A MULHER SEGUNDO WOODY ALLEN A representação da mulher nos filmes Noivo Neurótico, Noiva Nervosa...

8/4/2019 A MULHER SEGUNDO WOODY ALLEN A representação da mulher nos filmes Noivo Neurótico, Noiva Nervosa (1977),…

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Makewa Gdrzdcbi ma Wiq|d

D @QCBA_ WAFQKMI VIIMU DCCAKD ra~rawak}dæçi md `qcbar kiw jec`aw Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd "4566%#

Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw "452:%# We`~caw`ak}a Dcega "455>% a Zeghu Grew}ekdOdrgacikd "?>>2%+

Oaci Bire|ik}aGak}ri Qkezarwe}ärei ma Oaci Bire|ik}a "QKE-OB%

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Makewa Gdrzdcbi ma Wiq|d

D @QCBA_ WAFQKMI VIIMU DCCAKD ra~rawak}dæçi md `qcbar kiw jecàw Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd "4566%#

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Oaci Bire|ik}a

Gak}ri Qkezarwe}ärei ma Oaci Bire|ik}a "QKE-OB%

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WQ@Ä_EI

4 EK]_IMQÆÇI ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?

4 EMAK]EMDMA A FÌKA_I JA@EKEKI +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =

4+4 Gikgae}i ma emak}emdma ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =

4+? ^rigawwi ma gikw}rqæçi ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 1

4+7 ]airedw ~wegdkdcà}egdw +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 6

4+= Dw }rìw gikga~æñaw ma emak}emdma ~drd W}qdr} Bdcc ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2

4+1 Mawgak}rdkmi i wqlae}i+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 5

4+: Emak}emdma a mejarakæd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4?4+6 Emak}emdma jaèkekd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4=

4+6+4 ^rekge~dew gdrdg}aràw}egdw mi jaèkewì ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 4=

4+6+? D gikw}rqæçi md `qcbar gik}a`~irïkad ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 41

? KD__D]EZD# FÌKA_I A CEKFQDFA@ GEKA@D]IF_ÄJEGD ++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 42

?+4 D aw}rq}qrd ma q` ri}aeri +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 42

?+4+4 Dwwqk}i kd kdrrd}ezd geka`d}ifräjegd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 45

?+4+4 Gikgae}i ma fìkari a cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?>

?+? Kdrrd}ezd ki geka`d+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?4

?+7 Acaàk}iw md cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?7

?+7+4 E`dfa` +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?=

?+7+? Iw ajae}iw wikiriw+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?6

?+= Viimu Dccak a dw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ ?2

7 GIKW]_QÆÇI MDW Â_WIKDFAKW KQ@D KD__D]EZD MA GIKJCE]I ++++++ 7>

7+4 D awgicbd mi iola}i ma ~awtqewd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7>

7+? Iw jecàw mi mera}ir Viimu Dccak ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 7>

7+7 Gdrdg}aràw}egdw mdw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw kiw jecàw ma Viimu Dccak +++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 74

7+= Gikjce}iw kd kdrrd}ezd ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 77

GIKGCQWÇI ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ =6



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EK]_IMQÆÇI

Å ~iwwàzac ~argaoar tqa kdw üc}e`dw mågdmdw i `qkmi geka`d}ifräjegi aw}ä wakmi

`drgdmi ~acd jir}a ~rawakæd ma ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw+ Dwwe` giì Fecmd# ek}ar~ra}dmd~ir _e}d Bduvir}b# a` –Fecmd‐ "45=:%# a Dqmrau Ba~oqrk# a` –Oikatqekbd ma Cqi‐

"45:4%# iq}rdw ~arwikdcemdmaw gik}reoqàrd` ~drd i bew}÷regi mi qkezarwi jaèkeki

ra}rd}dmi kiw geka`dw+ Gekadw}dw# giì i aw~dkbic âmri Dcìm÷zdr a i dàregdki

Tqak}ek ]drdk}eki wçi gikbagemiw ~ir gredra` bew}÷redw a` tqa dw ~arwikdfakw

jaèkekdw wçi maw}aèmdw# ma ~arwikdcemdma jir}a# iq tqa# we`~cawàk}a# gi`~dr}ecbd`#

gi` iw ~arwikdfakw `dwgqcekiw# d kagawwemdma ma zekfdkæd a)iq lqw}eæd# giì âkåci~a

Grq| a` –Ziczar‐ "?>>:%# a Q`d ]bqr`dk a` –Hecc Oecc‐ "?>>7-?>>=%# ~rimqæñaw miwraw~ag}eziw mera}iraw+

I gekadw}d dàregdki# Viimu Dccak# jie q` miw mera}iraw tqa `dew wa d~rijqkmiq ki

qkezarwi jaèkeki# d ~dr}er md mågdmd ma :>+ I ~rawak}a }rdodcbi å q`d dkäcewa ma tqd}ri

jecàw ma wqd dq}ired# tqa ra}rd}d` d zemd ma mezarwdw `qcbaraw+ Wçi acaw< Kiezi

Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd " Dkkea Bdcc# 4566%# Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw " Bdkkdb dkm bar

wew}arw# 452:%# We`~cawàk}a Dcega " Dcega# 455>% a Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgacikd "Zeghu

Grew}ekd Odrgacikd# ?>>2%+ Dòiw }rd|a`# ki }à}qci irefekdc# rajarìkgedw îw

~ri}dfikew}dw# a doirmd` we}qdæñaw gikjce}qiwdw zezemdw ~ir acdw a` waqw

racdgeikdàk}iw+ Wakmi dwwe`# aw}a }rdodcbi ~rigqrd d~raakmar giì d `qcbar å

ra~rawak}dmd kiw jecàw mawwa mera}ir+

Aw}d ìkifrdjed wa aw}rq}qrd a` }rìw gd~à}qciw+ I ~reàeri }rd}d md gikw}rqæçi ma

emak}emdmaw a giì acdw wçi d}reoqàmdw di wqlae}i ki magirrar ma wqd aew}ìkged+ Giì d

giktqew}d md `qcbar ki àrgdmi ma }rdodcbi a dw gikwatóìkgedw rajarak}a î ìzeàk}iw

wigedew# giì i jaèkewì# ìmejegdrd` waq ~d~ac kd wigeamdma+ ^drd jqkmdàk}dr awwd

~dr}a dcfqkw dq}iraw jird` rajarìkged< W}qdr} Bdcc "?>>1)?>>:%# Hd}bruk Viimvdrm

"?>>:%# Ordkgd @iraerd Dczaw a Ldgtqaceka ê}dkfqu "452=%# Lqcedkd Aqfìked a Weczedka

Odrod}i "?>4>%# @drcaka Kazaw W}rau "4556%# @dkqac Gdw}accw "?>>>%# @dred Gbdcjek#

Ame}a Widraw a Mqcga Bacakd âkkd "?>4>% a Emeced Jarkdkmaw "?>>:%+



7

Lä ki wafqkmi gd~à}qci# wçi mewgq}emiw dwwqk}iw rajarak}aw î gikw}rqæçi ma ri}aeri# d

jqkmdàk}dæçi ma }a`dw tqa warçi doirmdmiw ki magirrar md bew}÷red# dwwe` giì

~rigawwi ma gikw}rqæçi ma ~arwikdfa` kd kdrrd}ezd+ Dcå` mewwi# tqaw}ñaw wiora

cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd a dw ~rekge~dew gdrdg}aràw}egdw miw jecàw ma Viimu Dccak#

a` racdæçi di }a`d doirmdmi# dw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw+ Wçi rajarìkgedw iw wafqek}aw

dq}iraw< Ldgtqaw Dqìk} "?>>6%# @dr}ek @drgac "45:7%# Frdaà ]qrkar "4556%# Areg

Cd "?>>5%# @d}ai Wdkgbi Gdrmadc "?>>5% a Wum Jeacm "4551%# gi` racdæçi diw

acaàk}iw geka`d}ifräjegiw+

Jekdcàk}a# jie mawakziczemd q`d dkäcewa miw tqd}ri jecàw ge}dmiw dge`d# kd tqdc

gik}ì` mdmiw tqa ìw}rd` giì dw ~arwikdfakw ~rekge~dew a~ña` wqdw ekwafqrdkædw a

jrqw}rdæñaw# iw gikjce}iw zezemiw ~ir acdw kq`d racdæçi dja}ezd# a dw `qmdkædw magi`~ir}dàk}i+ D dkäcewa }dòå` doirmd tqa Viimu Dccak d}reoqeq îw wqdw

~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw a giì d `qcbar gik}a`~irïkad ‗ ekwaremd iq kçi a` q`d

jd`àced ~d}redrgdc ‗ cemd gi` dw dmzarwemdmaw kiw racdgeikdàk}iw giì q` }imi+

I ~rawak}a }rdodcbi ìw}rd giì d cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd a i ~rigawwi ma

gikw}rqæçi md emak}emdma# gik}reoqeq ~drd d gredæçi miw cikfdw à}rdfakw d wara`

dkdcewdmiw# acaw tqa# jigd` i qkezarwi jaèkeki+ D dkäcewa# ma giì d `qcbar åra~rawak}dmd kiw jecàw ma Viimu Dccak# ~ima gik}reoqer ~drd aw}qmiw d raw~ae}i ma

~arwikdfakw mi mera}ir# a wiora iw ~rigawwiw tqa akzicza` d gikw}rqæçi md emak}emdma

jaèkekd+ Dcå` mewwi# ~ima war q`d rajarìkged d `dew wiora i gekadw}d# ~rimqæçi ma

ri}aeri a kdrrd}ezd+



=

4 EMAK]EMDMA

4+4 Gikgae}i ma emak}emdma

Kçi wakmi ~iwwàzac ijaragar djer`dæñaw gikgcqwezdw# }a÷regiw# ~rijawwiraw a}g#

mawakziczard` waqw drfqàk}iw gak}rdmiw ki wafqek}a gikgae}i wiora d emak}emdma mi

war bq`dki< dw tqdew kçi å biìfìkad# majeke}ezd a dgdodmd+ D}rdzåw ma aw}rq}qrdw

mewgqrwezdw a kdrrd}ezdw# di tqdc d emak}emdma aw}ä cefdmd# acd kdmd `dew å tqa q`d

gikw}rqæçi# q` ajae}i# q` ~rigawwi ma ~rimqæçi# q`d racdæçi# q` d}i ~arjir`d}ezi+

Kdw ~dcdzrdw ma ]i`d| ]dmaq md Weczd "?>>:%# d emak}emdma å ekw}äzac# gik}rdme}÷red#

jrdfàk}dmd# ekgikwgeak}a# ekdgdodmd+

D}rdzåw ma ìzeàk}iw ~icà}egiw# ge}dmi ~ir Hd}bruk Viimvdrm "?>>:%# å ~iwwàzac

oqwgdr dcfq`d gar}a|d# jedmd kd djer`dæçi md emak}emdma# d}rdzåw mi bew}÷regi mi wqlae}i

~dr}ecbdmi wigedcàk}a kd ek}ardæçi gi` i iq}ri# iq# ~acdw gdrdg}aràw}egdw oeic÷fegdw tqa

e`~ña i ìmi ma war mi ekmezàmqi+

I gir~i aw}ä akziczemi ki aw}doacageàk}i mdw jrik}aerdw# tqa majeka` tqa` wiìw

k÷w# warzekmi giì jqkmdàk}i md emak}emdma8 giì ~ir aa`~ci# d emak}emdma waqdc+îr iq}ri cdmi# d dq}ird a~cegd tqa# ìzeàk}iw å}kegiw# racefeiwiw iq kdgeikdcew}dw#

jqkmdàk}d` d emak}emdma ~ir àei md raezekmegdæçi ma q`d gqc}qrd iq bew}÷red+

D emak}emdma ~ima war ak}akmemd giì q`d watqìkged gqc}qrdc md dæçi# d ek}areire|dæçi

ma q`d a~areìkged wigedc# d}rdzåw ma ìmaciw }irkdmiw ekgikwgeak}aw tqa fizarkd`

gikmq}dw a lifiw racdgeikdew ~aci zeåw ma ra~rawak}dæñaw tqa acaw ekmq|a`+ I aw}qmi md

emak}emdma }dòå` å gi`~raakmemi giì ~dr}a mi ~rigawwi ma wigedce|dæçi# –X+++P~rigawwiw ~wegiwwigedew d}rdzåw miw tqdew iw ekmezàmqiw wa mawakzicza` bew}iregdàk}a

giì ~awwid a giì àòri ma q`d wigeamdma‐ "Odr÷ d~qm 8 Giq}ekbi8 Hrdvqcwhe#

Widraw# ?>>6%+

I ~rigawwi ma emak}ejegdæçi aw}ä d}racdmi di gikgae}i ma emak}emdma+ Bdcc "?>>:% a~cegd

tqa# kd cekfqdfa` mi wakwi gi`q`# d emak}ejegdæçi å gikw}rqàmd d ~dr}er mi

ragikbageàk}i# ma dcfi waàcbdk}a di mi wqlae}i a` tqaw}çi# ma gdrdg}aràw}egdw

gi`~dr}ecbdmdw ~ir q` frq~i ma ~awwidw# iq d ~dr}er ma q` àwì emadc+ Gik}qmi# d



1

emak}ejegdæçi aw}ä wa`~ra –a` ~rigawwi‐# acd kçi å# kqkgd# gi`~ca}dàk}a ma}arèkdmd

- ki wak}emi ma tqa wa ~ima –fdkbä-cd‐ iq –~armì-cd‐+ Mqrdk}a awwa ~rigawwi ma

dr}egqcdæçi kqkgd bdzarä q` dmatqdæçi gi`~ca}d# wakmi tqa - ma`dwedmdàk}a iq

`qe}i ~iqgi ‗ dcfi aw}drä wa`~ra jdc}dkmi ki ~rigawwi ma gikw}rqæçi md emak}emdma mi

wqlae}i+

Mi cdmi ~wegdkdcà}egi# Jraqm¿ makièkd d emak}ejegdæçi giì d `dew raì}d a~rawwçi

ma q` cdæi aìgeikdc gi` iq}rd ~awwid# jd|akmi rajarìkged di gi`~cai ma Åme~i+ I

wqlae}i ìcmd wqd gikmeæçi ma war ma dgirmi gi` iq}rd ~awwid# tqa# ~drd Bdcc "?>>:%#

–acd aw}ä jqkmdmd kd jdk}dwed# kd ~rilaæçi a kd emadce|dæçi+ Waq iola}i }dk}i ~ima war

dtqaca tqa å imedmi tqdk}i dtqaca tqa å dmirdmi+ –D ~dr}er mawwd emåed tqa Jraqm

mawakziczaq d mew}ekæçi ak}ra ‛}ar’ a ‛war’ i iq}ri‐ "BDCC# ?>>:# ~+4>6%+

4+? ̂ rigawwi ma gikw}rqæçi

D irefa` mdw emak}emdmaw ~draga rawemer kq` ~dwwdmi bew}÷regi ki tqdc acdw gik}ekqd`

`dk}akmi q`d racdæçi# q}ece|dkmi ragqrwiw md bew}÷red# md cekfqdfa` a md gqc}qrd ~drd d

~rimqæçi mdtqeci tqa kiw }irkdìw+ –Acdw }ì` }dk}i d zar gi` d ekzakæçi md }rdmeæçi

tqdk}i gi` d ~r÷~red }rdmeæçi# d tqdc acdw kiw iorefd` d car kçi giì q`d ekgawwdk}a

rae}ardæçi# `dw giì i àwì tqa wa }rdkwjir`d‐ "VIIMVD_M# ?>>:# ~+4>5%+ ^drd

Viimvdrm "?>>:%# ewwi wefkejegd gikw}rqer kizdw emak}emdmaw8 emak}emdmaw mdw tqdew

~imaìw kiw d~ri~redr a tqa ragikw}rqàìw ~drd kiwwi qwi+ Jraqm· majeka awwd

}rdkwjir`dæçi giì q` ~rigawwi ~wegic÷fegi# wakmi tqa i ekmezàmqi dwweècd q`

dw~ag}i# q`d ~ri~reamdma# q` d}reoq}i mi iq}ri a wa }rdkwjir`d# }i}dc iq ~drgedcàk}a#

wafqkmi i ìmaci maw}d ~awwid+

Dwwe`# a` za| ma jdcdr a` emak}emdma giì q`d giewd dgdodmd# mazaràdìw jdcdr aèmak}ejegdæçi# a zì-cd giì q` ~rigawwi a` dkmdàk}i+ D emak}emdma wqrfa kçi}dk}i md ~cake}qma md emak}emdma tqa lä aw}ä mak}ri ma k÷w giì ekmezàmqiw# `dw maq`d jdc}d ma ek}aera|d tqa å –~raakgbemd‐ d ~dr}er ma kiwwi a}areir# ~acdw jir`dwd}rdzåw mdw tqdew k÷w e`dfekdìw war zew}iw ~ir iq}riw+ ^wegdkdce}egdàk}a# k÷wgik}ekqdìw oqwgdkmi d –emak}emdma‐ a gikw}rqekmi oeifrdjedw tqa }aga` dwmejarak}aw ~dr}aw ma kiwwiw aqw mezememiw kq`d qkemdma ~irtqa ~rigqrdìwragd~}qrdr awwa ~rd|ar jdk}dwedmi md ~cake}qma "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+75%+

I wqlae}i wa ~rikqkged# wa`~ra# d ~dr}er ma q`d ~iweæçi bew}÷regd a gqc}qrdc aw~agàjegd#

oqwgdkmi dq}ak}egdr q`d ma}arèkdmd emak}emdma ~ir àei md mawgioar}d ma q` ~dwwdmi



:

wq~iw}dàk}a gi`q` gi` i ma iq}ri wqlae}i+ D gikga~æçi md emak}emdma gqc}qrdc

~ri~iw}d ~ir Bdcc "?>>1%# ~iwwqe mqdw zar}ak}aw# wakmi d ~reàerd odwadmd kd

ragq~ardæçi ma q`d –zarmdma‐ ki ~dwwdmi mi ekmezàmqi+ D emak}emdma `qmd ma dgirmi

gi` d jir`d ~acd tqdc i wqlae}i å ra~rawak}dmi bew}iregdàk}a+ –Awwa ~rigawwi å# îw

za|aw# mawgre}i giì gikw}e}qekmi q`d `qmdkæd ma q`d ~icà}egd ma emak}emdma "ma

gcdwwa% ~drd q`d ~icà}egd ma mejarakæd‐ "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+?4%+ Iq wald# i ekmezàmqi ~dwwd

d wa ragikbagar d}rdzåw ma wqd mejarakæd gi` i iq}ri a kçi ~aci ~rigawwi ma

wigedce|dæçi+

D å~igd ìmarkd ja| wqrfer q`d kizd jir`d ma ekmezemqdcewì# ki gak}ri md tqdc wa

greiq q`d kizd gikga~æçi mi wqlae}i ekmezemqdc a wqd emak}emdma+ Dw }rdkwjir`dæñaw#

dwwigedmdw î ìmarkemdma# ceoardrd` i ekmezàmqi ma waqw d~ieiw aw}äzaew kdw }rdmeæñaw a

kdw aw}rq}qrdw+ Ma dgirmi gi` W}qdr} Bdcc "?>>1%# d wafqkmd gikga~æçi md emak}emdma

gqc}qrdc å dtqacd tqa d zì giì –q`d tqaw}çi }dk}i ma }irkdr-wa tqdk}i ma –war‐

"BDCC# ?>>1# ~+ ??%+ Ewwi kçi wefkejegd kafdr tqa d emak}emdma }akbd q` ~dwwdmi# `dw

ragikbagar tqa# d ~dr}er mi ìàk}i tqa å raezekmegdmd# k÷w d ragikw}rqàìw+

D emak}emdma# ma dgirmi gi` Bdcc "?>>1%# wakmi q`d tqaw}çi ma –}irkdr -wa‐# dtqacaw

tqa i je|ara` kçi warçi we`~cawàk}a ~iwegeikdmiw ~ir acd# iq wald# –acaw wared`

gd~d|aw ma ~iwegeikdr d we ~r÷~reiw a ma ragikw}rqer a }rdkwjir`dr dw emak}emdmaw

bew}÷regdw# barmdmdw ma q` wq~iw}i ~dwwdmi gi`q`‐ "VIIMVD_M# ?>>:# ~+?2%+

Awwaw akcdgaw wçi jir`dmiw ~ir ekmezàmqiw tqa zeza` ekwaremiw a` mejarak}aw

ekw}e}qeæñaw# gcdwwejegdmd ma –gd`~iw wigedew‐8 giì jd`àcedw# frq~iw ma gicafdw#

ekw}e}qeæñaw amqgdgeikdew# ~dr}emiw ~icà}egiw iq frq~iw ma }rdodcbi+ I ekmezàmqi aarga

frdqw zdredmiw ma awgicbd a dq}ikièd# tqa aw}çi racdgeikdmiw d q` dòeak}a)cqfdr# iq

d}rdzåw ma ragqrwiw weò÷cegiw+

Aòird ~iwwdìw kiw zar# wafqekmi i wakwi gi`q`# giì wakmi d –àw`d ~awwid‐a` }imiw iw kiwwiw mejarak}aw akgik}riw a ek}ardæñaw# kçi å mejàgec ~argaoar tqawiìw mejarak}aàk}a ~iwegeikdmiw# a` mejarak}aw ìàk}iw a a` mejarak}awcqfdraw# ma dgirmi gi` iw mejarak}aw ~d~åew wigedew tqa aw}dìw aargakmi "BDCC#4556# ~+?%+

Mejarak}aw gik}a}iw wigedew jd|a` gi` tqa kiw akziczdìw a` mejarak}aw wefkejegdmiw

wigedew# giì# ~ir aa`~ci# dw wigedce|dæñaw aw}doacagemdw ki gi}emedki ma q`



6

ekmezàmqi# ki tqa wa rajara d< er d q`d ak}razew}d ma a`~rafi# raqkeçi ma ~dew kd awgicd#

er d q` lifi ma jq}aoic iq jaw}d+ Viimvdrm "?>>:% a~cegd tqa i wqlae}i erä wa wak}er –d

àw`d ~awwid‐# wakmi tqa# kd zarmdma# wiìw ~iwegeikdmiw ~acdw mejarak}aw

a~ag}d}ezdw a raw}reæñaw d tqa aw}dìw akziczemiw# ra~rawak}dkmi-kiw ma jir`dw

mejarak}aw d ~dr}er mi gik}a}i aw}doacagemi+ –D a}ked a d ‛rdæd’# i fìkari# d waqdcemdma#

d emdma# d ekgd~dgemdma jàwegd# d lqw}eæd wigedc a dw ~raigq~dæñaw agic÷fegdw ~rimq|a`

kizdw jir`dw ma emak}ejegdæçi‐ "VIIMVD_M# ?>>:# ~+74%+

_acdæñaw gikjce}qiwdw ak}ra mejarak}aw frq~iw kdgeikdew# rdgedew a å}kegiw mçi `deir

ìoecemdma tqdk}i î jedæçi md emak}emdma# tqa# wafqkmi Weczd "?>>:%# aw}ä cefdmi diw

ìzeàk}iw maìfräjegiw# ~arè}ekmi i gik}d}i ak}ra mejarak}aw emak}emdmaw# q` mawwaw

~rigawwiw å i beoremewì+ D èw}qrd# d giklqkæçi# i ek}argqrwi ak}ra mejarak}aw

kdgeikdcemdmaw# ak}ra mejarak}aw a}kedw# ak}ra mejarak}aw rdædw# wa gik}rd~ña` diw

gikgae}iw tqa gikgaoa` d emak}emdma giì wakmi jqkmdàk}dcàk}a mezememd a

wafrafdmd+ ^drd i dq}ir# àwì kçi wakmi ek}afrdcàk}a irefekdc# d emak}emdma tqa wa

jir`d d}rdzåw mi beoremewì# dekmd fqdrmd }rdæiw macd+ –D ~iwweoecemdma ma ‛grq|dr

jrik}aerdw’ a ma ‛aw}dr kd jrik}aerd’# ma }ar q`d emak}emdma dòàfqd# ekmajekemd# å q`d

maìkw}rdæçi mi gdrä}ar ‛dr}ejegedcàk}a e`~iw}i’ mdw emak}emdmaw jedw‐ "WECZD# ?>>:#

~+25%+

4+7 ]airedw ~wegdkdcà}egdw

I wak}eàk}i ma emak}emdma ~drd q`d gredkæd wqrfa d}rdzåw md ek}arkdce|dæçi mdw zewñaw

a}areiraw tqa acd }a` ma we ~r÷~red+ Gikgak}rdkmi-wa ki gir~i md `ça# d gredkæd å q`d

èw}qrd ma jdk}dwedw ma dìr a ÷mei# wakmi tqa d jir`dæçi ma wqd emak}emdma w÷ }arä

ekàgei tqdkmi aw}a wa mar gik}d tqa jie wa~drdmi md `ça+ Cdgdk· makièkd awwa ~rigawwigiì –jdwa mi aw~acbi‐+ D gredkæd ragikbaga wqd e`dfa` rajca}emd a emak}ejegd -wa gi`

acd# ki}dkmi tqa# d ~dr}er ma ak}çi# å q` war wa~drdmi md `ça+ Wafqkmi Viimvdrm

"?>>:%# d gredkæd dfa d}rdzåw mi e`~qcwi# gikw}rqekmi waq –aq‐ medk}a miw iq}riw+

îr ma~akmar# ~drd wqd qkemdma# ma dcfi jird ma we àw`d# d emak}emdma wqrfa d ~dr}erma q`d jdc}d# ew}i å# ma q` mawali ~aci ra}irki md qkemdma giì d `ça tqa ard ~dr}amd ~reàerd ekjïkged# `dw tqa w÷ ~ima war ecqw÷red# q`d jdk}dwed# mdkmi tqa d

wa~drdæçi radc lä igirraq+ I wqlae}i dekmd dkwaed ~aci aq qke}ärei a ~acd qkemdma gi`d `ça md jdwa e`dfekäred# a awwa dkwaei# awwa mawali# ~rimq| d }akmìkged ~drd wa



2

emak}ejegdr gi` jefqrdw ~imariwdw a wefkejegd}ezdw jird ma we ~r÷~rei "VIIMVD_M#?>>:# ~+:=%+

I ~rigawwi ma emak}ejegdæçi å gik}àkqi# ki tqdc oqwgdìw gredr dcfq`d gi`~raakwçi

wiora k÷w# d}rdzåw ma àeiw weò÷cegiw a kiw emak}ejegdkmi ~acd jir`d tqa wiìw zew}iw~aciw iq}riw+ D~÷w }ar dmi}dmi q`d emak}emdma a}areir mi aq# i wqlae}i gik}ekqd

emak}ejegdkmi-wa gi` dtqeci tqa tqar war# àwì dtqeci tqa tqaraìw aw}dkmi wa~drdmi

mi aq+ –I aq aw}ä ~ar`dkak}aàk}a mezememi ki waq ~r÷~rei ek}areir‐ "VIIMVD_M#

?>>:# ~+:=%+

D~÷w i ri`~eàk}i md gredkæd gi` d `ça# ekeged-wa d jdwa ame~edkd# ìàk}i a` tqa i

~de wqrfa+ –Aca ra~rawak}d q`d ek}rièwwçi a}arkd8 i ~de ra~rawak}d i }doq gik}rd iekgaw}i8 i tqdc ~riàoa d jdk}dwed tqa d gredkæd }a` ma wa gdwdr gi` d `ça oa` giì d

zik}dma md `ça a` }ar d gredkæd giì i iola}i ma waq mawali‐ "VIIMVD_M# ?>>:#

~+:1%+ Gi` d ak}rdmd mi ~de# d gredkæd wa~drd-wa ma wqdw jdk}dwedw a i mawali md `ça å

ra~reèmi ~drd i ekgikwgeak}a+ Å kawwa ìàk}i tqa d gredkæd ak}rd kd cekfqdfa` a kd

cae mi ~de# wakmi ak}çi gd~d| ma dwwqèr q`d emak}emdma ma fìkari# ragikbagakmi d

mejarakæd waqdc+

D jdwa mi aw~acbi ra~rawak}d d gikw}rqæçi gik}rdme}÷red md emak}emdma+ ^drd Bdcc "?>>:%#

àwì i wqlae}i aw}dkmi ~dr}emi iq mezememi# aca zezakged wqd emak}emdma giì wa acd

aw}ezawwa qkejegdmd# dlqmdkmi kd jir`dæçi ma q`d jdk}dwed ma q` war biìfìkai+ –D

emak}emdma å radcàk}a dcfi jir`dmi# di cikfi mi }a`~i# d}rdzåw ma ~rigawwiw

ekgikwgeak}aw# a kçi dcfi ekd}i# aew}ak}a kd gikwgeìkged ki ìàk}i mi kdwgeàk}i‐

"BDCC# ?>>:# ~+72%+

4+= Dw }rìw gikga~æñaw ma emak}emdma ~drd W}qdr} Bdcc

Aew}a` }rìw gikga~æñaw mejarak}aw ma emak}emdma# wçi acdw< wqlae}i mi ecqèkewì#

wqlae}i wigeic÷fegi a wqlae}i ~÷w-ìmarki# ~ri~iw}dw ~ir W}qdr} Bdcc "?>>:%+ ^drd i

dq}ir# i wqlae}i ecqèkew}d ~iwwqe q` gak}ri awwakgedc mi aq# d emak}emdma ma q`d ~awwid+

Gdmd ekmezàmqi ~iwwqe q` –gak}ri‐ tqa gikwew}ed kq` kügcai ek}areir# aàrfekmi

ekegedcàk}a tqdkmi i wqlae}i kdwged# mawakziczakmi-wa gi` aca# wa` `qmdr i waq –aq‐#

~ar`dkagakmi i àwì ‗ gik}àkqi iq emìk}egi d aca+ –Odwadmi kq`d gikga~æçi ma



5

~awwid bq`dkd giì q` ekmezemqi }i}dcàk}a gak}rdmi# qkejegdmi# mi}dmiw mdw

gd~dgemdmaw ma rd|çi# ma gikwgeìkged a ma dæçi‐ "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+4>%+

Lä i wqlae}i wigeic÷fegi rajca}ed d gi`~caemdma mi `qkmi ìmarki# ikma i wqlae}i

`qmd ma dgirmi gi` i mawakziczeàk}i md wigeamdma+ Di gik}rärei miw rawtqàgeiw md

ard ecqèkew}d# awwa wqlae}i ìmejegdzd-wa gik}ekqdàk}a# kq` ~rigawwi ma ek}ardæçi+ I

ekmezàmqi ~dwwd d wa racdgeikdr gi` ~awwidw a d gi`~dr}ecbdr zdciraw# wak}emiw a

wàòiciw# q`d gqc}qrd miw `qkmiw tqa acaw)acdw bdoe}d`+ Ma dgirmi gi` i dq}ir# d

awwìkged ek}areir mawwa wqlae}i å jir`dmd a ìmejegdmd kq` meäcifi gi` iq}riw `qkmiw

gqc}qrdew –a}areiraw‐# a dw emak}emdmaw tqa awwaw `qkmiw ij araga`+

Kawwd gikga~æçi# d emak}emdma ~raakgba i aw~dæi ak}ra i `qkmi ~awwidc a i `qkmi

~üocegi# wakmi tqa wefkejegdmiw a zdciraw wçi ek}arkdce|dmiw# jd|akmi ~dr}a mi ek}areir

mi wqlae}i# gik}reoqekmi ~drd i dcekbdàk}i ma wak}eàk}iw wqola}eziw gi` cqfdraw

iola}eziw tqa igq~dìw ki `qkmi wigedc a gqc}qrdc+ ^drd Bdcc "?>>1%# i wqlae}i ~÷w-

ìmarki kçi }a` q`d emak}emdma jed# awwakgedc iq ~ar`dkak}a+

Wa i ekmezàmqi wak}a tqa wqd emak}emdma å qkejegdmd mawma i med ma waq kdwgeàk}i# ewwi

tqar me|ar tqa aca gikw}rqeq q`d aw}÷red gýìmd –iq q`d gikjir}dmird ‛kdrrd}ezd mi

aq’‐ "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+47%+ D emak}emdma gi`~ca}d a wafqrd å q`d jdk}dwed# a~cegd Bdcc

"?>>1%+

4+1 Mawgak}rdkmi i wqlae}i

Mezarwiw dq}iraw ragak}aw drfqàk}d` tqa d ìmarkemdma }drmed mawakgdmaiq d –grewa

ma emak}emdma‐# tqa# ~drd W}qdr} Bdcc "?>>1%# kdmd `dew å tqa d ~armd ma q` wak}emi mawe# wakmi gbd`dmd ma mawcigdàk}i "~cqrdcemdma ma gak}riw ma ~imar% iq mawgak}rdæçi

mi wqlae}i+ Hazek _ioekw "_ioekw d~qm # Bdcc# ?>>1# ~+66% drfqàk}d tqa d fciodce|dæçi

akzicza q`d }rdkwjir`dæçi a}rdirmekäred# wakmi tqa dw aw}rq}qrdw miw aw}dmiw a mdw

gi`qkemdmaw ak}rdrd` a` gicd~wi+ Awwd `qmdkæd aw}rq}qrdc }rdkwjirìq dw wigeamdmaw

ìmarkdw ki jekdc mi wågqci RR# jrdfàk}dkmi dw ~dewdfakw gqc}qrdew ma gcdwwa# fìkari#

waqdcemdma# a}ked# rdæd a kdgeikdcemdma# tqa# ki ~dwwdmi# kiw }ekbd` jirkagemi w÷cemdw

cigdce|dæñaw giì ekmezàmqiw wigedew+ Gi` ewwi# Viimvdrm "?>>:% djer`d tqa dwwigeamdmaw ìmarkdw ~rimq|a` q`d ~cqrdcemdma ma gak}riw+



4>

Dw wigeamdmaw md ìmarkemdma }drmed# drfqàk}d aca# wçi gdrdg}are|dmdw ~acd–mejarakæd‐8 acdw wçi d}rdzawwdmdw ~ir mejarak}aw mezewñaw a dk}dfikewìw wigedew tqa ~rimq|a` q`d zdreamdma ma mejarak}aw –~iweæñaw ma wqlae}i‐ ‗ ew}i å# emak}emdmaw ‗ ~drd iw ekmezàmqiw+ Wa }dew wigeamdmaw kçi wa mawek}afrd` }i}dcàk}a kçi å ~irtqaacdw wçi qkejegdmdw# `dw ~irtqa waqw mejarak}aw acaàk}iw a emak}emdmaw ~ima`# wiogar}dw gergqkw}ïkgedw# war giklqk}dàk}a dr}egqcdmdw+ @dw awwd dr}egqcdæçi å wa`~ra

~drgedc< d aw}rq}qrd md emak}emdma ~ar`dkaga doar}d "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+46%+

Dw wigeamdmaw }rdmegeikdew wçi zakardmdw ~irtqa gik}ì` a ~ar~a}qd` d a~areìkged ma

fardæñaw# wakmi d }rdmeæçi q` àei ma cemdr gi` }a`~i a aw~dæi+ D mew}ekæçi ak}ra aw}d

wigeamdma }rdmegeikdc a d ìmarkd# å tqa d}qdcàk}a dw wigeamdmaw wçi ma `qmdkæd

gikw}dk}a# rä~emd a ~ar`dkak}a+ Wafqkmi Bdcc "?>>1%# gi` i dmzak}i md ~÷w-

ìmarkemdma# dw emak}emdmaw mi ~dwwdmi wçi mawdr}egqcdmdw# dorekmi kizdw

~iwweoecemdmaw+

I wqrfeàk}i mi ìmarkewì dja}iq iw ìzeàk}iw aw}å}egiw a ek}acag}qdew md

emak}emdma mi wqlae}i+ –Akgik}rdìw dtqe# d jefqrd mi ekmezàmqi ewicdmi# aecdmi iq

dceakdmi# gicigdmi gik}rd i ~dki-ma-jqkmi md `qc}emçi iq md à}r÷~ica dkýke`d a

e`~awwidc‐ "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+7?%+ Kçi e`~ir}d dw mejarakædw ak}ra àòriw tqa wçi

mewwigedmiw ~ir }arìw ma gcdwwa# fìkari iq rdæd8 q`d gqc}qrd kdgeikdc oqwgd qkejegä-ciw

kq`d emak}emdma gqc}qrdc+

Mazemi di mawcigdàk}i md emak}emdma# gekgi mawgioar}dw jird` jae}dw kd wafqkmd

à}dma mi wågqci RR+ D ~reàerd macdw rajara-wa îw }rdmeæñaw mi ~akwdàk}i `drew}d+

]rdodcbiw mi ~akwdmir jird` raek}ar~ra}dmiw kd mågdmd ma wawwak}d gbafdkmi î

djer`dæçi tqa –biàkw "weg% jd|a` d bew}÷red# `dw d~akdw wio dw gikmeæñaw tqa cbaw wçi

mdmdw‐ "W}qdr} Bdcc# ?>>1# ~+7=%+

Gi` ewwi# ek}år~ra}aw gikgcqàrd` tqa iw ekmezàmqiw kçi ~imared` war iw dq}iraw ma wqd

bew}÷red# lä tqa ~imed` dfer d~akdw gi` odwa kdw gikmeæñaw bew}÷regdw gredmdw ~ir

iq}riw+ Wafqkmi Bdcc "?>>1%# ragqrwiw `d}aredew a ma gqc}qrd cbaw jird` jirkagemiw ~ir

fardæñaw dk}areiraw+ Awwa }e~i ma drfqàk}i mawcigiq d kiæçi mi wqlae}i ekmezemqdc# d

~dr}er mi ìàk}i tqa dw racdæñaw wigedew }irkdrd`-wa i gak}ri mi wew}a`d }a÷regi mi

bià`+



44

I wafqkmi mawgak}rdàk}i jie q`d mawgioar}d mi ekgikwgeak}a ma Jraqm# djer`dkmi tqa

kiwwdw emak}emdmaw# waqdcemdma# a mawaliw wçi jir`dmiw gi` odwa a` ~rigawwiw

~wàtqegiw a weò÷cegiw mi ekgikwgeak}a# mawgdr}dkmi i gikgae}i ma wqlae}i rdgeikdc gi`

q`d emak}emdma jed+ ^drd Bdcc "?>>1%# ewwi ra~rawak}d i –~akwi# cifi aew}i‐ mi wqlae}i

ma Mawgdr}aw+ –Dwwe`# d emak}emdma å radcàk}a dcfi jir`dmi# di cikfi mi }a`~i#

d}rdzåw ma ~rigawwiw ekgikwgeak}aw# a kçi dcfi ekd}i# aew}ak}a kd gikwgeìkged ki

ìàk}i mi kdwgeàk}i+ Aew}a wa`~ra dcfi ‛e`dfekärei’ iq jdk}dwedmi wiora wqd

qkemdma‐ "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+72%+

I }argaeri mawgak}rdàk}i aw}ä dwwigedmi di }rdodcbi mi cekfqew}d Jarmekdkm Wdqwwqra#

tqa djer`d tqa k÷w kçi wiìw# a` kakbq` wak}emi# iw dfak}aw mdw djer`dæñaw tqa

jd|aìw iq miw wefkejegdmiw tqa a~rawwdìw kd càkfqd+ Bdcc "?>>1% a~cegd tqa i

wqlae}i ~ima q}ece|dr d càkfqd ~drd ~rimq|er wefkejegdmiw d~akdw kiw ~iwegeikdkmi ki

ek}areir mdw rafrdw md càkfqd a miw wew}a`dw ma wefkejegdmi ma kiwwd gqc}qrd+

D càkfqd å q` wew}a`d wigedc a kçi q` wew}a`d ekmezemqdc+ Acd ~raaew}a d k÷w+ Kçi~imaìw# a` tqdctqar wak}emi we`~caw# war waqw dq}iraw+ Jdcdr q`d càkfqd kçiwefkejegd d~akdw a~rawwdr kiwwiw ~akwdàk}iw `dew ek}areiraw a irefekdew8 wefkejegd}dòå` d}ezdr d eàkwd fd`d ma wefkejegdmiw tqa lä aw}çi aòq}emiw a` kiwwdcàkfqd a a` kiwwiw wew}a`dw gqc}qrdew "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+=>%+

Å ~iwwàzac jd|ar zäredw dkdcifedw ~rizdkmi tqa i wefkejegdmi wqrfa mdw racdæñaw ma

weècdremdma a mejarakæd# kawwa gdwi# ak}ra d càkfqd a d emak}emdma+ îr aa`~ci# i

ekmezàmqi wdoa tqa` å a` racdæçi gi` i iq}ri+ Ma dgirmi gi` Bdcc "?>>1%# i

wefkejegdmi }dòå` å ekw}äzac# aca ~rigqrd i jagbdàk}i# iq wald# d jedæçi md

emak}emdma# `dw å ~ar}qrodmi ~acd mejarakæd# tqa a` i~iweæçi î emak}emdma# å dtqeci tqa

i iq}ri å+

I tqdr}i mawgak}rdàk}i md emak}emdma jie ~ri~iw}i ki }rdodcbi ma @egbac Jiqgdqc}# i

~imar mewge~cekdr+ Awwa tqa aw}ä ~raigq~dmi gi` d rafqcdæçi a zefecïkged md aw~ågea

bq`dkd iq ma ~i~qcdæñaw ek}aerdw# a# a` wafqkmi cqfdr# mi ekmezàmqi a mi gir~i+ Gi` i

iola}ezi ma `dk}ar –wqd wdüma jàwegd a ìrdc# wqdw ~rä}egdw waqdew a wqd zemd jdècedr#

wio aw}re}i gik}rica a mewge~cekd# gi` odwa ki ~imar miw rafeàw dmèkew}rd}eziw# mi

gikbageàk}i aw~agedce|dmi‐ "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+=?%+



4?

Dwwe` giì @dr# d }aired ma Jiqgdqc} }dòå` ekmezemqdce|iq i wqlae}i# tqa àwì

jd|akmi ~dr}a ma kizdw ekw}e}qeæñaw md ìmarkemdma }drmed# i akziczeàk}i ma waq gir~i

d}rdzåw ma d~cegdæñaw mi ~imar gicdoiriq dekmd `dew gi` wqd ekmezemqdce|dæçi+ Bdcc

"?>>1% a~cegd tqa# tqdk}i `dew gica}ezd a irfdke|dmd jir d kd}qra|d mawwd

ìmarkemdma# `deir i ewicdàk}i# d zefecïkged a d ekmezemqdce|dæçi mi wqlae}i

ekmezemqdc+

I tqek}i mawgak}rdàk}i ra~rawak}d i e`~dg}i mi jaèkewì# giì grà}egd }a÷regd a

ìzeàk}i wigedc+ I ìzeàk}i aàrfeq kd mågdmd ma wawwak}d# giì }dòå` dw

razic}dw aw}qmdk}ew a}g+ Dcfq`dw mdw ~rekge~dew gdrdg}aràw}egdw wiora awwa ìàk}i

bew}÷regi akfciod` wqdw grakædw a gdqwdw+ –Gdmd ìzeàk}i d~acdzd ~drd d emak}emdma

wigedc ma waqw wqw}ak}dmiraw+ Dwwe`# i jaèkewì d~acdzd îw `qcbaraw# d ~icà}egd waqdc

diw fduw a cåwoegdw X+++P‐# mdkmi irefa` î ~icà}egd ma emak}emdma "q`d emak}emdma ~drd

gdmd ̀ izeàk}i% "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+=1%+

I wqlae}i gdr}awedki a wigeic÷fegi }aza q`d racdæçi mera}d gi` i jaèkewì+ Bdcc "?>>1%

a~cegd tqa drakdw md zemd wigedc giì jd`àced# waqdcemdma# }rdodcbi mi`åw}egi a}g+

fariq `deiraw gik}aw}dæñaw+ –Aca ~ice}e|iq d wqola}ezemdma# d emak}emdma a i ~rigawwi ma

emak}ejegdæçi "giì biàkw)`qcbaraw# ̀ çaw)~dew# jecbiw)jecbdw%‐ "BDCC# ?>>1# ~+=1%+ I

ìzeàk}i wigedc tqa dk}aw ard mamegdmi î gik}aw}dæçi md ~iweæçi wigedc mdw `qcbaraw#

a~dkmeq-wa ~drd mdr aw~dæi d jir`dæçi mdw emak}emdmaw waqdew ma fìkari+

4+: Emak}emdma a mejarakæd

Dw emak}emdmaw wçi gikw}rqàmdw ~ir àei md mejarakæd# wakmi tqa acd ~ragewd ma dcfi

i~iw}i di tqa acd ra~rawak}d ~drd }ar q`d gikmeæçi ma aew}ìkged+ Ewwi jegd `dew gcdri kdracdæçi mi wqlae}i gi` i iq}ri# gi` dtqeci tqa aca kçi å# gi` d ~dr}a tqa jdc}d a` we

àwì+ Awwa ~rigawwi å gbd`dkmi ma a}areir gikw}e}q}ezi+ –D emak}emdma å# dwwe`#

`drgdmd ~acd mejarakæd‐ "VIIMVD_M# ?>>:# ~+5%+ Acd å wqw}ak}dmd ~acd agcqwçi#

~ir aa`~ci# wa zigì å wårzei# kçi ~ima war grid}d# a zega-zarwd+

îr}dk}i# d emak}emdma a mejarakæd aw}doacaga` q`d racdæçi ma ma~akmìkged# wakmi tqa d

~reàerd wa awfi}d di djer`dr q`d ~iweæçi# ~ir aa`~ci# –wiq ordwecaeri‐+ EmecedJarkdkmaw "?>>:% a~cegd tqa aw}d djer`dæçi w÷ wa lqw}ejegd ~aci jd}i ma bdzar i



47

gik}rärei# iq wald# iq}riw tqa kçi wçi ordwecaeriw+ Wa gdwi i `qkmi jiwwa biìfìkai#

kçi bdzared kagawwemdma a` djer`dr q`d emak}emdma+

D djer`dæçi å ~dr}a ma –q`d a}akwd gdmaed ma kafdæñaw‐ a` tqa d mejarakæd ågicigdmd ma ìmi kafd}ezi+ I tqa wa ekgcqe kq`d djer`dæçi å d ~r÷~red kafdæçi#~irå` d àw`d# a` fardc# wa akgik}rd igqc}d# kçi wa ~argaoa# ma eàmed}i# wqdaew}ìkged+ Emak}emdma a mejarakæd jd|a` ~dr}a mi àwì ~rigawwi ma gikw}e}qeæçi aa~rawwçi ma gdmd ekmezàmqi+ ]dk}i q`d giì iq}rd wçi ~rimq|emdw kiw ~rigawwiwwigedew a kd racdæçi ak}ra wqola}ezemdma a gik}a}qdcemdma+ I ~rigawwi mawigedce|dæçi# tqa ~ir we àwì å wigedc# ~rimq| }dk}i d mejarakgedæçi tqdkmi demak}ejegdæçi ~ar`dkak}a miw wqlae}iw "JA_KDKMAW# ?>>:# ~+1%+

Kçi å ~iwwàzac dzdcedr i tqa wiìw giì wa aew}ewwa q`d j÷r`qcd a i tqa kçi wiìw

d}rdzåw md mejarakæd+ Ma dgirmi gi` Weczd "?>>:%# dw mejarakædw kçi aw}çi dà giì

awwìkgedw iq acaàk}iw md kd}qra|d ~drd wara` mawzakmdmdw# raw~ae}dmd iq }icardmdw8 acd

å gikw}rqàmd wigedcàk}a kq`d ek}ardæçi ak}ra wqlae}i a gik}a}i+ Wakmi d emak}emdma

q`d gikw}rqæçi wigedc a gqc}qrdc# ~ima-wa ak}akmar tqa# wigedcàk}a# wçi gredmdw dw

odrraerdw tqa e`~ama` i ragikbageàk}i mdw mejarakædw giì ~dr}a mi gd`~i wigedc a

bq`dki+

D mejarakæd }dòå` ~ima war gcdwwejegdmd giì ~ik}i ma mezarwemdma# ba}arifakaemdma

a beoremewì# wakmi akretqagamird kiw –ìzeàk}iw wigedew tqa oqwgd` rawfd}dr dwemak}emdmaw waqdew miw gikw}rdkfeàk}iw md kir`d a gacaordr d mejarakæd# "djer`dkmi#

~ir aa`~ci# tqa ‛wiq jace| a` war fdu’%‐ "VIIMVD_M# ?>>:# ~+1>%+

D emak}emdma a d mejarakæd aw}çi aw}rae}dàk}a racdgeikdmdw îw jir`dw ma gcdwwejegdæçi

e`~iw}dw ~acd wigeamdma+ Wafqkmi Viimvdrm "?>>:%# d ma~akmìkged ma q`d `drgdæçi

md mejarakæd gdrdg}are|d i ~rigawwi giì ekma}arèkdmi# ekgar}i a zdgecdk}a+ ^drd d

dq}ird# d aew}ìkged mi wefkejegdmi jd| rajarìkged î cekfqdfa`# wakmi acd gdrdg}are|dmd~acd ekw}doecemdma# lä tqa d ~rawakæd mi wefkejegdmi å ekzäcemd+

Dw emak}emdmaw dmtqera` wak}emi ~ir àei md cekfqdfa` a miw wew}a`dw weò÷cegiw

~aciw tqdew acdw wçi ra~rawak}dmdw+ Awwaw wàòiciw wçi gikgaoemiw ~acdw ~rä}egdw wigedew

a iola}iw# aew}ekmi q`d dwwigedæçi ak}ra d emak}emdma md ~awwid a dw giewdw tqa acd qwd+

^drd Viimvdrm "?>>:%# d mejarakæd å dtqeci tqa wa~drd q`d emak}emdma md iq}rd#

aw}doacagakmi mew}ekæñaw# kir`dcàk}a# kd jir`d ma i~iweæñaw+



4=

4+6 Emak}emdma jaèkekd

4+6+4 ^rekge~dew gdrdg}aràw}egdw mi jaèkewì

I jaèkewì wa gi`~ña kd cq}d ~acd efqdcmdma wigedc ak}ra biàkw a `qcbaraw+ Waq

ìzeàk}i kçi å irfdke|dmi ma q`d jir`d gak}rdce|dmd a ükegd# wakmi tqa d ~icà}egd mi

wai }dòå` aw}ä gak}rdmd kdw racdæñaw ma ~imar+ Wafqkmi Ordkgd Dczaw a Ldgtqaceka

ê}dkfqu "452=% i mewgqrwi jaèkew}d razacd cdæiw aew}ak}aw ak}ra racdæñaw ek}ar~awwidew

a d irfdke|dæçi md ~icà}egd ~üocegd# kçi wa d}akmi d~akdw diw dw~ag}iw aìgeikdew md

gikwgeìkged+ Dwwe`# frq~iw ~atqakiw jird` jir`dmiw ~drd a~rawwdr gikbageàk}iw#

rawqc}dmi md ~rä}egd a a~areìkged gi`q` d zezìkged mdw `qcbaraw+ –_azacd-wa }dòå`kd awjard mi`åw}egd# ki }rdodcbi# a` }imdw dw awjardw a` tqa dw `qcbaraw oqwgd` ragredr

dw racdæñaw ek}ar~awwidew wio q` ~rew`d ikma i jaèkewì kçi wald i àkiw# i

mawzdcire|dmi‐ "DCZAW# Ê]DKFQU# 452=# ~+ 5%+

D awwìkged mi jaèkewì aw}ä kd ramajekeæçi md emak}emdma md `qcbar# aceèkdkmi

tqdctqar mejarakæd ak}ra iw waiw# wald acd oeic÷fegd iq gqc}qrdc+ ^drd @dkqac Gdw}accw

"?>>>% awwa ~rigawwi ra~rawak}d q`d radce|dæçi bq`dkd# di ~argaoar d gd~dgemdma md

`qcbar ma dodkmikdr i `qkmi `dwgqceki ~drd wa raekzak}dr kd wqd ~r÷~red gi`qkemdma+

I jaèkewì oqwgd ra~akwdr a ragredr d emak}emdma ma wai wio q`d ÷}egd a` tqa iekmezàmqi# wald aca bià` iq `qcbar# kçi }akbd tqa dmd~}dr-wa d ìmaciwbeardrtqe|dmiw# a ikma dw tqdcemdmaw ‛jaèkekdw’ a ‛`dwgqcekdw’ wald` d}reoq}iw miwar bq`dki a` wqd fciodcemdma‐ "DCZAW# Ê]DKFQU# 452=# ~+ 5%+

Kd mågdmd ma :> awwd cq}d ard zic}dmd ~drd i aargàgei mi merae}i kiw gd`~iw md ~icà}egd#

}rdodcbew}d a gezec# mawzekgqcdkmi d emaed ma tqa d jrdfecemdma md `qcbar d }irkdzd

ekjareir diw biàkw a` wqd }i}dcemdma+ Wafqkmi Dczaw a ê}dkfqu "452=%# q` miw

~rekge~dew tqaw}eikdàk}iw mawwd cq}d aw}ä zekgqcdmi di ~d~ac md `qcbar giì

~rigredmird# d}å ak}çi wqd ükegd jqkæçi mak}ri md wigeamdma+ Ewwi aktqdk}i iw biàkw

}rdodcbd`# iq wald# jd|a` ~dr}a mi ̀ qkmi a}arki+

I `dwgqceki a i jaèkeki wçi gredæñaw gqc}qrdew a# giì }dc# wçi gi`~ir}dàk}iwd~raakmemiw d}rdzåw mi ~rigawwi ma wigedce|dæçi tqa gikmegeikd mejarak}aàk}a iwwaiw ~drd gq`~rera` jqkæñaw wigedew aw~agàjegdw a mezarwdw "DCZAW# Ê]DKFQU#452=# ~+ 11%+



41

4+6+? D gikw}rqæçi md `qcbar gik}a`~irïkad

^drd gi`~raakmar d emak}emdma jaèkekd odw}d ragq~ardr mezarwiw gik}a}iw a ~argaoar d

gikw}rqæçi md `qcbar# lqk}dàk}a gi` wqd bew}÷red# di cikfi miw dkiw+ Bila acd å gd~d|

ma aargar eküàriw ~d~åew kd wigeamdma# gik}aw}dkmi i aw}ara÷}e~i tqa cba jie e`~iw}i

bä dcfqkw wågqciw d}räw+ ^drd Viimvdrm "?>>:% d emak}emdma mdw `qcbaraw ~ima gik}ar

wekfqcdremdmaw aw~agàjegdw# kçi wa d}akmi d~akdw î mejarakæd ma fìkariw+ Acd ~ima

akziczar i ~d~ac oeic÷fegi mdw `qcbaraw giì `ça iq kd oqwgd macdw a` aw}doacagar

q`d bew}÷red agcqwezd+

I aw}qmi miw fìkariw kdwgaq md grà}egd di wdoar aw}doacagemi# gi` i ek}qe}i ma dkdcewdr d

~dr}ege~dæçi md `qcbar ki `qkmi tqdk}i wqd oqwgd ma q` gikbageàk}i `dew refiriwi

medk}a ma }a`dw akziczakmi d geìkged# ce}ard}qrd# dr}a# agikièd# racdæñaw ek}ar~awwidew#

a}g+ Wafqkmi @drcaka Kazaw "4556%# aw}a aw}qmi å ma a}ra`d e`~ir}ïkged ~drd tqa wa

~iwwd ak}akmar iw ~rigawwiw w÷gei-gqc}qrdew aw~agàjegiw raw~ikwäzaew ~acdw racdæñaw ma

mawefqdcmdma ak}ra biàkw a `qcbaraw+

D }rdkwjir`dæçi miw ~d~åew wigedew }aza ekàgei mqrdk}a i wågqci RZEEE# frdædw îw

`qmdkædw ~icà}egdw# wigedew a agikýègdw+ Kdtqaca gik}a}i# d jd`àced jaqmdc wdeq ~drd

mdr cqfdr d jd`àced oqrfqawd# gi`~iw}d ~ir ~de# `ça a jecbiw "dw%+ Mak}ri ma }dew

rawemìkgedw ~dr}egqcdraw# gdmd àòri aarged q`d jqkæçi ma dgirmi gi` i tqa cba jie

e`~iw}i bew}iregdàk}a+ I bià`# ki `qkmi a}arki# a d `qcbar# giì mikd ma gdwd#

acd tqa# ~drd d}akmar q`d aefìkged wigedc# ard iorefdmd d gqemdr mi `dremi# jecbiw a md

gdwd+ –Wa` müzemd å kd jd`àced tqa d emak}emdma md `qcbar a mi bià` ragaoa dw

~reàerdw ~rifrd`dæñaw gqc}qrdew# ~iew å kacd tqa wa gikw}ria` mezarwiw }e~iw maracdæñaw# ma gi`~ir}dàk}iw a ma gikmegeikdàk}iw gqc}qrdew a wigedew‐ "ZEAE_D#

?>>1%+

Dw gdrdg}aràw}egdw oeic÷fegdw mdw `qcbaraw ~iwwqa` q` d~aci `deir ki ìàk}i tqa

wçi gcdwwejegdmdw+ –Å `dew jägec me|ar tqa i aw}dmi ma aw~àre}i ma q`d `qcbar å

gikwatóìkged md àkw}rqdæçi# md frdzema| iq md àki~dqwd mi tqa md zezìkged ma

gar}iw ~rigawwiw wigedew# ek}ardgeikdew iq gqc}qrdew ki }rdkwgirrar ma wqd zemd meäred‐"KAZAW# 4556# ~+21%+ D `qcbar# ki ak}dk}i# wa majeka wio q`d ~arw~ag}ezd `dwgqcekd+



4:

Mawwd jir`d# d dq}ird a~cegd tqa d `qcbar å zew}d a` jqkæçi miw iq}riw# giì `ça#

aw~iwd# a}g# aktqdk}i i bià` å zew}i d ~dr}er ma we àwì+

^drd W}rau "4556%# d~awdr miw aw}ara÷}e~iw kçi wara` rafrdw# ~ima aargar ekjcqìkgedw

wio dw emaedw a gi`~ir}dàk}i mi wqlae}i+ –Di wara` jeiw# iw aw}ara÷}e~iw ceè}d` dw

~iwweoecemdmaw ma mawakziczeàk}i ~awwidc iq frq~dc‐ "W]_AU# 4556# ~+2:%+ Wqd

jir`dæçi# dlqw}d d emaed mi aq# jedkmi ak}çi wqdw gdrdg}aràw}egdw a mi frq~i di tqdc

~ar}akga`

Ki gdwi md `qcbar# acd igq~iq q` cqfdr kd wigeamdma d ~dr}er mi bià`# a jie

mawcigdmd a` jqkæçi md kagawwemdma maca+ Giì oa` majekeq Weìka ma Oadqzier

"?>>>%# d emak}emdma jaèkekd wa a~cege}drä a` wqd mejarakgedæçi a` racdæçi di

`dwgqceki+ D~÷w i wågqci RR# i ~d~ac md `qcbar jie wa aw}akmakmi# fdrdk}ekmi d acd

q`d jdcd ~r÷~red# fdkbdkmi ekma~akmìkged agikýègd ma waq ~drgaeri+

Jie d~akdw tqdkmi d `qcbar ~dwwiq d igq~dr q` cqfdr ki `qkmi mi }rdodcbi tqa waq

~d~ac wigedc giàæiq d wa ìmejegdr# ewwi d ~dr}er mi wågqci RR+ D emak}emdma jaèkekd

kçi wijraq `q}dæñaw gi` awwa ~rigawwi# acd d~akdw wa d`~ceiq+ D~awdr md gd~dgemdma

a` aargar d}ezemdmaw waàcbdk}a d miw biàkw# i zdcir ~dfi î wqd `çi ma iord ard

gikwemardzacàk}a ekjareir+ Wakmi tqa wqd gik}rd}dæçi ard odwadmd kawwa mejarakgedc+

Giì i }rdodcbi jaèkeki }a` wemi }rdmegeikdcàk}a gikwemardmi giìgi`~caàk}i mi wdcärei mi `dremi a giì dw `qcbaraw dekmd wçi raw~ikwäzaew ~aciw}rdodcbiw mi`åw}egiw a# ~rekge~dcàk}a# ~acd gredæçi miw jecbiw# d jcaeoecemdma a`racdæçi di a`~rafi dlqw}d-wa }dòå` d aw}rd}åfedw ma wiorazezìkged# ~drd tqa~iwwd` mdr gik}d mawwaw miew `qkmiw tqa dw gicigd` gi` jratqìkged# ki ceè}a maq` awfi}dàk}i karziwi+ "GDW]ACCW# ?>>># ~+?>2%+

D ekgir~irdæçi md `qcbar ki àrgdmi ma }rdodcbi jie magewezd ~drd gikjrik}dr d

dq}iremdma ~d}redrgdc+ Wafqkmi Gdw}accw "?>>>%# d emaicifed mi ~d}redrgdcewì# tqa

cafe}e`d d mièkdæçi gi` odwa kd emaed ma tqa i gbaja md jd`àced maza fi|dr ma

~rezecåfeiw# jegiq }arèkdk}aàk}a dodcdmd+ Awwd gikwgeak}e|dæçi mi ~d~ac aargemi ~acd

`qcbar –å e`~rawweikdk}a a }rd| gikwatqìkgedw jqkmdàk}dew ~drd }imd d a~areìkged

bq`dkd# mawma i ~imar ~icà}egi d}å d aw}rq}qrd md ~arwikdcemdma‐ "GDW]ACCW# ?>>># ~+

464%+ Dw emaedw jaèkew}dw jird` ak}çi wakmi mewwaèkdmdw mak}ra ìzeàk}iw gqc}qrdew

a wigedew+



46

D ceoarmdma dmtqeremd }irkiq-wa q` ~ik}i jrdgi mi gdwdàk}i ìmarki# lä tqa# d ~dr}er

mdà# d `qcbar ~dwwiq d cq}dr ~aciw waqw merae}iw8 giì d mezewçi waqdc mi }rdodcbi+

Zde}w`dk "?>>4% djer`d tqa awwd ramajekeæçi "gdqwdmd }dòå` ~ir ~rigawwiw

wigeiagikýègiw a }agkic÷fegiw% dgdod gi` d grakæd ma tqa i gdwdàk}i å odwadmi ki

dìr+ A i aw}eci ma zemd# zdciraw# racdæñaw# fiw}iw wçi jdgecàk}a mawgdr}dmiw I gikjce}i

ak}ra dw ~awwidw ~ar`dkaga i àwì# i tqa `qmd å d cafe}e`dæçi md mawefqdcmdma+

Iq}rd aefìkged mi ~d}redrgdcewì# tqa jie girri`~emd# rajara-wa d ba}ariwwaqdcemdma#

wqoà}emd î gredæçi ma }doqw a ra~rawwçi waqdc+ I cawoedkewì jd| ~dr}a mi ìzeàk}i

jaèkew}d# d~awdr ma wqdw cq}dw wara` gik}rd d mièkdæçi gqc}qrdc ~ir ~dr}a }dòå` ma

`qcbaraw ba}ariwwaqdew+ Gdw}accw "?>>>% a~cegd tqa d waqdcemdma å gikw}rqàmd

wigedcàk}a# wqoirmekdkmi i mawali îw ekw}e}qeæñaw wigedew+ –Awwa wew}a`d giarak}a ma

mièkdæçi# tqa cefd dw dr}åredw mi aw}dmi î ~qcwdæçi md ceoemi ~acd `d}arkemdma#

~d}arkemdma a jd`àced# }a` waq ~ik}i jrdgi< d ~raèwwd ba}ariwwaqdc+ Wa awwd ~raèwwd

jir tqaw}eikdmd# }imi i wew}a`d mawìrikd "GDW]ACCW# ?>>># ~+ ?72%+

Aw}a gd~à}qci }rd}iq wiora i gikgae}i ma emak}emdma a ma tqa `dkaerd acd å gikw}rqàmd

mqrdk}a d zemd ma q` ekmezàmqi+ I ~reàeri gik}d}i gi` d `ça# i gikzàzei wigedc# d

ekwaræçi a` ma}arèkdmiw frq~iw# ek}arjarìkged md fciodce|dæçi# a# giì }qmi ewwi

ìcmd d emak}emdma ma q`d ~awwid+ Ki gd~à}qci wafqek}a# }rd}draìw wiora d aw}rq}qrd ma

q` ri}aeri# acaàk}iw md cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd# a gdrdg}aràw}egdw mi mera}ir Viimu

Dccak# ~drd `deir gi`~raakwçi miw gi`~ikak}aw md kdrrd}ezd }rdodcbdmiw kiw jecàw mi

mera}ir+



42

? KD__D]EZD A CEKFQDFA@ GEKA@D]IF_ÄJEGD

?+4 D aw}rq}qrd ma q` ri}aeri

Dk}aw ma wa }irkdr q` àei zewqdc# iw jecàw ~ragewd` ma q` akrami+ Gdmd ma}dcba å ma

a}ra`d e`~ir}ïkged# mawma i ìàk}i a` tqa# ~ir aa`~ci# q`d ~ir}d wa dora d}å d

ra~argqwwçi ma q`d dæçi kd kdrrd}ezd+ ^drd awgrazar q` ri}aeri# å ~ragewi tqa d bew}÷red

wald oa` ma}dcbdmd# gik}akmi jd}iw tqa erä wqw}ak}dr i waq mawakziczeàk}i+ Ma dgirmi

gi` Wum Jeacm "4551% i ri}aeri å q`d bew}÷red gik}dmd a` e`dfakw# meäcifiw a

mawgreæñaw# cigdce|dmd ki gik}a}i md aw}rq}qrd mrd`ä}egd+ Q`d bew}÷red å q` }imi# a dw

~dr}aw tqa d gi`~ña` ‗ d dæçi# ~arwikdfakw# gakdw# watqìkgedw# d}iw E# EE a EEE#

ekgemak}aw# a~ew÷meiw# azak}iw# `üwegdw# cigdæñaw# a}g+ ‗ wçi i tqa d jir`d`+ Acd å q`

}imi "JEACM# 4551# ~+?%+

Å ~ragewi aw}doacagar q` ~drdmef`d# q` ìmaci d war wafqemi# ~drd tqa d bew}÷red kçi

wa ~argd+ Jeacm "4551% a~cegd tqa aew}a` }rìw qkemdmaw ma dæçi mrd`ä}egd< }a`~i#

aw~dæi a dæçi+ Q` jecà biccuviimedki }a` ~ir zic}d ma 4?> èkq}iw# wakmi# tqa q`d

~äfekd mi ri}aeri girraw~ikma d q` èkq}i ma ~rilaæçi+ Wa awwa èkq}i gik}a` d~akdw

dæçi a)iq meäcifiw# ewwi kçi e`~ir}d# awwd ükegd ~äfekd erä wa`~ra girraw~ikmar d q`

èkq}i mi jecà+

Q` ri}aeri å mezemi a` }rìw d}iw# wçi acaw< d~rawak}dæçi# gikjrik}dæçi a rawicqæçi+ I

~reàeri d}i maza }ar d~rie`dmdàk}a 7> ~äfekdw+ Mak}ri mawwa gik}a}i mrd`ä}egi# å

~ragewi d~rawak}dr d bew}÷red# iw ~arwikdfakw# d ~raèwwd mrd`ä}egd# d we}qdæçi tqa

aw}doacaga i racdgeikdàk}i miw ~arwikdfakw+ Å mqrdk}a awwa d}i ekegedc tqa i

aw~ag}dmir magemerä wa aw}ä iq kçi fiw}dkmi mi jecà+

I wafqkmi d}i ra~rawak}d d gikjrik}dæçi# tqa maza }ar ma 7> d 5> ~äfekdw+ Kawwa d}i#

wafqkmi Jeacm "4551%# i ~arwikdfa` ~rekge~dc akjrak}d zäreiw iow}ägqciw tqa i

e`~ama` ma dcgdkædr wqd kagawwemdma mrd`ä}egd+ Awwd kagawwemdma å majekemd ma dgirmi

gi` i tqa i ~arwikdfa` ~rekge~dc mawald# wald zakgar# fdkbdr iq }ar dcfi+ –]imi mrd`d

å gikjce}i+ Wa` gikjce}i kçi bä ~arwikdfakw8 wa` ~arwikdfakw kçi bä dæçi8 wa` dæçi#

kçi bä bew}÷red8 a wa` bew}÷red# kçi bä ri}aeri‐ "JEACM# 4551# ~+1%+



45

îr üc}eì# i }argaeri d}i# tqa ra~rawak}d i je` mi ri}aeri# d rawicqæçi+ @dw ewwi kçi

wefkejegd tqa i ~arwikdfa` gak}rdc dcgdkæiq wqd kagawwemdma mrd`ä}egd+ –I je` å dtqacd

gakd# e`dfa` iq watqìkged gi` tqa i ri}aeri }arèkd8 kçi å d wicqæçi md bew}÷red‐

"JEACM# 4551# ~+:%+ I tqa qka iw }rìw d}iw wçi iw ekgemak}aw# iq wald# azak}iw tqa

e`~ama` tqa d }rd`d }arèka kdw ~reàerdw ~äfekdw+ Å e`~ir}dk}a maedr gcdri i ekàgei#

àei a je` ma q` jecà# àwì wa d bew}÷red jir gik}dmd a` jcdwbodgh # ~drd tqa i

aw~ag}dmir kçi wa gikjqkmd+

?+4+4 Dwwqk}i kd kdrrd}ezd geka`d}ifräjegd

Giì jie me}i# ~drd aew}er q`d bew}÷red# å ~ragewi }ar ~arwikdfa` a dæçi+ D dæçi å i

tqa dgik}aga# a acd ~ragewd dgik}agar d dcfqå`# di ~arwikdfa`+ Majeker i }a`d mi jecà

aefa q`d zdw}d ~awtqewd a å i ~reàeri ~dwwi ~drd d gikw}rqæçi ma q` ri}aeri+ I dq}ir

maza }ar odw}dk}a gikbageàk}i wiora awwa }a`d# a# giì gdmd ~arwikdfa` erä wa

akgdedr kd bew}÷red d war mawakziczemd+ –âwtqewdw cba mçi emåedw# wakweoecemdma ~drd dw

~awwidw# we}qdæçi a cigdew+ ârè}a` tqa zigì dmtqerd q` frdq ma gikjedkæd# ma `dkaerd

tqa jetqa wa`~ra ki gik}rica ma waq dwwqk}i# i~ardkmi ~ir awgicbd# kçi ~ir kagawwemdma

iq efkirïkged‐ "JEACM# 4551# ~+41%+ Wafqkmi Areg Cd "?>>5%# i gekadw}d Viimu Dccak

ma}arèkd dw gdrdg}aràw}egdw ma waqw ~arwikdfakw ma dgirmi gi` i tqa gikbaga8 q` war

–gik}a`~irïkai# kaqr÷}egi# `dw ireak}dmi ~drd d zemd ek}acag}qdc# ~armamir#

biàk|ekbi# kçi cemd oa` gi` `ätqekdw# mawcigdmi mi `qkmi‐ "CDR# ?>>5# ~+ 4>>%+

I ~arwikdfa` å gak}ri md bew}÷red# a giì tqdctqar ekmezàmqi# aca }a` q` ~dwwdmi#

q`d zemd ~awwidc# ~rezdmd a# îw za|aw# ~rijewweikdc+ Wa` dw gdrdg}aràw}egdw oäwegdw# giì

emdma# waqdcemdma# ikma zeza a}g+# d }rd`d jegd wa` jqkmdàk}i ma eàmed}i+ Ma dgirmi

gi` Jeacm "4551%# d zemd mi ~arwikdfa` maza war mezememd a` mqdw gd}afiredw< ek}areir a

a}areir+ D zemd ek}areir giàæd d~÷w waq kdwgeàk}i# wakmi tqa# ka` }qmi warä

dgrawgak}dmi kd ~acàgqcd# awwa ~rigawwi –jir`d‐ i ~arwikdfa`+ D zemd a}areir dgik}aga

ki ekàgei mi jecà d}å wqd gikgcqwçi+ A awwa ~rigawwi –razacd‐ i ~arwikdfa`+ –I jecà å

q` àei zewqdc+ Zigì maza akgik}rdr `dkaerd ma razacdr iw gikjce}iw mi waq ~arwikdfa`

zewqdcàk}a+ Zigì kçi ~imarä razacdr i tqa kçi gikbaga‐ "JEACM# 4551# ~+45%+



?>

Tqdk}i î dæçi# wafqkmi Jeacm "4551%# bä miew }e~iw< d jàwegd# giì dwwdc}dr q` odkgi iq

jqfer kq`d oegegca}d8 ~ir aa`~ci# a d aìgeikdc# dcfi tqa dodcd iw ~arwikdfakw

mqrdk}a d bew}÷red+ ^drd tqa ewwi dgik}aæd# å ~ragewi tqa wqd kagawwemdma wald majekemd+

îr aa`~ci# i tqa caziq }dc ~arwikdfa` d dwwdc}dr q` odkgi9 –D kagawwemdma mi

~arwikdfa` cba mä q`d à}d# q`d maw}ekdæçi# q` je` ~drd wqd bew}÷red+ Giì i

~arwikdfa` dcgdkæd iq kçi awwd à}d }irkd-wa d dæçi ma wqd bew}÷red‐ "JEACM# 4551#

~+4:%+ A å d}rdzåw mi meäcifi tqa d à}d warä aw}doacagemd+

I meäcifi }a` tqa gi`qkegdr ekjir`dæçi iq iw jd}iw md wqd bew}÷red ~drd i ~üocegi+]a` tqa ìzar d bew}÷red ~drd dmedk}a+ ]a` tqa razacdr i ~arwikdfa`+ I meäcifimaza razacdr gikjce}iw ak}ra a mak}ri miw ~arwikdfakw# aw}dmiw aìgeikdew arazarwñaw ma ~arwikdcemdma miw ~arwikdfakw8 i meäcifi a`dkd mi ~arwikdfa`+

"JEACM# 4551# ~+?=%+

Å ~ragewi tqa i aw~ag}dmir }akbd ekjir`dæñaw wiora i aw}dmi aìgeikdc mi ~arwikdfa`

a wqd kagawwemdma mqrdk}a d kdrrd}ezd# drd tqa d bew}÷red jdæd wak}emi+ @awì tqdkmi d

dæçi tqa erä ekmegdr d gikmeæçi mi ~arwikdfa`# kçi d~draæd kd kdrrd}ezd ma jir`d

cekadr+

?+4+? Gikgae}i ma fìkari a cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd

Kir`dcàk}a# i jecà ioamaga d q`d gikzakæçi# q` aw}eci mejarak}a ma kdrrd}ezd# å i

tqa gbd`dìw ma fìkari+ @dw awwa –r÷}qci‐ ~ima akfdkdr i aw~ag}dmir# lä tqa q`d

}rd`d ~ima i~}dr ~ir iq}riw gdèkbiw a jd|ar qwi ma `dew fìkariw kq`d àw`d

bew}÷red+ @qe}iw macaw jrdgdwwd` ~ir wara` ~razewàzaew ma`dew iq ma mejàgec

gi`~raakwçi+ I mera}ir ~ima jd|ar qwi ma acaàk}iw "a< wikw%# ~drd ekmegdr d tqdc

fìkari i jecà aw}ä wa rajarekmi# iq# di cikfi md ~rilaæçi# i ìmi giì i }a`d å

doirmdmi ~ima d~ik}dr i fìkari mera}dàk}a+

@awì i dgi`~dkbdàk}i `qwegdc miw }à}qciw ~ima ekmegdr wa i jecà wa aktqdmrda` d`~cdw gd}afiredw fakåregdw giì gi`åmed a jdriaw}a+ Î àmemd tqa i jecà wamawakricd# mawakzicza`-wa ~dr}egqcdremdmaw `dew wq}ew# akziczakmi iragikbageàk}i }dcza| ma q` aw}eci zewqdc# iq q` giklqk}i ma}ag}äzac ma zdcirawìrdew a emaic÷fegiw tqa ~arè}erä gcdwwejegä-ci ak}ra dtqacaw ~icegedew ma wqw~akwa"F_DA@A# 4556# ~+22%+



?4

Awwa g÷mefi ma gcdwwejegdæçi dgdod maceè}dkmi d kdrrdæçi ma q` cikfd# ekgcqekmi ma

dk}a`çi a~ag}d}ezdw aw~agàjegdw tqdk}i d ~dr}a }ågkegd ‗ gakäreiw# watqìkgedw ma dæçi+

]qrkar "4556% a~cegd tqa i aw~ag}dmir lä aw~ard ~ir q` }e~i ma mawjagbi tqdkmi ~iwwqe

gikbageàk}iw mawwdw gikzakæñaw fakåregdw+ –Iw fìkariw ma~akma` md gi`~a}ìkged a

md a~areìkged mi aw~ag}dmir< md bdoecemdma tqa mawakziczard` a` ak}akmar iw jecàw a

mi giklqk}i ma a~areìkged waàcbdk}aw d tqa ~ima` ragirrar "]Q_KA_# 4556# ~+25%+

@dw ~drd dfrdmdr di ~üocegi å ~ragewi ekizdr i fìkari –awgicbemi‐ a }irkä -ci

e`~razewàzac# ewwi ~drd kçi gder kdtqaca gikgae}i tqa# ~ir aa`~ci# –jecà ma gi`åmed å

}qmi d àw`d giewd‐+ Wafqkmi ]qrkar "4556%# i fìkari å i ~rimq}i ma }rìw jirædw< d

ekmüw}red geka`d}ifräjegd "i d~aci ~ir q` }e~i aw~agàjegi ma jecà a i tqa rakma% i

~üocegi "i tqa aca mawald dwwew}er% a wqdw a~ag}d}ezdw+

?+? Kdrrd}ezd ki geka`d

I ~rekgà~ei oäwegi md kdrrd}ezd gikwew}a a` d~rawak}dr dcfi tqa gik}d q`d bew}÷red+ Ma

dgirmi gi` Ldgtqaw Dqìk} "?>>6%# i geka`d kçi }ekbd giì ~rekge~dc iola}ezi }irkdr

dcfi `dgeædàk}a kdrrd}ezi# wakmi tqa d ~rimqæçi dqmeizewqdc ma q`d bew}÷red ~imared

war }rdkwjir`dmd kq`d ra~ir}dfa`# migqàk}ärei iq kq` ekw}rqàk}i ma ekzaw}efdæçi

geak}àjegd+ Iq wald# i rawqc}dmi mawwd ~rimqæçi e`~cegdred d~akdw a` rafew}rdr q`d

bew}÷red+

Kdrrdr gikwew}a a` racd}dr q` azak}i# radc iq e`dfekärei# kçi kagawwdredàk}a

geka`d}ifräjegi+ Ma dgirmi gi` Zarka} "?>>6%# i geka`d ~ima ra}rd}dr }a`dw gi` q`d

meàkwçi dk}ri~ic÷fegd# gi` q` icbdr zic}dmi ~drd d radcemdma md wigeamdma+ Ki

gik}a}i md jegæçi# i fìkari4 å erradc mqdw za|aw# wakmi –erradc ~aci tqa ra~rawak}d "d

jegæçi% a ~aci ìmi gi` ra~rawak}d "e`dfakw ma iola}iw iq ma d}iraw%‐ "ZA_KA]#

?>>6# ~+ 4>>%+

@awì i gik}a}i md kdrrd}ezd wakmi odwadmi a` jd}iw radew# acaàk}iw wçi

giòekdmiw ~drd tqa d bew}÷red wa akgdea kq`d ~rimqæçi geka`d}ifräjegd+ ^drd tqa

ewwi igirrd# ]qrkar "4556% a~cegd tqa å ~ragewi gikmakwdr i }a`~i# aze}dr i



??

d~drageàk}i ma `qe}iw ~arwikdfakw wagqkmäreiw# a}g+ Iw jecàw# wçi# ~ir}dk}i#

makièkdmi giì }rd`dw+

I }a}i kdrrd}ezi gi`~raakma kçi w÷ d càkfqd# `dw e`dfakw# ~dcdzrdw# àkæñaw awgre}dw#

rqàmiw a `üwegd# }irkdkmi wqd gikw}rqæçi oa` `dew gi`~cad+ A# d}rdzåw mawwaw

acaàk}iw# å ~iwwàzac q`d bew}÷red war gik}dmd+ I }a}i kdrrd}ezi gi`~ña i akqkgedmi

a` wqd `d}aredcemdma+ Zarka} "?>>6% a~cegd tqa awwd kdrrdæçi wa d~rawak}d giì

mewgqrwi# ~iew }a` d ~rawakæd ma q` akqkgedmir a q` cae}ir-aw~ag}dmir+ _ajara-wa îw

racdæñaw tqa aew}a` ak}ra i akqkgedmi a d akqkgedæçi# }dc giì wa razacd` î cae}qrd kd

kdrrd}ezd< w÷ wçi dkdcewäzaew# ~ir}dk}i# a` jqkæçi miw }rdæiw maedmiw ki }a}i kdrrd}ezi

"ZA_KA]# ?>>6# ~+4>5%+

Mawwd jir`d# aew}a` }rìw aefìkgedw oäwegdw ~drd d irfdke|dæçi ma q` }a}i kdrrd}ezi#

d cafeoecemdma# d giarìkged# a d irma`+ D ~reàerd aefa tqa d –frd`ä}egd‐ wald

raw~ae}dmd ~drd tqa i aw~ag}dmir ~iwwd gi`~raakmar d irma` kdrrd}ezd a d irma` md

bew}÷red+ –Awwd irfdke|dæçi maza aw}doacagar i ~reàeri kàzac ma cae}qrd mi jecà# wqd

maki}dæçi# ew}i å# ~arè}er i ragikbageàk}i miw iola}iw a mdw dæñaw ìw}rdmdw kd

e`dfa` "ZA_KA]# ?>>6# ~+4>6%+ A` wafqemd# d giarìkged ma q` }a}i mi}dmd ~aci

aw}eci mi mera}ir# caew mi fìkari kd tqdc d kdrrd}ezd wa ekwara a d å~igd kd tqdc acd å~rimq|emd+

]imd kdrrd}ezd jàcègd å gikmq|emd ~ir q` kdrrdmir# aca tqa }a` d jqkæçi ma cefdr d

bew}÷red ma dgirmi gi` d cekadremdma ~ri~iw}d# iq# we`~cawàk}a# ~acd jdc}d macd+ I

kdrrdmir å wa`~ra q` ~d~ac jeg}àgei# ~irtqa dfa giì wa d bew}÷red jiwwa dk}areir î wqd

kdrrd}ezd# a giì wa aca ~r÷~rei a wqd kdrrd}ezd jiwwa` kaq}riw medk}a md ‛zarmdma’ md

bew}÷red+

I kdrrdmir d~akdw gikmq| d }rd`d# wa` a~reèr wqdw ~raigq~dæñaw a# dwwe`# ek}arjarer

~awwidcàk}a+ ^drd ]qrkar "4556%# dw jefqrdw ‗ ~rå-aew}ak}aw î kdrrdæçi ‗ mçi ceoarmdma

~drd tqa i kdrrdmir –ìk}a‐ d ~acàgqcd+ Aew}a` zäredw ~iwweoecemdmaw mak}ri ma q`d

bew}÷red ~drd tqa awwa ~arwikdfa` jeg}àgei ~iwwd ekzak}dr ~rigameàk}iw ma kdrrd}ezd a

gikw}rqer ek}refdw+ –D kdrrd}ezd# fardcàk}a# å `dew gqr}d mi tqa d bew}÷red# `dw# a`

gar}iw gdwiw# å ~iwwàzac tqa dcfq`dw ~dr}aw md kdrrd}ezd mqra` `dew }a`~i mi tqa dw

~dr}aw md bew}÷red tqa acdw racd}d`‐ "ZA_KA]# ?>>6# ~+442%+



?7

Q`d }ågkegd geka`d}ifräjegd# tqa }dòå` aarga kd kdrrd}ezd i ~d~ac ma kdrrdmir# å i

gbd`dmi jcdwbodgh + –Aca‐ ek}arri`~a q`d dæçi ~drd zic}dr ki }a`~i a a~cegdr a`

ma}dcbaw d gdqwd# iq wald# raek}ar~ra}d q` dgik}ageàk}i+ Awwa }e~i ma kdrrdæçi å `dew

gi`q` a` jecàw mi fìkari ~icegedc iq mdtqacaw tqa gik}a` akef`dw# dqàk}dkmi

dwwe` i wqw~akwa+ ]aìw }dòå` i jcdwbjirvdrm # tqa aarga q`d jqkæçi i~iw}d di

jcdwbodgh # i ma dmedk}dr q` a~ew÷mei md }rd`d# mdkmi di aw~ag}dmir d i~ir}qkemdma ma

mawakziczar àk}dcàk}a iw ~r÷eìw ~dwwiw md bew}÷red+

?+7 Acaàk}iw md cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd

I geka`d fard waqw wefkejegdmiw ~ir àei ma wew}a`dw# giì ameæçi ma wi`# ìk}dfaà}g+ tqa jqkgeikd` giì cekfqdfakw+ ^drd ]qrkar "4556%# d giòekdæçi ma riq~dw# i

ìmi ma zaw}er# gi`qkegd dcfi+

K÷w kiw }irkdìw àòriw ma kiwwd gqc}qrd ~ir àei md cekfqdfa`# a å frdædw d acdtqa ek}arkdce|dìw iw wew}a`dw ma zdciraw tqa aw}rq}qrd` kiwwd zemd+ Kçi ~imaìwwder mi ïòe}i md cekfqdfa` ~drd ~rimq|er q` giklqk}i ma wefkejegdmiw ~awwidew}i}dcàk}a ekma~akmak}aw mi wew}a`d gqc}qrdc "]Q_KA_# 4556# ~+1?%+

D cekfqdfa` gikw}r÷e d radcemdma# a å d}rdzåw md giki}dæçi tqa akgik}rdìw wqd

meàkwçi wigedc+ Ki geka`d# ewwi igirra tqdkmi d gakd zew}d raà}a di gikgae}i mi

iola}i+ –Dw e`dfakw }ì` q`d gdrfd gqc}qrdc# i ïkfqci qwdmi ~acd gïàrd# d ~iweæçi macd

ki tqdmri X+++P# tqdctqar ajae}i io}emi ~acd gir# }ikdcemdma iq ~rigawwdàk}i }ared i

~i}akgedc mi wefkejegdmi wigedc‐ "]Q_KA_# 4556# ~+17%+

Dk}aw# i geka`d ard d~akdw d àrd ra~rimqæçi mi radc# i rafew}ri ma q` aw~a}ägqci#

`dw# mazemi di mawali ma gik}dr bew}÷redw a zaegqcdr emaedw# ma}arèkdrd`-wa q`d wårea

ma ~rigameàk}iw a~rawweziw+ ^rd ~rizdr tqa i geka`d å q`d dr}a a mejarakgeä-ci md

ce}ard}qrd a mi }ad}ri jie ~ragewi mi}ä-ci ma q`d cekfqdfa` aw~agàjegd+ I }a÷regi jrdkgìw

@egbac @drea "?>>6%# zekgqciq i d~drageàk}i md cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd î

mawgioar}d ~rifrawwezd miw ~rigameàk}iw ma a~rawwçi jàcègd+

Iw ~rekgà~eiw tqa gdrdg}are|d` d cekfqdfa` mi geka`d jird` ~iw}qcdmiw }dòå` ~ir

@dr}ek @drgac "Odcä|w d~qm # @drgac# 45:7%# djer`dkmi tqa ki geka`d aew}a q`d



?=

mew}ïkged zdreäzac ak}ra i aw~ag}dmir a d gakd ra~rawak}dmd# }akmi d e`dfa` }i}dc

wqomezememd a` q`d wårea ma ~cdkiw ma ma}dcbaw+ Bä }dòå` q`d zdredæçi ma

aktqdmrdàk}i "ïkfqci ma zewçi# ~arw~ag}ezd% miw ~cdkiw ma ma}dcba# acaw tqa wçi

gicigdmiw kq`d watqìkged irmakdmd tqdkmi å jae}d d i~ardæçi md ìk}dfa`# giì

d~ik}d Odcä|w "?>4>%+

Q` àei ma a~rawwçi giì å i geka`d# gd~d| ma irfdke|dr# ma gikw}rqer a magi`qkegdr ~akwdàk}iw# ~imakmi mawakziczar emåedw tqa wa ìmejegd`# jir`d` a}rdkwjir`d`# }irkd-wa ak}çi q`d cekfqdfa`# å i tqa wa gbd`d q`d cekfqdfa`+ Itqa cazd d majeker i geka`d giì q`d jir`d aw}å}egd "giì d ce}ard}qrd%# tqa q}ece|dd e`dfa`# tqa å "kacd àw`d a ~ir acd àw`d% q` àei ma a~rawwçi gqldwatqìkged "ew}i å# d irfdke|dæçi c÷fegd a medcå}egd% å q`d cekfqdfa` "@D_EA# ?>>6#~+467%+

Awwd cekfqdfa` å }dòå` q` wew}a`d ma wàòiciw iq ma wefkiw# majekeæçi d~rawak}dmd

~ir Wdqwwqra "Wdqwwqra d~qm # Bdcc# ?>>1%# a tqa ~arè}a mawefkdr dw giewdw mdkmi-cbaw

q` kià# wefkejegdmi îw emåedw# }rdmq|er ~akwdàk}iw+ D cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd

acdoird waqw wefkejegdmiw ~ir àei md –ra~rimqæçi mi radc gikgra}i# iq wald# md

ra~rimqæçi dkdc÷fegd mi radc zewqdc a wikiri+ @drea "?>>6% a~cegd tqa i geka`d å oa`

`dew tqa q` wew}a`d ma wàòiciw a wefkiw# wakmi i jecà# a` ~reàeri cqfdr# e`dfakw+

–Q` wew}a`d ma e`dfakw gqli iola}i å mawgrazar# mawakziczar# kdrrdr q` dgik}ageàk}iiq q`d wårea ma dgik}ageàk}iw tqdctqar‐ "@D_EA# ~+46=# ?>>6%+

?+7+4 E`dfa`

D e`dfa` å q` miw acaàk}iw `dew wefkejegd}eziw md cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd# d

`d}åred ~re`d jàcègd# i rawqc}dmi ma q` }rdodcbi a}ra`dàk}a gi`~cai+ ^drd @drgac

@dr}ek "45:7%# acd å gd~d| ma ra~rimq|er ad}dàk}a d radcemdma tqa cba å d~rawak}dmd#mawma tqa wqd gikw}rqæçi aw}å}egd wald jae}d mi ìmi tqaremi ~aci radce|dmir+ Majekekmi

a` iq}rdw ~dcdzrdw# –d dr}aw mdw e`dfakw a` ìzeàk}i‐ "@D_]EK# 45:7# ~+46%+

D e`dfa` å d radcemdma a` ìzeàk}i# gikw}e}qekmi d ~reàerd tqdcemdma aw}å}egd mdw

e`dfakw kd }acd+ Tqdkmi acd å a}rdàmd ma q` jecà# mefdìw# ~ir q` ji}÷frdji# i

wefkejegdmi wa ~arma# ~iew dfird# acd å wiàk}a q` jrdfàk}i aw}ä}egi+ @dr}ek "45:7%

rawwdc}d tqa dw e`dfakw mazared` war a}rdàmdw d~akdw ma ~cdkiw dowicq}dàk}a



?1

aw}ä}egiw# iq ak}çi warä }rdàmd# d ~dr}er mi ìàk}i tqa dw ji}iw }ì` ~iqtqàwwe`dw

racdæñaw gi` i tqa i aw~ag}dmir zì kd }acd+

D ad}d tqdcemdma md e`dfa` jàcègd ~ima war majekemd a` waew gdrdg}araw aw~agàjegiw+

^reàeri# acd å mi}dmd ma `qe}dw d~drìkgedw md radcemdma+ I wi` d~draga giì q`

gi`~caàk}i ma odw}dk}a e`~ir}ïkged# gd~d| ma raw}e}qer }qmi i tqa wak}eìw kd zemd

radc+ Kiwwi gd`~i dqme}ezi gd~}d d }i}dcemdma mi aw~dæi tqa kiw gargd# aktqdk}i d

e`dfa` kçi ~iwwqe awwd àw`d dordkfìkged+ Ma dgirmi gi` @dr}ek "45:7%# awwaw kçi

wçi iw ükegiw acaàk}iw gikw}e}qek}aw md radcemdma# gik}qmi# wçi kagawwäreiw a

wqjegeak}aw+

Kçi wakmi î jdzir md }acd ma geka`d# @drgac @dr}ek "45:7% cew}iq eküàriw ~rigawwiw

ekgikgcqweziw d raw~ae}i mi ~cdki ma dr}a a mi zefir md a~rawwçi akziczakmi d }acd ma

~rilaæçi+ ^reàerdàk}a# i aw~ag}dmir wa mew~arwd gi` jdgecemdma medk}a md

~rijqkmemdma mi gd`~i# di gik}rärei mi tqa igirra ki }ad}ri+ I ~reàeri ~cdki ‗

ma}arèkdmi ~acd mew}ïkged ak}ra d gïàrd a i iola}i ‗ }irkd-wa e`~iwwàzac# lä tqa zäredw

giewdw ekzdma` d }acd+ A ~ir je`# –wiìw iorefdmiw d zerdr d gdoaæd md merae}d ~drd d

awtqarmd dk}a q` `qri ma }acd a` za| ma kiw àrfqcbdr kd ‛mezekd ~rijqkmemdma’ md

}acd kir`dc‐ "@D_]EK# 45:7# ~+45%+

I wafqkmi gdrä}ar aw}ä cefdmi î }a`~irdcemdma# ki gdwi md e`dfa` jàcègd# ki ~rawak}a+

Giì q` jrdfàk}i md radcemdma a}areir# d ~arga~æçi tqa }aìw mqrdk}a d ~rilaæçi#

ekwgraza-wa ki ~rawak}a ma kiwwd gikwgeìkged+ @dr}ek "45:7% aa`~cejegd awwa jd}i di

ge}dr q` wqlae}i tqa gbafd di geka`d ki magirrar md wawwçi+ Wa ki ìàk}i tqa d

~awwidw icbd ~drd d }acd d e`dfa` a` tqaw}çi å q` jcdwbodgh a` racdæçi î dæçi

~rekge~dc# i aw~ag}dmir kçi d ak}akmarä giì }dc# mejegqc}dkmi wqd gi`~raakwçi+

A` }argaeri cqfdr# d e`dfa` d~rawak}dmd å dr}ew}egdàk}a magdk}dmd a gi`~iw}d# q`d

zewçi awgicbemd# a kçi ad}dàk}a q`d g÷~ed md radcemdma+ D ~rijqkmemdma ma gd`~i mä

ìoecemdma î e`dfa`# }irkdkmi-wa q`d gi`~iweæçi e`~ir}dk}a kd gikw}rqæçi ma q`d

gakd "aktqdmrdàk}i%+

D `qma| mi geka`d ma dk}efdàk}a# i ~ra}i a ordkgi# i gdrä}ar dr}ejegedc mdw girawd}qdew# i ~d~ac `qe}i e`~ir}dk}a a dowicq}dàk}a kçi radcew}d md `üwegd# d



?:

ecqèkdæçi# iw mågirw# iw mezarwiw }e~iw ma ~cdkiw a ma aktqdmrdàk}iw# }imiw iw~rioca`dw tqa adèkdrae wçi jd}iraw# ~ir}dk}i# ma aw}a}e|dæçi+ I `dew d~drak}a macaå# wa` müzemd# d gi`~iweæçi md e`dfa`< gdmd q`d mdw e`dfakw ma q` jecà å q`daw~ågea ma ~atqaki tqdmri a i ~arefi å lqw}dàk}a }irkä-cd `qe}i ~eg}÷regd"@D_]EK# 45:7# ~+?=%+

D cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd gi`~ña mezarwiw }arìw tqa# azak}qdcàk}a# erçi wa

gikjrik}dr tqdk}i wqdw wefkejegdæñaw+ @drea "?>>6% gbafiq d gikgcqwçi tqa i aw}qmi ma

giì d cekfqdfa` å d~cegdmd ~rizigd q`d gikjqwçi ak}ra kàzaew cekfqàw}egiw#

frd`d}egdew a aw}ecàw}egiw+ Ki gdwi md e`dfa` jàcègd# a wqd racdæçi gi` d ~dcdzrd#

aew}a q` mawkàzac e`~ir}dk}a ak}ra dw mqdw+

Awwd gi`~drdæçi }irkd-wa azemak}aàk}a jdcwd wa e`dfekdrìw tqa d ~dcdzrd# giìi gikgae}i tqa mawefkd# å q`d kiæçi fardc a fakåregd# aktqdk}i d e`dfa` }a` q`wefkejegdmi ~ragewi a ceè}dmi< i geka`d kçi kiw ìw}rd d ‛gdwd’ iq ‛d ärzira’# `dw‛}dc gdwd’ ~dr}egqcdr# a ‛}dc ärzira’ ma}arèkdmd "@D_]EK# 45:7# ~+?1%+

Ka` wa`~ra d e`dfa` gik}a`~cdrä wi|ekbd }imd d wefkejegdæçi ma q`d gakd+ @drea

"?>>6% d~ik}d tqa# ki geka`d `qmi# d càkfqd awgre}d aw}dzd wa`~ra ~rawak}a kiw

ca}raeriw+ D awgre}d ek}arzekbd ki àei md e`dfa` giì gi`~caàk}i+ I dq}ir ge}d#

giì aa`~ci# i cikfd –D üc}e`d fdrfdcbdmd‐ ma J+V @qrkdq# ma 45?=8 ki ìàk}i

tqa i ~ir}aeri å maw~amemi# a cba å aw}akmemi q`d gdr}d ma maèwwçi aktqdmrdmd aèkwar} "wiora~iweæçi ma e`dfakw%+

D wa}d a üc}e`d gdrdg}aràw}egd md e`dfa` jàcègd å wqd ~cdw}egemdma+ Acd kçi ~ima war

atqàzigd iq dòàfqd# kçi ~imakmi ak}rdr a` gik}rdmeæçi gi` waq wefkejegdmi eàmed}i+

Awwd }aired ~ima war mezememd a` mqdw ~dr}aw+ Wafqkmi @dr}ek "45:7%# ki gik}a}i

jàcègi d e`dfa` aw}ä ek}afrdmd kq`d watqìkged }a`~irdc# }akmi awwd giaew}ìkged

mawzedmd ma waq wefkejegdmi+

D a~areìkged ma Hqcagbiz# tqa gikwew}a kd lqw}d~iweæçi ma ~cdkiw# ~drd io}ar kizd

wefkejegdæçi# ek}argdcdkmi e`dfakw# jie q}ece|dmd giì aa`~ci+ I riw}i ekmejarak}a ma

@iwlqheka å ìw}rdkmi a` ~reàeri ~cdki# ~imakmi a~rawwdr zdredmdw wakwdæñaw# a a`

lqw}d~iweæçi î e`dfa` ma q`d gredkæd orekgdkmi iq q` gdeçi ìr}qärei+ –Ma `dkaerd

dkäcifd# wa d e`dfa` ma q` raodkbi kçi ‛maìkw}rd’ ~ir we `dew mi tqa acd kçi

‛ìw}rd’ ‗ acd wa gdrrafd# di gik}rärei# ma q` wak}emi `qe}i `dew ~ragewi# tqdkmi å



?6

wafqemd ~ir dtqacd `qc}emçi wdekmi mi à}rý "Iw }a`~iw ìmarkiw# ma Gbd~cek%‐

"@D_]EK# 45:7# ~+?:%+

A a` wafqkmi# i –gik}a}i àk}dc‐ mi aw~ag}dmir+ ^drd @dr}ek "45:7%# i aw~ag}dmir

wa`~ra maed awgd~dr i awwakgedc+ Awwa tqa# ma~akmakmi ma wqd d}akæçi# fiw}i#

ekw}rqæçi# gqc}qrd# i~ekeçi ìrdc# ~icà}egd a wigedc# waqw ~ragikgae}iw a}g+ ~argaoarä

wefkejegdmiw mezarwiw iq we`~cawàk}a zde gi`~raakmar ma q`d jir`d ekgi`~ca}d i tqa

i mera}ir tqew me|ar+

?+7+? Iw ajae}iw wikiriw

I dmzak}i mi wi` ìmejegiq ~rijqkmdàk}a d aw}å}egd mi geka`d# tqa di war gicigdmi

a` gik}rd~ik}i gi` d e`dfa` ijaragaq kizdw ~iwweoecemdmaw ma mawakziczar a

d~arjaeæidr d ìk}dfa`+ ^drd ]qrkar "4556%# wqd ra~rimqæçi ‗ tqa kir`dcàk}a wared

dwwigedmd îw dæñaw a jd}iw ìw}rdmiw zewqdcàk}a ‗ dqàk}iq i radcewì mdw ~acàgqcdw+

Aew}a` mqdw jir`dw ma ra~rimqæçi wikird tqa wçi ek}rimq|emdw ki geka`d# d `üwegd a

i qwi –meafå}egi‐+ D ~reàerd a` gik}rd~ik}i zewqdc a~reà i mrd`d bq`dki }irkdkmi

d ameæçi `dew ajegd|+ –îma war qwdmd giì ~dr}a md gikw}rqæçi mi qkezarwi mi jecà#

giì jik}a ma dòeak}dæçi# iq giì q` ~ik}i ma rajarìkged ~drd dw wqogqc}qrdw‐

"]Q_KA_# 4556# ~+:=%+ I wafqkmi ‗ wikw ì}ezdmiw ~ir dæñaw ~rawak}aw kd kdrrd}ezd ‗

ra~rimq| i wi` ma# ~ir aa`~ci# q` zemri tqaordkmi# ma q` gdrri od}akmi# ma ìmi

tqa d ecqwçi mi radcewì wald gredmd+

D `üwegd d`~cejegd i aw}dmi aìgeikdc iq d d}ìwjard# a }dòå` }ak}d }rdkwè}er d

–e`~ir}ïkged aìgeikdc‐ ma q`d gakd< iw –zarmdmaeriw wak}eàk}iw ‛radew’ mdw ~arwikdfakw akziczemdw‐ X+++P+ Gqli iola}ezi å d~rijqkmdr d wakwdæçi ma radcewì kijecà# mdr d }a}qrd aìgeikdc tqa cba jdc}d "]Q_KA_# 4556# ~+:=%+

D lqkæçi ma wi` a e`dfa` dgdod ~armakmi d rd|çi ma war tqdkmi q` macaw akjrdtqaga

i iq}ri+ @dr}ek "45:7% aw}doacagaq q`d gikga~æçi wek}å}egd# tqa zewd d gak}rdr d d}akæçi

mi aw~ag}dmir-iqzek}a wiora d we}qdæçi aktqdk}i }i}dcemdma+ Ma dgirmi gi` ]qrkar

"4556%# awwd giòekdæçi ~ima }ar ajae}iw jàwegiw# giì ~ir aa`~ci# d aw}e`qcdæçi mi

ekmezàmqi –jrei kd aw~ekbd‐# ewwi mazemi di kàzac ma ~rijqkmemdma gi` tqa d `üwegd–}igd‐ i aw~ag}dmir+



?2

Bä }rìw jqkæñaw md `üwegd a` q` kàzac ma a~rawwçi `dew acaàk}dr+ ^reàeri# d

wqow}e}qeæçi ma q` rqàmi radc# ki tqdc aca å dodjdmi ~ir q`d }recbd iq raà}a di

dgik}ageàk}i ~rekge~dc# ~ir aa`~ci# tqdkmi q` dzedmir razì wqdw caòrdkædw ma

fqarrd# a wqd e`dfa` å wiora~iw}d ~ir q`d zeordæçi ma zeicñaw# jd|akmi q`d dkdcifed

di |qòemi miw ̀ i}iraw+

D wafqkmd jqkæçi akzicza d wqoce`dæçi ma q` rqàmi iq ma q` fre}i8 wakmi tqa i rqàmi

wa }rdkwjir`d diw ~iqgiw a` `üwegd+ –Iqza-wa `qe}dw za|aw# ~ir aa`~ci# i rqàmi mi

zak}i iq mi `dr wa }irkdr q`d jrdwa `qwegdc gi` d ek}akæçi càregd‐ "@D_]EK# 45:7#

~+4>6%+ A# ~ir üc}eì# i ìzeàk}i ma q` re}ì zewqdc iq wikiri+

Dcå` ma gik}reoqer gi` i radcewì# i wi` }dòå` ja| gder a` mawqwi dcfi tqa ard

odw}dk}a q}ece|dmi kd jdwa ekegedc mi geka`d+ D q}ece|dæçi md jdcd maq q` je` diw

ca}raeriw# ~arè}ekmi tqa d e`dfa` wa ceoar}dwwa q` ~iqgi ma waq ~d~ac a~cegd}ezi#

gikwdfrdkmi ak}çi# waq ~d~ac a~rawwezi+

Kçi zdìw di geka`d ~drd iqzer d `üwegd X+++P+ Kçi cba ~ameìw ~drd war a~rawwezda dgrawgak}dr waq wak}eàk}i di miw ~arwikdfakw iq mi radce|dmir# `dw ~drd war–magird}ezd‐ a giklqfdr waq ~r÷~rei drdoawgi îtqaca tqa kiw ~ri~ña d }acd+++ D

`üwegd# giì ~cdkejegdæçi# d ìk}dfa`# i mågir # d meraæçi# maza gik}reoqer gi` wqd~dr}a ~drd }irkdr gcdrd# c÷fegd# zarmdmaerd a oacd bew}÷red tqa maza war }imi jecà+"@D_]EK# 45:7# ~+4>5%+

Wafqkmi @dr}ek "45:7%# dw jdcdw ~ima` war me}dw# mdkmi aw~dæi î a}areire|dæçi ma

~akwdàk}iw `dew àk}eìw# ~ir aa`~ci# d}rdzåw mi ijj + I fìkari ma wqw~akwa# dæçi a}g+

fdkbiq q` kizi acaàk}i# }akmi i wi` gikbagemi ~aci ~d~ac mrd`ä}egi# a# ~ir je`# d

`üwegd "}recbd wikird%+

?+= Viimu Dccak a dw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw

Kdwgemi a` Kizd Uirh ki dki ma 4571# Viimu Dccak qwiq wqdw bdoecemdmaw a` gik}dr

~edmdw ~drd ekfrawwdr ki `qkmi mi wbiv oqwwekaww+ Diw 45 dkiw ak}riq ~drd i ~rifrd`d

ma }raekdàk}i ma kiziw ri}aerew}dw# dzak}qriq-wa kd d~rawak}dæçi ekmezemqdc kd gi`åmed



?5

w}dkm-q~ a awgrazaq waq ~reàeri ri}aeri a` 45:1# –I tqa å tqa bä# fd}ekbd9 "Vbd}―w

kav ~qwwugd}9%+ Wafqkmi Areg Cd "?>>5%# i wikbi ma Dccak ard ~rimq|er q` jecà

ek}aerdàk}a mrd`ä}egi# tqa wd}ewje|awwa wqd ek}akæçi a i ek}arawwa mi ~üocegi+

Bä }dòå` gi`åmedw ri`ïk}egdw8 àme}dæñaw wiora q` qkezarwi wa` Maqw8

~waqmimigqàk}äreiw8 q` `qwegdc8 jecàw wiora cadcmdma8 d awgicbd ak}ra cazdr q`d

zemd ma jdk}dwed a q`d ma radcemdma8 wiora racdæñaw ma}areirdmdw a d

e`~razeweoecemdma mi dìr+ Bä bew}÷red ma jd`àced8 à`÷redw8 jdk}dwedw8 wiora i tqa

å war dr}ew}d8 bä ~dw}acçi8 odkmemiw a jdk}dw`dw8 a bä `äfegd+ Giì ~dki ma jqkmi

ma }qmi ewwi# bä d gemdma ma Kizd Uirh X+++P "CDR# ?>>5# ~+41%

Mak}ri mawwdw ~rimqæñaw# Dccak mawakziczaq ekawtqagàzaew ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw#

a~cirdkmi i qkezarwi md `qcbaraw kd `deired mdw }a`ä}egdw q}ece|dmdw a` wqdw iordw+

–I gekadw}d wa gdrdg}are|iq ~ir wa d~rijqkmdr# tqdwa wa`~r a d}rdzåw ma wqdw racdæñaw

wak}eàk}dew# kdw kagawwemdmaw a jrqw}rdæñaw md `qcbar md oqrfqawed ek}acag}qdc‐

"GD_MEDC# ?>>5# ~+4%+

Ekegedcàk}a# Dccak awgrazed wiora i `qkmi jaèkeki w÷ tqa wio i ~ik}i ma zew}d

`dwgqceki+ I mera}ir djerìq tqa kqkgd kekfqå` zde ak}akmar dw `qcbaraw# a tqa wqd

wakweoecemdma di }a`d å jrq}i ma wqd racdæçi gi` d d}re| Medka Had}ik8 acd tqa d}qiq a`

wa}a jecàw ma Dccak# ekgcqekmi iw wqgawwiw –Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd‐ "4566% a

–@dkbd}}dk‐ "4565%+

Dwwe`# giì âmri Dcìm÷zdr –dmi}iq‐ d d}re| aw~dkbicd# âkåci~a Grq|# giì wqd

`qwd# Viimu Dccakµ }dòå` akgik}riq d}re|aw tqa wa }irkdrd` wqd jik}a ma ekw~erdæçi+

Wçi acdw< Medka Had}ik# tqa d}qiq a` 6 jecàw mi mera}ir# @ed Jdrriv# a` 47 a Wgdrca}}

Libdkwwik# a` 7+

Jdrriv ekjcqeq ki}dzacàk}a kd gdrraerd ma Dccak# d tqa` e`~qcweikiq d radce|dr q`ma waqw ~rila}iw `dew d}à~egiw a ~raw}efedmiw –\acef‐ "4527%# aktqdk}i wqd grewa`d}reìkedc jie d odwa ~drd q`d mdw ~rimqæñaw `dew gi`~cegdmdw mi fìkei kizd-eirtqeki< –@dremiw a Aw~iwdw‐ "455?% "GD_MADC# ?>>5# ~+4%+

Aw}a gd~à}qci }rd}iq wiora d ~dr}a }ågkegd mi geka`d# wiora giì gikw}rqer q` ri}aeri# a#

di }rdkwjir`ä-ci kq`d ~acàgqcd# i ~d~ac ma gdmd acaàk}i geka`d}ifräjegi+ Aw}a# lqk}i

gi` i ~reàeri gd~à}qci# tqa }rd}iq wiora d gikw}rqæçi md emak}emdma# kd wafqkmd ~dr}a



7>

maw}a }rdodcbi# jdraìw q`d dkäcewa wiora tqd}riw jecàw ma Viimu Dccak< Kiezi

Kaqr÷}egi Kiezd Karziwd "4566%# Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw "452:%# We`~cawàk}a Dcega

"455>% a Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgarcikd "?>>2%# q}ece|dkmi giì wq~ir}a iw gd~à}qciw

}a÷regiw 4 a ?+

7 GIKW]_QÆÇI MDW Â_WIKDFAKW KQ@D KD__D]EZD MA GIKJCE]I

7+4 D awgicbd mi iola}i ma aw}qmi

Iw jecàw Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd " Dkkea Bdcc# 4566%# Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw

" Bdkkdb dkm bar wew}arw# 452:%# We`~cawàk}a Dcega " Dcega# 455>% a Zeghu Grew}ekd

Odrgacikd "Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgacikd# ?>>2%# mi mera}ir Viimu Dccak# jird` awgicbemiw

~drd wara` dkdcewdmiw ki ~rawak}a }rdodcbi d ~dr}er miw wafqek}aw gre}åreiw< cazd` ki

}à}qci irefekdc rajarìkgedw mera}dw îw ~ri}dfikew}dw jaèkekdw8 gdmd iord å racd}ezd d q`d

mågdmd "6>)2>)5>)>>%8 a ra~rawak}d` gikjce}iw zezemiw ak}ra gdwdew# wald iq kçi kq`d

racdæçi giklqfdc+

Dw dkäcewaw miw tqd}ri jecàw gicigd` a` azemìkged d ra~rawak}dæçi jaèkekd+ I aw}qmi

jie jae}i d ~dr}er md emak}emdma mdw ~ri}dfikew}dw# giì acdw wa gi`~ir}d` ki dòeak}a

a` tqa zeza`# wald ki ~d~ac ma `ça# d`dk}a# ek}acag}qdc+ D ~dr}er md grewa ma emak}emdma#

dkdcewdr i mawakziczeàk}iw kdw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw di cikfi md kdrrd}ezd# a giì

awwd grewa dja}iq d zemd dja}ezd a)iq ~rijewweikdc macdw+

7+? Iw jecàw mi mera}ir Viimu Dccak

Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd "4566% å q`d gi`åmed tqa wa ~dwwd a` @dkbd}}dk+ Dbew}÷red doirmd i racdgeikdàk}i ma mqdw ~awwidw gi`~ca}dàk}a mejarak}aw tqa ~dwwd`

~ir dcfq`dw grewaw# ak}ra acdw# d jdc}d mi d~a}e}a waqdc+ Dczu Wekfar "Viimu Dccak% å

q` giàmedk}a lqmaq a a}ra`dàk}a ~drdk÷egi+ Dkkea "Medka Had}ik% å q`d gdk}ird

ma gcqoaw ki}qrkiw a aw}ä a` ekàgei ma gdrraerd+ îr ek}ar`åmei ma _io "]iku _ioar}w%#

dèfi ma Dczu# iw miew dgdod` wa gikbagakmi mqrdk}a q`d ~dr}emd ma }ìkew+ D~÷w q`

racdgeikdàk}i gik}qrodmi# lä tqa aca maìkw}rd war q`d ~awwid gi`~ca}dàk}a

ekwafqrd# iw miew wa wa~drd` mazemi d ekgd~dgemdma ma `dk}ar q`d racdæçi dja}ezdwdqmäzac+



74

Bdkkdb a Wqdw Er`çw "452:% ìw}rd d }rdla}÷red md zemd ma }rìw er`çw# ek}ar~ra}dmdw ~ir

@ed Jdrriv# Odrodrd Barwbau a Medkka Veaw}+ Acdw ~dwwd` ~ir grewaw aew}akgedew di

}ara` mejegqcmdma a` cemdr gi` ma}arèkdmdw we}qdæñaw# giì }rdeæçi# ~rioca`dw

giklqfdew a ekmagewçi ~rijewweikdc+ D~awdr ma }qmi# dw }rìw er`çw ~ar`dkaga` qkemdw+

We`~cawàk}a Dcega "455>% gik}d d bew}÷red ma Dcega "@ed Jdrriv%# q`d `qcbar gd}÷cegd#

gak}rdmd# a tqa aw}ä gdwdmd bä 4: dkiw+ Wqd zemd giàæd d `qmdr tqdkmi q`

dgqk~qk}qrew}d cba mä dcfq`dw arzdw gdqwdkmi ajae}iw gi`~ca}dàk}a ekqwe}dmiw+ Gi` i

}rd}dàk}i# acd ~dwwd d zezar jdk}dwedw kd oqwgd md zarmdmaerd jacegemdma jird ma waq

gdwdàk}i+

Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgacikd "?>>2% ìw}rd d }rdla}÷red ma mqdw dèfdw tqa aw}çi ~dwwdkmi

jåredw a` Odrgacikd+ Zeghu "_aoaggd Bdcc% å q`d `qcbar magememd# radcew}d a odw}dk}a

rawarzdmd tqdkmi wa }rd}d ma dìr+ Lä Grew}ekd "Wgdrca}} Libdkwwik%# å ekmagewd a d

~rigqrd ma kizdw a~areìkgedw+ Mqrdk}a q`d a~iweæçi ma dr}a# dw mqdw gikbaga` i

~ek}ir Lqdk Dk}ikei "Ldzear Odrma`%# tqa dw gikzemd ~drd q`d zedfa` î Izeami+ D

~dr}er mdà# iw }rìw gred` jir}aw cdæiw dja}eziw+ Gargdmi ma bqìr a ~deçi# i jecà jigd

ki racdgeikdàk}i `dc rawiczemi ak}ra Zeghu# Grew}ekd# Lqdk Dk}ikei a wqd ~rioca`ä}egd

a-`qcbar# @dred Bacakd "âkåci~a Grq|%+

7+7 Gdrdg}aràw}egdw mdw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw kiw jecàw ma Viimu Dccak

A` Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd "4566%# d ~arwikdfa` ma Dkkea å i i~iw}i ma

Dczu# a d gikjrik}dæçi gi` d mejarakæd# we}qdæçi tqa jie jegdkmi `dew dorq~}d mqrdk}a i

jecà# rawqc}iq ki je` mi racdgeikdàk}i+ Dkkea å wigeäzac# aw~ik}ïkad# ek}acefak}a a

oa` mew~iw}d+ Giì i ~dwwdr mi }a`~i# awwa waq }a`~ardàk}i aqoardk}a# gbaei mazefir# jie wakmi wiora~iw}i ~acd ~arwikdcemdma Dczu# tqa å ìk÷}ikd a ~rioca`ä}egd+

Aca tqa å ma~akmak}a md gi`~dkbed ma Dkkea+

A` Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw# Caa "Odrodrd Barwbau% å d er`ç ekma~akmak}a+ Acd zeza gi`

waq kdìrdmi a` q` ~atqaki d~dr}dàk}i# aca tqa å q` ~ek}ir a jie waq ~rijawwir kd

å~igd ma jdgqcmdma+ D ~arwikdfa` maìkw}rd war odw}dk}a `dmqrd a wakwàzac# àwì

kçi `dkejaw}dkmi i tqa wak}a iq ~akwd tqdkmi å gikjrik}dmd ~ir dcfi)dcfqå`+



7?

Lä Biccu "Medkka Vaw}% å i àòri agìk}regi md jd`àced# acd tqa wa wak}a ~armemd

medk}a mdw zäredw i~ir}qkemdmaw tqa wqrfa` kd wqd zemd ~rijewweikdc+ Ki ekàgei md }rd`d

d ~arwikdfa` doreq q` oqjì gi` q`d dèfd# `dw tqa dgdoiq kçi mdkmi gar}i+ Ak}çi

~dwwiq d awgrazar ri}aeriw# caòrdkmi tqa# d gdmd kizd }ak}d}ezd# acd ma~akmed mi d~iei

jekdkgaeri md er`ç Bdkkdb+ Biccu å odw}dk}a ekwafqrd# a ewwi rajca}eq a` wqd zemd dja}ezd

a ~rijewweikdc+

Giì gikw}d}d Jrdkgewgi âei}i "?>>=%# racdæñaw jdècedraw ìcmd` i dq}igikgae}i mi

wqlae}i# wakmi tqa d ra~rawak}dæçi md ~arwikdfa` zde ma dgirmi gi` i wq~ir}a jdècedr

tqa cba å mdmi+ Ki gdwi ma Biccu# wqd dq}igikjedkæd ard gikw}dk}aàk}a dodcdmd ~ir

tqdctqar giàk}ärei kafd}ezi wiora wqd zemd ~rijewweikdc+ Kçi }akmi q`d `ça ~rawak}a#

d ~arwikdfa` wa d~afdzd diw gikwacbiw md er`ç ìmaci# Bdkkdb+ D~awdr mawwd

~rieèmdma# Bdkkdb ard d ükegd tqa gikwafqed dodcdr d er`ç aìgeikdcàk}a+ îma-wa

gikgcqer mewwi tqa# i jd}i md ~arwikdfa` war oa` wqgamemd a` zäreiw gd`~iw# Biccu#

ekgikwgeak}aàk}a# wak}ed-wa ek}eèmdmd ~acd er`ç# a dwwe`# gikwemard aw}dr wakmi

lqcfdmd medk}a miw giàk}äreiw md Bdkkdb+

Bdkkdb "@ed Jdrriv% å d er`ç aa`~cdr# lä tqa ~iwwqe q`d zemd jekdkgaerd aw}äzac# å

gdwdmd# }a` jecbiw# q`d gdrraerd a kçi kafd dlqmd tqdkmi q`d mdw er`çw ~ragewd+ Acd

ra~rawak}d i ~arjec ~rekge~dc ma q`d jd`àced ~d}redrgdc+ D~awdr ma i `dremi war `dew

wqoèwwi d acd mi tqa i gik}rärei# acd gq`~ra wqdw }drajdw ma dgirmi gi` i tqa jie

~razedàk}a e`~iw}i îw gdrdg}aràw}egdw jaèkekdw8 acd gqemd md gdwd# md jd`àced a

irfdke|d dw raqkeñaw jdècedraw+

A` We`~cawàk}a Dcega "455>%# kiw å d~rawak}dmi# cifi ki ekàgei# d bew}÷red ma q`d

jd`àced d~drak}aàk}a ~arjae}d# wafqekmi i ìmaci ~d}redrgdc+ Dcega kçi }rdodcbd a wqdzemd wa rawqà a` gqemdr miw jecbiw# er di wdcçi a jd|ar gi`~rdw+ Di cikfi md kdrrd}ezd#

acd gikjrik}d i `dremi a ~argaoa tqa doreq `çi ma waq wikbi ~drd gikw}e}qer q`d

jd`àced+

A` Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgacikd "?>>2% å jae}d q`d oraza kdrrdæçi wiora dw ~rekge~dew

gdrdg}aràw}egdw mdw ~arwikdfakw# cifi ki ekegei md ~acàgqcd+ Gi` d gïàrd jigdmd d~akdw

a` waq riw}i# Zeghu å d ~reàerd d war d~rawak}dmd di aw~ag}dmir# gi` q` orazagiàk}ärei wiora wqd igq~dæçi a ek}arawwaw+ I àwì dgik}aga gi` Grew}ekd# a# a`



77

wafqemd# d }acd å mezemed a` mqdw# aktqdk}i å razacdmi a` tqa dw dèfdw wçi weècdraw# a

d i~iweæçi ak}ra acdw tqdkmi wa }rd}d ma dìr+

–Zeghu kçi }ekbd }icarïkged î mir# ka` wama ma giòd}a+ ]ekbd iw ~åw ki gbçi a ard

radcew}d+ Ma q` bià` acd aw~ardzd wareamdma a aw}doecemdma+ Jegdrd kiezd mi Miqf

~irtqa aca ard magak}a a oa` wqgamemi a ak}akmed d oaca|d mi gi`~rièwwi‐

"Gbrew}i~bar Azdk Vacgb# kdrrdmir%+ Awwd kdrrdæçi wiora Zeghu jie wakmi gi`~rizdmd d

~dr}er mi ìàk}i tqa acd wa zed medk}a ma q` e`~dwwa+ @awì kiezd# acd wa akziczaq

gi` Lqdk Dk}ikei dk}aw ma Grew}ekd# a d~awdr ma akgdk}dmd ~aci aw~dkbic# ~rajareq kçi

mezemer awwa waframi gi` d dèfd+

Grew}ekd å i i~iw}i md dèfd Zeghu# ìzemd ~acd ~deçi# aw}ä wa`~ra a` oqwgd ma dcfi

tqa ~rizdzacàk}a kqkgd zde akgik}rdr+ D zedfa` ~drd Odrgacikd jie i ekàgei ma q`d

kizd jdwa ~drd d ~arwikdfa`# tqa dgdodrd ma wder ma q` racdgeikdàk}i+

îr iq}ri cdmi# Grew}ekd aw~ardzd dcfi oa` mejarak}a mi dìr+ _acq}dk}aàk}a#dgae}dzd wijrar# giì q` gi`~ikak}a md ~deçi a wa rawefkdzd d ~ir a` rewgi waqwwak}eàk}iw+ Kçi wdoared me|ar i tqa tqared fdkbdr drrewgdkmi wqdw aìæñaw+ @dwacd wdoed i tqa kçi tqared "VACGB# kdrrdmir%+

]dk}i ~drd Zeghu tqdk}i ~drd Grew}ekd# d kdrrdæçi ekegedc a~ikmi dw gdrdg}aràw}egdw

~rekge~dew mdw ~arwikdfakw# jie rajca}emd a` wqdw dæñaw a# gikwatqak}aàk}a# ki

mawjagbi mdw ~arwikdfakw+ Awwa ìàk}i ra~rawak}d d ~reàerd ~dr}a mi ri}aeri# d

d~rawak}dæçi# giì a~cegiq Wem Jeacm "4551%+

Zeghu# Grew}ekd a @dred Bacakd ~iwwqa` ~arwikdcemdmaw mejarak}aw# dwwe` giì dw

dòeæñaw+ Zeghu jie î Odrgacikd gi` i iola}ezi ma jd|ar àw}rdmi a` emak}emdma

Gd}dcç+ Grew}ekd dgdoiq ma ~rimq|er q` gqr}d a rawiczaq dgi`~dkbdr d dèfd kd

aw~ardkæd ma wa akziczar gi` dcfqå` a dgbdr –dtqeci‐ tqa aw}ä jdc}dkmi a` wqd zemd+ Lä

@dred Bacakd jie ek}rimq|emd di jecà ma q`d jir`d q` }dk}i ~ar}qrodmird# gredkmi

we}qdæñaw gd÷}egdw a gikjce}dk}aw# wafqekmi ~drd d wafqkmd ~dr}a mi ri}aeri# d

gikjrik}dæçi+

7+= Gikjce}iw kd kdrrd}ezd



7=

A` Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd "4566% iw miew ~arwikdfakw ~rekge~dew# Dkkea a

Dczu wçi gicigdmiw a` azemìkged# ìw}rdkmi giì wqdw ekwafqrdkædw a majae}iw

gicdoirdrd` ~drd i }årèki mi kdìri+ Dkkea å ek}rimq|emd di jecà kq` ìàk}i ma

w}raww zezemi ~acd ~arwikdfa`+ D ~reàerd gakd gi` Dkkea a Dczu lqk}iw kiw å

d~rawak}dmd ki ekàgei mi jecà+ Acaw wa akgik}rd` kd ~ir}d mi geka`d a cifi mçi ekàgei d

q`d mewgqwwçi+ Dkkea< –îr jdzir+ Aw}iq gi` mir ma gdoaæd‐+ Dczu< –Aw}ä àwì

ekmew~iw}d+ Maza war mi ‛~aràimi’‐+ Dkkea< –Gdmd za| tqa }a` q`d giewd jird mi

kir`dc# å i àq ‛~aràimi’$‐

^drd W}rau "4556%# i d~aci a` gcdwwejegdr dw `qcbaraw ma dgirmi gi` wqdw gdrdg}aràw}egdw

oeic÷fegdw igirra a` `deir ~ri~iræçi# iq wald# å `dew ~rizäzac tqa d mir ma gdoaæd ma

Dkkea wald rawqc}dmi ma wqd ]^@ mi tqa mazemi d q` ekgemak}a ki }rdodcbi+ I bià`

kçi å gd~d| ma akarfdr d `qcbar dcå` ma wqdw gdrdg}aràw}egdw ma `ça# aw~iwd a d`dk}a+

Ewwi ìw}rd tqa d mawefqdcmdma miw waiw d}ekfa }dòå` äradw aìgeikdew mi wqlae}i+

A` waqw jecàw# Viimu Dccak awgicba }a`dw tqa doirmd` racdgeikdàk}iw tqa wa

–rawicza`‐ d}rdzåw ma mawdodjiw a mewgqwwñaw# tqa# kd `deired mdw za|aw# kçi wçi jae}iw

~dgejegdàk}a# a å dwwe` tqa Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd wa ekeged+ Dczu a Dkkea#

aktqdk}i aw}çi kd jecd mi geka`d# mewgq}a` d racdæçi ~ir ekeged}ezd macd+ Dkkea me|< –Å

}çi afiàw}d tqa# wa jdc}i kd èkbd dkäcewa w÷ ~akwd ki tqdk}i ewwi }a dja}d‐+ Gcdqmei

^qgge "Zd| d~qm 8 ^qgge# ?>>5%# a~cegd tqa iw biàkw kçi wdoa` a kçi fiw}d` ma

mewgq}er d racdæçi# a# ~ir kçi ak}akmara` d –awwìkged‐ jaèkekd a wqd kagawwemdma ma war

iqzemd# d}reoqa` iw ~rioca`dw mi gdwdc giì ~ar}akgak}aw d acdw+ Kq` d}i ma rdezd#

mqrdk}a q`d mewgqwwçi wiora w d}ezemdmaw waqdew mi gdwdc# Dkkea fre}d< –Aw}ä oa`#

mawgqc~d+ I àq ~rioca`d waqdc+ I àq ~rioca`d waqdc‐+

Tqdkmi magemerd` ìrdr lqk}iw# Dczu# jd|akmi tqaw}çi ma caòrdr tqa d emaed kçi jie

wqd# mewgq}eq dgargd mi tqa awwd `qmdkæd }çi ra~ak}ekd ra~rawak}dzd+

Dkkea< Dgbi tqa ~akwd tqa jqe aq tqa }a gikzakge+ Dczu< Kçi$ Zezaìw lqk}iw#mirèìw lqk}iw# giàìw lqk}iw+ Kçi tqar tqa wald giì wa jýwwaìw gdwdmiw#tqar9+ Dkkea< Tqdc å d mejarakæd9+ Dczu< îrtqa `dk}å` wqd ~r÷~red gdwd+ Å q`wdczd-zemdw tqa aw}ä cä wa`~ra+ ^drd wdoarìw tqa kçi wiìw gdwdmiw+



71

Gik}irkdkmi i tqa wared q` ~iwwàzac mawdodji ~ir ~dr}a ma Dkkea# Dczu d tqaw}eikd ma

`dkaerd tqa# d jir`d giì iw miew aw}çi zezakmi jie ek}aerdàk}a magememd ~ir acd+

Giì djerìq Gdw}accw "?>>>%# d jir`dæçi ma gdwdew kçi cafdce|dmd mejegqc}d a

akjrdtqaga i ìmaci ma jd`àced ~d}redrgdc# dja}dkmi iw akziczemiw ~wegicifegdàk}a+ Å

~arga~}àzac tqa i `deir aci tqa qka i gdwdc å d dè|dma# wakmi ragbadmd ~ir wqdw

mawzak}qrdw ki `qkmi md dr}a+

Gi` i akjrdtqageàk}i mi ìmaci ~d}redrgdc a d e`~iweæçi md `qcbar# ~awwidw a

a~areìkgedw wa mejqkmerd`# mdkmi je` î wqoèwwçi jaèkekd+ Ki gdwi ma Dkkea# d~awdr

ma }ar i gik}rica md racdæçi# àwì tqa ekgikwgeak}aàk}a# lä tqa Dczu ìw}rdzd-wa

ma~akmak}a ma wqd gi`~dkbed# kçi raezekmegdzd wqdw zik}dmaw+ îr ewwi acd wa wak}ed

wqjigdmd# giì wa Dczu d ocitqadwwa aìgeikdcàk}a+ Acd tqa# a~rawwiq awwa

wak}eàk}i mqrdk}a q`d wawwçi gi` q` dkdcew}d+

Mewgq}emi ki ekàgei mi jecà# i ~rioca`d tqdk}i î d}ezemdma waqdc miw ~arwikdfakw

~draged mew}dkgeä-ciw dekmd `dew+ Cifi kd à}dma md ~rilaæçi# Dkkea a Dczu aw}çi

wak}dmiw kd gd`d gikzarwdkmi a aca giàæd d jcar}dr gi` acd# Dkkea wa cazdk}d a zde

~afdr q` gefdrri - ekframeak}a tqa Dkkea gikwemardzd racddk}a dk}aw ma }ar q`d racdæçi

waqdc+ Ki ìàk}i tqa acaw giàæd` d wa oaeldr# aca ragcd`d tqa acd aw}ä –dårad‐#

mew}rdàmd+ ^drd àcbir ra~rawak}dr i tqa wqd ~arwikdfa` wak}ed# i tqa wa zì kd }rd`d å i

aw~àre}i ma Dkkea wdekmi ma waq gir~i a wak}dkmi-wa oa` di cdmi md gd`d+

]akmi d `qcbar q`d wakweoecemdma `deir# mazemi îw wqdw gdrdg}aràw}egdw oeic÷fegdw#

maedkmi-d odw}dk}a zqckaräzac+ Giì Dkkea kçi aw}dzd –ki gce`d‐# ~imakmi war q`d

gikwatqìkged ki w}raww# acd wa mew}rdeq+ Wa jiwwa Dczu i wqlae}i mew}rdàmi# wared kd}qrdc

tqa wqdw jqkæñaw oeic÷fegdw wa e`~qwawwa` jewegdàk}a# iq wald# Dczu kçi }ared q`daraæçi+

I ~rekge~dc akziczeàk}i miw miew wa odwadzd kq` ek}arawwa gi`q`# d dr}a+ Dòiw

ard` gqreiwiw# gqc}iw a mdzd` ekàgei d gikzarwdw ek}acefak}aw mqrdk}a ek}ardæñaw wigedew

ak}ra dèfiw+ Kq` ~rigawwi ma gi`~dr}ecbdr zezìkgedw# a ekwarer i iq}ri a` waq `qkmi#

ard wa`~ra Dkkea tqa i jd|ed+ Dwwe` giì aca# acd ~dwwiq d wa gikwqc}dr gi` q`

dkdcew}d a i ~rijewweikdc razaciq# kd ~reàerd wawwçi# giì acd wa wak}ed a` racdæçi dikdìri a# `dew }drma# acd mezemeq dw e`~rawwñaw mi ~rijewweikdc gi` Dczu+



7:

Dkkea< Mewwa tqa à wek}i gqc~dmd miw àqw wak}eàk}iw ~aci gdwdàk}i a ~irgredkædw+ Gik}ae i àq wikbi a gbirae+ Aq w÷ à cdw}eì+ Wak}i a gbirdèkfi+ Kiwikbi# aca à ~ña q`d dcìjdmd kd gdrd a aq kçi gikwefi raw~erdr+ Dczu< I Wekd}rd9Dkkea< Å+ @a aw}rdkfqcdkmi+ Acd mewwa tqa i waq kià å Dczu Wekfar+ Dczu< Tqì9Aq9 I tqa tqar me|ar9 Aq }a wqjigi9

D~÷w zäredw dkäcewaw a a~areàk}dæñaw tqa gi`~rizdrd` d mew~dremdma ak}ra wqdw

~arwikdcemdmaw# Dczu a Dkkea ri`~a` i racdgeikdàk}i+ Acd tqared dcfi mejarak}a# wa

ek}ardfer gi` i `qkmi# lä tqa i ewicdàk}i ma wqd zemd dja}ezd gi` Dczu a awwa mqaci

ma afiw kçi aw}dzd jd|akmi oa` d acd+ I }årèki jie ma gi`q` dgirmi# ~rawarzdkmi d

dè|dma# tqa iw miew gikw}rqàrd` }çi jdgecàk}a# mawma i ìàk}i tqa wa gikbagard`+

I gekadw}d qwiq i jcdwbodgh giì }ågkegd mièkdk}a a` Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd

Karziwd+ Dw racdæñaw jdècedraw a dja}ezdw tqa Dczu a Dkkea }ezard` ki magirrar ma wqdw

zemdw jird` ìw}rdmdw ki magirrar mi jecà# kd ek}akæçi ma gicigdr a` ~dq}d i `deir

majae}i ma dòiw kq` racdgeikdàk}i# a ma tqa jir`d ewwi dja}dzd i kdìri miw miew+

Mqrdk}a iw jcdwbodghw# zàdìw dcfq`dw we}qdæñaw ma racdgeikdàk}iw dk}areiraw ma

Dczu+ Ard jägec ~argaoar tqa d ~awwid gi` tqa` aca aw}dzd kçi i ak}akmed a)iq

gi`~ca}dzd+ I mejarakgedc mi jcdwbodgh q}ece|dmi ki jecà# å tqa d gakd kçi igirred î

~dr}a+ Iw ~arwikdfakw –ak}rdzd`‐ kd gakd a d dwwew}ed kizdàk}a# jd|akmi giàk}äreiw

a wa` rewgi ma ek}arjarer a` waq mawakziczeàk}i+

A` Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw "452:% i ~rekge~dc gikjce}i å zezemi ak}ra Caa a Accei} "`dremi

ma Bdkkdb%+ Aca ard d~deikdmi ~acd gqkbdmd a kçi ~armed d i~ir}qkemdma ma dfrdmä-cd

a maìkw}rdr waq dìr# àwì tqa wq}ecàk}a+ Caa ~argaoaq tqa bdzed dcfi `dew ki

racdgeikdàk}i miw miew a# `dew }drma# dgdoiq gamakmi diw jcar}aw+ @awì dw er`çw

wakmi `qe}i dèfdw# Caa# ki ekàgei# ~dragaq kçi wak}er raìrwi ~ir aw}dr }akmi q` gdwi

gi` i `dremi ma Bdkkdb# ewwi ~ir dgbdr tqa acaw aw}dzd` }akmi ~rioca`dw giklqfdew+Viimvdrm "?>>:% a~cegd tqa awwa gi`~ir}dàk}i å rawqc}dmi md jir`d giì wiìw

~iwegeikdmiw ~acdw mejarak}aw a~ag}d}ezdw a raw}reæñaw d tqa aw}dìw akziczemiw#

ra~rawak}dkmi-kiw ma jir`dw mejarak}aw d ~dr}er mi gik}a}i aw}doacagemi+

D mew}ïkged ma Accei} giàæiq d ekgiìmdr Bdkkdb# acd tqa wa mamegdzd di gdwdàk}i a

wikbdzd a` }ar `dew jecbiw+ Giì i ~arwikdfa` àwì mewwa# acd }ekbd wqd zemd }imd

~cdkaldmd# Accei}< –zigì }a` ~cdkiw majekemiw ~drd aw}rq}qrdr wqd zemd< gdwd# jecbiw# d



76

awgicd gar}d# q`d gdwd a` Gikkag}egq}+++ ]qmi ~ragikgaoemi‐+ I `deir ekgýìmi ma

Accei} ard kçi wa wak}er kagawwärei# lä tqa Bdkkdb aw}dzd wa`~ra d q` ~dwwi î jrak}a+

Kdìrdkmi q` ~ek}ir# Caa i gikag}dzd gi` i `qkmi# lä tqa aca ~draged doièkdr d

wigeamdma gik}a`~irïkad+ D~÷w i ekàgei ma waq racdgeikdàk}i gi` i `dremi ma

Bdkkdb# d ~arwikdfa` ~dwwiq d gicigdr wqdw zik}dmaw a` ~reàeri ~cdki+ Wa Caa kçi

}ezawwa wemi gikjrik}dmd ~ir awwd kizd a~areìkged# acd kçi }ared wa mawgioar}i a i

mawjagbi md ~arwikdfa` ~imared kçi }ar wemi i àwì+

Caa< Kçi dfóak}i `dew$ ]aìw tqa jd|ar q`dw `qmdkædw+ Wek}i-à wqjigdmd+]akbi tqa er aòird+ Ziq à `qmdr+ ]dcza| wald w÷ }a`~irärei+ @dw }akbi tqa}ak}dr+ Tqari q`d zemd àkiw gi`~cegdmd+ Q` `dremi# }dcza| q` jecbi# dk}aw tqa

wald }drma+ @ekbd Kiwwd$ Ka` wae `dew i tqa tqari+

Q` }a`~i d~÷w î mewgqwwçi gi` i ~ek}ir# Caa cdrfiq Accei} ~iew kçi wa gikjir`dzd

gi` d ~iweæçi ma d`dk}a a dgdoiq akgik}rdkmi iq}rd ~awwid+ D~÷w }dk}iw gikjce}iw# d

~arwikdfa` ~draga }ar wa radce|dmi# ~aci àkiw ki tqa me| raw~ae}i md wqd zemd

dìriwd+ Accei} zic}iq d wa jigdr a` waq gdwdàk}i a# wa gik}aza a` d~akdw dmèrdr

Caa# tqa ~draged aw}dr jekdcàk}a jace|+

Tqdkmi Biccu wa dzak}qriq kd gdrraerd ma ri}aerew}d# waq ~reàeri }rdodcbi jie q`d

bew}÷red wiora i gdwdàk}i ma Bdkkdb a Accei}# i tqa doirragaq odw}dk}a a er`ç#

gdqwdkmi iq}rd orefd ak}ra i gdwdc+ Acd ~ima ki}dr# d}rdzåw md bew}÷red# giì i `dremi d

akarfdzd+ –Zigì à dgbd `qe}i fakariwd9 @qe}i gi`~a}ak}a9 _azic}dk}aàk}a

~arjae}d9 Ak}çi# i tqa biqza gikiwgi9 Giì djdw}ae zigì9 Kqkgd tqar jdcdr wiora ewwi+

Wa`~ra `qmd ma dwwqk}i+ Gikzarwdìw gdmd za| àkiw+ Mirà gièfi gdmd za|

àkiw‐+

Mqrdk}a d gikjrik}dæçi# ìàk}i a` tqa iow}ägqciw d~draga` kd kdrrd}ezd# Caa#

Bdkkdb a Biccu wda` lqk}dw ~drd giàr+ D gïàrd ferd a` }irki mdw ~arwikdfakw kd

ek}akæçi ma ìw}rdr d radæçi macdw mqrdk}a d gikzarwd+ Biccu# ~ir war d àkiw

aw}rq}qrdmd a aw}dr wa`~ra ~ragewdkmi md dlqmd jekdkgaerd ma Bdkkdb kçi ~drdzd ma

ragcd`dr a ra~raakmar d er`ç+

Biccu< Wdoed tqa à mawakgirdldred+ ]rd}d-à giì q`d jrdgdwwdmd+ Kçi }a` jå a`è`# gir}d àq ak}qwedwì+ Bdkkdb< Kdmd mewwi+ Dgbi tqa d }akbi d~iedmi `qe}i+



72

Miq gikwacbiw wekgariw# dlqmi jekdkgaerdàk}a a cba d~rawak}ae zäreiw biàkwek}arawwdk}aw+ Biccu< W÷ jrdgdwwdmiw+ Acaw maìkw}rd` i tqa zigì ~akwd ma è`+

Biccu w÷ wa wak}eq wafqrd tqdkmi# @eghau "Viimu Dccak%# a `dremi ma Bdkkdb#

acifeiq waq ri}aeri+ Dòiw bdzed` }emi q` akgik}ri ki ~dwwdmi a# mawma ak}çi#~dwwdrd` d kçi fiw}dr q` mi iq}ri+ Dkiw ma~iew wa akgik}rd` kd rqd a racaòrd` iw

ìàk}iw tqa }ezard` lqk}iw+ Kdtqacd å~igd# Biccu ard ekgikwatóak}a a e`d}qrd# i

i~iw}i ma @eghau+ Giì d d}rdæçi ak}ra gdwdew# kiw jecàw ma Viimu Dccak# å

ek}aràmedmd ~aci dìr î dr}a# iw miew ~dwwdrd` d gikzarwdr wiora }acazewçi# lä tqa aca

}rdodcbdzd kd ärad a Biccu awgrazed ri}aeriw+ Di ~argaoar tqa }ekbd` `qe}i a` gi`q`#

d racdæçi miw ~arwikdfakw jie wa ek}akwejegdkmi+ @eghau# di gik}rärei md jd`àced ma

Biccu# kçi d gicigdzd ~drd odei+

Iw gikjce}iw ma Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw jird` `drgdmiw ~acd radjer`dæçi md emak}emdma+

War ragikbagemi# }ar gik}rica wiora dw giewdw a `qmdr ma zemd+ I gi`~ir}dàk}i mdw

er`çw w÷ `qmiq ~irtqa d emak}emdma macdw jie raezekmegdmd# iq wald# acd ~dwwiq d ìcmdr

waq gi`~ir}dàk}i d ~dr}er ma waqw ek}arawwaw+ Giì djerìq W}qdr} Bdcc "?>>1%# å q`d

tqaw}çi }dk}i ma }irkdr-wa tqdk}i ma –war‐+ I wqlae}i d gikw}r÷e frdmd}ezdàk}a# ewwi

~irtqa d emak}emdma aw}ä a` doar}i# wa`~ra+ Mazemi diw gikjce}iw zezakgedmiw ak}ra dw

~arwikdfakw# acdw `qmdrd` ma gi`~ir}dàk}i kd }ak}d}ezd ma wa gikbagara` a

–ragikw}rqer‐ wqd emak}emdma# awwd tqa# giì djerìq ]i`d| ]dmaq md Weczd "?>>:%# å

ekw}äzac a ekdgdodmd+

A` We`~cawàk}a Dcega "455>%# d ~arwikdfa` ~rekge~dc ragcd`dzd gikw}dk}aàk}a ma

mir kdw giw}dw a wqdw dèfdw d ekmegdrd` er kq` dgqk~qk}qrew}d# d}å ak}çi# ècdfriwi+

Di gikbagì-cd# aca gikgcqeq tqa i ~rioca`d ma Dcega ard àk}dc a kçi jàwegi+ Giì

djerìq Mdkeacd Jiccike "?>>5%# miraw grýkegdw aw}çi `qe}dw za|aw racdgeikdmdw d

~rawwñaw jàwegdw# àk}dew a aìgeikdew+ îr wak}er-wa gqc~dmd ~ir }ar q` d`dk}a# q`

`üwegi tqa gikbagaq gdwqdcàk}a kd awgicd ma waqw jecbiw# tqa Dcega magemeq wa }rd}dr+

Mqrdk}a q` ~rigawwi ma be~kiwa# d ~arwikdfa` razacd waqw d}qdew wak}eàk}iw# di wa

e`dfekdr kq`d mewgqwwçi gi` i `dremi+ îr àei mi }rd}dàk}i# di gikjrik}dr

ekgikwgeak}aàk}a wqdw ekwd}ewjdæñaw# Dcega cemiq gi` waqw ~rioca`dw giklqfdew+

Dcega< Aq wiq d aw~iwd# wdoa+ Aq }iì gik}d mdw gredkædw# aq ~riìzi ldk}draw#irfdke|i d dfakmd wigedc+ ]ak}i jegdr oike}d ~drd tqa iw dèfiw dmèra` waq fiw}i+



75

Aq à }irkae q`d mawwdw `qcbaraw tqa ~dwwd` i med kdw cildw a jd|a` ~amegqra+ @dwaq tqari war `dew+ Bä `dew a` è`+

Mqrdk}a d be~kiwa# Dcega razezaq q` miw akgik}riw# tqa }aza gi` waq `dremi# cifi

tqdkmi i gikbagaq+ @dw jie tqdkmi Dcega ~dwwiq d }i`dr dw arzdw# tqa wqd zemdgiàæiq d `qmdr+ Iw ajae}iw }erdzd` md ~arwikdfa` tqdctqar kiæçi ma ceè}a# acd

jdcdzd# dfed ma q`d jir`d tqa# ekgikwgeak}aàk}a wa`~ra wikbiq a` jd|ar# `dw wqd

zemd a gredæçi kq` dòeak}a gd}÷cegi# kçi ~arè}ed`+ D wq}eca|d mdw dæñaw# a` tqa acd

jie akziczemd# dgakmaq dcfi kd ~arwikdfa`# giì kd gakd a` tqa Lia "Lia @dk}afkd%#

q` `üwegi tqa acd dzew}iq kd awgicd miw jecbiw# cba ak}rafd q` cezri tqa d ~arwikdfa`

}ekbd maedmi gder+ D maìrdmd }rigd ma icbdraw d maeiq odw}dk}a odcdkædmd# warzekmi

ma ì}ezi ~drd tqa acd jiwwa oqwgdr waqw jecbiw kd awgicd gi` `dew jratóìkged+ A` wqd

~reàerd gakd# wio i ajae}i mdw arzdw# Dcega jcar}d gi` i `üwegi tqa bdzed gikbagemi

~ir dgdwi ki ekàgei md }rd`d+

D wafqkmd arzd maq d Dcega gd~dgemdma ma zar a ~imar wa gi`qkegdr gi` –jdk}dw`dw‐#

ki gdwi# q` a-kdìrdmi+ Wqd jqkæçi kd kdrrd}ezd ard ìw}rdr ~drd Dcega tqa acd }a`

tqa d~rizae}dr wqd zemd# ~argaoar tqa waq gdwdàk}i lä kçi d jd| jace| giì

dk}efdàk}a+ Aca a akgirdldzd# a ~ir gik}d ~r÷~red# Dcega dfed+ Giì acd ard ekfìkqd a

kçi }ekbd a~areìkged a` jcar}dr iq}riw biàkw# d kçi war wio i ajae}i ma arzdw# i

jdk}dw`d cba ireak}iq mqrdk}a q`d gikzarwd gdwqdc gi` i `üwegi+ Awwd dæçi ~ima war

ak}akmemd giì q` gbd`dmi mi ekgikwgeak}a ma Dcega# tqa# giì jie a~cegdmi ~ir

Jraqm# kiwwdw emak}emdmaw# waqdcemdma# a mawaliw wçi jir`dmiw gi` odwa a` ~rigawwiw

~wàtqegiw a weò÷cegiw mi ekgikwgeak}a# mawgdr}dkmi i gikgae}i ma wqlae}i rdgeikdc gi`

q`d emak}emdma jed+

Acd jq`d iq}rd a arzd a gde kq` wiki ~rijqkmi+ Jraqm a~cegd tqa i wikbi å d jir`d

~aci tqdc i ekgikwgeak}a wa aeoa# ma ~qcwdr dcfi tqa aw}ä awgikmemi+ A kawwa wikbi ma

Dcega# acd wa ma~drd gi` wqdw àk}erdw a mawaliw tqa maeiq ~drd }räw+ Acd ak}rd kq`

gikjawweikärei a mawdodjd+ Jegd gcdri tqa# wa`~ra tqdkmi Dcega jegdzd ekgikwgeak}a iq

wio i ajae}i ma arzdw# dcfqå` d~draged ~drd d~ik}dr iw majae}iw a gdrìkgedw md zemd tqa

acd aw}ä }akmi d}å i ìàk}i+ A` wiki ~rijqkmi# acd akgik}rd wqd er`ç# acd tqa# wa`

raw}reæñaw# lqcfd dw magewñaw ma Dcega+



=>

Dcega< Aq tqared ~dwwdr d zemd dlqmdkmi dw ~awwidw# }i`dkmi gik}d miw miak}aw a miwemiwiw+ Aq kqkgd jqe }çi jace| tqdkmi ~qma dlqmdr mawwd jir`d+ I tqa dgik}agaq9Tqdkmi awwd ~dr}a ma è` mawd~dragaq9 A dfird# d}å àwì àq gdwdàk}i+ Aw}iq}çi gikjqwd gi` aca+ A à wek}i gqc~dmd ~ir Lia+

Kq` iq}ri ìàk}i# Dcega }i`d d arzd md ekzeweoecemdma# gi` d ek}akæçi ma mawgiorerdcfi tqa ~imared aw}dr wakmi `dk}emi a` waframi+ Tqdkmi acd aw}dzd }akmi q` gdwi

gi` Lia# dòiw ~qmard` a~areàk}dr lqk}iw+ A` q`d gakd# acd dzew}d mqdw dèfdw mi

iq}ri cdmi md rqd a magema wafqe-cdw ~drd wdoar wiora i tqa acdw }dk}i gikzarwdzd`+ A

tqa# kd radcemdma# ard jd}iw wiora d zemd ma Dcega+ Kçi ard waframi ~drd i gàrgqci wigedc

md ~arwikdfa`# tqa waq `dremi jcar}dzd gi` zäredw `qcbaraw a kçi ard ma gikjedkæd+

Gi` ewwi acd ~dwwd d tqaw}eikä-ci a# frdædw d arzd# gikwafqa jcdfrä-ci gi` iq}rd+ I tqa

dgik}agaq kd zemd md ~arwikdfa` di cikfi mi jecà d ~ra~driq aìgeikdcàk}a ~drd

tqa acd akgdrdwwa wqd radcemdma+ I ìmaci –~arjae}i‐ ma jd`àced ~d}redrgdc# a` tqa Dcega

aw}dzd ekwaremd# d gafiq ~drd iw azak}iw tqa dgik}aged` d wqd zic}d+ I jecà }arèkd

gi` mqdw `qcbaraw jdcdkmi wiora d zemd ma Dcega# a giì acd `qmiq+

Zigì wiqoa ma Dcega ]de}9 Acd maeiq i `dremi+ - Kçi$ - Ewwi å ki}àged dk}efd+ -Giì dwwe`9 - D ki}àged å tqa acd jie ~drd d Àkmed+ - Wårei9 - Å ekgràzac+ Acdgikbagaq @dmra ]arawd+ @dw dfird acd zic}iq a ~draga tqa acd aw}ä jd|akmi q`}rdodcbi zicqk}ärei+ - Acd wa`~ra }aza dtqaca }rdæi gd}÷cegi+ - Å zarmdma+ Acd kçimaeiq w÷ i `dremi# maeiq i gi|ekbaeri# i ì}irew}d a d a`~rafdmd+ Acd aw}ä

ìrdkmi ki gak}ri gi` dw gredkædw+ Zigì kçi zde dgrame}dr+ Acd jd| }qmi wi|ekbd+âkku Fd}aw mewwa tqa acd ~dwwd i }a`~i cezra gi` iw jecbiw# a tqa acd aw}ä ÷}e`d+ -Wa` gi|ekbaeri a wa` a`~rafdmd9 Acd }aza q` gicd~wi àk}dc9 - Jie i tqa ~akwae+ -Dcfqå` mewwa tqa acd å q`d `qcbar mejarak}a+

A` Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgacikd "?>>2%# d~÷w }ara` zew}i Lqdk mqrdk}a q`d a~iweæçi#

Zeghu a Grew}ekd wçi wqr~raakmemdw ~ir aca kq` raw}dqrdk}a# oa` fdcdk}admir# aca dw

gikzemd ~drd ~dwwdr i je` ma wa`dkd a` Izeami gi` d wafqek}a ~ri~iw}d+ Lqdk<

–giàraìw oa`# oaoaraìw oikw zekbiw# jdraìw dìr‐+ Zeghu wak}a-wa ijakmemd a

djer`d tqa –àwì wa kçi aw}ezawwa gi`~rià}emd# a cezra ~drd dcfq`d dzak}qrd gi`

q` aw~dkbic# gar}dàk}a kçi awgicbared aw}a‐+ Gikw}d}dkmi tqa# acd radcàk}a w÷ wa

akziczared gi` dcfqå` tqa aw}ezawwa mew~iw}i d q` racdgeikdàk}i `dew wårei+ A

kizdàk}a wqd ~arwikdfa` å gikjrik}dmd ~acd mejarakæd# lä tqa# medw ma~iew wa

d~deikd ~aci aw~dkbic a jegd ekmagewd tqdk}i di waq jq}qri gi` i kiezi Miqf+

Ma dgirmi gi` d kdrrdæçi jae}d ki ekàgei mi jecà# å ~iwwàzac ~razar tqdc zde war i

gi`~ir}dàk}i ma Zeghu ki magirrar md bew}÷red# gi` agaæçi miw ìàk}iw a` tqa



=4

acd wa gi`~ir}d mejarak}a mi tqa aw}ä dgiw}q`dmd a ~ragewd cemdr gi` i tqa Bdcc "?>>1%

gbd`d ma mawgioar}d mi ekgikwgeak}a# tqdkmi ~rigawwiw ~wàtqegiw a weò÷cegiw

mawgdr}d` i wqlae}i rdgeikdc gi` q`d emak}emdma+ îr aw}dr }akmi q` gdwi gi` dcfqå`#

jird ma waq racdgeikdàk}i dja}ezi# Zeghu maed ma dfer gi` d rd|çi a maed-wa cazdr

~aciw waqw wak}eàk}iw# mawgiorekmi wqd emak}emdma+

Wafqkmi Viimvdrm "?>>:%# wiìw ~iwegeikdmiw ~acdw mejarak}aw a~ag}d}ezdw a

raw}reæñaw d tqa aw}dìw akziczemiw# ra~rawak}dkmi-kiw ma jir`dw mejarak}aw d ~dr}er mi

gik}a}i aw}doacagemi+ @dw i ekmezàmqi kçi ~argaoa awwd dæçi# wak}ekmi-wa giì wakmi

d àw`d ~awwid+ Wakmi d emak}emdma dcfi jir`dmi d}rdzåw ma ~rigawwiw ekgikwgeak}aw#

Zeghu w÷ ~argaoaq tqa ~imared }ar q`d zemd age}dk}a tqdkmi waq –aq‐ jie ~ar}qrodmi

~acd mejarakæd# dtqeci tqa i iq}ri å+ Ewwi igirraq ki ìàk}i tqa acd wa akziczaq gi`

Lqdk Dk}ikei+

^drd ^qgge "?>>5%# d `qcbar }a` q`d kagawwemdma ma mezemer wqdw jrqw}rdæñaw gi` i

`qkmi# wald gi` d àcbir dèfd iq d `dkegqra+ Ewwi jd| ~dr}a mi qkezarwi jaèkeki#

~irtqa å dwwe` tqa dw emaedw wçi irfdke|dmdw a d wicqæçi d~draga+ Zeghu maìkw}riq

wqd ekwafqrdkæd a` dcfqkw meäcifiw# giì i tqa }aza gi` Lqdk Dk}ikei+ Zeghu< –A dà#

aq gikbage zigì a ~dwwdìw q` je` ma wa`dkd errdgeikdc lqk}iw a dfird à wek}i

~armemd‐# a iq}ri gi` wqd }ed Lqmu "^d}ràged Gcdrhwik%8 –wa Lqdk Dk}ikei kçi }ezawwa

aew}emi aq aw}dred oa` gi` Miqf+ We`# giì ~cdkalae‐+

D kdrrdæçi# tqa wa `dk}aza ~rawak}a a` frdkma ~dr}a mi jecà# mawgrazaq i mawjagbi md

bew}÷red md ~arwikdfa`# }argaerd ~dr}a mi ri}aeri# d rawicqæçi+ –Zeghu zic}iq ~drd i

frdkmeiwi gdwdàk}i gi` Miqf# ~drd d gdwd tqa# ~ir je`# awgicbard` ~drd cazdr d zemd

tqa bdzed ~cdkaldmi dk}aw mi zarçi a` Odrgacikd‐ "VACGB# kdrrdmir%+ Viimu Dccakmawgrazaq Zeghu giì q`d `qcbar tqa ra}irkd ~drd wqd zemd dgiìmdmd# ekgd~d| ma wa

wak}er radcàk}a gikjir}äzac kq`d zemd ma dzak}qrdw+

Tqdk}i d Grew}ekd# acd }aza q`d radæçi mejarak}a md dèfd ki ìàk}i a` tqa

gikbagard` Lqdk Dk}ikei+ Di ekzåw ma dgbdr d ~ri~iw}d zqcfdr a wa wak}er ijakmemd# acd

gcdrdàk}a mdzd wekdew ma tqa aw}dzd fiw}dkmi md gikzarwd a mdw ek}akæñaw ma Lqdk+

Grew}ekd àed ki gdoaci# ìrmed iw cäoeiw a icbdzd Lqdk ~ir ek}aeri+ Wqd raw~iw}d d~÷wwar gikzemdmd ~drd er î Izeami gi` aca jie< –Aq dmirdred gikbagar Izeami+ Dgbi tqa



=?

wared `qe}i mezar}emi+ Mazaràdìw er# aq dmirdred+ Zeghu# lä wiq grawgemekbd# aw}ä oa`9

Wa tqewar à mae}dr gi` aca# aq ziq+ Wa kçi tqewar# kçi ziq+

Kd ~reàerd kie}a a` Izeami# Lqdk a dw gikzemd ~drd er d}å waq tqdr}i# Zeghu wa `dk}å`

gå}egd a mewgq}a# Grew}ekd dgae}d a me| tqarar war wamq|emd ~reàeri+ Awwd aefìkged

~awwidc ~rizigdmd ~aci ~rigawwi ma ekmezemqdce|dæçi# a~cegdmd ~ir @dkqac Gdw}accw

"?>>>%# ìw}rd tqa awwa mawali ma Grew}ekd a` wa dzak}qrdr# àwì tqa waqdcàk}a# å

q`d jir`d ma a~rawwçi+ Awwd gikw}rqæçi mi mawali dgik}aga mqrdk}a racdæñaw

ek}ar~awwidew+

Dw ~awwidw ~r÷e`dw d Grew}ekd lä aw}çi dgiw}q`dmdw gi` wqd e`~qcwezemdma# }dk}i tqa#

tqdkmi Zeghu }ak}d mewwqdme-cd ma dcfi# gdrdg}are|d awwd dæçi giì dcfi kir`dc#

girretqaerd+ A Miqf "Gbrew @awwekd%# tqdkmi mawgiora tqa acd wa `qmiq ~drd d gdwd ma

Lqdk Dk}ikei# d ri}qcd md wafqek}a jir`d+

Miqf< Äw za|aw acd à mä kiw karziw gi` waqw ri`dkgaw a~ciweziw+ Icbd# aq fiw}imacd ~irtqa å wqd dèfd# `dw lä }a dzewae# acd kçi å q`d ~awwid jace|+ Kçi ~imaodkgdr d e`dfa` tqa greiq ma `qcbar aw~agedc# md dr}ew}d }ak}dkmi wa akgik}rdr+Dgbi waq maw~ra|i ~aciw zdciraw kir`dew ~ra}akweiwi+ Å q` gcegbì wa` frdæd+

A aca kçi aw}ä arrdmi+ Grew}ekd wa akzicza gi` odw}dk}a jdgecemdma# a d ra~qcwd ma Miqf

aw}ä ki jd}i ma tqa d ~arwikdfa` å odw}dk}a ceoardc waqdcàk}a+ ^dr}ekmi md emåed ma

tqa biàkw ~akwd` a dw `qcbaraw wak}a`# aca ~ima kçi ~argaoar d kagawwemdma tqa

Grew}ekd }a` a` wa akgik}rdr+ @dw acd }dòå` ~rigqrdr iq}rdw jir`dw ~drd wa a~rawwdr#

a i ja| tqdkmi ~argirred dw rqdw ma Odrgacikd a~areàk}dkmi q`d kizd ~deçi# d

ji}ifrdjed+

W÷ d~÷w =5 èkq}iw# kq`d ~rilaæçi tqa mqrd q`d bird a 7: èkq}iw# d ~arwikdfa` ma

âkåci~a Grq| jd| wqd ~reàerd d~dreæçi+ Kawwa ìàk}i# Grew}ekd a Lqdk Dk}ikei aw}çi

ìrdkmi lqk}iw# tqdkmi kq`d kie}a i }acajika }igd a aca å ekjir`dmi tqa wqd a-`qcbar

}ak}iq wa `d}dr+ Kd gakd wafqek}a# Lqdk gbafd gi` @dred Bacakd a` wqd gdwd a mqrdk}a

q`d gikjemìkged ak}ra i gdwdc# aca a~cegd d Grew}ekd d we}qdæçi+ Lqdk< –dw giewdw kçi

mard` `qe}i gar}i ~drd acd a` @dmre a acd zic}iq ma ýkeoqw aw}d kie}a+ Wi|ekbd+ I

`qkmi cba ~draged wiòrei# waqw ~cdkiw kçi }ekbd` mdmi a` kdmd a acd }iìq q`d

izarmiwa ki }arèkdc rimizeärei‐+ Viimu Dccak a~cird mejarak}aw ~iw}qrdw mawwdw }rìw



=7

`qcbaraw jrak}a di dìr# a ~iw}areiràk}a# giì wqdw mejarakædw wa akgded` mak}ri ma

q`d racdæçi dja}ezd iq we`~cawàk}a waqdc gi` i àwì bià`+

D emak}emdma mawwdw `qcbaraw ~draga rawemer kq` ~dwwdmi bew}÷regi# giì djerìq

Hd}bruk Viimvdrm "?>>:%+ Acdw rawfd}d` ragqrwiw mawwa ~dwwdmi# md wqd cekfqdfa` a

gqc}qrd ~drd ~rimq|er q` kizi aq+ Ewwi zdred ma dgirmi gi` iw gd`~iw wigedew a ma tqa

`dkaerd acdw wa dmatqdrd` d acaw+ I aw~ag}dmir kçi }a` giì wdoar i tqa dgik}agaq kd

zemd miw ~arwikdfakw dk}aw mi ekàgei md kdrrd}ezd# a giì oa` a~cegd Wum Jeacm

"4551%# å ~ragewi aw}doacagar awwdw tqaw}ñaw mqrdk}a d gikw}rqæçi mi ri}aeri+ îr}dk}i# wa

Zeghu aw}ä jd|akmi àw}rdmi kd Aqri~d# ~ima-wa ~dr}er mi ~rawwq~iw}i tqa# acd za` ma

q`d jd`àced jekdkgaerdàk}a aw}äzac# å q`d ~awwid gqc}d a gi`~rià}emd+

Grew}ekd wa ìw}riq ceoardc tqdkmi dgae}iq tqa @dred Bacakd ìrdwwa gi` acaw# i tqa

~reàerdàk}a wared ~ir dcfqkw àwaw# dgdoiq wakmi ~ir }a`~i ekma}arèkdmi+ I waq

mawgikjir}i jie ~dwwdkmi gi` i }a`~i# ak}çi# Grew}ekd a d a ma Lqdk Dk}ikei }irkdrd`-

wa –dèfdw‐+ îr war odw}dk}a ceoardc# acd cifi wa dgiw}qìq gi` d emaed ma tqa waq

kdìrdmi `dk}ekbd racdæñaw waqdew gi` d a+

D ~arwikdcemdma ma Grew}ekd odwadzd-wa a` kçi wafqer q` ~dmrçi# kçi war aw}arai}e~dmd

~acdw emaicifedw mi ~d}redrgdcewì a wa wd}ewjd|ar gi` dtqeci tqa cba jir ijaragemi+

Kq`d gikzarwd gi` Zeghu a Miqf# acd ja| i wafqek}a giàk}ärei+ Grew}ekd< –Ki

~rekgà~ei à ekgiìmdzd# `dw ak}çi giàgae d ~akwdr a` }imiw awwaw ~dmrñaw a gcegbìw

mi dìr+++ wdoa# ew}i å gar}i# ew}i å arrdmi# i tqa å d~ri~redmi a ~ice}egdàk}a girra}i# a

ze }dk}dw racdæñaw drrqekdmdw‐+

^rekgà~eiw e`~iw}iw ~acd wigeamdma wçi ekzäcemiw ~drd d ~arwikdfa`# d ~dr}er miìàk}i tqa d e`~ama ma oqwgdr i –wacj‐+ D oqwgd ekgikw}dk}a ~ir dcfi kizi å q`d

rawew}ìkged di ~rigawwi ma ekmezemqdce|dæçi# tqa# ~drd Gdw}accw "?>>>%# ~ir àei md

ìoece|dæçi wigedc kiziw wefkejegdmiw wçi ~rimq|emiw+

Ma~iew ma q` }a`~i eàrwd kiw gikjce}iw ma q` }reïkfqci dìriwi# Grew}ekd ~draged kçi

aw}dr wd}ewjae}d gi` d zemd tqa aw}dzd cazdkmi# }à~egi ma wqd ~arwikdfa`# wa`~ra d

~rigqrd ma dcfi tqa kqkgd akgik}rdzd+ I zarçi aw}dzd dgdodkmi a acd giàæiq d wak}erq`d ektqea}dæçi# dcfi tqa ragikbaged ~arjae}dàk}a+ Ma dgirmi gi` d kdrrdæçi# –iw



==

~akwdàk}iw ~razdcagard` wiora iw wak}eàk}iw+ âkwdàk}iw a tqaw}ñaw wiora d zemd a

i dìr+ A# ~ir `dew tqa }ak}dwwa rawew}er d awwdw emåedw# kçi gikwafqed }erä-cdw md gdoaæd‐

"VACGB# kdrrdmir%+

Mqrdk}a i }årèki md racdæçi# @dred Bacakd# odw}dk}a dc}ardmd# mewwa d Grew}ekd tqa acd

kqkgd jegdrä wd}ewjae}d gi` kdmd# tqa acd wijra ma ekwd}ewjdæçi grýkegd# q`d miakæd+ A

Grew}ekd djerìq tqarar dcfi mejarak}a8 mejarak}a mi tqa waqw ~dew }ezard` a mi tqa acd

aw}ä }akmi dfird+ –Grew}ekd gik}ekqiq ~rigqrdkmi# gi` d ükegd gar}a|d mi tqa kçi

tqared‐ "VACGB# kdrrdmir%

D racdæçi ak}ra Grew}ekd# Lqdk Dk}ikei a @dred Bacakd mawakgdmaiq }imiw iw gikjce}iw

igirremiw kd ~acàgqcd+ Giì jie }rd}dmi dk}areiràk}a# @dred Bacakd zic}iq d jd|ar

~dr}a md zemd ma Lqdk Dk}ikei d~÷w i ekgemak}a ki }arèkdc# maìkw}rdkmi war q`d

~awwid bew}åregd a mawatqeceordmd+ Wqd ~arwikdfa` jie i ~ik}i gbdza tqa dlqmiq

Grew}ekd d a~cirdr iq}rdw äradw ma wqd waqdcemdma ma dgirmi gi` dw a~areìkgedw d tqa

ard wqoà}emd+

Tqdkmi ard gdwdmd gi` Lqdk Dk}ikei# d racdæçi miw miew ard maw}rq}ezd+ D~awdr mi

}dcak}i ~drd dr}a a d gd~dgemdma a` ak}akmar d ek}eèmdma mi iq}ri# d orefd }irkiq-wa q`

gi`~ikak}a gikw}dk}a kd zemd mi gdwdc+ Ma dgirmi gi` i è}i ma Kdrgewi# awwa dìr

ekgikmegeikdc# ~dr}ekmi md wqd wq~ar ~ri}aæçi ma @dred Bacakd a` racdæçi d Lqdk#

maw}r÷e d ~arwikdcemdma mi wqlae}i+ Q`d racdæçi w÷ ~ima war wdqmäzac tqdkmi dòiw wçi

gi`~raakmemiw+

D ~arwikdfa` ma @dred Bacakd maìkw}riq ~iwwqer }rdæiw racd}eziw di è}i a` wqd

~reàerd gakd# di }ar q`d gikzarwd a` ~dr}egqcdr gi` Lqdk Dk}ikei+ I meäcifi odwaiq-wa a` wqdw mawgikjedkædw+ @dred Bacakd< –Kçi gikjei kacd# Lqdk Dk}ikei+ Waqw icbiw

kçi }ì` d àw`d gir+ Wa`~ra à ~rigqrdkmi a` }imdw dw `qcbaraw+ Wa`~ra }ak}iq

ra~a}er i tqa }aza gièfi# zigì wdoa+‐

Awwa å i ~ik}i a` tqa d ~raèwwd md jd`àced ~d}redrgdc å gikjrik}dmd# lä tqa d racdæçi

dja}ezd å dfird gi`~iw}d ~ir }rìw ~awwidw+ Dw dq}iremdmaw kçi wçi jedw# ewwi ~irtqa kçi

jie ~razedàk}a ma}arèkdmi# d}rdzåw ma gikzakæñaw wigedew# tqdc ~d~ac gdmd akziczemimazarä aargar+ Wa` gik}dr tqa i }a`~ardàk}i ma @dred Bacakd a Grew}ekd wçi



=1

mejarak}aw a ekw}äzaew+ D kagawwemdma a` –mew~q}dr‐ d d}akæçi ma Lqdk Dk}ikei

mawakgdmaiq i mawgikjir}i a` Grew}ekd a ~raigq~dæçi miak}ed ma @dred Bacakd+

Jie d~akdw tqdkmi d ~arwikdfa` ma @dred Bacakd dgae}iq d ~rawakæd ma Grew}ekd# frdædw

}dòå` di }dcak}i tqa dòdw gi`~dr}ecbdzd` ~acd dr}a# tqa iw gikjce}iw

mawd~dragard`+ Lqdk `dk}ekbd-wa mew}dk}a kq` kàzac tqa kçi ~rizigdwwa i geüà kdw

~drgaerdw# a acdw jird` jegdkmi î zik}dma+ I meäcifi ~rekge~dc# tqa ra~rawak}d d awwìkged

mawwa racdgeikdàk}i# jie ak}ra dw mqdw# ìàk}iw dk}aw ma @dred Bacakd zic}dr d jd|ar

dìr gi` i a `dremi+

Grew}ekd< Å }çi azemak}a ~drd è` tqa zigì a Lqdk Dk}ikei dekmd aw}çi d~deikdmiw

tqdkmi iw zali lqk}iw+ @dred Bacakd - Kiwwi dìr zde mqrdr ~drd wa`~ra+ Å ~drdwa`~ra# `dw# ak}ra}dk}i kçi jqkgeikd+ Å ~ir ewwi tqa warä wa`~ra ri`ïk}egi# ~irtqakçi ~ima war gi`~ca}i+ Dk}aw ma zigì# gdqwäzdìw }dk}d mir# }dk}i wijreàk}i q`di iq}ri+ Wa` zigì# }qmi ewwi kçi wared ~iwwàzac+ Wdoa ~ir tqì9 îrtqa zigì å iekframeak}a tqa jdc}dzd+ Å giì d }ek}d tqa# dmegeikdmd î ~dca}d# jd| d gir oike}d+

Giì Grew}ekd kçi akgik}riq i tqa aw}dzd ~rigqrdkmi# magemeq ~ir wa wa~drdr miw miew a

~dwwdr q` }a`~i wi|ekbd ~drd rajca}er wiora wqd zemd+ Awwd magewçi ~rizigiq i

ekaze}äzac# @dred Bacakd a Lqdk Dk}ikei ~dwwdrd` d orefdr zeicak}dàk}a+ D}å tqa d

~arwikdfa` rawiczaq er aòird iq}rd za|+ Ard giì wa Grew}ekd ra~rawak}dwwa ~drd

@dred Bacakd d ~dr}a tqa jdc}dzd a` Lqdk Dk}ikei+ Wa` awwa ekframeak}a# d racdæçi ak}ra

acaw mawìrikiq+

Iw gikjce}iw# akziczakmi dw ~arwikdfakw miw tqd}ri jecàw# warzerd` giì q`

d~rakme|dmi# ~drd tqa acdw ~qmawwa` rajca}er wiora d radcemdma d tqdc acdw aw}dzd`

~rawdw+ D~akdw tqdkmi gikjrik}dmdw# acdw ~qmard` cemdr gi` wqdw ekwafqrdkædw a

ekwd}ewjdæñaw# a# ~ir}dk}i# radjer`dr d emak}emdma+



=:

GIKGCQWÇI

Ki ekàgei maw}a }rdodcbi# jie jae}d q`d ~awtqewd wiora d emak}emdma mi wqlae}i# giì acd å

gikw}rqàmd a radjer`dmd mqrdk}a d zemd mawwa ekmezàmqi+ Kd wafqkmd ~dr}a# radce|dìw

q` aw}qmi wiora d gikw}rqæçi ma ri}aeri# kdrrd}ezd a acaàk}iw geka`d}ifräjegiw+

Q}ece|dkmi giì wq~ir}a iw mdmiw miw gd~à}qciw }a÷regiw# jie ~iwwàzac dkdcewdr bew}÷redw a

~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw ma tqd}ri jecàw mi mera}ir dàregdki Viimu Dccak+ Kaqr÷}egi#

Kiezd Karziwd " Dkkea Bdcc# 4566%# Bdkkdb a wqdw er`çw " Bdkkdb dkm bar wew}arw#

452:%# We`~cawàk}a Dcega " Dcega# 455>% a Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgacikd "Zeghu Grew}ekd

Odrgacikd# ?>>2% jird` iw iola}iw ma ~awtqewd mawwa aw}qmi tqa oqwgiq ìw}rdr giì

dw ̀ qcbaraw wçi ra~rawak}dmdw kiw jecàw mi gekadw}d+

Jie gikgcqàmi tqa# di dkdcewdr iw tqd}ri jecàw mi mera}ir tqa# dw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw

kçi wçi wqoèwwdw diw ~drgaeriw+ Ki gdwi ma q`d jd`àced ~d}redrgdc# ikma d `qcbar maza

ioameìkged di `dremi# d ~arwikdfa`# di war gikjrik}dmd# aw}doacaga q`d ~dmrçi ki

racdgeikdàk}i ki tqdc acd radce|d wqdw ~r÷~redw dòeæñaw+ A` wafqkmi cqfdr# kiw

jecàw dkdcewdmiw# iw ~drgaeriw maìkw}rdrd` aw}dr gi`~ca}dàk}a d~deikdmiw iq

ma~akmak}a ma dcfi ~rawak}a kd gikmq}d md ~drgaerd+ Gdrdg}aràw}egd gi`q` îw gredæñaw

ma Viimu Dccak# i aci tqa qka iw ~arwikdfakw - wald` acaw d`dk}aw# ~drak}aw iq

dèfiw ‗ å d dr}a+

A` Kiezi Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd# Dkkea a Dczu ard` dr}ew}dw# a# tqdkmi q` dwwqk}i

akziczakmi dr}a å gicigdmi a` ~dq}d# ìw}rd` tqa ak}akma` mi dwwqk}i+ A` Bdkkdb a

wqd er`çw# gi` agaæçi ma Caa# dw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw wçi d}re|aw+ Lä a`

We`~cawàk}a Dcega# àwì kçi }akmi q` gik}d}i mera}i gi` i gd`~i# d ~arwikdfa`

wa akzicza gi` q` `üwegi+ A ~ir je`# Zeghu Grew}ekd Odrgacikd# å odw}dk}a aqoardk}adi a~ir ~ek}qrdw a ji}ifrdjedw# rawqc}dmi mi }rdodcbi miw ~ri}dfikew}dw# acaàk}iw tqa

qkeq Bacakd a Lqdk Dk}ikei a tqa ja| maw~ar}dr dcfi kizi a` Grew}ekd+

Jie gikgcqàmi }dòå` tqa dw ~arwikdfakw miw tqd}ri jecàw ~iwwqa` dw àw`dw

ekwafqrdkædw a ceè}dæñaw+ Dkkea# Caa# Bdkkdb# Biccu# Dcega# Grew}ekd# Zeghu a @dred

Bacakd# }a` waq gi`~ir}dàk}i ìcmdmi ~acd radcemdma tqa i~}drd` ~ir zezar# wald

kq`d racdæçi dja}ezd gikjce}qiwd iq kq` }rdodcbi)aw}eci ma zemd tqa kçi d wd}ewjd|+ Dw~ri}dfikew}dw aw}dzd` î ~rigqrd ma dcfi tqa dw gi`~ca}dwwa+ Kq` ~reàeri ìàk}i#



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acdw wçi d~rawak}dmdw di aw~ag}dmir# a` wafqemd# wa ekeged d gikjrik}dæçi# tqa kd

kdrrd}ezd mdw tqd}ri ~acàgqcdw akzicza tqaw}ñaw `dc rawiczemdw mak}ri ma q`d racdæçi

dja}ezd# a# ~ir je`# d rawicqæçi# ~aràimi a` tqa dw ~arwikdfakw jaèkekdw radjer`d` wqd

emak}emdma+

D tqaw}çi md emak}emdma# giì jie ~ri~iw}d ~ir dq}iraw ~rawak}a kaw}a }rdodcbi# å

ekdgdodmd a ekw}äzac# ~imakmi war wa`~ra q}ece|dmd giì ~drïà}ri a` iq}rdw ~awtqewdw

tqa oqwgd` dkdcewdr i wqlae}i gik}a`~irïkai+ Giì }dòå`# doirmdr dw iordw mi

gekadw}d dàregdki Viimu Dccak wio iq}riw ïkfqciw+



=2

_AJA_ÌKGEDW

DCZAW# Ordkgd @iraerd a Ê]DKFQU# Ldgtqaceka+ I tqa å jaèkewì+ =+ am+ Wçi^dqci< Ordweceakwa# 452=+

DQ@IK]# Ldgtqaw8 @D_EA# @egbac8 ZA_KA]# @drg Zarka} a} dc+ D aw}å}egd mi jecà+1+ am+ ]rdmqæçi ma @drekd D~~ak|accar+ Gd`~ekdw< ̂ d~erqw# ?>>6+

OD_×# @dr}ek+ Dgge÷k a emaicifàd< ^wegicifàd wigedc mawma Gak}rid`åregd+ ?+ am+ WdkWdczdmir# Ac Wdczdmir< QGD+

OADQZIE_# Weìka ma+ I wafqkmi wai+ ]rdmqæçi ma Wårfei @eccea}+ 4>+ Am+ _ei ma

Ldkaeri< Kizd Jrik}aerd# ?>>>+

GDERA]D# Lqcedkd Aqfìked a OD_OD]I# Weczedka+ Emak}emdma jaèkekd ‗ Q` gikgae}igi`~cai+ _azew}d aca}rýkegd md Qkezarwemdma ma Ordwàced+ @de+51+ Mew~ikàzac a`<b}}~<))we}aw+jjgcr~+qw~+or)~demaed)dr}efiw)?2)>5+b}`+ Dgawwi a` 4? iq}+ ?>4>+

GD_MEDC# @d}ai Wdkgbi+ Viimu Dccak< q` geka`d `drgdmi ~aci regi qkezarwijaèkeki+ : lqc+ ?>>5+ Mew~ikàzac a`<b}}~<))vvv+zaràcbi+irf+or)ki}eged+~b~9emYki}eged04?2*emYwagdi044+ Dgawwi a`< 4:`de+ ?>4>+

GDW]ACCW# @dkqac+ I ~imar md emak}emdma+ ]rdmqæçi ma Hcdqww Ordkmeke Farbdrm}+?+am+ Wçi ^dqci< ^d| a ]arrd W+D# ?>>>+

GIQ]EKBI# @dred Gbdcjek8 H_DVQCWHE# Ame}a8 WID_AW# Mqcga Bacakd âkkd+Emak}emdma a }rdodcbi kd gik}a`~irdkaemdma< ra~akwdkmi dr}egqcdæñaw ~iwwàzaew+ Wgeaci

‗ dr}efiw geak}àjegiw+ @dr+ ?>>6+ Mew~ikàzac a`<

b}}~<))vvv+wgeaci+or)wgeaci+~b~9~em0W>4>?-642??>>6>>>=>>>>:*wgre~}0wgeYdr}}a} + Dgawwi a` 4? iq}+ ?>4>+

JA_KDKMAW# Emeced+ I cqfdr md emak}emdma a mdw mejarakædw kdw racdæñaw wigedew+ _W#ma|aòri ?>>:+ Mew~ikàzac a`<b}}~<))razew}dwaca}rikegdw+~qgrw+or)ilw)ekma+~b~)jdww)dr}egca)zeavJeca)4>7?)244 + Dgawwia`< 4? iq}+ ?>4>+

JEACM# Wum+ @dkqdc mi ri}aeri+ ]rdmqæçi ma Dczdri _dìw+ _ei ma Ldkaeri< Iola}ezd#

4551+

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S0102-71822007000400006&script=sci_arttext


http://revistaseletronicas.pucrs.br/ojs/index.php/fass/article/viewFile/1032/811






=5

JICCIKE# Mdkeacd+ Mir aìgeikdc+ Mew~ikàzac a`<b}}~<))kizd+dorec+gi`+or)amegiaw)=45)wdqma)mir-aìgeikdc+wb}`c

BDCC# W}qdr}+ D emak}emdma gqc}qrdc kd ~÷w-ìmarkemdma+ ]rdmqæçi ma ]i`d| ]dmaq

md Weczd a Fqdgerd Ci~aw Ciqri+ 1+ am+ _ei ma Ldkaeri< M^*D# ?>>1+

BDCC# W}qdr}8 Viimvdrm# Hd}bruk+ Emak}emdma a mejarakæd8 D ~arw~ag}ezd miw Aw}qmiwGqc}qrdew+ Ek< WECZD# ]i`d| ]dmaq md "irf+%+ 1+ am+ â}r÷~icew# _L< Zi|aw# ?>>:+

BDKKDB a wqdw er`çw+ Meraæçi Viimu Dccak+ ^rimqæçi< _ioar} Fraakbq}+ _i}aeri<Viimu Dccak+ Aw}dmiw Qkemiw< Ireik êg}qraw Gir~ird}eik# 452:+ 4>? èk# mzm# wik#gicir+

CDR# Areg+ Gikzarwdw gi` Viimu Dccak ‗ Waqw jecàw# i geka`d a d jec`dfa`+]rdmqæçi ma Liwå _qoakw Wetqaerd+ ?+ am+ Wçi ^dqci< Giwdg Kdeju# ?>>5+

@D_]EK# @drgac+ D cekfqdfa` geka`d}ifräjegd+ ]rdmqæçi ma Jcäzei êk}i Zeaerd a]arawekbd Dczaw âraerd+ Oaci Bire|ik}a< E}d}eded# 45:7+

KIEZI Kaqr÷}egi# Kiezd Karziwd+ Meraæçi< Viimu Dccak+ ^rimqæçi< Gbdrcaw B+ Lijja

a Ldgh _iccekw+ _i}aeri< Viimu Dccak a @drwbdcc Oregh`dk+ Aw}dmiw Qkemiw< Qke}amDr}ew}w# 4566+ 5= èk# mzm# wik+# gicir+

ÂERI]I# Jrdkgewgi+ Tqdcemdma mdw racdæñaw jdècedraw# dq}i-aw}e`d# dq}igikgae}i arakmeàk}i dgdmìègi+ ?>>=+ Mew~ikàzac a`<b}}~<))vvv+wgeaci+igaw+`g}aw+~})~mj)d~w)z??k4)z??k4d?4+~mj + Dgawwi a`< 4? iq}+ ?>4>

^QGGE# Gcdqmei+ Viimu Dccak ~ima /akwekdr/ d mewgq}er d racdæçi+ ?>>5+ Mew~ikàzac

a`< b}}~<))oaca|d+}arrd+gi`+or)bià`)ek}arkd)>##IE712:655-AE6154#>>+b}`c+ Dgawwia` 4: kiz+ ?>4>

WE@^CAW@AK]A Dcega+ Meraæçi< Viimu Dccak+ ^rimqæçi< _ioar} Fraakbq}+ _i}aeri<Viimu Dccak+ Aw}dmiw Qkemiw< Ireik êg}qraw Gir~ird}eik# 455>+ 4>7 èk# mzm# wik#gicir+

W]_AU# @drcaka Kazaw+ @qcbar < Aw}qmiw ma Fìkari+ Ek< W]_AU# @drcaka Kazaw"irf+%+ Wçi Cai~icmi< QKEWEKIW# 4556+

http://www.scielo.oces.mctes.pt/pdf/aps/v22n1/v22n1a21.pdf


http://beleza.terra.com.br/homem/interna/0,,OI3586799-EI7591,00.html






1>

]Q_KA_# Frdaà+ Geka`d giì ~rä}egd wigedc+ ]rdmqæçi ma @dqri Weczd+ Wçi ^dqci<Wq``qw# 4556+

ZEAE_D# Liwìked Dk}qkaw+ D emak}emdma md `qcbar kd ìmarkemdma+ Wçi ^dqci# ?>>1+

Mew~ikàzac a`< b}}~<))vvv+wgeaci+or)wgeaci+~b~9~em0W>4>?-==1>?>>1>>>7>>>4?*wgre~}0wgeYdr}}a} + Dgawwi a`< 4? iq}+ ?>4>

ZEGHU Grew}ekd Odrgacikd+ Meraæçi< Viimu Dccak+ ^rimqæçi< Ca}}u Drikwik# W}a~bak]akakodq` a Fdra}b Vecau+ _i}aeri< Viimu Dccak+ Aw}dmiw Qkemiw)Aw~dkbd< ]baVaekw}aek Gi`~dku ) @F@ ) E`dfa` Jecàw# ?>>2+ 5: èk# mzm# wik# gicir+






A MULHER SEGUNDO WOODY ALLEN A representação da mulher nos filmes Noivo Neurótico, Noiva Nervosa...

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Transcript of A MULHER SEGUNDO WOODY ALLEN A representação da mulher nos filmes Noivo Neurótico, Noiva Nervosa...