António Sá da Costa

Wind Energy: Env. And Social acceptance issues António Sá da Costa Oporto, 23rd September 2009

António Sá da Costa

Oporto, 23rd September 2009

Wind Energy

Environmental and social acceptance issues

International Colloquium

“Renewable Energy Sources: Environmental and Social Issues”

CIGRE Study Committee C3 “System Environmental Performance”


• The question is:

•Do we still have time to invert the situation before it is too late?

• Why the World needs renewable energy ?

• Not because it is fashion.

• The world needs to continue its development but in a sustainable way.

• Climate change is not a fiction movie, it is a reality and very little doubts exists that the main reason for the climate change is the massive greenhouse gas emissions that the use of fossil fuels is producing.


• But in this presentation I will concentrate mainly in electricity.

• Energy is a multi faced theme and includes different sectors.

• Transportation sector and electricity are some of the more important ones.

•Efficiency and rational use of energy are also important.


• The cost of inaction is too large for not do something.

• What should be done we only know if is the best decision afterwards …

• The “Business As Usual” policy will conduct us, in a short time period, to a very difficult situation.

• So it is time to act and learn from the past errors making decisions with our best knowledge.


• Energy is a difficult subject to be understood by the common citizen (consumer)

• If we want to have the support of the common citizen we have to speak a language that they can understand.


What is the situation world wide of the wind energy industry ?


Worldwide capacity reaches 121’188 MW, out of which 27’261 MW were added in 2008

In 2020 the total world capacity will exceed the 1 500 000 MW


• Wind energy continued its growth in 2008 at an increased rate of 29 %.

• All wind turbines installed by the end of 2008 worldwide are generating 260 TWh per annum, that is more than 1,5 % of the global electricity consumption.

• The wind sector became a global job generator and has created 440’000 jobs worldwide.

• The wind sector represented in 2008 a turnover of 40 billion !.

• For the first time in more than a decade, the USA took over the number one position from Germany in terms of total installations.

• China continues its role as the most dynamic wind market in the year 2008, more than doubling the installations for the third time in a row, with today more than 12 GW of wind turbines installed.

• North America and Asia catch up in terms of new installations with Europewhich shows stagnation.

• Based on accelerated development and further improved policies, a global capacity of more than 1’500’000 MW is possible by the year 2020.


World Wind Energy (MW)

0

200 000

400 000

600 000

800 000

1 000 000

1 200 000

1 400 000

1 600 000

Forecast


Lets concentrate now in Portugal, its present and the future until 2020.

• We will look at what was the recent past situation and what will be the challenges up to 2020, and what should be done to achieve the objectives drew for Portugal by the new Directive.


• In Portugal the electricity represents around 1/3 of the energy consumption.

• Portugal imports more than 85% of its needs in energy.

• Portugal has no resources on fossil fuels.

• The largest amount of imported energy is spent in the transportation sector.

• More than 60% of the energy spent in buildings is wasted.


• The Directive 077/EU/2001 imposes that by 2010 the electricity consumed in Portugal must have 39% from renewable sources.

• In January 2007 the Portuguese Prime Minister raised voluntarily this value to 45%.

• The Renewable Directive for 2020 will impose new values that are not yet set for Portugal but it is expected that the electricity from renewable sources share to be in the range of 60%.


-1

19

39

59

TW

h .

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

Origin of electricity consumed in Portugal

Fossil Ind. fossil Ind. renewable Large hydro Import (Spain)


Independent renewable 1999-2008

0

2 000

4 000

6 000

8 000

10 000

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

GW

h .

PRE renewable Wind Thermal ren. Waves Small Hyd.


1990

1995

2000

2005

2007

60 85 135 149 163

Electrical consumption

(TWh)

25 29 38 48 50

GNP (B€)

Relation Between the Growth of the Portuguese Gross Net Product and the Electricity Consumption


Electricity origin in Portugal

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 0002000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

GW

h

.

Renewable Thermal Imported


Electricity origin in Portugal

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

60 000

70 0002000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

GW

h

.

Large Hydro Wind Biomass Waves Small Hydro Solar Thermal Imported


Renewable electricity 1999-2020

0

10 000

20 000

30 000

40 000

50 000

1999

2000

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

2013

2014

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020

GW

h .

39% - 60 % Consumption Renewable total

Large hydro Indp. renewable


As additional information for Portugal the Ministry of Economy and Innovation expects that for the period 2007 - 2015 the Renewable Energy sector will have:

An investment of ~ 15.5 B€

Create ~22 900 jobs

To reduce the annual CO2 emissions by 11.8 M ton


These are some of the reasons why the majority of the population in Portugal accept the wind energy.

Other reasons are the 2.5% of the gross income from the wind farms that goes to the municipalities and also the rents of using the community land to install the wind farms.

But there also some detractors that use against the wind farms two arguments:

•The visual one

•The impact in the environment


And this starts another set of issues that the more unbelievable ones.

•Impacts on the bird life

•Impacts on the bats

•Impacts on the wolfs

•Impacts on the insects

•Impacts in the geology

•Impacts before the construction

•Impacts during the construction

•Impacts after the construction

•Impacts in …

António Sá da Costa

Documents

Transcript of António Sá da Costa