care about are capacity performance reliability and price. (he large volume of dis's manufactured and sold tothe personal computer mar'et ensures that you can base your buying decisions on actual

field e%perience not pro=ections so the underlying technology is less important than

what!s being delivered in users! machines.

<is's all use a common geometrical layout as in 8igure A (hey record data on

magneti"ed platters at precisely defined head positions. At each position each head tracesout a track as the dis' rotates. (rac's are divided into units of data called sectors that

can be individually read and written. All the trac's at a single head position collectively

form a cylinder .

Capacity is reasonably straightforward: *t!s how many gigabytes the dis' holds. Oou

have to be careful to loo' at the capacity of the drive after it!s been formatted 1which

is what most drive manufacturers specify2. (he formatting operation eats up space for sector addresses space between sectors and the li'e and that!s space you can!t get at

or

use.

&



<is' manufacturers most commonly specify capacity as the formatted capacity of the

drive but divide by & to convert to gigabytes not &E+E&G)

1&) &) &)2 as do 5indows and 9@*M. A )4 drive sold by the

manufacturer will report as &G3.)34 when you loo' at it through the operating

system.

<is' <rive Performance

(he most important factor in dis' drive performance is throughput on and off the dis'

as measured in your PC. (hat!s not possible for manufacturers to measure so they

specify a number of parameters you can use to estimate the performance you!ll see:

Ssta!ned tr$&,t B 8or reasonably large transfers such as loading programs from dis' or readingDwriting the swap Sle dis' performance is limited

by the sustained throughput onto or off the dis' itself. (he rotation rate of the dis' times the number of sectors per trac' determines the sustained throughput.See8 and r$tat!$na( (atenc3 B 8or short transfers of data not in the dis' cache

the performance you get is determined by the time it ta'es to move the head to theright cylinder and for the right sector to rotate under the heads. A faster rotation

rate reduces the rotational

latency.

Cace *55er s!e B (he

cache buffer on the drivecan strongly affect the

performance you get.

Predicting the effect of

different cache si"es ishard but you can assume

in general that a bigger

cache is better as long asyou remember this is not

always true.

(he sustained throughput in bytes per second is the number of bytes in a sector timesthe number of sectors per trac' times the trac' rotations per second. (he data sheet for

the )4 #eagate arracuda 1which spins at E) ,P/2 e%plicitly speciSes the

average sustained transfer rate listing it as greater than G megabytes per second. (hat

)



number is ama"ing when you consider that only a few years ago you had to e%ercise

care to get a dis' fast enough for video recording at to G megabytes per second.

<is' manufacturers sometimes don!t specify the sustained throughput of the dis'

e%plicitly but if some other speciScations are available you can calculate it. (he

average sustained transfer rate equals the rotation rate times average sectors per trac' times &) bytes per sector. <is' manufacturers put more sectors on the outer trac's of

the platter 1because they!re larger and have more space2 so there!s no one number for

sectors per trac'. Oou can use the minimum number the ma%imum or the average. Aslong as you compare rates you compute consistently it doesn!t matter.

8or small transfers the time to get the heads positioned over the right sector is much

larger than the time to actually transfer the data. (he drawing in 8igure shows thetimeline for a dis' access and by the length of the segment indicates that the

positioning time can be enormously longer than the actual transfer time. (he average

see' time is commonly speciSed by the dis' manufacturer and depends on the

physical design of the heads and the actuator mechanism that mounts and moves theheads. (he lighter 1and by implication smaller2 the heads and mechanism the faster

they can start and stop moving and the smaller the see' time will be.

(he rotational latency isn!t always speciSed but if you 'now the rotation rate you can

calculate the delay. 7n average the dis' is positioned one half of a revolution awayfrom the data you want in which case the average rotational latency is one half of the

rotation time. 8or a typical E) ,P/ drive the rotation time is about G.+ ms

1calculated as the reciprocal of the rotation rate2 so the average rotational latency is

+



half the rotation time or about .) ms in our e%ample. *f the average see' time is ms

the total average access time 0 the time it ta'es from when the drive gets the

command to read to when it starts delivering data 0 is the sum of the two or &+.) ms.

Pract!ca(:- ;

A!%: - Tr$*(es$$t!n& and Re,a!r!n& $5 CD-ROM dr!"e CD >r!ter/C$%*$

Dr!"e/D0D r!ter



(he most basic and potentially most disastrous problem that can occur with a C< or <><

drive is a stuc' tray. 5ill the tray e=ect when you press the e=ect buttonN Press it once li'e a

doorbell and then move your finger away or you may be sending it repeated open and close

commands. (he drive wonJt pop right open if it is actively playing a disc and the operatingsystem may be able to override the stop and open command. *f youJre trying to e=ect a music

C< or <>< using /edia Player software 1clic'ing on a software e=ect button on the screen2



and it doesnJt wor' try the manual button on the drive. *f this is a newly installed drive ma'e

sure you used the short screws shipped with the drive and not longer screws which can =am the

mechanism. *f thereJs a disc in the drive that can no longer be read ma'e sure the power supplylead is still seated in the soc'et on the bac' of the drive.

&. #hut down restart and try again. *f the tray still doesnJt e=ect reboot again and notewhether the *7# registers the drive. #ome brand name PCs donJt report installed

hardware on a boot screen so youJll have to access C/7# #etup to chec'. *f the *7#doesnJt registered the drive it may have dropped dead. Proceed to A(A <rive 8ailure if

the *7# no longer registers the drive.

). efore you start tearing apart the machine ma'e sure that the tray isnJt loc'ed bysoftware. (he easiest way to chec' is to reboot the PC and hit the e=ect button before

the operating system loads but you can also chec' the properties under the drive icon

in 5indows 6/y Computer.6 *f the drive L;< shows that itJs trying to read a disc andthe e=ect button doesnJt interrupt the tas' it wonJt be able to e=ect either. #ome player

software may loc' the e=ect button in hardware but you can e=ect using the software

e=ect button on the player.

+. Assuming the drive is still registered by the *7# and operating system you really dohave a stuc' disc. (he ne%t step is to loo' for a pinhole on the front of the C< or <><

drive. Power down the system and unplug the power cord then straighten out a couple

inches worth of paper clip the heaviest gauge that will fit in the hole. 4ently push the paper clip straight into the hole until you feel it depress the release mechanism. (his

will sometime cause the tray to pop out a fraction of an inch other times you will have

to pry it a little to get it started. 7nce you have enough tray stic'ing out to grab it with

your fingers you should be able to pull it out. *f the faceplate seems to be bulging asyou pull the disc is hung up on it and the best thing to do is remove the drive from the

PC and then remove the faceplate. .

. <oes the drive cause the whole PC to tremble when it spins upN *s it noisyN /a'e surethat the drive if internal is mounted with four screws and level. High speed drives will

vibrate li'e cra"y if a disc is off balance usually because the disc itself has some

weighting problem. Aside from obvious physical flaws 1li'e the dog or the 'id too' a

bite out of the edge of the disc2 a miss-applied label can create an unbalanced disc. (rye=ecting and reinserting the disc. * wouldnJt 'eep running a drive that vibrates badly. *t

could end up damaging the discs 1discs have been 'nown to shatter at high speeds2 and

it doesnJt do the other components in your system any good to be vibrated which canlead to connections wor'ing apart or worse. *f the problem only occurs with some

discs you can blame the discs. 7therwise *Jd loo' into a new drive.

. Can you listen to music C<s through your spea'ersN (he following assumes that you

can get operating system sounds to play from your spea'ers. *f not proceed to #ound8ailure. 8irst ma'e sure that the C< isnJt muted in the software mi%er panel. @e%t if

the drive is equipped with an audio =ac' on the front stic' in a cheap headphone 1if you

have one2 and see if the C< is playing. *n any case if the C< is spinning and the time isadvancing in whatever version of /edia Player you have installed the drive is actually

3



playing the C<. @ewer drives support <A; 1<igital Audio ;%traction2 and some #A(A

drives donJt support the old analog audio output at all. *f you have a newer drive chec'

the <A; settings in the drive properties.

7lder drives both #A(A and PA(A required an analog patch cord inside the case. (he

audio patch cord from the drive to the sound card or the sound port on the motherboardmay not be connected or the device volume could be turned down in a software mi%er

panel. (he easy chec' for incorrect audio patch cable 1+ or wires2 connection withoutopening the PC is to try a multimedia disc such as a game. @ote also that in two drive

systems the builder may only have patched the audio output of one of the drives through to

the sound card.

3. *f you canJt play movies in your <>< that you can play on a television <>< player the

problem is usually with the software C7<;C 1CoderD<;Coder2. (est the movie on a

(> first to ma'e sure the disc is good. (he media player you are using may display a

specific error message li'e telling you the screen properties must be set to a certain

resolution and number of colors for a movie to play. 7r the player may report that itcanJt find a decoder 1C7<;C2 to play the particular disc. ;ven if the movie wor'ed last

night your media player may have received an automated update the ne%t time youwent online that rendered the installed C7<;C obsolete. *f you search the *nternet

youJll find plenty of people trying to sell you C7<;Cs but if you use 4oogle and stay

away from the advertisements you should be able to get the updated version for free.Oou may also encounter new copy protection schemes that render some discs

unplayable on your PC even though you arenJt trying to copy them. (he only solution

for this again lays in software and *nternet research for the specific failure. *t may turn

out that the only way to render your <>< player compatible with a new type of copy protection is to update the <>< drive firmware. *f an update isnJt available for your

particular model you can end up out of luc' when it comes to playing certain discsfrom certain studios after a particular date.E. <oes your problem involve recording C<s or <><sN *f so proceed to C<D<><

,ecording Problems. 8or a problem booting a factory C< in a recorder stay here. *tJs

become increasingly difficult to tell factory pressed C<s from recorded C<s due to thehighly polished labels that can be easily printed for recorded C<s and <><s. 8actory

produced discs are usually silver on the read surface while recorded discs are often

gold or green.

G. <oes the drive read discsN 5hen you mount a disc be it software or music does thedrive ac'nowledge that a disc is present and let you view the contentsN *t doesnJt matter

1at this point2 whether or not you can get through installing the software on the disc or

read all of the information. (he question is simply can the drive see anything at all onthe discN

. <oes your system refuse to boot 'nown good boot C<s li'e operating systems from

5indows G on upN (ry setting the boot sequence in C/7# #etup to boot to the C< or

<>< first. (his shouldnJt really be necessary if the hard drive is uninitiated but *Jveseen it fi% the problem. *Jve also seen some high speed drives which ta'e too long to

E



try the drive in another PC or mount it in an e%ternal 9# shell and connect it

e%ternally.

&. Oou could have a simple cabling problem or /asterD#lave conflict. *f the drive is the

#lave on primary *<; controller with the hard drive move it to the secondary *<;

controller as the /aster 1requires another *<; ribbon cable2. *f you already have

another device installed as the secondary /aster try the drive as the secondary #lave or temporarily replace the /aster for the sa'e of seeing if it wor's.



Pract!ca(:-1;

Aim : - Troubleshooting and Repairing of Pen dri$e

A US7 5(as dr!"e consists of a flash memory data storage device integrated witha9# 19niversal #erial us2 interface. 9# flash drives are typically removable and

rewritable and physically much smaller than a floppy dis' .

8lash memory combines a number of older technologies with lower cost lower power

consumption and small si"e made possible by advances in microprocessor technology.

(he memory storage was based on earlier ;P,7/ and ;;P,7/ technologies.(hese had very limited capacity were very slow for both reading and

writing required comple% high-voltage drive circuitry and could

only be re-written after erasing the entire contents of the chip.

Design and implementation

7ne end of the device is fitted with a single male type-A 9# connector . *nside the

plastic casing is a small printed circuit board. /ounted on this board is some power

circuitry and a small number of surface-mounted integrated circuits 1*Cs2. (ypically one

of these *Cs provides an interface to the 9# port another drives the onboard memoryand the other is the flash memory.

<rives typically use the 9# mass storage device class to communicate with the host.

Essent!a( c$%,$nents

(here are typically four parts to a flash drive:

/ale type-A 9# connector ? provides a physical interface to the host computer.

9# mass storage controller ? implements the 9# host controller. (he controller

contains a small microcontroller with a small amount of on-chip ,7/ and ,A/.

@A@< flash memory chip ? stores data. @A@< flash is typically also used

in digital cameras.

Crystal oscillator ? produces the deviceJs main &) /H" cloc' signal and controls

the deviceJs data output through a phase-loc'ed loop.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_device

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Access_Memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_flash

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_storage_device

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floppy_disk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EPROM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_of_connectors_and_fasteners

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-mount_technology

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_mass_storage_device_class

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_Access_Memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NAND_flash

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_oscillator

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clock_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase-locked_loop



4 5rite-protect switch 17ptional2

6 #pace for second flash memory chip

File system/ost flash drives ship preformatted with the 8A( or 8A( +) file system. (he ubiquity of

this file system allows the drive to be accessed on virtually any host device with 9#

support. Also standard 8A( maintenance utilities 1e.g. #candis' 2 can be used to repair or

retrieve corrupted. However because a flash drive appears as a 9#-connected hard

drive to the host system the drive can be reformatted to any file system supported by the

host operating system.

Defragmenting: 8lash drives can be defragmented but this brings little advantage as

there is no mechanical head that moves from fragment to fragment. 8lash drives oftenhave a large internal sector si"e so defragmenting means accessing fewer sectors.

<efragmenting shortens the life of the drive by ma'ing many unnecessary writes.Z&G[

Even Distribution: #ome file systems are designed to distribute usage over an entire

memory device without concentrating usage on any part 1e.g. for a directory2$ this even

distribution prolongs the life of simple flash memory devices. #ome 9# flash drives

have this functionality built into the software controller to prolong device life while

others do not$ therefore the end user should chec' the specifications of his device prior to

changing the file system for this reason.

Hard Drive: #ectors are &) bytes long for compatibility with hard drives and the first

sector can contain a /aster oot ,ecord and a partition table. (herefore 9# flash units

can be partitioned as hard drives.

Troubleshooting and Repairing: -

)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_protection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table#FAT32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_checker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScanDisk

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_drive


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_formatting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive#cite_note-17

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_leveling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Boot_Record

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_table

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write_protection

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Allocation_Table#FAT32

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_system

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_checker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ScanDisk



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disk_formatting

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defragmentation

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USB_flash_drive#cite_note-17

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wear_leveling

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_Boot_Record

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_table



1. Computer Does Not Detect Pen Drive:

This kind of problem is faced due to some bad registry settings. After you fix up the registry,

the USB drive will work fine. To fix this issue

Method 1:

This could be due to no free drive letter has been assigned to your pen drive.

Still, if you dont see your pen drive under device manager or if you see some !uestion mark

suddenly on your drive in device manager then there could be problem with your registry

also,

Read method 2 given below

Method 2:

"f none of your USB devices detect ,this could be due to wrong registry entries. i.e you need todeleteUpperFilters and the owerFilters registry values.

#ollow the procedure listed below to correct your registry$

%. &pen !tart "" Run, and type 'regedit' (without double !uotes), and click #$ .

*. +ocate UpperFilters registry value. it resides in the following registry subkey$

%$&'(#C)(M)C%*N&+!'!,&M+CurrentControl!et+Control+Class+

-.D/0&34&/25411C&46FC1433326&13/17

. -lick on &dit menu, and select Delete and click #$ .

Note: "f you receive an error when you try to delete the registry subkey, you may not have

correct permissions to edit the subkey.

. +ocate owerFilters registry value. "t resides in the following registry subkey$

%$&'(#C)(M)C%*N&+!'!,&M+CurrentControl!et+Control+Class+

-.D/0&084&/25411C&46FC1433326&13/17

/. -lick on &dit menu, and select Delete and click #$ .

0. 1xit 2egistry 1ditor and restart your system.

Pen Drive or U!6 Mass storage device disabled at o99ice or college or

school:

At many offices and colleges, the "T people disable or block the use of pen drives.

To enable the USB drive when it is blocked

+



3e have observed this problem at may places

that you need some data on your pen drive

but the USB drive or pen drive does not work.

3indows gives a notification

3indows will now show a 4ew 5ardware 3i6ard to install the drivers. +ets see in

details how we can fix this problem.

Fi:

There are more than one ways in which the USB drives are disabled by

Administrators at offices or colleges or schools. These methods are$

%. By 7isabling USB 8orts from 7evice 9anager.

*. By Tweaking 2egistry values for USB 9ass Storage 7evices.

. By Un:installing the USB 9ass Storage 7rivers.

3e will see how to fix all these

situations one by one. But

before you begin, you musthave administrator rights on

that computer to fix the issue.

UNLOCK USB PORTS

FROM DEVICE

MANAGER:

i) ;o to Start < 2un, in run

prompt type =devmgmt.msc>

and press enter. This willopen device manager.



ii) ;o to Universal Serial bus -ontroller. See if there are any red colored cross? "f

yes, right click and enable those USB 8orts.

4ow try and use the pendrive. "f it works fine, then great, else read the next two

steps also.

CORRECT REGISTRY VALUE FOR USB MASS STORAGE

DEVICE

i) ;o to Start < 2un , type =regedit; and press enter, this will open registry

editor.

ii) 4avigate to the key

%$&'(#C)(M)C%*N&+!'!,&M+CurrentControl!et+!ervices+U!

6!,#R iii) 7ouble:click on the <!tart; key to modify

its value, change the value to and press &@.

4ow remove and connect the pen drive

again, it should work fine, if it does not, then

it means the drivers are missing. #ollow the

steps below to solve the issue.

INSTALL USB MASS STORAGE

DEVICE DRIVERS

"n case the USB 9ass Storage drivers are not installed, windows will prompt you

to install the driver. "n such a case, windows will launch 5ardware Update

3i6ard. "f you have USB 9ass storage drivers, you can install it and restart the

computer, it should work. "f not, you can download the USB 9ass Storage drivers

here. 7ownload and u6nip the driver files on your desktop.

i) "n hardware update

wi6ard, select the option to

install the driver from a

specific location and click

next.

http://troublefixers.com/wp-content/uploads/Miscellaneous/USB%20Mass%20storage%20device%20drivers.zip






ii) 4ow on this screen, click browse and select the path on which you have un:

6ipped the drivers and press ok.

Pract!ca(:-11

Aim: - Troubleshooting and Repairing of Spea#er and%eb camera&

Spea#er

Computer speakers, or multimedia

speakers, are speakers external to a

computer, that disable the lower fidelity

built-in speaker. They often have a low-

power internal amplifier. The standard

audio connection is a 3.5 mm

(approximately 1! inch" stereo #ack

plu$ often colour-coded lime $reen

(followin$ the %& ''standard" for

computer sound cards. plu$ and socket for a two-wire (si$nal and $round"

coaxial cable that is widely used to connect analo$ audio and video components.

lso called a )phono connector,) rows of *& sockets are found on the backs of

stereo amplifier and numerous + products. The pron$ is 1!) thick by 51)

lon$. few use an *& connector for input. There are also / speakers which

are powered from the 5 volts at 500 milliamps provided by the / port, allowin$

about .5 watts of output power.

&omputer speakers ran$e widely in 2uality and in price. The computer speakers

typically packa$ed with computer systems are small, plastic, and have mediocre

sound 2uality. ome computer speakers have e2ualiation features such as bassand treble controls.

The internal amplifiers re2uire an external power source, usually an & adapter .

4ore sophisticated computer speakers can have a subwoofer unit, to enhance

bass output, and these units usually include the power amplifiers both for the

bass speaker, and the small satellite speakers.

3

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_plug


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_System_Design_Guide#PC_99

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_connector

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_adapter

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loudspeaker



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_System_Design_Guide#PC_99

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_card

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_signal

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCA_connector


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_adapter



ome computer displays have rather basic speakers built-in. 6aptops come with

inte$rated speakers. *estricted space available in laptops means these speakers

usually produce low-2uality sound.

7or some users, a lead connectin$ computer sound output to an existin$ stereo

system is practical. This normally yields much better results than small low-cost

computer speakers. &omputer speakers can also serve as an economy amplifier

for 4%3 player use for those who wish to not use headphones althou$h some

models of computer speakers have headphone #acks of their own.

Troubleshooting and Repairing of Spea#er

Make sure your speakers are plugged in, turned on, and properly

connected to the computer .

Plug the speakers in to another computer, if possible . 8f the speakers

work with the other computer, proceed to the next step. 8f they dont,

youve probably $ot a problem within the speakers themselves.

Check your sound drivers.

o 9pen your start menu (ri$ht-click on the )tart) button and choose

):xplore)", and find the )4y &omputer) icon. *i$ht-click on it and

choose )%roperties) from the submenu. &lick on the );ardware) tab

and then the )<evice 4ana$er) button.

E

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_display

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_player

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_display

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laptop

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3_player



o :xpand the )ounds, video, and $ame controllers) headin$ to find

your sound card. The name will depend on what sound card is

installed on your %&. 8t will most likely have a name containin$

)audio.) 8t should look somethin$ similar to the example above.

=oull know immediately if there is a ma#or driver error because an

exclamation point (>" will show over the cards icon.o <ouble-click on the name of the sound card to open a new window.

8n the new properties window click on the )<rivers) tab. 8f there isno )<rivers) tab then you chose the wron$ sound device. ?o back

and try a$ain. 9n the )<rivers) tab, click the )<river pdate) button.

7ollow the @iards onscreen instructions to update your driver. =ou

can also contact the manufacturer of your %& for the most recent

audio drivers. They can usually be found online.o 8f you already have the most recent driver, click the )ninstall

<river) button. Then restart your computer. @hen you restart your

computer, the driver should reinstall automatically. 8f it does not,

install it manually with software (or a download" from the

manufacturer.

Check the sound card itself . %roperly shut down your %&

and then disconnect all cables on the back of your %&, includin$ the power cable. 9pen up the &%, makin$ sure to touch a $rounded metal ob#ect (adoorknob or metal desk will work, for example" before openin$ up the case.This will dischar$e any static electricity you have built up, which coulddama$e your computer.

G



o 6ocate the audio plu$ on the back of your %&. The sound card

should be in the correspondin$ location on the inside of the %&.

*emove the sound card and put it back in. The 4icrosoft site has

detailed directions for installin$ a sound cardA to remove one, simply do

the reverse. 9nce you have the sound card back in, reattach thecables you unplu$$ed earlier and boot your %&.

%eb camera

webcam is a video camera which feeds its

ima$es in real time to a computer or computer

network, often via /, ethernet or @i-7i.

Their most popular use is the establishment of video

links, permittin$ computers to act

asvideophones or videoconference stations. This

common use as a video camera for the @orld @ide

@eb $ave the webcam its name. 9ther popular

uses include security surveillance andcomputer vision.

@ebcams are known for their low manufacturin$ cost and flexibility,makin$ them

the lowest cost form of videotelephony. They have also become a source of

security and privacy issues, as some built-in webcams can be remotely activated

via spyware.

Technology

@ebcams typically include a lens, an ima$e sensor , and some support

electronics. +arious lenses are available, the most common in consumer-$rade

webcams bein$ a plastic lens that can be screwed in and out to set the cameras

focus. 7ixed focus lenses, which have no provision for ad#ustment, are also

available. s a camera systems depth of field is $reater for small ima$er formatsand is $reater for lenses with a lar$e f-number (small aperture", the systems

used in webcams have sufficiently lar$e depth of field that the use of a fixed

focus lens does not impact ima$e sharpness much. 8ma$e sensors can

be &49 or &&<, the former bein$ dominant for low-cost cameras, but &&<

cameras do not necessarily outperform &49-based cameras in the low cost

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/games/learnmore/installsoundcard.mspx

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_camera

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_conferencing


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed_focus

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device

http://www.microsoft.com/windowsxp/using/games/learnmore/installsoundcard.mspx


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_conferencing




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_vision

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manufacturing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spyware

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_(optics)


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMOS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device



&onfirm that the pro$ram you are attemptin$ to use your webcam with

supports it and is confi$ured properly. sin$ a webcam with a pro$ram like=ahoo> 4essen$er doesnt #ust automatically work. ?o into the settin$s of the pro$ram and make sure it is confi$ured properly to work in con#unctionwith a webcam.

4ake sure @indows E% is updated with the newest software and drivers.

&lick on the )tart) menu and then the )@indows pdate) icon todownload and install the newest possible updates for @indows. @ithoutthese updates certain external devices, like webcams, may not work

Cmp Manual 1

Documents

Transcript of Cmp Manual 1