cmamodulob8-110917140647-phpapp01

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Mvt}j lf Flvmbãíj f Gjtebãíj ” \i~j 4( åwfh II ” 2» b`j

Milblb`ib f Ev`lj B|vbh



F}mjhb ]fmv`lâtib lf Df`bwf |f

^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblb`ib f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 69

Lief`}íj ^jhå| imb f Kvtålimb

/Mje~j`f`|f lf Gjtebãíj ]jmijmvh|vtbh)

Eýlvhj D? ” Litfi|j} Oveb`j}; B Hj`cb Oi}|ýtib

lj} Litfi|j} f Hidftlblf}




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblbìb f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 7>

J mj`kv`|j i`}|i|vmij`bhi{blj lf litfi|j} f cbtb`|ib} lj }ft oveb`j rvf |fe ~jt gi`bhilblf dâ}imb j

tf}~fi|j b }vb licìlblf( ~jt efij lb }vb ~tj|fãíj mj`|tb j btdå|tij lj ~jlft f}|b|bh f j

f}|bdfhfmief`|j lf mj`liãöf} eåìeb} lf wilb f lf}f`wjhwief`|j lb ~ft}j`bhilblf oveb`b ~jlf }ft

lfgiìlj mjej litfi|j} oveb`j} gv`lbef`|bi}.

B V`f}mj( |bedée lfgiì`lj cf`ftimbef`|f j} litfi|j} oveb`j} gv`lbef`|bi} ( mj`}ilftb%j} ~jt ve

hblj veb ~tj|fãíj lf eb`fitb i`}|i|vmij`bhi{blb ~fhj} ýtcíj} lj F}|blj( f ~jt jv|tj( tfctb} ~btb }f

f}|bdfhfmft mj`liãöf} oveb`b} lf wilb f lf}f`wjhwief`|j lb ~ft}j`bhilblf oveb`b.

Vì|fl @b|ij`} Flvmb|ij`bh( ]mif`|igim b`l Mvh|vtbh Jtcbì{b|ij`

/Jtcbì{bãíj lb} @bãöf} Vìlb} ~btb b Flvmbãíj( b Mië`mib f b Mvh|vtb)

B}}ie( i`ûeftj} f ligftf`miblj} }íj j} mj`mfi|j} lf litfi|j} oveb`j} gv`lbef`|bi}.

Ï ie~jt|b`|f tfbhãbt rvf j} litfi|j} oveb`j} gv`lbef`|bi} tfhbmij`be%}f litf|bef`|f mje b cbtb`|ib

lf `íj i`cftë`mib lj F}|blj `b f}gftb i`liwilvbh f b mj`}bctbãíj lb licìlblf oveb`b( |f`lj ve

vìwft}bh tfmjòfmief`|j ~jt ~bt|f lb ebijtib lj} F}|blj}( }fkb fe `åwfh mj`}|i|vmij`bh(

i`gtbmj`}|i|vmij`bh( }fkb fe `åwfh lf litfi|j mj`}vf|vli`âtij jv ef}ej ~jt |tb|blj} f mj`wf`ãöf}

i`|ft`bmij`bi}.

Litfi|j} Oveb`j}; ~ti må~ij} f mbtbm|ftå}|imb}





Mj`mfi|j lf Litfi|j} Oveb`j};

Hjvi} Ofài`

Litfi|j} Oveb`j} mj`}|i|vfe ve |ftej lf v}j mjeve( eb} `íj

mb|fcjtimbef`|f lfgiìlj. F}}f} litfi|j} }íj mj`mfdilj} lf gjteb bi`mhvit brvfhb} tfiwi`limbãöf} ejtbi} f ~jhå|imb} rvf( `j mj`}f`}j mj`|fe~jtä`fj( |jlj j }ft oveb`j |fe jv lfwf |ft ~ftb`|f }vb }jmiflblf jv cjwft`j( tfiwi`limbãöf} f}|b} mjòfmilb} mjej lf litfi|j. f `íj b~f`b} ~jt bejt( ctbãb jv mbtilblf.

B`|üìj Of`tirvf^ftf{ Hvòj

J} litfi|j} oveb`j} }vtcfe mjej ve mj`kv`|j lf gbmvhlblf} fi`}|i|viãöf} rvf( fe mblb ejef`|j oi}|ýtimj( mj`mtf|i{be b}fxicë`mib} lf licìlblf( hidftlblf f icvbhlblf oveb`b}( b} rvbi}

lfwfe }ft tfmjòfmilb} ~j}i|iwbef`|f ~fhj} jtlf`bef`|j}

kvtålimj}( `j} ~hb`j} `bmij`bh f i`|ft`bmij`bh.

]be~bij Lýtib

Litfi|j} oveb`j} }íj brvfhf} litfi|j} i`ftf`|f} î ~ft}j`bhilblf oveb`b( é b bv}ë`mib lf mj`}|tb`cief`|j ~btb |jlb bm|iwilblf rvf `íj lf}|tvb( `fe fedbtbmf b mj`}ftwbãíj lj ojefe f lb }jmiflblf.

Bhfxb`ltf lf

Ejtbf}

É j mj`kv`|j i`}|i|vmij`bhi{blj lf litfi|j} f cbtb`|ib} lj }ft oveb`j rvf |fe ~jt gi`bhilblf dâ}imb j tf}~fi|j î }vb licìlblf( ~jt efij lf }vb ~tj|fãíj mj`|tb j btdå|tij lj ~jlft f}|b|bh f j

f}|bdfhfmief`|j lf mj`liãöf} eåìeb} lf wilb f lf}f`wjhwief`|j lb ~ft}j`bhilblf oveb`b.

^étf{ Hvòj

J} litfi|j} oveb`j} ~jlfe }ft mj`}ilftblj} mjej ve mj`kv`|jlf gbmvhlblf} f i`}|i|viãöf} rvf( fe mblb ejef`|j oi}|ýtimj(mj`mtf|i{be b} fxicë`mib} lb licìlblf( lb hidftlblf f lbicvbhlblf oveb`b}( b} rvbi} lfwfe }ft tfmjòfmilb}~j}i|iwbef`|f ~fhj} jtlf`bef`|j} kvtålimj} fe `åwfh `bmij`bh fi`|ft`bmij`bh―

Kj}é Mb}|j`\jdfòb}

J} litfi|j} oveb`j} }íj brvfhf} litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi} lb ~f}}jboveb`b “ mj`}ilftblb |b`|j fe }fv b}~f|j i`liwilvbh mjejmjevì|âtij “ rvf mjttf}~j`lfe b f}|b fe tb{íj lf }vb ~tý~tib`b|vtf{b /lf f}}ë`mib bj ef}ej |fe~j mjt~ýtfb( f}~iti|vbh f}jmibh) f rvf lfwfe }ft tfmjòfmilj} f tf}~fi|blj} ~jt |jlj ~jlftf bv|jtilblf( i`mhv}iwf b} `jteb} kvtålimb} ~j}i|iwb}( mflf`lj(`íj jd}|b`|f( fe }fv fxftmåmij( b`|f b} fxicë`mib} lj dfe mjeve.

Mhb}}igimbãíj lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j}

Lf ejlj cftbh( b} f}~émif} lj} litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi} f}|íj hicblb} î cftbãíj fe rvf fhf} }vtcfetfmjòfmilj}. Eb} |fmìmbef`|f `fe }fe~tf é b}}ie.





Oâ litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi} rvf `íj b~tf}f`|be j} mbtbm|ftf} lb }vb cftbãíj( eb} lf jv|tb( }fkb rvf b

b`|fmi~fe( }fkb rvf }vb mj`}bctbãíj }f obkb tf|btlblj. F`|tf|b`|j( f}}b |btfgb jgftfmf liwft}b}

ligimvhlblf} ctbwf}.

B ~ti`mi~bh lfhb} é rvf evi|j} lj} litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi} |ëe ebi} lf veb gbmf.

Rvb`|j bj jdkf|j lj} litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi}( ~jlf%}f ligftf`mibt rvb|tj f}~émif} lf litfi|j};

Hidftlblf};

B} hidftlblf} }íj ~jlftf} lf gb{ft( j }fv jdkf|j( ~jt|b`|j( }íj bãöf} /gb{ftf}) jv jei}}öf} /`íj

gb{ftf}). Lf`|tj lf}}f} litfi|j} lf hidftlblf( |fej};

b) b hidftlblf lf hjmjejãíj1

d) b hidftlblf lf ~f`}bef`|j1m) b hidftlblf lf tfv`iíj1

l) b hidftlblf lf b}}jmibãíj1

f) b hidftlblf lf ~tjgi}}íj1

g) b hidftlblf lf bãíj1

c) b hidftlblf }i`limbh1

o) j litfi|j lf ctfwf

II. J} Litfi|j} lf Mtéli|j;

]íj ~jlftf} lf tfmhbebt bhcveb mji}b( j }fv jdkf|j }íj mj`|tb~tf}|bãöf} ~j}i|iwb}( fe cftbh ~tf}|bãöf}

lf }ftwiãj} /fx.; j litfi|j bj |tbdbhoj( î flvmbãíj( î ~tj|fãíj lb }bûlf).

III J} Litfi|j} lf ]i|vbãíj;

]íj ~jlftf} lf fxicit ve }|b|v}. J }fv jdkf|j é veb }i|vbãíj b }ft ~tf}ftwblb jv tf}|bdfhfmilb. ^jt

fxfe~hj( j litfi|j bj efij bedif`|f /}blij) f lf ejlj cftbh j} litfi|j} lb |ftmfitb cftbãíj; litfi|j î~b{( litfi|j /bj tf}~fi|j) î bv|jlf|ftei`bãíj lj} ~jwj}.

IW. J} Litfi|j}%Cbtb`|ib};

F}|f} liwilfe%}f fe cbtb`|ib} hiei|f} f litfi|j} b cbtb`|ib}%i`}|tvef`|bi};

b) j} litfi|j} b cbtb`|ib}%i`}|tvef`|bi} }íj ~jlftf} lf ejdihi{bt b b|vbãíj lj F}|blj( fe f}~fmibh lj

Kvlimiâtij( fe lfgf}b lf jv|tj} litfi|j}. Fe cftbh }íj litfi|j} lf bãíj( j }fv jdkf|j é veb ~tf}|bãíj

kvlimibh. ^jt fxfe~hj( j eb`lblj lf }fcvtb`ãb jv j obdfb} mjt~v}1




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblbìb f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 7=

d) litfi|j} b cbtb`|ib}%hiei|f }íj ~jlftf} lf fxicit rvf `íj }f gbãbe lf|ftei`blb} mji}b}. ]íj litfi|j}b ve `íj gb{ft. ^jt fxfe~hj( j litfi|j b `íj }jgtft mf`}vtb( b `íj }ft fx~tj~tiblj }fe kv}|bi`lfeì{bãíj.

Mbtbm|ftå}|imb} lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j}

]íj b} ~ti`mi~bi} mbtbm|ftå}|imb} lj} litfi|j} oveb`j}; b i`bhif`bdihilblf( b ie~tf}mti|idihilblf( bittf`v`mibdihilblf( b i`wijhbdihilblf( b vìwft}bhilblf f b oi}|jtimilblf.

I`bhif`bdihilblf

]íj litfi|j} i`|tb`}gftåwfi} f i`fcjmiâwfi} ~jtrvf `íj }íj lfmj`|fûlj fmj`ýeimj ~b|tiejìbh.

Ie~tf}mti|idihilblf

J fxftmåmij lf djb ~bt|f lj} litfi|j} gv`lbef |bi} jmjttf }ý `jgb|j lf fxi}|itfe tfmjòfmilj} `b jtlfe kvtålimb f `v`mblfixbe lf }ft fxicåwfi}.

Ittf`v`mibdihilblf

@íj }f tf`v`mibe litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi}( bhcv`} lfhf} ~jlfeb|é `íj }ft fxftmilj}( ~jlf%}f lfixbt lf fxftmë%hj}( eb} `íj }fblei|f rvf }fkbe tf`v`miblj}.

Vìwft}bhilblf

J} litfi|j} }íj icvbi} ~btb |jlj}( }fe rvbi}rvft tf}|tiãöf}(

i`lf~f`lf`|fef`|f lf `bmij`bhilblf( }fxj( tbãb( mtflj( jvmj`wimãíj ~jhå|imb tfhicij}b jv gihj}ýgimb.

Oi}|jtimilblf

]íj lfmjttf`|f} lj ~tjmf}}j oi}|ýtimj lb ovebìlblf( fhf}`b}mfe( }f be~hibe f }f ejligimbe mje j mjttft lj} |fe~j}.




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblb`ib f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 7<

B Fwjhvãíj lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j}

B} }jmiflblf} b`|icb} mj`ofmftbe j} litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi}:

B i`|jhftä`mib tfhicij}b /J Bd}jhv|i}ej % ]émvhj} _W b _WIII)

Tf~tf}}íj bj ~f`}bef`|j

Dtfwf oi}|ýtib lb fwjhvãíj f b~himbãíj lj} litfi|j}

oveb`j}; cftbãöf} lf litfi|j}; miwi} f ~jhå|imj}1}jmibi} f fmj`ýeimj}1 mvh|vtbi} f bedif |bi





J kvhcbef`|j lf Cbhihfv Cbhihfi

]ftâ rvf fwjhvåej} |b`|j b}}ie:





J }f`|ief`|j lf tfwjh|b f i`lic`bãíj lib`|f lf i`kv}|iãb é |íj b`|icj rvb`|j b ~tý~tib }jmiflblf.

B`|åcj`b( lf ]ýgjmhf}




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblbìb f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 7?

Jticfe;

^jlf%}f li{ft rvf j} Litfi|j} Oveb`j} `b}mfe mje j ojefe. B} tbå{f} lj mj`mfi|j gv`lfe%}f mje

b jticfe lb Oi}|ýtib f ~ftmjttfe%`b fe |jlj} j} }f`|ilj}. Evi|j} ~ti`må~ij} lf mj`wiwë`mib( lf

kv}|iãb( f b ~tý~tib ilfib lf licìlblf lb ~f}}jb oveb`b( b~btfmfe fe mitmv`}|ä`mib} evi|j liwft}b}(

mji`mili`lj f`|tf ~jwj} }f~btblj} ~fhj |fe~j.

B ilfib lb ~tj|fãíj lb licìlblf oveb`b é b`|icb f evi|j b`|ftijt bj }vtcief`|j lj mj`mfi|j kvtålimj

i`|ft`bmij`bh lf ‘litfi|j} oveb`j}―.

Kâ j mýlicj lf Obeevtbdi /23>> b.M. b~tjxieblbef`|f) ef`mij`bwb hfi} lf ~tj|fãíj lj} ebi} gtbmj}

f lf gtfij ~btb b bv|jtilblf.

@b miwihi{bãíj fcå~mib( j ~jlft lj} gbtbý} ftb mj`mfdilj mjej }ftwiãj. J} ~tjgf|b} kvlfv} wi`mvhbwbe

j fxftmåmij lj ~jlft b lfwftf} gv`lblj} fe ~ti`må~ij} tfhicij}j} rvf i`}~itbwbe veb é|imb db}fblb `b

tf}~j`}bdihilblf lf |jlj} j} ojef`} ~fhj} }fv} b|j}. Dvlb( Mj`gûmij f [jtjb}|tj ~tfcbwbe b

}v~tfebmib lj litfi|j f lb kv}|iãb( j f`}i`j lb gtb|ftìlblf f lb cf`ftj}ilblf( wi}b`lj b ~hf`b

tfbhi{bãíj lb `b|vtf{b oveb`b f b gjtebãíj lf veb }jmiflblf ~bmågimb f kv}|b.

@b Ctémib lj }émvhj W b.M.( j} milblíj} kâ mj`|tjhbwbe b} bãöf} lj F}|blj /~jhi})1 j hiei|f lj ~jlft

ftb lblj ~fhj litfi|j rvf fxftmfe j} milblíj} bj ~bt|imi~bt lj} b}}v`|j} ~ûdhimj}.

B ~j}i|iwilblf lj} litfi|j} oveb`j} `j jmilf`|f |fe mjej ebtmj} gv`lbljtf} ebi} fx~tf}}iwj};

b Mbt|b Ebc`b lb I`chb|fttb ( lf 2426( ljmvef`|j ie~j}|j bj Tfi Kjíj ]fe%\fttb ~fhj ^b~b f

~fhj} Dbtöf} i`chf}f} rvf j gjtãbwb b tf`v`mibt b mft|j} litfi|j}( b tf}~fi|bt lf|ftei`blj}

~tjmflief`|j} hfcbi} f b bmfi|bt rvf b wj`|blf lj tfi }fkb hiei|blb ~fhb hfi1

b Mbt|b I`chf}b lf Litfi|j} / Dihh jg Tico|})( lf 27?9( rvf f}|bdfhfmfv j litfi|j lf milblíj lf

~f|imij`bt j Ej`btmb( dfe mjej mft|j} tfrvi}i|j} mj`}|i|vmij`bi}( ~fhj} rvbi} b} bãöf} lb Mjtjb

lfeb`lbwbe j mj`}f`|ief`|j lj} cjwft`blj} b|tbwé} lf }vb tf~tf}f`|bãíj `j ^bthbef`|j1

b Lfmhbtbãíj lj} Litfi|j} lj Ojefe f lj Milblíj( wj|blb fe Bcj}|j lf 23?9 ~fhb B}}fedhfib

@bmij`bh Mj`}|i|vi`|f Gtb`mf}b1

b Mbt|b Beftimb`b lf Litfi|j} ( lf 2392( rvf f}|bdfhfmib b} ~tiefitb} 2> fef`lb} î Mj`}|i|viãíj@jt|f%Beftimb`b rvf hiei|be fx~himi|bef`|f j} ~jlftf} lj Cjwft`j Gflftbh ie~fli`lj j





Mj`ctf}}j lf tf}|ti`cit b} hidftlblf} lf fx~tf}}íj( lf ie~tf`}b( lf b}}jmibãíj( lf mj`}mië`mib(

f`|tf jv|tb}1

b Lfmhbtbãíj Beftimb`b lj} Litfi|j} f Lfwftf} lj Ojefe ( b~tjwblb fe Bdtih lf 29<?( b|tbwé}

lb Tf}jhvãíj ___ lb I_ Mj`gftë`mib I`|ft`bmij`bh Beftimb`b( fe Djcj|â /Å`lib).

b Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lf Litfi|j} Oveb`j} lb} @bãöf} Vìlb}( b~tjwblb fe 2> lf Lf{fedtj

lf 29<?( tf}~j}|b î} b|tjmilblf} f î |tbcélib oveb`b jmjttilb} mje b II« Ctb`lf Cvfttb.

Mýlicj lf Obeevtbdi /mftmb lf 2.?>> b.M.)

^TÝHJCJ Z $Rvb`lj j bh|j B`v( Tfi lf B`v`bai f Dfh( ]fòjt lb \fttb lj} Mév}( lf|ftei`bljt

lj} lf}|i`j} lj ev`lj( f`|tfcjv j cjwft`j lf |jlb ovebìlblf b Ebtlva... rvb`lj gji ~tj`v`mibljj bh|j `jef lb Dbdihýìb1 rvb`lj fhf b gf{ gbej}b `j ev`lj f `fhb f}|bdfhfmfv ve lvtbljvtj tfi`j

mvkj} bhimftmf} |iòbe b gitef{b lj mév f lb |fttb % ~jt f}}f |fe~j lf B`v f Dfh ef mobebtbe( b

eie( Obevtbdi( j fxmfh}j ~tå`mi~f( j bljtbljt lj} lfv}f}( ~btb ie~hb`|bt b kv}|iãb `b |fttb( ~btb

lf}|tvit j} ebv} f j ebh( ~btb ~tfwfìt b j~tf}}íj lj gtbmj ~fhj gjt|f... ~btb ihvei`bt j ev`lj f

~tj~imibt j dfe%f}|bt lj ~jwj.

Obevtbdi( cjwft`bljt f}mjhoilj ~jt Dfh( }jv fv( fv j rvf |tjvxf b bdv`lä`mib î |fttb1 j rvf gf{

jdtb mje~hf|b ~btb @i~~vt f Lvtihv1 j rvf lfv wilb î milblf lf Vtva1 j rvf }v~tiv âcvb mje

bdv`lä`mib bj} }fv} obdi|b`|f}1... j rvf |jt`jv dfhb b milblf lf Djt}i~~b1... j rvf f`mfhfitjv ctíj}

~btb b ~jlftj}b Vtb}o1... j rvf bkvljv j ~jwj fe |fe~j lf `fmf}}ilblf1 j rvf f}|bdfhfmfv b

}fcvtb`ãb `b Dbdihüìb1 j cjwft`bljt lj ~jwj( j }ftwj mvkj} gfi|j} }íj bctblâwfi} b B`vì|$.

F|b~b} lf Fwjhvãíj;

B oi}|ýtib lj} litfi|j} oveb`j} b~tf}f`|b f|b~b} rvf b}}i`bhbe b ~tjctf}}iwb fx|f`}íj lj mj`|fûlj lj

mj`mfi|j;

b) veb ctb`lf f|b~b rvf wfe lb} jticf`} lb oi}|ýtib f mofcb b|é j }émvhj _WIII( fe rvf }f

gjtevhbtbe ~ti`må~ij} f tfiwi`limbãöf} rvf mj`}|i|vfe b} tbå{f} lj mj`mfi|j1

d) b jtcbì{bãíj lj} litfi|j} lf ~tiefitb cftbãíj( rvf mj`}bctbe b} hidftlblf} miwi} f j} litfi|j}

~jhå|imj}1

d) b mj`rvi}|b lj} litfi|j} }jmibi}( fmj`ýeimj} f mvh|vtbi}( lf`jei`blj} litfi|j lf }fcv`lb cftbãíj jv

litfi|j lf icvbhlblf1

l) b f|b~b lf gjtevhbãíj lj} litfi|j} lj} ~jwj}( rvf mj`}|i|vfe |ftmfitb cftbãíj lf litfi|j} oveb`j}.




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblbìb f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 3>

Litfi|j} lf

Hidftlblf

]íj brvfhf} rvf |ëe ~jt |i|vhbt j i`liwålvj. ]íj j~j`åwfi} bj F}|blj(|tblv{fe%}f mjej gbmvhlblf} jv b|tidv|j} lb ~f}}jb f j}|f`|be veb}vdkf|iwilblf rvf é j }fv |tbãj ebi} ebtmb`|f. ]íj litfi|j} lf j~j}iãíjfe gbmf lj F}|blj. J ~j`|j lf mj`wftcë`mib é b hidftlblf( }f`lj rvf

f}|f} litfi|j} }íj tfhb|iwj} î wilb( hidftlblf( ~tj~tiflblf( }fcvtb`ãb ficvbhlblf.

Litfi|j} bedif`|bi}

Mje~tff`lfe j litfi|j gv`lbef`|bh î wilb( icvbhlblf f mj`liãöf}blfrvblb} lf wilb( `ve bedif`|f mje ve `åwfh lf rvbhilblf rvf ~ftei|bveb wilb mje licìlblf f dfe%f}|bt. Tf}~j`}bdihi{be mblb ~f}}jb `b~tj|fãíj f efhojtib lj efij bedif`|f ~btb cftbãöf} ~tf}f`|f} f gv|vtb}.

/B fxi}|ë`mib lb f}~émif oveb`b( dfe mjej( lf |jlj} j} }ftf} wiwj}lf~f`lfe lf ve efij bedif`|f }bvlâwfh f frvihidtblj( j`lf f}}f} }ftf}

wiwj} ~j}}be v}vgtvit f i`|ftbcit( cbtb`|i`lj b}}ie b ~ft~f|vbãíj lbf}~émif. Lfwf%}f cbtb`|it b }v}|f`|bdihilblf bedif`|bh( b|tbwé} lbobtejìb `b mj`wiwë`mib f`|tf }ft oveb`j f `b|vtf{b).

Litfi|j} ]jmibi}

Mje~tff`lfe j} litfi|j} }jmibi}( j} litfi|j} tfhb|iwj} î }bûlf( flvmbãíj(

~tfwilë`mib f b}}i}|ë`mib }jmibh( hb{ft( |tbdbhoj( }fcvtb`ãb f |tb`}~jt|f.

F}|f} litfi|j} tfrvftfe veb ~tf}|bãíj ~j}i|iwb lj F}|blj rvf lfwf bcit

`j }f`|ilj lf jgftfmft f}|f} litfi|j} rvf f}|íj b ~tj|fcft i`|ftf}}f} lb

}jmiflblf( jv }jmibi} ~tj~tibef`|f li|j}. Gjtbe tfef|ilj} î mobeblb

f}gftb ~tjctbeâ|imb( fe wit|vlf lf `íj mj`|ftfe ~btb }vb mj`mtf|i{bãíj

b} cbtb`|ib} obdi|vbhef`|f eiì}|tblb} ~fhj} i`}|tvef`|j} ~tjmf}}vbi} lf

~tj|fãíj bj} litfi|j} lb hidftlblf.

Litfi|j}

Fmj`ýeimj}

J} litfi|j} fmj`ýeimj} }íj brvfhf} litfi|j} rvf f}|íj mj`|ilj} fe `jteb}

lf mj`|fûlj fmj`ýeimj( rvf wibdihi{btíj veb ~jhå|imb fmj`ýeimb.

Bdtb`cfe j litfi|j lf ~hf`j fe~tfcj( |tb`}~jt|f i`|fctblj î ~tjlvãíj(

litfi|j bedif`|bh f litfi|j} lj mj`}veiljt.

Litfi|j} Miwi} f^jhå|imj}

]íj litfi|j} lf ~bt|imi~bãíj ~j~vhbt `j ^jlft lj F}|blj( rvf tf}cvbtlbe

b wj`|blf ebìgf}|blb i`liwilvbhef`|f ~jt mblb fhfi|jt( }f`lj rvf b }vb

ligftf`ãb f}}f`mibh ~btb j} jv|tj} litfi|j} é rvf( ~btb f}|f} ûh|iej} `íj }f

fxicf `fòve |i~j lf rvbhigimbãíj fe tb{íj lb ilblf f `bmij`bhilblf ~btb

j }fv fxftmåmij( f`rvb`|j rvf ~btb j} litfi|j} ~jhå|imj}( lf|ftei`b b

Mj`}|i|viãíj tfrvi}i|j} rvf j i`liwålvj lfwf ~tff`moft.





MILBLB@IB

‘ B milblbìb mj`}i}|f `b ~ft|f`ãb kvtilimbef`|f tfmjòfmilb b veb mjevìlblf ~jhå|imb. É( b}}ie( j

f}|b|v|j lf efedtj lf veb mjevìlblf î rvbh }f lfwf hfbhlblf fe |tjmb lb jd|f`ãíj lf }fcvtb`ãb f

litfi|j} ~jhå|imj}.

@b Lfejmtbmib ~jt|vcvf}b( mblb milblíj é efedtj lf veb mjevìlblf i`lf~f`lf`|f( f}|â lj|blj lf

litfi|j}( hidftlblf} f cbtb`|ib} f |fe lfwftf} f}|i~vhblj} f tf}~j`}bdihilblf}.―

MILBLÍJ

‘]ft milblíj é |ft litfi|j î wilb( î hidftlblf( î ~tj~tiflblf( î icvbhlblf ~ftb`|f b hfi1 é( fe tf}vej |ft

litfi|j} miwi}. É |bedée( ~bt|imi~bt `j lf}|i`j lb }jmiflblf( wj|bt( }ft wj|blj( |ft litfi|j} ~jhå|imj}.

J} litfi|j} miwi} f ~jhå|imj} `íj b}}fcvtbe b lfejmtbmib }fe j} litfi|j} }jmibi}( brvfhf} rvf cbtb`|fe

b ~bt|imi~bãíj lj i`liwålvj `b tirvf{b mjhf|iwb ” j litfi|j î flvmbãíj( bj |tbdbhoj( bj }bhâtij kv}|j( î

}bûlf( b veb wfhoimf |tb`rvihb.

Fxftmft b milblbìb ~hf`b é |ft litfi|j} miwi}( ~jhå|imj} f }jmibi}( gtv|j lf ve hj`cj ~tjmf}}j oi}|ýtimj

rvf hfwjv b }jmiflblf jmilf`|bh b mj`rvi}|bt ~bt|f lf}}f} litfi|j}.―

Lfmhbtbãíj V iwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} lj Ojefe;

cé`f}f f mj`|fûlj1 f}|b|v|j hfcbh f b~himbdihilblf





LFMHBTBÃÍJ V@IWFT]BH LJ] LITFI\J] OVEB@J]

% J} Litfi|j} Oveb`j} }íj litfi|j} rvf }f f}|f`lfe b |jlj} j} }ftf} oveb`j}( i`lf~f`lf`|fef`|f( lb

}vb ilf`|ilblf jv `bmij`bhilblf. ]íj litfi|j} rvf ~j}}våej} ~fhj }ie~hf} gbm|j lf }ftej} ~f}}jb}.

J} Litfi|j} Oveb`j} }íj i`bhif`âwfi} ” i}|j }icìgimb rvf `v`mb ~jlfe }ft tf|itblj}.

% B Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} lj Ojefe gji blj|blb( `j lib 2> lf Lf{fedtj lf 29<?( ~fhb

Jtcbì{bãíj lb} @bãöf} Vìlb} /J@V).

B Lfmhbtbãíj é ve |fx|j mje~j}|j ~jt ve ~tfäedvhj f => bt|icj}( mf`|tblj} `j} ~ti`må~ij} lb

licìlblf f lj wbhjt lb ~f}}jb oveb`b( lb hidftlblf f lb icvbhlblf f`|tf ojef`} f evhoftf}.

Mihi`ltj lf Mitj

É mj`}ilftblj b ~tiefitb

Lfmhbtbãíj lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j}

Tfci}|blb `b oi}|ýtib.

B MBT\B LJ] LITFI\J] GV@LBEF@\BI] LB V@IÍJ FVTJ^FIB

I`}~itblb `b Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j}( b Mbt|b lj} Litfi|j} Gv`lbef`|bi} lb Vìíj

Fvtj~fib( b}}i`blb b 3 lf Lf{fedtj lf 4>>> fe @imf( f`v`mib ve mj`kv`|j lf litfi|j}( hidftlblf} f

~ti`må~ij} tfmjòfmilj} b |jlj} j} milblíj} fvtj~fv} f b |jlb} b} ~f}}jb} tf}ilf`|f} `j |ftti|ýtij lb

Vìíj.

I MB^Å\VHJ ” LIC@ILBLF% Litfi|j î wilb% Litfi|j î i`|fctilblf% ^tjidiãíj lb |jt|vtb% ^tjidiãíj lb f}mtbwilíj f lj |tbdbhoj gjtãblj

II MB^Å\VHJ ” HIDFTLBLF]

% Litfi|j î hidftlblf f î }fcvtb`ãb% Tf}~fi|j ~fhb wilb ~tiwblb f gbeihibt

% Litfi|j î flvmbãíj% Hidftlblf ~tjgi}}ij`bh f litfi|j lf |tbdbhobt




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblbìb f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 3=

III MB^Å\VHJ ” ICVBHLBLF

% Icvbhlblf ~ftb`|f b hfi% @íj li}mtiei`bãíj

% Litfi|j} lb} Mtib`ãb}% Litfi|j lb} ~f}}jb} ilj}b}% I`|fctbãíj lb} ~f}}jb} mje lfgimië`mib

IW MB^Å\VHJ ” ]JHILBTIFLBLF

% Litfi|j lf bmf}}j bj} }ftwiãj} lf fe~tfcj% ^tj|fãíj fe mb}j lf lf}~flief`|j }fe kv}|b mbv}b% ^tjidiãíj lj |tbdbhoj i`gb`|ih% ]fcvtb`ãb }jmibh

% ^tj|fãíj lb }bûlf% ^tj|fãíj lj bedif`|f

W MB^Å\VHJ ” MILBLB@IB

% Litfi|j lf fhfcft f lf }ft fhfi|j `b} fhfiãöf} ~btb j ^bthbef`|j Fvtj~fv% Litfi|j b veb djb bleiì}|tbãíj% ^tjwfljt lb kv}|iãb% Litfi|j lf ~f|iãíj% Hidftlblf lf mitmvhbãíj f lf ~fteb`ë`mib

WI MB^Å\VHJ ” KV]\IÃB

% Litfi|j b ve \tidv`bh ie~btmibh

% ^tf}v`ãíj lf i`jmë`mib f litfi|j} lf lfgf}b

% Litfi|j b `íj }ft kvhcblj jv ~vìlj ~f`bhef`|f ebi} lj rvf veb wf{ ~fhj ef}ej lfhi|j

B Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j} gji blj|blb ~fhb J@V fe 2> lf Lf{fedtj lf 29<?.

F}djãblb ~ti`mi~bhef |f ~jt Kjo` ^f|ft} Ove~otfy( lj Mb`blâ( eb} |bedée mje b bkvlb lf wâtib}

~f}}jb} lf |jlj j ev`lj ” F}|blj} Vìlj}( Gtb`ãb( Moi`b( Hådb`j f`|tf jv|tj}( lfhi`fib j} litfi|j}

oveb`j} dâ}imj}. Bdbhblj} ~fhb dbtdâtif tfmf`|f f lf}fkj}j} lf mj`}|tvit ve ev`lj }jd `jwj}

^bm|j} i`|ft`bmij`bi} lf Litfi|j} Oveb`j}

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_de_dezembro

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1948

http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Peters_Humphrey&action=edit&redlink=1

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_humanos

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direitos_humanos

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADbano

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/China

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos_da_Am%C3%A9rica

http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Peters_Humphrey&action=edit&redlink=1


http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_de_dezembro

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organiza%C3%A7%C3%A3o_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblbìb f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 3<

bhimftmf} ilfjhýcimj}( j} liticf`|f} lb} `bãöf} rvf feftcitbe mjej ~j|ë`mib} `j ~ftåjlj ~ý}%cvfttb(

hilftblj} ~jt VT]] f F}|blj} Vìlj} f}|bdfhfmftbe `b Mj`gftë`mib lf Ibh|b( `b I`chb|fttb( fe 29<6(

b} db}f} lf veb gv|vtb ‘~b{― lfgiì`lj âtfb} lf i`ghvë`mib lb} ~j|ë`mib} f lfgiìlj b mtibãíj lf veb

Jtcbì{bãíj evh|ihb|ftbh rvf ~tjejwf}}f b `fcjmibãöf} }jdtf mj`ghi|j} i`|ft`bmij`bi}( jdkf|iwb`lj

fwi|bt cvfttb} f ~tjejwft b ~b{ f b lfejmtbmib f gjt|bhfmft j} Litfi|j} Oveb`j}.

Fedjtb `íj }fkb ve ljmvef`|j rvf tf~tf}f`|b jdticb|jtiflblf hfcbh( }ftwiv mjej db}f ~btb j} lji}

|tb|blj} }jdtf litfi|j} oveb`j} lb J@V( lf gjtãb hfcbh( j \tb|blj I`|ft`bmij`bh lj} Litfi|j} Miwi} f

^jhå|imj}( f j \tb|blj I`|ft`bmij`bh lj} Litfi|j} Fmj`ýeimj}( ]jmibi} f Mvh|vtbi}. Mj`|i`vb b }ft

be~hbef`|f mi|blj ~jt bmbléeimj}( blwjcblj} f mjt|f} mj`}|i|vmij`bi}. F}~fmibhi}|b} fe litfi|j

i`|ft`bmij`bh li}mv|fe mje gtfrvë`mib rvbi} lj} bt|icj} tf~tf}f`|be j litfi|j i`|ft`bmij`bh v}vbh. B

B}}fedhfib%cftbh lb J@V ~tjmhbeb b ~tf}f`|f Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j} mjej j

ilfbh mjeve b }ft b|i`cilj ~jt |jlj} j} ~jwj} f |jlb} b} `bãöf}( mje j jdkf|iwj lf rvf mblb i`liwålvj

f mblb ýtcíj lb }jmiflblf( |f`lj }fe~tf fe ef`|f f}|b lfmhbtbãíj( }f f}gjtmf( b|tbwé} lj f`}i`j f lb

flvmbãíj( ~jt ~tjejwft j tf}~fi|j lf}}f} litfi|j} f hidftlblf} f( ~fhb bljãíj lf eflilb} ~tjctf}}iwb}

lf mbtâm|ft `bmij`bh f i`|ft`bmij`bh( ~jt b}}fcvtbt j }fv tfmjòfmief`|j f b }vb jd}ftwä`mib vìwft}bh

f fgf|iwb( |b`|j f`|tf j} ~jwj} lj} ~tý~tij} F}|blj}%Efedtj}( rvb`|j f`|tf j} ~jwj} lj} |ftti|ýtij}

}jd }vb kvti}liãíj.

]fcv`lj j hiwtj lj} tfmjtlf}( b Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j} é j ljmvef`|j |tblv{ilj

`j ebijt `ûeftj lf hå`cvb} /==3 fe 4>>?).

B Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} Oveb`j}( gji blj|blb f ~tjmhbeblb ~fhb B}}fedhfib%cftbh lb

J@V `b }vb Tf}jhvãíj 423B /III) lf 2> lf Lf{fedtj lf 29<?( f}|b mj`wf`ãíj i`|ft`bmij`bh lf

i`|ftf}}f eû|vj }ý wfij b }ft tb|igimblb ~jt ^jt|vcbh fe 293? mj`gjtef mj`}|b lb ~vdhimbãíj lj

Liâtij lb Tf~ûdhimb( I ]étif B( `.» 63*3?( lf 9 lf Ebtãj lf 293?( eflib`|f bwi}j lj Eiì}|étij lj}

@fcýmij} F}|tb`cfitj}. B|é f}|b lb|b `j `j}}j ~bå} `íj }f ~jlibe i`wjmbt litfi|j} oveb`j}( f}|f}

ftbe lfixblj} bj hiwtf mti|étij btdi|tâtij lj} cjwft`b`|f}.

Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj} Litfi|j} lj Ojefe

Bt|icj 2 ¾

\jlj} j} }ftf} oveb`j} `b}mfe hiwtf} f icvbi} fe licìlblf f fe litfi|j}. Lj|blj} lf tb{íj f lf

mj`}mië`mib( lfwfe bcit v`} ~btb j} jv|tj} fe f}~åti|j lf gtb|ftìlblf.

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Yalta

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra


http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tratado_Internacional_dos_Direitos_Civis_e_Pol%C3%ADticos&action=edit&redlink=1

http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tratado_Internacional_dos_Direitos_Econ%C3%B4micos,_Sociais_e_Culturais&action=edit&redlink=1

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_internacional



http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direito_internacional

http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tratado_Internacional_dos_Direitos_Econ%C3%B4micos,_Sociais_e_Culturais&action=edit&redlink=1

http://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tratado_Internacional_dos_Direitos_Civis_e_Pol%C3%ADticos&action=edit&redlink=1


http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglaterra

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_de_Yalta

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estados_Unidos

http://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS





J} litfi|j} oveb`j} }íj j} litfi|j} f hidftlblf} dâ}imj} lf |jlj} j} }ftf} oveb`j}. @jtebhef |f( j

mj`mfi|j lf litfi|j} oveb`j} |fe b ilfib |bedée lf hidftlblf lf ~f`}bef`|j f lf fx~tf}}íj f b

icvbhlblf ~ftb`|f b hfi.

B ilfib lf litfi|j} oveb`j} |fe jticfe `j mj`mfi|j gihj}ýgimj lf litfi|j} `b|vtbi} rvf }ftibe

b|tidvålj} ~jt Lfv}1 bhcv`} }v}|f`|be rvf `íj obwftib `fòveb ligftf`ãb f`|tf j} litfi|j} oveb`j} f

j} litfi|j} `b|vtbi} f wffe `b li}|i`|b `jef`mhb|vtb f|irvf|b} ~btb veb ef}eb ilfib. Jv|tj}

btcvef`|be }ft `fmf}}âtij eb`|ft |ftej} }f~btblj} ~btb fhiei`bt b b}}jmibãíj mje mbtbm|ftå}|imb}

`jtebhef`|f tfhbmij`blb} mje j} litfi|j} `b|vtbi}( }f`lj Kjo` Hjmaf |bhwf{ j ebi} ie~jt|b`|f

gihý}jgj b lf}f`wjhwft f}|b |fjtib.

Fxi}|f ve ie~jt|b`|f lfdb|f }jdtf b jticfe mvh|vtbh lj} litfi|j} oveb`j}. Cftbhef`|f mj`}ilftb%}frvf |fòbe b }vb tbi{ `b mvh|vtb jmilf`|bh ejlft`b( eb} fxi}|fe bj ef`j} lvb} ~j}|vtb} ~ti`mi~bi}.

Bhcv`} bgitebe rvf |jlb} b} mvh|vtb} ~j}}vfe wi}öf} lf licìlblf rvf }íj veb gjteb lf litfi|j}

oveb`j} f gb{fe tfgftë`mib b ~tjmhbebãöf} mjej b Mbt|b lf Eb`lfe( lf 2444( lfmhbtbãíj

gv`lbmij`bh lj Ie~étij lf Ebhi. @íj jd}|b`|f( `fe fe kb~j`ë} `fe fe }ä`}mti|j mhâ}}imj( ~jt

fxfe~hj( fxi}|iv j |ftej litfi|j b|é rvf }f ~tjlv{itbe mj`|bm|j} mje b mvh|vtb jmilf`|bh( kâ rvf f}|b}

mvh|vtb} mjhjmbtbe( |tblimij`bhef`|f( ve ~f}j `j} lfwftf}.

Fxi}|f |bedée rvfe mj`}ilftf rvf j Jmilf |f `íj mtijv b ilfib `fe j mj`mfi|j lj} litfi|j} oveb`j}(

bi`lb rvf obkb veb eb`fitb mj`mtf|b lf j} }i}|feb|i{bt( veb li}mv}}íj ~tjctf}}iwb f j ~tjkf|j lf veb

gihj}jgib lj} litfi|j} oveb`j}.

Mjej kâ gji lf}mti|j( b Lfmhbtbãíj Vìwft}bh lj Litfi|j} Oveb`j}( gji blj|blb fe 2> lf Lf{fedtj lf

29<?( lf~ji} lf b Fvtj~b f ~bt|f lb Â}ib |ftfe }bålj lj ojhjmbv}|j lb 4« ctb`lf cvfttb ev`libh f

|ftfe b}}i}|ilj bj} ~tiefitj} hb`ãbef`|j} lb} bteb} lf lf}|tviãíj ebmiãb.

F}|f bmjtlj gji mj`}fcvilj f hbwtblj |bh f rvbh mjej j mjòfmfej}( |f`lj%}f i`wft|ilj }ie~hf}ef`|f

j} dfhicftb`|f}( Bhfebòb f Kb~íj( ojvwf mj`|vlj j mvilblj lf ~tiebtibef`|f }vdkvcbt j} wf`milj}(

~tiwb`lj%j} lj} }fv} litfi|j}( ie~j`lj%hof}( mj`liãöf} }fwftb}( hb`ãb`lj mj`|vlj ve bhft|b bj} ~bå}f}

}b|éhi|f} i`limb`lj%hof} li~hjeb|imbef`|f rvfe eb`lbwb. F}|f bmjtlj mj`lf`blj î `b}mf`ãb gji

b}}i`blj ~fhj} ~bå}f} li|j} lfejmtb|b}( rvf kâ |iòbe b~jiblj b cvfttb miwih lf F}~bòb f j mobeblj

eb}}bmtf lf Cvftìmb rvf îmb}}j rvi} iejt|bhi{bt `ve lj} }fv} rvbltj} ebi} wbhij}j}. ^btb evi|j}

b`bhi}|b} b cvfttb miwih lf F}~bòb gji mj`}ilftblj ve f`}bij ~btb b 4« cvfttb ev`libh.





F}|f |tb|blj gfi|j ~jt ~bå}f} gbei`|j} f lf}|tjãblj}( |të} wf`mfljtf}( lji} wf`milj}( jv|tj mobeblj ~jt

mj`wimãöf} ~jhå|imb} jv lfejctâgimb} f |jlj} kvtbtbe gb{ft ve ev`lj efhojt( }fe cvfttb}( }fe

ýlij}( ebi} kv}|j f b |jlj} j} ef}ej} litfi|j}. J rvf }f wfij b mj`}|b|bt gji ve |tb|blj lf \jtlf}ihob}

ejlft`j( mje jv|tj }f`|ilj( rvb`lj fe Ybh|b }f b}}i`btbe j} bmjtlj}( b ebijtib lf}|f} ~bå}f} `v`mb

j |ftâ b~himblj wftigimb`lj%}f b liwi}íj lb Fvtj~b ~fhb mobeblb mjt|i`b lf gfttj ve( lf}|f} ~bå}f}( fe

`jef lj }jmibhi}ej lfejmtâ|imj }vdkvcjv |jlb b Fvtj~b lf hf}|f tf|itb`lj bj} }fv} obdi|b`|f} b

icvbhlblf( hidftlblf f licìlblf. B~jijv tfcief} li|j} lfejmtâ|imj} b j`lf j} litfi|j} lb} ~f}}jb}

bi`lb ojkf }íj ~jvmj tf}~fi|blj} ‘tfcief lf ^jh~j|f( Mvdb( Fh ]bhwbljt( Oj`lvtb}( Wif|`bef( Mjtfib

lj @jt|f( B`cjhb f|m..

Gv`ljv b mobeblb fmj`jeib lf F}|blj b j`lf fe `jef lf veb lfejmtbmib f lj} litfi|j} oveb`j}

|vlj ftb ~j}}åwfh( rvfe jv}b}}f wbhft j} }fv} litfi|j} jv i`wjmbt j} litfi|j} oveb`j} ftb lf~jt|blj

~btb b ]idétib.

J} F}|blj} Vìlj} lb Beétimb( jv|tj lj} ~bå}f} }ic`b|âtij} f rvf( ebi} rvi} lfgf`lft j} litfi|j} lj

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lfmi}öf} lb J@V.

Lf`|tj lb} }vb} gtj`|fitb} rvb}f fx|ftei`jv j} Beftå`lij} f j} ~jvmj} rvf tf}|btbe gjtbe mjhjmblj}

fe tf}ftwb}( mjej rvf lf bìebi} fe fx|i`ãíj }f |tb|b}}f. ]ý `j} b`j} }f}}f`|b f lf~ji} lf ctb`lf}

hv|b} f`|tf( j rvbi} }f lf}|bmjv Ebt|ie Hv|ft ai`c é rvf j} `fctj} mjefãbtbe b |ft bhcv`} litfi|j}.

B I`chb|fttb b~jibwb j tfcief lj B~bt|ofil /$}f~btbãíj$ fe bgtimä`lft) lb Âgtimb lj ]vh j`lf î}

~f}}jb} `fctb} hof} ftb `fcblj |vlj1 b~jijv f f}|fwf bj hblj lj} FVB `b i`wb}íj lj Itbrvf( |vlj fe

`jef lb hidftlblf f lj} litfi|j} lb} ~f}}jb}.

@j} gi`bi} lf 4>>? j ~tiefitj%eiì}|tj Dti|äìmj( li}}f rvf j fe~tfcj ftb lj} i`chf}f} f ~btb j}

i`chf}f} j rvf bcjtb f}|â b ~tjwjmbt ebìgf}|bãöf} xf`ýgjdb}. B Gtb`ãb( }fe~tf f}|fwf bj hblj lj fx%

li|bljt lj [bitf( Tf~ûdhimb Mf`|tj Bgtimb`j /Dvtai`b Gb}j)( lj ]f`fcbh f|m.

@b Moi`b j} litfi|j} oveb`j} mj`|i`vbe b }ft ve b}}v`|j |bdv. Mjej f}|â lf}mti|j `j bt|.» 2» |jlj} j}

}ftf} oveb`j} `b}mfe hiwtf} f icvbi} fe licìlblf f fe litfi|j}( eb} brvihj rvf j} mi`mj ~bå}f}

gv`lbljtf} lf}|f |tb|blj ~tb|imbe é j i`wft}j }fe rvf `fòve j blei|b.





J} ~bå}f} gv`lbljtf} lf}|f |tb|blj gi{ftbe lb J@V b }vb ~tj~tiflblf( db}|b ve `íj f}|bt lf bmjtlj f

wf|bt ~btb `blb }f gb{ft. B B}}fedhfib Cftbh é mje~j}|b ~jt tf~tf}f`|b`|f} lf |jlj} j} ~bå}f} f j wj|j

lf mblb ve lfwftib mj`|bt( wf`mftib b ebijtib( fwi|bwbe%}f lf}|f ejlj bhcveb} b|tjmilblf} mjej b

rvf b`|fmflfv b cvfttb lj Itbrvf( fe rvf ve ~bå}( mje litfi|j b wj|j( }f j~ü} b |jlj} j} jv|tj} }ý

~jtrvf dfhimbef`|f é ebi} ~jlftj}j f }bdf b~tjwfi|bt%}f lf veb mft|b gbh|b lf jtlfe ev`libh.

B ~tý~tib J@V lfwftib |ft bj }fv }ftwiãj gjtãb} ~tý~tib} f `íj f}|bt lf~f`lf`|f lb djb wj`|blf

~jhå|imb. Lfwib lf ~jlft i`|ftwit mj`wfìf`|fef`|f j`lf gj}}f `fmf}}âtij f }fcv`lj b} lfhidftbãöf}

|jeblb} ~jt ebijtib lb B}}fedhfib.

Kâ ftb |fe~j lf }f i`|ftwit `j [iedbdsf ve ~bå} jv|tjtb fxmflf`|âtij f ojkf `íj hof} tf}|b }f`íj

gjef( ljf`ãb} f ei}étib f |vlj fe `jef lf rvë: f fe ~tjh lf rvfe:

Lfwib lf ~jlft ~vìt j} ~bå}f} rvf tfmtv|be mtib`ãb} }jhlblj} b}}ie mjej brvfhf} rvf ebh|tb|be

evhoftf} ~ftei|i`lj%hof} b~f`b} j litfi|j b }ftfe eíf} f ev|ihb`lj%b} ~jvmj lf~ji} lj ~bt|j fe

ti|vbi} eflifwbi} i`wjmb`lj j litfi|j }jdtf fhb}. J} li|j} ~bå}f} gv`lbljtf} lf}|f |tb|blj fe dtfwf j

itíj tfgjtevhbt mje wi}|b b bhmb`ãbtfe efhojt j} }fv} jdkf|iwj} f lf}|b wf{ `íj }ftâ b ~b{ `j ev`lj

eb} |bhwf{ b mti}f fmj`ýeimb lb`lj jticfe b veb `jwb jtlfe ev`libh veb wf{ rvf j ^bm|j lf

Wbt}ýwib gji fx|i`|j f b J\B@ f}|â b bcvli{bt.

Fe tf}vej( b mbt|b i`|ft`bmij`bh lj} litfi|j} lj ojefe f}|â evi|j dfe gv`lbef`|blb mofib lf djb}

i`|f`ãöf}( b}}ie gj}}f |bedée j }fv mve~tief`|j.

Bt|icj lf j~iìíj( 4>>9




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblbìb f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 3?

J F}|blj lf Litfi|j

Jticfe;

J F}|blj lf Litfi|j }vtciv mjej fx~tf}}íj ~jhå|imb lj hidftbhi}ej fmj`ýeimj. \iòb mjej

mbtbm|ftå}|imb} dâ}imb} b }vdei}}íj lf |jlj} î hfi( b liwi}íj lj} ~jlftf} f j f`v`miblj f cbtb`|ib lj}

litfi|j} gv`lbef`|bi}. B} tfwjhvãöf} lb} mjhýìb} beftimb`b} f b Tfwjhvãíj Gtb`mf}b |iwftbe b

ef}eb ej|iwbãíj; j lf}mj`|f`|bef`|j mj`|tb ve ~jlft rvf b|vbwb }fe hfi `fe tfctb} / j ~jlft

lf}~ý|imj( b mbtbm|fti{bãíj lf Ej`|f}rvifv). Lf}}b gjteb( f}|f} ejwief`|j} |iwftbe mjej veb lb}

~ti`mi~bi} ~tj~j}|b} j f}|bdfhfmief`|j lf ve cjwft`j lf hfi} f `íj lf ojef`}( }vtci`lj f`|íj j

F}|blj lf Litfi|j.

B Mj`}|i|viãíj;

J F}|blj lf Litfi|j }icìgimb rvf j ~jlft ~jhå|imj f}|â ~tf}j f }vdjtli`blj b ve litfi|j jdkf|iwj( rvf

fx~tief j kv}|j. B Mj`}|i|viãíj é j ~ti`mi~bh ljmvef`|j f}mti|j lf jtcbì{bãíj f hiei|bãíj lj ~jlft.

^jt efij lfhb dv}mb%}f i`}|i|vit j cjwft`j `íj btdi|tâtij( jtcbì{blj }fcv`lj `jteb} rvf `íj ~jlfe

}ft bh|ftblb} f hiei|blj ~fhj tf}~fi|j lfwilj bj} litfi|j} lj ojefe. B Lfmhbtbãíj lj} Litfi|j} lj

Ojefe lf 23?9 fx~tief f}}b ilfib `j }fv bt|». 27; B }jmiflblf fe rvf `íj f}|fkb b}}fcvtblb bcbtb`|ib lj} litfi|j} /gv`lbef`|bi}) `fe f}|bdfhfmilb b }f~btbãíj lj} ~jlftf} `íj |fe Mj`}|i|viãíj.

J F}|blj Lfejmtâ|imj lf Litfi|j;

J F}|blj Lfejmtâ|imj lf Litfi|j tfû`f j} ~ti`må~ij} lj F}|blj Lfejmtâ|imj f lj F}|blj lf Litfi|j. J

F}|blj Lfejmtâ|imj gv`lb%}f `j ~ti`må~ij lb }jdftbìb ~j~vhbt( rvf ie~öf b fgf|iwb ~bt|imi~bãíj lj

~jwj `b mji}b ~ûdhimb.

Gjteb} lf tf}~fi|j f efij} lf lfgf}b lj} Litfi|j}

Oveb`j}





J F}|blj ]jmibh lf Litfi|j;

É veb fwjhvãíj lj F}|blj lf Litfi|j `b rvbh j rvbhi|b|iwj }jmibh tfgftf%}f î mjttfãíj lj

i`liwilvbhi}ej mhâ}}imj hidftbh ~fhb bgitebãíj lj} mobeblj} litfi|j} }jmibi} f tfbhi{bãíj lf jdkf|iwj}

lf kv}|iãb }jmibh.

J} ^ti`må~ij} lj F}|blj lf Litfi|j

^ti`må~ij lb Hfcbhilblf;

Mj`gjtef j ~ti`må~ij lb hfcbhilblf `fòve b|j bleiì}|tb|iwj ~jlf mtibt f`mbtcj jv jdticbãíj }fe

gv`lbef`|j `b hfi. F}|b gýtevhb }vtcf lb jdtb J F}~åti|j lb} Hfi} lf Ej`|f}rvifv f lb Lfmhbtbãíj

lj} Litfi|j} lj Ojefe lf 23?9 /|vlj j rvf `íj é ~tjidilj ~fhb hfi `íj ~jlf }ft ie~flilj( f ì`cvée

~jlf }ft mj`}|tb`cilj b gb{ft j rvf fhb `íj jtlf`b). J ~ti`må~ij lb hfcbhilblf é j fhfef`|j rvf

mjeb`lb j F}|blj b|tbwé} lb hfi( db}fb`lj `j }f`}j lf kv}|iãb.

^ti`må~ij lb I}j`jeib /icvbhlblf ~ftb`|f b Hfi);

J ~ti`må~ij lb icvbhlblf é j }fcv`lj lj} ~ti`må~ij} lj F}|blj lf Litfi|j. ]vtcilj `b Tfwjhvãíj

Gtb`mf}b( f}|f ~ti`må~ij jtici`jv%}f mje j gie lf fx|i`cvit j} ~tiwihécij} f ligftf`mibãöf} btdi|tâtib}

f`|tf j} i`liwålvj}. Mj`gjtef f}|f ~ti`må~ij( `íj lfwf fxi}|it rvbhrvft li}|i`ãíj f`|tf j} i`liwålvj}

fe tfhbãíj bj }fxj( ilblf( tbãb( jticfe }jmibh( tfhiciíj jv j~ãíj ~jhå|imb jv gihj}ýgimb.

^ti`må~ij lb Kvtilimilblf;

B kvtilimilblf( é mj`}ilftblb j |ftmfitj ~ti`må~ij lj F}|blj lf Litfi|j. Mj`}|i|vi%}f `b ~ti`mi~bh

cbtb`|ib lj} litfi|j} }vdkf|iwj} f gv`lbef`|b%}f `j} ~ti`må~ij} lb i`lf~f`lë`mib lj ^jlft Kvlimiâtij f

lj bmf}}j î kv}|iãb. J ~jlft lf bcit fe kvå{j f lf }f lfgf`lft kvlimibhef`|f tf~tf}f`|b veb cbtb`|ib

gv`lbef`|bh lf |jlj} j} i`liwålvj}. Lfmjttf lf}|f ~ti`må~ij rvf( ~jt efij lb bãíj blfrvblb( |jlj

brvfhf mvkj litfi|j ojvwft }ilj wijhblj( jv befbãblj( ~jlf jd|ft b |v|fhb lj Kvlimiâtij.




^tjgf}}jt; Kjbrvie Ebltvcb % MFG ” \i~j 4( `åwfh II % Milblb`ib f Ev`lj B|vbh ” 2» B`j ^âci`b 2?7

F}|f i`}|tvef`|j ~flbcýcimj }fcvf j} mj`|fûlj} lfgi`ilj} `j ~tjctb eb lb l i}mi~hi`b lf Milblb` ib f Ev`lj B|vb h.

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