Aula VI - Compósitos€¦ · forming. (b) Tin is plated onto Nb-Cu composite wired. (c) Tin...
Transcript of Aula VI - Compósitos€¦ · forming. (b) Tin is plated onto Nb-Cu composite wired. (c) Tin...
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Compósitos
Prof. Vera Lúcia Arantes
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Classificação
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Compósitos com Partículas Grandes
O termo “grande” é usado para indicar que as interações partícula-matriz não podem ser tratadas em nível atômico ou molecular e sim pela mecânica do contínuo.
Essencialmente, a matriz transfere parte da tensão aplicada às partículas, as quais suportam uma fração da carga.
O grau de reforço depende de uma ligação forte na interface matriz-partícula.
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Exemplos
Carbeto cimentado WC-Co
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Borracha com Negro de fumo
Exemplos
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Grupo especial de nanocompósitos reforçados por dispersão de partículas de 10 a 250nm de diâmetro é classificado como compósitos reforçados por partículas.
Fase dispersa: partículas finas de óxidos ou cerâmicas covalentes formadas em uma matrix metálica. Elas interferem com o movimento de discordâncias aumentando a resitência mecânica, até a elavadas temperaturas.
Compósitos Reforçados por Dispersão
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Ni-ThO
Exemplos
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Al-SiC
Exemplos
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Tenacificação com Partículas de Zircônia
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Geometria, Orientação e Distribuição
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Reforço com Partículas
Regra das misturas
ppmmC VEVEsE )(
mppm
pm
CEVEV
EEiE )(
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Módulo de Elasticidade
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Compósitos Reforçados com Fibras
Por que usar fibras?
Aramida
(Kevlar)
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Valores de resistência específica e módulo elástico para
vários materiais
Propriedades Mecânicas das Fibras
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Tensão de escoamento X Temperatura para ligas de alumínio, compósitos reforçados com partículas e reforçados com fibras
Fibras X Partículas
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c
f
c
dl
2Comprimento crítico da fibra
Compósitos Reforçados com Fibras
l >> lc , fibras contínuas (normalmente l > 15lc)
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Influência do Comprimento
Perfis de tensão em função da
posição axial na fibra
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Orientação
Contínuas e alinhadas
Descontínuas e alinhadas
Descontínuas e aleatórias
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Fibras alinhadas
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Fibras contínuas e orientadas
Na direção longitudinal: - Assume-se deformação igual para fibra e matriz:
Na direção transversal: - Assume-se tensão igual para fibra e matriz:
fmc
fmc
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Fibras contínuas orientadas
ffmmc EEEmm
ff
m
f
E
E
F
F
Direção Longitudinal
m
m
f
f
c EEE
1
Direção Transversal
mmffc
Razão entre as cargas suportadas
pela fibra e pela matriz
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Fibras descontínuas e alinhadas
cll
cll
mm
c
ffcl
l '**
21
Direção Longitudinal
para :
para : mmf
c
c
d
l '*
é o menor valor entre a resistência da interface matriz-fibra e limite de escoamento da matriz (cisalhamento)
c
c
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Fibras descontínuas e aleatoriamente distribuídas
ffmmc EKEE .
Normalmente 0,1 < K < 0,6
K = fator de eficiência, depende de Vf e da razão Ef/Em
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Influência da orientação da fibra sobre o compósito epóxi reforçado com fibra de vidro
Efeito da Orientação
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Efeito da Orientação (Fator de Eficiência K)
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Anisotropia dos Compósitos com Fibras Unidirecionais
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Efeito da Fração Volumétrica de Reforço
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Fratura de cerâmica com adição de Whiskers
“pull out”
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Compósitos Estruturais
São compostos normalmente tanto por materiais homogêneos como por materiais compósitos, cujas propriedades dependem não somente das propriedades dos materiais constituintes, mas também de fatores geométricos dos vários elementos estruturais, definidos no projeto.
Ex.: compósitos laminares e painéis em sanduíche
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(a) Fitas contendo fibras alinhadas podem ser unidas de maneira a produzir um (b) compósito multi-camadas com diferentes orientações para produzir um compósito quasi-isotrópico. Nesse caso, um compósito 0°/+45°/90° composite foi construido.
Compósitos Laminares
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Visão tridimensional de um tecido construido com arranjo aleatório de fibras
Compósitos Laminares
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Esqui Moderno
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Painéis Sanduíche
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein
under license.
Etapas envolvidas na produção de compósito elétrico prata-tungstênio: (a) o pó de W é prensado; (b) um compacto de baixa densidade é produzido; (c) sinterização da peça de W; (d) infiltração da peça por prata líquida.
Processamento de Compósitos com Partículas (Sinterização)
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Processamento de Compósitos com Partículas (Fundição)
Adição e agitação de partículas de reforço no estado semi-sólido (Tixofundição)
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Figure 16.17 Methods for producing (a) boron and (b) carbon fibers.
Processamento de Fibras
Deposição CVD sobre filamento de W
Pirólise de composto orgânico. Ex.: poliacrilonitrila (PAN)
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.
Pultrusão
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Processamento de Fitas Reforçadas por Fibras (Preg-Preg)
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©2003 Brooks/Cole, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark
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Figure 16.27 The manufacturer of composite super-conductor wires: (a) Niobium wire is surrounded with copper during forming. (b) Tin is plated onto Nb-Cu composite wired. (c) Tin diffuses to niobium to produce the Nb3Sn-Cu composite.
Processamento de Compósito Supercondutor
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Figure 16.30 Techniques for producing laminar composites: (a) roll bonding, (b) explosive bonding, and (c) coextrusion, and (d) brazing.
Processamento de Compósitos Laminares
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Figure 16.33 In the corrugation method for producing a honeycomb core, the material (such as aluminum) is corrugated between two rolls. The corrugated sheets are joined together with adhesive and then cut to the desired thickness.
Processamento de Estruturas em “Colméia”