A NARRAÇÃO ESPORTIVA E A FIDELIDADE DO OUVINTE DE RÁDIO: Uma análise sobre a estratégia...

8/7/2019 A NARRAÇÃO ESPORTIVA E A FIDELIDADE DO OUVINTE DE RÁDIO: Uma análise sobre a estratégia utilizada pelos nar…

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> IB]VLM_ÄÈL

Hlc l nwnbäl mn }ohbleldin midi}ne% bn îvon mn hlcubihnäèl% lx miwovxlx coilx cimiî}ihlx

{vohixnvnc {nxxnv {lv voeownb}ox cumnbänx" Hlc n h`odnmn mn }oeowixèl o mn ib}ovbo} lx

woãhuelx mo hlcubihnäèl vocl}lx% hlcl l vîmil% }iwovnc ~uo xo nmo~unv ëx blwnx }ohbleldinx%

hlcl glvcn mo xlfvowiwábhin"

N }oeowixèl voen}n n~uiel ~uo xo wá% o% }newoq {lv ixxl% xun cobxndoc {nvoän vomubmnb}o" Ix}l

xo }lvbn uc moxngil n xov op{elvnml" Moxngilx }ncféc giqovnc {nv}o mnx }vnbxcixxÿox

ox{lv}iwnx {oel vîmil ~uo% nl elbdl mo xun `ix}øvin% {vohixlu hlb}vn}nv {vlgixxilbnix

hlc{o}ob}ox o hn{nqox mo% hlc xun hvin}iwimnmo% xu{vivoc n gne}n mn icndoc lgovohimn {oen

{nv}imn nl wiwl o% mo{lix% obgvob}nvnc n hlbhlvvábhin hlc n ]W"

[nvn bèl {ovmov l xou ox{näl% l vîmil woil% nl elbdl mlx nblx% n{ovgoiälnbml l {vlhoxxl mo

{vlmuäèl mnx cobxndobx o% `lao% é hlbximovnml uc woãhuel op}vocncob}o vox{oi}nml bnx

}vnbxcixxÿox mnx {nv}imnx mo gu}ofle" N cnilvin mlx }lvhomlvox ~uo wni nl hnc{l lu

nhlc{nb`n lx aldlx {oen }oeowixèl% hlb}ibun luwibml% xicue}nboncob}o% {oel vîmil% nxbnvvnäÿox o lx hlcob}îvilx mo xoux elhu}lvox ox{lv}iwlx"

[nvn huc{viv% hlc cnilv vidlv% oxxo hnvî}ov ibglvcn}iwl% l vîmil {nxxlu n gnqov uxl mo

moxhviäÿox hnmn woq cnix lfao}iwnx mnx {nv}imnx mo gu}ofle" Nl elbdl ml }oc{l% glvnc

hlbx}vuãmnx glvcnx {ohueinvox {nvn n }vnbxcixxèl mlx dlex% mlx gn}lx ic{lv}nb}ox mnx {nv}imnx%

mnx op{oh}n}iwnx mlx aldnmlvox o }lvhomlvox% lu xoan% mo }lmn n ocläèl ~uo obwlewo hnmn

ox{o}îhuel" L bnvvnmlv ox{lv}iwl n{vobmou n hn}iwnv l voho{}lv o% {lv coil mo ucn elhuäèlhnvvodnmn mo ocläèl o xob}icob}l% }lvblu#xo hn{nq mo cnb}á#el hlboh}nml ë }vnbxcixxèl o

gioe ë vîmil"

N Vîmil I}n}inin {lxxui% `lao% ucn numiábhin gioe o ubæbico% oc hlc{nvnäèl ëx mocnix

}vnbxcixxÿox ox{lv}iwnx voneiqnmnx bn hn{i}ne ciboivn"

Lv}vitnbl (>90?) mogibo l vîmil hlcl {vibhi{ne woãhuel mo hlcubihnäèl mo cnxxn ml cubml

o ]`lc{xlb (>990) voxxne}n ~uo n hlcubihnäèl mo cnxxn bèl ox}î bn ~unb}imnmo mo



>;

ibmiwãmulx ~uo vohofoc lx {vlmu}lx% cnx bl gn}l mo ~uo ox}ox {vlmu}lx ox}èl mix{lbãwoix% oc

{vibhã{il% {nvn ucn dvnbmo {euvneimnmo mo mox}ibn}îvilx" @lao% oc {eobn ovn mn }ohbleldin

midi}ne% é ic{lv}nb}o mox}nhnv ox}n {ovcnbábhin ml vîmil bn wimn ml luwib}o ox{lv}iwl%

moxnginbml n icndoc% oc }oc{l vone% nehnbänmn {oen ]W"

N voeowæbhin mox}o }vnfne`l vogovo#xo ë hlc{vlwnäèl mo ~uo% coxcl hlc l nmwob}l mnx blwnx

}ohbleldinx midi}nix% l vîmil nibmn {ovcnboho wiwl bl min n min mn {l{uenäèl% xoan bl hnvvl%

oc hnxn lu n}é coxcl bl }vnfne`l"

Xodubml [vn}n (6;;;)% nedubx luwib}ox }lvbnc#xo giéix n ucn mo}ovcibnmn vîmil% {lv hnuxn mn

nmcivnäèl ~uo bu}voc {oelx xoux elhu}lvox ox{lv}iwlx% l ~uo {vl{ihin l hvoxhicob}l mox}n

aub}l ëx {ox~uixnx mo l{ibièl" Xodubml n nu}lvn% l luwib}o gioe }lvbn#xo uc xoduimlv mn

ocixxlvn oc }lmn n xun {vldvncnäèl% hlb`ohobml lx blcox mo }lmlx lx hlcubihnmlvox%

{nv}ihi{nbml mnx ob~uo}ox o xob}ibml#xo% vonecob}o% {nv}o mn vîmil"

N ibwox}idnäèl ml {vlhoxxl mo gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o mo vîmil ë elhuäèl ox{lv}iwn% oc ~uo n

icndoc é mnmn {oen ocläèl hlc ~uo l bnvvnmlv }vnbxci}o n {nv}imn% é l }ocn mo ox}uml mox}o}vnfne`l"

[nvn ixxl% gli moxobwlewiml l xoduib}o {vlfeocn mo {ox~uixn1 ^une n ox}vn}édin mo bnvvnäèl

u}ieiqnmn {oelx elhu}lvox ox{lv}iwlx mn I}n}inin {nvn n gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o<% neéc mlx

xoduib}ox lfao}iwlx1 ># nbneixnv lx ox}ielx mo bnvvnäÿox mo Nefov}l Vlmviduox o Cîvil

@obvi~uo% ncflx elhu}lvox mn Vîmil I}n}inin: 6# nbneixnv n viwneimnmo vodilbne {oel ox{lv}o

hlcl gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o mo vîmil: 8# nbneixnv l {vlhoxxl n}vnwéx ml ~une lx bnvvnmlvox

mo vîmil hlbxoduoc n eonemnmo ml luwib}o: o% =# nbneixnv n {ovcnbábhin ml vîmil bn wimn ml

luwib}o ox{lv}iwl oc {eobn ovn mn }ohbleldin midi}ne"

Box}n {ox~uixn% n fuxhn {lv oxxo ob}obmicob}l {nxxnvî {oenx cnvhnx mn elhuäèl% xunx }éhbihnx%

h`nwÿox o ibx{ivnäÿox% foc hlcl {oen }ob}n}iwn mo xo moxwobmnv ~une {vlhoxxl mixhuvxiwl é

hn{nq mo copov hlc l icndibîvil ml luwib}o mo gu}ofle% gimoeiqnbml#l nl bnvvnmlv o%

hlbxo~õob}ocob}o% n vîmil n ~uo ox}o {ov}obho" Xovèl goi}nx nbîeixox mo }voh`lx mo aldlx mogu}ofle% bnvvnmlx {lv Nefov}l Vlmviduox o Cîvil @obvi~uo"



>>

N Vîmil I}n}inin xovî nflvmnmn oc xun voenäèl hlc l gu}ofle% {lv ib}ovcémil mo xunx cnix

miwovxnx `ix}øvinx% ml ox}iel ibhlbgubmãwoe mo xoux bnvvnmlvox o mnx ox}vn}édinx ~uo u}ieiqlu o%

nibmn u}ieiqn% {nvn n gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o ox{lv}iwl" [lv coil mox}n {ox~uixn% xovî

imob}igihnml l {vlhoxxl {oel ~une lx bnvvnmlvox mo vîmil hlbxoduoc ox}n eonemnmo ml luwib}o%

op{lx}l n ibñcovnx {lxxifieimnmox bnvvn}iwnx mob}vl ml dvnbmo ubiwovxl mnx }vnbxcixxÿox

ox{lv}iwnx"



>6

6 L G_]OFLE

6">" @ix}øvin ml Gu}ofle

L vîmil hòdlu nl Fvnxie bl ibãhil ml xéhuel PP% {ovãlml oc ~uo l gu}ofle hlbxleimlu#xo bl

{nãx% ~unbml H`nveox Cieeov }vlupo nx {vicoivnx flenx o ubiglvcox" N {nv}iv mo ob}èl l ox{lv}o

ovn n{voxob}nml nl fvnxieoivl% o }lvblu#xo% oc {luhl }oc{l ucn {nipèl bnhilbne (TI]]OV%

>997)"

Bl ob}nb}l% n Ibden}ovvn gli l {nãx vox{lbxîwoe {oen voduencob}näèl ml ox{lv}o o glvnc lx

ibdeoxox ~uo hvinvnc nx vodvnx {nvn l aldl" ―L lfao}iwl é gnqov dle: xø l dleoivl {lmo {odnv n flen hlc n cèl: l ~uo é {ábne}i: ic{omicob}l: flen en}ovne: eib`n mo gubml: oxhnb}oil o gne}n–

(TI]]OV% >997% {"8=)"

Xodubml l nu}lv% lx {vicoivlx }lvboilx gu}ofleãx}ihlx ibihinvnc#xo bl Fvnxie blx ñe}iclx nblx

ml xéhuel PIP" Ovnc moxlvdnbiqnmlx o bèl `nwin voduenvimnmox bnx mix{u}nx" Gli oc >9>9% l

{vicoivl }lvboil ib}ovbnhilbne% obwlewobml% n xoeoäèl fvnxieoivn"

Oc >96?% l gu}ofle aî ovn uc ox{lv}o bnhilbne" L Fvnxie aî `nwin ximl fi#hnc{oèl xue#ncovihnbl oc >9>9 o oc >966% gne}nwnc n{obnx hibhl nblx {nvn l ibãhil mn {vicoivn Hl{nml Cubml% cnx l {vlgixxilbneixcl xø hòdnvin nl {nãx li}l nblx cnix }nvmo (HLOE@L%6;;8% {" >;)"

Bn méhnmn mo 8; l gu}ofle }lvblu#xo mogibi}iwncob}o uc ox{lv}o {vlgixxilbne o {l{uenviqnml"

Nb}ox mox}o {ovãlml% lx }icox ovnc glvcnmlx {lv oc{vodnmlx ml hlcévhil% ox}iwnmlvox%

xlemnmlx% gubhilbîvilx {ñfeihlx% l{ovîvilx o {o~uoblx hlcovhinb}ox% {vibhi{necob}o blx

ox}nmlx ml Vil mo Anboivl o Xèl [nuel (NECOIMN O CIHOEEI% 6;;=)"

Ti}}ov (>997) voen}n ~uo l gu}ofle bnxhou ob}vo nx oei}ox o l {vohlbhoi}l vnhine gli ucn

hnvnh}ovãx}ihn cnvhnb}o ml hlcoäl moxxo ox{lv}o bl Fvnxie" Cnx bèl moclvlu cui}l {nvn xo

}lvbnv hlbòhiml"

―L gu}ofle dnb`lu vn{imncob}o ucn dvnbmo {l{uenvimnmo bl Fvnx ie o nedubx ox}nmlx

hvinvnc lx xoux {vø{vilx heufox" Geucibobxo oc >9;6% Dvácil oc >9;8% Gencobdl oc>9>>% ob}vo lu}vlx" Mob}vo lx cnix nb}idlx ox}î l Vl dvnbmo G"H% gubmnml opheuxiwncob}o {nvn n {vî}ihn mo gu}ofle% hlc ox}n}u}lx o voduencob}lx– (TI]]OV% >997% {">8)"



>8

Hlc n hòdnmn mn }oeowixèl% aî bn méhnmn mo ?;% lx ox}ielx mnx migovob}ox o~ui{ox glvnc

vohlbòhimlx bnhilbnecob}o o l ox{oh}nmlv {nxxlu n hlbòhov lx aoi}lx mo hnmn aldnmlv o nx

}î}ihnx nml}nmnx {oelx }icox (TI]]OV% >997)"

Bl ob}nb}l lx alvbnix momihnwnc ox{nälx cãbiclx {nvn l ~uo {nvohin xov ucn dvnbmo{nipèl {l{uenv" L Hlvvoil Fvnxieiobxo% {lv opoc{el% eifovnwn n{obnx ucn hleubn {nvn nxcn}évinx ~uo ibheuãnc gu}ofle" O munx hleubnx {nvn l xuvgo" Lx alvbnix momihnwnc nlox{lv}o l ox{näl ~uo eòx ovn {lxxãwoe (HLOE@L% {">>% 6;;8)"

Bl ibãhil ml nbl 6;;;% lx ox{nälx momihnmlx nl gu}ofle bn cãmin xo }lvbnvnc cnix

{vlcixxlvox" Hlc n hòdnmn mn Ib}ovbo}% lx miwovxlx xi}ox {ufeihnwnc cn}évinx o bl}nx xlfvo

lx {vibhi{nix aldlx (TI]]OV% >997)"

6"6 L gu}ofle hlcl ―{nipèl fvnxieoivn–

N ]olvin Hvã}ihn% glvcuenmn {oen Oxhlen mo Gvnbjguv}% wá n ibmñx}vin hue}uvne hlcl uc xix}ocn

~uo mlcibn o neiobn l ibmiwãmul" O gli hlc fnxo box}n }olvin ~uo% n}é >90;% lx ib}oeoh}unix

mogibinc l gu}ofle hlcl ―l ø{il ml {lwl– (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6)"

Xodubml Elwixlel (6;;6)% l gu}ofle% moxmo ox}n é{lhn% woc {nxxnbml {lv ic{lv}nb}ox

}vnbxglvcnäÿox" Hlbximovnml hlcl nv}o {l{uenv {oen hvã}ihn n}une% l ox{lv}o {nxxlu n xov

hlelhnml nl enml ml xncfn o ml hnvbnwne"

Vnclx (>90=) voen}n ~uo l hnvbnwne moxnfiei}n l hlbgei}l mo henxxox muvnb}o ~un}vl minx" Aî l

gu}ofle% é foc cnix ogihiob}o" ―Op}ibduo nx voenäÿox mo {vlmuäÿox hn{i}neix}nx minvincob}o"

Mix{ÿo mo uc mixhuvxl hlc{o}i}iwl ib}ovcibîwoe% obdobmvnbml hlbhoi}lx mo imob}igihnäèl o

miwovdábhin heufãx}ihn– (VNCLX% >90=% {"8=)"

Xo nb}ox vo{voxob}nwn neiobnäèl o hlb}vleo% `lao é wix}l hlcl xibýbicl mo xibduenvimnmo%

imob}imnmo% ocläèl% hvin}iwimnmo% ox}iel% icndibnäèl% o}h" Hlcob}nvix}nx% {lo}nx o nv}ix}nx

{nxxnvnc n nml}nv l gu}ofle hlcl ―{nipèl bnhilbne– (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6)"



>=

Elwixlel (6;;6) hòdn n hlbximovnv l gn}l hlcl ucn vlcnb}iqnäèl ml ox{lv}o o mox}nhn n

ic{lv}æbhin mo xo }vnfne`nv l enml ieucibix}n mox}n clmneimnmo% lu xoan% l xou enml

xlhinecob}o hlbx}vuãml"

Xodubml l nu}lv% l gu}ofle {lmo xov uc mlx coilx {nvn xo }vnfne`nv l {vlhoxxl hiwieiqn}øvil" L

ibhob}iwl nl hlbwãwil {nhãgihl ob}vo lx aldnmlvox o }lvhomlvox mo heufox migovob}ox {lmovin xov

l {ienv mox}o {vlhoxxl xlhineiqnmlv" L imone vlcæb}ihl ml gu}ofle ox}î {lx}l o ocovdo mn

hn{nhimnmo mo hnmn uc vohviî#el ob~unb}l lfvn mo nv}o"

L imone vlcæb}ihl ocovdo bn aubäèl mnx hn}odlvinx vlcæb}ihnx hlc l vohlbòhicob}l mn{nipèl o dlx}lx {lxi}iwlx ml lfxovwnmlv oc voenäèl nl ox{lv}o ~uo gubmncob}nc lob}obmicob}l ib}ovilv ~uo% bl hnxl mn ox}é}ihn vlcæb}ihn% xidbigihn uxugvuiv% xob}iv {vnqovhlc n lfvn mo nv}o o vohviî#en% lu xoan% xov }ncféc l nv}ix}n (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6% {"7)"

ûoc ncn l gu}ofle% }lvbn#xo {nv}o moeo% {lix fuxhn hlbòhá#el {vlgubmncob}o" ]lvhomlvox%

alvbneix}nx o hvã}ihlx ox{lv}iwlx {nxxnc n {ov}obhov n ox}o ox{lv}o% }nb}l bl nx{oh}l mo

{ox~uixn% ~unb}l mn ocläèl"

É bohoxxîvil xob}iv l {ov}obhicob}l nl hnc{l mo xunx {vî}ihnx o xob}imlx" N o{ix}ocleldin~uo {vlgoxxnc ngivcn ~uo n{obnx xo {lmo gnenv moxmo mob}vl" Nhvomi}nc ~uo n {ovx{oh}iwnmlx mo mob}vl% mlx ~uo ncnc lu dlx}nc% é xu{ovilv ë~uoen mlx mo glvn% lx mix}nbhinmlx luibmigovob}ox (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6% {"4)"

Nb}idncob}o% nx ocläÿox {oel gu}ofle ovnc vo{vicimnx {oen xic{eox ngivcnäèl mo ~uo ox}o ovn

neiobnb}o1 ―l gu}ofle é l ø{il ml {lwl–" Bl ob}nb}l% é {vohixl {obo}vî#el o wiwobhiî#el {nvn

hlbxoduiv {ovhofov xou wnelv" Cui}l {lmo xov goi}l {nvn coe`lvnv l hnc{l ml ox{lv}o% mo

clml n }lvbî#el hnmn woq cnix ñ}ie bl {vlhoxxl hiwieiqn}øvil ml {lwl (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6)"

É bl xnumlxixcl ~uo xo {lmoc fuxhnv ibx{ivnäèl {nvn nx ib}ovwobäÿox o coe`lvinx ml ox{lv}o#

{nipèl% l gu}ofle" [obxnv hlcl Elwixlel (6;;6)% bl gu}ofle ―mo wîvqon–% voco}o#blx n uc

{nxxnml cnix xic{eox o bn}uvne% ~uo xo {ovmou" Nei nhlb}ohinc n hvin}iwimnmo o n vohvonäèl%

eiwvox mn oei}iqnäèl ml ox{lv}o"

L xob}icob}l blx}îedihl lu xnumlxix}n% vlmonml mn nuvn mn coenbhlein% {vlwlhnml {oenowlhnäèl mn ‒wîvqon“ é% bl ob}nb}l% cui}l cnix glv}o ob}vo lx bnvvnmlvox mn ìx}øvin o mlxxidbigihnmlx ml gu}ofle ml ~uo ob}vo lx {vn}ihnb}ox% ~uo bèl {nvohoc }ov dvnbmoxmigihuemnmox oc u}ieiqnv hnc{lx mocnvhnmlx o }vn}nmlx hlc dvncn bn}uvne lu xib}é}ihn o



>?

coxcl ~unmvnx hlc {ixl mo hicob}l lu cnmoivn% ob}vo lu}vnx {lxxifieimnmox (ELWIXLEL%6;;6% {">;)"

Xodubml Elwixlel (6;;6)% lx hnc{lx mo wîvqonx ovnc }ovvoblx fnemilx o ivvoduenvox% ~uonhle`inc {oxxlnx mn {ovigovin% oc xoux clcob}lx mo {uvl moeoi}o o enqov" L nu}lv hlcob}n

~uo nx nmwovximnmox }ovinc moxobwlewiml uc gu}ofle hvin}iwl o icndibn}iwl hn{nq mo xu{ovnv

nx migihuemnmox% ―Z"""S xu{ovnv {oen nv}o nx vonäÿox ibox{ovnmnx mn ib}ovnäèl ob}vo aldnmlvox%

}ovvobl o flen– (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6% {"04)" Bl ob}nb}l% l hvoxhicob}l iclfieiîvil ibwnmiu ox}ox

ox{nälx% nhnfnbml hlc n neodvin mnx hncnmnx cnix {l{uenvox mo blxxn xlhiomnmo

6"8 L gu}ofle o n gimoeiqnäèl ml fvnxieoivl {oel ox{lv}o

Elwixlel (6;;6) ngivcn ~uo l gu}ofle }oc uc ox{näl voeownb}o bn {nipèl {l{uenv" L ibmiwãmul

{lmo cumnv mo voeidièl lu mo l{ibièl {leã}ihn% cnx ancnix mo }ico mo gu}ofle" Xodubml oeo% é

mowiml ë {nipèl ml fvnxieoivl {oel ox{lv}o ~uo oeo xo }lvbn% n hnmn min% migovob}o% hvin}iwl o

lvidibne" L gu}ofle fvnxieoivl é cndin""" Cnx% nb}ox mo }uml% é {nipèl"""" [nipèl mo fvnxieoivl.

―L gu}ofle% mo clml dovne l ox{lv}o% }lvblu#xo ox{näl mo glvcnäèl mo imob}imnmox o mo

op{voxxèl ml bnhilbne lu vodilbne% mo {nv}ihi{näèl o {ov}obhicob}l% mo ocläèl o {vnqov% mo

vohvonäèl o hvinäèl o icndibnäèl– (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6% {"79)"

Moxmo hvinbän% xlclx eownmlx n gnqov ucn oxhle`n ~uo xo }lvbn uc {nh}l o}ovbl" N l{äèl {lv

lu}vn hncixn é cl}iwl mo hvã}ihn o moxhlbginbän {lv {nv}o mlx ncidlx% ~uo opidoc gimoeimnmo

nl }ico" Woc% moxmo ox}n é{lhn% l nclv {lv ox}o ox{lv}o ~uo eown l }lvhomlv n wox}iv n hncixnml }ico o n oen xov eone"

Fnxonclx blxxn eonemnmo o gimoeimnmo% wnelvox ic{lv}nb}ãxxiclx bl hnc{l mn imob}imnmo{leã}ihn o voeidilxn% oc hlixn }èl {luhl xévin hlcl l ox{lv}o" Cnix ucn cnbigox}näèl mo blxxnlvidibneimnmo% nu}ob}ihimnmo% hvin}iwimnmo% xibduenvimnmo% {nv}ihuenvimnmo% wnelvox vlcæb}ihlxmlx ~unix gnqoclx {nv}o" Xo l gu}ofle é }èl ic{lv}nb}o {nvn bøx% hlcl bèl }ovclx uc gu}oflemigovob}o% lvidibne% hvin}iwl% obgic% {vl{vincob}o blxxl< (ELWIXLEL% 6;;6% {">8)"

Xodubml Elwixlel (6;;6)% n gne}n mo ocläèl é ucn clv}o nb}ohi{nmn% xux{obxèl mo uc }oc{l

mo migãhie {nxxndoc" _c }oc{l migãhie mo midoviv% mo {nxxnv" L nu}lv hlc{eo}n miqobml ~uo l



>7

gu}ofle fvnxieoivl é ucn glvcn mo ibmñx}vin nb}i}émil% hlbximovnml% {lv oeo% hlcl l wo}lv

{vibhi{ne ml ox{lv}o"

Mowiml n ox}n {nipèl% n cnilvin mnx ocixxlvnx mo vîmil n}unix l{}n {lv }vnbxcixxÿox

oclhilbnb}ox% cnx% nibmn opix}oc n~uoenx ~uo {vogovoc nmoviv n ucn }éhbihn cnix alvbneãx}ihn

(ELWIXLEL% 6;;6)"



>4

8 L VÎMIL

8"> @ix}øvin ml Vîmil

Tne}ov Xnc{nil% oc Alvbneixcl Numilwixune% ngivcn ~uo l bnxhicob}l ml vîmil lhlvvou

opn}ncob}o bl min 7 mo nfvie mo >9>9% bl Vohigo% ~unbml gli gubmnmn n Vîmil Heufo mo

[ovbncfuhl% {lv Lxhnv Clvoivn [ib}l" Bn~uoen é{lhn% n {vldvncnäèl mn ocixxlvn aî ibheuãn

fleo}ibx co}olvleødihlx% {voälx mo dábovlx neicob}ãhilx% ibglvcnäÿox hlcovhinix% hl}näèl mn

flexn mo wnelvox% bl}ihiîvil }oeodvîgihl bnhilbne o ox}vnbdoivl% {vldvncnx }on}vnix o

hibocn}ldvîgihlx% ox{lv}ox% hlb}lx ibgnb}ix o n}iwimnmox xlhinix (HNC[OEL% 6;;>)"

Aî Lv}vitnbl (>90?)% ngivcn ~uo l min 4 mo xo}ocfvl mo >966 cnvhlu n ox}véin lgihine ml vîmil

bl Fvnxie" Oc hlcoclvnäèl nl nbl ml hob}obîvil mn ibmo{obmábhin ml {nãx% l cnilv woãhuel

mo hlcubihnäèl }vnbxci}iu% neéc ml mixhuvxl ml {voximob}o O{i}îhil [oxxln% n n{voxob}näèl mn

ø{ovn L Dunvnbi% mo Hnvelx Dlcox% mivo}ncob}o ml ]on}vl Cubihi{ne ml Vil mo Anboivl"

[nvn oen% oc >968% n vnmilmiguxèl gli mogibi}iwncob}o ibx}nenmn bl {nãx" Vl~uo}}o [ib}l o@obvy Clviqo gubmnvnc n Vîmil Xlhiomnmo ml Vil mo Anboivl% ~uo {viwieodinwn n hncnmn

ib}oeoh}une% {lv coil mo xun oei}iqnmn {vldvncnäèl nv}ãx}ihn" Box}n coxcn é{lhn% Vl~uo}}o

[ib}l gubmlu }ncféc l vnmilalvbneixcl (LV]VITNBL% >90?)"

Opix}o cui}n hlb}vlwévxin xlfvo ~une gli n {vicoivn ocixxlvn mo vîmil bl Fvnxie"Lgihinecob}o miwuedn#xo ~uo ox}o }ã}uel {ov}obho ë Vîmil Xlhiomnmo ml Vil mo Anboivl% cnix}nvmo Cibix}évil mn Omuhnäèl" Nhlb}oho ~uo% boxxn é{lhn% bèl `nwin bob`ucn eodixenäèl~uo voduencob}nxxo l }ocn% o nxxic é {lxxãwoe coxcl ~uo nx {vicoivnx }vnbxcixxÿox}ob`nc ximl goi}nx bn Vîmil Heufo mo [ovbncfuhl (NVNÑAL% 6;;>% {" 97)"

Xlcob}o oc >964% l vîmil {nxxlu n hlb~uix}nv l Fvnxie hlcl uc }lml% cnx bèl hlcl uc

woãhuel mo cnxxn% wix}l ~uo lx n{nvoe`lx {vohixnwnc xov ic{lv}nmlx" Neéc mixxl% nx gubäÿox

mnx vîmilx ovnc fnxihncob}o wle}nmnx {nvn uc {ñfeihl cnix hue}l (NVNÑAL% 6;;>)"

Hlcl ~une~uov moxhlfov}n mohlvvob}o mo owleuäèl hiob}ãgihn% n vnmilmiguxèl xø xohlbhvo}iqlu n {nv}iv mo ucn xévio mo hlb}vifuiäÿox mo miwovxlx ox}umilxlx% neinmn n hob}obnxmo n{viclvncob}lx }ohbleødihlx% muvnb}o uc envdl ox{näl mo }oc{l" Mo nhlvml hlc l{voximob}o ml Hlbxoe`l mo Nmcibix}vnäèl mn Vomo Fvnxie Xue mo Hlcubihnäÿox o mn



>0

Nxxlhinäèl Cubmine mo Alvbnix% Anyco Xivl}xjy% n `ix}øvin ml vîmil }owo ibãhil n {nv}iv moucn gnãxhn" (HNC[OEL% 6;;>)"

Nx vîmilx bnxhovnc {lv ibihin}iwn mlx heufox lu nxxlhinäÿox glvcnmnx {lv imoneix}nx ~uo winc

boxxn blwn cãmin l gu}uvl mn hlcubihnäèl" Lv}vitnbl (>90?) voen}n ~uo% bl ibãhil% lx

{lxxuimlvox mo n{nvoe`lx voho{}lvox mlx vîmilx nibmn }ib`nc mo {ndnv ucn cobxneimnmo {nvn

nhoxxnvoc ë {vldvncnäèl" Neéc mox}o gn}lv cnb}obomlv% mlnäÿox ovnc goi}nx {lv ob}imnmox

{viwnmnx lu {ñfeihnx% cnx bèl mo glvcn voduenv"

]uml ix}l% nxxlhinml ëx vnvimnmox mlx nbñbhilx o {ufeihimnmox% eowlu nx vîmilx n {nxxnvoc {lv

xévinx migihuemnmox gibnbhoivnx" Xlcob}o n {nv}iv mo >98;% é ~uo l woãhuel hlcoälu n xo{vlgixxilbneiqnv% hlb}vn}nbml {oxxlne ox{ohineiqnml {nvn xunx }vnbxcixxÿox (LV]VITNBL%

>90?)"

Bl ibãhil mlx nblx 8;% hlc wîvinx ocixxlvnx vnmilgýbihnx ibx}nenmnx o gubhilbnbml bl [nãx% lvîmil hlcoälu n xo }vnbxglvcnv fnxonml% ox{ohinecob}o% oc uc mohvo}l ml dlwovbl% ~uo{nxxlu n {ovci}iv n woihuenäèl mn {ufeihimnmo" N nu}lviqnäèl goq hlc ~uo l ovumi}l% lomuhn}iwl o l hue}uvne xo }vnbxglvcnxxoc oc {l{uenv% wle}nml }ncféc nl enqov" (HNC[OEL%6;;>% {"8>)

N}é >9?6% hlbglvco voen}n Lv}vitnbl (>90?)% l vîmil ovn uc coil mo voho{äèl hleo}iwn"

Xlcob}o n {nv}iv ml nmwob}l ml }vnbxix}lv é ~uo lx voho{}lvox {nxxnvnc n xov hlb}oc{enmlx mo

glvcn ibmiwimuneiqnmn"

Oc coil n ox}o nwnbäl% xuvdiu }ncféc n }oeowixèl% lfvidnbml l vîmil n xo nmn{}nv o n vohvinv l

xou glvcn}l mo {vlmuäèl" Xodubml Lv}vitnbl (>90?)% l vîmil gli lfvidnml n nfviv cèl mo

nx}vlx o ox}voenx o ib}vlmuqiv lx mixhlx o nx gi}nx dvnwnmnx% }vlhlu nx vnmilblwoenx {oenx

bl}ãhinx% nx fvibhnmoivnx mo numi}øvil {oelx xovwiälx mo u}ieimnmo {ñfeihn o {viwieodilu n

ibglvcnäèl" Moxmo ob}èl% {ovhofo#xo ~uo lx n{nvoe`lx mo vîmil ox}èl oc }lmlx lx hýclmlx

mnx hnxnx mlx cie`nvox mo luwib}ox ox{ne`nmlx {lv }lml l cubml"

Xodubml Nvnñal (6;;>) coxcl hlc lu}vlx coilx ë mix{lxiäèl mn xlhiomnmo% l vîmil xoc{vo

xo cnb}owo mo {é% dnvnb}ibml n gimoeimnmo ml xou luwib}o"



>9

L vîmil {nvoho moxxox fihìb`lx mo {vnin ~uo {lv cnix ~uo wlhá lx ncnxxo hlc nx glvänxmlx {éx% obhlb}vnc xoc{vo uc clml mo fl}nv n hnfoän {nvn glvn" ûnb}nx woqox aî luwi ~uo―l vîmil ox}î clvvobml–% o obhlb}vî#el bl min xoduib}o cnix glv}o o cnix îdie% xne}nbmllfx}îhuelx% obhlb}vnbml blwlx hncib`lx o xoc{vo bn ox}oivn mo {vox}nv xovwiälx% miwov}iv%boc xoc{vo omuhnv ‘ é foc wovmnmo ‘ cnx xoc{vo nfvibml blwnx glvcnx mo hlcubihnäèl

(NVNÑAL% 6;;>% {" 96)"

Xodubml Lv}vitnbl (>90?)% l vîmil é uc mlx {vibhi{nix coilx mo hlcubihnäèl mo cnxxn bl

cubml o }ne gn}l xo op{eihn {oen hn{nhimnmo gãxihl#{xihleødihn ml `lcoc mo vo}ov o hn{}nv n

cobxndoc gnenmn o xlblvn xicue}nboncob}o"

Ob}vo lx coilx mo hlcubihnäèl mo cnxxn% l vîmil é% xoc mñwimn% l cnix {l{uenv o l mocnilv nehnbho {ñfeihl% bèl xø bl Fvnxie hlcl oc }lml l cubml% hlbx}i}uibml#xo% cui}nx

woqox% bl ñbihl n eownv n ibglvcnäèl {nvn {l{uenäÿox mo wnx}nx vodiÿox ~uo bèl }ác nhoxxln lu}vlx coilx% xoan {lv cl}iwlx doldvîgihlx% ohlbýcihlx lu hue}uvnix (LV]VITNBL%>90?% {"40)"

Nl elbdl mo }lmlx ox}ox nblx% l vîmil }ob}lu moxwobhie`nv#xo ml hlc{vlcixxl opheuxiwl hlc

xou {n}vlhibnmlv {nvn n}obmov% }ncféc% l moxoal ml xou luwib}o" Hlcl woãhuel mo

hlcubihnäèl mo cnxxn {vohixn gnenv n eibdundoc mo xou nbubhinb}o o gnqov ucn ib}ovnäèl

ndvnmîwoe hlc l luwib}o% wix}l ~uo l elhu}lv gnen mivo}ncob}o hlc l xou {ñfeihl%

{nv}ihuenviqnbml hnmn uc" Lv}vitnbl (>90?) hi}n ~uo l ―miîeldl cob}ne– ob}vo l ocixxlv o l

luwib}o {vlmuq uc glv}o enäl oclhilbne% owimobhinbml n xobxlvineimnmo% hnvnh}ovãx}ihn

ib}vãbxohn ml vîmil"

8"6" Vnmilalvbneixcl Ox{lv}iwl

Lv}vitnbl (>90?) oeuhimn ~uo l vîmil% {lv xov {lv}î}ie% eiwvo mo gilx o hlc {oxl ibxidbigihnb}o{vl{ihin% nl luwib}o% hlbglv}l o eifovmnmo {nvn u}ieiqî#el oc ~une~uov ncfiob}o"

L luwib}o mo vîmil ox}î eiwvo mo gilx o }lcnmnx o bèl {vohixn gihnv oc hnxn% nl enml mln{nvoe`l" L vîmil `lao ox}î oc }lml eudnv1 bn xnen% bn hlqib`n% bl fnbòivl% bl ~unv}l% bloxhvi}øvil% bnx gîfvihnx% bl nu}lcøwoe% oeicibnbml }ncféc l ìn}l mn numiábhin muvnb}o l}oc{l mo elhlcläèl mo uc eudnv {nvn l lu}vl" Xou }ncnb`l micibu}l }lvbn#l gnhiecob}o}vnbx{lv}îwoe% {ovci}ibml ibheuxiwo% voho{äèl ibmiwimuneiqnmn blx eudnvox {ñfeihlx(LV]VITNBL% >90?% {" 49)"

Hnc{oel (6;;0)% ngivcn ~uo l vnmilalvbneixcl {vleigovlu#xo {lv }lml l Fvnxie }vnqobml oc

xou vnx}vl n wnelviqnäèl mnx }vnbxcixxÿox ox{lv}iwnx% xuvdimnx nibmn bn méhnmn mo 8;" Neéc mo



6;

}ov ximl uc mlx {vicoivlx dábovlx n xo givcnv blx coilx vnmilgýbihlx% l ox{lv}o hlb}ibun

lhu{nbml dvnbmo {nv}o ml }oc{l bnx {vibhi{nix ocixxlvnx fvnxieoivnx% hlc {vldvncnx

{ovcnbob}ox mo bl}ãhinx o hlcob}îvilx muvnb}o n xocnbn% huecibnbml bn elbdn alvbnmn blx

minx mo aldlx"

N {vicoivn ivvnminäèl mo}ne`nmn mo ucn {nv}imn mo gu}ofle nhlb}ohou oc >9 mo aue`l mo>98>" Bl hnc{l mn H`îhnvn ml Gelvox}n obgvob}nvnc#xo nx xoeoäÿox mo Xèl [nuel o ml[nvnbî {oel WIII Hnc{olbn}l Fvnxieoivl% xobml ~uo hlufo nl elhu}lv Bihlenu ]ucn%hlb`ohiml hlcl x{onjov#co}vne`nmlvn% mn Vîmil Omuhnmlvn [nueix}n% n }vnbxcixxèl ml

aldl" Ëx >? `lvnx o 6; cibu}lx xuvdoc lx {nueix}nx bl dvncnml" [luhl mo{lix wác lx{nvnbnobxox" @î }vlhn mo gelvox o ëx >? `lvnx o 6? cibu}lx% xo neib`nc nx }uvcnx(HNC[OEL% 6;;>)"

Blx owob}lx ox{lv}iwlx% l vîmil xo }lvbn hlc{nb`oivl hlbx}nb}o mn~uoeox ~uo wifvnc% bèl

n{obnx hlc l aldl% cnx hlc n gnen ml {vø{vil bnvvnmlv (LV]VITNBL% >90?)"

L }lvhomlv wni nl hnc{l% cnx eown l xou vnmib`l {nvn xnfov l ~uo ox}î nhlb}ohobml% lunxxix}o ë icndoc mn }oeowixèl luwibml n bnvvnäèl ml vîmil" N {voxobän ml vo{øv}ovnhlc{nb`nbml }lmlx lx clwicob}lx ‘ o n}é% {vo}obxncob}o% lx {obxncob}lx ‘ mnx o~ui{oxmuvnb}o n mix{u}n% é }ncféc ucn hlb~uix}n ml vîmil ox{lv}iwl% ibglvcnbml o {vox}nbmlxovwiäl (HNC[OEL% 6;;>)"

L vnmilalvbneixcl ox{lv}iwl dovn {leácihn% {lix uxn mnx {nenwvnx {nvn }vnbxci}iv n wifvnäèl

ml aldl o {vlwlhnv n ocläèl bl luwib}o" Lv}vitnbl (>90?) mox}nhn#l hlcl xobml ―Z"""S

{nv}ihi{nb}o% wifvnb}o o uc mlx xo}lvox cnix l{ibn}iwlx mo }lmn n {vldvncnäèl–

(LV]VITNBL% >90?% {"67)"

N hvinäèl mo ―icndobx cob}nix– é }èl {lmovlxn% n {lb}l mo xov cui}l cnix oclhilbnb}oluwiv ucn {nv}imn {oel vîmil ml ~uo nxxix}i#en bl {vø{vil ox}îmil" L }lvhomlv wni nl ox}îmil%cnx eown xou ―vnmib`l– {nvn xnfov ~uo ox}î nhlb}ohobml""" Lu nxxix}o n icndoc bn

}oeowixèl% luwibml n bnvvnäèl ml vîmil (LV]VITNBL% >90?% {"64)"

L vîmil ibhi}n n icndibnäèl {lv ib}ovcémil mn hn{nhimnmo mo bnvvn}iwn mo xoux op{oviob}ox

elhu}lvox% ~uo nhnfnc gimoeiqnbml lx luwib}ox" Box}o coil% n u}ieiqnäèl mo vohuvxlx

gnb}nxilxlx bèl ~uov miqov ~uo l ~uo ox}î xobml }vnbxci}iml é nedl ibwovãmihl" L luwib}o mo

vîmil% box}n xi}unäèl% é hn{nq mo xib}lbiqnv bèl xlcob}o {nvn moxgvu}nv mo ucn covn

}vnbxcixxèl% cnx% {uvncob}o {lv dlx}nv (LV]VITNBL% >90?)"

L vîmil é l coe`lv coil {nvn ox}icuenv n icndibnäèl" L luwib}o é xoc{vo eownml nicndibnv l ~uo luwo o l ~uo ox}î xobml moxhvi}l" Nx icndobx xèl oclhilbnix% hlcl n wlq



6>

mo ucn cèo xu{eihnbml ibglvcnäÿox xlfvo xun gie`n nmleoxhob}o moxn{nvohimn" Xèl icndobx~uo% bl vîmil% bèl xo eici}nc nl }ncnb`l mn }oen" Oenx }ác l }ncnb`l ~uo wlhá ~uixov(H@NB]EOV o @NVVIX% >990% {" 6>)"

L vnmilalvbneixcl ox{lv}iwl hnvnh}oviqn#xo {lv hlbx}vuiv n voneimnmo mo glvcn lfao}iwn%

cnb}obml n bou}vneimnmo o n ic{nvhineimnmo" ]nix hnvnh}ovãx}ihnx% bl ob}nb}l% dovnc {leácihnx%

hlcl {lv opoc{el% n ox{ohuenviqnäèl nhovhn mn {vogovábhin ml elhu}lv {lv mo}ovcibnml }ico"

[nvn [nuel Wibihiux Hloe`l (6;;8)% ―bèl opix}o alvbneix}n mo ox{lv}ox% ox{ohinecob}o lx ~uo

}vnfne`nc hlc gu}o fle% ~uo bèl }ob`n uc }ico mo ibgæbhin–" (HLOE@L% 6;;8)"

_c vnmilalvbneix}n hlc{o}ob}o mowo hlcfibnv l }neob}l }vnmihilbne ml vo{øv}ov hlc nx

`nfieimnmox opidimnx {oel vîmil" ]neob}l }vnmihilbne ~uov miqov oxhvowov henvncob}o% }ov ucnhlc{voobxèl gîhie ml imilcn% xniv#xo foc mo xi}unäÿox hlc{eihnmnx o ‘ l cnix migãhie mo}uml ‘ ―gnvl {nvn nx bl}ãhinx– lu hlc{o}ábhin {nvn xnfov l ~uo {lmo vobmov ucn flnìx}øvin (H@NB]EOV o @NVVIX% >990% {" 66)"

Lx hlbòhicob}lx n{voobmimlx n{øx n l{äèl {oel alvbneixcl% bèl oeicibn lx hlbòhicob}lx

n{vobmimlx bn ibgæbhin% ~unbml l ib}ovoxxo {oen clmneimnmo lhnxilbnwn nx {ox~uixnx

n{niplbnmnx% n {vogovábhin mohenvnmn o ucn momihnäèl ~unxo opheuxiwn nl heufo ml hlvnäèl

(H@NB]EOV o @NVVIX% >990)"

Bl hnxl ml alvbneixcl% l cobibl moipn ucn ìx}øvin cui}l cnix foc glvcnmn ml ~uo nvowoenmn {oel cobibl ~uo xo }vnbxglvcn oc alvbneix}n {leã}ihl lu mn îvon ohlbýcihn" Ox}on{vobmo hlc l dnvl}l mo >6 nblx lx xodvomlx ml flc }op}l" N{vobmo hlc n eoi}uvn mo eiwvlfoc oxhvi}l% hlc voen}l foc hlb}nml {lv neduc {nvob}o {nhiob}o (HLOE@L 6;;=% {" =;)"

Nedubx elhu}lvox ox{lv}iwlx nxxucoc xun {nipèl {lv mo}ovcibnml }ico% xoc {ovmov n

hvomifieimnmo minb}o mlx }lvhomlvox ml }ico viwne" Hloe`l (6;;8) hi}n% hlcl opoc{el% lx

alvbneix}nx Cie}lb Bowox (xnb}ix}n) o Auhn Jgluvi (hlvib}inbl)"

―Cie}lb Bowox xoc{vo moiplu henvl xov }lvhomlv ml Xnb}lx o ~uo xlb`nwn hlc l min oc ~uo

}vnfne`nvin hlc gu}ofle {nvn clx}vnv l hlbòhicob}l ~uo nm~uiviu blx }oc{lx oc ~uo ovn

n{obnx luwib}o n}ob}l–" (HLOE@L% 6;;8)"

Auhn Jgluvi ancnix hlc{vlco}ou n ixobäèl {lv hnuxn mn {nipèl heufãx}ihn" Nl hlb}vîvil% n}éoxhvowou eiwvlx xlfvo lx }oc{lx mo }lvhomlv% oc ~uo voeocfvlu hnmn mo}neò mo hnmnwindoc voneiqnmn% ox{ohinecob}o bl ]lvboil Vlfov}l Dlcox [omvlxn mo >979% ~unbml lHlvib}ìnbx gli oeicibnml {oel Hvuqoivl bnx xocigibnix (HLOE@L% 6;;8% {"?0)"



66

8"8 [vicoivnx }vnbxcixxÿox ox{lv}iwnx oc vîmil

Ob}vo >969 o >98;% l vîmil hlcoälu n }vnbxci}iv% mo glvcn cui}l gvin o xoc bob`ucn ocläèl%

ibglvcnäÿox xlfvo nx {nv}imnx mo gu}ofle voneiqnmnx bl Vil mo Anboivl o oc Xèl [nuel" Ox}nx

ovnc hlbxoduimnx hlc op}vocn migihuemnmo% wix}l ~uo nx eib`nx }oeogýbihnx ovnc {vohîvinx

(LV]VITNBL% >90?)"

X`ibbov (6;;=) voen}n ~uo l {vlgixxilbne }vnbxci}in l aldl }lml% cnx xoc }ov n hov}oqn mo ~uo l

}vnfne`l }ovin mnml hov}l% lu xoan% xo l luwib}o vohofovin% vonecob}o% n cobxndoc"

L elhu}lv hlb}nwn n}é moq o vohofin ucn lvmoc {nvn ibihinv n ivvnminäèl% hlcl xo gnenwn bné{lhn" O hlcl bèl `nwin l vo}lvbl mo îumil% l aoi}l ovn xniv ml ox}îmil n{øx l aldl o ivhlvvobml {nvn l `l}oe {nvn ox{ovnv n cobxndoc }oeodvîgihn hlbgivcnbml n voho{äèl"(XH@IBBOV% 6;;=% {" 66)"

Bnx cnb`èx mlx aldlx% n ic{vobxn oxhvi}n {ufeihnwn ox~uocnx ml hnc{l mo gu}ofle% hlb}obml

nx elhneiqnäÿox mlx aldnmlvox oc hnc{l" Nxxic% {vl{ihinwnc% {nvn l luwib}o mo vîmil% l

nhlc{nb`ncob}l mlx aldnmlvox bn ̀ lvn mnx {nv}imnx (LV]VITNBL% >90?)"

N gne}n mo vohuvxlx fîxihlx% hlcl l vo{eny% hlelhnwnc o nibmn hlelhnc l alvbneix}n ox{lv}iwl%

cui}nx woqox% oc xi}unäÿox ocfnvnälxnx" L bnvvnmlv Cie}lb Bowox bl}ihilu% hov}n woq% n

nu}lvin mo uc dle ml Xèl [nuel% mo glvcn o~uiwlhnmn" ―Le`n n gne}n fn}imn""" Dle ml Xèl

[nuel" Dlllle% Alvdo Tndbov% bn fn}imn mo gne}n% hlbgoxxl ~uo {odnbml }lml cubml mo

xuv{voxn" N gne}n cui}l foc fn}imn% Alvdo Tndbov bl æbduel– (HLOE@L% 6;;8% {"74)"

L dle n}vifuãml n Alvdo Tndbov% bn wovmnmo% gli mo nu}lvin mo Anbhnvelx" Xou ovvl bèl gli

vn}igihnml bn `lvn ml enbho ocflvn l vo{øv}ov% ~uo l nhlc{nb`nwn bn hlfov}uvn }iwoxxo

}ob}nml ib}ovwiv" Cnix }nvmo% {nvn moxdlx}l mo Cie}lb Bowox l ovvl gli hlvvidiml bl nv

(HLOE@L% 6;;8)"

Hloe`l (6;;8) nhvomi}n ~uo hnfo nlx bnvvnmlvox hlbmuqiv n {nv}imn% eownbml ocläèl nl bnvvnv

l aldl" N hlvvoäèl mnx gne`nx gihn {nvn lx hlcob}nvix}nx o vo{øv}ovox `nfi}unmlx n nbneixnvocl ~uo nhlb}oho bn {nv}imn"



68

Oeo Zluwib}oS xo ivvi}n cnix {oen xu{ovop{lxiäèl moeo ZbnvvnmlvS ml ~uo {oelx xu{lx}lx ovvlx~uo hlco}o" Oeo ZbnvvnmlvS ox}î eî {nvn eownv l }lvhomlv nl moeãvil" L hlcob}nvix}n o lvo{øv}ov é ~uo }oc lfvidnäèl mo nbneixnv gvincob}o l ~uo ox}î nei% bn hnvn ml ox{oh}nmlv"(HLOE@L% 6;;8% {" 7=)"

L nmwob}l mn ]W {vl{ihilu nx bnvvnäÿox hlc ovvlx cãbiclx% wix}l ~uo l bnvvnmlv {lxxui

miwovxlx clbi}lvox oc xun hnfibo% hnmn uc glhnml oc uc æbduel migovob}o mn {nv}imn" Bl

ob}nb}l% n{oxnv mn ]W% ~uo lgovoho icndoc o }éhbihn% l vîmil {ovcnboho blx ox}îmilx mo

gu}ofle lu minb}o mnx ]Wx% miwimibml nx ocläÿox hlc lx xoux elhu}lvox {vogovimlx (HLOE@L%

6;;8)"

Xo `lao lx alvbneix}nx ox{lv}iwlx% oxhleìmlx hlc hvi}évilx% }ác gè heufo o gimoeiqnc lx

luwib}ox ë vîmil oc ~uo n}unc% bl {nxxnml% ovnc vo{voxob}nmlx {oelx ―ibihinb}ox–% ml x ~unix

bobùcn op{oviábhin ovn opidimn (HLOE@L% 6;;8)"

Oc >96?% xodubml% Hloe`l (6;;8)% l gu}ofle hlcoälu n {vlx{ovnv o hlc oeo% l alvbneixcl

ox{lv}iwl" N {nv}iv mnã% lx alvbnix ox{ohineiqnmlx hlcoänvnc n obgoi}nv nx fnbhnx mo vowix}nx%

xobml mix{u}nmlx n}é l ñe}icl opoc{env" L {vicoivl moeox gli l Alvbne mlx X{lv}x (>98;)% mlVil mo Anboivl"

Xodubml l nu}lv% n omi}lvin mo ox{lv}o gli o nibmn é% uc hoeoivl mo alwobx }neob}lx% ~uo xo

cix}uvnc nlx blcox hlbxndvnmlx mlx woãhuelx mo {ufeihnäÿox ox{lv}iwnx" Nx vowix}nx

ox{ohineiqnmnx% bl ob}nb}l% bèl }ác n coxcn xlv}o mlx alvbnix% wix}l ~uo xèl cnix hnvnx o

opidoc mo xou {ñfeihl#newl mo fnipl {lmov n~uixi}iwl oc xun cnilvin% n bohoxximnmo mo

oxhleòv ob}vo xun hlc{vn o n imn nl ox}îmil mo gu}ofle"

_cn mnx migihuemnmox mo ibwox}iv oc ucn {ufeihnäèl ox{ohineiqnmn% {lv opoc{el% é l fnipl{lmov ohlbýcihl ml {ñfeihl#newl% ~uo% ëx woqox% }oc ~uo oxhleòv ob}vo n imn nl ox}îmil ludibîxil o n hlc{vn ml alvbne lu vowix}n" Box}o hnxl% nhlc{nb`nv l heufo mo hlvnäèl ib elhl

hlx}ucn xov n l{äèl oxhleìmn" L alvbne Enbho. o n vowix}n [enhnv xèl opoc{elx mlx ne}lx ofniplx obgvob}nmlx {oen cãmin ox{ohineiqnmn% {lix ne}ovbnvnc flbx o cnux clcob}lx blhobîvil ox{lv}iwl bnhilbne" N [enhnv }owo xun {ovilmihimnmo ne}ovnmn miwovxnx woqox% neéc mowîvinx cumnbänx bn eib`n omi}lvine% ob~unb}l l Enbho. ibwox}iu bn Ib}ovbo} hlcl xleuäèl{nvn n fnipn mo wobmnx bl ic{voxxl% cnx% bl ob}nb}l% xoux imoneiqnmlvox wivnc ~uo nx fnbhnxmo alvbnix bèl {lmovinc xov moipnmnx mo enml" (HLOE@L% 6;;=% {" 67)



6=

N méhnmn mo >94; opidiu ml vîmil o mlx alvbnix ucn cumnbän bl obgl~uo mnx hlfov}uvnx

ox{lv}iwnx% }obml oc wix}n nx }vnbxcixxÿox% nl wiwl% mlx dvnbmox hnc{olbn}lx" Lfwincob}o

ox}nx }vnbxcixxÿox {viwieodinwnc l gu}ofle o% hlcl ngivcn Hloe`l (6;;8)% nx mocnix

clmneimnmox ox{lv}iwnx gihnvnc voeodnmnx n uc ox{näl ivvixøvil"

N}unecob}o% {luhlx xèl lx alvbnix o vîmilx ~uo mox}nhnc ox{lv}ox hlcl aumý% bn}näèl% o}h"

Xlcob}o bn é{lhn mnx leic{ãnmnx ox}nx clmneimnmox dnb`nc mox}n~uo% moipnbml l gu}ofle%

clmneimnmo {luhl {l{uenv box}ox owob}lx% oc xi}unäèl mo coblv mox}n~uo (HLOE@L% 6;;8)"

Xodubml Hloe`l (6;;8)% l {vlgixxilbne ml alvbneixcl ~uo l{}n {oen îvon ox{lv}iwn {vohixn

ox}nv n}ob}l% bèl xlcob}o nl gu}ofle% cnx n }lmnx nx clmneimnmox ox{lv}iwnx ml {enbo}n%

ocflvn ox}o bèl xoan xou cnilv gieèl" L min n min ml alvbneix}n ox{lv}iwl {omo ―{nu}n–% cnx é

bohoxxîvil huimnml {nvn l bèl obdoxxncob}l o xic% n hvin}iwimnmo alvbneãx}ihn"

Coxcl hlc n h`odnmn mn }oeowixèl o n {lxxifieimnmo ml luwib}o bèl xø luwiv n bnvvnäèl% cnx

wov nx {nv}imnx% n}é l gibne mn méhnmn mo >94;% nx vîmilx nibmn mlcibnwnc lx ox{nälx mo

}vnbxcixxÿox ox{lv}iwnx" Oeox }ib`nc uc {ñfeihl cnilv o gn}uvnwnc cnix hlcovhinecob}o" Aîhlc voenäèl ë }vnbxcixxèl ml gu}ofle bn ]W% Xh`ibbov (6;;=) op{eihn1

Z"""S {nvn ~uo `luwoxxo n hlbxleimnäèl mo dvnbmox {vlao}lx o n dnvnb}in mnx hlb~uix}nx mnxgn}inx mo numiábhin o mo covhnml% nx ocixxlvnx xo n{linvnc oc blcox hlbxndvnmlx mlvîmil" Ixxl {lv~uo oeox hnvvodnc cie`nvox mo gèx% neéc% é henvl% mlx {vohilxlx{n}vlhibnmlvox" Z"""S Mn coxcn cnboivn ~uo lx }lvhomlvox ~uovoc blcox gnclxlx oc xouxheufox% nx ocixxlvnx }ncféc n{lx}nc oc blcox hlbxndvnmlx oc xou oeobhl" (XH@IBBOV%6;;=% {" 64)"

@lao% n ]W obwin icndobx oc }oc{l vone mo }lml l owob}l ox{lv}iwl% cnx% nibmn nxxic% l

luwib}o mo vîmil bèl nfnbmlbn xou n{nvoe`l" Minb}o mn }oeowixèl lu blx ox}îmilx% n dvnbmo

cnilvin mlx }lvhomlvox ox}î hlboh}nmn ëx }vnbxcixxÿox goi}nx {oenx vîmilx ox{lv}iwnx

(LV]VITNBL% >90?)"

8"= N gimoeimnmo ml luwib}o mo vîmil



6?

Hlcl ucn vîmil {lmo dnvnb}iv ucn numiábhin gioe< [vn}n (6;;;) {vlhuvlu nbneixnv% ~unix lx

cl}iwlx ~uo eownc l luwib}o mo vîmil n xov }èl gioe n ucn mo}ovcibnmn ocixxlvn" N

{ox~uixnmlvn {ovhofou ~uo% {lv cui}nx méhnmnx% xlcob}o l ocixxlv ovn glhl mo n}obäèl% cnx

`lao `î ucn dvnbmo {volhu{näèl hlc l ~uo {obxn l voho{}lv% l ~uo oeo moxoan% hlcl ndo% lu

xoan% ob}obmá#el hlcl {nv}o ml {vlhoxxl mo hlcubihnäèl"

Xodubml [vn}n (6;;;) ~un}vl }i{lx mo ocixxlvnx mo vîmil {lxxuoc ucn }obmábhin ë numiábhin

gioe" Xèl oenx1

Ocixxlvnx wle}nmnx {nvn uc {ñfeihl nmue}l ~uo {lxxui hnvnh}ovãx}ihn hlbxovwnmlvn% ~uodlx}n ml ~uo luwo o% {lv ixxl% xo }lvbn gioe:

Ocixxlvnx ne}ncob}o xodcob}nmnx hlc{lx}nx {lv uc {ñfeihl ox{ohãgihl o gioe:

Ocixxlvnx ~uo cnb}ác lx coxclx {vldvncnx muvnb}o cui}lx nblx gnqobml hlc ~uo

lx luwib}ox xo nhlx}ucoc hlc lx `lvîvilx% hlc lx hlcubihnmlvox% hlc lx glvcn}lx o

bèl nbxoinc% nxxic% {lv dvnbmox cumnbänx:

Ocixxlvnx ownbdéeihnx ~uo% n}unecob}o% }ác lx cnix ne}lx ãbmihox mo gimoeimnmo ml

covhnml vnmilgýbihl% {lxxuoc uc {ñfeihl ~uo bèl gnq n l{äèl {oen vîmil mo glvcneiwvo% cnx ox}icuenml {lv uc }ovhoivl"

[vn}n (6;;;) mogibo l luwib}o gioe hlcl xobml n~uoeo ibmiwãmul ~uo dlx}n mn ocixxlvn%

hlb`oho n {vldvncnäèl o ~uo xo imob}igihn hlc lx elhu}lvox"

N~uoeo ~uo luwo mo}ovcibnmn ocixxlvn lb}oc o nb}olb}oc" Ml æbduel mn lfxovwnäèl% l

luwib}o gioe {lmo xov mogibiml hlcl xobml uc xoduimlv mn ocixxlvn% n~uoen {oxxln ~uonhlc{nb`n {nv}o lu }lmn {vldvncnäèl% xnfo lx blcox mlx hlcubihnmlvox% hlb`oho lx`lvîvilx mlx {vldvncnx% {nv}ihi{n hlc xudox}ÿox o n}é hlc hvã}ihnx o xob}oc#xo (XIH)% moneducn glvcn% {nv}o mn wimn mn vîmil" Neéc mixxl% vohuxnc#xo (XIH) n luwiv ~une~uov lu}vnocixxlvn ~uo bèl xoan n~uoen mo xun {vogovábhin nfxleu}n" ([VN]N% 6;;;% {">89)

[vn}n (6;;;) l{}lu {lv ox}umnv n Vîmil I}n}inin% aî ~uo% mo nhlvml hlc mnmlx n{lb}nmlx {oel

Ifl{o% oen {lxxui ucn ne}n {lvhob}ndoc mo numiábhin" [nvn ix}l% gli voneiqnmn ucn {ox~uixn

ib}ovbn hlc lx gubhilbîvilx cnix nb}idlx mn ocixxlvn ~uox}ilbnbml#lx xlfvo l ~uo {lmovin

mo}ovcibnv n gimoeimnmo mo uc luwib}o"



67

N{øx ox}o eownb}ncob}l% [vn}n (6;;;) n{eihlu uc ~uox}ilbîvil oc uc {ñfeihl wleub}îvil

glvcnml {lv luwib}ox mn Vîmil I}n}inin" [vicoivncob}o% oen cn{olu l {ovgie mox}ox luwib}ox

{nvn% oc xoduimn% xudoviv n oeox n n{voxob}näèl mo iméinx xlfvo gn}lvox mo cui}n% cémin lu

{luhn ic{lv}æbhin bl ~uo miq vox{oi}l n gimoeiqnäèl" N{øx ox}n hleo}n mo mnmlx% n

{ox~uixnmlvn moxhlfviu ~uo opix}oc hibhl {ienvox {nvn dnvnb}in mn gimoeiqnäèl mo uc luwib}o1

}vnmihilbneimnmo% ib}ovn}iwimnmo% hvomifieimnmo% ~uneimnmo o xoviomnmo"

N }vnmihilbneimnmo n{nvoho oc {vicoivl eudnv bn {ox~uixn mo [vn}n (6;;;) o é mogibimn hlcl

xobml l nclv o l n{odl ëx }vnmiäÿox" _cn ocixxlvn }vnmihilbne% hlcl n Vîmil I}n}inin% {lv

opoc{el% u}ieiqn mox}n hnvnh}ovãx}ihn n gic mo dovnv bl luwib}o ucn xoduvnbän {ovnb}o nx

ibglvcnäÿox miwuednmnx" L hlb`ohicob}l mn {vldvncnäèl% mlx hlcubihnmlvox o mn vîmil

hlcl uc }lml mox{ov}n% bl luwib}o% ucn xoduvnbän mo ~uo% }lmlx lx minx% }lmn n {vldvncnäèl

ox}nvî eî hlcl oeo ox{ovn"

Hlbhoi}unmn hlcl ucn näèl opovhimn ob}vo munx lu cnix {oxxlnx% n Ib}ovn}iwimnmo é

hlbximovnmn% {lv [vn}n (6;;;) hlcl l xodubml {ienv mn gimoeimnmo" Bn Vîmil I}n}inin% n

{nv}ihi{näèl ml luwib}o blx {vldvncnx hnvnh}oviqn ox}n glvcn mo ib}ovnäèl" Neéc mixxl% l

luwib}o% cui}nx woqox% xo }vnbxglvcn oc ―vo{øv}ov– xoc{vo {vlb}l n naumnv o ibglvcnv"

Hvomifieimnmo é l }ovhoivl {ienv moxhvi}l {lv [vn}n (6;;;) mo ucn numiábhin gioe o é

hlbhoi}unml hlcl n ~uneimnmo mn~uiel ~uo é hvãwoe" Oc ucn ocixxlvn mo vîmil ox}o {ienv xo

clx}vn hlcl uc mlx cnix voeownb}ox% {lix é n}vnwéx mn hvomifieimnmo ~uo l luwib}o }oc n

hov}oqn mo ~uo l ~uo ox}î luwibml xoan% mo gn}l% wovmnmo" ]ncféc% xèl hlvvi~uoivnx nx

xi}unäÿox oc ~uo l {vø{vil luwib}o {vlhuvn n ocixxlvn {nvn mnv n xun l{ibièl gibne xlfvo uc

mo}ovcibnml nxxub}l oc glhl"

[vn}n (6;;;) hlbhoi}un l ~unv}l {ienv% ^uneimnmo% hlcl uc mlc% ucn wiv}umo" Xodubml oen% n

vîmil xø hlbxoduo hlfviv uc ox{näl mo xuhoxxl dnvnb}ibml#xo box}o {ienv" N {ox~uixnmlvn

moxmlfvlu n ~uneimnmo oc }váx xufhn}odlvinx {vibhi{nix1

Miwuednäèl mlx gn}lx oc {vicoivn cèl% lu nb}ox% ml hlbhlvvob}o:

Bl cãbicl% }váx ob}vnmnx mo vo{øv}ovox blx elhnix mlx nhlb}ohicob}lx% {lv min:



64

[omiml glvcne mo moxhue{nx nl luwib}o {lv {nv}o ml n{voxob}nmlv hnxl neducn

ibglvcnäèl }ob`n ximl miwuednmn nb}ovilvcob}o mo glvcn ibhlvvo}n"

―N Vîmil I}n}inin% hlcl uc }lml% {lmovin xov voxucimn box}o {ienv mo ~uneimnmo1 ox{lv}o o

alvbneixcl mix}vifuãmlx bucn {vldvncnäèl goi}n {lv {vlgixxilbnix hlc{o}ob}ox% }lml ixxl

}vnbxci}iml buc xlc mo {vicoivn eib`n– ([VN]N% 6;;;% {"68)"

L ~uib}l o ñe}icl {ienv obhlb}vnml {lv [vn}n (6;;;) é l mn Xoviomnmo% hlbximovnmn {lv oen

hlcl nedl ~uo é goi}l hlc huimnml% moxwoel o mieidábhin" Ox}o {ienv gli moxmlfvnml oc hibhl

xufhn}odlvinx1

Oenflvnäèl mnx {nu}nx mlx vo{øv}ovox mo glvcn n nflvmnv l nxxub}l mn cnboivn cnix

hlc{eo}n mob}vl ml }oc{l {ovci}iml:

Moxobwlewicob}l ml }vnfne`l mlx {vlmu}lvox1 hlcl oeox {vlmuqoc o ~unb}nx cn}évinx

{lv min hnmn {vlmu}lv }vnbxci}o nl vo{øv}ov:

H`ohndoc mn ibglvcnäèl1 ~unb}nx woqox oen é goi}n o mo ~uo glvcn oen é goi}n"

[vox}näÿox mo xovwiälx {ñfeihlx nlx luwib}ox }nix hlcl1 }oc{ovn}uvn% heicn% `lvn hov}n%

}væbxi}l% o}h"

Hlibhimábhin mnx ibglvcnäÿox miwuednmnx hlc l gn}l wovãmihl% hlbximovnbml mnmlx

hlcl1 bñcovl mo obwlewimlx% `lvîvil o elhne"

N gimoeimnmo mlx luwib}ox ox}î eidnmn n }lmlx ox}ox hibhl {ienvox o ~uo% uc ñbihl {ienv ancnix

{lmo xov nbneixnml xo{nvnmncob}o ([VN]N% 6;;;)"



60

= N BNVVNÄÈL

="> Nx bnvvnäÿox ox{lv}iwnx oc vîmil

[lv coil ml n{oel ë icndibnäèl% l vîmil fuxhlu eownv% nl luwib}o% n cndin ml ox{o}îhuel

vnmilgýbihl" Nx wlqox% nx cñxihnx% nx wib`o}nx o nx xlblvnx glvnc nedubx mlx vohuvxlx

u}ieiqnmlx {oel vîmil {nvn xomuqiv ox}o {ñfeihl" L lfao}iwl ovn eownv% nl luwib}o% uc aldl cnix

wifvnb}o o ib}ovn}iwl hn{nq mo {vobmá#el nl vîmil muvnb}o lx 9; cibu}lx (D_OVVN% 6;;;)"

Duovvn (6;;;) ngivcn ~uo% {lv xov l {vicoivl woãhuel mo hlcubihnäèl n }vnbxci}iv nx {nv}imnx

mo gu}ofle% nl wiwl% lx {vlgixxilbnix ml vîmil hvinvnc flvmÿox o% nl enml mo hlcob}nvix}nx o

vo{øv}ovox mo hnc{l% ib}vlmuqivnc ucn blwn mibæcihn bnx {nv}imnx mo gu}ofle"

_c ox}iel op}vocncob}o ocl}iwl o hlb}ndinb}o gli ob}èl hvinml o% n {nv}iv mnã% }lmlx lx aldlx

xo }lvbnvnc xu{ov{nv}imnx% hlc xu{ovn}eo}nx o ucn guvilxn flen% ~uo hlvvin vn{imncob}o {oel

dvncnml (D_OVVN% 6;;;)"

[nvn l nu}lv% uc xic{eox {nxxo ob}vo aldnmlvox é moxhvi}l hlc dvnbmo obovdin {lxxifiei}nbml%

nl luwib}o% nmob}vnv oc ucn neuhibnb}o {nv}imn" Nxxic ~uo l aldnmlv xo n{vlpicn ml dle% n

wlq ml bnvvnmlv é nucob}nmn mo wleuco o hlbxo~õob}ocob}o n wifvnäèl o ob}uxinxcl" [nvn l

luwib}o% n xobxnäèl é mo ~uo lx aldnmlvox ox}oanc obelu~uohimlx oc hnc{l o aldnbml mo

glvcn ibnhvomi}îwoe"

N }vnbxcixxèl {oel vîmil% n l{ibièl o n moxhviäèl ml enbho é bl clcob}l ml gn}l" Bèl `îvo{eny% n}é {lv~uo l }lvhomlv% nl luwiv l enbho% aî l imoneiqlu% aî }ivlu xunx hlbheuxÿox" Éoxxo icomin}ixcl% hnvnh}ovãx}ihn {vibhi{ne ml woãhuel% ~uo l gnq nibmn }èl glv}o" Cui}l cnixml ~uo n gnhieimnmo mo moxelhncob}l {nvn l ox}îmil lu {nvn lu}vl hnb}l mn hnxn% bl hnvvl lubn vun% l vîmil u}ieiqlu o mox{ov}lu nedl gubmncob}ne {nvn bnvvnv uc aldl% ~uo éic{vowixãwoe # n icndibnäèl" Xo l voxue}nml mn {nv}imn bèl {lmo xov {vowix}l% ~uoc mivî logoi}l mn icndoc moen hlcl ox}ãcuel {nxxnml ml bnvvnmlv nl luwib}o" (D_OVVN% 6;;;%{"?4)"

Hlcl l elhu}lv bèl {lmo wov l luwib}o o l luwib}o bèl {lmo wov l elhu}lv% n hlcubihnäèl% bl

vîmil mocnbmn% mo ncfnx ëx {nv}ox% uc hlb`ohicob}l {véwil mn imob}imnmo ml luwib}o" Hlc

ixxl% oeo xob}o#xo {vøpicl nl elhu}lv% hlbginbml boeo n {nipèl {oel xou }ico (D_OVVN%

6;;;)"



69

[vnml (6;;7) voxxne}n ~uo% n cnilvin mlx luwib}ox mo vîmil {vogovo n hlfov}uvn mo uc aldl mo

glvcn oclhilbnb}o" Hlb}uml% voen}n ~uo oxxo blwl }i{l mo bnvvnäèl hlcoälu `î {luhl }oc{l

o ~uo hlc lu xoc ocläèl% }lmn vîmil {vohixn mo ucn o~ui{o ox{ohineiqnmn oc ox{lv}o"

Bèl nminb}n ibwob}nv cui}l% l glv}o ml ox{lv}o bl Fvnxie é l gu}ofle coxcl" Wlhá n}é {lmoib}vlmuqiv mvl{ox (fleo}ibx huv}ib`lx% mo mlix n }váx cibu}lx) mo ibglvcnäÿox xlfvo nxmocnix clmneimnmox mo ox{lv}o% hlcl fnx~uo}o% }ábix lu nu}lclfieixcl" É ucn fln iméin~uo obvi~uoho n {vldvncnäèl ox{lv}iwn" Bèl ox{ovo% {lvéc% vo}lvbl vo}ucfnb}o" L ~uo mînumiábhin é n flen bl {é ([VNML% 6;;7% {"=6)"

Oxxn voenäèl }èl ―{vøpicn– ob}vo elhu}lv o luwib}o goq hlc ~uo nx }vnbxcixxÿox gu}ofleãx}ihnx

xo }lvbnxxoc hnmn woq cnix {l{uenvox o nhoxxãwoix% xoanc bnx henxxox fnipnx% céminx lu ne}nx

(D_OVVN% 6;;;)" Xodubml l nu}lv% n {nv}iv mnã% lx bnvvnmlvox {umovnc u}ieiqnv ucneibdundoc cnix hlel~uine"

Nb}ox% n dni}ib`n mo Nvy Fnvvlxl xibneiqnwn {nvn l }lvhomlv l dle" @lao% {lv opoc{el% lbnvvnmlv Émxlb Cnuvl% ml Vil mo Anboivl% nbubhin l dle dvi}nbml &fibdl% fibdl& o hlbheuimiqobml1 ―Oxxn nã {nxxlu% oxxn nã {nxxlu& (vogovábhin ë cñxihn mo xuhoxxl ml Dvu{l É l]h`nb)" Cnuvãhil Coboqox% mn Vîmil Delfl% moxhvowo {nvn l }lvhomlv n imn mo uc }ico {nvnl n}n~uo% mogibibml l ox{näl ml coil#hnc{l hlcl &eî wni guenbl% }lml neodvib`l% ob}vlu bnhnxn ml wiqib`l&""" L voxue}nml é l &gihlu cnix goeiq ml ~uo {ib}l bl eipl&% ib}vlmuqiml {lvTnxìbd}lb Vlmviduox% ~uo }ncféc enbälu &fvidn mo hnh`lvvl dvnbmo&" N flen% {nvn Alxé

Hnfvne% ovn &cnvihl}n&% {nvn Vnue Elbdvnx% &Eolblv&" _cn aldnmn ovvnmn o eî xnãnc lxbnvvnmlvox miqobml ~uo l aldnmlv &}vn}lu n cobibn {lv Wlxxn Ophoeábhin&1 l gu}ofleáx é ucimilcn hlc }nb}nx {nenwvnx o gvnxox% ~uo aî covoho uc mihilbîvil ox{ohine""" Xovî migãhie% blob}nb}l% op{eihnv n gvnxo mlx bnvvnmlvox ml vîmil &n flen ox{ivvn o xni–" (D_OVVN% 6;;;%{"==)"

="6 Ox}ielx mo bnvvnäèl ox{lv}iwn oc vîmil

Xìbbov (6;;=) moxhvowo ~uo l clml mo bnvvnv ucn {nv}imn mo gu}ofle% {oel vîmil% gli

cumnbml nl elbdl ml }oc{l" Blwlx ox}ielx {vohixnvnc xov vohvinmlx {lv elhu}lvox ~uon{vobmovnc n obvi~uohov% hnmn woq cnix% l icndibîvil mlx }lvhomlvox"

N moxhviäèl ml ubiglvco o ml {lxihilbncob}l mlx nmwovxîvilx bl hnc{l% xlfvo}uml oc

voenäèl ëx hnfibox mo elhuäèl% é goi}n mo clml n {vl{ihinv% nl luwib}o% n xobxnäèl mo ox}nv

mob}vl ml ox}îmil" Aî n eibdundoc% vihn oc xibýbicl o vomubmæbhinx% xovwo {nvn ndieiqnv n

bnvvnäèl" Neéc mixxl% lx nmao}iwlx ì{ovføeihlx xèl u}ieiqnmlx {oelx bnvvnmlvox% hlcl glvcn

mo op{elvnv nx ~uneimnmox mlx aldnmlvox # ―{nvomÿox– {nvn lx dleoivlx opho{hilbnix: ―fohÿox–{nvn lx qnduoivlx% o}h (X@IBBOV% 6;;=)"



8;

N eibdundoc féeihn dnb`lu ox{näl bl alvbneixcl ox{lv}iwl% n}unbml co}nglvihncob}o bl

xob}iml mo obne}ohov lx aldnmlvox% lx enbhox o nx wi}øvinx" Hlcl ―nv}ieòivl– l gu}ofle hlbòho

l dleonmlv% ~uo enbän ucn ―flcfn– (flen glv}o) oc mivoäèl ë }vnwo% {vl{ihinbml l ―cnxxnhvo–

ml }ico viwne (VNCLX% >90=)"

Bl anvdèl gu}ofleãx}ihl% ―heîxxihl– é l hlbgvlb}l mivo}l mo mlix heufox viwnix" Xèl {nv}imnx%hovhnmnx mo ib}obxn hlc{o}i}iwimnmo% foc nl dlx}l ml {nenmnv hn{i}neix}n" Bl Fvnxie% opix}oucn hleoäèl moeox" N obucovnäèl mo }lmlx xovin uc mox{vl{øxi}l" Mo {nxxndoc% wneoeocfvnv ~uo `î 6; dvnbmox heufox bnhilbnix (VNCLX% {" 9=% >90=)

L bnvvnmlv ox{lv}iwl {lmo hvinv boleldixclx o gøvcuenx migovob}ox {nvn bnvvnv l aldl% cnx bèl

{lmo% ob}vo}nb}l% moipnv mo uxnv ucn eibdundoc xic{eox% mivo}n o lfao}iwn% lu xoan% mo gîhieob}obmicob}l {ñfeihl1 ―Z"""S n cobxndoc xo {ovmo bl nv bl clcob}l oc ~uo é }vnbxci}imn" Lu

xoan% xo bèl hlbxoduiv ob}obmá#en% l voho{}lv }newoq bèl má n wlhá ucn xodubmn l{lv}ubimnmo"–

(XH@IBBOV% 6;;=% {">;8): nibmn cnix ~unbml xo }vn}n mo ucn }vnbxcixxèl nl wiwl"

Héxnv (>997) vo}vn}n ~uo l elhu}lv ox{lv}iwl mowo xov wifvnb}o% {lix }oc n gubäèl mo vo{nxxnv n

obovdin% dnvvn o ocläèl nl luwib}o" Dovnecob}o% oeo bnvvn lx owob}lx ox{lv}iwlx mivo}ncob}o

ml elhne mnx {nv}imnx }obml n l{lv}ubimnmo mo vo{nxxnv }lmlx lx mo}neòx ml owob}l"

Xhìbbov (6;;=) mox}nhn hlcl lx cnilvox bnvvnmlvox ox{lv}iwlx ml Fvnxie% lx xoduib}ox

blcox1 [omvl Euiq% Omxlb Eoi}o% Cîvil Clvnix% Alvdo Huvi% Gilvi Dideil}}i% Tieey Dlbxov"

―Op}vocncob}o }éhbihl% wlq henvn% ox}iel xøfvil o ic{ohîwoe% [omvl bèl luxnwn ovvnv : xoduvnwn

}uml bl dldø% bucn é{lhn ~uo bèl opix}inc nx gnclxnx wibò}nx ~uo mèl uc hlelviml ox{ohine

ëx }vnbxcixxÿox– (XH@IBBOV% 6;;=)"

="8 Bnvvnäÿox ox{lv}iwnx mo vîmil p }oeowixèl

N eibdundoc uxnmn bn }vnbxcixxèl ox{lv}iwn {oen ]W é migovob}o mn~uoen uxnmn {oel vîmil" Bl

vîmil% n wifvnäèl {vohixn xov }ýbihn% wix}l ~uo l bnvvnmlv mn {nv}imn {vohixn n}ibdiv l

icndibîvil ml luwib}o" Bn ]W% l bnvvnmlv% cui}nx woqox% moipn n {nv}imn vlenv xoc moxhviäèl"

Oen u}ieiqn xibnix xlblvlx% wibò}nx% o nv}o dvîgihn {nvn cnb}ov l }oeox{oh}nmlv n}ob}l ë {nv}imn

(X@IBBOV% 6;;=)"



8>

Bn }oeowixèl l elhu}lv gihn oc ucn hnfibo lbmo vohofo lx }op}lx mn {vlmuäèl {nvn gnqov neoi}uvn nl wiwl" Blvcnecob}o l elhu}lv mo hnfibo }ncféc dvnwn nx h`ncnmnx mn{vldvncnäèl mlx giecox% blwoenx% ox{ohinix o bl}ihiîvilx" Xun wlq xovî {lx}ovilvcob}oclb}nmn hlc nx icndobx (HÉXNV% {" 0;% >997)"

Bnx munx clmneimnmox mo }vnbxcixxèl% ob}vo}nb}l% n {voxobän mlx vo{øv}ovox mo hnc{l o mlx

hlcob}nvix}nx }lvbn#xo ic{voxhibmãwoe" Lx {vicoivlx hlelhnc lx aldnmlvox oc hlb}n}l mivo}l

hlc l {ñfeihl o lx lu}vlx gnqoc% hlc {vohixèl% ucn nbîeixo ox}n}ãx}ihn mn {nv}imn (X@IBBOV%

6;;=)"

Lx hlcob}nvix}nx xoc{vo moxgvu}nvnc mo oblvco hvomifieimnmo aub}l nl {ñfeihl% ubibml}éhbihn% {vohixèl% nbîeixo ox}n}ãx}ihn o hnvixcn" Lx hvn~uox mlx cihvlglbox uxnc ox}nx

hnvnh}ovãx}ihnx hlcl cn}évin#{vicn" Lu}vlx nx{oh}lx ibxo{nvîwoix mn nbîeixo gu}ofleãx}ihnxèl l {nxxilbneixcl (uxl opndovnml mn ocläèl% mn {nipèl heufãx}ihn o ml fnivvixcl) o lnh`ixcl (n}l mo xo xu{lv nedl xoc ocfnxncob}l }éhbihl)" Ncflx xèl hn{nqox mo }lvbnv uc}lvhomlv hlcuc uc xuaoi}l nfxleu}ncob}o cãl{o minb}o mo gn}lx xøeimlx o hlbhvo}lx" Cnx%~unbml }vn}nclx mo mixhuxxèl gu}ofleãx}ihn% bèl `î gn}lx hlbhvo}lx% coxcl ~uo wlhá vowoanl vo{eny mn aldnmn 8;; woqox" Nibmn nxxic `î mo {nivnv &hov}n mñwimn&" (XH@IBBOV% 6;;=%{"76)"

Xoan {lv ib}ovcémil ml vîmil% ~uo mo}ne`n n {nv}imn% hnuxnbml ic{nh}l o ocläèl% xoan {lv

coil mn ]W% ~uo n{obnx moxhvowo o voen}n l ~uo n icndoc clx}vn% l ~uo }lvbn l bnvvnmlv

cui}l n{vohinml é% nb}ox mo }uml% n glvcn hlcl hlelhn bl nv% l {lb}l cîpicl o cnix

ox{ovnml mo }lml aldl1 l dle" N}vnwéx mn elhuäèl ml dle% n ocläèl {ovhlvvo nx woinx o

flcfnvmoin l hlvnäèl ml }lvhomlv hlc ucn dvnbmo ocläèl (X@IBBOV% 6;;=)"

L dvi}l mo dle bèl é uc xux}l" L bnvvnmlv wni hlbx}vuibml n aldnmn n {nv}iv mn mogoxn%{nxxnbml {oel coil#mo#hnc{l o h`odnbml nl n}n~uo" N {nv}iv ml clcob}l oc ~uo xuvdo n{lxxifieimnmo ml dle% }uml ox}î mowimncob}o nv}ihuenml% xoc }vl{oälx" (XH@IBBOV% 6;;=%{" >00)"

="= N bnvvnäèl hlcl gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o mo vîmil

Hlbx}vuibml xoux clmlx o gimoeiqnbml% hlc xunx {ovglvcnbhox% l luwib}o mo xun vîmil% nx

bnvvn}iwnx ox{lv}iwnx xoduoc mlix }i{lx mo ox}ielx1 l ml {vlgixxilbne lu n~uoeo ~uo gli nml}nml

{oen ocixxlvn% cnix hlcucob}o% nx hlbxovwnmlvnx" Blx mlix hnxlx% oeo hn{i}neiqn n numiábhin

o% hlc ix}l% dnvnb}o lx coe`lvox nbubhinb}ox (X@IBBOV% 6;;=)"

L ox}iel eiwvo mo{obmo opheuxiwncob}o ml hnvixcn o mnx {lxxifieimnmox ml {vlgixxilbne mlcihvlglbo% o {lmo xov luwiml bnx ocixxlvnx mo vîmil o oc ]Wx nfov}nx" [lv hnvnh}ovãx}ihnx



86

{vø{vinx% ox}o bnvvnmlv hlx}ucn xov luxnml% ivvowovob}o% hvin}iwl o xomu}lv bnx {nenwvnx%neéc mo {lxxuiv uc nvxobne ieici}nml mo flvmÿox" L bnvvnmlv hnvixcî}ihl é ucn ox{éhio mocox}vo#mo#hovicýbinx (CH) o uxn xoc{vo n ocläèl op}vocnmn o wifvnb}o {nvn n}vniv xou{ñfeihl" Oc dovne% {lv }lmnx nx ~uneimnmox o mogoi}lx% ox}o elhu}lv }oc uc ne}ãxxicl dvnu moxic{n}in (nhoi}näèl)% cnx }ncféc uc hlbximovîwoe dvnu mo voaoiäèl {lv {nv}o ml luwib}o"

Bèl `î coil#}ovcl (XH@IBBOV% 6;;=% {">9=)"

_cn bnvvn}iwn woelq o hòin mo ocläèl woc hlbxoduibml hlb~uix}nv l {lwl ~uo% coxcl bl

hnc{l lu minb}o mn ]W% bèl nfnbmlbn l gioe n{nvoe`l mo vîmil (X@IBBOV% 6;;=)"

N ocläèl é l gn}lv {vibhi{ne ml owob}l ~uo ox}î xobml }vnbxci}iml" Ox}o bnvvnmlv hn{i}neiqnnumiábhin o dnvnb}o flbx nbubhinb}ox ë xun ocixxlvn" É uc nbicnmlv mo ox}îmilx" Aî l ox}iellviob}nml xoduo lx {nmvÿox ox}i{uenmlx {oel glvcn}l mn ocixxlvn% ~uo mogibo ucn eib`n mo}vnbxcixxèl oc ~uo }lmlx lx elhu}lvox hlx}ucnc xoduiv n coxcn hnv}ie`n" É cnix uxnml {lv

ocixxlvnx ~uo }ác ucn eib`n omi}lvine cnix hlbxovwnmlvn o {oen cnilvin mlx hnbnixox{lv}iwlx {lv nxxibn}uvn" N bnvvnäèl lviob}nmn é cnix mixhvo}n o n ocläèl é {nv}o bn}uvneml owob}l ~uo ox}î xobml }vnbxci}iml" ]oc hlcl gøvcuen l xix}ocn MMM% lu xoan% mowo xovmoxhvi}iwn% mixhvo}n% {lvéc mibæcihn% mob}vl mnx {lxxifieimnmox ~uo l owob}l lgovoho" Nx{vibhi{nix hnvnh}ovãx}ihnx xèl n }éhbihn% n {lbmovnäèl% n nxxov}iwimnmo% aub}l hlc n ocläèlhlb}op}une% bnmn% neéc mixxl" l mix{obxn l woe`l vîmil (XH@IBBOV% 6;;=% {">9=)"

Mo nhlvml hlc mnmlx hleo}nmlx {lv [vn}n (6;;;) opix}o% `lao% l h`ncnml cnvjo}ibd mo

eonemnmo1

_c {vldvncn ox{ohãgihl glvcnml oc oc{voxnx {nvn xoduvnv l xou hlbxucimlv% {vobmobml#l mo }lmnx nx glvcnx" Ox}ox {vlao}lx ox{ohãgihlx mo gimoeimnmo hlcoänvnc hlc hlc{nbìnxnévonx ~uo% {lv coil mo {vldvncnx mo cie`ndoc% mohenvnvnc xun wlb}nmo mo {vocinv ohlbxovwnv l heiob}o" N {nv}iv ml xuhoxxl mn oc{voi}nmn mnx hlc{nbìnx névonx% oc{voxnx mo}lmlx lx xo}lvox }ncféc movnc ibãhil nl cnvjo}ibd mo eonemnmo% fuxhnbml glvcnx moxoduvnv xoux heiob}ox" ([VN]N% 6;;;% {">8?)

Xodubml [lvh`n} (>909)% ~une~uov hlb}n}l ml luwib}o {lv }oeoglbo% hnv}n lu nflvmndoc bnx

vunx opido vox{oi}l o hlbximovnäèl {lv {nv}o ml woãhuel mo hlcubihnäèl" N vox{lx}n xoc{vo é

vo{nxxnmn n gic mo dnvnb}iv n ~uneimnmo o n gimoeimnmo"

―Coe`lvnv nx hlbmiäÿox mo wimn mn hlcubimnmo é n co}n ml alvbneix}n" ]lmn cn}évin woihuenmn

}oc ox}o lfao}iwl" [nvn ix}l% é {vohixl mobubhinv o gnqov hnc{nb`nx ~uo }ob`nc {lv gic n

xleuäèl mlx {vlfeocnx mn xlhiomnmo– ([LVH@N]% >909% {"69)" Xodubml n nu}lvn% n}obmov n

bohoxximnmo ml luwib}o {lv coil mo xovwiälx {ñfeihlx dnvnb}o nl woãhuel n gimoeimnmo"



88

Ob}obmo#xo ~uo bèl opix}oc }vnälx hlc{eo}ncob}o xoduvlx ~uo blx {ovci}nc mogibiv l

luwib}o gioe" ―É n ocixxlvn ‘ hlc xun {vldvncnäèl% xunx ox{ohigihimnmox% xoux hlcubihnmlvox%

xunx hnvnh}ovãx}ihnx ‘ ~uo wni mogibiv l hncib`l {oen numiábhin gioe– ([VN]N% 6;;;% {"6>)"

Bl gu}ofle% ix}l bèl é migovob}o" Nx vohencnäÿox% ibmndnäÿox o oeldilx xèl }vnbxci}imlx {oelx

bnvvnmlvox muvnb}o nx {nv}imnx" ]éhbihlx% aldnmlvox o {voximob}ox mo heufox xèl lx cnix

ngo}nmlx" ―N glvän ml {lmov ml vîmil xuv{voobmo n }lml l clcob}l" N ibglvcnäèl vo{ovhu}o

mo glvcn ibx}nb}æbon% mivo}n o ibmivo}ncob}o" _c luwo% gnen {nvn l lu}vl o }lmlx nhlc{nb`nc

l gn}l% buc nehnbho ox{nb}lxl– ([LVH@N]% >909)"



8=

? NBÎEIXO MN OX]VN]ÉDIN MLX BNVVNMLVOX G_]OFLEÃX]IHLX MN VÎMIL

I]N]ININ HLCL IBX]V_COB]L MO GIMOEIQNÄÈL ML L_WIB]O

?"> Co}lmleldin mo {ox~uixn

?">"> [ox~uixn Fifeildvîgihn

N {ox~uixn fifeildvîgihn gli oenflvnmn {lv coil mn xoeoäèl mo eiwvlx o nv}idlx hiob}ãgihlx

voenhilbnmlx n }ocnx hlcl Gu}ofle% Vîmil% Bnvvnäèl Ox{lv}iwn% Vnmilalvbneixcl Ox{lv}iwl o

Gimoeimnmo" Glvnc nbneixnmlx% {lv}nb}l% miwovxlx nu}lvox ~uo nflvmnc n }ocî}ihn oc ox}uml%hlc l lfao}iwl mo clx}vnv n owleuäèl mox}o hnc{l o nx xunx hlb}vifuiäÿox"

Ti}}ov (>997) nflvmn n `ix}øvin ml gu}ofle bl Fvnxie voen}nbml lx {vicoivlx }lvboilx% nx

{vibhi{nix vodvnx o n voenäèl ml ox{lv}o hlc n cãmin" L nu}lv n{lb}n ~uo l ox{lv}o hlcoälu

ob}vo nx oei}ox o l {vohlbhoi}l vnhine gli ucn hnvnh}ovãx}ihn cnvhnb}o mo xou hlcoäl bl Fvnxie"

Aî bn méhnmn mo >98;% l gu}ofle }lvblu#xo% mogibi}iwncob}o% uc ox{lv}o {vlgixxilbne o

{l{uenviqnml"

Necoimn o Cihoeei (6;;=) n{voxob}nc nx }váx {vicoivnx méhnmnx mn ubièl ob}vo l vîmil o l

gu}ofle" Xodubml lx nu}lvox% n{oxnv mnx migihuemnmox obhlb}vnmnx {oelx vnmineix}nx% elhu}lvox%

vo{øv}ovox o hlcob}nvix}nx% gli hvinmn ucn blwn eibdundoc o ucn glvcn mo bnvvnäèl ~uo

}lvblu lx aldlx uc owob}l mo ocläèl hn{nq mo hn}neixnv n numiábhin"

Vnclx (>90=) ngivcn ~uo l gu}ofle lhu{n bn wimn mlx fvnxieoivlx uc ox{näl {viclvmine o ~uooeo bèl xo vox}vibdo ëx {nv}imnx blx ox}îmilx% cnx ox}î {voxob}o blx coilx mo hlcubihnäèl% oc

hlbwovxnx mo ncidlx% bnx vunx o oc fnvox% mixhuxxèl oc gncãein% o}h" [nvn l nu}lv% l gu}ofle é

wix}l hlcl {nv}o ml min n min mlx fvnxieoivlx% lu xoan% ucn ―{nipèl bnhilbne–"

Aî Elwixlel (6;;6) voen}n ~uo l gu}ofle {lmo ox}nv nl enml mo lu}vnx nv}ox {l{uenvox o ~uo

glvnc hvinmnx ngibimnmox ml gu}ofle hlc l xncfn% }nbdl% hnvbnwne" Xodubml l nu}lv% l {vø{vil

ox{lv}o {nxxn n xov hlbximovnml hlcl nv}o% ocflvn ~unei}n}iwncob}o moblcibnml {l{uenv" Lgu}ofle {lmo xov uc mlx coilx {nvn xo }vnfne`nv l {vlhoxxl hiwieiqn}øvil" L ibhob}iwl nl



8?

hlbwãwil {nhãgihl ob}vo lx aldnmlvox o }lvhomlvox mo heufox migovob}ox {lmovin xov l {ienv mox}o

{vlhoxxl xlhineiqnmlv" L imone vlcæb}ihl ml gu}ofle ox}î {lx}l o ocovdo mn hn{nhimnmo mo

hnmn uc vohviî#el ob~unb}l lfvn mo nv}o"

Dneonbl (6;;=) nflvmn ~uo% nhicn ml gu}ofle% nibmn opix}o ucn eobmn% lbmo uc aldl {lmo xo

}vnbxglvcnv oc ucn xndn ~uo mox{ov}n% bn cue}imèl% {nipÿox% neodvinx o xlgvicob}lx" Lx

goi}lx mo [oeé% Mi X}égnbl% Cnvnmlbn% Qiqib`l% Mimi% Dnvvibh`n ob}vo lu}vlx hvn~uox xèl

voen}nmlx oc xoux clcob}lx mo ox{eobmlv o moovvl}n"

Nedubx nu}lvox mixhlvvoc xlfvo n bnvvnäèl oc vîmil% ob}vo oeox ox}î Xh`ibbov (6;;=) ~uo

voen}n lx }i{lx mo elhuäÿox o n cnboivn hlvvo}n mo hlcubihnv hlc l luwib}o" N hlbx}vuäèl mlx

xoux clmlx o n gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o mo vîmil hlc xunx {ovglvcnbhox bnvvn}iwnx xoduoc l

ox}iel ml {vlgixxilbne lu n~uoeo ~uo gli nml}nml {oen ocixxlvn% cnix hlcucob}o% nx

hlbxovwnmlvnx" Blx mlix hnxlx% oeo hn{i}neiqn n numiábhin o% hlc ix}l% dnvnb}o lx coe`lvox

nbubhinb}ox"

]`lc{xlb (>990) moxhvowo ~uo l moxobwlewicob}l mn cãmin hvilu blwnx glvcnx mo näèl o

ib}ovnäèl ob}vo lx ibmiwãmulx" Xodubml l nu}lv% {lv ib}ovcémil mlx coilx mo hlcubihnäèl

vnmilgýbihlx% {lv opoc{el% l luwib}o {lmo hn{}nv nx ibglvcnäÿox mo ucn glvcn cui}l cnix

îdie o gîhie"

Fobancic (>908) voxxne}n nx ibglvcnäÿox voeownb}ox xlfvo1 l ~uo é xov uc bnvvnmlv% ~unix nx

xunx hnvnh}ovãx}ihnx {vibhi{nix% hlcl oeo é wix}l {oel luwib}o% n gubäèl bèl xø mo bnvvnv% cnx

hlmigihnv lx gn}lx% dovnbml bnvvn}iwnx ndvnmîwoix mo xovoc luwimnx" Nvnñal (6;;>) voen}n xoux

=; nblx mo op{oviábhin oc }vnbxcixxèl ox{lv}iwn% neéc mlx dvnbmox clcob}lx mlx n}eo}nx ~uo

glvnc vogovábhin bl ox{lv}o fvnxieoivl"

Héxnv (>997) vo}vn}n n xun dvnbmo op{oviábhin aub}l nl cihvlglbo% hi}nbml cé}lmlx clmovblx

mo hlcubihnäèl ~uo% hlc l mohlvvov mlx }oc{lx% bohoxxi}nvnc mo xovoc ibxovimlx box}o coil"

Hloe`l (6;;8) mogibo ~uox}ÿox hlcl1 l ~uo n}vni ophoeob}ox {vlgixxilbnix {nvn n îvon

ox{lv}iwn: nx {vibhi{nix }éhbihnx u}ieiqnmnx box}n {vlgixxèl o n gncn mo ―alvbneix}n {ne{i}oivl–"



87

H`nb}eov o @nvvix (>990) n{voxob}nc uc nfvnbdob}o cnbune vnmilgýbihl% nflvmnbml nx

ibglvcnäÿox bohoxxîvinx {nvn n ic{enb}näèl mo ucn ocixxlvn mo vîmil% nx gubäÿox ml vo{øv}ov%

mlx }éhbihlx% mlx omi}lvox% mlx n{voxob}nmlvox o lx }i{lx mo {vldvncnäèl alvbneãx}ihn

opix}ob}ox" [lvh`n} (>909) vomidiu uc cnbune mo vnmilalvbneixcl n gic mo }vnqov nlx

ib}ovoxxnmlx ucn ogihiob}o govvncob}n ibihine {nvn }lmlx n~uoeox ~uo {vo}obmoc n}unv oc

vîmil"

Lv}vitnbl (>90?) voen}n ~uo% xoc n {lxxifieimnmo mo dovnv icndobx% l vîmil ox}icuen n

icndibnäèl ml luwib}o {lv coil mn hn{nhimnmo mo bnvvn}iwn mo xoux op{oviob}ox elhu}lvox% ~uo

nhnfnc gimoeiqnbml#lx"

Hlc voenäèl nl vnmilalvbneixcl ox{lv}iwl% [vnml (6;;7) moxhvowo n {vogovábhin mlx luwib}ox

{lv ucn hlfov}uvn cnix oclhilbnb}o" Xodubml l nu}lv% bèl nminb}n hlelhnv cui}l {vldvncn

blwl% voh`onml mo fleo}ibx o hlcob}îvilx {vlelbdnmlx% l glv}o ml ox{lv}o bl Fvnxie é l gu}ofle

coxcl" ―L ~uo mî numiábhin é n flen bl {é–"

[lv gic% hlcl ucn vîmil {lmo dnvnb}iv ucn numiábhin gioe< [vn}n (6;;;) {vlhuvlu nbneixnv%

~unix lx cl}iwlx ~uo eownc l luwib}o mo vîmil n xov }èl gioe n ucn mo}ovcibnmn ocixxlvn" N

{ox~uixnmlvn {ovhofou ~uo% {lv cui}nx méhnmnx% xlcob}o l ocixxlv ovn glhl mo n}obäèl% cnx

`lao `î ucn dvnbmo {volhu{näèl hlc l ~uo {obxn l voho{}lv% l ~uo oeo moxoan% hlcl ndo% lu

xoan% n ic{lv}æbhin mo ob}obmá#el hlcl {nv}o ml {vlhoxxl mo hlcubihnäèl"

?">"6 [ox~uixn Mlhucob}ne

Lx mlhucob}lx n~ui vogovobhinmlx% hlcl cn}ovinix oc{ãvihlx% ox}èl mogibimlx hlcl xobml

}voh`lx mo aldlx bnvvnmlx {lv Nfov}l Vlmviduox o Cîvil @obvi~uo% bl {ovãlml mo gowovoivl n

cnil mo 6;>;% ox{ohigihncob}o mlix aldlx ml Hnc{olbn}l Ciboivl o mlix aldlx ml

Hnc{olbn}l Fvnxieoivl"

?">"8 Cé}lmlx o ]éhbihnx

?">"8"> Nbîeixo mo hlb}oñml



84

[nvn gnqov n nbîeixo mlx mnmlx% glvnc u}ieiqnmlx lfao}lx mo }vn}ncob}l o ib}ov{vo}näèl%

voenhilbnbml#lx hlc nx ibglvcnäÿox o xunx n{eihnäÿox bl hlb}op}l {ox~uixnml% n {nv}iv mn

}olvin vogovobhinmn {oen {ox~uixn fifeildvîgihn"

Nxxic% n nbîeixo {vl{lx}n% {vo}obmou h`odnv nl xou lfao}iwl {vicoivl1 {ovhofov hlcl n }olvin

o n {vî}ihn xo hlvvoenhilbnc% wneobml#xo ml eownb}ncob}l mo mnmlx bn fifeildvngin o oc

mlhucob}lx"

[nvn }nb}l% glvnc eownmlx oc hlbximovnäèl nedubx hlbhoi}lx ml alvbneixcl% ml

vnmilalvbneixcl% mnx bnvvnäÿox ox{lv}iwnx o ml gu}ofle hlcl ―{nipèl fvnxieoivn–% }uml ixxl

neib`nml ë gimoeimnmo ml luwib}o mn vîmil"

Hlcl {vlhomicob}l co}lmleødihl {vø{vil mn nbîeixo mo hlb}oñml% gli goi}n n eoi}uvn

xix}ocî}ihn ml cn}ovine oc{ãvihl hlcl fnxo mn nbîeixo mn bnvvnäèl hlcl ibx}vucob}l mo

gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o mn vîmil"

L cé}lml u}ieiqnml {nvn n voneiqnäèl mn {ox~uixn ~unb}i}n}iwn gli l mn nbîeixo mo hlb}oñml mlx

}voh`lx mo aldlx bnvvnmlx {lv Nefov}l Vlmviduox o Cîvil @obvi~uo% ncflx elhu}lvox

ox{lv}iwlx mn Vîmil I}n}inin"

Hlcl blv}o ml {enboancob}l o opohuäèl mn nbîeixo% glvnc ox}nfoeohimlx lx xoduib}ox

hlbhoi}lx1

L Gu}ofle hlcl ―{nipèl fvnxieoivn–

N Bnvvnäèl Ox{lv}iwn oc Vîmil

L Vîmil o nx }vnbxcixxÿox ox{lv}iwnx

N Gimoeimnmo ml Luwib}o mo Vîmil

N gic mo n{uvnv mnmlx ~uo xux}ob}oc n nvducob}näèl oc }lvbl mn bnvvnäèl hlcl gimoeiqnäèl

ml luwib}o mo vîmil glvnc ox}nfoeohimnx nx xoduib}ox hn}odlvinx1

# Oxhu}n o nbîeixo mnx bnvvnäÿox ox{lv}iwnx mo Cîvil @obvi~uo o Nefov}l Vlmviduox1



80

Ox}ielx mo bnvvnäÿox"

_}ieiqnäÿox mo flvmÿox o,lu nmao}iwlx"

Ox}vn}édinx mo elhuäÿox oc aldlx bnhilbnix o vodilbnix"

Ox}vn}édinx mo gimoeiqnäèl1

l _}ieiqnc n naumn mo hlcob}nvix}nx"

l Hlb}nc hlc l nupãeil mlx vo{øv}ovox oc hnc{l"

l [lxxuoc wib`o}nx neib`nmnx nl xou blco"

l Xèl }lvhomlvox ml }ico oc ~uo bnvvnc lx aldlx"

l [lxxãwoix viwneimnmox bnx bnvvnäÿox"

l Glvcnx migovobhinmnx mo bnvvnv lx dlex"

l Vo{nxxnc nlx luwib}ox l heicn mlx aldlx mob}vl o glvn ml ox}îmil"

l Moxhvowoc% mo}ne`nmncob}o% nx hobnx mlx aldlx"

l Hlcob}nc xlfvo lx enbhox"

l Gnqoc uc n{nb`nml dovne ml aldl bl gibne mnx {nv}imnx"

N bnvvnäèl hlcl {l}obhine ibglvcn}iwl1

l [viwieodinc }lmlx lx nx{oh}lx mlx gn}lx n{voxob}nmlx"

l Xèl lfao}iwlx"

l Xèl mibæcihlx"

l _}ieiqnc mo bnvvnäÿox {l{uenvox o nhoxxãwoix n }lmlx lx {ñfeihlx"

Nflvmndoc o,lu }vn}ncob}l mnx ibglvcnäÿox1

l Ox{o}nhuenviqnäèl mn ibglvcnäèl"l Mèl l{ibiÿox ic{eãhi}nx lu op{eihi}nx mlx xoux {lb}lx mo wix}n bnx bnvvnäÿox"

?"6 N Vîmil I}n}inin

?"6"> N Vîmil I}n}inin o n xun voenäèl hlc l gu}ofle

N Vîmil I}n}inin é }vnbxci}imn% `lao% {oenx gvo~õábhinx 7>; NC o 9?%4 GC o é n {vibhi{ne

ocixxlvn vnmilgýbihn mo Cibnx Dovnix" Gli gubmnmn oc 6; mo anboivl mo >9?6% {oel alvbneix}n o



89

vnmineix}n Anbuîvil Enuvibml Hnvboivl o {lxxui% `lao% ucn {vldvncnäèl wle}nmn {nvn l

alvbneixcl% l ox{lv}o o n {vox}näèl mo xovwiälx% ob}vo}obml o ibglvcnbml l {lwl ciboivl"

N}unecob}o% }oc hlcl {voximob}o% Ocnbuoe Xlnvox Hnvboivl o hlb}n hlc ucn dncn mo

o~ui{ncob}lx mo }vnbxcixxÿox ue}vnclmovblx ~uo n}ibdoc }lmn n vodièl co}vl{lei}nbn mo

Foel @lviqlb}o o dvnbmo {nv}o mnx himnmox ml ib}ovilv mo Cibnx Dovnix"

Vohob}ocob}o% goq ucn dvnbmo voglvcn fuxhnbml nmob}vnv n ovn mn vîmil midi}ne" [lxxui li}l

ocixxlvnx {vø{vinx bl ib}ovilv mo Cibnx Dovnix o xun vomo mo ngieinmnx nlx xix}ocnx mo

xn}éei}ox"

N ―V îmil mo Cibnx–% hlcl é hnvib`lxncob}o hlb`ohimn% woc hleohilbnbml hlb~uix}nx nl

elbdl mo xun `ix}øvin" Gli n {vicoivn n cnb}ov n {vldvncnäèl 6= `lvnx bl nv% n u}ieiqnv xn}éei}o

{nvn }vnbxcixxÿox ib}ovbnhilbnix% n }vnbxci}iv Hl{nx ml Cubml o Leic{ãnmnx hlc o~ui{o

{vø{vin o hnbne ibmo{obmob}o o n hlelhnv xun {vldvncnäèl% nl wiwl% win ib}ovbo} o hoeuenvox"

Gli dnb`nmlvn% {lv >6 woqox% ml ]l{ lg Cibm% {vocinäèl voneiqnmn {oen Vowix}n Covhnml

Hlcuc% oc Cibnx Dovnix% xobml n ocixxlvn mo vîmil cnix eocfvnmn {oelx ciboivlx"

Neéc mo }vnbxci}iv aldlx nl wiwl% cnb}éc oc xun dvnmo miîvin xoix {vldvncnx hlc mox}n~uox

{nvn l gu}ofle o lx {vibhi{nix heufox mo Cibnx Dovnix" ―]ivl mo co}n–% ―Vîmil Ox{lv}ox–%

―Fnx}imlvox–% ―Flen [vocinmn–% ―]uvcn ml Fn}o Flen–% ―Dvnbmo Voxob`n Ox{lv}iwn– o ―N{i}l

Gibne–"

[lxxui oc xou {lv}gøeil uc voblcnml }ico mo bnvvnmlvox% ob}vo oeox1 Nefov}l Vlmviduox%

Cîvil @obvi~uo% Cie}lb Bnwox o Ábil Eicn" Lx vo{øv}ovox mo hnc{l xèl Vlfov}l Nfvnx% ~uonhlc{nb`n l N}eé}ihl: Nv}uv Clvnox% ~uo nhlc{nb`n l Hvuqoivl: Alèl Wi}lv Pnwiov% ~uo ox}î

bn vîmil moxmo 6;;>: ]indl Voix% ~uo hlcoälu bn vîmil nlx >? nblx o `lao é ox{ohineiqnml oc

ob}vowix}nv nx }lvhimnx mlx }icox hlc l gnclxl anvdèl ―Xou blco% xou fnivvl– o Îew nvl

Mncièl"

L }ico mo hlcob}nvix}nx é hlc{lx}l {lv Cnvhl Nb}ýbil Fvuhj ~uo ox}î bn vîmil moxmo >948 o

ibglvcn l voxue}nml mo lu}vlx aldlx: Vihnvml Añmiho ~uo gnq nx {vlaoäÿox o ox}n}ãx}ihnx mlx

hnc{olbn}lx o }nfoenx: Aubilv Fvnxie ~uo é l hllvmobnmlv mo ox{lv}o mn I}n}inin o Eéeil



=;

Dux}nwl% ~uo ox}î bn vîmil moxmo >99>" Hlc oxxn dvnbmo o~ui{o% n Vîmil I}n}inin {vlmuq% `lao%

n }vnbxcixxèl ox{lv}iwn"

?"8 Lx bnvvnmlvox gu}ofleãx}ihlx mn Vîmil I}n}inin

?"8"> [nblvncn mn bnvvnäèl ox{lv}iwn bn Vîmil I}n}inin

Nb}ox mo ibihinv n {nv}imn% n hòdnmn mlx aldnmlvox nl ox}îmil% é vlmonmn mo }lvhomlvox ~uo xo

ndelcovnc blx {lv}ÿox mo ob}vnmn hlc n ox{ovnbän mo vohofov% {oel coblx% uc nhobl mo xoux

ãmlelx"

Nx }lvhimnx lvdnbiqnmnx o ubiglvciqnmnx hòdnc }vnqobml fnbmoivnx o wifvnäèl" L

{leihincob}l xo gnq bohoxxîvil box}o clcob}l oc ~uo nx mixhøvminx xèl gvo~õob}ox% lx

ibxue}lx ucn hlbx}nb}o o n glvän {leihine nedl ibowi}îwoe {nvn ~uo n {nq xoan cnb}imn nb}ox%

muvnb}o o mo{lix mn {nv}imn"

Lx vo{øv}ovox mn I}n}inin }vnbxi}nc ml enml mo glvn ml ox}îmil% ibglvcnbml l luwib}o xlfvo nxxi}unäÿox ibuxi}nmnx% ob}vowix}nbml lx }lvhomlvox cnix ngli}lx ~uo oxhnenc l }ico o

{vocomi}nc l voxue}nml mn {nv}imn% hlcl xo glxxoc }éhbihlx mo gu}ofle"

L }væbxi}l }lvbn#xo hnø}ihl o n vîmil ibglvcn nl luwib}o% ~uo xo moxelhn bn vodièl ml ox}îmil%

xlfvo nx hivhubx}æbhinx ml }væbxi}l% nx îvonx mo hlbdox}ilbncob}lx o nx coe`lvox winx mo

nhoxxl"

Mob}vl mlx wox}iîvilx% lx vo{øv}ovox hleòc nx ñe}icnx ibglvcnäÿox n vox{oi}l mnx ox}vn}édinx n

xovoc uxnmnx {oel }éhbihl% wovigihnc n oxhnenäèl ml }ico o ibglvcnc xlfvo n xi}unäèl mlx

aldnmlvox hlb}ubmimlx"

L fnvue`l bl ox}îmil wni hvoxhobml {luhl n {luhl% }lvbnbml#xo {nbl mo gubml hnvnh}ovãx}ihl

mnx gnenx oclhilbnmnx mlx vnmineix}nx Nefov}l Vlmviduox (Hvuqoivl) o Cîvil @obvi~uo

(N}eé}ihl)% ~uo hlcnbmnc }lmn n }vnbxcixxèl"



=>

Hlc n ob}vnmn mlx aldnmlvox% luwo#xo ucn }lvhimn ox{ovnbälxn ob}lnv l ìbl ml xou heufo% nx

hnbäÿox mo ibhob}iwl nlx xoux aldnmlvox gnwlvi}lx o% n}é coxcl% cñxihnx hvinmnx xlcob}o {nvn

{vlwlhnv l }ico nmwovxîvil" Glduo}ox o gldlx mo nv}igãhil hlc{eo}nc n gox}n mnx fnbmoivnx ~uo

mèl uc glv}o hlelviml ëx }lvhimnx"

Lx vo{øv}ovox mo hnc{l nbubhinc nx hlvox mlx ubiglvcox mlx mlix }icox o l enml mo hnc{l

~uo hnmn uc mowovî lhu{nv {nvn ~uo n {nv}imn {lxxn }ov ibãhil" Lx elhu}lvox mn Vîmil I}n}inin

xèl cibuhilxlx oc xunx moxhviäÿox o bèl {lu{nc l luwib}o mo mo}neòx% }nb}l {nvn n~uoeox

~uo nhlc{nb`nc n }vnbxcixxèl oc hnxn lu mivo}ncob}o ml ox}îmil"

Oc coil n }lmn ox}n gox}n% l vo{øv}ov mo hnc{l% ]ìndl Voix% nibmn hlbwovxn hlc lx

aldnmlvox% hlelhnbml#lx foc {vøpiclx nl luwib}o% {nvn gnenv mo xunx op{oh}n}iwnx" Lx ~uo

ox}èl bl fnbhl mo voxovwnx }ncféc xèl eocfvnmlx {oel vo{øv}ov% ~uo fuxhn xnfov xlfvo nx

{lxxifieimnmox mo xufx}i}uiäèl muvnb}o n {nv}imn"

L luwib}o nhlc{nb`n n clwicob}näèl o l obwlewicob}l mlx vo{øv}ovox% ~uo ox}èl {lv }lmn n

{nv}o ml ox}îmil% }vnqobml nx bl}ãhinx o blwimnmox xoc{vo oc {vicoivn cèl"

N {nv}imn }oc ibãhil o n bnvvnäèl {nxxn n xov goi}n {oelx elhu}lvox lgihinix% moxhvowobml hnmn

enbho% hnmn {nxxo o hnmn clcob}l hvuhine mn {nv}imn" [nvn xun ob}vnmn bl nv n Vîmil I}n}inin

hvilu wibò}nx opheuxiwnx o {ovxlbneiqnmnx {nvn hnmn elhu}lv" Nl xlc mo uc xibne oeo}výbihl%

lx blcox mo Nefov}l Vlmviduox o Cîvil @obvi~uo ohlnc blx cie`nvox mo vnmib`lx hlelhnmlx

foc aub}l nlx luwimlx mn~uoeox ~uo hlbginc bl }vnfne`l mox}ox mlix {vlgixxilbnix"

Muvnb}o }lmn n }vnbxcixxèl mn {nv}imn% l vo{øv}ov mo hnc{l o l hlcob}nvix}n gnqocop{enbnäÿox% hlbwovxnbml hlc l bnvvnmlv" Lx flvmÿox o nmao}iwlx u}ieiqnmlx {lv Nefov}l

Vlmviduox o Cîvil @obvi~uo }ác l {n{oe mo hn}iwnv n n}obäèl ml luwib}o"

Nx bnvvnäÿox xèl lfao}iwnx% {l{uenvox o mo gîhie n}obmicob}l {nvn }lmlx" Ncflx dlx}nc mo

moxhvowov {nvn l luwib}o l {lxihilbncob}l mlx nmwovxîvilx bl hnc{l% l moxoc{ob`l ml auiq o

ml }éhbihl" Xlcob}o {oen ob}lbnäèl mn elhuäèl% l luwib}o hlbxoduo {ovhofov xo `î lu bèl

ibxn}ixgnäÿox"



=6

Bl clcob}l oc ~uo l {vicoivl }oc{l }ovcibn o ibihin l ib}ovwnel% `î uc hlcob}îvil xlfvo

lx coe`lvox enbhox% `î n vo{o}iäèl mlx dlex o lx {enhnvox mo aldlx hlbhlci}nb}ox"

ûnbml l aldl xo voibihin l heicn mo ob}uxinxcl vo}lvbn ëx hnfibox mo elhuäÿox" ]ìndl Voix

nbubhin nx xufx}i}uiäÿox mo ncflx lx }icox o n{vlwoi}n {nvn ob}vowix}nv lx }éhbihlx" Nx

ox}vn}édinx xèl mogibimnx o l luwib}o é ibglvcnml xlfvo l hncib`l n xov }lcnml {oel }ico

muvnb}o l xodubml }oc{l"

N {nv}imn hòdn nl gic o n o~ui{o mn I}n}inin {vo{nvn#xo {nvn gnqov uc n{nb`nml dovne ml aldl%

n{lb}nv l coe`lv oc hnc{l o clx}vnv% nlx dleonmlvox% n bnvvnäèl mo xoux goi}lx" ]ìndl Voix

ob}vn oc hnc{l oc fuxhn mo ucn ob}vowix}n hlc lx aldnmlvox" Box}o clcob}l% l luwib}oox{ovn ucn {nenwvn mo hlbxlel lu mo goeihimnmo"

N{øx ox}nx ob}vowix}nx mob}vl mo hnc{l% lx vo{øv}ovox o aldnmlvox xo moxelhnc {nvn lx

wox}iîvilx lbmo ibihinvî ucn hleo}iwn mo ic{vobxn" Box}o clcob}l% }éhbihlx o aldnmlvox xèl

newlx mo {ovdub}nx% cui}nx woqox% cneihilxnx% xlfvo uc cnu moxoc{ob`l muvnb}o n {nv}imn"

N gibneiqnäèl mn hlfov}uvn é goi}n {lv ]ìndl Voix% ~uo% ml enml mo glvn ml ox}îmil% hlbwovxn

hlc lx }lvhomlvox ~uo% xn}ixgoi}lx lu bèl% l{ibnc xlfvo lx aldnmlvox% xunx {l}obhineimnmox%gne`nx% o}h" É uc clcob}l mo miîeldl o hlb}n}l {vøpicl ob}vn n Vîmil I}n}inin o l xou

luwib}o"

?"8"6 Nefov}l Vlmviduox

?"8"6"> @ix}øvin

Nefov}l Vlmviduox% 4> nblx% bnvvnmlv mn Vîmil I}n}inin `î 86 nblx% é vohlbòhiml% n}unecob}o%

hlcl uc mlx cnilvox bnvvnmlvox ox{lv}iwlx ciboivlx" Gli oeo ~uoc goq n {vicoivn

}vnbxcixxèl nl wiwl% bnvvnbml l hleo}iwl mn Xoeoäèl Ciboivn {nvn l aldl ibnuduvne ml Ox}îmil

Cndne`èox [ib}l% l ―Ciboivèl–% oc >97?" Nefov}l Vlmviduox nfviu l cihvlglbo mn Vîmil

I}n}inin hlc n gnclxn gvnxo mo Anbuîvil Hnvboivl1 ―Bøx nfviclx% {nvn l vîmil mo Cibnx% lx

hncib`lx mo }lmlx lx hlb}ibob}ox–" Box}o min% gli bnvvnml% nl wiwl% l hleo}iwl mn Xoeoäèl

Ciboivn% ~uo obgvob}lu l Viwov [en}o% }ico hnc{oèl mn Nvdob}ibn" Mnx hnfibox mo vîmil%

Wnemiv Vlmviduox bnvvlu l {vicoivl }oc{l ml aldl% moipnbml l xodubml }oc{l n hnvdl mo

Nefov}l Vlmviduox" Ox}o% `lao% aî hlc{u}n 8; ibib}ovvu{}lx nblx bnvvnbml nx {vibhi{nix



=8

alvbnmnx ml ox{lv}o {oen Vîmil I}n}inin1 Hnc{olbn}lx Ciboivlx% Hnc{olbn}lx Fvnxieoivlx%

Eifov}nmlvox% COVHLX_E% HLBCOFLE% ncix}lxlx bnhilbnix o ib}ovbnhilbnix% ophuvxÿox

ml Hvuqoivl bn Ouvl{n o Ncévihn ml Xue o miwovxnx Hl{nx ml Cubml"

?"8"6"6 Ox}iel

Nefov}l Vlmviduox {lxxui hnvnh}ovãx}ihnx% ~uo% hov}ncob}o% obhnb}nc l luwib}o mo vîmil1

ivvnmin lx aldlx ml }ico {nvn l ~une }lvhoc o% hlc ix}l wifvn bn bnvvnäèl mnx foenx aldnmnx o

wi}øvinx" [lv lu}vl enml% hlc{nh}un hlc n }vix}oqn mlx }lvhomlvox ~unbml xou }ico {ovmo"

Nl bnvvnvoc lx dlex% u}ieiqn flvmÿox% }nix hlcl1 ―Dle. Dle. Dle.–% lx aldnmlvox xèln{oeimnmlx% mo nhlvml hlc xun {ovglvcnbho1 Jeofov (Denminmlv)% Toeeibd}lb [nueix}n

(Toeeibdle)% Albn}`nb (]luvl Xob}nml) o n ]lvhimn Hvuqoivobxo (Hìbn Nque)" Wibò}nx l

nbubhinc o hlc xun hn{nhimnmo hvin}iwn o xou hnvixcn eown l luwib}o nl moeãvil"

?"8"6"8 Ox}vn}édin u}ieiqnmn {nvn gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o

?"8"6"8"> ]voh`lx mn bnvvnäèl mo Hvuqoivl P Ncévihn (Hnc{olbn}l Ciboivl 6;>;)

Gnenbml mo glvcn henvn o vî{imn% Nefov}l Vlmviduox mî ibihil ë bnvvnäèl ml aldl" Xou }icfvo

mo wlq é ibhlbgubmãwoe o {voobhò l ox{näl ml luwib}o hlc dvn}igihnb}o op{oh}n}iwn"

Bøx nfviclx {nvn n Vîmil mo Cibnx lx hncib`lx {nvn }lmlx lx hlb}ibob}ox" Cui}l fln }nvmo}lvhimn fvnxieoivn ox{ne`nmn oc hnmn {omnhib`l ml {enbo}n nque" Ciboivèl% cnix uc aldl%cnix uc heîxxihl ml hnc{olbn}l ciboivl (NEFOV]L VLMVID_OX% 6;>; ‘ Hvuqoivl oNcévihn)"

]lmlx lx xodubmlx xèl {voobhìmlx hlc n gnen hvomobhinmn mo Nefov}l% ~uo hlbòho cui}l

foc l dlx}l opidob}o ml xou luwib}o" H`ncnbml lx aldnmlvox {oen nehub`n hvinmn {oelx

}lvhomlvox o n}é coxcl% {oen cãmin% hlbx}vøi uc mixhuvxl mo }olv cnix ib}icl% n{vlpicnbml#

xo% nibmn cnix% ml xou luwib}o gioe"

L bnvvnmlv% op}vocncob}o hvin}iwl% clx}vn#xo lfao}iwl bl clcob}l mo {nxxnv ibglvcnäÿox o

foc cnix geopãwoe o xle}l nl bnvvnv uc dle"



==

Eol% vo{nxxn {nvn Glv}ubn}l% ~uo enbän bn coin mivoi}n {nvn Gnfvãhil% ~uo nwnbän {nvnox~uovmn% wni }ob}nbml hòdnv% }lhnbml {nvn [nueix}n% hòdn n qndn Ncovihnbn" Flen }lhnmn{nvn gvob}o% Jeofov vohu{ovn {nvn l Hvuqoivl ~uo nwnbän {nvn coin eun1 Dle. Dle. Dle. É mlHvuuuqoiiivllll... (NEFOV]L VLMVID_OX% 6;>; ‘ Aldl Ncévihn o Hvuqoivl)"

Bl hnc{l% }uml nhlb}oho cui}l vî{iml% cnx Nefov}l Vlmviduox hlbxoduo voxuciv lx enbhox

hlc henvoqn o lfao}iwimnmo% moxob`nbml n hobn {nvn l luwib}o" L enbäncob}l goi}l {oel

mogobxlv ml Hvuqoivl% Eolbnvml Xiewn% é bnvvnml mo glvcn îdie% wix}l ~uo% }èl eldl oeo

nhlb}oho% l }ico nmwovxîvil aî vohu{ovn n flen o uc blwl n}n~uo {vohixn xov bnvvnml"

―Eolbnvml Xiewn buc enbho eibml" [ovmo n h`nbho mo nucob}nv {nvn l }ico hoeox}o" ûnxo%

~unxo% l qnduoivl ml Hvuqoivl mou ucn hnfoänmn bn flen" Nduob}n hlvnäèl Nefov}l..–

(NV]@_V CLVNIX% 6;>; ‘ Aldl Ncévihn o Hvuqoivl)"

Nx aldnmnx nhlb}ohoc mo glvcn ibib}ovvu{}n o hlc ucn woelhimnmo }èl dvnbmo ~uo xø coxcl

bnvvnmlvox% vo{øv}ovox o hlcob}nvix}nx op{oviob}ox hlbxoduoc voen}nv" [nvn ix}l% hvinc glvcnx

migovobhinmnx mo elhuäèl hn{nqox mo ib}odvnv ocixxlv o voho{}lv bucn ñbihn ocläèl"

L elhu}lv ox{lv}iwl {nvoho {vowov nx aldnmnx o {vobmo n n}obäèl n}é coxcl ml luwib}o ~uo

nhnflu mo eidnv l vîmil% nl ob}lvbnv% ei}ovnecob}o% xou nvxobne mo wovflx% xufx}nb}iwlx onmao}iwlx" Nefov}l u}ieiqn% hlc gvo~õábhin% nx op{voxxÿox1 ―[obo}vn. É {ovidl. L aldnmlv ox}î

nmob}vnbml n qlbn nmwovxîvin vucl nl dle– (Nefov}l Vlmviduox% bnvvnäèl mo Hvuqoivl o

Ncévihn ‘ hnc{olbn}l Ciboivl mo 6;>;)"

N }obxèl ibx}nen#xo bl {oi}l ml }lvhomlv ~uo aî {lxxui uc nvxobne mo aldnmnx vodix}vnmnx bn

cob}o" Xo l elhu}lv bnvvn ~uo uc aldnmlv ―vohofou uc xnbmuihò–% {lv opoc{el% n icndoc

mox}o% ic{vobxnmn o ic{omiml mo hlbheuiv n aldnmn% icomin}ncob}o xo glvcn o l }lvhomlv xo

nbdux}in hlcl xo wixxo n hobn bl {vø{vil ox}îmil"

N wlq wifvnb}o% oclhilbnmn o ibhixiwn mo Nefov}l Vlmviduox hn}iwn l luwib}o% hnuxn#eò

ic{nh}l o l gimoeiqn iboplvnwoecob}o% ë Vîmil I}n}inin"

?"8"6"8"6 ]voh`lx mn bnvvnäèl mo Hvuqoivl P Honvî (Hnc{olbn}l Fvnxieoivl 6;>;)

L qnduoivl mowo gnqov n mogoxn ml }ico% cnx oc hov}lx clcob}lx nwob}uvn#xo vucl nl dle"Box}o }voh`l mn bnvvnäèl Nefov}l Vlmviduox oxhnbhnvn n ic{lv}æbhin ml enbho bnmn



=?

hlvvi~uoivl o nbubhin n {lxxifieimnmo icibob}o mo uc dle" ―Hncib`n. É hovhnml. [obo}vn bl

n}n~uo. É {ovidl.– (Nefov}l Vlmviduox ‘ bnvvnäèl mo Hvuqoivl o Honvî # Hnc{olbn}l

Fvnxieoivl 6;>;)"

Bl}n#xo hlc henvoqn% ~uo n bnvvnäèl é {ovconmn mo op{voxxÿox ~uo uboc l ocixxlv o l

voho{}lv bucn }l}ne ib}icimnmo gu}ofleãx}ihn" N ob}lbnäèl o n wifvnäèl mo Nefov}l Vlmviduox

goh`nc ox}o hlb}vn}l mo hlcubihnäèl"

Cnv~uib`lx [nvnbî }lhn {vn Govbnbmib`l" Govbnbmib`l divlu {nvn Diefov}l% ~uo mvifelu {vnhî% mvifelu {vn eî% {nxxlu ndlvn {nvn n ox~uovmn wivnbml l aldl% {nvn @obvi~uo% vohofo@obvi~uo% }lhn {nvn ]indl Vifoivl o"""mogobmo l dleoivl ml Honvî% ~unxo% ~unxo% l }icohoeox}o cnvhn. (NEFOV]L VLMVID_OX ‘ Hvuqoivl o Honvî ‘ Hnc{olbn}l Fvnxieoivl mo

6;>;)"

_cn h`nbho mo dle é {ovhofimn% {oel luwib}o% nb}ox coxcl mn bnvvnäèl ml enbho% {lix n wlq

ml elhu}lv ox}î hnvvodnmn mo nbxiomnmo% hvinbml ucn op{oh}n}iwn"

N {lxiäèl mn fnvvoivn% n {nv}ihi{näèl ml qnduoivl bn aldnmn% n elhneiqnäèl mn gne}n bn ―flhn ml

dle– o n bnvvnäèl oclhilbnmn mo Nefov}l Vlmviduox nb}ohi{nc {nvn l }lvhomlv op{oviob}o% l

{ovidl ml dle"

L vi}cl mn bnvvnäèl nhoeovn l hlvnäèl ml luwib}o ~uo ox{ovn nbxilxl% {oen gibneiqnäèl mn

aldnmn% oc ~uo n flen ox}î hlelhnmn bn op}vocn mivoi}n ml }ico nmwovxîvil"

Hòdn Govbnbmib`l bn flen% hnvvodnbml l }ico hoeox}o {nvn mivoi}n% hlc ucn aldnmnox{o}nhuenv. Gne}n. L qnduoivl ml Honvî% {odn Govbnbmib`l {lv }vîx hlc ucn {nbhnmn. L}ico ml Hvuqoivl vondo% Diefov}l }lhn {nvn Jeofov ~uo hù}n bn cèl ml dleoivl" ûo h`nbho{ovmou blwncob}o l Hvuqoivl (NEFOV]L VLMVID_OX ‘ Hvuqoivl o Honvî ‘ Hnc{olbn}lFvnxieoivl mo 6;>;)"

L luwib}o% xodubml ]`lc{xlb (>990) bèl é uc covl op{oh}nmlv {nxxiwl" Nxxãmul bn

numiábhin mlx bl}ihiîvilx o hnc{olbn}lx l{ibn nhovhn mo }lmlx lx mo}neòx o ue}vn{nxxn xun

gubäèl xlhine% }lvbnbml#xo }éhbihl% auiq% aldnmlv o alvbneix}n" Vohofo ml elhu}lv uc nvxobne mo

ibglvcnäÿox ~uo l hlelhn bl coil ml hnc{l% hlcl {nv}o mn aldnmn" Wá n}vnwéx mlx le`lx

mn~uoeo ~uo bnvvn% hlc ocläèl% n {nv}imn"

―L aldnmlv ox}î bl coil mo hnc{l% vlen n flen {nvn l enml% {vo{nvn#xo {nvn l n}n~uo. Dle%

Dle% Dle. Ml Hvuqoiivvllll..– (Nefov}l Vlmviduox ‘ bnvvnäèl mo Hvuqoivl o Honvî #

Hnc{olbn}l Fvnxieoivl 6;>;)" Cox}vo mn nv}o mo bnvvnv% Nefov}l eown l luwib}o nl elhne ml



=7

enbho% hlelhnbml bn wlq uc }lc cnix wifvnb}o o l}icix}n% {nxxnbml xoc{vo {nvn l luwib}o%

ucn iméin mo {lxxifieimnmo"

?"8"8 Cîvil @obvi~uo

?"8"8"> @ix}øvin

Cîvil @obvi~uo% 80 nblx% cnix hlbòhiml hlcl ―Hnipn–% ox}volu xun hnvvoivn bn Vîmil

I}n}inin% bnvvnbml% `î >7 nblx% l heîxxihl Ncévihn p Wieen Blwn% bl ox}îmil Ibmo{obmábhin% oc

Foel @lviqlb}o" Hlc l gu}ofle% aî }owo n l{lv}ubimnmo mo hlbòhov lx hibhl hlb}ibob}ox o 89

{nãxox" Gli nl [ovu {nvn bnvvnv N}eé}ihl p Xi{oxn% {oen Hl{n HLBCOFLE% nl enml ml vo{øv}ovVlfov}l Nfvnx: {nv}ihi{lu mo wîvinx ophuvxÿox {oel op}ovilv% hlcl ë Nvîfin Xnumi}n% hlc n

Xoeoäèl Fvnxieoivn: ë Iudlxeîwin o ë Hvlîhin% hlc l Ncévihn o% cnix vohob}ocob}o% nl _vuduni

hlc l heîxxihl N}eé}ihl p Hvuqoivl% {oel ]lvboivl mo Wovèl" @lao% hleohilbn ~un}vl hlfov}uvnx

mo Leic{ãnmnx% }váx Hl{nx ml Cubml o }váx Aldlx [nb#Ncovihnblx% neéc mn bnvvnäèl mo

miwovxnx {nv}imnx mo hnc{olbn}lx fvnxieoivlx o ox}nmunix"

?"8"8"6 Ox}iel

Cîvil @obvi~uo }ncféc ivvnmin lx aldlx ml }ico {nvn l ~une }lvho o% }ncféc wifvn bnx

bnvvnäÿox mnx foenx aldnmnx o wi}øvinx" Nl bnvvnvoc lx dlex% u}ieiqn flvmÿox% }nix hlcl1

―Hnipn. Hnipn. Hnipn.– (Cîvil @obvi~uo): neéc mo eocnx mo n{lil nlx }icox1 ―Fihn oeox

fihuml–% ―L Hnipn bubhn {ovmo n ox{ovnbän–% ob}vo lu}vlx"

Lx aldnmlvox xèl n{oeimnmlx1 Miodl ]nvmoeei (Mlc Miodl o ]n}n}n}n}n}nvmoei)% Cuvi~ui(cuvihn oeox% Cuvi~ui) o n ]lvhimn N}eo}ihnbn (Cnxxn Newibodvn)" Blx fnx}imlvox% lx

vo{øv}ovox mo hnc{l o lx hlcob}nvix}nx vohònc n bnvvnäèl mo Cîvil hlc ob}vowix}nx o

hlcob}îvilx"

?"8"8"8 Ox}vn}édin u}ieiqnmn {nvn gimoeiqnäèl ml luwib}o

?"8"8"8"> ]voh`lx mn bnvvnäèl mo N}eé}ihl P I{n}ibdn (Hnc{olbn}l Ciboivl 6;>;)



=4

Cîvil @obvi~uo é vî{iml o henvl oc xun bnvvn}iwn" Vogovo#xo ë }lvhimn n}eo}ihnbn hlcl ―Cnxxn

Newibodvn– o cnb}éc lx n{oeimlx mnmlx hnvib`lxncob}o% {oelx }lvhomlvox"

Neý dneovn. N {nv}iv mo ndlvn n cib`n wlq wni vnxdnv lx héux mox}o Fvnxie eownbml n wlhá nocläèl ml gu}ofle fvnxieoivl {oel vîmil. N flen wni vlenv bl Ciboivèl. ]oc l Dnel% }oc l]idvo% }oc l I{n}ibdn% }oc l N}eé}ihl% }oc flen vlenbml% }oc ocläèl {uvn bn Vîmil moCibnx. (CÎVIL @OBVI^_O% Hnc{olbn}l Ciboivl mo 6;>;)"

Oc{lednäèl% ibglvcnäèl o l{ibièl xèl lx {ienvox mn xux}ob}näèl mn bnvvn}iwn gu}ofleãx}ihn

~uo% dovn cui}n {leácihn" Xodubml Dixoen Lv}vitnbl (>90?)% l vîmil ox{lv}iwl xoc{vo

hlb}vifuiu hlc ogo}iwn o wifvnb}o {nv}ihi{näèl"

Cîvil @obvi~uo clx}vn }lmn ox}n oc{lednäèl% vohònbml hlc anvdÿox o op{voxxÿox n xun

elhuäèl"

N bnvvn}iwn ml oxhnb}oil% n xov hlfvnmn {oel coil#hnc{l ml N}eé}ihl% }ivn l luwib}o mn n{n}in"

L {ovidl ml dle é vo}vn}nml ~unbml Cîvil @obvi~uo hi}n ~uo ―l aldnmlv wni ovduov n flen {nvn

n hnvn ml dle–% xo n hlb}ibuimnmo mo xun moxhviäèl é goi}n hlc oc{lednäèl hvoxhob}o% l

luwib}o hòdn nl î{iho ml ob}uxinxcl o wifvn {oel xou }ico mo hlvnäèl"

L luwib}o ox{ovn ml elhu}lv nedl cnix ~uo n moxhviäèl {uvn o xic{eox ml enbho" ûov ucn gnen

gu}ofleãx}ihn% }éhbihn o oeo}viqnb}o" L xuaoi}l gnenb}o% hlcl hi}n H`nvnumonu (>997) é l

vox{lbxîwoe {oen lvdnbiqnäèl ml obubhinml o {vohixn ox}umî#el% hvinbml ox}vn}édinx mo elhuäèl"

Bl gu}ofle% nx op{voxxÿox xuxhi}nc ib}ovoxxo o }ncféc coe`lv hlc{voobxèl mn aldnmn" N

op{voxxèl ―Hnipn. Hnipn. Hnipn. Aî vo{voxob}n {nvn l luwib}o l clcob}l ml dle% anvdèl aî

hvinml {oel bnvvnmlv Cîvil @obvi~uo"

Lx hlcob}nvix}nx ox{lv}iwlx mn Vîmil I}n}inin wnelviqnc% nibmn cnix% lx ib}ovwnelx mlx aldlx%

voxdn}nbml nx cnix foenx aldnmnx% n{voxob}nbml lx mnmlx ox}n}ãx}ihlx ml hnc{olbn}l% n

{lxiäèl mlx }icox bn }nfoen o bl}ihinbml gn}lx ic{lv}nb}ox"

Flc% l N}eé}ihl gnq uc aldl mo xoduvnbän n~ui bl Ciboivèl" Aldn cnix ucn woq hlc lvoduencob}l mofnipl ml fvnäl" Cnx% mo ~une~uov glvcn l N}eé}ihl nibmn gli xu{ovilv nl

I{n}ibdn box}o {vicoivl }oc{l% hòdlu cnix {ov}l ml dle o n{vlwoi}lu cnix aldnmnx"(EÉEIL D_X]NWL% Hnc{olbn}l Ciboivl mo 6;>;)"



=0

Lx dlex ml {vicoivl }oc{l }ncféc xèl vo{vixnmlx {oelx hlcob}nvix}nx% ~uo n{vlwoi}nc l

clcob}l {nvn l{ibnvoc xlfvo n {nv}imn o lx aldnmlvox" _c {vldbøx}ihl ibihine }ncféc é

lgovohiml nl luwib}o"

L hlcob}nvix}n {vlhuvn clx}vnv#xo ic{nvhine oc xun lfao}iwimnmo uxn l coxcl mixhuvxl mn

o~ui{o mo bnvvnäèl% nml}nbml% {lvéc% ucn {lx}uvn cnix glvcne" Minb}o mo xun nbîeixo% gnq

hlc ~uo l luwib}o {lxihilbnbml#xo n gnwlv lu hlb}vn"

?"8"8"8"6 ]voh`lx mn bnvvnäèl mo N}eé}ihl P Geucibobxo (Hnc{olbn}l Fvnxieoivl 6;>;)

]lmn }vnbxcixxèl gu}ofleãx}ihn é ic{nh}nb}o% {lix vo{nxxn% {nvn l luwib}o% nedl ~uo ox}înhlb}ohobml bl opn}l clcob}l" [lvéc% l clml hlcl n bnvvn}iwn é hlbmuqimn é ~uo% mo gn}l%

xovî l gn}lv mo}ovcibnb}o {nvn n hlbx}vuäèl xn}ixgn}øvin mn~uoen {nv}imn mo gu}ofle bl

icndibîvil mn~uoeo luwib}o"

Buc n}n~uo ml }ico ml N}eé}ihl% l Mlc Miodl ]nvmoei gnq ucn aldnmn o hlbxoduo ucoxhnb}oil {oel enml mivoi}l ml hnc{l" À n h`nbho ml Dnel mo cnvhnv uc dle" N }lvhimn ox}îwifvnb}o% hlc lx momlx hvuqnmlx" Nduob}n }lvhimn newibodvn. (CÎVIL @OBVI^_O #N}eé}ihl o Geucibobxo # Hnc{olbn}l Fvnxieoivl 6;>;)"

L vo{øv}ov mo hnc{l é l nupieinv mivo}l ml elhu}lv o é h`ncnml {nvn moxhvowov% hlc opn}imèl%

mo}ovcibnmlx enbhox" Gnqobml uxl mo anvdÿox o op{voxxÿox {vø{vinx% ~uo hlelhnc l luwib}o

mob}vl ml enbho% moxob`n n hobn"

Vlfov}l Nfvnx% vo{øv}ov mn Vîmil I}n}inin% wnelviqn nibmn cnix n aldnmn ml N}eé}ihl% miqobml

~uo l hn{i}èl ml }ico ―h`nclu {nvn l fnieo l n}eo}n ml }ico nmwovxîvil–% mvifenbml#l o

mnbänbml minb}o moeo"

Nx giduvnx mo eibdundoc mox{ov}nc n icndibnäèl ml luwib}o% ~uo% {viwnml mnx icndobx% fuxhn

bl mixhuvxl ml elhu}lv% n moxhviäèl gimomidbn mlx enbhox" L elhu}lv {nvoho% ëx woqox% gnenv hlc

hnmn luwib}o oc {nv}ihuenv% gimoeiqnbml#l"



=9

7 HLBHE_XÈL

^unbml l aldl xo ibihin% l elhu}lv ox{lv}iwl xnfo ~uo% cnix ucn woq% xovî lx le`lx ml luwib}o"

Hvinvî icndobx% n}vnwéx mo xun gnen o {ovci}ivî ~uo l vîmil hlb}ibuo n gnqov {nv}o mn `ix}øvin

mnx }vnbxcixxÿox ox{lv}iwnx% nl enml mo }lml n{nvn}l }ohbleødihl ml xéhuel PPI"

L nmwob}l mnx icndobx wnelviqn% nibmn cnix% l {n{oe mn o~ui{o mo }vnbxcixxèl ml vîmil ~uo%

hnmn woq cnix% {nvoho xo xu{ovnv" N hvin}iwimnmo o n fuxhn mo blwlx nv}igãhilx mo bnvvnäèl

cnb}ác l vîmil wiwl blx envox% blx nu}lcøwoix% o% n}é coxcl% blx {vø{vilx ox}îmilx mo

gu}ofle"

L mixhuvxl ml bnvvnmlv é% `lao% nhlc{nb`nml {oel }vnfne`l mlx hlcob}nvix}nx o mlx vo{øv}ovox

mo hnc{l% ~uo obvi~uohoc% nibmn cnix% l icndibîvil ml luwib}o% hlelhnbml#l gvob}o n gvob}o

hlc nx aldnmnx"

N }oeowixèl o n ib}ovbo} lgovohoc icndobx% cnx é l vîmil ~uoc hvin o vohvin% n}vnwéx mnx

elhuäÿox wifvnb}ox o lfao}iwnx% n ocläèl ml clcob}l ml enbho" N gnen% aub}l mn icndoc%

{nvoho xov vomubmnb}o% cnx% xo n icndoc bèl opix}o% oen é ibmix{obxîwoe"

[vlgixxilbnix hlc{o}ob}ox gimoeiqnc l xou luwib}o% n}vnwéx mo ucn bnvvn}iwn ic{ohîwoe o

lfao}iwn" Minb}o mn elhuäèl mo ucn {nv}imn mo gu}ofle% bèl xlfvn ox{näl {nvn migovobän mo

vnän% hvoml lu henxxo xlhine"

L elhu}lv ox{lv}iwl gnen n eibdundoc ml }lvhomlv o hvin% hlc oeox% n}vnwéx mo xoux anvdÿox o

op{voxxÿox huvilxnx% uc wãbhuel glv}o" Nx bnvvn}iwnx moipnvnc mo xov obgnmlb`nx o clbø}lbnx{nvn }lvbnvoc#xo obovdiqnb}ox"

L vîmil ic{vico woelhimnmo nl }oc{l ml aldl o voen}n bèl n{obnx lx enbhox% cnx }ncféc nx

ibglvcnäÿox cnix voeownb}ox xlfvo l aldl% l }væbxi}l bl ob}lvbl ml ox}îmil% l hnc{olbn}l% nx

mocnix {nv}imnx% l {ñfeihl {voxob}o% o}h"



?;

Nx elhuäÿox mo Nefov}l Vlmviduox% bnvvnmlv mn I}n}inin `î 86 nblx% o Cîvil @obvi~uo%

bnvvnmlv% `î >7 nblx% xèl hn}iwnb}ox" N op{oh}n}iwn hvinmn% {lv oeox% bl ibãhil mnx {nv}imnx% lx

voen}lx mlx dlex% o lx enbhox {ovidlxlx% ibhi}nc n ocläèl ml luwib}o"

N ib}ovnäèl mox}ox {vlgixxilbnix% hlc lx vo{øv}ovox mo hnc{l o hlc lx hlcob}nvix}nx% gnqoc

hlc ~uo hnmn enbho xoan en{imnml" N {nv}imn é nbneixnmn hlcl uc }lml% o }lvbn#xo cnix henvn o

oclhilbnb}o"

N }vnbxcixxèl ogihnq gimoeiqn l luwib}o ë vîmil o hlbgivcn n }olvin mo ]`lc{xlb (>990) nhovhn

mn bèl#{nxxiwimnmo ml voho{}lv" Ox}o ~uov uc clml mo }vnbxcixxèl blwl% hn{nq mo eowî#el n

uc cubml cîdihl% eñmihl o migovob}o (]@LC[XLB% >990)" Xodubml [vn}n% l luwib}o éopidob}o% o fuxhn ucn ocixxlvn ~uo }vnbxci}n n }vnmihilbneimnmo% n ib}ovn}iwimnmo% n

hvomifieimnmo% n ~uneimnmo o n xoviomnmo"

N I}n}inin {viwieodin nx blwnx }éhbihnx o }voibn xoux blwlx {vlgixxilbnix {nvn gnqov mn

vo{lv}ndoc o mn bnvvnäèl ucn nv}o" L vîmil ox{lv}iwl% box}o ox}uml% n{nvoho hlcl uc ãhlbo

mn hlcubihnäèl cimiî}ihn fvnxieoivn o }oc n ―Vîmil mo Cibnx– hlcl {nv}o ic{lv}nb}o mn xun

`ix}øvin"



?>

VOGOVÁBHINX

NEFOV]L VLMVID_OX1 L WIFVNB]O" Moxobwlewiml {lv1 Cnvibn o Vlbboe% x"m" L xi}olgovoho nx gl}lx% wãmolx o n `ix}øvin ml bnvvnmlv o {nvencob}nv" Mix{lbãwoe oc1 5 ttt"nefov}lvlmviduoxlwifvnb}o"hlc 2" Nhoxxl oc1 min >> cnväl mo 6;>;"

NECOIMN% Nemn: CIHOEEI% Cîvhil" Vîmil o gu}ofle1 dvi}lx mo blv}o n xue" Gelvinbø{leix%XH% Om1 6;;="

NVNÑAL% Geîwil" L vîmil% l gu}ofle o n wimn" Xèl [nuel1 Om1 Xobnh% 6;;>"

HNC[OEL% Tnbiv" Mnx lbmnx ml vîmil ë }oen mn ]W # l xlc o n icndoc bn himnmo mnxne}ovlxnx (>9;;#>9?;)" Mixxov}näèl mo Cox}vnml" _biwovximnmo Xèl Cnvhlx% Xèl [nuel1 6;;>

HÉXNV% Hyvl" Vîmil1 ibx{ivnäèl% }vnbx{ivnäèl o ocläèl" 6" om" Xèl [nuel1 IFVNXN% >997"

HLOE@L% [nuel Wibãhiux" Alvbneixcl Ox{lv}iwl" Xèl [nuel1 Hlb}op}l% 6;;8"

H@NB]EOV% [nue: @NVVIX% Xic" Vnmilalvbneixcl" Xèl [nuel1 Xuccux% >990"

H@NVN_MON_% [n}vihj" Hlbgovábhin bl II Xic{øxil Ib}ovbnhilbne xlfvo Nbîeixo ml

Mixhuvxl" Foel @lviqlb}o1 _GCD% cnil mo 6;;6"

D_OVVN% Cîvhil mo Leiwoivn" Wlhá% luwib}o% é n blxxn co}n" Vil mo Anboivl1 _GVA,OHL%Omi}lvn O]H% 6;;;"

ELWIXLEL% @udl Vlmlegl" Xlhileldin ml ox{lv}o1 wivnmnx nvducob}n}iwnx" Vil mo Anboivl16;;6

CNVIL @OBVI^_O HNIPN. Moxobwlewiml {lv1 Hvinxle% x"m" L xi}o lgovoho nx bl}ãhinxn}unix xlfvo l N}eé}ihl Ciboivl neéc mo gl}lx o wãmolx" Mix{lbãwoe oc1 5ttt"cnvil`obvi~uohnipn"hlc"fv2" Nhoxxl oc1 >> cnväl mo 6;>;"

LV]VITNBL% Dixoen Xto}enbn" N ibglvcnäèl bl vîmil1 lx dvu{lx mo {lmov o nmo}ovcibnäèl mlx hlb}oñmlx" Xèl [nuel1 Xuccux% >90?"

[LVH@N]% Cnvin Oeixn" Cnbune mo Vnmilalvbneixcl1 Alwoc [nb" Xèl [nuel1 Î}ihn%>909"

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[VNML% Cndney" [vlmuäèl mo Vîmil1 uc cnbune {vî}ihl" Vil mo Anboivl1 Oexowiov% 6;;7"

[VN]N% Bniv: _biwovximnmo Xèl Cnvhlx" N gimoeimnmo ml luwib}o mo vîmil1 uc ox}uml mlx

{vibhi{nix gn}lvox mo}ovcibnb}ox mn numiábhin gioe" 678 {" Mixxov}näèl (Cox}vnml) #_biwovximnmo mo Xèl Cnvhlx% Xèl [nuel% 6;;;"

VÎMIL I]N]ININ1 N VÎMIL MO CIBNX" Moxobwlewiml {lv1 ? Heihjx% 6;>;" L xi}o lgovohon {vldvncnäèl hlc{eo}n mn vîmil aub}ncob}o hlc lx xoux hleubix}nx" Mix{lbãwoe oc1 5ttt"i}n}inin"hlc"fv 2" Nhoxxl oc1 >> cnväl mo 6;>;"

VNCLX% Vlfov}l" Gu}ofle1 imoleldin ml {lmov" [o}vø{leix% VA1 Wlqox" >90=

XH@IBBOV% Hnvelx Govbnbml" Cnbune mlx Elhu}lvox Ox{lv}iwlx" Xèl [nuel1 [nbmn% 6;;="

]@LC[XLB% Al`b F" N cãmin o n clmovbimnmo1 ucn }olvin xlhine mn cãmin" [o}vø{leix% VA1Wlqox% >990"

TI]]OV% Alxé Xofnx}ièl" Fvowo `ix}øvin ml gu}ofle fvnxieoivl" Xèl [nuel1 G]M% >997"

A NARRAÇÃO ESPORTIVA E A FIDELIDADE DO OUVINTE DE RÁDIO: Uma análise sobre a estratégia...

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