AAF Ingles Aula-03Online ToodMarshall MatProf

LFG LFG ConcursosConcursosConcursoConcurso parapara::

AnalistaAnalista TributárioTributárioAnalistaAnalista TributárioTributárioe Auditor Fiscal e Auditor Fiscal

da da ReceitaReceita FederalFederalMaterials edited byMaterials edited by

Todd Irwin MarshallTodd Irwin Marshall

Class 3:Class 3:LFG Concursos

Class 3:Class 3:Part 1Part 1

Main Principles to be StudiedMain Principles to be Studied

�� Class 1:Class 1:Main Ideas and Main Ideas and Text Text ReferencesReferencesRelative ClausesRelative Clauses

Class 2:Class 2:�� Class 2:Class 2:Verb TensesVerb TensesModal Verbs / Conditional StatementsModal Verbs / Conditional Statements

�� Class 3:Class 3:Directly Directly Stated Stated InformationInformationInference QuestionsInference Questions

Main Principles to be StudiedMain Principles to be Studied

�� Class 3:Class 3:Directly Stated InformationDirectly Stated Information�� Linking WordsLinking Words�� Vocabulary Vocabulary –– SynonymsSynonyms�� Vocabulary Vocabulary –– SynonymsSynonyms�� ParaphrasingParaphrasing

Inference QuestionsInference Questions�� True / False questionsTrue / False questions�� PrepositionsPrepositions

–– in / on / atin / on / at–– prepositions with statistics and prepositions with statistics and graphsgraphs–– Phrasal Phrasal Verbs / Fixed ExpressionsVerbs / Fixed Expressions

Directly StatedDirectly StatedInformationInformation

�� QuestionsQuestions ofof directlydirectly statedstated informationinformationwillwill containcontain aa referencereference toto thethe texttext withinwithinthethe questionquestion itselfitself..

�� TheThe keykey isis toto identifyidentify commoncommonterminology/synonymsterminology/synonyms thatthat cancan leadlead totothethe sectionsection ofof thethe texttext wherewhere thethe answeranswercancan bebe foundfound..

�� TheThe answeranswer willwill commonlycommonly containcontainsynonymssynonyms fromfrom thethe texttext referencereference..

Directly StatedDirectly StatedInformationInformation

�� KeyKey AspectAspect –– VOCABULARYVOCABULARY

�� ToTo bebe successfulsuccessful inin anyany testingtesting process,process,thethe examexam takertaker mustmust havehave aa highhigh levellevel ofofthethe examexam takertaker mustmust havehave aa highhigh levellevel ofofknowledgeknowledge ofof vocabularyvocabulary..

�� UnderstandingUnderstanding howhow toto workwork withwithsynonymssynonyms andand paraphrasingparaphrasing isis ananimportantimportant tooltool..

SynonymsSynonyms

�� Linking WordsLinking Words:: Name at least 5 other Name at least 5 other synonyms for the following linking words:synonyms for the following linking words:

ANDAND BUTBUT SOSO

SynonymsSynonyms

ANDAND BUTBUT SOSOIn additionIn additionIn addition toIn addition toBesidesBesidesMoreoverMoreover

AlthoughAlthoughHoweverHoweverEven thoughEven thoughNeverthelessNevertheless

ThereforeThereforeThusThusHenceHenceConsequentlyConsequentlyMoreoverMoreover

FurthermoreFurthermoreAlso Also TooTooPlusPlusAs wellAs wellAs well asAs well asTogether withTogether withCoupled withCoupled withAlong withAlong with

NeverthelessNeverthelessNonethelessNonethelessThoughThoughIn spite ofIn spite ofWhileWhileNotwithstandingNotwithstandingWhereasWhereasDespiteDespiteBy contrastBy contrast

ConsequentlyConsequentlyAs a consequenceAs a consequenceAs a resultAs a resultFor this reasonFor this reasonIn this way/mannerIn this way/mannerIn this lightIn this light

SynonymsSynonyms

�� Linking WordsLinking Words: What does each category : What does each category represent?represent?

AndAnd: Linking Words of : Linking Words of AdditionAdditionAndAnd: Linking Words of : Linking Words of AdditionAdditionButBut: Linking Words of : Linking Words of ContrastContrastSoSo: Linking Words of : Linking Words of Cause and ResultCause and Result

These concepts will help in understanding the These concepts will help in understanding the flow of ideas within the text.flow of ideas within the text.

Punctuation and PositionPunctuation and Position

ANDAND BUTBUT SOSOIn addition, ….In addition, ….In addition to In addition to smthsmth, …, …Besides Besides smthsmth …,…,

AlthoughAlthoughHoweverHoweverEven thoughEven though

ThereforeThereforeThusThusHenceHenceBesides Besides smthsmth …,…,

Moreover, …Moreover, …Furthermore, …Furthermore, …… also + verb …… also + verb ……, too.…, too.Plus (numerical)Plus (numerical)… as well.… as well.…, as well as …, as well as smthsmth, …, ……, together with …, together with smthsmth…,…,…, coupled with …, coupled with smthsmth, …, ……, along with …, along with smthsmth…, …,

Even thoughEven thoughNeverthelessNeverthelessNonethelessNonethelessThoughThoughIn spite ofIn spite ofWhileWhileNotwithstandingNotwithstandingWhereasWhereasDespiteDespiteBy contrastBy contrast

HenceHenceConsequentlyConsequentlyAs a consequenceAs a consequenceAs a resultAs a resultFor this reasonFor this reasonIn this way/mannerIn this way/mannerIn this lightIn this light


ANDAND BUTBUT SOSOIn additionIn additionIn addition toIn addition toMoreoverMoreover

AlthoughAlthoughHoweverHoweverEven thoughEven though

Therefore, …Therefore, …Thus, …Thus, …Hence, …Hence, …MoreoverMoreover

FurthermoreFurthermoreAlso Also TooTooPlusPlusAs wellAs wellAs well asAs well asTogether withTogether withCoupled withCoupled withAlong withAlong with

Even thoughEven thoughNeverthelessNeverthelessNonethelessNonethelessThoughThoughIn spite ofIn spite ofWhileWhileNotwithstandingNotwithstandingWhereasWhereasDespiteDespiteBy contrastBy contrast

Hence, …Hence, …Consequently, …Consequently, …As a consequence, …As a consequence, …As a result, …As a result, …For this reason, …For this reason, …In this way/manner, …In this way/manner, …In this light, …In this light, …

These expressions all These expressions all refer to the “result” of a refer to the “result” of a given action.given action.


TheThe linkinglinking wordswords ““thereforetherefore”,”,““thusthus”,”, andand ““hencehence”” cancan havehave aa““thusthus”,”, andand ““hencehence”” cancan havehave aadifferentdifferent positioningpositioning andandpunctuationpunctuation..

Hunger and Human RightsHunger and Human RightsHunger and Human RightsHunger and Human Rights

1. Food was controlled by the government – people did not receive what they had purchased

Consider the following ideas.Consider the following ideas.

receive what they had purchased

2. A drought hobbled food production in Zimbabwe – Mugabe has been forced to import food from South Africa.

3. Matema dislikes the stances of the ruling party – she will vote for the opposition

Linking Words ofLinking Words ofCause and ResultCause and Result

�� ThereforeTherefore

�� FoodFood distributiondistribution inin ZimbabweZimbabwe waswas controlledcontrolledbyby thethe governmentgovernment.. Therefore,Therefore, peoplepeople whowho diddidbyby thethe governmentgovernment.. Therefore,Therefore, peoplepeople whowho diddidnotnot supportsupport thethe governmentgovernment diddid notnot receivereceivewhatwhat theythey hadhad purchasedpurchased..

�� FoodFood distributiondistribution inin ZimbabweZimbabwe waswas controlledcontrolledbyby thethe governmentgovernment;; therefore,therefore, peoplepeople whowho diddidnotnot supportsupport thethe governmentgovernment diddid notnot receivereceivewhatwhat theythey hadhad purchasedpurchased..


�� ThusThus

�� AA recentrecent droughtdrought hashas hobbledhobbled foodfoodproductionproduction inin ZimbabweZimbabwe.. Thus,Thus, MugabeMugabeproductionproduction inin ZimbabweZimbabwe.. Thus,Thus, MugabeMugabehashas beenbeen forcedforced toto importimport foodfood fromfromSouthSouth AfricaAfrica..

�� AA recentrecent droughtdrought hashas hobbledhobbled foodfoodproductionproduction inin ZimbabweZimbabwe,, thusthus forcingforcingMugabeMugabe toto importimport foodfood fromfrom SouthSouth AfricaAfrica..


�� HenceHence

�� MatemaMatema dislikesdislikes thethe stancesstances ofof thethe rulingrulingpartyparty.. Hence,Hence, sheshe willwill votevote forfor thethepartyparty.. Hence,Hence, sheshe willwill votevote forfor thetheoppositionopposition..

�� MatemaMatema dislikesdislikes thethe stancesstances ofof thethe rulingrulingpartyparty,, hencehence herher votevote forfor thethe oppositionopposition..


Other terms that refer to the “cause” of a given action

Because AsBecause AsBecause of SinceGiven that Due toConsidering that For (but only in the middle of the sentence)

Linking Words of ContrastLinking Words of Contrast

Name all the linking words that mean Name all the linking words that mean the same as “but”the same as “but”

BUTBUTAlthough In spite ofEven though DespiteThough However Nevertheless NonethelessWhile WhereasNotwithstanding By contrast


Mandatory Vote Voluntary VotePros Cons Pros Cons

- Better - Unconscientious - More aware - Low voter - Better representation of the people- majority rule- Better voter turnout- Candidates must gearcampaign toward entire country

- Unconscientiousvote- Selling of votes- Candidates focus on less educated voters- Voters are more easily manipulated

- More aware voter population- Candidates must show platforms

- Low voter turnout- To easy not to be involved in politics


�� AlthoughAlthough thethe mandatorymandatory votevote tendstends toto forceforcepoliticianspoliticians toto geargear theirtheir campaignscampaigns towardtoward thetheentireentire country,country, itit manymany timestimes leadsleads toto anan illicitillicitsellingselling ofof votesvotes toto aa moremore needyneedy populationpopulation..sellingselling ofof votesvotes toto aa moremore needyneedy populationpopulation..

�� TheThe mandatorymandatory votevote tendstends toto produceproduce aa betterbetterrepresentationrepresentation ofof thethe peoplepeople;; howeverhowever,, itit alsoalsodemonstratesdemonstrates howhow thethe votervoter populationpopulation cancan bebeeasilyeasily manipulatedmanipulated..

�� DespiteDespite attractingattracting aa moremore awareaware votervoter population,population,thethe voluntaryvoluntary votevote tendstends toto havehave aa ratherrather lowlow votervoterturnoutturnout..


AnalyzingAnalyzing thethe threethree casescases::�� AlthoughAlthough thethe mandatorymandatory votevote tendstends toto forceforce

politicianspoliticians toto geargear theirtheir campaignscampaigns towardtoward thetheentireentire countrycountry,, itit manymany timestimes leadsleads toto anan illicitillicitentireentire countrycountry,, itit manymany timestimes leadsleads toto anan illicitillicitsellingselling ofof votesvotes toto aa moremore needyneedy populationpopulation..

“Although”“Although” isis anan adverbadverb andand mustmust bebe followedfollowed byby aasubjectsubject andand verbverb;;“Although”“Although” worksworks inin anan “adverbial“adverbial clause”clause” andand cannotcannotstandstand alonealone;;TheThe adverbialadverbial clauseclause mustmust bebe followedfollowed byby aa commacomma (“,”)(“,”);;TheThe mainmain clauseclause mustmust alsoalso containcontain aa subjectsubject andand aa verbverb..


�� DespiteDespite attractingattracting aa moremore awareaware votervoter population,population,thethe voluntaryvoluntary votevote tendstends toto havehave aa ratherrather lowlow votervoterturnoutturnout..

“Despite”“Despite” isis aa prepositionpreposition;;AsAs aa preposition,preposition, “despite”“despite” cancan onlyonly bebe followedfollowed byby oneone ofofthreethree formsforms::11.. NounNoun 22.. GerundGerund 33.. PronounPronoun“Despite”“Despite” worksworks inin aa prepositionalprepositional phrasephrase andand mustmust bebefollowedfollowed byby aa commacomma (“,”)(“,”);;TheThe mainmain clauseclause mustmust alsoalso containcontain aa subjectsubject andand aa verbverb..


�� TheThe mandatorymandatory votevote tendstends toto produceproduce aa betterbetterrepresentationrepresentation ofof thethe peoplepeople;; howeverhowever,, itit alsoalsodemonstratesdemonstrates howhow thethe votervoter populationpopulation cancan bebeeasilyeasily manipulatedmanipulated..easilyeasily manipulatedmanipulated..

“However”“However” isis aa linkinglinking wordword andand mustmust bebe separatedseparated outoutfromfrom thethe restrest ofof thethe texttext;;“However”“However” cancan connectconnect twotwo fullfull sentencessentences oror bebe usedusedwithinwithin oneone singlesingle sentencesentence..


““HoweverHowever”” hashas fourfour possiblepossible punctuationpunctuation rulesrules::11.. ConnectingConnecting 22 fullfull sentencessentences::SubjectSubject ++ verbverb;; however,however, subjectsubject ++ verbverb

22.. AtAt thethe beginningbeginning ofof aa sentencesentence::However,However, subjectsubject ++ verbverb……

33.. InIn thethe middlemiddle ofof aa sentencesentence::Subject,Subject, however,however, verbverb……

44.. AtAt thethe endend ofof thethe sentencesentence::SubjectSubject ++ verb,verb, howeverhowever..

Question from Question from IRBrIRBr TPS Exam, 2013TPS Exam, 2013AA BarclaysBarclays indexindex trackingtracking aa broadbroad swathswath ofofinvestmentinvestment--gradegrade bondsbonds lostlost 33..7777 percentpercent fromfrom thethebeginningbeginning ofof MayMay throughthrough Thursday,Thursday, accordingaccording totoMorningstarMorningstar.. UnitedUnited StatesStates governmentgovernment notesnotes withwithmaturitiesmaturities ofof 1010 yearsyears oror longer,longer, however,however, lostlost ananaverageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..averageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..

QuestionQuestion:: InIn thethe sentencesentence “United“United StatesStates governmentgovernment notesnoteswithwith maturitiesmaturities ofof 1010 yearsyears oror longer,longer, however,however, lostlost ananaverageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..”” (R(R..2424--2626),), thetheadverbadverb “however”“however” maymay bebe movedmoved toto thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethesentencesentence withoutwithout interferinginterfering inin thethe meaningmeaning..

Question from Question from IRBrIRBr TPS Exam, 2013TPS Exam, 2013AA BarclaysBarclays indexindex trackingtracking aa broadbroad swathswath ofofinvestmentinvestment--gradegrade bondsbonds lostlost 33..7777 percentpercent fromfrom thethebeginningbeginning ofof MayMay throughthrough Thursday,Thursday, accordingaccording totoMorningstarMorningstar.. UnitedUnited StatesStates governmentgovernment notesnotes withwithmaturitiesmaturities ofof 1010 yearsyears oror longerlonger,, however,however, lostlost ananaverageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..averageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..

QuestionQuestion:: InIn thethe sentencesentence “United“United StatesStates governmentgovernment notesnoteswithwith maturitiesmaturities ofof 1010 yearsyears oror longerlonger,, however,however, lostlost ananaverageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..”” (R(R..2424--2626),), thetheadverbadverb “however”“however” maymay bebe movedmoved toto thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethesentencesentence withoutwithout interferinginterfering inin thethe meaningmeaning..

Question from Question from IRBrIRBr TPS Exam, 2013TPS Exam, 2013AA BarclaysBarclays indexindex trackingtracking aa broadbroad swathswath ofofinvestmentinvestment--gradegrade bondsbonds lostlost 33..7777 percentpercent fromfrom thethebeginningbeginning ofof MayMay throughthrough Thursday,Thursday, accordingaccording totoMorningstarMorningstar.. UnitedUnited StatesStates governmentgovernment notesnotes withwithmaturitiesmaturities ofof 1010 yearsyears oror longerlonger,, however,however, lostlost ananaverageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..averageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..QuestionQuestion:: InIn thethe sentencesentence “United“United StatesStates governmentgovernment notesnoteswithwith maturitiesmaturities ofof 1010 yearsyears oror longerlonger,, however,however, lostlost ananaverageaverage ofof 1010..88 percentpercent overover thethe samesame periodperiod..”” (R(R..2424--2626),), thetheadverbadverb “however”“however” maymay bebe movedmoved toto thethe beginningbeginning ofof thethesentencesentence withoutwithout interferinginterfering inin thethe meaningmeaning..TrueTrue:: TheThe positionposition ofof “however”“however” isis irrelevantirrelevant andand willwillalwaysalways presentpresent aa contrastcontrast thethe previousprevious sentencesentence..


ThreeThree categoriescategories::

1. Linking Word + subject + verb:1. Linking Word + subject + verb:

2. Linking word + noun/pronoun/gerund:2. Linking word + noun/pronoun/gerund:

3. Linking word separated out by itself:3. Linking word separated out by itself:



1. Linking Word + subject + verb:1. Linking Word + subject + verb:-- AlthoughAlthough -- Even thoughEven though-- AlthoughAlthough -- Even thoughEven though-- ThoughThough -- WhereasWhereas-- WhileWhile



2. Linking word + noun/pronoun/gerund:2. Linking word + noun/pronoun/gerund:-- DespiteDespite-- DespiteDespite-- In spite ofIn spite of-- Notwithstanding Notwithstanding (phrase is inverted)(phrase is inverted)

Ex. Despite this fact, …Ex. Despite this fact, …This fact notwithstanding, …This fact notwithstanding, …



3. Linking word separated out by itself:3. Linking word separated out by itself:-- HoweverHowever-- HoweverHowever-- NeverthelessNevertheless-- NonethelessNonetheless-- ThoughThough-- Even so Even so (only at the beginning of a sentence)(only at the beginning of a sentence)

SynonymsSynonyms

For each of the following words or expressions, For each of the following words or expressions, give an equal give an equal synonymsynonym::

•• DeforestationDeforestationEndangeredEndangered

•• MoneyMoneyStudyStudy•• EndangeredEndangered

•• BenefitsBenefits•• TeacherTeacher•• BooksBooks•• People People •• Free timeFree time•• MediaMedia

•• StudyStudy•• Human activityHuman activity•• Where to liveWhere to live•• CommunityCommunity•• WorkWork•• TransportTransport•• SkillSkill

SynonymsSynonyms


•• Deforestation: Deforestation: slash and burn/destruction of forestsslash and burn/destruction of forests•• Endangered: Endangered: at risk/almost extinctat risk/almost extinct•• Endangered: Endangered: at risk/almost extinctat risk/almost extinct•• Benefits: Benefits: bonuses/paybacks/advantagesbonuses/paybacks/advantages•• Teacher: Teacher: professor/lecturerprofessor/lecturer•• Books: Books: reading material/paperback/hardbackreading material/paperback/hardback•• People: People: individuals/population/citizensindividuals/population/citizens•• Free time: Free time: down time/leisure timedown time/leisure time•• Media: Media: communication vehicle/channel/meanscommunication vehicle/channel/means

SynonymsSynonyms


•• Money: Money: cash/currency/bread/doughcash/currency/bread/dough•• Study: Study: learn/investigate/researchlearn/investigate/research•• Study: Study: learn/investigate/researchlearn/investigate/research•• Human activity: Human activity: mankind’s movement/actionsmankind’s movement/actions•• Where to live: Where to live: residence/housing/addressresidence/housing/address•• Community: Community: local area/region/neighborhoodlocal area/region/neighborhood•• Work: Work: job/task/dutyjob/task/duty•• Transport: Transport: hauling/shipping / / transmit/conveyhauling/shipping / / transmit/convey•• Skill: Skill: ability/talent/knackability/talent/knack

ParaphrasingParaphrasing

�� ToTo bebe successfulsuccessful answeringanswering questions,questions,thethe examexam takertaker mustmust bebe ableable toto rere--writewrite sentencessentences inin one’sone’s ownown wordswords..writewrite sentencessentences inin one’sone’s ownown wordswords..

�� This requires:This requires:VocabularyVocabulary

++Grammar StructureGrammar Structure


�� ReRe--write the sentence in other words:write the sentence in other words:A company has announced that it wishes A company has announced that it wishes

to build a factory near your to build a factory near your community. community. to build a factory near your to build a factory near your community. community.

A multinational has expressed interest in A multinational has expressed interest in founding an industry within the founding an industry within the surrounding area.surrounding area.


�� ReRe--write the sentence in other words:write the sentence in other words:When people succeed, it is because of When people succeed, it is because of

hard work. Luck has nothing to do hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success. with success. hard work. Luck has nothing to do hard work. Luck has nothing to do with success. with success.

Triumph is due to diligent efforts. Luck Triumph is due to diligent efforts. Luck does not figure in to the concept of does not figure in to the concept of accomplishment.accomplishment.


�� ReRe--write the sentence in other words:write the sentence in other words:The most important aspect of a job is The most important aspect of a job is

the money a person earns. the money a person earns. the money a person earns. the money a person earns.

The key to one’s occupation is the The key to one’s occupation is the income he/she brings home.income he/she brings home.


�� ReRe--write the sentence in other words:write the sentence in other words:A company is going to give some money A company is going to give some money

either to support the arts or to protect either to support the arts or to protect the environment. the environment. either to support the arts or to protect either to support the arts or to protect the environment. the environment.

The organization will likely make a The organization will likely make a donation either to back the arts or to donation either to back the arts or to preserve nature.preserve nature.


�� Identify the sentence that has the same Identify the sentence that has the same meaning:meaning:

Joe has no idea because he wasn’t in class either.Joe has no idea because he wasn’t in class either.a) Either Joe or his classmate must know the answer.a) Either Joe or his classmate must know the answer.b) Neither Joe nor his classmate knows the answer.b) Neither Joe nor his classmate knows the answer.c) Both were in class last week.c) Both were in class last week.d) Joe has a good idea of the answer.d) Joe has a good idea of the answer.



I don’t get it! James hardly ever studies for tests!I don’t get it! James hardly ever studies for tests!a) James did well on the test.a) James did well on the test.b) James always studies hard for tests.b) James always studies hard for tests.c) James hasn’t gotten his grades yet.c) James hasn’t gotten his grades yet.d) James is unhappy about his test scores.d) James is unhappy about his test scores.



The price of these pants was so good that Kate bought The price of these pants was so good that Kate bought three pairs.three pairs.a) Kate bought three pears at the market.a) Kate bought three pears at the market.b) The price was too low to pass up.b) The price was too low to pass up.c) Three pairs of pants were too expensive for Kate.c) Three pairs of pants were too expensive for Kate.d) Kate bought a bunch of clothes last weekend.d) Kate bought a bunch of clothes last weekend.



It really doesn’t matter if the books are on sale or not; I’ll It really doesn’t matter if the books are on sale or not; I’ll buy them anyway.buy them anyway.a) The price is inconsequential.a) The price is inconsequential.b) The price is key.b) The price is key.c) The man thinks it is petty to buy books at these c) The man thinks it is petty to buy books at these prices.prices.d) The man refuses to buy the books on sale.d) The man refuses to buy the books on sale.



What you are looking for can’t be found here.What you are looking for can’t be found here.a) I couldn’t hear what you said.a) I couldn’t hear what you said.b) You should search for it somewhere else.b) You should search for it somewhere else.c) What are you looking for here?c) What are you looking for here?d) I hear that you are looking for what I have.d) I hear that you are looking for what I have.



It isn’t impossible to make a million dollars in the USA.It isn’t impossible to make a million dollars in the USA.It isn’t impossible to make a million dollars in the USA.It isn’t impossible to make a million dollars in the USA.a) It is impossible to earn a lot of money the United a) It is impossible to earn a lot of money the United States.States.b) Some people actually go bankrupt in the USA.b) Some people actually go bankrupt in the USA.c) If you work diligently, you can become a c) If you work diligently, you can become a millionaire in the United States.millionaire in the United States.d) It isn’t impossible to forfeit millions of dollars d) It isn’t impossible to forfeit millions of dollars there.there.

INGLÊS (ESAF INGLÊS (ESAF –– AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL –– 2009)2009)The long climb The long climb Source: www.economist.comSource: www.economist.com

TheThe worldworld economyeconomy isis fitfullyfitfully gettinggetting backback toto normal,normal, butbut itit willwill bebe aa“new“new normal”normal”.. ThisThis phrasephrase hashas caughtcaught on,on, eveneven ifif peoplepeople disagreedisagreeaboutabout whatwhat itit meansmeans.. InIn thethe newnew normal,normal, asas defineddefined byby PimcoPimco´́ss CEO,CEO,MohamedMohamed ElEl--Erian,Erian, growthgrowth willwill bebe subduedsubdued andand unemploymentunemployment willwillremainremain highhigh.. “The“The bankingbanking systemsystem willwill bebe aa shadowshadow ofof itsits formerformerself,”self,” andand thethe securitizationsecuritization markets,markets, whichwhich buybuy andand sellsell marketablemarketablebundlesbundles ofof debt,debt, willwill presumablypresumably bebe aa shadowshadow ofof aa shadowshadow.. FinanceFinancewillwill bebe costliercostlier andand investmentinvestment weak,weak, soso thethe stockstock ofof physicalphysical capital,capital,onon whichwhich prosperityprosperity depends,depends, willwill erodeerode.. TheThe crisiscrisis invitedinvited aa forcefulforcefulgovernmentgovernment entryentry intointo severalseveral ofof capitalismcapitalism´́ss innerinner sanctums,sanctums, suchsuchasas banking,banking, AmericanAmerican carcar makingmaking andand thethe commercialcommercial--paperpaper marketmarket..MrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InInMrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InInaddition,addition, nationalnational exchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethefiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobbling CaliforniaCalifornia.. AmericaAmerica´́ss Treasury,Treasury, ininparticular,particular, mustmust demonstratedemonstrate thatthat itit isis stillstill aa “responsible“responsible shepherdshepherd ofofotherother countriescountries´́ savingssavings..””

2121-- In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is defined asIn paragraph 1, growth in the new order is defined asa) both real and active.a) both real and active.b) absolutely extraordinary.b) absolutely extraordinary.c) not very active or busy.c) not very active or busy.d) sustainable and rapid.d) sustainable and rapid.e) unpredictable.e) unpredictable.

INGLÊS (ESAF INGLÊS (ESAF –– AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL –– 2009)2009)The long climb The long climb Source: www.economist.comSource: www.economist.com

TheThe worldworld economyeconomy isis fitfullyfitfully gettinggetting backback toto normal,normal, butbut itit willwill bebe aa“new“new normal”normal”.. ThisThis phrasephrase hashas caughtcaught on,on, eveneven ifif peoplepeople disagreedisagreeaboutabout whatwhat itit meansmeans.. InIn thethe newnew normalnormal,, asas defineddefined byby PimcoPimco´́ss CEO,CEO,MohamedMohamed ElEl--Erian,Erian, growthgrowth willwill bebe subduedsubdued andand unemploymentunemployment willwillremainremain highhigh.. “The“The bankingbanking systemsystem willwill bebe aa shadowshadow ofof itsits formerformerself,”self,” andand thethe securitizationsecuritization markets,markets, whichwhich buybuy andand sellsell marketablemarketablebundlesbundles ofof debt,debt, willwill presumablypresumably bebe aa shadowshadow ofof aa shadowshadow.. FinanceFinancewillwill bebe costliercostlier andand investmentinvestment weak,weak, soso thethe stockstock ofof physicalphysical capital,capital,onon whichwhich prosperityprosperity depends,depends, willwill erodeerode.. TheThe crisiscrisis invitedinvited aa forcefulforcefulgovernmentgovernment entryentry intointo severalseveral ofof capitalismcapitalism´́ss innerinner sanctums,sanctums, suchsuchasas banking,banking, AmericanAmerican carcar makingmaking andand thethe commercialcommercial--paperpaper marketmarket..MrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InInMrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InInaddition,addition, nationalnational exchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethefiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobbling CaliforniaCalifornia.. AmericaAmerica´́ss Treasury,Treasury, ininparticular,particular, mustmust demonstratedemonstrate thatthat itit isis stillstill aa “responsible“responsible shepherdshepherd ofofotherother countriescountries´́ savingssavings..””

2121-- In paragraph 1, growth in the new order is defined asIn paragraph 1, growth in the new order is defined asa) both real and active.a) both real and active.b) absolutely extraordinary.b) absolutely extraordinary.c) not very active or busy.c) not very active or busy.d) sustainable and rapid.d) sustainable and rapid.e) unpredictable.e) unpredictable.

INGLÊS (ESAF INGLÊS (ESAF –– AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL AUDITOR FISCAL DA RECEITA FEDERAL –– 2009)2009)

The long climb The long climb Source: www.economist.comSource: www.economist.comTheThe worldworld economyeconomy isis fitfullyfitfully gettinggetting backback toto normal,normal, butbut itit willwill bebe aa “new“newnormal”normal”.. ThisThis phrasephrase hashas caughtcaught on,on, eveneven ifif peoplepeople disagreedisagree aboutabout whatwhat ititmeansmeans.. InIn thethe newnew normal,normal, asas defineddefined byby PimcoPimco´́ss CEO,CEO, MohamedMohamed ElEl--Erian,Erian,growthgrowth willwill bebe subduedsubdued andand unemploymentunemployment willwill remainremain highhigh.. “The“The bankingbankingsystemsystem willwill bebe aa shadowshadow ofof itsits formerformer self,”self,” andand thethe securitizationsecuritization markets,markets,whichwhich buybuy andand sellsell marketablemarketable bundlesbundles ofof debt,debt, willwill presumablypresumably bebe aa shadowshadowofof aa shadowshadow.. FinanceFinance willwill bebe costliercostlier andand investmentinvestment weak,weak, soso thethe stockstock ofofphysicalphysical capital,capital, onon whichwhich prosperityprosperity depends,depends, willwill erodeerode.. TheThe crisiscrisis invitedinvited aaforcefulforceful governmentgovernment entryentry intointo severalseveral ofof capitalismcapitalism´́ss innerinner sanctums,sanctums, suchsuchasas banking,banking, AmericanAmerican carcar makingmaking andand thethe commercialcommercial--paperpaper marketmarket.. MrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InIn addition,addition, nationalnationalexchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethe fiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobblingCaliforniaCalifornia.. AmericaAmerica´́ss Treasury,Treasury, inin particular,particular, mustmust demonstratedemonstrate thatthat itit isis stillstillexchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethe fiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobblingCaliforniaCalifornia.. AmericaAmerica´́ss Treasury,Treasury, inin particular,particular, mustmust demonstratedemonstrate thatthat itit isis stillstillaa “responsible“responsible shepherdshepherd ofof otherother countriescountries´́ savingssavings..””

2222-- In paragraph 1, finance is referred to as In paragraph 1, finance is referred to as a) remaining low throughout the crisis.a) remaining low throughout the crisis.b) having been affected by the crisis.b) having been affected by the crisis.c) having eroded throughout the process.c) having eroded throughout the process.d) likely to be considered in a future analysis.d) likely to be considered in a future analysis.e) likely not to be hit by this scenario.e) likely not to be hit by this scenario.


The long climb The long climb Source: www.economist.comSource: www.economist.comTheThe worldworld economyeconomy isis fitfullyfitfully gettinggetting backback toto normal,normal, butbut itit willwill bebe aa “new“newnormal”normal”.. ThisThis phrasephrase hashas caughtcaught on,on, eveneven ifif peoplepeople disagreedisagree aboutabout whatwhat ititmeansmeans.. InIn thethe newnew normal,normal, asas defineddefined byby PimcoPimco´́ss CEO,CEO, MohamedMohamed ElEl--ErianErian,,growthgrowth willwill bebe subduedsubdued andand unemploymentunemployment willwill remainremain highhigh.. “The“The bankingbankingsystemsystem willwill bebe aa shadowshadow ofof itsits formerformer self,”self,” andand thethe securitizationsecuritization markets,markets,whichwhich buybuy andand sellsell marketablemarketable bundlesbundles ofof debt,debt, willwill presumablypresumably bebe aa shadowshadowofof aa shadowshadow.. FinanceFinance willwill bebe costliercostlier andand investmentinvestment weak,weak, soso thethe stockstock ofofphysicalphysical capital,capital, onon whichwhich prosperityprosperity depends,depends, willwill erodeerode.. TheThe crisiscrisis invitedinvited aaforcefulforceful governmentgovernment entryentry intointo severalseveral ofof capitalismcapitalism´́ss innerinner sanctums,sanctums, suchsuchasas banking,banking, AmericanAmerican carcar makingmaking andand thethe commercialcommercial--paperpaper marketmarket.. MrMr.. ElEl--asas banking,banking, AmericanAmerican carcar makingmaking andand thethe commercialcommercial--paperpaper marketmarket.. MrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InIn addition,addition, nationalnationalexchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethe fiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobblingCaliforniaCalifornia.. AmericaAmerica´́ss Treasury,Treasury, inin particular,particular, mustmust demonstratedemonstrate thatthat itit isis stillstillaa “responsible“responsible shepherdshepherd ofof otherother countriescountries´́ savingssavings..””

2222-- In paragraph 1, finance is referred to as In paragraph 1, finance is referred to as a) remaining low throughout the crisis.a) remaining low throughout the crisis.b) having been affected by the crisis.b) having been affected by the crisis.c) having eroded throughout the process.c) having eroded throughout the process.d) likely to be considered in a future analysis.d) likely to be considered in a future analysis.e) likely not to be hit by this scenario.e) likely not to be hit by this scenario.


The long climb The long climb Source: www.economist.comSource: www.economist.comTheThe worldworld economyeconomy isis fitfullyfitfully gettinggetting backback toto normal,normal, butbut itit willwill bebe aa “new“newnormal”normal”.. ThisThis phrasephrase hashas caughtcaught on,on, eveneven ifif peoplepeople disagreedisagree aboutabout whatwhat ititmeansmeans.. InIn thethe newnew normal,normal, asas defineddefined byby PimcoPimco´́ss CEO,CEO, MohamedMohamed ElEl--ErianErian,,growthgrowth willwill bebe subduedsubdued andand unemploymentunemployment willwill remainremain highhigh.. “The“The bankingbankingsystemsystem willwill bebe aa shadowshadow ofof itsits formerformer self,”self,” andand thethe securitizationsecuritization markets,markets,whichwhich buybuy andand sellsell marketablemarketable bundlesbundles ofof debt,debt, willwill presumablypresumably bebe aa shadowshadowofof aa shadowshadow.. FinanceFinance willwill bebe costliercostlier andand investmentinvestment weak,weak, soso thethe stockstock ofofphysicalphysical capital,capital, onon whichwhich prosperityprosperity depends,depends, willwill erodeerode.. TheThe crisiscrisis invitedinvited aaforcefulforceful governmentgovernment entryentry intointo severalseveral ofof capitalismcapitalism´́ss innerinner sanctums,sanctums, suchsuchasas banking,banking, AmericanAmerican carcar makingmaking andand thethe commercialcommercial--paperpaper marketmarket.. MrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InIn addition,addition, nationalnationalexchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethe fiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobblingErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InIn addition,addition, nationalnationalexchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethe fiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobblingCaliforniaCalifornia.. AmericaAmerica´́ss Treasury,Treasury, inin particular,particular, mustmust demonstratedemonstrate thatthat itit isis stillstillaa “responsible“responsible shepherdshepherd ofof otherother countriescountries´́ savingssavings..””

2323-- In paragraph 2, the author mentions “the fiscal strain now hobbling In paragraph 2, the author mentions “the fiscal strain now hobbling California”. In other words, the fiscal California”. In other words, the fiscal

a) policies which have been a) policies which have been favouringfavouring CaliforniaCalifornia´́s growth.s growth.b) pressure currently preventing Californiab) pressure currently preventing California´́s development.s development.c) c) programmesprogrammes successfully successfully spousedspoused by California.by California.d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.


The long climb The long climb Source: www.economist.comSource: www.economist.comTheThe worldworld economyeconomy isis fitfullyfitfully gettinggetting backback toto normal,normal, butbut itit willwill bebe aa “new“newnormal”normal”.. ThisThis phrasephrase hashas caughtcaught on,on, eveneven ifif peoplepeople disagreedisagree aboutabout whatwhat ititmeansmeans.. InIn thethe newnew normal,normal, asas defineddefined byby PimcoPimco´́ss CEO,CEO, MohamedMohamed ElEl--Erian,Erian,growthgrowth willwill bebe subduedsubdued andand unemploymentunemployment willwill remainremain highhigh.. “The“The bankingbankingsystemsystem willwill bebe aa shadowshadow ofof itsits formerformer self,”self,” andand thethe securitizationsecuritization markets,markets,whichwhich buybuy andand sellsell marketablemarketable bundlesbundles ofof debt,debt, willwill presumablypresumably bebe aa shadowshadowofof aa shadowshadow.. FinanceFinance willwill bebe costliercostlier andand investmentinvestment weak,weak, soso thethe stockstock ofofphysicalphysical capital,capital, onon whichwhich prosperityprosperity depends,depends, willwill erodeerode.. TheThe crisiscrisis invitedinvited aaforcefulforceful governmentgovernment entryentry intointo severalseveral ofof capitalismcapitalism´́ss innerinner sanctums,sanctums, suchsuchasas banking,banking, AmericanAmerican carcar makingmaking andand thethe commercialcommercial--paperpaper marketmarket.. MrMr.. ElEl--ErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InIn addition,addition, nationalnationalexchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethe fiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobblingErianErian worriesworries thatthat thethe statestate maymay overstayoverstay itsits welcomewelcome.. InIn addition,addition, nationalnationalexchequersexchequers maymay startstart toto feelfeel somesome measuremeasure ofof thethe fiscalfiscal strainstrain nownow hobblinghobblingCaliforniaCalifornia.. AmericaAmerica´́ss Treasury,Treasury, inin particular,particular, mustmust demonstratedemonstrate thatthat itit isis stillstillaa “responsible“responsible shepherdshepherd ofof otherother countriescountries´́ savingssavings..””

2323-- In paragraph 2, the author mentions “In paragraph 2, the author mentions “the fiscal strain now hobbling the fiscal strain now hobbling CaliforniaCalifornia”. In other words, the fiscal ”. In other words, the fiscal

a) policies which have been favouring Californiaa) policies which have been favouring California´́s growth.s growth.b) pressure currently preventing Californiab) pressure currently preventing California´́s development.s development.c) programmes successfully spoused by California.c) programmes successfully spoused by California.d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.d) measures which have steadily gained acceptance.e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.e) incentives recently promoted by the Californian government.

INGLÊS (ESAF INGLÊS (ESAF –– AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO –– 2006)2006)The future of workThe future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)Source: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)

ManyMany ofof thethe richrich world’sworld’s notionsnotions aboutabout oldold ageage areare dyingdying.. WhileWhile thethestreamliningstreamlining effectseffects ofof internationalinternational competitioncompetition areare focusingfocusingattentionattention onon thethe needneed toto createcreate andand keepkeep goodgood jobs,jobs, thosethose fearsfears willwilleventuallyeventually givegive wayway toto worriesworries aboutabout thethe growinggrowing shortageshortage ofof youngyoungworkersworkers.. OneOne unavoidableunavoidable solutionsolution:: puttingputting olderolder peoplepeople backback totowork,work, whetherwhether theythey likelike itit oror notnot.. Indeed,Indeed, cuttingcutting--edgeedge EuropeanEuropeaneconomieseconomies likelike thosethose ofof FinlandFinland andand DenmarkDenmark havehave alreadyalready raisedraisedtheirtheir retirementretirement ages,ages, reversingreversing thethe postwarpostwar trendtrend towardtoward everever--earlierearlier retirementretirement.. OthersOthers areare underunder severesevere pressurepressure toto followfollow suit,suit, asasearlierearlier retirementretirement.. OthersOthers areare underunder severesevere pressurepressure toto followfollow suit,suit, asasbothboth thethe EuropeanEuropean CommissionCommission andand thethe OrganizationOrganization forfor EconomicEconomicCooperationCooperation andand DevelopmentDevelopment (OECD)(OECD) havehave recentlyrecently warnedwarned theirtheirmembersmembers thatthat theirtheir futurefuture prosperityprosperity dependsdepends onon aa growinggrowingcontributioncontribution fromfrom thethe elderlyelderly..

2121-- The author calls the readers’ attention to theThe author calls the readers’ attention to thea) growing lack of young staff.a) growing lack of young staff.b) need to reduce young workers’ benefits.b) need to reduce young workers’ benefits.c) benefits of subsidizing early retirement.c) benefits of subsidizing early retirement.d) advantages of current retirement policies.d) advantages of current retirement policies.e) drawbacks of extending the working life.e) drawbacks of extending the working life.

INGLÊS (ESAF INGLÊS (ESAF –– AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO –– 2006)2006)The future of workThe future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)Source: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)

ManyMany ofof thethe richrich world’sworld’s notionsnotions aboutabout oldold ageage areare dyingdying.. WhileWhile thethestreamliningstreamlining effectseffects ofof internationalinternational competitioncompetition areare focusingfocusingattentionattention onon thethe needneed toto createcreate andand keepkeep goodgood jobs,jobs, thosethose fearsfears willwilleventuallyeventually givegive wayway toto worriesworries aboutabout thethe growinggrowing shortageshortage ofof youngyoungworkersworkers.. OneOne unavoidableunavoidable solutionsolution:: puttingputting olderolder peoplepeople backback totowork,work, whetherwhether theythey likelike itit oror notnot.. Indeed,Indeed, cuttingcutting--edgeedge EuropeanEuropeaneconomieseconomies likelike thosethose ofof FinlandFinland andand DenmarkDenmark havehave alreadyalready raisedraisedtheirtheir retirementretirement ages,ages, reversingreversing thethe postwarpostwar trendtrend towardtoward everever--earlierearlier retirementretirement.. OthersOthers areare underunder severesevere pressurepressure toto followfollow suit,suit, asasbothboth thethe EuropeanEuropean CommissionCommission andand thethe OrganizationOrganization forfor EconomicEconomicearlierearlier retirementretirement.. OthersOthers areare underunder severesevere pressurepressure toto followfollow suit,suit, asasbothboth thethe EuropeanEuropean CommissionCommission andand thethe OrganizationOrganization forfor EconomicEconomicCooperationCooperation andand DevelopmentDevelopment (OECD)(OECD) havehave recentlyrecently warnedwarned theirtheirmembersmembers thatthat theirtheir futurefuture prosperityprosperity dependsdepends onon aa growinggrowingcontributioncontribution fromfrom thethe elderlyelderly..

2222-- In relation to the retirement ages, two specific countries haveIn relation to the retirement ages, two specific countries havea) reinforced them.a) reinforced them.b) recently decreased them.b) recently decreased them.c) not extended them.c) not extended them.d) drastically reduced them.d) drastically reduced them.e) increased them. e) increased them.

INGLÊS (ESAF INGLÊS (ESAF –– AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO –– 2006)2006)

The future of workThe future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)Source: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)


2424-- Finland and Denmark are described as “cuttingFinland and Denmark are described as “cutting--edge economies”, edge economies”, which means they are consideredwhich means they are considered

a) unconventional and revolutionary.a) unconventional and revolutionary.b) extremely modern and advanced.b) extremely modern and advanced.c) wealthy, but outdated.c) wealthy, but outdated.d) rather traditional and conservative.d) rather traditional and conservative.e) affluent and traditional.e) affluent and traditional.

INGLÊS (ESAF INGLÊS (ESAF –– AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO AUDITOR FISCAL DO TRABALHO –– 2006)2006)

The future of workThe future of workSource: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)Source: Newsweek Jan 30th, 2006 (Adapted)


2424-- Finland and Denmark are described as “Finland and Denmark are described as “cuttingcutting--edge economiesedge economies”, ”, which means they are consideredwhich means they are considered

a) unconventional and revolutionary.a) unconventional and revolutionary.b) extremely modern and advanced.b) extremely modern and advanced.c) wealthy, but outdated.c) wealthy, but outdated.d) rather traditional and conservative.d) rather traditional and conservative.e) affluent and traditional.e) affluent and traditional.

High level of protectionism (2002)High level of protectionism (2002)

AsAs aa membermember ofof thethe SouthernSouthern ConeCone CommonCommon MarketMarket (MERCOSUR),(MERCOSUR), ArgentinaArgentinamaintainsmaintains relativelyrelatively lowlow tradetrade barriersbarriers withwith Brazil,Brazil, Paraguay,Paraguay, andand UruguayUruguaybutbut appliesapplies aa highhigh tarifftariff onon allall goodsgoods andand servicesservices comingcoming intointo ArgentinaArgentina fromfromcountriescountries outsideoutside MERCOSURMERCOSUR.. ThisThis year,year, thethe commoncommon externalexternal tarifftariff raterate forforMERCOSURMERCOSUR isis 1313..55 percentpercent..

BecauseBecause thethe commoncommon externalexternal tarifftariff raterate isis appliedapplied toto mostmost ofof thethe world’sworld’scountries,countries, Argentina’sArgentina’s averageaverage tarifftariff raterate isis 1313..55 percentpercent thisthis year,year, upup fromfrom77..55 percentpercent lastlast yearyear.. AsAs aa result,result, itsits tradetrade policypolicy scorescore isis 11 pointpoint worseworse thisthisyearyear.. InIn anan efforteffort toto stimulatestimulate thethe economy,economy, MERCOSURMERCOSUR hashas allowedallowedArgentinaArgentina toto raiseraise tariffstariffs onon consumerconsumer goods,goods, inin somesome casescases upup toto 3535ArgentinaArgentina toto raiseraise tariffstariffs onon consumerconsumer goods,goods, inin somesome casescases upup toto 3535percent,percent, whilewhile eliminatingeliminating tariffstariffs onon capitalcapital goodsgoods.. ArgentinaArgentina maintainsmaintains somesomenonnon--tarifftariff barriers,barriers, suchsuch asas quotasquotas onon automobilesautomobiles.. AccordingAccording toto thethe UU..SS..DepartmentDepartment ofof State,State, “Customs“Customs proceduresprocedures areare opaqueopaque andand timetime consuming,consuming,thusthus raisingraising thethe costcost forfor importers”importers”..

2525-- Argentina’s customs procedures are considered by the Argentina’s customs procedures are considered by the U.S. Department of State asU.S. Department of State as

a) sluggish and transparent.a) sluggish and transparent.b) transparent, but obsolete.b) transparent, but obsolete.c) obscure and sluggish.c) obscure and sluggish.d) innovative, but timed) innovative, but time--consuming.consuming.e) both welle) both well--defined and efficient.defined and efficient.

High level of protectionism High level of protectionism (2002)(2002)((……))

BecauseBecause thethe commoncommon externalexternal tarifftariff raterate isis appliedapplied toto mostmost ofof thetheworld’sworld’s countries,countries, Argentina’sArgentina’s averageaverage tarifftariff raterate isis 1313..55 percentpercent thisthisyear,year, upup fromfrom 77..55 percentpercent lastlast yearyear.. AsAs aa result,result, itsits tradetrade policypolicy scorescoreisis 11 pointpoint worseworse thisthis yearyear.. InIn anan efforteffort toto stimulatestimulate thethe economy,economy,MERCOSURMERCOSUR hashas allowedallowed ArgentinaArgentina toto raiseraise tariffstariffs onon consumerconsumergoods,goods, inin somesome casescases upup toto 3535 percent,percent, whilewhile eliminatingeliminating tariffstariffs ononcapitalcapital goodsgoods.. ArgentinaArgentina maintainsmaintains somesome nonnon--tarifftariff barriers,barriers, suchsuch asascapitalcapital goodsgoods.. ArgentinaArgentina maintainsmaintains somesome nonnon--tarifftariff barriers,barriers, suchsuch asasquotasquotas onon automobilesautomobiles.. AccordingAccording toto thethe UU..SS.. DepartmentDepartment ofof StateState,,“Customs“Customs proceduresprocedures areare opaqueopaque andand timetime consumingconsuming,, thusthus raisingraisingthethe costcost forfor importers”importers”..

2525-- Argentina’s customs procedures are considered by the Argentina’s customs procedures are considered by the U.S. Department of State U.S. Department of State asas

a) sluggish and transparent.a) sluggish and transparent.b) transparent, but obsolete.b) transparent, but obsolete.c) obscure and sluggish.c) obscure and sluggish.d) innovative, but timed) innovative, but time--consuming.consuming.e) both welle) both well--defined and efficient.defined and efficient.

8 Questions To Ask Before Using YouTube As A Communications Tool (2008 – Analista do Senado)

As communications professionals, it’s very easy to get caught up inthe hype and excitement about all the new online communicationstactics we have available to us today. YouTube is a great example.It’s tempting to view tools like this as a silver bullet for ourcommunications woes. YouTube used to be primarily a great sourcecommunications woes. YouTube used to be primarily a great sourcefor videos of music and kids hurting themselves on skateboards. Nolonger. It’s becoming a more common tool for corporatecommunications.

32. When tools are viewed as “a silver bullet” this means they are

seen as being able to

(A) cause distress. (B) shift tactics.

(C) offer solutions. (D) induce errors.

(E) generate funds.

Half the nation, a hundred million citizens strong

EVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smoke of western Europe’s industrialisingnations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of politicians, economists and shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But in Brazil, the middle class describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit and ownership of a car or motorbike. According to the Fundação Getulio Vargas (FGV), a research institute, this means households with a monthly income ranging from 1,064 reais($600) to 4,561 reais. Since 2002, according to FGV, the proportion of the population that fits this description has increased from 44% to 52%. Brazil, previously notorious for its extremes, is now a middle-class country.

This social climbing is a feature mainly of the country’s cities, reversing two decades of stagnation that began at the start of the 1980s. Marcelo Neri of FGV suggests two factors behind the change. The first is education. The quality of teaching in Brazil’s schools may still be poor, but those aged 15-21 now spend on average just over three more years studying than their counterparts did in the early 1990s.

The smoke referred to in the opening sentence is a reference to(A) pollution today. (D) past times.(B) the present world. (E) a pending future.(C) problems ahead.


EVER since it was first spotted amid the factory smokeof western Europe’s industrialising nations, the middle class has borne the hopes for progress of politicians, economists and shopkeepers alike. It remains hard to define, and attempts to do so often seem arbitrary. But in Brazil, the middle class describes those with a job in the formal economy, access to credit and ownership of a car or motorbike. ownership of a car or motorbike.

The smokereferred to in the opening sentence is a reference to(A) pollution today. (D) past times.(B) the present world. (E) a pending future.(C) problems ahead.


Entering the middle class brings a predictable taste for yogurt and otherluxuries. But when shopping, middle-class Brazilians are moreconsciousof status than middle-class North Americans or Europeans.“These are people who may ordinarily serve others,” says NicolaCalicchio from McKinsey, a consultancy, “so being attended to bysomeone is very important to them.” Middle-class Brazilians mayavoid the glitzy stores that cater to the rich, but they do notwant theirsurroundings to look cut-price either. That may be true elsewhere, too,but a sensitivity to surroundings – not wanting to be made to feel cheap– is particularly marked in Brazil.

The underlined word in “are more conscious” means:

(A) eager. (D) interested.

(B) dependent. (E) aware.

(C) fitting.


Entering the middle class brings a predictable taste for yogurt and otherluxuries. But when shopping, middle-class Braziliansare moreconsciousof status than middle-class North Americans or Europeans.“These are people who may ordinarily serve others,” says NicolaCalicchio from McKinsey, a consultancy, “so being attended to bysomeone is very important to them.” Middle-class Brazilians mayavoid the glitzy stores that cater to the rich, but they do notwant theirsurroundings to look cut-price either. That may be true elsewhere, too,but a sensitivity to surroundings – not wanting to be made to feel cheap– is particularly marked in Brazil.

The underlined word in “are more conscious” means:

(A) eager. (D) interested.

(B) dependent. (E) aware.

(C) fitting.

End of End of Class 3:Class 3:Class 3:Class 3:Part 1Part 1

Class 3:Class 3:LFG Concursos

Class 3:Class 3:Part 2Part 2

Inference QuestionsInference Questions

�� True / False questionsTrue / False questions

�� The basis of all inference questions is to The basis of all inference questions is to The basis of all inference questions is to The basis of all inference questions is to determine if the statement is determine if the statement is true or false true or false according to the according to the textual referencetextual reference;;

�� Based primarily on Based primarily on vocabulary synonymsvocabulary synonyms;;�� Check Check negative/positive;negative/positive;�� Check Check inversion of ideasinversion of ideas;;�� Check ideas being used in Check ideas being used in different contextsdifferent contexts..

True/False QuestionsTrue/False Questions

Consider the following excerpts Consider the following excerpts from an article on the from an article on the AfpakAfpak War:War:

General‘s Review Creates RuptureGeneral‘s Review Creates Rupture(Washington Post, September 22, 2009)(Washington Post, September 22, 2009)


Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal's grimassessment of theAfghanistan war has opened a divide between the military,which is pushing for an early decision to send more troops, andcivilian policymakers who are increasingly doubtful of anescalate nation-building effort. Senior military officialsescalate nation-building effort. Senior military officialsemphasized Monday that McChrystal's conclusion that the U.S.effort in Afghanistan "will likely result in failure" without anurgent infusion of troops has been endorsed by the uniformedleadership. That includes Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman MikeMullen and Gen. David H. Petraeus, the head of U.S. CentralCommand and architect of the troop surge strategy widely seenas helping U.S. forces turn the corner in Iraq.


Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal's grimassessment of the Afghanistan war hasopened a divide between the military, which is pushing for anearly decisionto send more troops, and civilian policymakers who are increasinglydoubtful of an escalate nation-building effort. Senior military officialsemphasizedMonday that McChrystal'sconclusionthat the U.S. effort inemphasizedMonday that McChrystal'sconclusionthat the U.S. effort inAfghanistan "will likely result in failure" without an urgent infusion oftroops has been endorsed by the uniformed leadership. That includes JointChiefs of Staff Chairman Mike Mullen and Gen. David H. Petraeus, thehead of U.S. Central Command and architect of the troop surgestrategywidely seen as helping U.S. forces turn the corner in Iraq.

According to the text, determine if the following statementis true or false.

�� McCrystal’sMcCrystal’s allegations of a need for military escalation in Afghanistan allegations of a need for military escalation in Afghanistan are widely supported by senior American administrative officials.are widely supported by senior American administrative officials.


Gen. Stanley A. McChrystal's grimassessment of the Afghanistan war hasopened a divide between the military, which is pushing for anearly decisionto send more troops, andcivilian policymakers who are increasinglydoubtful of an escalate nation-building effort. Senior military officialsemphasizedMonday that McChrystal'sconclusionthat the U.S. effort inemphasizedMonday that McChrystal'sconclusionthat the U.S. effort inAfghanistan "will likely result in failure" without an urgent infusion oftroops has been endorsed by the uniformed leadership. That includes JointChiefs of Staff Chairman Mike Mullen and Gen. David H. Petraeus, thehead of U.S. Central Command and architect of the troop surgestrategywidely seen as helping U.S. forces turn the corner in Iraq.


�� McCrystal’sMcCrystal’s allegations of a need for military escalation in Afghanistan allegations of a need for military escalation in Afghanistan are widely supported by senior American administrative officialsare widely supported by senior American administrative officials..

FALSEFALSE


But before any decision is made, some of PresidentObama's civilian advisers have proposed looking atother, less costly options to address his primary goalof preventingal-Qaedafrom reestablishingitself inof preventingal-Qaedafrom reestablishingitself inAfghanistan. Those options include a redirection ofU.S. efforts -- away fromprotecting the Afghanpopulation and building the Afghan state and towardpersuading the Taliban to stop fighting -- as well asan escalation of targeted attacks against al-Qaedaitself in Pakistan and elsewhere.


But before any decision is made, some of President Obama's civilianadvisers have proposed looking at other, less costly options to addresshis primary goal of preventing al-Qaeda fromreestablishing itself inAfghanistan. Those options include a redirection of U.S. efforts --awayfrom protectingtheAfghanpopulationandbuilding theAfghanawayfrom protectingtheAfghanpopulationandbuilding theAfghanstate and toward persuading the Taliban to stop fighting -- as well asan escalation of targeted attacks against al-Qaeda itself in Pakistanand elsewhere.According to the text, determine if the following statementis true or false.

�� Obama’s foreign policy tactics are moving toward swaying Obama’s foreign policy tactics are moving toward swaying Taliban leaders toward a ceasefire.Taliban leaders toward a ceasefire.


But before any decision is made, some of President Obama's civilianadvisers have proposed looking at other, less costly options to addresshis primary goal of preventing al-Qaeda fromreestablishing itself inAfghanistan.Those options include a redirection of U.S. efforts --awayfrom protectingtheAfghanpopulationandbuilding theAfghanawayfrom protectingtheAfghanpopulationandbuilding theAfghanstate and toward persuading the Taliban to stop fighting-- as well asan escalation of targeted attacks against al-Qaeda itself in Pakistanand elsewhere.According to the text, determine if the following statementis true or false.

�� Obama’s foreign policy tactics are moving toward swaying Obama’s foreign policy tactics are moving toward swaying Taliban leaders toward a ceasefireTaliban leaders toward a ceasefire..

TRUETRUE


Obama's public remarks on Afghanistan indicate that he hasbegun to rethink the counterinsurgency strategy he set inmotion six months ago, even as his generals have embracedit. The equationon the groundhaschangedmarkedlysinceit. The equationon the groundhaschangedmarkedlysincehis March announcement, with attacks by Taliban fightersshowing greater sophistication, U.S. casualties rising, andthe chances increasing that Afghanistan will be left with anillegitimate government after widespread fraud in recentpresidential elections.


Obama's public remarks on Afghanistan indicate that he has begun torethink the counterinsurgency strategy he set in motion six monthsago, even as his generals have embraced it. The equation on theground has changed markedly since his March announcement, withattacks by Taliban fighters showing greater sophistication,U.S.attacks by Taliban fighters showing greater sophistication,U.S.casualties rising, and the chances increasing that Afghanistan will beleft with an illegitimate government after widespread fraud in recentpresidential elections.According to the text, determine if the following statementis true or false.

�� Obama appears firm on holding the line regarding military Obama appears firm on holding the line regarding military insurgencies in Afghanistan and Pakistan.insurgencies in Afghanistan and Pakistan.


Obama's public remarks on Afghanistan indicate that he has begun torethink the counterinsurgency strategy he set in motion six monthsago, even as his generals have embraced it.The equation on theground has changed markedly since his March announcement, withattacks by Taliban fighters showing greater sophistication,U.S.attacks by Taliban fighters showing greater sophistication,U.S.casualties rising, and the chances increasing that Afghanistan will beleft with an illegitimate government after widespread fraud in recentpresidential elections.According to the text, determine if the following statementis true or false.

�� Obama appears firm on holding the line regarding military Obama appears firm on holding the line regarding military insurgencies in Afghanistan and Pakistaninsurgencies in Afghanistan and Pakistan..

FALSEFALSE


Obama's decision is complicated by a deepeningdomestic political divide and no guarantee ofsuccess whichever option he chooses. One observer,characterizingthe president'sdilemma at its mostcharacterizingthe president'sdilemma at its mostextreme, said: "He can send more troops and it willbe a disaster and he will destroy the DemocraticParty. Or he can send no more troops and it will be adisaster and the Republicans will say he lost thewar."


Obama's decision is complicated by a deepening domestic politicaldivide and no guarantee of success whichever option he chooses. Oneobserver, characterizing the president's dilemma at its most extreme,said: "He can send more troops and it will be a disaster and he willdestroythe DemocraticParty. Or he cansendno more troopsand itdestroythe DemocraticParty. Or he cansendno more troopsand itwill be a disaster and the Republicans will say he lost the war."


�� Some critics argue that Obama is in a catchSome critics argue that Obama is in a catch--22 concerning 22 concerning the deployment of American military troops in Afghanistan.the deployment of American military troops in Afghanistan.


Obama's decision is complicated by a deepening domestic politicaldivide and no guarantee of success whichever option he chooses. Oneobserver, characterizing the president's dilemma at its most extreme,said: "He can send more troops and it will be a disaster and he willdestroythe DemocraticParty. Or he cansendno more troopsand itdestroythe DemocraticParty. Or he cansendno more troopsand itwill be a disaster and the Republicans will say he lost the war."


�� Some critics argue that Obama is in a catchSome critics argue that Obama is in a catch--22 concerning 22 concerning the deployment of American military troops in Afghanistanthe deployment of American military troops in Afghanistan..

TRUETRUE


House Minority Leader John A. Boehner (R-Ohio) said in astatement that he was "deeply troubled . . . by reports thatthe White House is delaying action on the General's requestfor more troops" and was questioning the "integratedfor more troops" and was questioning the "integratedcivilian-military counterinsurgency" Obama himself set inmotion. "It's time for the President to clarify where hestands on the strategy he has articulated," Boehner said,"because the longer we wait the more we put our troops atrisk."


House Minority Leader John A. Boehner (R-Ohio) said in a statementthat he was "deeply troubled . . . by reports that the White House isdelaying action on the General's request for more troops" and wasquestioning the "integrated civilian-military counterinsurgency"Obamahimself set in motion. "It's time for the Presidentto clarifyObamahimself set in motion. "It's time for the Presidentto clarifywhere he stands on the strategy he has articulated," Boehner said,"because the longer we wait the more we put our troops at risk."


�� Republican officials adamantly uphold General Republican officials adamantly uphold General McCrystal’sMcCrystal’sassessment of the danger of a delay in the deployment of assessment of the danger of a delay in the deployment of American military troopsAmerican military troops..


House Minority Leader John A. Boehner (R-Ohio) said in a statementthat he was "deeply troubled . . . by reports that the White House isdelaying action on the General's request for more troops" and wasquestioning the "integrated civilian-military counterinsurgency"Obamahimself set in motion. "It's time for the Presidentto clarifyObamahimself set in motion. "It's time for the Presidentto clarifywhere he stands on the strategy he has articulated," Boehner said,"because the longer we wait the more we put our troops at risk."


�� Republican officials adamantly uphold General Republican officials adamantly uphold General McCrystal’sMcCrystal’sassessment of the danger of a delay in the deployment of assessment of the danger of a delay in the deployment of American military troopsAmerican military troops..

TRUETRUE


“All the president is saying is that he wants to take the time tomake sure this decision is not done like the Gulf of Tonkin"resolution, where "underlying assumptions aren't questioned,"Kerry said. The 1964 joint congressional resolution, basedonfalse information aboutNorth Vietnameseactionsand adoptedfalse information aboutNorth Vietnameseactionsand adoptedamid an anti-communist frenzy, authorized President Lyndon B.Johnson to use military force in Southeast Asia. "You've gottofigure out . . . what is the counterinsurgency mission," Kerrysaid. "The president has all the right in the world to properly vetthat mission and define it. It may well be we'll all decide[McChrystal] is absolutely correct, and the mission he's definedis correct."

True/False QuestionsTrue/False Questions“All the president is saying is that he wants to take the time to make sure thisdecision is not done like the Gulf of Tonkin" resolution, where "underlyingassumptions aren't questioned," Kerry said. The 1964 jointcongressional resolution,based on false information about North Vietnamese actions and adopted amid ananti-communist frenzy, authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use militaryforcein SoutheastAsia. "You've got to figure out . . . what is thecounterinsurgencyforcein SoutheastAsia. "You've got to figure out . . . what is thecounterinsurgencymission," Kerry said. "The president has all the right in theworld to properly vetthat mission and define it. It may well be we'll all decide [McChrystal] is absolutelycorrect, and the mission he's defined is correct.“


�� The comparison of Afghanistan to the Gulf of Tonkin is Senator Kerry’s The comparison of Afghanistan to the Gulf of Tonkin is Senator Kerry’s defense of President Obama’s deliberate slow tempo in analyzing the defense of President Obama’s deliberate slow tempo in analyzing the core issues at hand.core issues at hand.

True/False QuestionsTrue/False Questions“All the president is saying is that he wants to take the time to make sure thisdecision is not done like the Gulf of Tonkin" resolution, where "underlyingassumptions aren't questioned," Kerry said.The 1964 joint congressional resolution,based on false information about North Vietnamese actions and adopted amid ananti-communist frenzy, authorized President Lyndon B. Johnson to use militaryforcein SoutheastAsia. "You've got to figure out . . . what is thecounterinsurgencyforcein SoutheastAsia. "You've got to figure out . . . what is thecounterinsurgencymission," Kerry said. "The president has all the right in theworld to properly vetthat mission and define it. It may well be we'll all decide [McChrystal] is absolutelycorrect, and the mission he's defined is correct.“


�� The comparison of Afghanistan to the Gulf of Tonkin is Senator Kerry’s The comparison of Afghanistan to the Gulf of Tonkin is Senator Kerry’s defense of President Obama’s deliberate slow tempo in analyzing the defense of President Obama’s deliberate slow tempo in analyzing the core issues at handcore issues at hand..

TRUETRUE


Consider the following excerpt from Consider the following excerpt from an article on the American an article on the American

Presidential Elections:Presidential Elections:Presidential Elections:Presidential Elections:

The President Chooses his GroundThe President Chooses his Ground(The Economist, December 10, 2011)(The Economist, December 10, 2011)

True/False QuestionsTrue/False QuestionsMost polls suggest that voters agree with Mr Obama and the Democrats in

principle. Our ownEconomist/YouGov poll finds that a majority of Americans would like tosee the payroll-tax cut extended, for example, and two-thirds of those think a surtax onmillionaires is the best way to pay for it. Yet Mr Obama has been harping on aboutraisingtaxes on the rich since his first election campaign. The Republicans do not seem to have paidan electoral price for dismissing the idea as class warfare and preventing its implementationin Congress. Indeed, Democrats in swing states have often voted with them when the idea hasbeen put to the test, for fear of being labelled tax-and-spend liberals.

Mr Obama seems to be hoping that his Republican opponents, many of whom haveput forward proposalsfor regressiveflat taxes,for example,will take their coddling of theput forward proposalsfor regressiveflat taxes,for example,will take their coddling of therich too far for most voters’ tastes. That case will be harder to make ifMitt Romney, theformer governor of Massachusetts, wins the nomination. He has the least doctrinaire tax planin the Republican field, complete with tax breaks exclusively for middle-income groups.

In our latest poll, however, Mr Romney has seen his support among likely primaryvoters decline to 15%, less than half the level of Newt Gingrich, a former Speaker of theHouse of Representatives who appears to be benefiting from the “suspension” of thecampaign of Herman Cain, a candidate dogged by multiple accusations of sexual impropriety.Mr Gingrich supports a flat tax and has denounced Mr Romney’s plan as Obama-style classwarfare. That presents Mr Obama with a bigger target. He told the crowd at Osawatomie thatthe debate about inequality “is the defining issue of our time”, meaning that he would like itto be the defining issue of the presidential campaign.


C. Determine which of the following statements is true.

1. Two-thirds of all Americans agree with the payroll-tax cuts and supplementaltaxes levied on millionaires.

2. Democratsin some key electoral states,on a given day, may side with2. Democratsin some key electoral states,on a given day, may side withRepublican ideals.

3. Democrats throughout the USA are often labeled as “tax-and-spend liberals” byRepublican politicians.

4. The Republican candidates on the whole defend the cosseting of the rich at theexpense of tax breaks for other more needy income class groups.

5. Obama believes that inequality in society is due to the underlying malevolenceof the Republican party and their presidential hopefuls.


Most polls suggest that voters agree with Mr Obama and theDemocrats in principle. Our ownEconomist/YouGov poll finds that amajority of Americans would like to see the payroll-tax cut extended, forexample, and two-thirds of those think a surtax on millionaires is the bestway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonthe rich since his first election campaign. The Republicansdo not seemtohave paid an electoral price for dismissing the idea as classwarfare andpreventing its implementation in Congress. Indeed, Democrats in swingstates have often voted with themwhen the idea has been put to the test, forfear of being labelled tax-and-spend liberals.

1. Two-thirds of all Americans agree with the payroll-tax cuts andsupplemental taxes levied on millionaires.


Most polls suggest that voters agree with Mr Obama and theDemocrats in principle.Our own Economist/YouGov poll finds that amajority of Americans would like to see the payroll-tax cut extended, forexample, and two-thirds of those think a surtax on millionaires is the bestway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonthe rich since his first election campaign. The Republicansdo not seemtohave paid an electoral price for dismissing the idea as classwarfare andpreventing its implementation in Congress. Indeed, Democrats in swingstates have often voted with themwhen the idea has been put to the test, forfear of being labelled tax-and-spend liberals.

1. Two-thirds of all Americans agreewith the payroll-tax cuts andsupplemental taxes levied on millionaires. -FALSE



2. Democrats in some key electoral states, on a given day, mayside with Republicanideals.


Most polls suggest that voters agree with Mr Obama and theDemocrats in principle. Our ownEconomist/YouGov poll finds that amajority of Americans would like to see the payroll-tax cut extended, forexample, and two-thirds of those think a surtax on millionaires is the bestway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonthe rich since his first election campaign. The Republicansdo not seemtohave paid an electoral price for dismissing the idea as classwarfare andpreventing its implementation in Congress.Indeed, Democrats in swingstates have often voted with themwhen the idea has been put to the test, forfear of being labelled tax-and-spend liberals.

2. Democrats in some key electoral states, on a given day, mayside with Republicanideals. -TRUE


Most polls suggest that voters agree with Mr Obama and theDemocrats in principle. Our ownEconomist/YouGov poll finds that amajority of Americans would like to see the payroll-tax cut extended, forexample, and two-thirds of those think a surtax on millionaires is the bestway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonway to payfor it. Yet Mr Obamahasbeenharpingon aboutraisingtaxesonthe rich since his first election campaign. The Republicansdo not seemtohave paid an electoral price for dismissing the idea as classwarfare andpreventing its implementation in Congress.Indeed, Democrats in swingstates have often voted with themwhen the idea has been put to the test, forfear of being labelled tax-and-spend liberals.

3. Democrats throughout the USAare often labeled as“tax-and-spend liberals” byRepublican politicians. -FALSE


Mr Obama seems to be hoping that his Republican opponents,many of whomhave put forward proposals for regressive flat taxes,for example, will take their coddling of the rich too far for mostvoters’ tastes. That case will be harder to make if Mitt Romney, theformer governorof Massachusetts,wins the nomination. He hastheformer governorof Massachusetts,wins the nomination. He hastheleast doctrinaire tax plan in the Republican field, complete with taxbreaks exclusively for middle-income groups.

4. The Republican candidates on the whole defend the cosseting of therich at the expense of tax breaks for other more needy income classgroups.


Mr Obama seems to be hoping that his Republican opponents,many of whomhave put forward proposals for regressive flat taxes,for example, will take their coddling of the rich too far for mostvoters’ tastes.That case will be harder to make if Mitt Romney, theformer governorof Massachusetts,wins the nomination. He hastheformer governorof Massachusetts,wins the nomination. He hastheleast doctrinaire tax plan in the Republican field, complete with taxbreaks exclusively for middle-income groups.

4. The Republicancandidates on the wholedefend the cosseting of therich at the expense of tax breaks for other more needy income classgroups. -FALSE


In our latest poll, however, Mr Romney has seen his support amonglikely primary voters decline to 15%, less than half the level of NewtGingrich, a former Speaker of the House of Representatives who appears tobe benefiting fromthe “suspension” of the campaign of Herman Cain, acandidate dogged by multiple accusationsof sexual impropriety. Mrcandidate dogged by multiple accusationsof sexual impropriety. MrGingrich supports a flat tax and has denounced Mr Romney’s plan asObama-style class warfare. That presents Mr Obama with a bigger target.He told the crowd at Osawatomie that the debate about inequality “is thedefining issue of our time”, meaning that he would like it to be the definingissue of the presidential campaign.

5. Obama believes that inequality in society is due to the underlying malevolence ofthe Republican party and their presidential hopefuls.


In our latest poll, however, Mr Romney has seen his support amonglikely primary voters decline to 15%, less than half the level of NewtGingrich, a former Speaker of the House of Representatives who appears tobe benefiting fromthe “suspension” of the campaign of Herman Cain, acandidate dogged by multiple accusationsof sexual impropriety. Mrcandidate dogged by multiple accusationsof sexual impropriety. MrGingrich supports a flat tax and has denounced Mr Romney’s plan asObama-style class warfare.That presents Mr Obama with a bigger target.He told the crowd at Osawatomie that the debate about inequality “is thedefining issue of our time”, meaning that he would like it to be the definingissue of the presidential campaign.

5. Obama believes that inequality in societyis due to the underlying malevolenceofthe Republican party and their presidential hopefuls. –FALSE


C. Determine which of the following statements is true.

1. Two-thirds of all Americans agree with the payroll-tax cuts and supplementaltaxes levied on millionaires.

2. Democratsin some key electoral states,on a given day, may side with2. Democratsin some key electoral states,on a given day, may side withRepublican ideals.


4. The Republican candidates on the whole defend the cosseting of the rich at theexpense of tax breaks for other more needy income class groups.

5. Obama believes that inequality in society is due to the underlying malevolenceof the Republican party and their presidential hopefuls.

Inference QuestionsInference Questions

�� PrepositionsPrepositions

�� Extremely important to determine Extremely important to determine placeplace, , timetime, , Extremely important to determine Extremely important to determine placeplace, , timetime, , and and mannermanner that things are done;that things are done;

�� Adds Adds meaning to verbsmeaning to verbs (phrasal verb);(phrasal verb);�� Creates Creates keykey expressionsexpressions (fixed expression and (fixed expression and

collocation);collocation);�� Important for Important for graphs and statisticsgraphs and statistics..

Prepositions: IN / ON / ATPrepositions: IN / ON / ATProvide an example or a definition to fit each categoryProvide an example or a definition to fit each category

IN ON AT

Place(where)

Location(street address)

Time

Vehicle

Computer/Internet

Prepositions: IN / ON / ATPrepositions: IN / ON / ATProvide an example or a definition to fit each categoryProvide an example or a definition to fit each category

IN ON AT

Place(where)

In Brazil(geographic space)

In his house/Fiat(inside of the building)

On the floor(surface)Hence:“The book is on the table.”

At home(specific location)

At his home/Fiat(specific location, outside the building)outside the building)

Location(streetaddress)

In the street(inside of traffic)

On Bahia St.(general location –somewhere along that street)

At 200 Bahia St.(specific location)

Time In July(any quantity of time –week, month, year,decade, century, etc.)

On ChristmasOn July 4th

(specific day)

At 5am(specific time/hour)

PrepositionsPrepositions

VEHICLES:VEHICLES:Do we use “in” or “on” for the following Do we use “in” or “on” for the following

vehicles?vehicles?__________ a taxi__________ a taxi__________ a taxi__________ a taxi__________ a bus__________ a bus__________ a train__________ a train__________ a ship__________ a ship__________ a plane__________ a plane

What is the difference?What is the difference?

PrepositionsPrepositionsVEHICLES:VEHICLES:Do we use “in” or “on” for the following Do we use “in” or “on” for the following

vehicles?vehicles?inin a taxia taxionon a busa busonon a busa busonon a traina trainonon a shipa shiponon a planea plane

What is the difference? What is the difference? Can you walk around inside?Can you walk around inside?


Computer and InternetComputer and InternetWhat is the difference in the following 3 What is the difference in the following 3

expressions?expressions?

��In In the computerthe computer��On On the computerthe computer��At At the computerthe computer

PrepositionsPrepositionsComputer and InternetComputer and InternetWhat is the difference in the following 3 What is the difference in the following 3

expressions?expressions?

��In In the computerthe computer��Physical partsPhysical parts��Physical partsPhysical parts

��On On the computer/the Internetthe computer/the Internet��Information/filesInformation/files��Virtual Space Virtual Space –– “in a site”“in a site”

��At At the computerthe computer��Location Location


onon the wallthe wall atat 11:00 a.m.11:00 a.m.onon the internetthe internet inin my roommy roomin/onin/on the bookthe book in/onin/on my handmy handinin DecemberDecember in/on/at in/on/at the computerthe computerinin the glassthe glass in/atin/at my officemy officein/onin/on the streetthe street onon the floorthe flooronon May 4, 2002May 4, 2002 inin naturenatureonon the telephonethe telephone inin a foresta forest


onon a traina train onon an airplanean airplaneonon the busthe bus inin a taxia taxionon a bargea barge onon footfootonon a cruise linera cruise liner inin a trucka truckonon horsebackhorseback inin a boata boatinin a canoea canoe onon a motorcyclea motorcycleonon the subwaythe subway in/onin/on a jeta jetonon a bicyclea bicycle onon a yachta yacht

Who Won and Who Lost at Bali Who Won and Who Lost at Bali PrepositionsPrepositions

BringingBringing thethe developingdeveloping nationsnations ____________ boardboard mademade itit possiblepossible ____________ thetheUU..SS.. ____________ joinjoin.. SinceSince thethe KyotoKyoto ProtocolProtocol waswas signedsigned —— andand thenthen rejectedrejected____________ thethe SenateSenate —— thethe UU..SS.. hashas insistedinsisted thatthat itit can'tcan't taketake partpart ____________ aaclimateclimate schemescheme thatthat doesn'tdoesn't includeinclude IndiaIndia andand ChinaChina.. ThoughThough specificspecificcommitmentscommitments willwill stillstill needneed ____________ bebe negotiated,negotiated, thethe UU..SS.. isis nownow ____________tracktrack.. WithWith momentummomentum buildingbuilding ____________ domesticdomestic carboncarbon capcap legislation,legislation,there'sthere's aa realreal chancechance thatthat ____________ 20092009 —— whenwhen aa new,new, andand likelylikely moremorethere'sthere's aa realreal chancechance thatthat ____________ 20092009 —— whenwhen aa new,new, andand likelylikely moremoreclimateclimate--friendlyfriendly AdministrationAdministration willwill bebe ____________ placeplace —— thethe UU..SS.. cancan leadlead____________ globalglobal warming,warming, justjust asas nationsnations likelike PapuaPapua NewNew GuineaGuinea demandeddemanded..

LostLost aa bitbit ____________ thethe finalfinal dramadrama waswas thethe BaliBali roadmap'sroadmap's mostmost substantialsubstantialachievementachievement:: puttingputting forestryforestry frontfront andand centercenter ____________ futurefuture climateclimate changechangenegotiationsnegotiations.. DeforestationDeforestation accountsaccounts ____________ upup ____________ 2020%% ____________ manman--mademade globalglobal warmingwarming emissions,emissions, butbut thethe KyotoKyoto ProtocolProtocol hashas nono mechanismmechanism totosupportsupport thethe protectionprotection ofof forestsforests.. ThatThat willwill change,change, andand eventuallyeventually tropicaltropicalnationsnations couldcould bebe rewardedrewarded ____________ notnot cuttingcutting ____________ theirtheir forests,forests, providingprovidingaa wayway ____________ reducereduce carboncarbon emissionsemissions..


BringingBringing thethe developingdeveloping nationsnations onon boardboard mademade ititpossiblepossible forfor thethe UU..SS.. toto joinjoin.. SinceSince thethe KyotoKyoto ProtocolProtocol waswassignedsigned —— andand thenthen rejectedrejected byby thethe SenateSenate —— thethe UU..SS.. hashasinsistedinsisted thatthat itit can'tcan't taketake partpart inin aa climateclimate schemescheme thatthatdoesn'tdoesn't includeinclude IndiaIndia andand ChinaChina.. ThoughThough specificspecificdoesn'tdoesn't includeinclude IndiaIndia andand ChinaChina.. ThoughThough specificspecificcommitmentscommitments willwill stillstill needneed toto bebe negotiated,negotiated, thethe UU..SS.. isisnownow onon tracktrack.. WithWith momentummomentum buildingbuilding forfor domesticdomesticcarboncarbon capcap legislation,legislation, there'sthere's aa realreal chancechance thatthat inin 20092009—— whenwhen aa new,new, andand likelylikely moremore climateclimate--friendlyfriendlyAdministrationAdministration willwill bebe inin placeplace —— thethe UU..SS.. cancan leadlead ononglobalglobal warming,warming, justjust asas nationsnations likelike PapuaPapua NewNew GuineaGuineademandeddemanded..


LostLost aa bitbit inin thethe finalfinal dramadrama waswas thethe BaliBaliroadmap'sroadmap's mostmost substantialsubstantial achievementachievement::puttingputting forestryforestry frontfront andand centercenter forfor futurefutureclimateclimate changechange negotiationsnegotiations.. DeforestationDeforestationclimateclimate changechange negotiationsnegotiations.. DeforestationDeforestationaccountsaccounts forfor upup toto 2020%% ofof manman--mademade globalglobalwarmingwarming emissions,emissions, butbut thethe KyotoKyoto ProtocolProtocol hashasnono mechanismmechanism toto supportsupport thethe protectionprotection ofofforestsforests.. ThatThat willwill change,change, andand eventuallyeventuallytropicaltropical nationsnations couldcould bebe rewardedrewarded forfor notnotcuttingcutting downdown theirtheir forests,forests, providingproviding aa wayway totoreducereduce carboncarbon emissionsemissions..


1. description:1. description: OFOF2. infinitive of a verb:2. infinitive of a verb: TOTO3. regarding/about:3. regarding/about: ONON3. regarding/about:3. regarding/about: ONON4. quantity of time:4. quantity of time: ININ5. reason:5. reason: FORFOR6. manner in which:6. manner in which: TOTO

Who Won and Who Lost at Bali Who Won and Who Lost at Bali Phrasal Verbs / Fixed ExpressionsPhrasal Verbs / Fixed Expressionsonon board: board: in favor ofin favor ofrejectedrejected byby:: not acceptednot acceptedtake part take part inin:: participate inparticipate inneedneed toto:: necessitynecessityneedneed toto:: necessitynecessityonon track: track: doing the right thingdoing the right thinginin place: place: in officein officeaccountsaccounts forfor:: representsrepresentsupup toto:: to a specific limitto a specific limitrewardedrewarded forfor:: commended for doing/commended for doing/

not doing somethingnot doing somethingcuttingcutting downdown:: chopping downchopping down

Question from ESAF, Question from ESAF, AnalistaAnalista Fiscal, 2009Fiscal, 2009

InIn JuneJune thisthis year,year, thethe BRICs,BRICs, thethe world’sworld’s newestnewest economiceconomicgroupinggrouping,, endedended theirtheir firstfirst majormajor summitsummit byby callingcalling forfor aa stablestable,,predictablepredictable andand moremore diversifieddiversified internationalinternational monetarymonetary systemsystem..ButBut thethe leadersleaders ofof Brazil,Brazil, Russia,Russia, IndiaIndia andand China,China, stoppedstoppedshortshort ofof criticisingcriticising thethe world’sworld’s dominantdominant currencycurrency,, thethe USUS dollardollar..TheThe groupgroup repeatedrepeated callscalls forfor aa biggerbigger saysay inin thethe globalglobal financialfinancialsystemsystem throughthrough greatergreater representationrepresentation atat majormajor institutions,institutions,systemsystem throughthrough greatergreater representationrepresentation atat majormajor institutions,institutions,suchsuch asas thethe WorldWorld BankBank..

The The phrase “stopped short of” in paragraph 1 meansphrase “stopped short of” in paragraph 1 meansaa) made short work of.) made short work of.bb) took a short cut to.) took a short cut to.cc) halted in its tracks over.) halted in its tracks over.dd) went over the top in.) went over the top in.ee) did not go so far as.) did not go so far as.


InIn JuneJune thisthis year,year, thethe BRICs,BRICs, thethe world’sworld’s newestnewest economiceconomicgroupinggrouping,, endedended theirtheir firstfirst majormajor summitsummit byby callingcalling forfor aa stablestable,,predictablepredictable andand moremore diversifieddiversified internationalinternational monetarymonetary systemsystem..ButBut thethe leadersleaders ofof Brazil,Brazil, Russia,Russia, IndiaIndia andand China,China, stoppedstoppedshortshort ofof criticisingcriticising thethe world’sworld’s dominantdominant currencycurrency,, thethe USUS dollardollar..TheThe groupgroup repeatedrepeated callscalls forfor aa biggerbigger saysay inin thethe globalglobal financialfinancialsystemsystem throughthrough greatergreater representationrepresentation atat majormajor institutions,institutions,systemsystem throughthrough greatergreater representationrepresentation atat majormajor institutions,institutions,suchsuch asas thethe WorldWorld BankBank..

The The phrase “phrase “stopped short ofstopped short of” in paragraph 1 means” in paragraph 1 meansaa) made short work of) made short work of. . (did quickly)(did quickly)bb) took a short cut to) took a short cut to. . (found a faster way of doing)(found a faster way of doing)cc) halted in its tracks over) halted in its tracks over. . (became paralyzed by)(became paralyzed by)dd) went over the top in) went over the top in. . (spectacularly better)(spectacularly better)ee) did not go so far as) did not go so far as. (did everything but this action). (did everything but this action)

Grammar NoteGrammar Note

Consider all the cases in which a Consider all the cases in which a verbverb follows a follows a prepositionpreposition..What forms can the verb be in? What forms can the verb be in? (1) _______________ (2) _______________(1) _______________ (2) _______________

When is the infinitive used?When is the infinitive used?When is the infinitive used?When is the infinitive used?When is the gerund used?When is the gerund used?

Fill in the blanks in the sentences using either the gerundFill in the blanks in the sentences using either the gerundor the infinitive form:or the infinitive form:

–– I Look forward to _______________ (hear) from you.I Look forward to _______________ (hear) from you.–– I want to _______________ (hear) from you.I want to _______________ (hear) from you.–– I’m worried about not ___________ (hear) from you.I’m worried about not ___________ (hear) from you.

Grammar NoteGrammar Note

Consider all the cases in which a Consider all the cases in which a verbverb follows a follows a prepositionpreposition..What forms can the verb be in? What forms can the verb be in? (1) Gerund (1) Gerund (2) Infinitive(2) Infinitive

When is the infinitive used?When is the infinitive used?When is the infinitive used?When is the infinitive used?When is the gerund used?When is the gerund used?

Fill in the blanks in the sentences using either the gerund Fill in the blanks in the sentences using either the gerund or the infinitive form:or the infinitive form:–– I Look forward to I Look forward to hearinghearing from you.from you.–– I want to I want to hearhear from you.from you.–– I’m worried about not I’m worried about not hearinghearing from you.from you.

Prepositions with Prepositions with Statistics and GraphsStatistics and Graphs

Fill in the following sentences with the Fill in the following sentences with the appropriate preposition:appropriate preposition:

The supermarket’s prices rose ______ The supermarket’s prices rose ______ The supermarket’s prices rose ______ The supermarket’s prices rose ______ 50% as compared to last year.50% as compared to last year.

There was a rise _____ 50%.There was a rise _____ 50%.

There was a rise _____ food prices.There was a rise _____ food prices.


Fill in the following sentences with the Fill in the following sentences with the appropriate preposition:appropriate preposition:

The supermarket’s prices rose The supermarket’s prices rose byby 50% 50% The supermarket’s prices rose The supermarket’s prices rose byby 50% 50% as compared to last year.as compared to last year.

ReasoningReasoning::When using When using a verb a verb followed by a followed by a numerical valuenumerical value, use “, use “byby”.”.

Prepositions with Prepositions with Statistics and GraphsStatistics and GraphsFill in the following sentences with the Fill in the following sentences with the appropriate preposition:appropriate preposition:

There was a rise There was a rise ofof 50%. 50%. There was a rise There was a rise ofof 50%. 50%. There was a rise There was a rise inin food prices.food prices.

ReasoningReasoning::When using the When using the noun form noun form followed by a followed by a numerical valuenumerical value, use “, use “ofof”, ”, When using the When using the noun form noun form followed by followed by a a conceptconcept, use “, use “inin”. ”.

Prepositions with Prepositions with Statistics and GraphsStatistics and GraphsHence, to avoid choppy sentences, we can Hence, to avoid choppy sentences, we can write:write:

There was a rise There was a rise ofof 50% 50% ininThere was a rise There was a rise ofof 50% 50% ininfood prices.food prices.

Prepositions with Prepositions with Statistics and GraphsStatistics and GraphsWhat is the difference in the use of the What is the difference in the use of the following prepositions?following prepositions?

The oil prices dropped The oil prices dropped byby US$30,00 US$30,00 The oil prices dropped The oil prices dropped byby US$30,00 US$30,00 a barrel.a barrel.

The oil prices dropped The oil prices dropped toto US$30,00 US$30,00 a barrel.a barrel.


The oil prices dropped The oil prices dropped byby $30.00 a $30.00 a The oil prices dropped The oil prices dropped byby $30.00 a $30.00 a barrel.barrel.

The price The price change was of $30.00 change was of $30.00 (ex. (ex. from $70.00 to $40.00from $70.00 to $40.00).).


The oil prices dropped The oil prices dropped toto $30.00 a $30.00 a The oil prices dropped The oil prices dropped toto $30.00 a $30.00 a barrel.barrel.

The price dropped The price dropped to the level of to the level of $30.00$30.00..The The differencedifference here is here is variablevariable..


____________________ NovemberNovember thethe valuevalue ____________________ exportsexports fellfell____________________ 2727%% yearyear ____________________ yearyear.. TheThe picturepicture onlyonlyworsenedworsened ____________________ DecemberDecember ____________________ aa yearyear--____________________ --yearyear fallfall ____________________ 3535%%.. RecessionRecession____________________ thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates waswas thethe mainmain cause,cause,____________________ thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates waswas thethe mainmain cause,cause,____________________ exportsexports therethere downdown ____________________ 3636..99%%____________________ aa yearyear earlierearlier.. ____________________ turn,turn, thethe globalglobalslumpslump hashas alsoalso knockedknocked supplysupply chainschains ____________________ Asia,Asia,sendingsending Japan’sJapan’s exportsexports ____________________ ChinaChina downdown____________________ 3535..55%% ____________________ December,December,____________________ exportsexports ____________________ Asia’sAsia’s “tigers”“tigers” (Hong(HongKong,Kong, Singapore,Singapore, SouthSouth KoreaKorea andand Taiwan)Taiwan) fallingfalling____________________ eveneven moremore thanthan thosethose ____________________ AmericaAmerica..


InIn NovemberNovember thethe valuevalue ofof exportsexportsfellfell byby 2727%% yearyear onon yearyear.. TheThe picturepictureonlyonly worsenedworsened inin DecemberDecember withwith aaonlyonly worsenedworsened inin DecemberDecember withwith aayearyear--onon--yearyear fallfall ofof 3535%%.. RecessionRecessioninin thethe UnitedUnited StatesStates waswas thethe mainmaincause,cause, withwith exportsexports therethere downdown byby3636..99%% fromfrom aa yearyear earlierearlier..

Prepositions with Prepositions with Statistics and GraphsStatistics and GraphsInIn turn,turn, thethe globalglobal slumpslump hashas alsoalsoknockedknocked supplysupply chainschains inin Asia,Asia,sendingsending Japan’sJapan’s exportsexports toto ChinaChinasendingsending Japan’sJapan’s exportsexports toto ChinaChinadowndown byby 3535..55%% inin December,December, withwithexportsexports toto Asia’sAsia’s “tigers”“tigers” (Hong(Hong Kong,Kong,Singapore,Singapore, SouthSouth KoreaKorea andand Taiwan)Taiwan)fallingfalling byby eveneven moremore thanthan thosethose totoAmericaAmerica..


TheThe economyeconomy stalledstalled inin MayMay followingfollowing anan unexpectedunexpected dropdrop ininretailretail salessales.. ThatThat heightenedheightened fearsfears forfor whatwhat waswas oneone ofof thethe fewfewbrightbright spotsspots ofof thethe worldworld economy,economy, makingmaking itit thethe worstworstperformerperformer amongamong BricsBrics nationsnations.. GDPGDP grewgrew justjust 00..22%% inin thethefirstfirst quarterquarter yearyear--onon--year,year, markingmarking thethe thirdthird straightstraight quarterquarter ofofnearnear--zerozero growthgrowth..

FromFrom: BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 : BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 -- adaptedadaptedFromFrom: BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 : BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 -- adaptedadapted

The phrase "in the first quarter year-on-year" refers to

a) January-March 2012 compared to the same period of 2011.

b) the last nine months of the current year.

c) the last trimester of 2011 and the first of 2012.

d) annual economic figures for successive years.

e) the period April-June two years running.


TheThe economyeconomy stalledstalled inin MayMay followingfollowing anan unexpectedunexpected dropdrop ininretailretail salessales.. ThatThat heightenedheightened fearsfears forfor whatwhat waswas oneone ofof thethe fewfewbrightbright spotsspots ofof thethe worldworld economy,economy, makingmaking itit thethe worstworstperformerperformer amongamong BricsBrics nationsnations.. GDPGDP grewgrew justjust 00..22%% inin thethefirstfirst quarterquarter yearyear--onon--yearyear,, markingmarking thethe thirdthird straightstraight quarterquarter ofofnearnear--zerozero growthgrowth..

FromFrom: BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 : BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 -- adaptedadaptedFromFrom: BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 : BBC.co.uk/news/business July 13 2012 -- adaptedadapted

The phrase "in the first quarter year-on-year" refers to

a) January-March 2012 compared to the same period of 2011.

b) the last nine months of the current year. (end-year)

c) the last trimester of 2011 and the first of 2012. (outyear)

d) annual economic figures for successive years. (year after/by year)

e) the period April-June two years running. (refers to 2nd quarter)

Vocabulary:Vocabulary:Go up & Go downGo up & Go down

Go up Go down

Increase/AugmentRiseRaise

DecreaseFall/drop/declineLowerRaise

GrowExpandClimbPick up/accelerateSoar/

go through the roof

LowerShrinkReduceDescendSlump/deceleratePlummet/plunge/

crash


Increase Improve

BoostAugment

BoostEnhanceAugment

ClimbSoar

Push up

EnhanceBolster

Shore upLift

Question from Question from AnalistaAnalista Fiscal Exam, 2009Fiscal Exam, 2009

Article’s TitleArticle’s Title::““Brazil boosts the dollarBrazil boosts the dollar””

The The title of the article suggests that the Brazilian title of the article suggests that the Brazilian governmentgovernmentgovernmentgovernmenta) intends to promote the value of the dollar.a) intends to promote the value of the dollar.b) is behaving imprudently.b) is behaving imprudently.c) has taken action to deflate the dollar.c) has taken action to deflate the dollar.d) has decided to shun the dollar.d) has decided to shun the dollar.e) is concerned about the overe) is concerned about the over--valued dollar.valued dollar.


Article’s TitleArticle’s Title::““Brazil Brazil boostsboosts the dollarthe dollar””

The The title of the article suggests that the Brazilian title of the article suggests that the Brazilian governmentgovernmentgovernmentgovernmenta) intends to promote the value of the dollar.a) intends to promote the value of the dollar.b) is behaving b) is behaving imprudentlyimprudently..c) has c) has taken action to deflate taken action to deflate the dollar.the dollar.d) has d) has decided to shun decided to shun the dollar.the dollar.e) is concerned about the e) is concerned about the overover--valued dollarvalued dollar..


Gradual Fall Extreme Fall

SlumpDownswing

DebaclePlummetDownswing

SlowdownDeclineWaneDrop

PlummetPlungeCrash

CollapseNose-dive


ThisThis timetime governmentsgovernments areare attemptingattempting toto slowslow itit downdown.. ButBut itit isisnot,not, asas widelywidely expected,expected, thethe USUS governmentgovernment thatthat isis doingdoing thisthis..Instead,Instead, thethe CanadianCanadian dollardollar droppeddropped sharplysharply onon TuesdayTuesday afterafterthethe BankBank ofof CanadaCanada issuedissued aa warningwarning overover thethe currency’scurrency’srecentrecent strengthstrength.. Brazil’sBrazil’s governmentgovernment wentwent furtherfurther,, imposingimposingcapitalcapital controlscontrols toto stopstop thethe realreal gaininggaining atat thethe dollar’sdollar’s expenseexpense..OtherOther countries,countries, itit appears,appears, havehave moremore toto loselose fromfrom aa weakweakOtherOther countries,countries, itit appears,appears, havehave moremore toto loselose fromfrom aa weakweakdollardollar thanthan thethe USUS doesdoes..

Source: the Financial Times October 20- www.ft.com, adapted

The writer claims that Canada and Brazil both appeared to show

a) little concern about the falling value of the dollar.

b) more concern than the US over the weakness of the dollar.

c) a benevolent desire to help the US in times of crisis.

d) an urge to promote the value of their own currencies.

e) a short-term desire to boost prices on their stock markets.


BrazilBrazil evidentlyevidently fearsfears thatthat anan overpricedoverpriced realrealcouldcould endangerendanger itsits recoveryrecovery.. OtherOther exportersexporterswillwill bebe watchingwatching closelyclosely..


The cause of Brazilian government action, according to the text, is The cause of Brazilian government action, according to the text, is

concern

a) about aggressive action by other exporting countries.

b) that there could be a dangerous run on its stock market.

c) to keep pace with Canada in attacking the US currency.

d) that its economic recovery could be harmed by an over-priced

real.

e) to avoid the overheating of its economy in the short term.


BrazilBrazil evidentlyevidently fearsfears thatthat anan overpricedoverpriced realreal couldcould endangerendanger itsitsrecoveryrecovery.. OtherOther exportersexporters willwill bebe watchingwatching closelyclosely..


The cause of Brazilian government action, according to the text, is concern

a) about aggressive action by other exporting countries.

(not stated in reference to “other countries”)

b) that there could be a dangerous run on its stock market. b) that there could be a dangerous run on its stock market.

(does not mention “dangerous run”)

c) to keep pace with Canada in attacking the US currency.

(not a direct competition with Canada)

d) that its economic recovery could be harmed by an over-priced

real.

e) to avoid the overheating of its economy in the short term.

(not the economy, but the over-priced currency)

End of End of Class 3:Class 3:Class 3:Class 3:Part 2Part 2

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