Apontamentos 9Classe

7/30/2019 Apontamentos 9Classe

1/20

Exercise on Simple PastTop of FormPut the verbs into the correct form (simple past).

Last year I (spend)spent

my holiday in Ireland.

It (be) great.I (travel) around by car with two friends and we (visit) lots of interestingplaces.

In the evenings we usually (go) to a pub.

One night we even (learn) some Irish dances.

We (be) very lucky with the weather.

It (not / rain) a lot.

But we (see) some beautiful rainbows.

Where (spend / you) your last holiday?Bottom of Form

Simple Past (Passado Simples Pretrito Perfeito do Indicativo)

Os verbos no SIMPLE PAST so empregados para indicar uma ao completamente terminadano passado ou uma ocorrncia habitual de aes no passado.

O auxiliar utilizado para oraes negativas e interrogativas o did.

Oraes no simple past so normalmente acompanhadas por advrbios ou locues adverbiaisque indicam tempo passado, como: yesterday, last + advrbio de tempo (last night, last month,last year) e expresses compostas por advrbio de tempo + ago (a year ago, a few hours ago, amonth ago). Pode aparecer tambm aps alguns advrbios que funcionam como indicadores doSIMPLE PRESENT (always, never, on weekends), mas para indicar uma ocorrncia habitual nopassado.

O simple past tambm usado aps as expresses as though e as ife o verbo to wish. Nestescasos, se o verbo no passado for to be, todas as pessoas devero ser usadas naforma were (incluindo a 1. e a 3. pessoa do singular).

Sua estrutura a seguinte:Para afirmao: SUJEITO + VERBO INFINITIVO (sem to) + ED

Exemplos: (to love)

I lovedHe/She/It loved


2/20

You loved

We loved

You (plural) loved

They loved

Para negao:SUJEITO + AUXILIAR + NOT + VERBO INFINITIVO (sem to)

Exemplo: (to love)

I did not love

He/She/It did not love

You did loveWe did loveYou (plural) did love

They did love

- Pode-se substituir did not por sua forma contrada: didnt.

Para interrogao:AUXILIAR + SUJEITO + VERBO INFINITIVO (sem to)

Exemplos: (to love)

Did I love?

Did you love?

Did he/she/it love?

Did we love?

Did you (plural) love?

Did they love?

Outros exemplos:


3/20

I learned English. (Eu aprendi ingls).

A few years ago the internet didnt exist. (H alguns anos a internet no existia).

Did you love your ex-boyfrieand? (Voc amou seu ex-namorado?)

We studied by ourselves. (Ns estudamos por ns mesmos).

Did you called to your mother? (Voc ligou para sua me?).

Did they read the book? (Eles leram o livro?)

He went to my house yesterday. (Ele foi para minha casa ontem).

We always visited our grandmother.(Ns sempre visitamos nossa av).

I wish you played soccer with us. (Eu gostaria que voc tivesse jogado futebol conosco).

Excees:

Em verbos que terminados em y precedido por consoante, troca-se y por ied. Exemplo: (tostudy) He studied(Ele estudou);

Em verbos que j terminam em e, acrescenta-se somente d. Ex: (to dance) I danced;

Verbos que tm apenas uma slaba e terminam numa vogal + consoante, dobrar a ltima

letra antes de acrescentar ed. Ex: (to stop) They stopped (Eles pararam);

Verbos que tm mais de uma slaba, terminam em vogal + consoante e a ltima slaba atnica, dobrar a ltima letra antes de acrescentar ed. Ex: (to permit) We permitted (Nspermitimos);

Existem ainda verbos irregulares que:

a) no mudam de forma: ( ATENO! O contexto aqui essencial para indicar se o verbo est

no simple present ou no simple past)To cut - cortar Cut

To hit - bater Hit

To fit - atacar Fit

To read - ler Read

b) mudam uma vogal:


4/20

To get - pegar Got

To sit - sentar Sat

To give - dar Gave

To drink - beber Drank

To become - tornar (se) Became

c) so alterados radicalmente:

To be - ser Was / were

To bring - trazer Brought

To teach - ensinar Taught

To feel - sentir Felt

To send - mandar Sent

To take - tomar Took

To know - saber / conhecer Knew

To have - ter Had

To go - ir Went

Explanation: Question tags

Put in the correct question tags.

Example: Peter works in the shop, _________ ?

Answer: Peter works in the shop, doesn't he?

1) She is collecting stickers, ?

2) We often watch TV in the afternoon, ?

3) You have cleaned your bike, ?

4) John and Max don't like Maths, ?

5) Peter played handball yesterday, ?

6) They are going home from school, ?

7) Mary didn't do her homework last Monday, ?

8) He could have bought a new car, ?

9) Kevin will come tonight, ?

10) I'm clever, ?
http://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/qu_tags.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/qu_tags.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/qu_tags.htmhttp://www.englisch-hilfen.de/en/grammar/qu_tags.htm


5/20

Check

Show answ er

Tag QuestionsYou speak English, don't you?

A tag question is a special construction in English. It is a statement followed by a mini-question.The whole sentence is a "tag question", and the mini-question at the end is called a "questiontag".A "tag" is something small that we add to something larger. For example, the little piece ofcloth added to a shirt showing size or washing instructions is a tag.We use tag questions at the end of statements to ask for confirmation. They mean somethinglike: "Am I right?" or "Do you agree?" They are very common in English.The basic structure is:

statement question tag

+Positive statement,

-negative tag?

Snow is white, isn't it?

-Negative statement,

+positive tag?

You don't like me, do you?

Notice that the question tag repeats the auxiliary verb (or main verb when be) from thestatement and changes it to negative or positive.A question tuestion tag is the "mini-question" at the end. A tag question is the whole sentence.We will now look atpositive statement tag questions.

RELATIVE PRONOUN

A relative pronoun is apronounthat marks arelative clausewithin a largersentence. It is calleda relative pronoun because it relates the relative (and hencesubordinate) clause to the noun

that it modifies. In English, the relative pronounsare: who, whom, whose, whosever,whosesoever, which, and, in some treatments, that. Inaddition, English has variousfused relative pronouns, which combine in one word theantecedent and the relativepronoun: what, whatever, whatsoever, whoever, whosoever, whomever, whomsoever, whichever, and whichsoever,
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-questions-tag-positive.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-questions-tag-positive.htmhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-questions-tag-positive.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronounhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauses#Nominal_relative_clauseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauses#Nominal_relative_clauseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauses#Nominal_relative_clauseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauses#Nominal_relative_clauseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_clausehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pronounhttp://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-questions-tag-positive.htm


6/20

A relative pronoun links two clauses into a single complex clause. It is similar in function to asubordinatingconjunction. Unlike a conjunction, however, a relative pronoun stands in place ofa noun. Compare:(1) This is a house. Jack built this house.(2) This is the house that Jack built.

Sentence (2) consists of two clauses, a main clause (This is the house) and a relative clause (thatJack built). The word thatis a relative pronoun in some analyses.[1]Within the relative clause,the relative pronoun stands for the noun phrase it references in the main clause(itsantecedent), and is one of theargumentsof the verb in the relative clause. In the example,the argument is the house, the direct object ofbuilt.Other arguments can be relativised using relative pronouns:Subject: Hunter is the boy who kissed Jessica.Indirect object: Hunter is the boy to whom Jessica gave a gift.Adpositional complement:Jack built the house in which I now live. (similarly with prepositionsand prepositional phrases in general, for example These are the walls in between which Jackran.)Possessor:Jack is the boy whose friend built my house.In some languages, such asGermanandLatin, which havegender,number, andnoundeclensions, the relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in gender and number, whileitscaseindicates its relationship with the verb in the relative clause. In some other languages,the relative pronoun is an invariable word.The words used as relative pronouns are often words which originally had other functions: forexample, the English which is also aninterrogative word. This suggests that relative pronounsmight be a fairly late development in many languages. Some languages, such asWelsh, do nothave relative pronouns.In English and German, different pronouns are sometimes used if the antecedent is a human

being, as opposed to a non-human or an inanimate object (as in who/that).(5) This is a bank. This bank accepted my identification. (6) She is a bank teller. She helped us open an account.With the relative pronouns, sentences (5) and (6) would read like this:(7) This is the bank that accepted my identification.(8) She is the bank teller who helped us open an account.In sentences (7) and (8), the words thatand who are the relative pronouns. The word thatisused because the bank is a thing; the word whois used because "she" is a person.In some languages with relative clauses, such asMandarin Chinese, there areno relativepronouns. In English, the relative pronoun may be optionally omitted, particularly in speech,

from a restrictive relative clause that is, one which contributes to establishing the identity ofthe antecedent if the relative pronoun would serve as the object of the verb or of astrandedprepositionin the relative clause (as in This is the car I bought= This is the car that Iboughtor This is the car you heard of= This is the car of which you heard).[edit]See alsoEnglish relative clausesEnglish grammarRelativizer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunctionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relativizerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_grammarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_relative_clauseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stranded_prepositionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_(linguistics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandarin_Chinesehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrogative_wordhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_casehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declensionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_genderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_argumenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjunction


7/20

Relative pronouns in Spanish[edit]References^According toRodney HuddlestonandGeoffrey Pullum, "that" is not a relative pronoun but asubordinator, and its analysis requires a relativised symbol R: "The film that I needed [R] is notobtainable," where R is the covert object of "needed" and has "the film" as an

antecedent.Huddleston, Rodney;Pullum, Geoffrey(2005).A Student's Introduction to EnglishGrammar. Cambridge UP. pp. 18385.ISBN9780521612883.

Put in the relative who, which or whose where necessary. Type an x if the relative pronouncan be left out.

Example: Peter is the boy ____ rides the blue bike.

Answer: Peter is the boy who rides the blue bike.

1) This is the boy had an accident.

2) Yesterday I saw a car was really old.

3) Mandy is the girl I met on Friday.

4) I haven't seen Frank, brother is five, for a long time now.

5) The robber stole the car the lady parked in front of the supermarket.

6) This is the man house is on fire.

7) Can I talk to the girl is sitting on the bench?

8) The book you gave me is great.

9) She likes hamburgers are hot.

10) Bill Clinton, was President of the USA, has only one daughter.

Check

Show answ er

Sentence ConnectorsClick for AudioShe drinks coffee. He drinks tea.She drinks coffee, but he drinks tea.She drinks coffee, and he drinks tea.She drinks coffee; he drinks tea.Although she drinks coffee, he drinks tea.

(Two separate sentences)(Coordination)(Both ideas are equal)(Closely related ideas)(Subordination)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_pronouns#Relative_pronounshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_pronouns#Relative_pronounshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521612883http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521612883http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521612883http://www.eslgold.com/images/gr_sent_conn.mp3http://www.eslgold.com/images/gr_sent_conn.mp3http://www.eslgold.com/images/gr_sent_conn.mp3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521612883http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Pullumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Huddlestonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_pronoun#cite_ref-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Relative_pronoun&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_pronouns#Relative_pronouns


8/20

She drinks coffee although he drinks tea.Although she drinks coffee, but he drinks tea.She drinks coffee; however, he drinks tea.She drinks coffee. However, he drinks tea.She drinks coffee. He, however, drinks tea.

(One idea is stronger)(INCORRECT!)(Sentence connector)(Stronger break between ideas)(Variation)

Remember:A period (.) provides the strongest break between ideas.A semicolon (;) is next, and a comma (,) provides the weakest separation.Coordinators provide connection between equalideas.(and, but, or, nor, so, for, yet)Examples: Mom and Dad red or green She stayed, but he left.Subordinators provide connection between unequalideas.(because, although, when, while, if, as, since, whenever, wherever?)Example:He didn't go to work because he was sick.Although John was unhappy, he still smiled.Sentence Connectors provide connection between large groups of ideas/sentences. (usuallyparagraphs)(therefore, otherwise, thus, in conclusion, furthermore?)For Practice: SeeConnecting Words (from The Internet TESL Journal)See also:Grammar: Conjunctions and Linking WordsIf you have questions or comments about this page, pleasecontact us.Be sure to include the title of this page in the Subject line of your e-mail.Sentence Connectors and Sentences

Grammar Exercises EnglishOnce you have mastered the basics of correct usage in written English, you will want to expressyourself in increasingly complex ways. One of the best ways to improve your writing style is touse sentence connectors. Sentence connectors are used to express relationships between ideasand to combine sentences. The use of these connectors will add sophistication to your writingstyle.Each section below contains sentence connectors using similiar sentences to show how thesame idea can be expressed in a variety of manners. Once you have understood the use ofthese sentence connectors, take an example sentence of your own and write a number of

sentences based on the examples to practice your own writing skills.Some examples of sentence connectors:1) Food and drink prices in New York are very high. 2) Renting an apartment in New York is veryexpensive.Using a sentence connector:Food and drink prices in New York are very high; furthermore,renting an apartment is very expensive.1) Life in New York is very expensive. 2) Life in New York can be extremely exciting.
http://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/connectwords.htmlhttp://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/connectwords.htmlhttp://www.eslgold.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmlhttp://www.eslgold.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmlmailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://esl.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=grammar%20exercises%20english&d=Grammar%20Exercises%20English&r=http://esl.about.com/od/writingintermediate/a/w_connectors.htmhttp://esl.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=grammar%20exercises%20english&d=Grammar%20Exercises%20English&r=http://esl.about.com/od/writingintermediate/a/w_connectors.htmhttp://esl.about.com/z/js/o.htm?k=grammar%20exercises%20english&d=Grammar%20Exercises%20English&r=http://esl.about.com/od/writingintermediate/a/w_connectors.htmmailto:[email protected]://www.eslgold.com/grammar/conjunctions.htmlhttp://a4esl.org/q/h/vm/connectwords.html


9/20

Using a sentence connector:Despite the fact that life in New York is very expensive, it can beextremely exciting.1) Life in New York is very expensive. 2) Many people would love to live in New York.Using a sentence connector:Many people would love to live in New York; consequently, life inNew York is very expensive.

EXERCISES ON CONNECTORS ( CONTRAST)F I L L I N T H E B L A N K S W I T H A S U I T A B L E C O NT R A S T CONNECTOR

( WHEREAS, BUT , ALTHOUGH, HOWEVER, DESPITE, IN SPITE OF, ON THE OTHER HAND)1 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ A n d r e w w a s w a r n e d o f t h e r i s k s , h e d e c i d e d t o

travelalone to South America.2.Maria did not get a promotion ______________ herqualifications.3.Zambia is a land - locked country, ____________ Kenya has acoastline.4.O n t h e o n e h a n d , y o u c o u l d r e n t a f l a t i n s t e a d o f b u y in g o n e . __________ you are always at the mercy of landlords.5.This restaurant has a good reputation, ______________ thatone doesnot.6 . T h e c i t y h a s a 5 0 k p h l i m i t . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , p e op l e a r e o f t e n caught speeding.7.You wont be forgiven ___________________your apology.8.We couldnt find a house to buy _______________we looked at

quite afew.9.He always looks so lonely and sad ____________ his popularity.10.He isquiet and shy, _________________ his sister is lively and talkativeANSWER KEY

1.Although 2. despite/ in spite of 3. whereas 4On the other h and5 whe reas 6 Howe ver 7 d espite/ i n spite of 8 alth ough 9despite/ in spite of 10 whereas

JOIN EACH PAIR OF SENTE NCES. BE CARE FUL WHERE YOU PUT T HE WORDS IN

BRACKETS. ( ALTHOUGH, IN SPITE OF , DESPITE)1.Dave smokes. He seems to be in good health ( although)2 . I c o u l d n t s l e e p . Iw a s t i r e d . ( d e s p i t e ) 3.Max didnt notice the sign. It was right in front of him (eventhough)4 . K a t e n e v e r l e a r n t S p a n i s h . S h e l i v e d i n S p a i n f o r m a

n y y e a r s (although)5.Joe is a millionaire .He hates spending money. ( despite)

ANSWER KEY1.Although Dave smokes, he seems to be in good health.2 . I c o u l d n t s l e e pd e s p i t e b e i n g t i r e d .3.Max didnt notice the sign even though it was right in frontof him.4.Kate never learnt Spanish although se lived in Spain for many years.Degrees of Comparison


10/20

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.

There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.

They are:

1. Positive degree.2. Comparative degree.3. Superlative degree.Let us see all of them one by one.

1.Positive degree.When we speak about only one person or thing,We use the Positivedegree.

Examples:

This house is big.In this sentence only one noun The house is talked about. He is a tall student. This flower is beautiful. He is an intelligent boy.Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...

2.Comparative degree.When we compare two persons or two things with each other,

We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.

Examples:a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)The term bigger is comparative version of the term big.Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)

The term more beautiful is comparative version ofthe term beautiful.Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)The term more intelligent is comparative version of the term intelligent.Both these sentences convey the same meaning.


11/20

d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)The term taller is comparative version of the term tall.Both these sentences convey the same meaning.The third one in the Degrees of Comparison is...

3.Superlative degree:When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.

Examples:a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)The term biggest is the superlative version of the term big.All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)The term most beautiful is the superlative version of the term beautiful.All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term most intelligent is superlative version of the term intelligent.Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)The term tallest is superlative version of the term tall.Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

*Degrees of Comparison are applicable only to Adjectives and Adverbs**Nouns and verbs do not have degrees of comparisons*He is the tallest student in the class.The term tallest is an adjective.Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.The term effectively is an adverb.


12/20

All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.

We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.Let us see their models.

Model -1: The best:Examples:i. This is the best hotel in this area.No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.

ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.

Model-2: One of the best:Examples:i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.

ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.

Model-3: Not the best:

Examples:

i. This is not the best solution to the problem.ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.ii. New York is not the largest city in America.

New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting more before them.

And their superlative terms, by getting most before them.

Examples:Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautifulEffective.more effectivemost effectiveEffectivelymore effectively.most effectivelyEnjoyable.more enjoyable.most enjoyable


13/20

Useful.more useful..most usefulDifferent..more differentmost differentHonest..more honest..most honestQualifiedmore qualifiedmost qualifiedFew adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting er after them and

their superlative terms, by getting est after them.

Examples:Hard..harder..hardest Big.bigger.biggest Tall..tallertallestLonglongerlongest Short..shorter.shortest CostlycostliercostliestSimple.simpler.simplestDegrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.

Countable / Uncountable Nouns

Nouns | Abstract Nouns | Collective Nouns | Common NounsCompound Nouns | Concrete NounsGerund Nouns | Predicate Nouns | Proper NounsTop of Form

Search

Bottom of FormSponsored LinksA noun can be countable or uncountable. Countable nouns can be "counted", they have asingular and plural form .For example:A book, two books, three books .....An apple, two apples, three apples ....Uncountable nouns (also called mass nouns or noncount nouns) cannot be counted, they arenot seperate objects. This means you cannot make them plural by adding -s, because they onlyhave a singular form. It also means that they do not take a/an or a number in front of them.For example:WaterWorkInformationCoffeeSand

Countable

(use a/an or a number in front of

Uncountable

(there is no a/an or number with
http://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounabstract.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncollective.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncommon.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncompound.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounconcrete.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noungerund.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounpredicate.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounproper.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nountext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nountext.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounproper.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounpredicate.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noungerund.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounconcrete.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncompound.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncommon.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nouncollective.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/nounabstract.htmhttp://www.learnenglish.de/grammar/noununcount.htm


14/20

countable nouns) uncountable nouns)

An Apple / 1 Apple Rice

I eat an apple every day.I eat rice every day. (not I eat a rice everyday.)

Add (s) to make a countable noun plural There is no plural form for anuncountable noun

apples rice

I eatan apple every day.Apples are good

or you.I eatrice every day. Rice isgood for you.

A computer= Computers are fun.

To make uncountable nouns countableadd a counting word, such as a unit ofmeasurement, or the general word piece.We use the form "a ....... of ......."

An elephant=Elephants are large. Rice=a grain of rice

Water=a glass of water

Rain=a drop of rain

Music=a piece of music

You can use some and any with

countable nouns.Some dogs can be dangerous.I don't use any computers at work.

You can use some and any with

uncountable nouns.I usually drink some wine with my meal.

I don't usually drink any water with my

wine.

You only use many and few with plural

countable nouns.So many elephants have been hunted that

they are an endangered species.There are few elephants in England.

You only use much and little with

uncountable nouns.I don't usually drink much coffee.

Little wine is undrinkable though.

You can use a lot of and no with plural

countable nouns.No computers were bought last week.A lot of computers were reported broken

the week before.

You can use a lot of and no with

uncountable nouns.A lot of wine is drunk in France.No wine is drunk in Iran.

Making uncountable nouns countableYou can make most uncountable noun countable by putting a countable expression in front ofthe noun.For example:-A piece of information.2 glasses of water.10 litres of coffee.Three grains of sand.


15/20

A pane of glass.Sources of confusion with countable and uncountable nounsThe notion of countable and uncountable can be confusing.Sources of confusion with countable and uncountable nounsThe notion of countable and uncountable can be confusing.

Some nouns can be countable or uncountable depending on their meaning. Usually a noun isuncountable when used in a general, abstract meaning (when you don't think of it as a separateobject) and countable when used in a particular meaning (when you can think of it as aseparate object).For example:-glass - A glass of water. (Countable) | A window made of glass. (Uncountable)Some supposedly uncountable nouns can behave like countable nouns if we think of them asbeing in containers, or one of several types.This is because 'containers' and 'types' can be counted.Believe it or not each of these sentences is correct:-Doctors recommend limiting consumption to two coffees a day.

(Here coffees refers to the number of cups of coffee)You could write; "Doctors recommend limiting consumption to two cups of coffee a day."The coffees I prefer are Arabica and Brazilian.

(Here coffees refers to different types of coffee)You could write; "The types of coffee I prefer are Arabica and Brazilian."!Note - In good monolingual dictionaries, uncountable nouns are identified by [U] andcountable nouns by [C].Countable / Uncountable Lesson

a) How many moneys b) How many money c) How much money d) How much moneys4. On Saturday, my friend Paul went fishing and he caught ________.a) three fish b) three fishes c) three items of fish d) three of fish5. Can I borrow _______ from you? I've left mine at home and I want to write some notes.a) paper b) a paper c) a slice of paper d) a piece of paper6. How many ________ did the teacher give us today? He always gives us a lot to do.a) homework b) homeworks c) a lot of homework d) pieces of homework7. Every morning before I come to school, I spend thirty minutes doing _______ .That's how Istay so slim.a) exercise b) an exercise c) some exercises d) some pieces of exercise

8. Your sister is a great pianist. She played ________ at the party.a) a lovely music b) some lovely musics c) lovely musics d) a lovely piece of music

Fill in the gaps with some, any or a - an.

1. Im really thirsty. I need ________ water, please.2. I went to the library, but I couldnt find ________ books about art.

3. Can you give me _________ coffee, please?
http://www.learn-english-online.org/Lesson37/Lesson37.htmhttp://www.learn-english-online.org/Lesson37/Lesson37.htm


16/20

4. She sent ________ postcards to her friends, but she didnt make _______ phone calls whenshewas in Britain.5. Its very sunny but there is only _________ child playing in the street.6. I bought __________ coffee, but I didnt buy ________ tea or ________ papaya.7. Have you got __________ chocolate biscuits? Im sorry, there are____________ biscuits left.

8. Mary,Im afraid there isnt __________ juice in the fridge but theres __________pineapple.9. They ate ____________apples, ___________ mango, but they didnt eat ___________oranges.10. A. Would you like ___________ cheese? Itsdelicious. B. Ok, give me__________.11. Is there __________ oil in the kitchen? No, there isnt ___________ but theres __________butter.

Fill in the gaps with some or any:Charles: Alice! Have we got ____________ eggs?Alice: Yes, there are ____________ in the cupboard.Charles: Have we got ______________ cheese?Alice: Yes, theres ____________ in the fridge.Charles: Can I use ___________ olive oil?Alice: Yes, of course.Charles: I need ____________ tomatoes.Alice: We havent got _____________. Charles,would you like ___________ help?Charles: No, thanks, Im OK.

Tom: Lets go for a picnic in the park.

Sarah: OK. Well make _________ sandwiches. What do weneed?Tom: We havent got ___________ bread. Can you buy ________?Sarah: Yes, sure. What about butter?Tom: Weve got __________. Ill buy _________cheese.Sarah: OK, and is there __________ orange juice in thefridge?Tom: No, Ill get __________.Sarah: Good. Do we need ___________ apples or cherries?Tom: Just ___________ apples.Sarah: Oh dear! I havent got ___________ money to buy the bread!Tom: Dont worry. Ill lend you ____________.

Barbara: Is there __________ milk left?Katherine: Yes, there is ___________ in the bottle on the table.Barbara: Would you like ___________ milk?Katherine: No, thank you. I don't think I'll drink _________ tonight.Could I have __________ water,please?Barbara: Sure. There is ___________ in the fridge.Katherine: There is ________ Chinese boy in my English class.Barbara: Thats interesting; could you ask him __________ questionsfor me?


17/20

Katherine: No problem.Barbara: Could ask him ___________ questions about life in China?Katherine: I would be happy to do that for you.

Complete with much, a lot of, any, some,

When we got to the beach, ___________ people were already there, and we couldn't finda place to sit down. There werent ____________ empty spaces near the beach, but theywere ______________ empty spaces a long way from the sea. We walked along the beach fora while, but we didn't have ____________fun because we kept bumping into people. Finally,we decided to get back in the car and go down the coast to the next beach. This was_____________ better; there were only ______________ families son the beach, so there was_______________ room to spread out our things. Because we had eaten so_____________food in the car, all we wanted to do was lie down, and after ____________minutes we were all dozing happily in the sun.

Complete with much or many and a word from the box. children coffee experience fish

fish furniture help housework luggage money news sugar things time times wine women1. 'How ____________ __________ are there in the picture?' 'Two. A yellow and a green one.'2. 2. 'How ____________ __________ have you got on you?' 'One pound twenty.'3. 3. 'How ____________ __________ are there in your choir.'4. 4. 'How ____________ __________ have you received from your uncle?' 'I haven't

heard from him lately.'5. 5. 'How ____________ __________ would you like with your rice?' 'Just a little, please.'6. 6. 'How ____________ __________ has he got?' 'Two. A son and a daughter.'7. 7. I do not have to do _________ ________. I only do the washing up8. 8. 'How ____________ __________ do they have?' 'Six. But they don't lay eggs.'9. 9. How ____________ ___________ have we got to finish the project?10. 10. He does not eat _________ ________. He likes only tuna.11. 11. The bedroom does not need _________ __________.12. 12. They have not caught __________ _______ from the river.13. 13. We don't eat as _________ ________ as they do. We usally have honey instead.14. 14. We do not need as __________ _________ as last time. We will basically

manage alone.

15.15. How ___________ ________ have you been to France?16. 16. I have got so _________ ___________to tell you.

17. 17. I won't take too _________ __________ with me.Only a suitcase and a handbag.18. She does not have __________ ___________ as a nurse.19. He had so ____________ _________that he could not sleep.20. I don't drink much _________ ________. I prefer champagne.


18/20

Quantifiers: few or little?In the last post on quantifiers we learnt about words we use to talk about a large quantity ofsomething:much, many and a lot/lots ofand talked about the difference between them.Words we use to talk about small quantities include few and a few, little anda little. There arealso expressions like barely any, hardly any and less common, scarcely any.

Look at the following sentences and see if you can tell the difference betweenfew and little:Fewteachers enjoy marking their students work.

There are onlya fewapples left on the tree.

I have little patience with politicians.

Why dont you takea little sugar with your tea?

Did you notice that we use few with plural nouns, and we use little with singular uncountablenouns?Now what about the difference between few/little and a few/a little? Look at the followingsentences and try to notice the rule:The average parent has little control over how much television their children watch.

Fewdoctors visit patients in their homes these days.

Could you you puta little oil in the car before you leave?

John has saida fewtimes that he would like to change jobs.

Few and little usually have a negative meaning. They suggest not as much/many as one wouldlike or not as much/many as expected.A few and a little have a more positive meaning. The meaning is similar to some, and givesthe idea of better than nothing, just enough, more than expected or enough to be noticed.In informal style it is more common to use not many or not much instead of few or little. Usingthe same examples as above:The average parent doesnthave muchcontrol

Not manydoctors will visit you in your home

A related word is fewer, which we often confuse with less. The meaning is the same but theyare used differently. See the following sentences:There arefewermen than women working in our company.

I have less time than I used to to read novels.

Did you get it? Fewer is used before plural words, and less before uncountable words.For more details I recommend the following resources:

In the following sentences, fill in the gaps with one of the following quantifiers:much, many, a lot of, most, a little, little, a few, few

1. It seems to me that we haven't had assignments in English this term.

2. How material can we be expected to read in one week?

3. I've unfortunately had headaches already because of stress.

4. Our yard looks awful this summer. There are too weeds.
http://englishonthe.net/2009/02/21/quantifiers-few-or-little/http://englishonthe.net/2009/01/29/quantifiers-much-many-or-a-lot-of/http://englishonthe.net/2009/01/29/quantifiers-much-many-or-a-lot-of/http://englishonthe.net/2009/01/29/quantifiers-much-many-or-a-lot-of/http://digg.com/submit?phase=2&url=http%3A%2F%2Fenglishonthe.net%2F2009%2F02%2F21%2Fquantifiers-few-or-little%2F&title=Quantifiers%3A+few+or+little%3Fhttp://englishonthe.net/2009/01/29/quantifiers-much-many-or-a-lot-of/http://englishonthe.net/2009/02/21/quantifiers-few-or-little/


19/20

5. I didn't use fertilizer last spring, and that has made a difference.

6. Also, I've paid very attention to how rain we've had.

7. I'm afraid it's rained times this summer, and that is why the grass is turning brownand dying. Farmers are very upset.

8. How good would it do if we watered the plants ourselves? .

9. of the advice I have ever received from so-called "experts" has been useless.

10. They said that just help could make a big difference.

11. people know as much about computers as Tomas does.

12. It does us good when the banking system collapses.

Quantifiers Exercises English Grammar TestA few and few, a little and littleThese expressions show the speakersattitude towards the quantity he/she is referring to.A few (for countable nouns) and a little (for uncountable nouns) describe the quantity ina positiveway:Ive gota fewfriends (= maybe not many, but enough)Ive gota littlemoney (= Ive got enough to live on)Few and little describe the quantity in a negative way:Few people visited him in hospital (= he had almost no visitors)He had little money (= almost no money)Graded QuantifiersThey are like comparatives and hold a relative position on a scale ofincrease or decrease.

With plural countable nouns:

many more most

With uncountable nouns:

much more most

With plural countable nouns:

few fewer fewest

With uncountable nouns:


20/20

little less least

Examples: There are many people in Poland, morein India, but the most people live in China. Much time and money is spent on education, more on health services but the most is spent

on national defense. Fewrivers in Europe arent polluted. Fewer people die young now than in the nineteenth century. The country with the fewest people per square kilometre must be Australia. Scientists have little hope of finding a complete cure for cancer before 2010. She had less time to study than I did but had better results. Give that dog the least opportunity and it will bite you.Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nounsSome adjectives and adjectival phrases can only go with uncountablenouns (salt, rice, money,advice), and some can only go with countablenouns (friends, bags, people). The words in the

middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.With Uncountable

Nouns

With Both With Countable Nouns

How much? How much? or Howmany?

How many?

a little no/none a few

a bit (of) not any a number (of)

some (any) several

a great deal of a lot of a large number of

a large amount of plenty of a great number of

a large quantity of lots of a majority of

Note:much and many are used in negative and question forms.

Apontamentos 9Classe

Documents

Transcript of Apontamentos 9Classe