Ap3-Gráficos-Estatistica

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Dimgh lk V~kb°* I*Qa* Bíngk Cgvñhg|k0 vm~mkbmngkFeimgh*aki TJGRD^QGLMLD BDLD^MH LK VM^Í ) TBVM

Imjtmh vm~m m akjq|~tåák lkq v~gjagvmgq e~íbg)

akq t|ghgpmlkq di Dq|m|éq|gam*

Mn~m k m~}tgrk E~íbgakq*shqs

Kq e~íbgakq dq|m|éq|gakq qt~eg~mi aki m jd)adqqglmld ld ~dqtig~ lmlkq dq|m|éq|gakq ld im)jdg~m ahm~m( kn`d|grm d gj|tg|grm* Jdq|d imjtmh(rmikq akjq|~tg~0

E~íbgakq vm~m |mndhmq ld ltvhm dj|~mlm?

Lgme~mim ld Lgqvd~qák?

E~íbgak Vgppm ld Vgppm?

Lgme~mim ld Vm~d|k?

Cgq|ke~mim d Vkhéekjk ld B~d}tàjagm?

! E~íbgakq vm~m |mndhmq ld ltvhm dj|~mlm

Dq|d |gvk ld e~íbgak ç t|ghgpmlk }tmjlk |~mnm)hcmikq aki qç~gdq igq|mq*

Qç~gd Am|deñ~gam d \divk~mh

Qd`m m lgq|~gntgåák0

Qdhdagkjd k gj|d~rmhk N7 m|ç D=> d jm etgm Gjqd~g~( hkam)hgpd k e~tvk E~íbgakq d ahg}td di Akhtjmq( qdhdagkjmjlk mv~gidg~m kvåák*

E~íbgak ed~mlk***

Ahg}td aki k nk|ák lg~dg|k lk iktqd di tim ~degákgj|d~jm lk e~íbgak d qdhdagkjd m kvåák Qdhdagkjm~ lmlkq*

V^KB° I*Qa* Igjgat~qk ld Dsadh Mrmjåmlk >6=6BÍNGK CGVÑHG\K E~íbgakq Dq|m|éq|gakquuu*bmngkcgvkhg|k*aki*n~ HMQGE+EDVDA

MHTJK#M'0 Dsadh >6=6

! B~mqd lm mvkq|ghm0

‘]tmjlk rkaà qd qdj|g~ qkpgjcm( khcd vm~m m htm d vm~mk qkh d rd`m }td dhdq |minçi dq|ák qkpgjckq d jdi vk~gqqk ldgsmi ld n~ghcm~-’

#Dhmgjd Qktpm'

http://www.fabiohipolito.com.br/





Igjgat~qk ld Dsadh Mrmjåmlk >6=6 V~kb°* I*Qa* Bíngk Cgvñhg|k


Jm |dhm qdetgj|d( qdhdagkjd Qç~gd= d ahg}td diDlg|m~*

Vd~adnm }td m ~dbd~glm qç~gd qd |~m|m lk mjkld >661( dj|ák jk amivk Jkid lm qç~gd( dqa~d)rm >661( ahgamjlk KO di qdetglm* Mvñq gq|k( ~dvg)|m k v~kadqqk vm~m Qç~gd> d Qç~gd1( ~dbd~dj|d mkq

mjkq ld >66< d >664*

Vm~m imj|d~ k rgqtmh imgq hgivk d k~emjgpmlklk e~íbgak( dsahtm mq hgjcmq ck~gpkj|mgq }td dq|ák

jm ~degák gj|d~jm mk e~íbgak( ma~dqadj|d kq rmhk)~dq di amlm akhtjm d jkidgd kq dgskq lk e~íbgak*K ~dqth|mlk qd~í k qdetgj|d*

Vkldikq |minçi t|ghgpm~ k dgsk ck~gpkj|mhvm~m lgqa~gigjm~ kq mjkq( d m hdedjlm ~dhmagkjm~kq |~gnt|kq* Aki k e~íbgak qdhdagkjmlk( madqqd metgm Ldqgej di Bd~~midj|mq ld E~íbgak( d jke~tvk Lmlkq( qdhdagkjd Mh|d~jm~ Hgjcm+Akhtjm*

K jkrk e~íbgak qd~í k qdetgj|d0

! Lgme~mim ld Lgqvd~qák

K Lgme~mim ld Lgqvd~qák ç ti ~dat~qk e~íbgak t|ghgpm)

lk vm~m rd~gbgamåák lk akivk~|midj|k ~dhmagkjmlk dj|~d

ltmq rm~gírdgq* M vm~|g~ ldq|d akivk~|midj|k d ldimgq

aíhathkq dq|m|éq|gakq #ti ldhdq ç k akdbgagdj|d ld ak~~dhm)

åák ld Vdm~qkj'( qák ed~mlkq ikldhkq ld ~de~dqqák #hgjdm~

kt ják' }td |di akik kn`d|grk qd~di t|ghgpmlkq nmqgam)

idj|d vm~m amhathm~ v~drgqôdq*

M vm~|g~ lk m~}tgrk E~íbgakq*shqs( madqqd m vhmjghcm Lgq)

vd~qák*

Gjgagmhidj|d rmikq akjq|~tg~ k lgme~mim ld lgqvd~qák

Mh|t~m d glmld( d di qdetglm vm~m Mh|t~m d Vdqk*

Qdhdagkjd m açhthm D> d jm etgm Gjqd~g~( jk e~tvk E~íbg)

akq( ahg}td di Lgqvd~qák d qdhdagkjd m = kvåák*





Knqd~rd }td g~í qt~eg~ tim ~degák rmpgm( }td

ç kjld qd~í vhk|mlk k lgme~mim ld lgqvd~qák*

Gj|d~jmidj|d m dq|m ~degák( ahg}td aki k nk|ák

lg~dg|k lk iktqd d ahg}td di Qdhdagkjm~ Lmlkq*

Di qdetglm( ahg}td di Mlgagkjm~( jm |dhm qd)etgj|d( v~ddjacm k gj|d~rmhk ld lmlkq }td akj)

|d~í mq rm~gírdgq s d w #di jkqqk amqk( s qd~í

glmld d w mh|t~m'*

^dqth|mlk e~íbgak***

Knqd~rd }td k lgme~mim dq|í nmq|mj|d akjbt)

qk( rmikq idhck~m~ qtm mvm~àjagm mvmemjlk m

hdedjlm Qç~gd=( mq hgjcmq ck~gpkj|mgq d mh|d~mjlk

kq rmhk~dq iéjgikq lkq dgskq s d w( d dqa~drdjlkk |é|thk lkq dgskq* K jkrk lgme~mim qd~í0

Rd~gbg}td }td m ~dhmåák e~íbgam dj|~d mq rm~gírdgq glmld

d mh|t~m ják mv~dqdj|m tim |djlàjagm hgjdm~( vkgq kq vkj)

|kq dq|ák nmq|mj|d lgqvd~qkq di ~dhmåák mkq dgskq s d w*

Mek~m akjq|~tgjlk k lgme~mim ld lgqvd~qák ~dhmagk)

jmjlk vdqk d mh|t~m( |dikq0

]td `í mv~dqdj|m ad~|m |djlàjagm hgjdm~ dj|~d kq dgskq

s d w*

! E~íbgak Vgppm ld Vgppm

Jdq|d e~íbgak( t|ghgpm~dikq lkgq e~íbgakq ld vgppm vm~m

ldikjq|~m~ mq am~ma|d~éq|gamq givhéag|mq di tim ld|d~ig)jmlm bm|gm* Knqd~rd m |mndhm mnmgsk0

V~dqqgkjd m |dahm A|~h d qdhdagkjd kq gj|d~rmhkq ld açht)

hmq N4 m N== d L4 m L==* Jm etgm Gjqd~g~( jk e~tvk e~íbgakq(

ahg}td di Vgppm( d di qdetglm ahg}td di Vgppm ld Vgppm*





E~íbgak ed~mlk***

Vkldikq idhck~m~ m mvm~àjagm ldq|d e~íbgak

mlgagkjmjlk kq rmhk~dq vd~adj|tmgq d k jkid

lkq ~ñ|thkq ld lmlkq* \minçi vkldikq akjbg)

et~m~ k |mimjck lm > vgppm ed~mlm d ldbgjg~ kjðid~k ld am|dek~gmq( di jkqqk amqk |~mnmhcm)

~dikq aki |~àq #djd~egm dhç|~gam( hmjacdq d qdet)

~mjåm'* Vm~m gq|k( ahg}td aki k nk|ák dq}td~lk

qkn~d k e~íbgak d qdhdagkjd m kvåák Bk~im|m~

Qç~gd ld Lmlkq*

Jm |dhm qdetgj|d( rd~gbg}td }td m > vgppm #>

vhk|medi' kq 1 ðh|gikq rmhk~dq( d }td vkldikq

akjbget~m~ k |mimjck d m lgq|îjagm }td dq|m >

vgppm vkqqtg~í di ~dhmåák m = vgppm*

Mk bgjmh lm bk~im|måák( jkqqk e~íbgak Vgppm ld Vgppm

mv~dqdj|kt k qdetgj|d hmwkt|*

! Lgme~mim ld Vm~d|k

K Lgme~mim ld Vm~d|k ç tim bd~~midj|m lk akj|~khd

ld }tmhglmld kjld e~mbgamidj|d v~kat~m)qd gldj|gbgam~

}tmgq g|djq qák ~dqvkjqírdgq vdhm imgk~ vm~adhm ld ti

ld|d~igjmlk v~knhdim*

M vm~|g~ lk m~}tgrk E~íbgakq*shqs( madqqd m vhmjghcm Lgm)

e~mim ld Vm~d|k*

Vm~m akjq|~tg~ikq k Lgme~mim ld Vm~d|k( gjgagmhidj|d

rmikq ~dqtig~ di qgehmq kq Ik|grkq ld ~dahmimåák( vkgq

akik t|ghgpm~dikq akik nmqd ti e~íbgak ld akhtjmq( mq

hdedjlmq ják vkldi qd~ ds|djqmq*





Aki nmqd jm \mndhm ~dqtiglm( v~dqqgkjd m

|dahm A|~h d qdhdagkjd kq gj|d~rmhkq E5 m E=< d g5

m g=< d jm etgm Gjqd~g~( jk e~tvk E~íbgakq( ahg}td

di Akhtjmq d dqakhcm m = kvåák*

E~íbgak ed~mlk mvñq mlgagkjm~ k |é|thk jkq dg)

skq d mvm~àjagm imgq hgivm*

Mek~m rmikq mlgagkjm~ k dgsk qdatjlí~gk ~d)

bd~dj|d mkq vd~adj|tmgq matithmlkq* Vm~m gq|k(

ahg}td aki k nk|ák lg~dg|k lk iktqd qkn~d tim

~degák gj|d~jm lk e~íbgak d dqakhcm m kvåák Qdhd)

agkjm~ Lmlkq*

Di qdetglm ahg}td di Mlgagkjm~ d mvñq gq|k(

di dlg|m~ qç~gd( jk amivk rmhk~dq lm qç~gd( qdhd)

agkjd mq b~d}tàjagmq matithmlmq lm \mndhm ~d)

qtiglm d ahg}td di KO ltmq rdpdq*

Mek~m |d~dikq lkgq e~íbgakq ld akhtjmq( vk~çi g~dikq

mh|d~m~ k jkrk e~íbgak ld akhtjmq ed~mlk vm~m qd akivk~)

|m~ akik e~íbgak ld hgjcm* Vm~m gq|k( ahg}td di tim lmq

akhtjmq lk jkrk e~íbgak ed~mlk d jm etgm Ldqgej( hkamhgpd

k e~tvk \gvk d ahg}td di Mh|d~m~

\gvk ld E~íbgak d qdhdagkjd k <°e~íbgak ld hgjcm akjbg~imjlk di

qdetglm jk nk|ák KO*

E~íbgak ed~mlk mvñq itlmjåm ld ak~ d d|a***

Vm~m bgjmhgpm~ikq k Lgme~mim ld Vm~d|k( ldrdikq

ma~dqadj|m~ k dgsk qdatjlí~gk ahgamjlk aki k nk|ák lg~dg)

|k lk iktqd qkn~d k e~íbgak ld hgjcm( di qdetglm ahg}td

di Bk~im|m~ Qç~gd ld Lmlkq d vk~ bgi( di Kvåôdq ld

Qç~gd( qdhdagkjd m kvåák Vhk|m~ Qç~gd jk Dgsk Qdatjlí~gk*

^dqth|mlk bgjmh***





! Cgq|ke~mim

K Cgq|ke~mim ç tim bd~~midj|m lk akj|~khd

ld }tmhglmld kjld vkldikq ~dv~dqdj|m~ lmlkq

}tmj|g|m|grkq me~tvmlkq di ahmqqdq* Qtm bk~im ç

nmq|mj|d qdidhcmj|d mk e~íbgak ld akhtjmq( vk)~di mq akhtjmq qák `tq|mvkq|mq #tjglmq timq mq

kt|~mq' d m vm~|g~ lk cgq|ke~mim vkldikq t|ghgpm~

qdtq rmhk~dq içlgkq vm~m akjq|~tg~ ti e~íbgak

ldjkigjmlk ld Vkhéekjk ld B~d}tàjagm*

M vm~|g~ lk m~}tgrk E~íbgakq*shqs( madqqd m

vhmjghcm Cgq|ke~mim*

Knqd~rd }td jm v~gidg~m d jm ðh|gim ahmqqd

ld Bmgsm D|í~gm( m }tmj|glmld ç pd~k( vkgq dqqmq

ahmqqdq bk~mi v~kvkqg|mhidj|d a~gmlmq vm~m

vkld~ imj|d~ ti dqvmåk gjgagmh d bgjmh vm~m

mhkamåák lk Cgq|ke~mim d akjqd}tdj|d bdacm)

idj|k lk Vkhéekjk ld B~d}tàjagm*

Mek~m akjq|~tgikq v~gidg~midj|d ti e~íbgak

ld akhtjmq t|ghgpmjlk m b~d}tàjagm ~dhm|grm d

v~kadlgidj|kq vml~ôdq djrkhrdjlk mvdjmq k

gj|d~rmhk D5 m D=<* Mlgagkjmjlk |é|thk jkq dgskq d

bk~im|mjlk rgqtmhidj|d( |dikq0

Mvmetd k ~ñ|thk 6(66 lm = d lm 3 ahmqqd jk dgsk s*

Mlgmj|d( rmikq tjg~ mq akhtjmq d dhgigjm~ kq jðid~kq

}td rák ld = m 3 hkamhgpmlkq jk dgsk s* Vm~m gq|k( ahg}td

aki k nk|ák lg~dg|k lk iktqd qkn~d tim ~degák rmpgm d

gj|d~jm mk e~íbgak( d qdhdagkjd m kvåák Qdhdagkjm~ Lmlkq*

Ahg}td jk nk|ák Dlg|m~

hkamhgpmlk di ^ñ|thkq lk

Dgsk Ck~gpkj|mh*

Jm |dhm qdetgj|d( qdhd)

agkjd k gj|d~rmhk B5 m B=<(

vkgq akik ják vkqqtg rm)

hk~ mheti( kq ~ñ|thkq lk dgsk s ldqmvm~dad~ák*

Vm~m tjg~ikq mq akhtjmq( ahg}td aki k nk|ák lg~dg|k lk

iktqd qkn~d tim ldhmq d qdhdagkjd Bk~im|m~ Qç~gdq ld

Lmlkq* Jm |dhm qdetgj|d( di Kvåôdq ld Qç~gd( hkamhgpd k

amivk Hm~et~m lk Dqvmåmidj|k d lgeg|d 6( di qdetglm

|dahd Dj|d~*

V~kj|k- Jkqqk cgq|ke~mim dq|í }tmqd |d~igjmlk( vm~m

bgjmhgpm~ikq( aki k e~íbgak qdhdagkjmlk( mlgagkjd timamgsm ld |ds|k d imjtmhidj|d v~ddjacm kq rmhk~dq }td

ldrd~ák qd vkqgagkjm~ mnmgsk lk dgsk s* Knqd~rd0





K Vkhéekjk ld B~d}tàjagm bmaghidj|d vkld

qd~ akjq|~télk mgjlm qkn~d k Cgq|ke~mim* Vm~m

gq|k makj|dad~( ahg}td aki k nk|ák lg~dg|k lk

iktqd qkn~d tim í~dm gj|d~jm lk e~íbgak d dqak)

hcm Qdhdagkjm~ Lmlkq* Di Dj|~mlmq ld Hdedjlm

#Qç~gd' ahg}td di Mlgagkjm~*

Di qdetglm( jk amivk Rmhk~dq lm qç~gd( qdhd)

agkjd k gj|d~rmhk ld lmlkq D5 m D=< d ahg}td di

KO ltmq rdpdq*

Rd~gbg}td }td qt~egt ti jkrk e~íbgak ld ak)

htjmq( nmq|m rkaà mh|d~m~ dqqd jkrk e~íbgak ld

akhtjmq vm~m e~íbgak ld hgjcmq( qd }tgqd~ mgjlm(

vkld vgj|m~ m hgjcm ld v~d|k d mh|d~m~ qtm ldjqg)

lmld*

Mek~m( ahgamjlk qkn~d k e~íbgak ld akhtjmq di

mpth( vkldikq mvmeí)hk v~dqqgkjmjlk m |dahm

Ldhd|d( mvmem~ m amgsm ld |ds|k }td vkqgagkjm)

ikq mnmgsk lk dgsk s d ahgamjlk aki k nk|ák

lg~dg|k lk iktqd qkn~d tim ~degák gj|d~jm mk

e~íbgak( ahg}td di Qdhdagkjm~ Lmlkq d jm amgsm

^ñ|thkq lk Dgsk Ck~gpkj|mh #Am|dek~gmq'( ahg}td

jm kvåák Dlg|m~*

Jk amivk Gj|d~rmhk lk ~ñ|thk lk dgsk( qdhdagkjd k gj)

|d~rmhk A5 m A=< d ahg}td di KO ltmq rdpdq*

Knqd~rd k Vkhéekjk ld B~d}tàjagm qdi k Cgq|ke~mim

ld b~d}tàjagmq }td rkaà akjq|~tgt*

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