1

lcnx io KW-]-Xsb \ax Ahn-Lv\-a-kvXp.kc-kzXo \a-kvXp`yw hctZ Ima-cq-]nWo hnZym-cw`w Icn-jyman kn≤n¿ `hXp ta kZm.

io e£vao \rknw-lmb \ax io alm Xn]p-c-kp-µsscy \ax BZn-XymZn k¿h- -K-tlt`ym \ax

aq¿ØntXz ]cn-I¬]nX iix -`rtXm

h¿flmf -]p-\¿P-∑\mw

Btfl-Xym-fl-hnZmw IXp-›-b-PXmw

`¿Øm-ac tPymXnjmw

temIm\mw ]f-tbm-Z-b-ÿnXn hn`p˛

›mt\-I-[m-b-ipXu

hmNw \ Z-ZmXp ss\I-In-cWx

ssXtem-Iy-Zot]m chnx

ka-b-Øn-t\bpw Zqc-Øn-t\bpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n, AXn¬ Kl-߃°p≈ kzm[o-\sØ hni-I-e\w sNøp-I-bmWv

tPymXn-j-Øn¬ sNøp-∂-Xv.

cmin-NIw c≠p hn[-Øn¬ D≠m-Ip-∂p. ka-b-Øns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-≈Xv Nc-N-Iw, Zpc-Øns\ ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n-bp-

≈Xv ÿnc NIw.

cmin aWvUew Zo¿L-hr-Øm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-sW-¶n-epw, kuI-cy-Øn-\mbn \mw AXns\ NXp-c-i-ambn Iev]n-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

Hcp hrØ-Øn\v 360 UKn D≈Xp t]mse cmin-N-I-Øn\pw 360 UnKn-bm-Wp-≈-Xv. AXns\ 12 Xpey cmin-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-

cn-bv°p-∂p.

Hcp cmin=30 UnKn (`m-K), Hcp UnKn (`m-K)= 60 an\n‰v (I-e),

Hcp an\n‰v (Ie)= 60 sk°‚v (hn-I-e).

360 UnKnIfn-embn hym]n®p InS-°p∂ cmin-N-IsØ Ia-ambn AizXn apX-ep≈ \£-X-ß-fpsS taJ-e-I-fmbn \n›-bn-

®n-cn-bp-°p-∂p. 360 UnKnsb 27 (\-£-X-ß-fpsS FÆw ) sIm≠v lcn-bv°p-tºmƒ 13 UnKn 20 an\n‰v F∂p-In-´p-∂p.

taSw cmin-bpsS Bcw`w (0 UnKn) apX¬ AizXn \£XtaJe XpS-ßp-∂p. Hcp \£-X-ta-J-e-bpsS Af-hmb

13 UnKn 20 an\n-‰ns\ 27 sIm≠v KpWn-bv°p-tºmƒ cmin-N-I-Øns‚ samØw Af-hmb 360 UnKn F∂p e`n-bv°p-∂p.

\ap°p Np‰pw ImW-s∏-Sp∂ _“m-WvU-a-WvU-esØ (K-l-ß-fpsS k©m-c-am¿§-sØ) 12 cmin-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-

∂p.

km[m-c-W-hr-Ø-߃s°-∂-t]mse _“m-W-U-a-WvU-e-Øn\pw 360 UnKn Af-hm-Wp-≈-Xv. 360 UnKnsb 12 sIm≠v lcn-

®m¬ 30 UnKn F∂p Iv´p∂p. AXm-bXv Hcp cmin-bpsS Afhv 30 UnKn BIp-∂p.

ao\w taSw CShw anYp\w

I¿°n-SIw

Nnßw

I∂n Xpemw hr›nIw [\p

aIcw

Ipw`wcminIfpsS

t]cpw ÿm\ßfpw

2

cmin-I-fpsS t]cp-Ifpw Af-hp-Ifpw.

cmin-bpsS t]cv XpS-ßp∂ UnKn Xocp∂ UnKn cmin-bpsS t]cv XpS-ßp∂ UnKn Xocp∂ UnKn

taSw 0 30 Xpemw 180 210

CShw 30 60 hr›nIw 210 240

anYp\w 60 90 [\p 240 270

I¿°n-SIw 90 120 aIcw 270 300

Nnßw 120 150 Ipw`w 300 330

I∂n 150 180 ao\w 330 360

cmin-hn-`-P\w IqSmsX _“m-WvUsØ 27 \£X aWvU-e-ß-fmbpw (\-£X taJ-e-Iƒ)hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p∂p Ah-bpsS

t]cp-Ifpw Af-hp-Ifpw bYm-Iaw Xmsg sImSp-Øn-cn-bv°p-∂p.

AizXn 0 UnKn 0 an\n‰p apX¬ 13 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

`cWn 13 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 26 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

Im¿ØnI 26 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 40UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

tcmlnWn 40 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 53 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

aI-bocw 53 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 66 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

Xncp-hm-Xnc 66 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 80 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

]pW¿Xw 80 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 93 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

]qbw 93 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 106 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

Bbneyw 106 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 120 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

aIw 120 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 133 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

]qcw 133 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 146 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

DXw 146 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 160 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

AØw 160 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 173 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

NnØnc 173 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 186 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

tNmXn 186 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 200 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

hnimJw 200 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 213 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

A\ngw 213 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 226 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

XrtI´ 226 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 240 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

aqew 240 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 253 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

]qcmSw 253 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 266 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

DXmSw 266 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 280 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

Xncp-thmWw 280 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 293 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

Ahn´w 293 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 306 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

NXbw 306 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 320 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

]qcq-cp-´mXn 320 UnKn 00 an\n‰p apX¬ 333 UnKn 20 an\n‰v hsc

DX-´mXn 333 UnKn 20 an\n‰p apX¬ 346 UnKn 40 an\n‰v hsc

tchXn 346 UnKn 40 an\n‰p apX¬ 360 UnKn 00 an\n‰v hsc

\£XßfpsS B\p-Iqeyw:- P∑ kº¬ hn]¬ t£ax ]Xyc km[tIm h[x

ssaXw ]ca ssaXwN P∑m-Zo\mw ]p\x ]p\x.

F∂p≈ ]amW ]Imcw Hcm-fpsS P\\ \£-X-Øn\v P∑ \£-X-sa-∂pw, c≠mw \£-X-Øn\v kºØv F∂pw aq∂mw

\£-X-Øn\v hn]-sØ-∂pw, \memw \£-X-Øn\v t£a-sa-∂pw, A©mw \£-X-Øn\v ]Xyc F∂pw, Bdmw \£-X-Øn\v

km[-I-sa-∂pw, Fgmw \£-X-Øn\v h[-sa-∂pw, F´mw \£-X-Øn\v ssaXw F∂pw, HºXmw \£-X-Øn\v ]cassa-X-

sa∂pw, ]Ømw \£-X-Øn\v A\p-P∑sa∂pw ]d-bp-∂p. C]-Imcw Ia-Øn¬ ]nt∂bpw Nn¥n-bv°Ww

3

tZisØ (ÿ-e-sØ) 12 Bbn hn`-Pn-®-t]m-se, Hcp kqtcym-Zbw apX¬ ASpØ kqtcym-Zbw hsc hcp∂ 24 aWn-°p-dm-

Ip∂ Znh-ksØ 2 aWn-°q¿ hoX-ap≈ 12 cmin-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p. Ahbv°pw taSw CShw XpS-ßnb t]cp-Iƒ

Xs∂-bmWp \¬In-bn-cn-bv°p-∂-Xv.

e·w.

Hmtcm ae-bmf amk-Ønepw kqtcym-Zbw apX¬ BZy-ap≈ cminbv°v B amk-Øns‚ t]cp Xs∂ Bbn-cn-bv°pw. DZm-l-c-

W-ambn taS amk-Ønse F√m Znh-k-ßfpw taSw cmin-bn-em-bn-cnbv°pw Bcw-`n-bv°p-∂-Xv. H∂mw cmin Ign-™m¬

XpS¿∂p≈ cmin-Iƒ AXn-\-Sp-Øp≈ cmin-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. DZm-l-cWambn Xpemw amkw 9 aWn 12 an\n-‰n\v Hcp -P-\\w

\S-°p-∂p, Cu kabw GXp cmin BWv DZn-bv°p-∂-sX∂v IW-°m-°p-∂Xv (ÿq-e-am-bn) 6aWn apX¬ 8 aWn hsc Xpemw

cmin, 8 apX¬ 10 hsc hr›nIw cmin, 10 apX¬ 12 hsc [\p cmin. P\\w \S∂ kabw 8 aWnbv°pw 10 aWnbv°pw CS-

bn-em-b-Xn-\m¬ Cu P\\w hr›nIw cmin ka-b-Øm-Wv. CXns\ e·w F∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

5 6 7 8

4 9

3 10

2 1e 12 11

cmin-Iƒ taSw apX-epw, `mh-߃ e·w apXepw IW-- °m-°p-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn hr›nIw cmin e·-ambn P\n® Hcm-fpsS

`mh-߃ apI-fn¬ AS-bmfs∏Sp-Øn-bn-cn-bv°p-∂p,- hr-i-NnIw e·-amb PmX-I\v Ipw`w 4-˛mw mhhpw CShw 7˛mw mhhpw

BIp-∂p.

e·mZn `mh-ßsf s°m≠v a\- n-em-t°≠ Imcy-߃.

e·w˛ hy‡n-bpsS ]tXy-I-X-Iƒ.

2˛mw mhw˛IpSpw-_w, hm°v, IÆv, [\w, hoSv.

3˛mw `mhw˛ ktlm-Z-c-߃, ss[cyw, ]cm-I-aw, Ab¬°m¿, Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øv.

4 mw `mhw˛ AΩ, hml-\w, a\x-kp-Jw, hoSv, s\©v.

5 mw mhw˛ k¥m-\w, k¶-ev]w, a¥w.

6 mw `mhw˛ tcmKw, ISw, iXp.

7 mw mhw˛ Zmº-Xyw, CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ, tIkv, mcy, ¿Øm-hv.

8 mw `mhw˛ Bbp- v.

9 mw mhw˛ ]nXm-hv, mKyw, D∂-X-hn-Zym-`ym-kw.

10 mw `mhw˛ sXmgn¬.

11 mw `mhw˛ em`w.

12 mw `mhw˛ Nne-hv, Zpcn-X-߃, AI¬®.

Kl-ßfpw Ahbv°v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-I-fpw.

chn˛ Nnßw.

Nµ≥˛ I¿°n-S-Iw.

IpP≥˛ taSw, hr›n-Iw.

_p[≥˛ anYp-\w,I-∂n.

Kpcp˛ [\p, ao\w.

ipI≥ CS-hw, Xpemw.

i\n˛ aI-cw, Ipw`w.

4

Kl-ß-fpsS ZrjvSn-Iƒ.

F√m Kl-ßfpw Xm≥ \n¬°p∂ cmin-bn¬ \n∂pw 7˛m asØ cmin-tbbpw AXn¬ \n¬°p∂ Kl-ß-tfbpw AXn¬

hcp∂ `mh-tØbpw ZrjvSn sNøp-∂p.(-t\m-°p-∂p)

hnti-j-Zr-jvSn-Iƒ.

i\nbv°v 7˛mw cmin-Iq-SmsX 3 epw 10 epw.

hymg-Øn\v ,, 5 epw 9 epw

IpP\v ,, 4epw 8 epw hntij ZrjvSn-I-fp-≠v.

Kl-ß-fpsS ip`Xz ]m]-Xz-߃.

Nµ≥ ip¢]£ AjvSan apX¬ IrjvW-]£ AjvSan hsc ip`-\mWv tijw Znh-k-ß-fn¬ ]m]-\m-Wv.

_p[≥ X\n-sb-\n¬°p-tºm-gpw, ip`-∑m-tcmSp tN¿∂p \nev°p-tºmgpw ip`-\m-Wv, ]m] Kl-ß-tfmSp tN¿∂p \n¬°-

tºmƒ ]m]-\m-Wv.

chn, IpP≥, i\n, cmlp, tIXp Ch¿ kztX ]m]-∑m-cm-Wv.

Kpcp, ipI≥, ]£-_-e-ap≈ Nµ-≥, ip`-tbm-K-ap-≈tXm X\n-tb-\n¬°p-∂tXm Bb _p[≥ Ch¿ ip`-∑m-cm-Wv.

Hmcm cmin-bnepw k©-cn-bv°p-hm≥ Hmtcm Kl-ßfpw FSp-°p∂ ka-bw.

kqcy≥ Hcp cmin-bn¬ Hcp amkw.

Nµ≥ ,, ct≠-Im¬ Znh-kw.

IpP≥ ,, 49 Znh-kw.

_p[≥ ,, Hcp amkw.

Kpcp ,, 361 Znh-kw.

ipI≥ ,, Hcp amkw.

i\n ,, 2 h¿jw 5am-kw.

cmlp ,, H∂c h¿jw.

tIXp ,, H∂c h¿jw.

Hcp cmin-bn¬ Kl-ß-fpsS k©m-c-Imew apIfn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-bv°p-∂Xv icm-icn IW-°m-Wv, Nne cmin-I-fn¬,

IqSn-bpw, Nne cmin-I-fn¬ Ipd™pw kw`-hn-bv°m-dp-≠v.

taSw apX¬ ao\w-h-sc-bp≈ 12 cmin-Isf ]e-hn-[-Øn¬ XcwXncn-®n-´p-≠v.

HmP bp‹ cmin-Iƒ˛taSw apX¬ H∂n-S-hn´ cmin-Iƒ HmP cmin-Iƒ. (taSw, anYp-\w, Nnßw, Xpemw, [\p, Ipw`w.)

CShw apX¬ H∂n-S-hn´ cmin-Iƒ bp‹-cm-in-Iƒ. ( CS-hw, I¿°n-S-Iw, I∂n. hr›n-Iw, aI-cw, ao\w.)

Nc ÿnc D`b cmin-Iƒ˛taSw apX¬ Ia-Øn¬ Nc-cm-in, ÿnc-cm-in, D`-b-cmin F∂ Ia-Øn¬ hcp-∂p. AXm-bXv

taSw I¿°n-SIw Xpemw aIcw F∂nh Nc-cm-in-Iƒ. CShw Nnßw hr›nIw Ipw`w F∂nh ÿnc-cm-in-Iƒ. anYp\w I∂n

[\p ao\w F∂nh D`b (Zzn-kz-`m-h) cmin-Iƒ.

Kl-ß-fpsS D®-\oN cmin-Iƒ.

Klw D®-cmin \oN-cmin cmlp-hn\v ˛ hr›Iw D®-cm-in˛ hrj`w \oN-cm-in.

chn taSw Xpemw taSw I¿°n-SIw Nnßw ˛ iXpcmin.

Nµ≥ CShw hr›nIw aIcw [\p v I∂n ao\w ˛anXcmin.

IpP≥ aIcw I¿°n-SIw anYp\w kz-t£-Xw. Xpemw Ipw`w ka-t£-Xw.

_p[≥ I∂n ao\w tIXp˛ hrj`w D®-cmin˛ Nnßw \oN-cmin

Kpcp I¿°n-SIw aIcw I¿°n-SIw taSw ˛i-Xp-cmin

ipI≥ ao\w I∂n anYp-\w˛ _‘p-cmin

aµ≥ (i-\n) Xpemw taSw [\p v I∂n aIcw ao\w ˛kzt£Xw

Xpemw hr›nIw Ipw`w ka-t£Xw

F√m BNm-cy-∑mcpw CXv AwKo-I-cn-bv°p-∂n-√.

5

F√m Kl-ß-fp-tSbpw D®-cm-in-bpsS 7˛m asØ-cmin \oN-cm-in-bm-bn-cn-bv°pw.

Kl-ß-sf ]c-kv]-c-ap≈ _‘w sIm≠v iXp anX ka-∑m¿ C]-Imcw aq∂mbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

Klw anXw iXp ka≥

chn Kp˛-Ip-˛N ip˛a _p

Nµ≥ _p˛c C√ a‰p-K-l-߃

IpP≥ c˛-N-˛Kp _p ip˛a

_p[≥ c˛ip N Ip˛-a-˛Kp

Kpcp c˛-Ip-˛N _p˛ip a

ipI≥ _p˛i c˛N Ip˛Kp

aµ≥ _p˛ip c˛-Ip-˛N Kp

cmlp i\n-sb-t∏mse

tIXp IpP-s\-t∏mse

Hmtcm Kl-߃°pw B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-Isf Ah-bpsS kzt£-X-ß-sf∂p ]d-bp-∂p.

kqcys‚ aqe-Xn-tImW t£Xw Nnßw cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 20 UnKn BWv.

Nµs‚ aqe-Xn-tImW t£Xw CShw cmin-bn¬ 3 UnKn apX¬ 27 UnKn hsc-bmWv

IpPs‚ aqe-Xn-tImW t£Xw taSw cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 12 UnKn-Iƒ BWv

_p[s‚ aqe-Xn-tImW t£Xw I∂n cmin-bn¬ 15 UnKn apX¬ 20 UnKn hscbmWv

Kpcp-hns‚ aqe-Xn-tImW t£Xw [\p cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 10 UnKn-bmWv

ipIs‚ aqe-Xn-tImW t£Xw Xpemw cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 5 UnKnbmWv

i\n-bpsS aqe-Xn-tImW t£Xw Ip`w cmin-bn¬ BZysØ 20 UnKn-bmWv

cmin-bpsS ]cymb ]Z-߃-˛-t£-Xw, Krlw, E£w.

taSw- -In-bm, CS-hw- -Xm-hp-cp, anYp-\w- -Pq-Xp-aw, I¿°n-S-Iw- -Ip-fo-cw, Nnßw- -te-bw, I∂n- -]m-t∞m\w (]m¿t∞m-\w), Xpemw-

˛-Pq-Iw, hr›n-Iw-˛-tIm¿∏n, [\p-˛-Xu-£n-Iw, aI-cw-˛-B-tIm-tI-cw, Ipw`w-˛-lr-tZm-Kw, ao\w-˛-C-∞-kn.

Kl-߃ \n¬°p∂ kv^pS-߃ ASn-ÿm-\-am°n Ah-bpsS h¿§-߃ \n›-bn-bv°p-∂p. ][m-\-ambn 16 Xc-Øn-ep≈

hn`-P\w BWv D≈-Xv.

1. t£Xw (cmin) 9.tjmU-imwiw

2. tlmcm 10.-hnw-imwiw

3. tZ°mWw 11.-N-Xp¿hnw-imwiw

4. NXp¿∞mwiw 12.-\-£-Xmwiw

5. k]vXmwiw 13. Xnwimwiw

6. \hmwiw 14. kzth-Zmwiw

7. Zimwiw 15. A£-th-Zmwiw

8. ZzmZ-imwiw 16. jjvSywiw

Cu hn`-P-\-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm\ XXzw Kl-ß-fpsS ÿnXnbpw ZrjvSnbpw IqSmsX Kl-߃°p≈ a‰p kzm[o-\-߃

a\-kn-em-°p-hm-\p-≈-Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv Hcp Klw Hcp cmin-bnse Hcp _nµp-hn-emWv (kv^p-S-Øn-em-Wv) \n¬°p-∂-sX-¶nepw

AXns‚ ]`mhw As√-¶n¬ kzm[o\w cmin-N-I-Øn¬ 16 `mK-ß-fn¬ 16 Xc-Øn¬ kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p. C]-Imcw P\-\-k-a-

bØv 9 Kl-߃ cmin-N-I-Øn¬ 9 ÿm\-ß-fn-emWv \n¬°p-∂-sX-¶nepw, Ah-bpsS kzm[o\w cmin-N-I-Øn¬ 144 Xc-

Øn¬ (9 x 16) kw`-hn-bv°p-∂p.

km[m-cW PmXI KWn-X-⁄-∑m¿ 6 h¿§-ß-sf-bmWv ][m-\-ambn ]cn-K-Wn-bv°p-∂-Xv. Ah 1. t£Xw (cm-in),

2.-tlmc (cm-in-bpsS ]Ip-Xn), 3. tZ°mWw (cm-in-bpsS aq∂n-sem-∂v) 4. \hmw-iIw (cm-in-bpsS H≥]-Xn-sem-∂v)

5. ZzmZ-imwiw (cm-in-bpsS ]¥-≠n¬ H∂v) 6. Xnwimwiw (cm-in-bpsS ap∏-Xn¬ H∂v) F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

6

1. t£Xw.

Hcp cminsb AXns‚ A[n]s‚ t£Xw F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn taShpw hr›n-Ihpw IpP t£X-߃, CS-hw

Xpemw ipI t£X-߃. Kl-ß-fpsS D® cminbv°v Ah-bpsS D® t£X-ß-sf-∂pw, (taSw cmin chn-bpsS D® t£Xw)

\oN cmin-Isf Ah-bpsS \oN-t£-X-ß-sf∂pw ( Xpemw cmin chn-bpsS \oN-t£-Xw) ]d-bp-∂p.

_‘p-K-l-Øns‚ cmin AXns‚ _‘p-t£-X-sa-∂pw ([\p-cmin kqcys‚ _‘p-t£-Xw) iXp-hns‚cmin AXns‚ iXp-

t£-X-sa-∂pw ( aI-cw-cmin chn-bpsS iXp-t£-Xw). ip`-K-l-߃°v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-Iƒ ip`-t£-X-ß-sf-∂pw, ]m]-

K-l-߃°v B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ cmin-Iƒ ]m]-t£-X-ß-sf∂pw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcp Klw \n¬°p-∂-cm-in-bpsS A[n-]s\

AXns‚ t£Xm-[n-]-s\∂p ]d-bp-∂p. DZm-l-c-W-ambn [\p-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ _p[s‚ t£Xm-[n-]≥ Kpcp-hpw, aI-c-

Øn¬ \nev°p∂ Kl-Øns‚ t£Xm[n-]≥ i\n-bp-am-Ip-∂p.

2. tlmc.

Hcp cmin-bpsS ]Ip-Xn-bmWv tlmc. Hcp cminbv°v 30 UnKn D≈-Xp-t]mse Hcp tlmcbv°v 15 UnKnbmWp-≈-Xv. C]-

Imcw Hmtcm cmin-bnepw D≠m-Ip∂ Hmtcm tlmc-Iƒ°pw Hmtcm \mY-∑m-cp-≠v. Ah¿ kqcy\pw Nµ-\p-am-Wv. HmPcmin-

bpsS BZysØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥ kqcy-\pw, c≠m-asØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥ Nµ-\p-am-Wv. bp‹-cm-in-bpsS BZysØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥

Nµ-\pw, c≠m-asØ tlmcm-\m-Y≥ kqcy-\p-am-Wv. ]pcp-j-K-l-߃ kqcy-tlm-c-bn-epw, kvXoK-l-߃ Nµ-tlm-c-bnepw

\n¬°p-∂Xv tib-kv°-c-am-Wv.

`K-hm≥ ioIr-jvW-]-c-am-flm-hns‚ Kl-\n-ebpw Awi-I-hpw. Xømdm°pI.

P\\w 19-˛7-˛3228.B.C.

A¿≤-cm-Xn-bv°-SpØ ka-bw.

ÿew aYp-c.

chn 139 UnKn 48 an\n‰v

Nµ≥ 47 ,, 42 ,,

IpP≥ 91 ,, 6 ,,

_p[≥ 152 ,, 48 ,,

Kpcp 148 ,, 54 ,,

ipI≥ 102 ,, 54 ,,

i\n 224,, 42 ,,

cmlp 106 ,, 24 ,,

e·w 50 ,, 00 ,,

P\\ ka-b-tØ-bv°p≈ Kl-ß-fpsS kq£va kv^pSw I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°p∂ hn[w.

]©mw-K-ß-fn¬ Hmtcm -Zn-h-khpw cmhnse 5 aWn 30 an\n-‰n-\p≈ kv^pSw sImSp-Øn-cn-bv°pw. AXns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-Øn-

emWv kv^pS-߃ IW-°m-°p-∂-Xv.

P\-\w \S-°p∂ -k-abØp≈ Kl-ß-fpsS kv^p-S-߃ kq£va-ambn KWnbv°phm≥ Nne Inb-Iƒ sNtø-≠-Xp-≠v.

BZy-ambn Hmtcm-K-l-Øn-s‚bpw 24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ Kl-KXn FX-bm-sW∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°-Ww. AXn-\mbn P\\Zn-

hkw cmhnse 5.30 \p≈ Kl-Øns‚ kv^pS-Øns\ AXn-\-SpØ Znhkw cmhnse 5.30 \p≈ AtX Kl-Øns‚ kv^pS-

Øn¬\n∂pw Ipd-®m¬ B Kl-Øns‚ 24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ KXn In´p-∂-Xm-Wv. B KXnsb 24 sIm≠v lcn-®m¬ B

Kl-Øns‚ Hcp aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ KXn In´p-∂-Xm-Wv. AXns\ 5.30 apX¬ P\\ kabw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-

°q-dp-IƒsIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ P\-\-k-a-bw-hscbp≈ Kl-KXn e`n-bv°pw, B KXnsb A∂p cmhnse 5.30 \p≈ Kl-

kv^p-S-hpambnIq-´n-bm¬ P\-\-k-a-b-tØ-bv°p≈ B KlØs‚ kq£va-kv^pSw In´pw.

7

DZm-l-c-W-ambn 1175-˛mw am≠v Nnß-amkw 1˛mw XobXn cmhnse 10.30 \v P\n® Ip´n-bpsS PmX-I-Ønse Kl-kv^pSw

Xmsg-]-dbpw ]Im-c-amWv IW-°m-t°-≠-Xv.

1175 Nnßw 1 \v 5.30 \p≈ chn-kv^pSw 4 cmin 05 UnKn (`m-K) 36 an\n‰v (I-e)

1175 Nnßw 2 \v 5.30 \p≈ chn-kv^pSw 4 cmin 06 ,, 34 ,,

24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ chn-bpsS KXn=4..06..34 4..05..36 = 58 an\n-‰v.

Hcp aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ chn-bpsS KXn=58/24.

P\-\-k-abw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-°q¿=5 aWn-°q¿

5 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ chn-bpsS KXn= 58 KpWw 5, `mKw 24 = 12 an\n‰v (I-e)

1175 Nnßw 1 \v 10.30 \p≈ chn-bpsS kq£va kv^pSw= 5.30 \p≈ kv^pS-Øn-t\m-Sp-IqSn 5 aWn-°q-dns‚ kv^pSw

AXm-bXv 4 cmin 05 UnKn (`mK) 36 an\n‰v (I-e) A[nIw 12 an\n‰v (I-e)= 4 cmin 05 `mK 48 Ie.

C]-Imcw F√m Kl-ß-fp-tSbpw kv^pS-߃ I≠p-]n-Sn-bv°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

C]-Im-c-ap≈ KpW\ lcW Inb-Iƒ IqSmsX temK-cnX ]´nI D]-tbm-Kn®pw Kl-ß-fpsS kq£vakv^pS-߃

I≠p]nSnbv-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

BZy-ambn 24 aWn-°q-dn-te-bv°p≈ Kl-KXn I≠p-]n-Sn®v temK-cn-X-∏-´n-I-bn¬ B UnKn an\n-‰p-Iƒ°p≈ aqeyw t\m°n

Ipdn-bv°p-I. AXn-\p-tijw 5.30 aWn (Im-e-Øv) apX¬ P\-\-k-abw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-°q¿ an\n-‰p-Iƒ°p≈

temK-cn-X-aqeyw t\m°n Ipdn-bv°p-I. Cu c≠p aqeyßfpw XΩn¬ Iq´p-I. C]-Imcw Iq´n-In-´p-∂- aqeyw temK-cn-X-∏-´n-I-

bn¬ GXp UnKn-bpsS Xmsgbpw GXp an\n-‰n\p t\scbpw hcp∂p F∂v t\m°p-I.( Nne-t∏mƒ \mw I≠p-]n-Sn® aqeyw

]´n-I-bn¬ I≠n-s√-∂p-h-cmw. At∏mƒ AXn\v G‰hpw ASpØp≈ aqeyw IW-°n-se-Sp-°p-I.) Cßs\ e`n-bv°p∂ UnKn

an\n-‰p-I-fm-bn-cnbv°pw B Kl-Øns‚ 5.30 apX¬ P\-\-k-a-bw-hscbp≈ KXn. Cu KXnsb A∂p cmhnse 5.30 \p≈

B Kl-Øns‚ kv^pS-Øn-t\mSp IqSn Iq´n-bm¬ P\-\-k-a-b-tØ-bv°p≈ B Kl-Øns‚ kq£va-kv^pSw In´pw.

Hcp PmXIw ]cn-tim-[n®v KpW-tZm-j-߃ \ncq-]Ww sNøp-∂Xv Hmtcm `mh-ß-fp-tSbp KpW-tZmj \ncq-]-W-Øn¬°q-Sn-

bmWv. AXn\v `mh-߃ \∂m-bn-cn-bv°p-tºmƒ D≠m-Ip∂ e£-W-ß-fpw, `mh-߃°p-≠m-Ip∂ tZmj-e-£-W-ßfpw Adn-

™n-cn-bvt°-≠-Xm-Wv.

`mh-߃ \∂m-bn-cn-bv°p∂ kµ¿`-߃.

1. `mhw ip`-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°-Ww.

2. `mhw ]m]-cmin BI-cp-Xv.

3. mh-Øn¬ ip`-Klw \n¬°-Ww.

4. mh-Øn¬ ]m]-Klw \n¬°-cpXv.

5. -`m-h-Øn¬ `mhm-[n-]Xn \n¬°-Ww.

6. `mhsØ `mhm-[n-]Xn t\m°-Ww.

7. mhsØ ]m]-Klw t\m°-cp-Xv.

8. `mh-Øn¬ 9˛mw `mhm-[n-]Xn \n¬°-Ww.

9. mhsØ 9˛mw mhm-[n-]Xn t\m°-Ww.

10. `mh-Øn¬ e·m-[n-]Xn \n¬°-Ww.

11. `mhsØ e·m-[n-]Xn t\m°-Ww.

12. mhsØ ip`-K-l-߃ ZrjvSn-sN-ø-Ww.

13. `mhm-[n-]-Xnbv°v ip`-K-l-ß-fp-amtbm e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-amtbm tbmKw D≠m-I-Ww.

14. `mh-Øn¬ \oN-Klw \n¬°-cp-Xv.

15. `mhm-[n-]\v \oN-K-l-ß-fp-ambn tbmKw hc-cp-Xv.

16. mh-Øn\v ]m]-Kl a-≤y-ÿnXn hc-cp-Xv.

17. mh-Øn\v ip`-Kl a≤y-ÿnXn hc-Ww.

18. `mh-Øn\v 6˛8-˛12 `mh-ß-fp-ambn _‘w hc-cp-Xv.

8

AXm-bXv Nn¥y `mh-Øn¬ 6˛8-˛12 `mhm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ \nev°p-I, Nn¥y `mhm-[n-]Xn 6˛8-˛12 `mh-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p-I, Nn¥y

-`m-hsØ 6˛8-˛12 `mhm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ t\m°p-I, 6˛8-˛12 `mhm-[n-]-Xn-Iƒ°v Nn¥y `mhm-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKw hcn-I.

3. tZ°mWw. (h¿§-߃ XpS-cp-∂p.)

Hcp cminbpsS aq∂n¬ Hcp `mK-amWv tZ°m-Ww. 30 UnKnIƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hmtcm cmin-tbbpw

10 UnKn-Iƒ hoX-ap≈ 3 tZ°m-W-ß-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cvbv°p-∂p. AXm-bXv Hcp cmin-bnse 10 UnKn-

bv°p≈n¬ hcp∂ Klw H∂m-asØ tZ°m-W-Ønepw 10 \pw 20 \pw CS-bv°p-h-cp∂ Klw 2˛masØ

tZ°m-W-Øn-epw, 20 \pw 30 \pw CS-bv°p≈ Klw 3˛masØ tZ°m-W-Øepw hcp-∂p.

1˛mw tZ°m-Wm-[n-]≥ Klw \n¬°p∂ cmin-bpsS A[n-]-\pw, 2˛mw tZ°m-Wm-[n-]≥ Klw \n¬°p∂

cmin-bpsS 5˛m asØ cmin-bpsS A[n-]-\pw, 3˛mw tZ°m-Wm-[n-c≥ Klw \nev°p∂ cmin-bpsS 9˛mw

cmipn-bpsS A[n-]\pw BIp-∂p.

`mhm-[n-]-Xnbv°v _ew D≠m-Ip∂ kµ¿ -߃.

1. `mhm-[n-]Xn D®-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.

2. `mhm-[n-]Xn kzt£-X-hm-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.

3. `mhm-[n-]Xn anX-t£-X-hm-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.

4. `mhm-[n-]Xnbv°v ip`tbmK-ap-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.

5. `mhm-[n-]Xnbv°v ip -Kl ZrjvSn-bp-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I.

6. `mhm-[n-]Xn e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKw sNøp-I.

7. `mhm-[n-]Xnsb e·m-[n-]Xn ZrjvSn sNøp-I.

8. `mhm-[n-]Xnbv°v 6˛8- 12 `mhm-[n-]XnIfp-ambn _‘w D≠m-Im-Xn-cn-bv°p-I.

Imc-I-K-l-Øn\v _ew D≠m-Ip∂ Ah-kvX-Iƒ.

Hcp `mh-Øns‚ Imc-I-Klw I≠p ]nSn®v AXn\v _ew Dt≠m F∂p t\m°-Ww.

Imc-I-Klw D®-ÿ-t\m, kzt£Xhmt\m anX-t£-X-hmt\m BI-Ww.

\oNt\m iXp-t£-X-hmt\m BI-cp-Xv. Imc-I-K-l-Øn\v ip`-tbm-K-Zr-jvSn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cn-bv°-Ww. ]m]-

tbm-K-Zr-jvSn-Ifp≠mh-cp-Xv. Imc-I-K-l-Øn\v e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKZrjvSymZn-_‘w hc-Ww. e·-Øn¬

ÿnXn hc-Ww. 6˛8- 12 `mh-ß-fp-ambn _‘w hc-cp-Xv. 6˛8- 12 Ifn¬ \n¬°-cp-Xv. 6˛8- 12 A[n-]-Xn-

I-tfmSv tbmKw hc-cp-Xv. 6˛8- 12 A[n-]-Xn-Iƒ Imc-I-K-l-Øns\ ZrjvSn sNø-cp-Xv.

4. \hm-wi-Iw.

30 UnKn hoXw hcp∂ Hmtcm cmin-tbbpw 3 UnKn 20 an\n‰p hoX-ap≈ 9 `mK-ß-fmbn hn -Pn-®n-cn-bv°p-

∂p. Cußs\ cmin-N-I-Øn¬ BsI 108 (12 x9 ) \hmw-i-I-߃ hcpw.

cmin-bn¬ Klw \n¬°p∂ kv^pSw t\m°n AXv FXm-asØ \hmw-i-I-am-sW∂p ImWp-I. Klw

\nevIp∂ cmin Nc-amtWm ÿnc-amtWm D`-b-amtWm F∂p t\m°p-I. Klw \n¬°p∂Xv Nccmin-

bn¬ BsW-¶n¬ FtÆ≠ \hmwiw B cmin apX¬ Xs∂ FÆp-I. Klw \n¬°p-∂Xv ÿnc-cm-in-

bn-em-sW-¶n¬ FtÆ≠ \hmwiw B cmin-bpsS 9˛mw cmin-ap-X-se-Æp-I. Klw \n¬°p-∂Xv D -b-cm-in-

bn-em-sW-¶n¬ \hmwiw B cmin-bpsS 5˛mw cmin-ap-X¬ FÆpI.

DZm-l-cWw taSw 21 UnKn-bn¬ \nev°p∂ Klw FhnsS Awinbv°p∂p ? taSw 21 UnKn , FtÆ≠

\hmwiw 7, \nev°p∂ cmin Ncw, AXn-\m¬ AhnsS\n∂p Xs∂ \hmwiw FÆ-Ww. taSw cmin-bn¬

\n∂pw \hmwiw 7 FÆptºmƒ (cm-in-Iƒ) taSw cmin-bn¬ 21 UnKn-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Klw Xpemw cmin-

bn-ew-in-bv°p-∂p.

9

CShw 19 UnKn-bn¬ \nev°p∂ Klw FhnsS Awin-bv°p-∂p -F∂p t\m°mw. 19 UnKn BIp tºmƒ

FtÆ≠ \hmwiw 6. Klw \n¬°p∂ cmin ÿncw Bb-Xp-sIm≠v \hmwiw FtÆ-≠Xv CS-h-Øn¬

\n∂pw 9˛mw cmin-bmb aI-c-Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv. aIcw apX¬ 6 cmin-I-sf-Æp-tºmƒ anYp\w cmin-bn-emWv

Klw Awin-®n-cnbv°p-∂Xv F∂p a\-kn-em-°mw. anYp\w 26 UnKn-bn¬ \nev°p∂ Klw FhnsS

Awin-bv°p-∂p -F∂p t\m°mw. 26 UnKn AIp-tºmƒ FtÆ≠ \hmwiw 8. Klw \n¬°p-∂-cmin

D`bw Bb-Xp-sIm≠v \hmwiw FtÆ-≠Xv anYp-\-Øn¬ \n∂pw 5˛mw cmin-bmb Xpem-Øn¬\n∂pw 8

cmin-Iƒ FÆp-tºmƒ CShw cmin-bn-emWv Klw Awin-®n-cn-bv°p-∂Xv F∂p a\-kn-em-°mw.

5. ZzmZ-imw-iIw.

Hcp cminsb 12 Bbn hn -Pn-bv°p-∂-XmWv ZzmZ-imwiw 30 UnKnbp≈ cminsb 12 Bbn hn -Pnbv°p-

tºmƒ Hcw-i-Øn¬ 2UnKn 30 an\n‰p hcw. Kl-kv^pSw GXp-cm-in-bn¬ FXm-asØ ZzmZ-imw-i-Øn¬

\n¬°p∂p F∂p IW-°m°n B cmin-bn¬ \n∂p-Xs∂ AXbpw cmin FÆn In´p∂ cmin-bn-emWv

AwiIw hcp-∂-Xv. AwiIw hcp-∂-cm-in-\m-Y-\mWv ZzmZ-imw-im-[n-]≥. DZm-l-c-W-ambn anYp\w cmin-bn¬

Hcp -Klw 24 UnKn-bn¬ \n∂m¬ 10- m asØ Awi-I-ambn hcpw. Klw \n¬°p-∂Xv anYp\w cmin-bn-

em-b-Xn-\m¬ ZzmZ-imwiw IW-°m-t°-≠Xv AhnsS \n∂p Xs∂ Bb-Xn-\m¬, FÆn-°n-´p-∂Xv ao\w

cmin-bm-Wv. ao\w cmin ZzmZ-imw-i-ambn hcp-∂p. At∏mƒ ZzmZ-imw-i-Im-[n-]≥ hymgw BIp-∂p.

6. Xnwimw-iIw.

30 `mK-I-fp≈ (Un-Kn) Hcp cminsb 30 Bbn `mKn-bv°p-tºmƒ Hmtcm `mKbpw Hmtcm Awi-I-Øn¬

hcp-∂p. Xnwimw-i-Im-[n-]-∑msc IW-°m-°p-∂Xv Xmsg ]d-bp∂ hn[-Øn-em-Wv.

HmP cmin-I-fn¬ bp‹-cm-in-I-fn¬

BZysØ 5 UnKn hsc sNm∆m˛A·n BZysØ 5 UnKn hsc ipI≥- -h-cp-W≥

XpS¿∂v 5 UnKn hsc i\n˛ hmbp XpS¿∂v 7 UnKn-hsc _p[≥- -Ip-t_-c≥

XpS¿∂v 8 UnKn-hsc Kpcp- -C-µ≥ XpS¿∂v 8 UnKn-hsc Kpcp˛ Cµ≥

XpS¿∂v 7 UnKn-hsc _p[≥˛ Ipt_-c≥ XpS¿∂v 5 UnKn-hsc i\n˛ hmbp

XpS¿∂v 5 UnKn-hsc ipI≥˛ hcp-W≥ XpS¿∂v 5 UnKn-hsc sNm∆m- -A·n

tlmcm-Pm-X-Iw.

aqe-Pm-X-I-Ønse c≠mw `mhm-[n-]s‚bpw [\-Im-c-I-\mb hymg-Øn-s‚bpw _em-_ew IqSn IW-°n-

se-Sp-°-Ww. chn-bpsS tlmc-bn¬ \nev°p∂ Kl-߃ Ah-bpsS Zim-]-lm-c-ß-fn¬ [\-em-`sØ

\¬Ipw. Nµ-tlm-c-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ Kl-߃ Xmc-X-tay\ Ipd-hmtb ^ew \¬Ip-∂p-≈q.

tZ°m-W-Pm-X-Iw.

tZ°mWw sIm≠v ktlm-Z-c-Kp-W-tØ-bmWv Nn¥n-bv°p-∂-Xv.

\hmw-iI-Pm-X-Iw.

\hmw-iIw sIm≠v Zmº-Xy-Nn-¥.

ZzmZ-imw-i-I-Pm-X-Iw.

ZzmZ-imw-i-I-w sIm≠v amXr ]nXr Nn¥.

10

Xnw-imw-i-I-Pm-X-Iw.

Xnwimw-iIw sIm≠v tZmj- -e-ßsf Nn¥n-bv°p-∂p.kvXo PmXIØn¬ ]tXyIn®v.

e·mZn ZzmZ-i- m-h-߃ `mjm-]-am-W-߃.

e·w˛ icocKpWtZmj߃ Pbhpw Io¿Ønbpw kpJw HmP pw i‡n kuµcyw e·w sIm≠v

]d™nSmw. As√¶n¬ aq¿Ønbpw Io¿Ønbpw ÿm\w kpJhpw tZlkujvThw tib pw Pbhpw

kzmÿyw e·w sIm≠v \ncq]tbXv.

c≠mw `mhw˛A¿∞w IpSpw_hpw hm°pw hetØ°Æv hnZybpw tlXp F∂nhsb√mta ZzXotb\

\ncq]tbXv.

aq∂mw `mhw˛ hocyhpw hnIaw ss[cyw Zp¿_p≤n klPmXIw klmbw Z£I¿Æ© XrXobwsIm≠v

Nn¥tbXv.

\memw `mhw˛ kpJw _‘p Krlw amXmhΩmh≥ acpa°fpw, hml\w t£Xhpw sh≈w ChsNm√mw

NXp¿∞X.

A©mw `mhw˛ ]©awsIm≠v Nn¥n∏q _p≤n ]pXcamXyIw hnNmci‡nbpw a¥w

]q¿∆]pWyhpsa∂nh.

Bdmw `mhw˛ hrWw hym[n iXp°ƒ I≈cpw hnLv\amZnbpw arXyphpwiXpikvtXW jjvTw sIm≠v

\ncq]tbXv.

Ggmw `mhw˛Imahpw `mcybpw t\m°pw k]vXta\ \S°bpw `¿Ømhpw ssaYp\w iøm

\jvSm¿∞a]nNn¥tbXv.

F´mw mhw˛ n∂n∏v ]cnlmkXzw acWw t¢iw AwKZw hnLv\w tNmcmZnKlhpw k¿h\mihpajvSamXv.

HºXmw `mhw˛ `mKyw [¿Ωw Zbm ]pWyw X] pw KpcphN\hpw ]uX∑mcuj[wtkh \haw sIm≠v

Nn¥tbXv.

]Ømw `mhw˛ am\hpw k¿∆I¿Ω߃ B⁄m tZhmebmZnbpw Bew_\© Nn¥n∏q ZiaZmkv]ZmZv.

]Xns\m∂mw `mhw˛ GImZti\ hnØ©em`hpw ZpxJ\mihpw k¿∆m`ojvShpw tPyjvS`mXmhpw

hmaI¿Æhpw.

]¥≠mw `mhw˛ Agnhpw ]m]hpw `wiw CStØ°Æv ZpjvIrXw ÿm\`wiwN sshIeyw ZzmZti\

\ncq]tbXv.

( ASpØ t]Pn¬ kwkvIrX `mjbnse ]amW߃ sImSp°p∂p. GsX¶nepw Hcp `mjbn¬

]amW߃ lrZnÿam°pI )

11

e·mZn ZzmZ-i- m-h-߃ kwkvIrX -]-am-W-߃. (]iv\ am¿§w)

tZlky kujvThw kzmÿyw ÿnXnx titbm bi pJw

Ptbm h]p› X’¿∆w Nn¥\obw hne·Xx

`¿ØhyaJnew hnØw hmWo N£p› Z£nWw

hnZym› hnhn[mtlyXXv k¿∆w Nn¥yw ZznXobXx

ss[cyw hocyw N Zp¿_p≤n ktlmZc]cmIau

Z£I¿ÆklmbuN Nn¥\obmkvXnXobXx

amXm kplr∑mXpe `mKnt\bu

t£Xw kpJw hml\amk\w N

emfnXyaw`x ib\w N hr≤nx

]izmZnIw P∑Krlw NXp¿∞m¬

]⁄m ta[m ]Xn`m hnthIi‡nx ]pcmX\w ]pWyw

a¥mamXyX\pPmx ]©aX ua\kya]n Nn¥yw

XkvIcmcmXn hnLv\m[n hym[b› X\p£Xnx

acWw hmcnikvtXW Nn¥\obw ln jjvTXx

hnhmlaZ\mtemI`mcym`¿ØrkamKax

ibymkvXokfl\jvSm¿∞ssaYp\m\y]n k]vXam¬

k¿∆]Wmtim hn]tZm]hmtZm

tlXp]tZiu acWky Zmkx

aTmZnIw thiva KZm› hnLv\m

hnNn¥\obmx ]p\cjvSta\

`mKy[¿ΩZbm ]pWyX]kvXmXkpXmflPmx

Zmt\m]mk\kuioey Kpcthm \hamZao

tZheb\Kck`mam¿§mebZmkk¿hI¿ΩmWn

B⁄mew_\taXk¿hw Nn¥yw ln Zita\

k¿∆m`ojvSmKtam tPyjvT`mXm PmXm \nPmflPmx

hmaI¿tÆmf¿∞em`› Nn¥ymtlyImZti\ tX

]m]w hybw N ]X\w \nctb hmaaw_Iw

ÿm\`wiw N sshIeyw ZzmZti\ hnNn¥tb¬

12

-B[n-]Xyw sIm≠v D≠m-Ip∂ Kl-ß-fpsS kz`m-h-߃.

1. e·m-[n-]≥ PmX-Is\ kw_-‘n-®n-S-tØmfw G‰hpw ip -\m-Wv.

2. 5˛9 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ ip -∑m-cm-Wv.

3. 4˛7- 10 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ ss\ssk¿§n-I-ip- -∑m-cm-sW-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS ip`Xzw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]m]-∑m-

sc-¶n¬ Ah-cpsS ]m]Xzw \jvS-s∏-Sp-∂p.

4. 2˛7 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ amc-I-∑m-cm-Wv.

5. 3- 6- 11 `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ Aip- -∑m-cm-Wv.

6. 8 s‚ A[n-]Xn Aip- -\m-Wv.

7. 12- mw `mhm-[n-]-≥ B Kl-Øns‚ at‰ cmin-bpsS B[n-]-Xy-a-\p-k-cn®v A\p-Iq-e-\m-bm¬ A\p-Iq-

e-\pw, ]Xn-Iq-e-\m-bm¬ ]Xn-Iq-e\pw BWv.

8.- Htc Kl-Øn-\p-Xs∂ Hcp tIµ cmin-bp-tSbpw (4-˛7-˛10 ) Hcp XntImW cmin-bp-tSbpw (5-˛9 )

B[n-]Xyw h∂m¬ B e·-°m-c\v B Klw hfsc A\p-Iq-e-\m-bn-cnbv°pw (tbm-K-Im-c-I≥).

DZm-l-c-W-ambn CSh e· PmX-I\v i\n 9˛10 `mh-ß-fpsS B[n-]-Xyw. I¿°n-SI e· PmX-I\v sNm∆m

5˛10 `mh-ß-fpsS B[n-]-Xyw. Iw` e·PmX-I\v ipI≥ 4˛9 `mh-ß-fpsS B[n-]-Xyw.

`mh-ß-fp-ambn Kl-߃ _‘-s∏-Sp∂ Ah-k-c-߃.

1. `mhØn¬ \n¬°p∂ Klw.

2. `mhm-[n-]-Xn.

3. `mhsØ t\m°p∂ Klw.

4.- `m-hm-[n-]-Xn-bp-ambn tbmKwsNøp∂ Klw.

5. `mhm-[n-]-Xnsb ZrjvSn-sN-øp∂ Klw.

`mh-ß-fpsS Imc-I-Xz-߃.

e·w˛ icoc KpW-tZm-j-߬ Io¿Øn kpJw Pbw HmP v i‡n kuµ-cyw.

2˛mw `mhw ˛ IpSpw_w hm°v [\w he-tØ-°Æv hnZy ho´n¬ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p∂ ]mX-߃ `c-W-Øn-

ep-≈-h¿ \n[n-\n-t£-]w.

3mw `mhw ˛ hocyw ss[cyw iucyw Zp¿_p≤n IpSpe-_p≤n ktlm-Z-c-∑m¿ ]pd-ta-\n-∂p-In- p∂ klmbw

he-tØ-sNhn Ab¬°m¿ Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-Iƒ AΩ-bv°p-h-cp∂ Zpcn-Xm-\p- -h-߃.

4mw `mhw˛ amXmhv kplr-Øp-°ƒ AΩm-h≥ _‘p-°ƒ sh≈w hoSv hml\w a\x-kp-Jw.

5mw `mhw˛ a\ v _p≤n Adnhv k¥m\w ]q¿∆-]pWyw a¥-߃ skI- dn hnNm-c-i‡n Dul-°-®-hSw

6mw `mhw˛ I≈≥ tamjWw tcmKw hrWw iXp-°ƒ Bbp[w im]w B`n-Nmcw B`n-Nm-c-]-h¿Øn-Iƒ

XS- -߃ IS-_m-[y-X.

7mw `mhw˛ ZmºXyw CS-]m-Sp-Iƒ FKn-sa‚p-Iƒ itøm-]-I-c-W-߃ \jvSwh∂ hkvXp tIknse

FXn¿I-£n.

8mw `mhw˛ acWw k¿∆-\miw B]Øv am\-lm\n ac-W-hr-Øm¥w ]e-Xcw IjvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ Bbp v

ss]Xr-I-kzØv e`n-bv°p∂ Imcyw

9mw `mhw -B-—≥ `mKyw X] v [¿Ω-I¿Ωßvƒ Kpcp Huj[w hntZ-i-bm-X.

10mw `mhw-˛-tZ-hm-e-b-߃ hgn-b-º-e-߃ ]´-W-߃ k`-Iƒ \ap°v Bi-b-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂ -h-kvXp-

°ƒ sXmgn¬

11mw `mhw˛ em -ÿm\w A`o-jvS-kn≤n tPyjvT-k-tlm-Z-c≥ CS-Xp-sN-hn.

12mw `mhw˛ ZpcnXw \jvSw hybw ]m]w hogvN hoSp-hn- vbmX CS-tØ-°Æv Ime-Sn-Iƒ.

13

Zim-]-lm-c-߃ \£-X-Zi As√-¶n¬ hnwtim-Øco Zi.

tPymXn-»mkvX ]T-\-Øns‚ Dt±iw Xs∂ Hmtcm Ime-Øn-t‚bpw KpW-tZm-jm-\p- h ⁄m\-Øn-\m-bmWv.

cmin-I-fpsS ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ hn -P-\w, cmin-\m-Y-∑msc kw_-‘n® hnh-c-߃, Kl-ßsf kw_-‘n®

hnh-c-߃, Kl-ß-fpsS Ah-ÿ-Iƒ, `mh-ßsf kw_-‘n-®-hn-h-c-߃ F∂n-h-sb√mw a\-kn-em-°nb

\ap°v KpW- -e-߃ \¬Ip∂ Kl-߃, Ah kzm[o-\n-bv°p∂ `mh-߃, Ah-bpsS kzm[o-\-߃

PmX-I-\mtWm kw_-‘-s∏- -Im-cy-߃°mtWm Fs∂√mw FI-tZ-i-ambn a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-™n-´p-

≠v. C\n Cu ^e-߃ GXp-Im-eØmWv A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂mWv Adn-bp-hm-\p-≈Xv. AXn-\mbn

Zim-Im-esØ∏‰n a\-kn-em-°-Ww.

imkvX-Ir-Øp-°-fmb al¿jn-am¿ ip`m-ip^ ^e-߃ Hs°bpw Hmtcm Kl-ß-fpsS Zim-Im-e-ØmWv

A\p-`-h-s∏-Sp-∂Xv F∂p ]d-bp-∂p. Kl-ß-fpsS _e-ß-f-\p-k-cn®v tbmK-ßfpw, tbmK-ßsf A\p-

k-cn®v Zi-Ifpw B Zi-I-f-\p-k-cn®v k¿∆ ^e-ßfpw `hn-bv°p-∂p.

Im¿Øn-I- a-Xp¬ ]qcw hsc-bp≈ \£-X-ßfpw Ah-bpsS A\p-P∑ \£-X-ßfpw ASn-ÿm-\-am°n

kpcy-≥, Nµ≥, sNm∆m, cmlp, hymgw, i\n, _p[≥, tIXp, ipI≥ F∂n-h¿ I-a-Øn¬ Zi-m\mY-∑m-cm-

Wv. Hcp Zi Ign-™m¬ DSt\ ta¬]-d™ Ia-Øn¬ Xs∂ ASpØ Zi Bcw- n-bv°p-∂p.

Zim-\m-Y≥, B[n-]-Xy-ap≈ \£-X-߃ Zim-kw-h-’-c-߃ F∂nh ImWn-bv°p∂ ]´nI Xmsg sImSp-

°p-∂p.

Zim-\m-Y≥ \£-X-߃ kwh-’-c-kwJy

kqcy≥ Im¿Øn-I,- DXw, DXmSw 6

Nµ≥ tcmln-Wn, AØw, Xncp-thmWw 10

sNm∆m aI-bo-cw, NnØn-c, Ahn´w 7

cmlp Xncp-hm-Xn-c, tNmXn, NXbw 18

hymgw ]pW¿Xw, hnim-Jw, ]qcq-cp-´mXn 16

i\n ]qbw, A\n-gw, DØr- mXn 19

_p[≥ Bbn-eyw, Xrt°- , tchXn 17

tIXp AizXn, aIw, aqew 7

ipI≥ `cWn, ]qcw, ]qcmSw 20

Kl-߃ F√mw Btcm-l-KXn (\oNw Ign™v D®-Øn-tebv°p k©-cn-bv°p∂ Ah-ÿ) `mh-a-≤y-ÿn-

Xn, _nµp-_m-lpeyw (A-jvS-I-h¿§-Øn¬ _nµp-°ƒ IqSp-X-ep≈ Ah-ÿ) 10- 11 `mh-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn,-

e-·-ÿnXn D® kz t£X-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn, h¿§-KpWw F∂n-h-bp≈ Kl-߃ _e-hm-∑m-cm-av. C]-

Imcw _e-ap≈ Kl-߃ ip -]-Z-∑m-cm-Wv.

Kpfn-I- -h-\m-[n-]Xyw Kpfn-I-tbmKw A£-ß-fpsS Ipdhv iXp t£X-ÿnXn \oNw auVyw ]m]-tbmKw

`mh-k-‘n-ÿnXn cmin-k‘nÿnXn Ch-bp≈ Kl-߃ tZmj-Ir-Øp-°-fm-Ip-∂p.

Zim-\mY≥ e·-Øntem 3˛6-˛10-˛11 F∂o D]-N-b-ÿm-\-ß-fntem Xs‚ k]vX-h¿§-Øntem \n¬°p-

tºmgpw e·-Øn¬ _‘p-K-ltam ip`-K-ltam \n¬°p-tºmgw Zi ip`-^-e-sØ-Øs∂ \¬Ip-∂p.

Kl-߃°v _ew D≠m-Ip∂ Ahÿbpw _ew C√m-Xm-Ip∂ Ah-ÿbpw F√mw ]d-™n-´p-≈-Xp-

t]mse B Kl-߃ kz¥wZim-Im-e-ß-fn¬ (ip`tam Aip-`tam)kqNn-∏n-bv°p∂ ^e-ßsf ka-K-

ambnsNøpw.

14

Kl-ß-fpsS iXp anX kaXzw kw_-‘n® ]amWw.

kplr-Z-kvXn-tIm-W- -h-\mXv Klky kpXt` hytbY [\- -ht\

kzPt\ \n[t\ [¿tΩ tkz tkzmt® N `h¥n t\m tijx

Kl-Øns‚ ape-Xn-tImWcminbn¬ \n∂pw kpX`w (5) hybw (12) [\w(2) kzP\w (4) \n[\w (8)

[¿Ωw (9) IqSmsX Xs‚ D®-cm-in-bpsS A[n-]≥ F∂o Kl-߃ B Kl-Øn\v anX-ß-fm-Wv.

ta¬ ]d-bmØ `mh-ß-fpsS A[n-]-∑m¿ (3- 6- 7- 10˛11) iXp-°-fm-Wv. Ch-bn¬ c≠p anXcmin-I-fpsS

B[n-]Xyw hcp∂ KlØns\ anX-sa-∂pw, Hcp anXcmin-bpsS B[n-]Xyw hcp∂ Kl-Øns\

kas\∂pw, A\p-Iq-e-amb Hcpcmin-bp-tS-bpw B[n-]Xyw hcmØ Kl-Øns\ iXp-sh∂pw IW-°m-

°p-∂p.

Kl-ß-fpsS ]cym-b-߃.

kqcy≥-˛BZnXy≥ chn `m\p ZnhmIc≥ A¿°≥ am¿ØmWvU≥ tlen khnXmhv XcWn ]XwK≥

XnhZypXn Iae_‘p klkcivan _≤\≥ ]`mIc≥ C\≥.

Nµ≥- -io-X-ZypXn Aw_p-P≥ tkma≥ ioXKp cP-\o-]Xn \nim-\m-Y≥ Ipap-Zn-\o-]Xn DUp-]Xn •u

arKmw-K≥ Cµp lna-Kp iim¶≥ hn[p \nimIc≥ \£X]≥ IpapZ_‘p ioXmwip ininc≥

Hmj[oi≥ A_vP≥ £]mIc≥ lnamwip kp[mwip.

sNm∆-˛-B-c≥ hI≥ £nXn-P≥ alo-kq\p cp[n-c≥ c‡≥ AwKm-cI≥ Iqc-t\-X≥ Bh-t\-b≥

temlnX≥ IpP≥ I\I≥ awKe≥ AkrIv `ua≥ alokpX≥.

_p[≥˛ kuay≥ Xmc-X-\-b≥ hnXv t_m[-\≥- ]`mkpX≥ culntWb≥ CµpP≥ C-µp-]p-X≥ Nmµ≥

iinP≥ ⁄≥ tkma-P≥ (Ipam-c≥) ]`m-kp-X≥.

hymgw˛ a¥n Poh≥ kqcn kptcVy≥ hmN-kv]Xn Kpcp kpcm-Nm-cy≥ tZth-Vy≥ Bcy≥ kpcKpcp

tZh-a¥n AwKn-cm-kq-\p.

ipI≥- -Im-hy≥ knX≥ `rKp-kq\p A—≥ Bkv^p-PnØv Zm\-th-Uy-≥ ssZXy-]q-Py≥ Ima≥ `m¿§h≥

ssZtXyVy≥ AkpcKpcp Di\≥ Ihn.

i\n˛ Ombm-kq\p Xc-Wo-X-\-b≥ A¿°n aµ≥ tImW≥ Ir jvW≥ kqcy-]p-X≥ ba≥ ]wKp

iss\-›-c≥ kucn Ime≥ `mkvIcn kqcy]pX≥ \oe≥ ]wKp arZp AknX≥ kl-kmw-ip-P≥

cmlp˛ k¿∏≥ Akp-c≥ ^Wn Xa≥ ]mX≥ hn[p¥pZ≥ Xa v Aln k¿∏w AKp

sskwln-tI-b≥ kz¿`m\p hn[p-¥p-Z≥ `pPw-K≥ `pP-K≥.

tIXp˛ arXypX\b≥ tImƒ [zP≥ inJn [qa≥ arXyp-]p-X≥ A\n-e≥.

Kpfn-I-≥˛ amµn.

15

Ime-tlm-c.

A¿°-ipI _p[-›µ aµ Poh [cm-kp-X. CuIaØn¬ BWv Imetlmc hcp∂Xv.

Ime-tlm-c-bpsS ssZ¿Lyw Hcp-a-Wn-°q-dm-Wv. C]-Imcw Znh-ksØ 24 Ime-tlm-c-I-fmbn hn`-Pn-®n-cn-

bv°p-∂p. Hmtcm Znh-k-tØbpw BZysØ Ime-tlmc (kq-tcym-Zbw apX¬ Hcp aWn-°q¿) AXmXp Znh-

k-\mYt‚Xm-Wv. AXm-bXv Xn¶-fm-gvN-B-ZysØ Ime-tlmc Nµ-s‚-bm-Wv. B Hcp-a-W-°q¿ Ign-™m¬

ASp-Ø-Im-e-tlmc Xn¶-fmgvN XpSßn 6˛m asØ BgvN-bpsS A[n-]-Xn-bpsS Bbn-cnbv°pw, AXm-

bXv i\n-bpsS Ime-tlm-c. AXp-I-gn™v ASp-Ø-Im-e-tlmc i\n-ap-X¬ 6˛m asØ BgvN-bpsS A[n-

]-Xn-bpsS Bbn-cnbv°pw, AXm-bXv Kpcp-hn-s‚ CtX-I-a-Øn¬ 24 Ime-tlm-cbpw Ign-™m¬ ASpØ

Znhkw BZysØ Ime-tlmc B Zn-h-k-\m-Y-\mb sNm∆-bp-tS-Xm-bn-cn-bv°pw. Ime-tlmc XpS¿®-bmbn

hcp-∂Xv chn ipI≥ _p[-\≥ Nµ≥ i\n Kpcp IpP≥ F∂o Ia-Øn-em-Wv. cmlp tIXp-°ƒ°v

Ime-tlm-c-bn-√. PmX-I\v B\p-Iq-ey-ap≈ Kl-Øns‚ Ime-tlm-c-bn¬ sNøp∂ ]h¿Ø-\-߃ IqSp-

X¬ ^e-]-Z-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. ]Xn-Iq-e-ß-fmb Kl-ß-fpsS cminbpw Imetlmcbpw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-

bv°p-I-bn-√. B ka-b-ß-fn¬ \√ ]h¿Øn-Iƒ sNø-cp-Xv.

cmin-I-fpsS ssZ¿Lyw.

knwlmZn NXp-jvIw Zo¿Lw Ipw`mZn NXpjvIw lkzw tijmx kamx

]©mw-Kw.

`mc-Xob tPymXnj kn≤m¥w B\p-k-cn®v ka-b-Øns‚ ]e Xc-Øn-ep≈ hn -P-\-amWv ]©mw-Kw.

]©mwKw F∂ hm°p-sIm≠v Dt±-in-bv°p-∂-Xp-t]mse CXn¬ 5 LSI-ß-fm-Wp-≈-Xv. Ah hmcw,

\£Xw, XnYn, Ic-Ww,tbmKw(\n-Xy-tbm-Kw) F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

Cu Ime-K-W-\-bvs°√mw ][m\ B[mcw _“m-WvU-a-WvU-e-Øn¬°q-Sn-bp≈ (cm-in-N-Iw) kqcy-t‚bpw

Nµ-t‚bpw KXn-bm-Wv. hmkvX-h-Øn¬ Ch-sb√mw ÿe-Øns‚ (Space)Af-hp-Iƒ BsW-¶n-epw,

\Ωƒ AXns\ ka-b-Øns‚ (Time)Af-hp-Iƒ B°n am‰p-I-bm-Wv. Cu ÿ-esØ As√-¶n¬ ka-

bsØ Af-°p-hm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-bv°p-∂Xv (The measuring unit of time) kqcy-t‚bpw Nµ-t‚bpw

KXn-bm-Wv.

hmcw.

kqcy≥ 24 aWn-°q¿sIm≠v k©-cn-bv°p-∂- Zqcw (`qan kz¥w A®p-X-≠n¬ 360 UKn Id-ßp-hm≥

FSp-°p∂ ka-bw/AXm-bXv Hcp-Zn-h-kw). 24 aW-°q¿ F∂p km[m-c-W-bmbn ]d-bp-∂p-sh-¶nepw

hmkvX-h-Øn¬ AXv 23 aW-°q¿ 56 an\n‰v 4 sk-°‚v BWv. AXm-bXv 24 aWn-°q¿ F∂p kmam-\y-

ambn ]d-bp-tºmƒ AXv FI-tZiw 4 an\n‰p IqSp-X-em-Wv. ]t£ `c-W-ku-I-cy-Øn-\p-th≠n temI-sØ-

√m-bn-SØpw Hcp Znhkw F∂p ]d-bp-tºmƒ 24 aW-°q¿ BsW-∂mWv IW-°m-°n-h-cp-∂-Xv. CXns\

Znhkw F∂pw, hmcw F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

\£-Xw.

\£Xw F∂p ]d-bp-∂Xv tPymXn-j-`m-j-bn¬ 13 UnKn 20 an\n‰p hcp∂ Hcp taJ-esbbmWv. 360

UnKn hcp∂ cmin-N-I-Øns\ (Zone) 13 UnKn 20 an\n‰p hoX-ap≈ 27 \£X taJ-e-I-fmbn Xcw

Xncn-®n-bv°p-∂p. Nµ-≥ Cu Hcp taJ-ebnse k©mcw ]q¿Ønbm°m≥ FSp-°p∂ kabw BWv Hcp

\£Xw AYhm Hcp \£-X-Im-ew.

16

km[m-c-W-bmbn Cu \£X ssZ¿LysØ 60 \mgnI F∂mWv IW-°m°n h-cp-∂Xv. Nµ≥ Cu Zqcw

k©-cn-®p-Xo¿°p-hm≥ 60 \mgnI ka-b-sa-Sp-°p-∂p. ]t£ kqcy-\p-am-bp≠mIp∂ ASp∏ hyXymkw

sIm≠v Nµ\v KXn-thKw h¿≤n-bv°p-tºmƒ \£-X-ß-fpsS kabw Ipd-bpw. Nµ\v KXn-thKw Ipd-bp-

tºmƒ \£-X-ß-fpsS kabw IqSpw. CXp Nne-t∏mƒ 8 \mgn-I-hsc IqSpIbpw Nne-t∏mƒ Ipd-bp-

Ibpw sNøp-∂p. AXm-bXv \£-X-ssZ¿Lyw 55 \mgnI apX¬ 65 \mg-I-hsc hcm-dp-≠v. km[m-c-W-

bmbn ]©mw-K-ß-fnepw Ie-≠-dp-I-fnepw \£-X-ß-fpsS \mgnI hn\m-gnI sImSp-Øp-Im-Wpw. CXns‚

A¿∞w At∂-Zn-hkw B \£Xw B ka-bw-h-sctb D≈q F∂m-Wv. AizXn 34 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI

F∂p sImSp-Øn-cp-∂m¬ A∂v AizXn \£Xw 34 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI hsctb D≈pF∂pw At∏mƒ

apX¬ `cWn \£Xw XpS-ßp∂p F∂pw a\-kn-em-°-Ww. AXm-bXv A∂v 34 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI

hsc \S-°p∂ Imcy-߃ F√mw AizXn \£-X-Øn-emWv \S-°p∂-sX-∂pw, AXn\p ijw

\S-°p∂ Imcy-߃ `cWn \£-XØnemWv \S-°p-∂-sX∂pw a\-kn-em-°-Ww.

\£-X-ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°p∂ hn[w.

\£-X-ssZ¿Lyw IW-°m-°p∂Xn\v c≠p Znh-k-ß-fn-ep≈ ssZ¿Lyw Iqt -≠n-h-cpw. DZm-l-c-W-ambn

4˛mw XobXn A\ngw \£Xw 47 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI F∂p ImWp-∂p. 5˛mw XobXn Xrt°´ 39

\mgnI 58 hn\m-gnI F∂pw ImWp-∂p. Xrt°´ \£-X-Øns‚ ssZ¿Lyw ImWp-∂-Xn-\v, 4˛mw Xob-Xn-

bnse Xrt°- -bpsS ssZ¿Lyw ( 60 \mgn-I-bn¬ \n∂pw A\n-g-Øns‚ A∂sØ \mgnI hn\m-gn-I-bmb

47 \mgnI 22 hn\m-gnI Ipd-bv°Ww. At∏mƒ 12 \mgnI 38 hn\m-gnI F∂p In´p-∂p.) Bb 12 \mgnI

38 hn\m-gnItbmSp-IqSn 5˛mw Xob-Xn-bnse Xrt°- -bpsS ssZ¿Lyw Bb 39 \mgnI 58 hn\m-gnI Iq´Ww

. At∏m-ƒ 12. 38 + 39. 58 = 52 \mgnI 36 hn\m-gnI F∂p In´p-∂p. ( 5 \mgn-I-h-sctb hyXymkw

D≠mIq F∂mWv t\ctØ ]d-™n- p-≈Xv Ct∏mƒ 7 \mgn-I-bn¬ IqSp-X¬ hyXymkw h∂n- p≠v IW°p

icn-bm-°-Ww.)

XnYn.

XnYn IW-°m-°p∂ coXn. XnYn = 12 UnKn. Nµkv^pS-Øn\pw kqcykv^pS-Øn\pw XΩn-ep≈

hyXymkw I≠p ]nSn®v (-Nµ-kv^pSØn¬ \n∂pw kq-cy-kv^p-Sw Ipd-bv°-Ww) AXns\ 12 sIm≠v `mKn-

®m¬ GXp XnYn-bmWv \S-°p-∂Xv F∂p a\-kn-emIpw. DZm-l-c-W-Øn\v Nµ-kv^pSw 7 UnKn, kqcy-

kv^pSw 9 UKn. hyXymkw = 7 UnKn-bn¬ \n∂pw 9 UnKn Ipd-bv°-Ww. 7, 9 t\°mƒ Ipd™ kwJy

Bb-Xn-\m¬ 7 ˛s\ cmin-N-I-Øns‚ kwJy-bmb 360 UnKn IqSn Iq´n 367 UnKn F∂p \n›-bn®v 9

UnKn Ipd-bv°p-I. 367- 9 = 358 UnKn. 358 s\ 12 sIm≠v lcn-bv°p-tºmƒ 29.83 F∂p In´p-∂p.

AXm-bXv 29 XnYn-Iƒ°p tijw 30- m asØ XnYn-bmWv (A-am-hm-kn) BWv At∏mƒ \S-°p-∂-Xv.

as‰mcp DZm-l-cW-Ww. Nµ-kv^pSw 110UnKn, kqcy-kv^pSw 73 UnKn, 110- ˛ 73 =37, 37 s\ 12 sIm≠v

lcn-bv°p-tºmƒ lc-W- ew 3 Dw injvSw 1 Dw In´p-∂p. AXm-bXv 3 XnYn-Iƒ ]q¿Øn-bmbn 4˛masØ

XnYn (N-Xp¿∞n)\S-°p-∂p. XnYn-Isf 5 Bbn Xcw Xncn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

\µ `Z Pb cn‡ ]q¿Æ1 ]Ya 2 ZznXob 3 Xr-Xob 4 NXp¿∞n 5]©an

6 jjvSn 7 k]vXan 8 AjvSan 9 \han 10 Zian

11 GIm-Zin 12 ZzmZin 13 Xtbm-Zin 14 NXp¿Zin 15 hmhv

shfp-Ø-hm-hns\ ]u¿Æan F∂pw, IdpØ hmhns\ Aam-hmkn F∂pw ]d-bp-∂p.

17

Idp-Ø-hm-hp-I-gn™v ASpØ Znhkw apX¬ shfp-Ø-hmhphsc-bp≈ ImesØ shfpØ ]£w

F∂pw, shfp-Ø-hmhpIgn™v ASpØ Znhkw apX¬ Idp-Ø-hmhphsc-bp≈ ImesØ Idp-Ø-]£w

F∂pw ]^-bp-∂p.

Ic-Ww.

Hcp XnYn-bpsS ]Ip-Xnsb BWv IcWw F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Hcp ]£-Ønse 15 XnYn-Iƒ°pwIqSn

30 Ic-W-߃. Aßns\ Hcp-am-k-Øn¬ 60 Ic-W-ß-fp-≠m-Ip-∂p. Ic-W-ß-fpsS BsI FÆw

11 BWv. Ah bYm-Iaw 1. knwlw, 2. ]qen, 3. ]∂n, 4.- I-gpX, 5. B\, 6. ]ip, 7. izm\≥ (hn-jvSn),

8. -]p≈v, 9. \m¬°m-en, 10. ]mºv, 11. ]pgp F∂n-h-bm-Wv.

Ic-W-ß-fpsS NIw knwlw apX¬ Bcw- n-bv°p-∂p. ip¢-]-£-]-Y-a-bpsS c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-ap-X¬ BWv

knwl-°-cWw apX-ep≈ NIw Bcw- n-bv°p-∂Xv.

Ic-W-߃ 2 hn[w BWv. Ah Nc-°-c-W-߃ F∂pw ÿnc-°-c-W-߃ F∂pw Adnbs∏Sp-∂p.

Nc-°-c-W-߃˛7, IcW߃ Iaambn ]d™n´p≈Xn¬ BZysØ 7 FÆw Nc°cW߃ _m°n 4

FÆw ÿnc°cW߃.

cminIfpsS ]cymb߃.

taSw˛Inb, sImdn, APw, OmKw.

CShw˛ hrj`w, Xw_pcp, tKm, hrjw.

anYp\w˛PqXpaw, anYp\w, hoW, \rbp‹w.

I¿°nSIw˛ R≠v, Ipfocw.

Nnßw˛ knwlw, arK]Xn,lcn.

I∂n˛I\ym, ]m¿t∞m\w.

Xpemw˛PqIw, tIm¬, hWnIv, Xueo.

hr›nIw˛IoSw, Iu¿∏n, a[pIcw, Afn, `wKw, tXƒ.

[\p˛ Nm]w, hn√v, Xu£nIw, lbmwKw.

aIcw˛tIcw, \Iw, arKw.

Iqw`w˛ LSw, IpSw.

ao\w˛ a’yw, i^cw, Qjw, A¥yw.

cminIƒ°v ÿm\w sIm≠v e`nbv°p∂ t]cpIƒ.

tIµ cminIƒ˛ 1˛4˛7˛10.

XntImW cminIƒ˛5˛9.

NXpci cminIƒ˛ 4˛8.

]W]c cminIƒ˛ 2˛5˛8˛11.

Bt]m¢na cminIƒ˛ 3˛6˛9˛12.

D]Nb cminIƒ˛ 3˛6˛10˛11.

18

e·hpw e·-kv^p-Shpw.

Hcp cmin-bpsS Afhv 2 aWn-°q¿ (5 \mgn-I) F∂p \mw ]Tn-®Xv ÿqe-amb IW-°m-Wv. AXm-bXv

F√m-cm-in-I-fp-tSbpw Afhv IrXyw 5 \mgn-Ibpw Xpeyhpw A√. Nne-t∏mƒ 5 \mgn-I-bn¬ IqSp-Xepw

Nnet∏mƒ Ipdhpw hcp. cmin-bpsS Cu Afhv (cm-in-am-\w) Hmtcm ]tZi-tØbv°pw A£mwiw A\p-

k-cn®v amdn amdn hcpw. cmin-am-\-∏- nI ]©mw-K-ß-fn¬ sImSp-Øn- p-≈Xv ImWp-I.

e·hpw e·-kv^p-Shpw I≠p ]nSn-bv°p∂ hn[w.

BZy-ambn P\\ ka-bsØ kqtcym-Z-b-k-abw Ipdn®p shbv°p-I. A∂sØ kqtcym-Zbw aXp-X¬

P\-\kabw hsc Ign-™p-t]mb aWn-°q¿ an\n-‰p-Iƒ IW-°m-°p-I. CXn\v P\-\-k-abØn¬ \n∂pw

kqtcym-Z-b-k-abw Ipd-®m¬ aXn.- P-\-\-k-abw D®bv°v 12 aWnbv°p tij-am-sW-¶n¬ Inb-sN-øp∂

kuI-cy-Øn\p th≠n P\\ ka-b-Øn-t\m-Sp-IqSn 12 tN¿Øv In´p∂ kwJy-bn¬ \n∂pw kqtcymZ-b-

k-abw Ipd-bv°p-I. -C-ßs\ In´p∂ aWn-°q¿ an\n-‰p-Isf \mgnI hn\m-g-nI-I-fm-°p-I. P\n®

Znh-ksØ DZ-bm¬]c \mgnI hn\m-gnI B amk-Øns‚ t]sc-gpXn AXn\p t\tc Fgp-Xp-I.

XpS¿∂p≈ cmin-I-fpsS t]cpw \mgnI hn\m-gn -I-Ifpw FgpXn Iq´n -s°m-≠p-h-cn -I. P\\

kabtØbv°p≈ \mgnI hn\m-gn-I-Iƒ GXp cmin-bpsS ka-b-ØmWp hcp∂sX∂p a\-kn-em-°p-I.

Bcm-in-bmWv e·-cm-in.

C\n P\\w e·w XpSßn FX \mgnI hn\m-gnI sN∂-t∏m-gm-sW∂p I≠p-]n-Sn-bvt°-≠-Xp-≠v. AXn\v

P\\ ka-bsØ \mgn-I-hn-\m-gn-I-bn¬ \n∂pw e·-cm-in-Xp-S-ßnb \mgn-I-hn-\m-gnI Ipd-®m¬ aXn.

DZm-l-c-W-ambn 33 \mgnI 2 hn\m-g-Ibv°v Hcp P\\w \S∂p F∂pw A∂v [\p-cmin 31 \mg-I 6 hn\m-

gn-I-h-tcbpw Ds≠∂p k¶-ev]n-bv°p-I. At∏mƒ P\\w \S-∂Xv aIcw cmin-k-a-bØv, aIcw cmin-

bn¬ Xs∂ Hcp \mgnI 56 hn\m-gnI sN∂-t∏m-gm-sW∂p a\-kn-em-°mw.

Kl-ß-fp-sS-sb√mw kv^pS-߃ UnKn an\n‰v ( `mK Ie) Bbn- mWv AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂Xv AXp-sIm-

≠v, e·-kv^p-Shpw UnKn an\n-‰p-I-fn¬ Xs∂ AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Ø-Ww.

e·-kv^pSw IW-°m-°p∂ hn[w.

e·w GXp-cm-in-bn¬ FX \mgn-I-hn-\m-gn-I-bn¬ hcp-∂p-thm ( ChnsS aIcw cmin-bn¬ Hcp \mgnI

56 hn\m-gnI F∂p h∂p), AXns\ B cmin-am\w sIm≠v lcn-®n´v Hcp cmin-bpsS Af-hmb 30 UnKn

sIm≠v KpWn-®m¬ B e·-Øns‚ UnKn an\n-‰p-Iƒ In´pw.

Inb:- e·w aIcw cmin-bn¬ Hcp \mgnI 56 hn\m-gn-I-bv°v. AXm-bXv 116 hn\m-gn-I-bv°v.

aIcw cmin-am-\w˛ 4 \mgnI 53 hn\m-gn-I. AXm-bXv 293 hn\m-gn-I.

116 s\ 293 sIm≠v lcn®v 30 sIm≠v KpWn-bv°p-tºmƒ 11.877 AXm-bXv Dt±iw 12 UnKn F∂p

In´p-∂p. At∏mƒ e·-kv^pSw aI-c-Øn¬ 12 UnKn (`m-K) F∂p In´p-∂p.

kv^pS-߃ tcJ-s∏-SpØp∂Xv BZyw Ign-™p-t]mb (taSw apX¬) cmin-bpsS kwJy XpS¿∂v `mK Ie

e· kv^pSw 9 cmin 12 `mK 0 Ie AYhm 9 cmin 12 UnKn 0 an\n-‰v.

19

Kl-߃°v _ew D≠m-Ip-∂Xpw C√m-Xm-Ip-∂-Xp-amb kµ¿ -߃.

Hcp Kl-Øn\v ip`-Kl ZrjvSn D≠m-bm-epw, ip`-Kl tbmKw D≠m-bm-epw _e-ap-≠v. PmX-I-Øn¬

Klw D®-t£-X-Øntem anX-t£-X-Øntem kzt£-X-Øntem \n∂m¬ B Kl-Øn\v _e-ap-≠v.

Klw \oN-t£-XØntem iXp-t£-X-Øntem \n¬°p-I. ]m]-K-l-tbm-Ktam ]m]-Kl ZrjvSntbm

D≠m-IpI Cßs\ h∂m¬ Kl-Øn\p _ew Ipd-bpw.

_e-hm-\mb Klw X\vsd Zi-bn¬ Xm≥ _‘-s∏-Sp∂ `mh-ß-fpsS \√ ^e-߃ \¬Ipw. _e-lo-\-

\mb Klw Xm≥ _‘-s∏-Sp∂ `mh-ß-fpsS tZmj^e-߃ \¬Ipw.

`mh-Øn∂pw X¬]-Xnbv°pw

Imc-Im-Jy-K-l-Øn\pw

aqh¿°pw _e-ap-s≠-¶n¬

`mh-k-ºØp sNm√n-Smw.

PmX-I-Øn¬ Hcp `mhsØ∏‰n Nn¥n-bv°p-tºmƒ B `m-h-Øn\v _e-ap-s≠-¶n¬ amXta B `mh-Øns‚

B\p-Iqeyw A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-Ibp≈q, DZmm-l-c-W-Øn\v CSh -eKv\ PmX-I-Ø-Øn¬ amXr- m-h-sØ-∏‰n

Nn¥n-bv°p-tºmƒ 4˛mw `mh-Øn\pw, 4˛mw `mhm[n-]-Xnbmb chn-bv°pw, amXr-Im-c-I-\mb Nµ\pw _e-

ap≈ Ah-ÿ-bn¬ amXr- m-h-Øns‚ B\p-Iqeyw Ds≠∂p a\-kn-em-°mw.

tPymXn-j-X-Xz-߃ s]s´∂p a\-kn-em-°p-hm\≥ klm-bn-bv°p∂ Nne `mjm-]-am-W-߃.

chnbpw IpP\pw hymgw ]pam-∑m-sc∂p sNm√n-S-pw, kvXoIfmw iin ipI-∑m¿_p-[≥ aµ≥ \]pw-k-Iw.

Kpcp kqcy iim-¶-∑m¿ kmXznIw KpW-ap-≈-h¿ _p[\pw ipI\pw \nXyw cmPkw KpW-ap-≈-h¿

IpP\pw aµ\pw cmlp Xmakw KpW-ap-≈-am¿∂-h¿ KpW-t -Z-ß-f∆Æw Kl-߃°p `hn-®nSpw

a\x-Im-c-I\mw Nµ≥ Bfl-Im-c-I\mw chn _e-Øn≥Im-c-I≥ `u-a≥ hnZymImcI\mw _p[≥

⁄m\-Im-c-I\mw Poh≥ Ah≥Xm≥ ]pX-Im-c-I≥ `mcym-Im-c-I\mw ipI≥ arXyp-Im-c-I-\mw-i\n

cmP-Im-c-I\mw kqcy≥ cm⁄o-Im-c-I\mw iin ssk\ym-[n-]-Xnbmw `ua≥ bph-cm-P≥ *i-im-¶\pw

IoUm-k-Nn-h\mw ipI≥ a¥nbmw tZh-]q-Pn-X≥ Znt\-i-\-µ≥ \nXyw Zmk `rXym-Zn-Im-c-I≥

BZn-Xy-\-ÿn-bm-boSpw iim-¶≥ c‡-am-bnSpw IpP∂p a÷bmw [mXp ip¢w ipI∂p tN¿∂nSpw

taZ p aµ-\m-boSpw Rc-ºp-a-h-\mbv hcpw k]vX-K-l-߃°o-hÆw k]vX-[m-Xp-°-fmbvhcpw

B≤ym-fl-Im-c-I≥ kqcy≥ Nµ≥ ]Ir-Xn-Im-c-I≥

IpP-\·n _p[≥`qan hymg-am-Im-i-am-bnSpw ipI≥sh-≈-am-boSpw Ims‰√mw aµ-\m-bnSpw

AImcw _p[-\m-boSpw CImcw ipI-\mbvhcpw DImcw IpP-\m-boSpw GImcw aµ-\m-bnSpw

HImcw Kpcp-hm-boSpw XntImWw Nµ-\m-bnSpw hrØ-am-Zn-Xy-\m-boSpw aq¿Øn-t`-Z-ß-fn-ßs\

BZn-Xy-∂m-dp-am-k-߃ £W-Imew iim-¶∂v IpP-s∂m-cp-Zn\w c≠p-amkw _p[\p tN¿∂nSpw

amk-sam-∂Y Poh-∂v `rKphn-∂¿≤-am-kamw

* ChnsS iinbpsS ( Nµs‚ ) AwKamb _p[≥ F∂v a\√nem°pI.

20

Kl Imc-I-Xz-߃ hni-Z-am-bn.

kqcy≥.

A—\pw tZh\pw cmPm-hm-flmhpw ]mW-\-ÿnbpw sshZy tPymXn¿±n-hm-ss[cyw ]Xm]w cmP-tk-hbpw

Xmaw kph¿Æw hnPbw tlma-Im-cy-߃ ]¿∆Xw inh-Imcyw h\w iucy-ap-’mlw tZh-Xm-Krlw

\Jhpw Z¥hpw N¿Ω-tam-P pw t\X-ap-∂Xn Kmb-Xo-a-¥hpw ssih-X-¥hpw inh-enw-Khpw

Xm]-k-∑m¿X-]-ÿm-\-an-h-sb√mw kqcy-s\m-Øn-Spw.

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw kqcy-s\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

he-tØ-°Æv DjvWw h\-bmX I∏¬ £Xn-b-PmXn hoc-ssi-h-∑m¿ bqtdm-]y-∑m¿ I∂-SUPmXn

Xe-th-Z\ tcmK-i-a\w Nph-∏p-\ndw Ing-°p-Zn°v Npa ]\n ck-hmZw a¥-hmZw If-IvS¿ cpZm£w A·n

Xan-gv`mj X¿°-imkvXw tKmta-ZIw ]®-ap-fIv sh¨Imbw ]pI-bne cpZm-£-°-Sp-°≥

hr£-ß-fp-sS-]-´, h\-߃ hr£-߃ `kvaw I¿∏qcw ]mjmWw amWIyw kqcy-Im¥w Kmam-[n-]Xyw

aWvU-em-[n-]Xyw ]nXm-hns‚ ip`m-ip- -߃.

Nµ≥.

a\kpw cm⁄nbpw \mcn c‡w kpJ-hp-a-Ωbpw Irjnbpw sh≈hpw s\√pw Ipfnbpw cmXn-Im-ehpw

sh¨Nm-a-c-߃sh¨sIm-‰-°-pSbpw Xmehrµhpw Imbpw I\n-Ifpw ]qhpw arZp-eZ-hy-sam-s°bpw

kky-ß-f-JnewapØpw Hm´p-]m-X-߃ Io¿Ønbpw kvXot`mKwsh≈nbpw iwJpw-a-[pc Zhy-sam-s°bpw

£ochpwssXcpws\øpwimey∂wkpJ-t`m-P\w tZl-ku-µ-cyhpwkvXoIƒ°p-t≈m-cm- -c-W-ß-sfm-s°bpw

I¿∏qcw Nµ-\w-Nm¥pw tKmtcm-N-\-IƒIp-¶paw AjvS-aw-K-ey-h-kvXp-°ƒI-Æm-Sn-ip-≤-a-Zy-ß-sfms°bpw

kpK-‘-ap-≈-h-kvXp-°ƒ]p-\p-sI-∂n-h-sbm-s°bpw kpK-‘-ssXew Xmw_qew ]m\Iw ]mb-k-ßfpw

irwKm-c-Kp-W-am¿∂p≈ hkvXp-°-sfm-s°bpw Zp¿§m- -K-hXn ambm Ipfw a¥w Ipfm¿Æhw

ambm-hn-em-k-Im-cy-ß-fn-h-sb√mw Nµ-s\m-Øn-Spw.

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw Nµs\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

ioX-f-h-kvXp-°ƒ ioX-Pzcw I^w hrØm-Imcw CS-tØ-°Æv hS-°p-Zn°v sh≈m-f-PmXn NpÆm-ºp-

\o-‰p-∂-h¿ acp-Ø-h¿ \mSm-∑m¿ tPym’y-∑m¿ cmP-Io-b-hwiw kv^SnIw apJw ]ip-hn≥]m¬ D∏v

kvXoIƒ £-b-tcmKw itøm-]-I-c-W-߃ hmk-\Z-hy-߃ Imip-ame sN¶Æv ISp-°≥ Ae-¶mcw

Nµ\w Aizw aWn-am-fnI kzman-am-cp-tSbpw k∂ym-kn-am-cp-tSbpwNnX-߃ I¿Æm- -c-W-߃ cXv\-߃

hmg Ing-ßp-h¿§w- L-Sn-Imcw IpSn-b-∑m¿ hmg-∏gw I\y-ImXzw Ip¶paw D]-Nmcw amkw-A-cpNn ]´v

Pufn NpÆmºv cXv\-hym-]mcw ]pjv]-hym-]mcw Xmcm-´p-]m-S¬ sIm©n-°p-g-b¬ Npw_\w amXm-hns‚

ip`m-ip-`-߃.

IpP≥.

_ew ktlm-Zcw bp≤w klmbwIqc-I¿Ωhpw hntZz-j-a-·nbpw kz¿Æ-ap-’mlw ]mN-Im-ebw

hocyw iXp-°ƒ I≈-∑m¿ [\p¿th-Zm-kvX-sam-s°bpw Ak-Xy-h-N\w tIm]w A\vb- m-cy-bn-em-Klw

CSnbpw shSnbpw IpØpw sXmgnbpw sh´p-X-√p-Iƒ taZ pw ]lcw a‰p-tIm-]-am-bp≈ hrØn-Iƒ

hmfp-I-¥-߃ iqe-߃ agp sh¨a-gp-I-Øn-Iƒ Ccn-ºp-e° ssIt°m´p Icn-¶√p Npc-°p-Iƒ

CSn-sh-´p-an-Sn-Øoøv shSn-bv°p-≈-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ _“-\m-cm-b-Wm-kvX-߃ ]S-t°m-∏p-I-sfm-s°bpw

Ipam-c≥ ss`c-h≥ hoc- -Z\pw `Z-Im-fnbpw ct‡-iz-cn-sIm-Sp-¶mfn c‡-hm-cm-ln-sb-∂n-h¿

Bhn-b-¥-߃ [qa-߃ Ch-sb√mw IpP-s\m-Øn-Spw.

21

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw IpPs\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

Pbw iXp Bip-]Xn bp≤-ho-c≥ sN´n-PmXn IΩm-f-PmXn hSp-I-PmXn sdUvVn-PmXn hmWn-b≥

I√p-X-®≥ sNºp-\ndw hn[h hy`n-Nmcw sN¶¬Nqf ]nÆm°v s\cp-t∏mSv tXm∏v Ima-imkvXw

sXep-Kp- mj tlm´¬hym-]mcw t]meokv ]´mfw Nne-ºp-hnZy iWvT Ielw Pzcw P∂n am¥nIw

sX°pIngp-Zn°v Xph-c-∏-cn∏v NqSp-≈-hr£w XmSn-aoi \yqtam-Wnb ap≥tIm]w GjWn Bbp-[m- ymkw

hÆm¿the tcmKw `qan ktlm-Z-c-ip- m-ip- -߃.

_p[≥.

FgpØpw KWnXw hm°pw Ifnbpw Iui-e-ßfpw ⁄m\w-_-‘p-°fpw Xz°pw AΩm-h≥a-cp-a-°fpw

At\ym-\y-hm-Z-P-bhpw bp‡n-bm-bv]-d-bp-∂Xpw NmXpcyw kXyhpw bp‡n hnZy- ymk Krl-ßfpw

bmKw sshjvW-h-X-¥-߃ Ihn-Xm-im-kvX-hn-Zybpw at¥m-]-hm-k-X-¥-߃hn-Zy-bm-bp-≈-sXm-s°bpw

Nßm-Xn-amcpw Bt\ym\yw hnZym-`ym-k-]-hm-khpw IW-s°-gpØpw Imcy-ÿ-s\-gp-tX-≠p-∂sXms°bpw

Iuam-c-Im-ehpw XX-hn-Zym-`ym-k- kz-`m-hhpw A≤ym-]-I-∑m¿in-jy-∑m-c-Xn¬th-≠p-∂-sXm-s°bpw

X¿°-th-Zm-¥-ao-amwkm Imhy-im-kvX-ßsfms°bpw At\-I-`m-jm-hn-⁄m\w Iem-hn-Zy-I-sfm-s°bpw

tKm]m-e-aq¿ØnioIr-j-W≥ iocm-am-Zn-I-sfm-s°bpw hnZym-a-\x-kpJw⁄m\w CsX-√mw-_p-[-s\m-ØnSpw

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw _p[s\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

A£cw FgpØv kw`m-j-Ww-Zq-X≥ssh-Zn-I≥ cmPn ]®-\ndw Ce-hym-]mcw ]®-c¥w ]®-∏-bdv Xan-gv˛

hnZym-`ymkw hym]mcw IW°v Kpa-kvXs‚tPmen tImap´n \´p-h≥ IqØmSn ]qPmcn sshiy≥]nØw

tZl-ho°w sX°p-]-Sn-™m-dpZn°v _‘p-°ƒ \qev XSn-in-ev]-the tPym’yw tPymXn-j-sØm-gn¬ NnX-

sa-gpØv ]qgn-aÆv ac-X-I-aWn I¿Æm- -cWw ssI°q-en-bn-em-Klw A®p-IqSw ]kn-≤o-I-cWw A®Sn

]pkvXIw \m´p-a-cp∂v hnthIw AΩm-h≥ `mKn-t\-b≥.

hymgw.

Adnhpw `bhpw ]pWyw a°fpw _p≤nbpw KpWw X] pw a¥hpw Imcyw Ipem-Nm-c-߃\njvTbpw

Kpcp-ÿm-\wN amlmflyw [mc-Wm-i-‡n-tam-£hpw thZ-im-kvX-]p-cm-W-߃ tZh-_m-“-W-`-‡nbpw

sFizcyw cmP-k-Ωm\w ]mc-º-cy-I-a-ßfpw bmKhpw i≤bpw \nXyw- ip-Nn-bm-bp≈ hrØnbpw

\n[n-`-≠m-c-ap-t≈Sw hnZy-sIm-≠p-]-kn-≤nbpw tbmKm-`ym-k-©-k-∂ymkw⁄m\-an-¥n-b-\n-Klw

Bfl-]q-Pm-Zn-X-¥-߃th-Z-th-Zmw-K-ap-Zbpw _“-Ncyw Krl-ÿ-Xzw-k-∂ymkw h\-hm-khpw

hX-߃I¿Ω-ImWvU߃ \nb-a-߃]-Xn-Klw P]-߃]-©-b-⁄-߃kzm-≤ym-bw-\n-Xy-I¿Ωhpw

GI-]-Xv\o-h-Xw-]pwkmw kXn-[¿Ω-Xp-tbm-jn-Xmw- -]-©-hm-Zy-[z-\n-th-Z-[z-\n-bpw- iw-J\mZhpw

Huhm-k-\m·nI¿Ω-߃ A·n-tlm-X-ß-sfm-s°-bpw-tkm-a-bm-Pn-Iƒk-∂ymkn Zo£n-X¿ Krl-ta-[n-Iƒ

D]m-k-I-∑m¿ kNn-h¿ a¥-hm-Zn-Iƒ amkvacw hnjvWp-enw-K-߃ _nw_-߃km-f-Km-a-ß-sfm-s°bpw

AjvSm-Z-i-]p-cm-W-߃ ]m-b›n-Ø-ß-sfm-s°bpw ssNX-\yw-k¿h-tZ-hm\mw CsX√mw Kpcp-hm-bnSpw

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw hymgs\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

thZw-sNm-√¬ thZm-≤y-b\w ]kwKw D]-tZiw D]m-≤ym-b≥ h°o¬ cmP-hwiw bmX tZhm-ebw

tbmKm- ymkw a™-\ndw s]m≥\ndw ]pjy-cmKw kz¿Æw sXt°-Zn°v _m“-W-PmXn

kwkvIr-X-hn-Zym- ymkw Xnancw Poh≥ BNmcw ioew sshZnIw Icnºv sXßv I\n-h¿§w ip -I¿Ωw

]qWq¬ Igp-Øn-e-Wn-bp∂ B -c-W-߃ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ Io¿Øn D]-Imcw bmKm-Zn-]p-Wy-I¿Ω-߃

[\m-[n-]Xyw Kmam-[n-]Xyw tZim-[n-]Xyw i¿°c \mWbw IΩ´w ssZh- ‡n BkvXn-Iy-t_m[w

[¿Ω-\njvT hXm-\p-jvTm\w Xo¿∞-bmX ssZh-≤ym\w Ac-ip-hr£w cmPy- -cWw DtZymK-ÿ-ta-[mhn

[\w ku`mKyw ]pXs‚ ip`m-ip- -߃.

22

ipI≥.

\n[n-Z-hy-߃ku-Jy-߃ kºØpw hml-\-ßfpw Xf-bpw-h-f-bpw-am-e-X-°-aq-°pØn RmØp-Iƒ

A¿≤-hr-Ø-߃ NnX-߃ I√p-sh-®-h-sbm-s°bpw Ip∏mbw sXm∏n-bpw-ap≠pwXe-∏m-hp-a-sXm-s°bpw

a™-∏- p-Iƒ sh¨]´pw Ik-hn- p-≈-]- p-Iƒ Icbpw Ipdnbpw tN¿∂-ap-dn-ap-≠p-I-sfm-s°bpw

]X°w IS-Iw-Xmen ISp-°≥tam-Xn-c-ßfpw AXm-Xp-Pm-Xn-t`-Z-Øn-\p-t≈m-cm-`-c-W-ßfpw

]e-Pm-Xn-Iƒ [cnbv°pw hkvX-sam-s°bpw \rØ-Ko-X-߃ hmZy-߃ Zmkn-bm- -߃ Zmkn-am¿

hoW-Xw-_p-cp-sXm-´p-≈-Km-\-X-b-ß-sf-∂n-h -ar-ZwKw a±-fw-Xm-fw-tN-ße Ipgn-Ømfw

XInepw apc-fo-Ifw Imlfw Ipg¬sIm-ºp-Iƒ DSp-°pw-sN-≠bpw \√ s]cp-ºd ISp¥pSn

FS-bvI-Xn-an-e-sb∂ ]e-hm-Zy-ß-sfm-s°bpw amfn-I-ku-[-a-©-߃\n-em-anIw aWn-am-fnI

iøm-Kr-l-߃ ]cn-b¶w NI-emkp ]pX-∏p-Iƒ lwk-Xq-em-Zn-h-kvX-߃ ]e-h¿Æ-In-S-°-Iƒ

Iman-\o-Im-ap-I-∑mcpw Ima-X-¥-ß-sfm-s°bpw ]fln\o NnXn-Wo-apºmw e£-W-kvXo-I-sfm-s°bpw

Npw_-\m-Zn-I-fm-bp≈ Ima-eo-e-I-sfm-s°bpw \S-∑m¿ \Sn-am¿ \mSyw Ihn-Xm-\m-S-I-ßfpw

eXm-Kr-l-߃ ]q¶mhpw ]pjv]w \mS-I-im-ebpw irwKm-c-Kp-W-am¿∂ a‰p-h-kvXp-°-sfm-s°bpw

hma-Z-£n-W-X-¥-߃ iohnZym ]c-tZ-hXm A∂-]q¿tÆ-izco e£vao-b-£o-sb-∂nh ipI-\mw.

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw ipIs\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

kwKoXw awKeyw ssZhw Imaw Ifn Dd°w aTw hoSv amS-߃ Xm¬°m-enI sjUvVp-Iƒ sI´nSw

kpK‘w aq∏-∑m¿ Nmcmbw Pufn-hym-]mcw Xdn-bn¬s\-øp-∂-h-kvX-߃ tNc-a-PmXn CS-b≥ sshiy≥

hÆm≥ sdUvVn hkvXw ]pjv]w Xmw_qew _p≤n ]Sn-™m-td-Zn°v ]fp¶v sh¶-ew- tKm-ime

sh≈n-hym-]mcw kwKoX sXmgn¬ ]mT-Iw-]-d-®n¬ aWn-am-fnI sh≈n-∏m-X-߃ kºØv sFizcyw

hPw sh≈n-B- -c-W-߃ A`n-\bw kn\na kpaw-Ken IfXw ]c-kvXo-cXn F∂n-h.

i\n.

Bbp pw acWw `oXn PmXn`rjvS-]-am-\hpw ZpxJ-hpw-]-e-tcm-K-߃ ZmcnZyw Zmk- r-Xy-∑mcpw

ih-kw-kv°mc-Im-cy-߃ _en-]n-WvU-ß-sfm-s°bpw \oN-∑m¿ \oN-I¿Ω-߃ aSnbpw\oN-tk-hbpw

H -Iw-I-gp-X-t]mØv hr≤-∑m¿ hr≤-\m-cn-Iƒ ISw Imcm-Klw ImSp-_-‘\w NpS-e-°fw

Irjn-km-[-\-sa-∏m-cpw-h´n Ip -Iƒ Nqep-Iƒ Ae-kXzw at\m-ZpxJw e÷-hn- p-≈-I¿Ωhpw

H‰m-epw-h-e-bpw-Nq-≠-¬ ChsIm≠p-≈Im-cyhpw Ccpºw]oen-bpw-]p√pw _en-]p-jv]-ß-sf-≈p-Iƒ

De-°-bp-c¬Iq-¥men s\√p-IpØpw ]tZ-ihpw Danbpw Xhn-Spw-I-√pw-I-cn-°-´-IƒNm-ºepw

N°p-]n-Æm°v ssht°mepw N°p-\n¬°pw ]tZ-ihpw D®n-jvS-a-e-aq-X-߃I-fbpw ]tZ-ihpw

N°m-e-∑m¿ hmWn-b-∑mcpw ioXn-I≥]p-e-bp-≈-h≥ Ccp-ºp-sIm-√≥ `n£-°m¿ PmXn- -jvSp- -hn-®-h¿

aÆm≥]p-e-b≥th-S-∑m¿ ]d-b≥I-s≈-Sp-∏-h≥ I≈-k-∂ym-kn-th-j-°m¿ £pZw-sh-®-sX-Sp-∏-h¿

th´-bvs°m-cp-a-I≥imkvXm NmØ-∑m¿a-e-_m-[-Iƒ `q-X-t]-X-]n-im-Np-°ƒ-C-sX√mw aµ-s\m-ØnSpw

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw i\nsb-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

cmlp.

Im°-∏p-≈n-Iƒ k¿∏-߃ ssIhn-j-߃ hnj-ßfpw h≈n-bpw-I-b-dpw-Nq-c¬ Nc-Spw-kq-Nn-ap-≈p-Iƒ

sI´n-Rm-∂p-≈-a-cWw hnjw-Xo-≠n-a-cn-bv°epw IÆpw Ic-ßfpw Imepw AXn-ep-≈-hr-W-ßfpw

Ipdp-°≥]-´nbpw ap≈-\q-dm-ºp-en-Nn-e-¥nbpw A´-tX-c-´-]p-gphpw sXm´m-c-sXm-´n-]-√nbpw

]gp-Xmc ]pgp-s∏mØv k¿∏-°m-hp-I-sfm-s°bpw ]mW≥\m-bmSn ]d-b≥th-S≥-D-≈m-S-s\-∂n-h¿

tizX-Ip-jvTw-sNm-dn-Ifpw hr£(hnj)-hr-£-߃h-≈n-Iƒ Ipgn-bpw-sN-cn-hpw-NmepwI√n≥a-S-Iƒ]p-‰p-Iƒ

Zp¿Ωm¿§-h-gnbpw tXmSpw \oN-hm-k-ÿ-e-ßfpw Ce-tØm¬Ip-Snepw IqSw Acn-hmfo¿®hm-fp-Iƒ

I√p-sh-´p-∂-a-gp-thm-Sn-cp-ºn≥I-ºn-iq-e-hpw-h-Sn-hmƒvIp¥-߃-C-cp-ºn≥I-´....................

23

k¿∏-_nw-_-߃a-¥-߃-A-jvS-\m-K-K-W-ßfpw \mK-b-£n-IƒX-¥-߃ \m-K-cm-Pm-hp`q-Xhp

k¿∏-∏m- p-Iƒ]p-t≈m-∑m¿k¿∏mWmw_en-I¿Ωhpw Ak-tXym-‡n-IƒIm-]SywCsX-√mw-cm-lp-hmbv hcpw

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw cmlphns\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

kvXot`mKw tIm -sIm-Ø-f-߃ A[m¿Ωn-I-[\w Idp-∏p-\ndw Dgp∂v Iqh-cIv Fcpa hnjw ]nSn-hmZw

Xdn-s\bvØv tIS-PmXn Xpep-°≥`mj thS≥ h≈n-b≥ Ccp-f≥ \oN≥ BwK-e- mj ]mºm´n I≠-I≥

tImf-I≥ hS°p-Ing°vZn°v Pme-hnZy Huj-[-hym-]mcw apØp-hmcpw sXmgn¬ ImSv h\m-¥cw

KwKm-kv\m\w Cub-∏m-X-߃ NqXm´w tXm¬hym-]mcw h[w hnj-°Sn k¿∏-Pm-Xn-Iƒ IWvT-ame

Icn-¶pjvTw taL-hym[n ]q¿∆-hym[n `n£m-S\w ÿm\-`wiw amen\yw hmd≠v hkvX-Øn¬I-d-ho-gpI

Pbn¬hmkw sIme-]m-X-Iw a\-»ne Icn-¶√v ap≈p-sN-Sn-Iƒ XpI¬ Zp¿\ocv ]ISn ]cn-lmkw n£-

bm-Nn-bv°¬ thjw-am‰w hnI-S-Ihn t]bv]n-im-Np-°ƒ am¥nIw Xpcp-ºn-bv°pI ]mgm-bn-t∏m-IpI B`m-

k-h¿Ø-am\w \oN-Pm-Xn-bn¬hnhmlw Ndp-°n-ho-g¬ hm-bm-SnØw Pohn-I-sf-lnw-kn-bv°¬ ZØp-]p-

X≥ A∏p-∏≥ AΩpΩ aXw-am‰w ZmcnZyw cmP-in£ _‘-\w.

tIXp.

A·n-Pzm-e-IƒXos°m≈nNqSp-sh-bv°p-∂-tIm-ep-Iƒ apdn-bv°pI Iodp-I-Xp-∂n-s°´v H∂n-®p-tN¿°pI

Ccp-ºm-Wn-Iƒap-≈mWn sam´p-kq-Nn-Iƒ kq-Nn-Iƒ Xe-tbm-Sp-Iƒ`-kva-߃tIm-gn-ap-´-Nn-c-´-Iƒ

an∂m-an-\p-ßp-IƒsIm-Xp-Ipw-t]-\pw-aq-´-I-fo-®-Iƒ hnb¿∏n¬\n∂pw s]m¥p-∂-P-¥p-°-sfm-s°bpw

Imc-ap-≈p-I-cn-°-´-£p-Z-b-¥-߃]m-h-Iƒ £pZ-s∏m-Sn-Iƒ`-kva-߃£p-Z-`mWvU IpS-ßfpw

amwk-c-‡-߃a-Zy-ß-fm- n-Nmc ]h¿Øn-Iƒ D®m-S-\mZn X¥-߃ Zp¿Ωq¿Øn-_-en-]q-P-Iƒ

£pZ-ÿm-]-\-b-¥-߃ £pZ-I¿Ω-ß-sfm-s°bpw Krl-On-Z-Kr-lm-e-ky-am-bp-[m-·n-`-b-ßfpw

shSn-s°-´p-IƒI-t√dv X√p-Ip-Øp-I-tf¬°pI ]d-b≥I-≈p-Im-®p-t∂m≥h-[-Ir-Xy-߃sN-bvX-h≥

hoc- -Z≥sIm-gp- q-X-a-·n-ss -c-h-\m-Zn-Iƒ A·n-Ip-£n-Iƒ `qX-ß-f-·n-Pzm-e-h-an-∏-h≥

Iqc-am-c-W-Ir-Xy-ß-fn-sX√mw tIXp-hmbvhcpw.

(Ch-Iq-SmsX Xmsg ]d-bp∂ Imcy-ßfpw tIXp-hns\-s°m≠v Nn¥n-bv°-Ww)

\ncmi tam£w hgn-bmX `b-¶-c-B-bp-[-߃ Xdn-bn¬s\bvØv tIS-PmXn Xpep-°≥apX-em-b-a-X-t`X

PmXn-Iƒ hneßv _‘\w hS-°p-In-g-°p-Zn°v apØp-hm-cp-∂-sXm-gn¬ h\m-¥cw aew KwKm-kv\m\w

Cubw ab-°p-a-cp-∂p-Iƒ aZy-]m\w XpI¬hym-]mcÿm]\w hnj-°Sn IWvT-ame kvXoI-sf-_m-[n-bv°-

∂-th-Z\ `bw ÿm\-`wiw bmN\ aen-\-hkvXw Xmen-ame am¥nIw Xmgv∂-Pm-Xn-bn¬hn-hmlw Dua

hmX-tcmKw Iqen-the A∏p-∏≥ AΩpΩ KW-]Xn InW-‰n¬ho-gpI aX-]-cn-h¿Ø\w PmXn- -jvSv

B`n-Nm-cw.

amµn.

F≈pw Idp-Ibpw ]p√pw hndIpwtImSn-h-kvXhpw Xobpw-sN-dq-fbpwssXcpw t]Xm-ew-Ir-X-sam-s°bpw

acn-®m¬th-≠pw-I¿Ω-Øn-\p≈ km[-\-sam-s°bpw £pZ-am-c-W-Ir-Xy-߃ £pZ-b¥-߃a¥hpw

]mºn≥X-ebpw ]q®-Ø-ebpw Xe-tbm-Sp-I-sfm-s°bpw \oN-t]-X-߃`q-X-߃\o-N-hm-ÿ-e-ßfpw

F®n-ep-a-e-aq-X-߃ ap≈p-h-≈n-Iƒ k¿∆hpw ASn-®p-Iq´pw ÿm\-߃-Hm-hp-Ip-∏-I-sf-∂nh

Fen-tN-c-s]-cp-®mgnbm¥tbm¥-Æ-tX-fp-Iƒ Zp¿K-‘-]pjv] hr£-߃ aZy-߃ a’y-amw-khpw

t]X-a-¥-߃X-¥-߃ t]X-_nw-_-ß-sfm-s°bpw ih-߃ ih-K-‘-߃i-h-\n¿am-ey-sam-s°bpw

ihw-h-dp-Ø-Nq¿Æ-߃ ih-`-kva-ß-f-ÿn-Iƒ inh-`q-X-]n-im-Np-Iƒ.

24

kqcy≥˛ P]mIpkpa k¶miw Imiyt]bw almZypXnw

XtamLv\w k¿h ]m]Lv\w `mkvIcw ]Wamaylw.

Nµ≥˛ Z[niwJXpjmcm`w £otcmZm¿Wh kw`hw

\aman iin\w tkmaw iwt`m¿aIpS`qjWw.

IpP≥˛ [cWoK¿`kw`qXw hnZypXv Im©\ k∂n`w

Ipamcw i‡nlkvXw N awKfw ]Wamaylw.

_p[≥˛ ]nbwKpIenImiymaw cqt]Wm]Xnaw _p[w

kuayw kuayKptWmt]Xw Xw _p[w ]WtXmkvaylw.

Kpcp˛ tZhm\mw N EjoWmw N Kpcpw Im©\k∂n`w

_p≤n`qXw XntemtIiw Xw Kpcpw ]WtXmkvaylw.

ipI≥˛ lnaIpµarWmfm`w ssZXym\mw ]caw Kpcpw

k¿h imkvX]h‡mcw `m¿Khw ]Wamaylw.

i\n˛ \oemRvP\kam\m`w(kam`mkw) chn]pXw bamKPw

Ombm am¿ØmWvUkw`qXw Xw \aman iss\›cw.

cmlp˛ A¿[Imbw almhocyw NµmZnXyhna¿±\w

knwlnIm K¿`kw`qXw Xw cmlpw ]Wamaylw.

tIXp˛ ]emi]pjv]k¶miw XmcImImcakvXIw

cuZw cuZKptWmt]Xw Xw tIXpw ]Wamaylw.

Kpfn-I≥˛ AY KpfnI Iqc-Xcx iss\-›-cm-flPx Jex ]m]x

k¿∏m-IrXocXyptKm \nK-ZytX arXyp-c-Jne kwlmco

\oem-RvP-\-k-¶mtim c‡mt£m hnja `ojtWm Zo¿L

]©mkyx ]rYq-cp-ZwjvtSm `b-¶cx k¿hlm KpfnIx

25

cmin ioew. (taSw apX¬ ao\w hscbp≈ cmin-I-fn¬ Nµ≥ \n∂m-esØ ^e-ß-fmWv ChnsS ]d-bp-

∂-Xv, ]s£ Nµ\pw Nµ≥\n¬°p∂ cminbv°pw AXns‚ A[n-]-Xnbv°pw _e-ap-s≠-¶n¬ amXta

^ew ]q¿Æ-ambn A\p- -h-Øn¬ hcn-I-bp-≈q.

taSw. hrØm Xmar-Zr-Kp-jvW-imI eLp- pIv £n] ]kmtZm f S\

Imao Zp¿_-e-Pm-\p-c-ÿnc [\x iqtcmw-K\m h√`

tkhm-⁄-x Ip-\Jo hWmw-KnX incm am\o ktlm-∞m-KPx

i‡ym ]mWo-X-te-¶n-tXmXn N]ex tXmtbmN `ocpx Intb.

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ taSw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ IÆp-Iƒ hrØm-Ir-Xn-bnepw eLp-hmbn Npa∂pw BWv.

NqSp-f-f-`-£Ww Ce-°-dn-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ Xm¬]cyw, thK-Øn¬ `£n-bv°p∂ ]IrXw thK-Øn¬

kt¥m-jn-bv°pI kpc-X-]n-bXzw ap´n\v Dd-∏n-√mbvI ÿnc-a-√mØ [\w iucyw kvXoIƒ°v ]nb-s∏- -

h-\mIpw ]c-]o-W-\-Øn¬ kma¿∞yw Ipgn-\Jw Xe-bn¬ap-dn-hns‚ AS-bmfw kzm`n-am\w ktlm-Z-c-∑m-

cn¬tPy-jvTØzw ssIbn¬ i‡n-apZ AXn-N-]-eXzw sh≈w I≠m¬`bw Cu kz`m-h-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-

bv°pw.

CS-hw. Im¥x tJe-K-Xnx ]rYq-cp-h-Z\x ]rjvTm-ky-]m¿tiz-¶nX˛

kvXymKo-t¢-i-klx ]`px IIp-Z-hm≥ I\ym-]Px t«jvafx

]q¿ss∆¿_‘p- n-cm-fl-ssP¿ hnc-lnXx ku`m-Ky-bp‡x £ao

Zo]vXm·nx ]aZm]nbxÿnc-kp-lr-∑[ym¥y kutJym Khn.

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ CShw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ kpµ-c-amb icocw \SØw, XSn-®-Xp-Sbpw apJhpw, ]pdØpw

]m¿iz- m-KØpw Fs¥-¶nepw AS-bm-fw. Zm\-io-eXzw F¥pw kln-bv°p-hm-\p-≈-I-gnhv

Igp-Øn\v ]pd-Ip- m-KØv \√ Db¿® kvXok-¥m\w I -]-IrXn BZy-Im-e-Øp≈ ktlm-Z-c-∑m-tcbpw

[\-tØbpw k¥m-\-ß-tfbpw th¿]n-cn-tb-≠n-h-cnI ku-`mKyw £a Iqdv h√m-Ø-hn-i∏v kvXoIƒ°v

]nbXzw Dd-®-N-ßXn°qdv Pohn-X-Øns‚ a≤y-Im-eØpw A¥y-Im-eØpw kpJw.

anYp-\w.

kvXotemex kpc-tXm-]-Nmc Ipiex iymta-£Wx imkvX-hnZv

ZqXx Ip©nX aq¿≤Px ]Sp-a-Xn¿ lmtkyw-KnX ZyqX-hnXv

Nm¿∆wKx ]nb-hmIv ]`m-j-W-cp-Nn¿Ko-X-]ntbm \rØ-hnXv

¢oss_-cymXn cXnw kap-∂-X- \k ›tµ -Xr-Xo-b¿£tK.

A¿∞w:-˛Nµ≥ anYp\w cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ kvXoI-fn¬ AXym-k‡n Ima-Io-U-I-fn¬ Xm¬]cyw

IdpØ IÆp-Iƒ imkvX-⁄m\w ktµ-i-hm-l-IXzw Npcp-≠-apSn A\ysc ]cn-l-kn-bv°p∂ kz`mhw

NqXp-I-fn-bn¬ ]cn-⁄m\w A\y-cpsS a\- -dn-bp-hm-\p≈ kma¿∞yw kpµ-c-am-b-i-cocw ]nbw-I-c-amb

hm°v kw`m-j-W-Nm-Xpcyw ]m´n¬ Xm¬]cyw \rØ-⁄m\w \]pw-k-I-ß-fp-ambn cXn-IoV Db¿∂ aq°v

F∂nh ^ew.

I¿°n-S-Iw.

BhI ZpXKx kap-∂-X-ISnx kvXo\n¿PnXx k¬kp-lrZv

ssZh⁄x ]Np-cm-ebx £b-[ss\x kwbp-PytX Nµ-hXv

lkzx ]o\-Kfx kta-Xn N hiw kmav\m-kp-lrZvh’e˛

kvtXmtbm-Zym-\-cXnx kzth-iva-k-lntX PmXx iimt¶ \cx

26

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ I¿°n-SIw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ Aev]w hf-thmSpw thK-X-tbmSpw IqSnb \SØw

XSn-®-I-Sn-]-tZiw kvXoIƒ°v hiw-h-ZXyw k÷-\-ß-fpsS Nßm-XnØw tPymXn-j-⁄m\w [mcmfw

hoSp-Iƒ [\-Øns‚ G‰-°p-d-®n¬ Db-c-°p-dhv XSn-®-I-gpØv Pe-Ønepw DZym-\-Ønepw Xm¬]cyw kmaw-

sIm-≠vamXw hio-Ir-X-\m-hpI kplr-Øp-°ƒ°v ]nbw-I-cXzw F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

Nnßw.

Xo£vWx ÿqe-l-\p¿hn-im-e-h-Z\x ]nwtK-£-tWm(-A)-ev]m-flPx

kvXotZzjo ]nbamwk-Im-\-\ -\Kx Ip]y-Xy-Imtcy Nncw

£pØr-jvtWm-Zc Z¥-am-\-k-cpPm kw]o-Un-X-kvXym-K-hm≥

hnIm¥x kvXnc[ox kpK¿hn-X-a\m aXp¿hn-t[-tbm¿°-tP.

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ Nnßw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ £a-bn-√mbva XSn-®-l-\p-]-tZiw ]c∂ apJw NpI-∂-IÆv

Ipd-™-k-¥m\w kvXotZzjw amwk-Øn-t\mSpw ImSn-t\mSpw ]¿h-XØn-t\mSpw Xm¬]cyw A\ymbw

]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-h-tcmSv \o≠ -sshcw hni∏v Zmlw DZcw ]√v a\ v F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p-≠m-Ip∂

tcmK-ß-fm¬ he-bp∂ kº-Zmbw XymK-io-eXzw ]cm-Iaw ÿnc-_p≤n K¿hv AΩbv°v hnt[-bXzw

F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

I∂n.

hoUm-a-Ÿc Nmcp-ho-£-W-KXnx kkvXmw-k-_mlpx kpJo

«£vWx kXy-cXx Iem kp\n-]pWx imkvXm¿∞-hn-≤m¿anIx

ta[mho kpc-X-]nbx ]c-Kr-ssl¿hn-ssØ› kwbp-PytX

I\ymbmw ]c-tZ-iKx ]nb-hNmx I\ym-]-tPm(-A)-ev]m-flPx

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ I∂n cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ e÷m-io-e-Xzhpw X∂n-anØw aµhpw kpµ-c-hp-amb

\S-Øhpw t\m´hpw HXp-ßnb Npaepw Iøpw kuJyw a[p-c-amb `mjWw kXy-Øn¬ Zm¿Vyw

Ie-I-fn¬ ]mhoWyw imkvXm¿∞-⁄m\w [m¿an-IXzw _p≤n-km-a¿∞yw Ima-Io-U-bn¬ Xme¬]cyw

A\y-cpsS hoSn-s‚bpw [\-Øns‚bpw kzmb-Øo-I-cWw ]c-tZ-i-K-a\w A\y¿°n-jvS-s∏-Sp-∂-hm-°p-

Iƒ A¬]-k-¥m\w kvXo]P F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

Xpemw.

tZh _m“-W-km[p ]qP-\-cXx ]m⁄x ipNnx kvXoPnXx

]mwipx kp∂-\-X-\m-knIx Iri-N-e-ZvKm-tXm(-A)-S-t\m(-A)¿Ym-\znXx

lo\mwKx Ib-hn-I-tbjp Ipitem tZh Zzn\mam kcpIv

_‘q-\m-ap-]-Im-c-Ir-Zzn-cp-jn-X-kvXy-‡-kvXpssXx k]vX-ta.

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ Xpemw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ tZh-∑m-tcbpw _m“-W-tcbpw ]qPn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Xm¬]cyw

]m⁄Xzw ipNnXzw kvXoPn-XXzw Db¿∂-i-co-chpw aq°pw saev™v Cf-Ip-∂-tZlw

k©m-c-]n-bXzw [\w AwK-ssh-Ieyw I®-h-S-Øn¬ kma¿∞yw tZh-s\-kw-_-‘n-®p-≈-Xmb Hcp Cc- -

t∏cv tcmKw _‘p-°ƒ°v D]-Imcw sNø¬ Ah-cm¬ tZzj-tØm-Sp-IqSn XyPn-bv°-s∏-S¬ Ch-sb-√m-

amWv ^ew.

27

hr›n-Iw.

]rYp-e-\-b-\-h£m hrØPwtLm-cp-Pm-\p¿P-\-I-Kp-cp-hn-bp‡x ssiith hym[n-X›

\c-]-Xn-Ip-e-]qPyx ]nKfx Iqc-tNjvtSm Qj-Ip-en-i-J-Km-¶-ivO-∂-]m-t]m-fn- PmXx

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ hr›nIw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ henbIÆv, hncn™ amdv, Dcp≠ IW-¶mepw XpSbpw

ap´pw, A—-t\bpw Kpcp-hn-t\bp Dt]-£n-bvt°≠n hcn-I, Ip´n-°mew apX¬t° tcmKw cmPm-hn-\mepw

]`p-°-∑m-cmepw ]qPn-X-\m-Ip-I, ]nwK-f-h¿Æw, Iqc-I¿Ω-߃ sNøp-I, a’yw, hPw, ]£n F∂nh

bpsS BIr-Xn-bn-ep-≈-tc-J, ad®p shbv°-s∏´ ]m]-I¿Ω-߃ F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

[\p.

hymZo¿Lmky intcm-[cx ]nXr-[-\-kvXymKo Ihn¿∆o-cy-hm≥

h‡m ÿqe-c-Z-i-thm(-A)-[-c-\kx I¿tam-ZyXx inev]-hnXv

Ip_vPmw-ix -Ip-\Jokamw-k-f- pPx ]mK¬`yhm≥ [¿Ω-hnZv

_‘p-hn¨ \ _emXv ktaXn N hiw kmavss\I kmt[ym(-A)-iznPx

A¿∞w:-˛Nµ≥ [\p cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ hf-sc-\o≠ apJhpw Igp-Øpw, ]nXr-[-\-em-`w, Zm\-io-e-Xzw,

Ihn-Xzw, hocyw, hmIvkm-a¿∞yw, XSn-®-]-√v, sNhn, aq°v, Np≠v F∂n-hbpw, F√m ]h¿Øn-bnepw

D’mlw , in¬]-hn-Zym-⁄m-\w, Ip\n-™-Np-a-ep-Iƒ Ipgn-\Jw XSn® ssIIƒ, A\n-Xc km[m-c-W-

amb ]Xn`, [¿Ω-t_m-Zw, _‘p-°-fp-ambn tZzjw, `b-s∏-Sp-Øn-h-i-Øm-°p-hm≥ km[n-bv°mbvI F∂n-

h-bmWv ^ew.

aI-cw.

\nXyw emf-bXn kzZm-c-X-\-bm≥ [¿a-[z-tPm(-A)[x Irix

kz£x £ma-I-Sn¿Kr-lo-X-h-N\x ku`mKy bpt‡m-(A)ekx

ioXm-eq¿a-\p-tPm(-A)-S-\› aItc kØzm-[nIx Imhy-IrXv

ep_vt[m(-A)-K-ay-P-cmw-K-\mkp \ncXx k¥y‡ et÷m(A)-LrWx

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ aIcw cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ `mcy-tbbpw Ip´n-I-tfbpw Ft∏mgpw emfn-bv°¬, [m¿Ωn-I-

Xz-sØ-\-Sn-bv°¬, Ac-s°- n\p Xmsg hfsc saen-™-]-Ir-Xn, kpµ-c-amb IÆv NS-®-I-Sn-]-tZiw, imkvX-

⁄m-\w, k¿h-P-\-]n-b-Xzw, Ae-k-Xzw, ioXw kln-bv°m≥I-gn-bm-bvI, k©m-c-]n-b-Xzw, kØz KpW-

]m-[m-\yw, Imhy-c-N-\, ep_v[v, AK-ay-I-fmb hrZv[-kvXo-I-fp-ambn kwt`m-Kw, \n¿e-÷-Xzw, \n¿Z-bXzw

F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

Ipw`w.

Ic-`-Kfx kncm-f-J-c-tcm-a-i-Zo¿L-X\px

]rYp-N-c-tWm-cp-]r-jvT-P-L-\m-ky-I-Sn¿_-Tcx

]c-h-\n-Xm¿Y-]m-]-\ncXx £b-hr-≤n-bpXx

]nb-Ip-kp-am-\p-te-]-\-kp-lr-ZvL-S-tPm(-A)-[z-klx

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ Ipw`w cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ H -I-Øn-t‚-Xp-t]mse \o≠-I-gp-Øv, Db¿∂p-Im-Wm-hp∂

Rc-ºp-Iƒ, ]cp-]-cp-Ø-tcm-aw, \o≠-tZ-lw, XSn-® -Im-ev XpS ]rjvTw Ac-s°´v ISn-]-tZiw apJw F∂nh.

28

ao\w.

Pe-N-c-[-\-t`m‡m Zmc-hm-tkm-\p-c‡x

ka-cp-Nn-c-i-co-c-kvXpw-K-\mtkm _rlXvIx

A`n- -hXn k]-Xv\m≥ kvXoPn-X-›m-cp-Zr-jvSn¿˛

ZypXn-\n-[n-[-\-t`mKo ]WvUn-X-›m-¥y-cm-iu.

A¿∞w:- Nµ≥ ao\w cmin-bn¬ \n∂m¬ Pe-Øn¬\n∂pw , Pe-Øn¬N-cn-bv°p-∂-h-kvXp-°-fn¬ \n∂pw

[\w kºm-Zn-bv°pw, `mcy-bnepw \√ hkvX-ß-fnepw Xm¬]cyw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, IqSmsX HØ kpµ-c-

amb ico-cw, Db¿∂ aq°v, hen-b-in-c- v, iXp-P-bw, kvXoPn-X-Xzw, tXP- v, kpµ-c-amb ZrjvSn, \n[n,

[\w,- F-∂n-h-bpsS t`mKw, ]mWvUnXyw F∂n-h-bp-am-Wv -ew.

e·w sIm≠v ico-c-]p-jvSnbpw Iri-Xzhpw (Im¿jyw) a\-kn-em-°p∂ hn[w.

ico-c-kz- mhw a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ e·w-\n¬°p∂ cmin-bp-tSbpw e·-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Kl-Øn-s‚bpw

e·m-[n-]-s‚bpw e·-Øn-tebv°v t\m°p∂ Kl-ß-fp-tSbqw kz`m-h-sa-s¥∂v a\- n-em-°-Ww. AXns‚

hnh-cWw Xmsg tN¿°p-∂p.

Kl-ßsf ipjvI-K-l-ß-sf∂pw Pe-K-l-ß-sf∂pw c≠mbn Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-bv°p-∂p.

ipjvI-K-l-߃˛ chn, IpP-≥, aµ≥.

Pe-K-l-߃˛ Nµ≥, _p[≥, Kpcp, ipI≥.

CXp-Iq-SmsX Kl-߃°v ]©- q-X-ß-fp-am-bp≈ _‘hpw IW-°m-°-Ww.

chn˛ AKn XXzw. Nµ≥-˛-P-e-X-Xzw, IpP≥˛ A·n-X-Xzw, _p[≥˛ `qan-XXzw

Kpcp˛BIm-i-X-Xzw, ipI≥-˛-P-e-X-Xzw, aµ≥-˛-hm-bp-X-Xzw.

CXp-t]mse cmin-I-tfbpw ]©-`q-X-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.

taSw Nnßw [\p˛ Bt·-b-cm-in-Iƒ, CShw I∂n aI-cw˛ ]rYzn-cm-in-Iƒ,

anYp\w Xpemw Ipw`w˛hmbp-cm-in-Iƒ I¿°n-SIw hr›nIw ao\w˛ Pe-cm-in-Iƒ.

Cu coXn-bn¬ cmin-I-fp-tS-bpw, Kl-ß-fp-tS-bpw, kz`mhw A\p-k-cn®v a\p-jy-i-co-c-Øns‚ ÿqe-Xbpw

Iri-Xbpw ZrUXbpw a\- n-em-°mw.

1. e·w Pe-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw AhnsS Pe-Klw \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ icocw XSn-®-Xm-bn-cn-

bv°pw.

2. e·w Bt·-b-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw AhnsS A·n-X-XzKlw \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ico-c-

Øn\v _e-ap-s≠-¶nepw XSn-Im-Wp-I-bn-√.

3. e·w Pe-cmin Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn Pe-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ icocw XSn-

®n-cn-bv°pw.

4. e·w Bt·-b-cmintbm hmbp-cm-intbm Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn ]rYzo-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-I-

tbm, `qan-X-Xz-Klw BIp-I-tbm-sN-bvXm¬ icocw ZrU-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

5. e·w hmbp-X-Xz-cm-in-bn¬ BIp-Ibpw e·-Øn¬ \n¬°p∂ Klw hmbp-X-Xz-Klw BIp-Ibpw

sNbvXm¬ icocw Zp¿_-e-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

6. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw B cmin-bn¬ `qan-X-Xz-Klw \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ icocw

s]m°w-Ip-d™v ZrU-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

29

7. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn ]rYzo-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ico-c-Øn\v

ÿqe-Xbpw ZrV-Xbpw D≠m-Ipw.

8. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn Pe-cm-in-bn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ ico-c-Øn\v

CS-Øcw XSn Bbn-cn-bv°pw.

9. e·w ]rYzo-X-Xz-cmin BIp-Ibpw e·m-[n-]Xn A·n-cm-in-bn-tem, hmbp-cm-in-bntem \n¬°p-Ibpw

sNbvXm¬ icocw ZrV-am-sW-¶nepw ÿqe-am-bn-cn-bn-°p-I-bn-√.

10. e·-Øn\v hymg-_-‘-ap-s≠-¶n¬ ico-c-]pjvSn D≠m-Ipw.

cmin-I-fpsS Zo¿L lkz ka-kz- m-h-߃.

knwlmZn NXpjvIw Zo¿Lw, Ipw`mZn NXpjvIw lkzw, tijm kamx

Nnßw I∂n Xpemw hr›nIw Zo¿L-cm-in-Iƒ, Ipw`w ao\w taSw CShw lkz-cm-in-Iƒ, [\p aIcw

anYp\w I¿°n-SIw ka-cm-in-Iƒ.

Kl-ß-fn¬ Nµ\pw i\nbpw Zo¿Lw, sNm∆ lkzw, chn _p[≥ ipI≥ ka≥, hymgw a≤y-a-am-sW∂p

]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

ico-c-Øns‚ \ndw.

PmX-I-Øn¬ Nµs‚ \hmw-i-Im-[n-]-Xn-bpsS \nd-amWv km[m-c-W-bmbn PmX-I\v ImWp-∂-Xv. AXp-t]m-

se-Xs∂ e·-kv^p-S-Øns‚ G‰hpw ASpØ Kl-Øns‚ \ndhpw PmX-I\v ]d-bm-hp-∂-Xv.

1. Nµ≥ kqcys‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ Ccp≠ Nph-∏v.

2. Nµ≥ Nµs‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ shfp-∏v.

3. Nµ≥ IpPs‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛Np-h-∏p -I-e¿∂ shfp-∏v.

4. Nµ≥ I_p[s‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛]® Ie¿∂ Idp∏v.

5. Nµ≥ Kpcphns‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬ ˛ kz¿Æ \ndw.

6. Nµ≥ ipIs‚ \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ BI¿j-I-amb Idp-∏v.

7. Nµ≥ i\n-bpsS \hmw-i-I-Øn¬˛ Idp-∏v.

e·-Øn¬ Hmtcm-K-l-ßfpw \n∂m¬ PmX-I-\p-≠m-Ip∂ \ndw.

1. chn e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ sNºp \ndw.

2. Nµ≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ shfp∏p \ndw.

3. IpP≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ Nph-∏p-I-e¿∂ shfp-∏p \ndw.

4. _p[≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ ]®-I-e¿∂ Idp-∏p- \n-dw.

5. Kpcp e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ kz¿Æ \ndw.

6. ipI≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ BI¿j-I-amb Idp∏p \ndw.

7. aµ≥ e·-Øn¬ \n∂m¬˛ Idp∏p \ndw.-

30

e· ^e-߃.

taSw.

taS-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v AXy-[nIw tZjy-w, hntZ-i-bmXm Xm¬]cyw, AXym-K-lw, Iri-X, kpJm-\p- -

h-°p-d-hv, Akq-b, kwkm-c-Øn¬ XS-kw, ]nØ-tcm-K-߃, hmX-tcm-K-߃, HmjvT-tcm-K-߃, F∂nh

_m[n-bv°mw, Imcy-km-a¿∞yw, `ocp-Xzw, BSn-t‚-Xp-t]m-ep≈ IÆp-Iƒ, BSns‚ kz`m-hw, Aev]-_p-

≤n, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ\in-∏n-bv°m≥ Xmev]cyw, kpJm-\p-`-h-ß-fn¬ Xmev]-cyw, ]kn-≤n- e`n-

bv°p-I,

\J-߃°v `wKn-bn-√m-bvI, \S-Ø-bn¬ thK-X, k¥m-\-kwJy Ipd-hv, `mcybv°v kvt\l-°p-d-hv,

Zpxio-eXzw, Xmgv∂-Ip-Spw-_mw-Kw-B-hp-I, hf-™-h-gn-bn¬°qSn [\ kºm-Z\w F∂nh ^ew.

CS-hw.

CSh-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v IjvS-∏mSv kl-nbv-°p-hm-\p≈ Ignhv, iucyw, FXn-cm-fn-Isf tXmev]n-v°p-

hm-\p≈ kma¿∞yw, Ip´n-°m-eØv [\-k-ºm-Z-\w, XSn®v hnkvXr-X-am-b -s\‰n Ihnƒ Np≠v F∂nh,

Gs‰-SpØ ]h¿Øn ]q¿Øo-I-cn-bv°p∂ kz`m-hw, A—\pw AΩbv°pw \∑-sN-ø¬, Zm\-io-e-Xzw,

]e-hn-[-amb [\-®n-e-hv, cuZ-]-Ir-Xn, I^-hm-X-]-Ir-Xn, kvXok-¥m-\-°q-Sp-X¬, _‘p-°sf D]-Z-hn-

bv°¬, kvXoP-\-߃°v ]nbw, N©-e-kz-`mhw, A∂-]m-\-ß-fn¬ Xmev]cyw, hkvXm-`-c-W-ß-fn¬

Xmev]cy F∂nh ^ew.

anYp-\w.

anYp\-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v `mcy-tbmSv AXy¥w kvt\lw, B -c-W-߃ Zm\w sNøp-∂-Xn¬ Xmev]cyw

\√-hm-°p-Iƒ kwkm-cn-bv°p∂ ]Ir-Xw, tXP-kzn, c≠v AΩ-am-cp-≈-A-h-kvX, iXp-°sf ]cm-P-b-s∏-

Sp-ج, kwKo-X-Ønepw inev]-hn-Zy-bnepw kma¿∞yw, thZ-im-kvX-ß-fn¬ ]mWvUn-Xyw, -lm-ky-]n-b≥,

KŸ-I¿Xr-Xzw, kuay kz`m-hw, Be-¶mc ]nb≥, elcn ]nb≥, kl-\-i-‡n-°p-d-hv, k¥m-\-°p-d-hv,

Ah-b-h-߃ IqSp-Xtem Ipdthm D≠m-Ip-I, hrØm-Ir-Xn-bp-ep≈ ]pcn-I-߃, BI¿j-I-ambBIr-

Xn, `qan kz¿Æw cXv\w Ptem¬∏-∂-߃ F∂n-h-bn¬ \n∂pw [\-]m]vXn F∂nh ^ew.

I¿°n-S-Iw.

I¿°n-SI-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v ico-c-Øn\v _ew D≠-¶nepw Ah-b-h-߃ XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-°p-d-hv,

apJØv irwKmc`mhw, Zl-\-°p-d-hp-s≠-¶nepw `£-W-Øn¬ ]nbw, Huj-[-tkh Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cp∂

Ah-kvY, _mey-Øn¬ _mem-cn-jvS-X, Cue-·-Øn¬ P\n® kvXoIƒ°v K¿`m-i-b-tcm-K-ß-fp-≠m-Ipw,

thZ-\-k-ln-bv°p-hm-\p≈ Ign-hp-Ip-d-hv, Dt±-i-n®Imcyw \nd-th-‰p-hm-\mbn XpS¿®-bmb ]b-Xv\w,

]cm-P-b-ß-fn¬ \ncm-i-s∏-SmØ kz`m-hw, kam-[m-\-Øn\pw -A-\p-\-b-Øn\pa√msX `oj-Wnbv°v Iog-S-

ßmØ kz`m-hw, hnim-e-amb ho£-Whpw BZ¿ihpw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I, kap-Zmb t\Xr-Xztam kap-

Zmb ]cn-jvI¿Ømhv F∂ _lp-a-Xntbm e -bv°p-I, \√ Hm¿Ω-i-‡n, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS sX‰p-Ip-‰-߃

s]mdp-°p∂kz-`m-hw, \√ D]-tZjvSm°tfm A≤ym-]-Itcm BIp-I, bmYm-ÿnXnI a\-ÿn-Xn, F√m-

bvt∏mfpw Btem-N\m kz`m-hw, F¥n-t\m-sS-¶nepw hntcm[w tXm∂n-bm¬ hm°nepw ]h¿Øn-bnepw

]IS-am-ImsX kq£nbv°pw,- B-cp-tSbpw klm-btam D]-tZ-itam Bh-iy-am-bn-h-cn-I-bn-√, kz`mhw

Xo¿Øpw sa®tam Xo¿Øpw ZpjvStam Bbn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√,- Ip-Spw-_mw-K-ß-tfmSpw k¥m-\-ß-tfmSpw

\oXn-]m-en-bv°pw, a\ v N©-e-am-bn-cn-bv°p-sa-¶nepw `mKyw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-bv°pw AXn-\m¬ henb

]Xn-_-‘-ßsf Xc-Ww-sNbvXv e£y-Øn-se-Øm≥ Ign-bpw, kpJ-]n-b≥am-cm-bXn-\m¬ (N-µ\v _e-an-

√m-Xn-cp-∂m¬) hyh-ÿ-bn-√m-Ø-Po-hnXw \bn-bv°p-hm≥ km≤y-X, ip≤-]-Ir-Xn-B-b-Xn-\m¬ hym]m-c-Øn-

epw-hy-h-km-b-Ønepw hnP-bn-bv°p-∂n-√.

31

kz`m-h-Øn\v ÿnc-X-bn-√m-sX-hcmw (tIm-]-Xm-]m-Zn-Iƒ°v hiw-h-Z-cm-Ip-∂p) ,kp-lr-Øp-°ƒ°v D]-Imcw

sNøpw, s]cp-am-‰-Øn¬ ]`pXzw \ng-en-bv°pw, Cuiz-c-`‡n Kpcp-`‡n Ch-tbm-sSm∏w kXyw [¿Ωw

BZ¿iw F∂nh ssIhn-SmsX Pohn-bv°pw, \n›-bn-®-Im-cy-߃ \S-∏n-em-°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≠m-Ipw,

IpSpw-_-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ i≤n-bv°pw, im¥nbpw kam-[m-\hpw ]c-kv]-c-kvt\lhpw \nd™ Hcp IpSpw_

Pmhn-X-am-bn-cnbv°pw CjvS-s∏-Sp-I, kvXoIsf kw_-‘n® Imcy-߃°v ]tXy-I-]-cn-K-W\ sImSp-°pw,

s]mXp-P-\-tk-h-\-Øn\v e`n-bv°p∂ Ah-kcw ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øpw, ÿe-Imet_m[-tØmsS

Imcy-߃ \n¿h-ln-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≠mIpw F∂nh ^ew.

Nnßw.

Nnß-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿ XI-™-kzm-X¥y t]an-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw, A[nIw Db-chpw XSnbpan√mØ

ico-cw, ssIIƒ°v \√ _ehpw \of-hpw, apJØv ]tXyI Kmw`o-cyw, iXp-°-sf-Xn-cn-®-dn™v th≠-

hn[ Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ kma¿∞yw, tkXr-ÿm\w Ae-¶-cn-bv°p-hm\pw AWn-Isf \nb-

¥n®p \n¿Øp-hm-\p-ap≈ Ign-hv, \√-_p-≤n-i-‡nbpw Imcy-߃ Npgn-™m-tem-Nn®v Ipg-∏w-]n-Sn®]iv\-

߃°v ]cn-lm-cw-Im-Wp-hm\pw D≈ Ign-hv, Kuc-hhpw Kmw`o-cyhpw ]I-S-am-°p-∂-ap-J- m-hw, ]¿∆-X-]-

tZ-i-ß-fnepw h\-]m¥-ß-fnepw k©-cn-bv°p-hm\pw Xma-kn-bv°p-hm\pw CjvS-s∏-Spw, A`n-]m-b-ÿn-c-

Xbpw \n›-b-Zm¿Uyhpw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, \n›-bn-®-Im-cy-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]n∑m-dm-Ø-kz-`m-hw, FXn-cm-fn-

Isf t\cn´v ]cm-P-b-s∏-Sp-Øpw, -ÿntcm’mlhpw Imcy-\n¿∆-l-W-km-a¿∞yw F∂nh ]tXy-I-X-Ifmbn-

cn-bv°pw, \n¿‘-_p-≤nbpw kp≥tIm-]hpw D≠m-Ipw, \ho\ Bi-b-ß-fn¬ BIr-jvS-\m-Ipw, cmin-kz-

`mhw ]q¿Æ-ambpw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂Xv Nnß e·-°m-cn-em-Wv. IÆp-I-fn¬ B⁄m-i-‡nbpw \n¿`-b-Xz-

hpw- D-≠mIpw, s\‰n Db¿∂v hnkvXr-X-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, apSn-°-d-hv, DjvW-tcm-K-ßfpw ]nØ-tcm-K-ßfpw

_m[n-bv°m-sa-¶nepw s]s´-∂p-Xs∂ tcmK-hn-ap-‡n- t\-Spw, t\tc-hm t\tct]m F∂ ]Ir-X-am-bn-cn-

bv°pw, ÿntcm-’m-ln-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw, A]-I-S-ßsf hI-sh-bv°msX aptºm´v t]mIpw, kz¥w hy‡n-

Xz-tØbpw ÿm\-tØbpw tNmZywsNøp-∂Xv kln-bv°p-I-bn-√, kw`-h-_-lp-e-amb PohnXw CjvS-s∏-

Spw, imkvX-Nn-¥-bnepw XXz-Nn-¥-bnepw ]K¬`-\m-Ipw, Pohn-X-Øn¬ Db¿®bpw XmgvNbpw s]s´∂v

A\p-`-h-s∏-Spw, hnhm-l-Po-hnXw k¥p-jvS-am-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√, hnhm-l-Øn\v Ime-Xm-akw hcmw, `mcy-

bpsS A\m-tcmKyw kz`m-h-ssh-]-coXyw F∂n-h-bm¬ Zmº-Xy-Po-hnXw , kpJ-am-Im-dn√ F∂nh BWv

^ew.

I∂n.

I\y-Im-k-l-P-amb e÷ Irjn-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xmev]cyw ssIIfpw Npa-epIfpw Xmgv∂n-cn-bv°p-I, ico-c-

Øn\v arZpXzw, ico-cm-h-b-h-߃ XΩn¬ s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-I-fp-≠m-Imw, BI¿j-I-amb apJ- m-hw, ]WvUn-

Xcpw hn⁄m\nIfp-amb [mcmfw Bfp-Iƒ Cu e·-°m-cn-ep-≠v, ]pXnb ]pXnb Imcy-߃ Kln-bv°p-

hm≥ Xmev]-cyw, F√m-Im-cy-ß-sf-kw-_-‘n®pw kv]jvS amb-[m-c-W, s]s´∂v t£m`-bv°p-I-bn-√, a‰p-

≈-hsc shdp-∏n-bv°msX kz¥w Imcyw t\Spw, ]h¿Ø\ ßfn¬ ]mtbm-Kn-I-amb ]tbm-P\w BK-

ln-bv°pw, F√m-Im-cy-ßfpw ASp°pw Nn -bp-ambn sNøp-hm≥ kma¿∞yw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, A`n-]m-b-

ÿn-c-X-bpsSImcy-Øn¬ amdn-h-cp∂ Np‰p-]m-Sp-I-fp-ambn tbmPn-®p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ hnj-a-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, a‰p-

≈-h-cpsS klmbw sIm≠v kz¥w Imcyw t\Sm-\pw, a‰p-≈h-cpsS hkvXp-°ƒ kz¥w-t]mse ssIImcyw

sNøp-hm\pw hnjaw ImWp-I-bn-√, X\nbv°v ]tbm-P\w Ds≠-¶n¬ amXta Bcp-ambpw ASp-°p-I-bp-

≈q, a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IjvS-∏m-Snepw ZpxJ-Ønepw Zm£nWyw ImWn-bv°p-I-bn-√, kz¥w kpJ-Øn-\p-th≠n

[mcmfw kºm-Zn-bv°pw,- Akm[mc-W-kp-J-tem-ep-]-Xbpw ico-c-Nn-¥-bp-ap-≠m-Ipw, Akm-am\y Kl-W-i-

‡n hn⁄m-\-kºmZ\-Øn¬ Xmev]-cyw,

32

a‰p-≈-hsc Xt∂-°mƒ tami-°m-cm-bn-Im-Wp-hm\pw Ah-cn-ep-≈-\n- m-c-Ip-‰-߃t]mepw hep-Xm°n

ImWn-bv°p-hm≥ Xmev]-cyw, Aev]-w amXta kwkm-cn-bv°p-I-bp≈qsh¶nepw ]d-bp-∂Xp _p≤n-]q¿hw

Bbn-cn-bv°pw,- a-‰p≈hcp-sS-Im-cy-Øn¬ kvt\l-]q¿hw CS-s]-Sp-sa-¶nepw t_m[-]q¿hw Hc-I¬®

Ft∏mgpw kq£n-bv°pw, ]tbm-P-\-ap-≠m-hp-I-bn-s√-∂p-I-≠m¬ kvt\l-_-‘-ß-fn¬\n∂pw s]s´∂v

Hgn-™p-am-dpw, Ch-cp-sS-Iq- -Øn¬ \n∂pw [mcmfw \nb-a-⁄-cp-≠m-Ip-∂p, Ah¿°v \nb-asØ Xe-\m-

cn-g-Iodn hymJym-\n-bv°m≥ Akm-am\y ]mShw D≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, \nb-a-Øns‚ Dt±-i-ip-≤nbpw A¥- -

Øbpw Ch¿I-W-°m-°m-dn-√, Xs‚ CjvS-Øn-s\-Xn-cmbn ]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-hsc shdp-°pw, A`n-]mb

ÿnc-Xbpw £am-io-ehpw ap∂n-´p-\n¬°pw, ]h¿Ø-\-߃ Btem-Nn-®p-am-Xta sNøp-I-bp-≈q,

Ch-sc-kw-_-‘n®v a‰p-≈-h¿ K¿∆n-jvT¿ Ft∂m Al-¶m-cn-Iƒ Ft∂m A`n-]m-b-s∏-Spw,

kaq-l-sØ-∏‰n Ch¿°v \√ A`n-]m-b-am-bn-cnbv°pwD≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-I, ]Ww Npcp-°n-Nn-e-hm-°p-Ibpw

kºm-Zn-bv°p-Ibpw Ch-cpsS ioe-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, IW-°p-Iƒkq-£n-bv°-∂-Xn\pw hym]m-c-Øn\pw Ch¿

ka¿∞-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw, [\w-k-ºm-Zn-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ \ymbm-\ym-b-Nn¥ D≠m-Im-dn-√, Ch-cn¬ h°o-e-∑m¿

BUn-‰¿am¿ hm‹n-Iƒ F∂n-h¿ [mcmfw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p.- k-tlm-Z-c-ß-fn¬\n∂pw ]tbm-P-\-°p-d-hp≠m-

Ipw, ISpw-_-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ Ielw D≠m-ImsX kq£n-bv°pw, Ipg-∏-߃ hcp∂Xm-bn-I-≠m¬ Hgn-™p-

am-dpw, kzm¿∞-Xbv°v ap≥Xq-°-ap-≠m-Ipw, Zm£n-Wy-Ønt\m am\p-jn-I-aq-ey-߃t°m-

]cnKW-\ -\¬Im-dn√,C-h¿Im-Wn-bv°p∂ kvt\lw bYm¿∞hpw B¥-cn-I-hp-am-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√, k¥m-

\-ß-fp-ambn aa-X-bn-em-bn-cn-bv°pw, k¥m-\-ß-fn¬\n∂pw [\-]m-]vXn-bp-≠m-Ipw, amXr-`m-hhpw hnhm-l-

`m-hhpw A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-cn-bv°p-I-bn-√, ]pX-k-¥m-\-߃ Ipd-hm-bn-cn-bv°pw, intcm-tcm-K-ßtfm DZ-c-

tcm-K-ßtfm ssewKn-I-tcm-K-ßtfm D≠m-Im≥km-≤yX F∂nh ^ew.

Xpemw.

Xpem-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v kmam\yw Dbcw \√ hSn-shm-Ø-i-cocw BI¿j-I-amb hy‡n-Xzw,

kpkvta-c-h-Z\w F∂n-h-D-≠mIpw, \ymb-]n-b-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw, hcpw-h-cm-gn-I-IƒNn¥n®v Xocp-am-\

-sa-Sp°pw, \njv]-£X Hcp ]tXy-I-X-bm-bn-cn-bv°pw, kuayX, A¥- v, B`n-Pm-Xyw, kpIp-am-c-Xzw,

kt¥mjw F∂nh D≠m-Ipw,-a-\- ns‚ ka-\n-e-kq-£n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ i≤n-bv°pw, tZjyw-h-∂mepw s]s´∂p

]q¿∆-ÿn-Xn-sb-]m-]n-bv°pw. thj-hn-[m-\-Ønepw kpJ-t`m-K-ß-fn-epw, Iem-kzm-Z-\-Ønepw A`q-cp-Nn-

bp-≠m-bn-cn-bv°pw, tkh-Itcm ]cn-]-Im-cn-Itfm cmjvSo-b-°mtcm BIm≥ km≤y-X, Dulm-t]m-l-i-‡n-

bpw, _p≤n-bpw, ]Xn- bpw ]tXy-I-X-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. X¿°-hn-j-b-߃ ]d-™-Xp-°p-∂-Xn\v kma¿∞yw

D≈-Xp-sIm≠v P\-k-Ω-Xnbpw t\Xr-ÿm-\hpw h∂p-tN-cpw. BZ¿i-]n-b-cmb Ch¿ hy‡n-I-tf-°mƒ

kwL-K-\-I-tfbpw cmjvS-tØ-bpw-tk-hn-bv°pw. s]mXp-]-h¿Ø-\-Øn¬ tXm¬hn A\p-`-h-s∏-´m¬

ho≠pw ]h¿Øn®v hnPbw t\Spw. kz¥w \mi-Øn\v kzbw Imc-W-°m-cm-Ip∂ ]Ir-Xhpw D≠v. A[n-

Im-c-Øn\p th≠n kXy-[¿Ωm-Zn-Isf ssIsh-Sp-bp-I-bn-√. sNøp-∂-Im-cy-Øn¬ kuµ-cy-t_m-[\pw Iem-

Nm-X-cyhpw ]Sn-∏n-bv°pw. kvXok-º¿°w CjvS-∏-Sp-Ibpw Ahsc kt¥m-jn-∏n-bv°p-hm≥ ian-bv°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. kwKoXw a‰p kpIp-am-c-I-e-Iƒ F∂n-h-bn¬ ]mhoWyw D≠m-Ipw. kpµ-chpw BI¿j-

I-hp-amb ico-cw, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]nSn-s]-Sm≥ km≤y-X-Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. Kply-tcm-K-߃ ]talw hr°-

tcmKw \s -√n-s\-_m-[n-bv°p-∂-tcm-K-߃ F∂nh s]s´∂v ]nSn-s]-Sm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. hyh-kmbw hym]mcw

apX-em-bh wKn-bmbn \S-Øn-s°m-≠vt]m-Im-\p≈ kma¿∞yw, kpJ-t`m-K-߃°pw s]mXp-°m-cy-߃°pw

th≠n ]Ww-Nn-e-hm-°pw. Ch-cpsS s]cp-am-‰-Kp-W-Øm¬ a‰p-≈-h¿°v Ch-tcmSv hfsc kvt\l-_-lp-

am-\-߃ D≠m-Ip-∂p. Kh-s◊‚p-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp∂ Pohn-X-coXn Bbn-cn-bv°pw. hnhml PohnXw B\-

µ-]q¿Æ-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, Ch-cpsS kvt\l-_‘w s]s´∂v cq]-s∏-Sp-Ibpw s]´∂v \in-bv°p-Ibpw

sNøp∂p. Pohn-X-]-¶mfn ]cp-°≥]-Ir-X-ap-≈-hy-‡n-B-bn-cn-bv°pw. k¥m-\-߃ A\p-k-cW-bp-≈-

hcpw D∂-Xcpw Bbn-cn-bv°pw, F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

33

hr›n-Iw.

hr›nIe-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v ÿnc]IrXn ZrV-\n-›bw XS- -߃ h¿≤n-bv°p-∂-Xn-\-\p-k-cn®v

]h¿Ø-t\m-’mlw h¿≤n-bv°pIbpwIog-S-ßmsX Ah-km\w hsc s]mcp-Xp∂ kz`mhw hnNm-c-

i-‡nbpw ]Xn-`m-im-en-Xzhpw D≠m-Ip-I, kz¥w Ign-hn-\-\p-kcn®v e£y-Øn-se-Øn-t®-cp-I, ⁄m\

i‡n hf¿Øn-sb-Sp°pw Bfl-hn-izmkw [rXn FSp-Øp-Nm´w Xt‚Sw kzmX-¥y-t_m[w ]Xm]w ]uVn

F∂p-h-bp-≠m-Ipw. a‰p-≈-hsc `cn-bv°p-hm-\p≈ BKlw ap∂n´p\n¬°pw.F-Sp-Øp-Nm-´-°m-c-\m-sW-

∂p≈ Zpjvt]-cp-hcpw \nKq-V-im-kvX-Øn¬ Xmev]cyw amaq-ep-Isf \ntj-[n-bv°p-I-bn-s√-¶nepw hniz-

kn-bv°p-I-bn-√. Xpd-∂-Sn®p kwkm-cn-bv°p-sa-¶nepw cl-ky-߃ kq£n-bv°p-hm≥ Ign-hp-≠mIpw. ]cn-

l-kn-bv°p-hm\pw IpØp-hm-°p-Iƒ ]d-bp-hm\pw Xm¬]cyw. kvt\ln-bv°p-∂-hsc Xncn®p kvt\ln-

bv°p-hm\pw FXn-cm-fn-I-tfmSp ]I-cw-ho-´p-hm\pw Xmev]-cyw. kpJm-t\z-jn-I-fmb Ch¿ kz]-h¿Ø-\-

Øm¬ A]-I-Shpw hcp-Øn-sh-bv°pw. kmº-Øn-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Aÿn-c-X. Pohn-Øns‚ BZy-]-IpXn

kº-∂-a-√. c≠mw ]IpXnbn¬ hntZ-i-hmkw hnhm-l-_‘w F∂n-hhgn [\w h∂p-tN-cpw. ]c-kv]-c-_-

‘-an-√mØ c≠p sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬°qSn [\w h∂p-tN-cpw. A—\v ]e-X-c-Øn-ep≈ Db¿® Xmgv®-I-fp-

≠m-Ipw. IpSpw-_mwKßfpw kvt\ln-X-cp-ambn cay-X-bn¬ Ign-bpw. hntZ-i-hm-k-Øn-\n-S-bn¬ A]-I-S-ap-

≠m-Ip-sa-¶nepw Cuiz-cm-\p-K-l-Øm¬ c£-s∏Spw F∂n-h-^-ew.

[\p.

[\p-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v temI-Im-cy-ß-sf-kw-_-‘n® hnime⁄m\w Xt‚Sw F∂nh-bp-≠mIpw.

D¬°¿tj-—p-°fpw Nne-t∏mƒ AXym-K-ln-I-fp-am-Ipw. hn]co-X-]-cnXÿnXvI-fnepw ]X-dmsX apt∂-

dpw.-X-S- -ap-≠m-Ip-t¥mdpw IqSp-X¬ i‡n-bm¿÷n®v Imcyw t\Spw. \√-Xp-t]m-se-Nn-¥n®v Xocp-am-\-ß-

sf-Sp-°pw. kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS ÿnc-Xbpw BZ¿i-ip-≤nbpw ]I-S-am-°pw. kXy-]n-b-cm-b-Xn-\m¬ Xpd∂

kwkmcw X\nbv°v tZmjw hcp-sa-∂-dn-™mepw t\¿hgn Dt]-£n-bv°p-I-bn-√. ]cm-P-b-ß-fn¬ \ncm-i-

cm-ImsX ho≠pw ho≠pw ]b-Xv\n®v hnP-bw-ssI-h-cn-bv°pw.-D-∂-X-hn-Zym- m-bm-k-Øn¬ Xmev]cyw hntZ-in-

I-fp-am-bn-_‘w hntZ-i-hmkw F∂n-h-bn¬ Xmev]cyw. DZm-c-lr-Zbw ip`m-]vXn-hn-izmkw kXy-]n-bXzw

B≤ym-fln-I-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Xm¬]-cyw. Imcy-߃ s]s´∂v Kln-bv°p-hm\pw Hm¿Ω-bn¬ \n¿Øp-hm\pw

Btem-Nn®v Xocp-am-\-sa-Sp-°p-hm\pw kma¿∞yw. A\ym-b-Øns\ FXn¿°pw. hf¿Øp-ar-K-ßsf kvt\ln-

bv°pw. Htc-ÿ-eØv AS-ßn-bn-cn-bv°p-hm\pw a‰p-≈-h-cpsS hcp-Xn-bm¬ Ign-bp-hm\pw km[n-bv°p-I-

bn-√. ÿm\-N-e\w A`n-]m-b-am‰w F∂nh ]Xy-I-X-I-fm-Wv. A≤ym-]-I¿ ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Imdv aX-ÿm-]-\-

Øn¬ ]h¿Øn-bv°p-∂-h¿ ]hm-N-I¿ apX-em-b-h¿ [\p-e-·-Øn¬ [mcm-f-ap-≠v. Zo¿L-i-co-cn-I-fm-bn-

cn-bv°pw, icoc _e-hp-ap-≠mIpw hb¿ amwkfw icoc-t¢iw kln-bv°p-I-bn-√. ]mb-Øn-\-\p-k-cn®

hb- p-tXm-∂n-bv°p-I-bn-√. Zm\ [¿Ωm-Zn-IƒsN-øpw. hmIvkm-a¿∞yw t\Xr-ÿm-\-Øn¬ tim`nbv°pw

k¥m-\-kpJw Ipd-bpw. Zmº-Xy-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ kz¥wXmev]-cy-Øn\vap≥Xq°w. amaq-ep-Isf hniz-kn-bv°pw.

ka-bhpw kµ¿`hpw t\m°msX kwkm-cn-bv°pw. _‘p-°sf A[nIw kvt\ln-bv°m-dn-√. k¥m-\-

ßsfs°m≠v kt¥mjw A\p- -hn-bv°pw. k¥m-\-߃ \n¿_-‘-_p-≤n-°m-cm-bn-cnbv°pw

F∂nh ^ew.

34

aI-cw.

aIc-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v Zp¿_-e-∑mcpw ico-c-h-f¿®-bn¬ aµX A\p- -h-s∏-bp-∂-h-cp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

icocw amwk-f-a-√. Iri icocw IÆp-Iƒ IpdpIn Ipgn™v, Ip‰n-ap-Sn-B-bn-cn-bv°pw, apJw H´n-bn-cn-

bvIpw, henb F√p-Ifpw ssZ¿Lyw IqSnb Imep-I-fp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw, ITn-\m-≤zm-\-Øn\v tbmPn® icocw

, ]mbw sN√p-tºmƒ Iq\v A\p- -h-s∏Spw, £am-ioew ho≠p-hn-Nmcw F∂n-h-bp-≠m-Ipw. tPmen-Iƒ°v

ASp°pw Nn´bpw D≠mIpw. Fs‰-Sp-°p∂ tPmen s]s´∂p Xo¿°pw. apJØv Kuc-hhpw timI-—m-

bbpw \ng-en-bv°pw. \ncq-]-W-tØbpw \nµ-tbbpw `b-s∏-Spw, BtcmSpw kvt\lw `mhn-bv°p-I-bn-√.

kvt\l-_-‘-ap-≠m-bm¬ Zo¿L-Imew \ne-\n¬°pw. tPmenIƒ as‰m-c-h-k-c-Øn-tebv°v am‰n-sh-bv°pw.

]h¿Ønhn-Pbw Xma-knt® A\p- -h-s∏-Sp-I-bp-≈q. e£y-]m-]vXnbv°v AXy-≤zm\w th≠n-h-cpw. kpJm-

t∂z-jn-Ifpw Iem-kzm-Z-I-cp-am-bn-cn-bv°pw. Nne¿ kzm¿∞-tam-ln-Ifpw hniz-kn-bv°m≥ sIm≈m-Ø-h-cp-

am-bn-cn-bv°pw. hm-X-tcm-Kn-I-fm-Im≥ km≤y-X. Aÿn-kw-_-‘-ambpw Xz°v kw_-‘-ambpw ssIIm¬

HSn-bpI XpS-ßnb tcmKm-h-ÿ-Iƒ A\p-`-h-s∏-t´-°mw. ÿnc-kz-`mhw, XS- -ßsf hI-sh-bv°msX

ÿntcm-’m-l-Øm¬ Imcy-km-≤yw. ]Whpw ]Xm-]hpw thW-sa∂ BKlw a\- n¬ Hfn-™p-In-S-°pw.

ÿnc-amb hcp-am-\sØ Bi-bn-bv°pw. anX-hybw Bbn-cn-bv°pw. In´p∂ Ah-kcw ]mgm-°m-tXbpw

km[-\-km-a-Kn-Iƒ Zpcp-]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øm-tXbpw e£yw-t\-Spw. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS a\- n¬ Ch-tcmSv shdp-

∏p-≠m-Im-dp-≠v. \∑-Xn-∑-Isf Xncn-®-dn-bp-hm≥ Ignhv Ipd-hm-bn-cn-bv°pw.-A-`n-am-\-I-c-a-√mØ kºmZyw

CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. kz¥w hoSp-ambpw IpSpw-_mw-K-ß-fp-ambpw \√ _‘w ]pe¿Øpw. hen-b-Ku-chw

]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw Xmgv∂-h-tcmSv I¿i-\-ambn s]cp-am-dp-Ibpw sNøpw. ktlm-Z-c-KpWw Ipd-bpw. hnhm-

l-Øn\v Xma-kw-h-cmw. GIm-¥X CjvS-s∏-Sp-∂p, AXp-h-gn-]Wwe`n-bv°p-hm≥ km≤y-X F∂nh ^ew.

Ipw`w.

Iqw -e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v \√ ico-c-]pjvSn XSn® IgpØv ]cp-]-cpØ icocw Imev XpS Ac-s°´v

F∂n-hbv°v ]tXy-I- ]pjvSn. ]√v hnIr-X-am-Im≥ km≤yX tcma-Øn\v Xhn´p \ndw Ie¿∂n-cn-bv°pw.

]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. apJ-kvXp-Xnbv°v hg-ßp-I-bn-√. sNøp∂ ]h¿Ønsb Iqe-¶-j-ambn

Nn¥nt® XpS-ßp-I-bp-≈q. Imcy-ß-fpsS Bibw a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ Ime-Xm-akw D≠m-Ipw. a\-kn-em-

°n-b-Im-cy-߃ ad-°p-I-bn-√. Xpd-∂p- kw-km-cn-bv°p∂ ]IrXw. kzm¿∞-c-ln-X-amb a\- v. ]tcm-]-

Imcw a\p-jyXzw ]c-ky-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-√mØ kap-Zm-b-tkh F∂n-h-bn¬ Xmev]-cyw. AI-∂p-\n¬°p∂

hsc ASp∏n-bv°p-hm≥ kz¥w Xm¬]cyw ths≠∂p hbv°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-hpw. F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw

kz¥w hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ ian-bv°pw. Ch-cpsS kvt\lhpw ]cn-N-bhpw ÿnc-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

IqsS-°qsS A`n-]m-b-߃ am‰p-I-bn-√. Kth-j-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂p. au\n-Ifpw Nn¥-

Icpw X]-kzn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ambn Cu e·-°m-cn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \√ IpSpw-_-ÿn-Xnbpw [\-ÿn-Xnbpw

h∂p-tN-cpw. bi pw Io¿Ønbpw hnZym-`ym-k-Xm-ev]-cy-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw. amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv kvt\lhpw

_-lp-am-\hpw ]pe¿Øpw. am\-kn-I-ambn Nn¥m-[o-\-cm-Ipw. -B-I¿j-I-amb P\-k-Ω-Xnbpw ico-c-]-Ir-

Xnbpw D≠m-Ipw. ]mb-Øn¬Iq-Sp-X¬ hb- p-tXm-∂n-bv°pw. Nne¿°v ico-c-Øn\v Iri-X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

s\‰n-b°v hnkvXm-chpw IÆp-Iƒ XΩn¬ AI¬N-bpw-Iq-Spw. s]mXpth ico-c-Øn\v Btcm-Kyhpw A≤zm-

\-ti-jnbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chsc tcmK-߃ hep-Xmbn _m[n-bv°m-dn-√. ]iv\-߃°v imizX ]cn-

lmcw ImWp-hm≥ BK-ln-bv°pw. AekXbps≠∂v Btcm-]n-bv°-s∏-Smw. ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬

I-Wn-i-°m-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw. Imcy-amX ]k-‡-ambn kwkm-cn-bv°pw. kwXr-]vX-amb IpSp-_-Po-hnXw. IpSpw-

_mw-K-ß-tfmSv kvt\l-am-bn-s]-cp-am-dpw. t]a-Nm-]eyw ]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-I-bn-√. \√ c£-I¿Øm-sh∂ \ne-

bn¬ tim`n-bv°pw. Zmº-Xy-_-‘sØ BZ¿i-]-c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ ian-bv°pw. ]mb-

35

am-Ip-t¥mdpw IpSpw-_- _‘w Ipd-™p-h-cmw. intcm-tcmKw Z¥-tcmKw hmX-c‡w F∂o tcmK-߃

_m[n-bv°mw. Ahn-Nm-cn-X-am-bn-h-cp∂ Zpcn-X-ßß-fn¬\n∂pw `mKyw-sIm≠m c£-s∏-Spw. tcmK-]-Xn-tcm-

[-i‡n Ipd-bp-hm-\pw, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]nSn-s]-Sp-hm\pw km≤y-X-Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. XWp∏v kln-bv°p-hm-

\p≈ Ignhv Ipdbpw F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

sImt≠m

36

Ipw`w.

Iqw -e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿°v \√ ico-c-]pjvSn XSn® IgpØv ]cp-]-cpØ icocw Imev XpS Ac-s°´v

F∂n-hbv°v ]tXy-I- ]pjvSn. ]√v hnIr-X-am-Im≥ km≤yX tcma-Øn\v Xhn´p \ndw Ie¿∂n-cn-bv°pw.

]Xn-`m-im-en-I-fm-bn-cn-bv°pw. apJ-kvXp-Xnbv°v hg-ßp-I-bn-√. sNøp∂ ]h¿Ønsb Iqe-¶-j-ambn

Nn¥nt® XpS-ßp-I-bp-≈q. Imcy-ß-fpsS Bibw a\-kn-em-°p-hm≥ Ime-Xm-akw D≠m-Ipw. a\-kn-em-

°n-b-Im-cy-߃ ad-°p-I-bn-√. Xpd-∂p- kw-km-cn-bv°p∂ ]IrXw. kzm¿∞-c-ln-X-amb a\- v. ]tcm-]-

Imcw a\p-jyXzw ]c-ky-Øn-\p-th-≠n-b-√mØ kap-Zm-b-tkh F∂n-h-bn¬ Xmev]-cyw. AI-∂p-\n¬°p∂

hsc ASp∏n-bv°p-hm≥ kz¥w Xm¬]cyw ths≠∂p hbv°p-hm≥ Xøm-dm-hpw. F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw

kz¥w hy‡nXzw \ne-\n¿Øp-hm≥ ian-bv°pw. Ch-cpsS kvt\lhpw ]cn-N-bhpw ÿnc-am-bn-cn-bv°pw.

IqsS-°qsS A`n-]m-b-߃ am‰p-I-bn-√. Kth-j-W-]-h¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ tim`n-bv°p-∂p. au\n-Ifpw Nn¥-

Icpw X]-kzn-Ifpw [mcm-f-ambn Cu e·-°m-cn¬ ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. \√ IpSpw-_-ÿn-Xnbpw [\-ÿn-Xnbpw

h∂p-tN-cpw. bi pw Io¿Ønbpw hnZym-`ym-k-Xm-ev]-cy-hp-ap-≠m-Ipw. amXm-]n-Xm-°-tfmSv kvt\lhpw

_-lp-am-\hpw ]pe¿Øpw. am\-kn-I-ambn Nn¥m-[o-\-cm-Ipw. -B-I¿j-I-amb P\-k-Ω-Xnbpw ico-c-]-Ir-

Xnbpw D≠m-Ipw. ]mb-Øn¬Iq-Sp-X¬ hb- p-tXm-∂n-bv°pw. Nne¿°v ico-c-Øn\v Iri-X-bp-≠m-Ip-∂p.

s\‰n-b°v hnkvXm-chpw IÆp-Iƒ XΩn¬ AI¬N-bpw-Iq-Spw. s]mXpth ico-c-Øn\v Btcm-Kyhpw A≤zm-

\-ti-jnbpw ImW-s∏-Sp-∂p. Chsc tcmK-߃ hep-Xmbn _m[n-bv°m-dn-√. ]iv\-߃°v imizX ]cn-

lmcw ImWp-hm≥ BK-ln-bv°pw. AekXbps≠∂v Btcm-]n-bv°-s∏-Smw. ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-I-fn¬

I-Wn-i-°m-cm-bn-cn-bv°pw. Imcy-amX ]k-‡-ambn kwkm-cn-bv°pw. kwXr-]vX-amb IpSp-_-Po-hnXw. IpSpw-

_mw-K-ß-tfmSv kvt\l-am-bn-s]-cp-am-dpw. t]a-Nm-]eyw ]I-Sn-∏n-bv°p-I-bn-√. \√ c£-I¿Øm-sh∂ \ne-

bn¬ tim`n-bv°pw. Zmº-Xy-_-‘sØ BZ¿i-]-c-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn-s°m-≠p-t]m-Ip-hm≥ ian-bv°pw. ]mb-

am-Ip-t¥mdpw IpSpw-_- _‘w Ipd-™p-h-cmw. intcm-tcmKw Z¥-tcmKw hmX-c‡w F∂o tcmK-߃

_m[n-bv°mw. Ahn-Nm-cn-X-am-bn-h-cp∂ Zpcn-X-ßß-fn¬\n∂pw `mKyw-sIm≠m c£-s∏-Spw. tcmK-]-Xn-tcm-

[-i‡n Ipd-bp-hm-\pw, ]I¿®-hym-[n-Iƒ ]nSn-s]-Sp-hm\pw km≤y-X-Iq-Sp-X-em-Wv. XWp∏v kln-bv°p-hm-

\p≈IgnhvIpdbpw F∂n-h-bmWv ^ew.

ao\w.

ao\-e-·-Øn¬ P\n-®-h¿ km[m-c-W-bmbn thZm-¥-Nn-¥-I-cm-Wv. [ym\-Øn¬ kwXr-]vXn-Im-Wp-∂p. kl-

Po-hn-I-tfmSv kl-Xm-]-ap-≈-h¿, a‰p-≈-h¿°v D]-Imcw sNøp-∂-io-ew, t£m`n®-cn-bv°p-∂-hsc Biz-

kn-∏n-bv°p-∂-io-ew, Alnw-k-bn¬ Xmev]-cyw, kºm-Zn-bv°p-∂-Xp-ap-gp-h≥ Nne-hm-°p∂ ]Ir-Xw. Ab¬hm-

kn-I-tfmSv kvt\l-ambn s]cp-am-dpw. kvt\ln-X-tcbpw a‰pw Aan-X-ambn hniz-kn-bv°p-∂-Xp-aqew ]e-

t∏mgpw NXn-bn¬s]-Sp-∂p. IqSp-X¬ Nn¥m-ioew kz]-b-¥w-sIm-≠v- D-b¿®-bn-se-Øp-∂p. t\cpw-s\-dn-

bp-ap≈ s]cp-am-‰w. `qX-Zb \ymb-]nbw \nc-¥-c-]-bXv\w ÿnc-\n-›-bw. Pohn-X-Ønse kpJ-ku-I-cy-

߃ Bthmfw Bkz-Zn-bv°p-hm≥ Xmev]cy-ap-s≠-¶nepw a‰p-≈-hsc thZ-\n-∏n-bv°p-∂-Xn¬ Xmev]-cy-an-

√m-bva. kz¥w Xocp-am-\-߃ ZrU-X-tbmsS \S-∏n-em-°pw. Htcka-bØv ]e-tPm-en-IƒsN-øpw. ktlm-Z-

c-ZpxJw ]nXr-ZpxJw F∂nh AIm-e-Øn-e-\p- -hn-bv°pw. k¥m-\-kuJyw D≠m-Ipw, IqsS-°psS ÿew-am-

‰-w Bhiyam-bn-h-cpw. a‰p-≈-h¿°v Chsc ]tem- n-∏n®v he-bn¬ hogvØp-hm≥ Ign-bp-∂p. NXn-b≥am-

cpsS NXn-bn¬s∏-Sp-∂p. iXp-°-sf- -sa-cp-°p-sb-Sp-°p-hm≥ kma¿∞yw.\ho\ Bi-b-߃°v cq]w

\¬Ipw. KqV-im-kvX-߃ ]Tn-bv°m≥ Xmev]cyap-≠m-Ipw. [mcmfw Nnehv sNøp∂ ]Ir-Xw. \√

Ab¬°msc e`n-bv°pw. Imen\pw hnti-jn®v Ime-Sn-Iƒ°pw tcmK-km-[y-X, IpS¬tcm-K-ßfpw _p≤n

ap´n-bv°mw. aZy-]m-\m-k-‡n-bp-≠m-Imw. Aÿn-`wiw c‡-kmhw F∂n-h-bp-≠m-Imw. B‘-tcm-Kw(-

37

sl¿Wn-b) _m[n-bv°mw. \mUn-I-fpsS _e-lo\X tIgvhn°p-dhv F∂nh hcmw. [\-k-ºm-Z-\-Øn¬

Xmev]cyw Cs√-¶nepw kpJ-Po-hn-X-Øn-\m-h-iy-amb [\w h∂p-tN-cpw.- hn-]-coX A\p- -h-ß-fn¬ ka-\ne

sX‰p∂ ]Ir-Xw. hnim-e-ho-£-Whpw I¿Ω-Ip-i-e-Xbpw Bh-iy-amb ]h¿Øn-I-fn¬ IqSp-X¬ tim`n-

bv°pw.-B-lmcw BtcmKyw hnZym- ymkw ]W-an-S-]m-Sp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ CS-

s]-tS-≠n-h-cmw. ]e-Xcw Iem-cw-K-ß-fp-ambn _-‘-s∏Spw. Imcy-߃ ASp°pw Nn´-bp-ambn sNbvXp-

Xo¿°pw. Pe-kw-_-‘-amb sXmgn-ep-I-fnepw hkvX-߃ B`-c-W-߃ acp-∂p-Iƒ kpK-‘-Z-hy-߃

aX-ÿm-]-\-߃ F∂n-h-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´ sXmgn-ep-I-fn¬ hnP-bw. hm¿≤-Iy-Im-eØpw a‰p-≈-hsc

Bi-bn-®p-I-gn-bp-hm≥ CjvS-s∏-Sp-I-bn-√. a‰p-≈-h¿°v klmbw sNøp-hm-\p≈ a\x-ÿn-Xn. klmbw

kzoI-cn-®-h¿ Xs∂ Dt]-£n-®p-t]m-Ip∂ ]cn-X-ÿn-Xn-bp-ap-≠m-Imw. kz¥w _p≤nap´pIƒ a‰p-≈-h-

tcmSv N¿® sNøm\pw Ah-cpsS klmbw ssI∏‰phm\pw BK-lw. IqsS-°qsS tPym’y-∑msc kao-

]n-bv°pw. mcy-tbbpw k¥m-\-ß-tfbpw IqSp-X¬ hnZym- ym-k-Øn\p \n¿_-‘n-bv°pw. kuµ-cy-ap≈ hkvXp-

°-fn¬ Xmev]-cyw. `mcysb hftc kvt\ln-bv°pw. a‰p-≈-h-tcmSv Nne-t∏mƒ Akqb ]pe¿Øpw F∂n-

h-bmWv ^ew.

`mh hnNm-cw.

`mhcmin `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ Ch-tbmSptbmKw sNøp-∂Kl߃ Ah-bpsS jUvh¿§-߃ F∂nh

F√mw bp‡n-]q¿∆w Nn¥n®v `mh- ew ]d-b-Ww.

ip`-∑m¿ ip` ^esØ sNøp-∂p Aip`^e-ßsf \in-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp∂p. Aip-`-∑m¿ (]m-]-

∑m¿) Aip- - -e-ßsf A\p- -hn-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw ip` ^e-ßsf \in-∏n-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

B[n-]XywsIm≠pw ÿm\-t -Zw-sIm≠pw Htc-K-l-Øn\p Xs∂ ip -]-Z-Xzhpw Aip- -]-Z-Xzhpw D≠mImw

Aßns\ hcp-tºmƒ B Klw _e-hm-\m-bn-cp-∂m¬ ip` ^ew \ev°p-I-bpw, Zp¿_e-\-s\-¶n¬ Aip-

- ew \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p.

]m]-K-l-߃ _-e-hm-∑m-cm-IpI ip`-h¿§-Øn¬ \n¬°pI ip`s‚ ZrjvSn-bp-≠m-IpI F∂n-h-bm¬

]mtbW ip` ^e-߃ \¬Ip-∂p. ]m]-h¿§-Øn¬ \n¬°p-Ibpw ]m]s‚ ZrjvSn-bp-≠m-IpI Zp¿_e

\mbn-cn-bv°pI F∂n-h-bm¬ ]mtb-W -ip-`-∑m¿°v ]m]Xzw D≠mIp-∂p, AXn-\m¬ Aip` ^e-߃

\¬Ip-∂p.

38

`mhØns‚ kz`m-hw kuµcyw ico-c-Kp-W-tZm-j-߃ F∂nh Nn¥n-bvt°-≠Xv `mhm-[n-]≥, `mh-Øn¬

\n¬°p∂ Kl-߃, `mh-Øn-tebv°v t\m°p∂ Kl-߃, F∂n-h-sb-s°m-≠m-Wv. `mhw D≠m-Ipsa

¶nepw A\p-`-hn-bv°m≥ kwKXn hcptam F∂-dn-bp-∂Xv `mh-Øn\pw `mhm-[n-]\pw e·m-[n-]-Xn-bp-am-

bp≈ tbmK ZrjvSn ]cn-h¿Ø\w F∂o _‘-ß-sf-s°m≠mWv \n›-bn-bv°p-I.`mhw ip`s‚ cmin

Bbn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw `mhm-[n-]-t‚bpw _e-hm-\mb ip`-K-l-Øn-t‚bpw `mhm-[n-]s‚ _‘p-hn-t‚bpw

tbmK ZrjvSn _‘-ß-fp-≠m-hp-Ibpw `mhm-[n-]t\m `mh-Im-c-It\m _e-ap-≠m-hp-Ibpw sNøpI Ch

`mh-^-esØ Xo¿®-bmbpw D≠m-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

`mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ F∂n-hbv°v, ]m]≥ `mhm-[n-]-iXp AjvS-am-[n-]≥ F∂n-hcpsS tbmK-Zr-jvSym-Zn-I-fp-

≠m-bm¬ `mh-^-e-ap-≠m-Ipsa-¶nepw A\p-`-h-tKm-N-c-am-ImsX \in®p t]mIpw.

`mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ F∂n-h¿ Zp¿_-e-cm-Ip-Ibw iq`≥ `mhm-[n-]≥ `mhm-[n]_‘p Ch-cpsS tbmKtam

ZrjvSn-tbm- C√m-Xn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ `mh- ew D≠m-Ip-I-bn-√.

]m]-∑m-sc-√m-hcpw `mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I-Klw Ch-cpsS Ccp-h-i-Øptam NXp-c-i-Øntem XntIm-

W-Øntem \n∂m¬ `mh-Øn\v \mi-I-c-am-Ip-∂p. t\tc-a-dn®v ta¬]-d™ `mh-ß-fn-¬ ip`-∑m-sc√mw

\n∂m¬ `mh-Øn\v A`n-hr-≤n-I-c-am-Wv. Cu kqNn-∏n-®Xv Imc-I-K-l-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]tXyIw Nn¥n-bvt°-

≠-Xm-Wv.

`mhm-[n-]≥ ]m]-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw _e-hm-\m-bn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw sNøp-Ibpw AXns‚ ZrjvSntbm tbmKtam

`mh-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cn-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXm¬ `mh-^-e-ap-≠m-Ipw, F∂m¬ AXv tZmj-`q-bn-jvS-am-Ipw. B

]m]≥ Zp¿_-e-\m-bn- mWv `mh-Øns\ _‘-s∏-Sp-∂-sX-¶n¬ `mh- ew D≠m-Ip-hm≥ Xs∂ ]bm-k-am-

Wv. D≠m-bm¬ Xs∂ AXv \nµy-am-bn-cn-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

e·m[n-]s‚ tbmK-Zr-jvSym-Zn-_-‘-ßfpw tIµ XntIm-W-ÿnXn kIe mh-߃°pw iq -]-Z-am-Wv. t\tc

adn®v 6, 8, 12 F∂o `mhm-[n-]-∑m-cpsS tbmKw ZrjvSn apX-emb At\ym\y _‘-߃ F√m `mh-߃°pw

Aip-`-I-c-am-Wv.

GsX√mw `mhw `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ F∂n-hbv°v e·-Øn-t‚bpw e·m-[n-]-t‚bpw tbmKw ZrjvSn

CXymZn FsX-¶nepw _‘-ap-≠m-Ip-∂Xv B `mh- -e-amWv A\p- -h-tbm-Ky-am-bn-Xo-cp-∂-Xv.

tbmKw ZrjvSn jUz¿§w apX-emb _‘w-sIm≠v 6˛ mw `mhm-[n-]≥ iXp tcmKw F∂n-h-tb-bpw, F´mw

`mhm-[n-]≥ a-c-W-tØbpw ]¥≠mw `mhm-[n-]≥ ÿm\-`wiw ZmcnZyw apX-em-b-h-tbbpw sNøp-∂p.

Cu ]d™ ÿm\m-[n-]-∑m¿ ]m]-∑mcpw Zp¿_-e-∑mcpw IqSn-B-bm¬ tZmj- -e-߃°v i‡n h¿≤n-

bv°p-∂p.

e·w Nµ≥ `mhw Ch-bpsS A[n-]-∑m¿ \n¬°p∂ FsX-¶nepw Hcp cmin-bn¬P-\n-®-Xm-bn-cnbv°pw

`mh- ew As√-¶n¬ Ah-bpsS \hmw-i-I-cm-in-bn¬ P\n-®-Xm-sW∂pw hcmw. AYhm Ah-bpsS \oN-

cm-in-bntem D®-cm-in-bntem P\n-®-Xm-Im\pw aXn.

`mhm-[n-]≥ `mh-Øn¬\nev°p-∂-Klw `mh-Øn-tebv°v t\m°p-∂-Klw ChIƒ \nev°p∂cmin-I-fn¬

P\n® `mh- ew \√-Xm-Ip-∂p. 6˛8- 12 Cu `mh-ß-fpsS A[n-]-Xn-Iƒ \nev°p∂ cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin

apX-em-b-h-bn¬ P\n® `mh- ew Aip- -I-c-am-Wv.

AXm-Xp- -e-Øns‚ Imc-I-Klw \nev°p∂ cmin-bntem AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cm-in-bntem \hmw-i-Im[n]s‚

-\-hmw-i-I-cm-in-bntem Bbn-cnbv°pw `mhP\-\w. As√-¶n¬ Imc-I-t‚bpw kqcy-t‚bpw kv^pS-߃

XΩn¬ Iq´n-°n-´p-∂ -cm-in-bn-em-sW∂pw hcmw.`m-hm-[n-]-t‚tbm `mh-Øn¬ \nev°p-∂-K-l-Øn-t‚tbm

`mh-sØ-t\m-°p∂ Kl-Øn-t‚tbm Zn°n-em-bn-cnbv°pw `mh^ew D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. (kq-cy≥-˛-Ing-°v,

ipI≥˛A-·n-tIm¨, IpP≥-˛-sX-°v, cmlp-˛-\n-cr-Xn-tIm¨, i\n˛ ]Sn-™m-dv, Nµ≥-˛-hm-bp-tIm¨,

_p[≥˛ hS-°v, Kpcp- -Cu-im-\≥.) As√-¶n¬ `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ Cu Kl-߃ \n¬°p∂ cmin-

bpsS-Zn°ntem \hmw-i-I-Zn-°ntem P\n-®-Xm-sW∂pw hcmw. Cu ]d™ Kl-ß-fn¬ GXn-s\-s°m-≠mtWm

Zn°v '" \n›-bn-®Xv, B Klw \n¬°p∂ cmintbm \hmw-i-cm-intbm Nc-cm-in-bm-sW-¶n¬ `mh- ew Zqc-

Øp-\n-∂m-sW-∂pw, D -b-cm-in-bm-sW-¶n¬ hf-sc-Zq-c-Øp-\n∂s√-∂pw, ÿnc-cm-in-bm-sW-¶n¬ kao-]-Øp-

\n-∂m-sW∂pw ]d-tb-≠-Xm-Wv.

`mhm-[n-]s‚ XnI™ \hmw-i-I-kwJy FX-bmtWm AX-bmWv `mh-^ekwJy. AXm-Xv \hmw-i-Im[n

]∑m-cpsS kz`m-hhpw AXm-Xp- m-h-Øn\p-≠m-Ipw. ta¬ ]d™ \hmw-i-Im-[n-]-∑m¿ Zp¿∫-e-cm-sW-¶n¬

`mh-Øn-\p-\m-i-I-c-am-Wv. _e-hm-∑m-cm-sW-¶n¬ `mh-Øn\v A`n-hr-≤n-I-c-am-Wv.

`mh-cmin, `mhm-[n-]≥ \n¬°p-∂-cmin, AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cmin CXp-I-fpsSsb√mw XntIm-W-cm-in-I-

fn¬ e·m-[n-]≥ `mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ F∂o Kl-߃ Nmc-h-im¬ k©-cn-bv°p-∂-Im-e-ØmWv `mh-

^ew _e-h-Øm-hp-I.

ta¬]-d™ ÿm\-ß-fn¬Xs∂ AjvS-am-[n-]≥ Kpfn-I-cm-iy-[n-]≥ F∂n-h¿ Nmc-h-im¬ k©-cn-bv°p∂

Imew `mh-Øns‚ \mi-Im-e-am-Wv.

e·w e·m-[n-]≥\n¬°p-∂-cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin F∂n-h-bn¬ `mhm-[n-]t\m Imc-It\m Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-

tºm-gmWv `mh- -e-ap-≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. `mhm-[n-]\pw e·m-[n-]\pw Nmc-h-im¬ XΩn¬tN-cp-tºmtgm At\ym\yw

ZrjvSn-sN-øp-tºmtgm `mh-^ew kn≤n-bvImw. e·m-[n-]≥ \n¬°p-∂-cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin Ah-bp-sS-Xn-

tIm-W-߃ F∂o -ÿm\ßfn¬ Nmc-h-im¬ hymgw k©-cn-bv°p∂Imehpw `mh- -e-]-Z-am-Wv.

e·m-[n-]-t‚bpw `mhm-[n-]-t‚bpw kv^pS-߃ XΩn¬ Iq´n-°n- p∂ cmin AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cmin Ch-

bpsS XntIm-W-߃ Ch-I-fn¬ hymgw k©-cn-bv°p-∂-Im-ehpw `mhm-\p- hw kn≤n-bv°mw.

e·m-[n-]-t‚bpw `mhm-[n-]-t‚bpw Imc-I-t‚bpw kv^pS-߃Iq´n-°n- p∂ cmin-bn¬ Nmc-h-im¬ hymgw

k©-cn-bv°p∂ Imehpw `mh- -e-]-Z-am-Wv.

e·m-[n-]s‚ \hmw-i-I-cm-iy-[n-]≥ \n¬°p∂ cmin-bn¬ hymghpw Nµ\pw Imc-I\pw Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-

∂-Im-ehpw `mh- -e-]-Z-am-Wv. Hmtcm- -e-Øn-t‚bpw ZmXm-hmb Klw e·-Øn¬sN-√p-tºm-gpw B ^e-

Øns‚ A\p- -h-Im-e-am-Ip-∂p.- e-·m-[n-]≥ \n¬°p∂cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin ^e-Zm-Xm-hm-b- Klw \n¬°p-

∂- cmin AXns‚ \hmw-i-I-cmin Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw \hmw-i-I-cmin, Ch-bp-sS-sb√mw XntImWw Cu

ÿm\-ß-fn-se√mw ^e-Zm-Z-Xm-hmb Klw k©cnbv°p∂ Imehpw `mh^e]Zw BWv.

Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-∂-Im-ehpw `mh-^-e-]-Z-am-Wv. ^e-Zm-Xm-hmb Klw \n¬°p∂cmin \hmw-i-I-cmin

Ch-bpsS XntImW-cm-in-Iƒ Cu cmin-I-fn-se√mw e·m-[n]≥ Nmc-h-im¬ sN√p-∂-Im-ehpw `mh- -e-]-

Z-am-Wv.

ta¬]-d™ ÿm\-ß-fn¬ hymg\pw kqcy\pw Nµ\pw sN√p∂ Imehpw `mhm-\p-`hw kn≤n-bv°pw.

`mhm-[n-]≥ `mh-Øn¬\n¬°p-∂-Klw `mh-Øn-tebv°v ZrjvSn-bp-≈-Klw Imc-I≥ CXp-I-fp-sS-sb√mw

Zim-Im-ehpw `mh-kn-≤n-bv°p≈ ka-b-am-Ip-∂p. `mhw \in-bv°p-hm-\mWv e£Ww F¶n¬ AXn-\p≈

Imehpw AXp-X-s∂-bm-Wv.

`mhm-[n-]\pw Imc-I\pw \nev°p∂cmin-Iƒ Ah-bpsS \hmw-i-I-cm-in-Iƒ CXp-I-fpsS A[n-]-∑m-cn¬

sh®v A[nIw _e-ap-≈-K-l-Øns‚ Zi-bnepw A]-lm-c-Ønepw `mh- ew kn≤n-bv°p-sa∂v A\p-am-\n-

bv°mw.

`mhm-[n-]≥ Imc-I≥ CXp-I-fn¬sh®v ^e-ZmXrXzw FXn-\mtWm AXns‚ Zim-Im-eØpw AXns‚ \hmw-

i-Im-[n-]s‚ Zim-Im-eØpw `mh- ew kn≤n-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

P\-\-Im-eØv AXmXv `mh-Øns‚ AjvS-am-[n-]\pw 22-˛mw tZ°mWm[n-]\pw Zp¿_-e-∑m-cmbn 6˛7-˛8

Cu `mh-ß-fn¬ \nev°p-∂p-sh-¶n¬ AXns‚ Zim-Imew `mh-Øn\v \mi-IcamWv. AXmXv `mh-Øn¬

\n∂pw 3˛6-˛11 Cu `mh-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p∂ ]m]-∑m-cp-sS-bpw, tIµ-Xn-tIm-W-ß-fn¬ \n¬°p∂ ip`-

∑m-cp-tSbpw `mhm-[n] _‘p-°-fp-tSbpw Zim-Imew AXmXv `mh-Øn\v A`p-hr-≤n-bp-≠m-°pw.

KpW- -e-am-bmepw tZmj- -e-am-bmepw icn Kl-Nm-c-]-Imcw ]d-™n- p≈ H∂n-e-[nIw ^em\p- -h-Imew

Htc-k-a-bØv D≠mIpIbpw B ^e-Øn-\-\p-Iq-e-amb Zi A]-lmcw apX-emb Imew hcp-∂Xv Ft∏m-

gmtWm At∏mƒ B ^ew A\p- -hn-bv°p-∂-Xm-Wv.

6˛8-˛12 Ch aq∂pw A\n-jvS-k-Ym-\-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu aq∂v A\n-jvS-ÿm-\m-[n-]-∑m-cp-tSbpw tbmK-Zr-

jvSym-Zn-Iƒ 1. GtXXp `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿°pt≠m B `mh-߃ , 2. GtXXp `mh-߃°pt≠m AXp-Iƒ

3. ta¬]-d™ aq∂p ÿm\-ß-fn¬ GtXXp `mhm-[n-]-∑m¿ \n¬°p-∂pt≠m AXp-Iƒ ( B `mh-߃)

Cu ]d™ aq∂p hn[w `mh-߃°pw ^ew Xs∂ D≠m-Ip-I-bn-√, D≠m-bm¬Xs∂ \in®pw A\p- -h-

tKm-N-c-am-Im-tXbpw Bbn-Øo-cp∂p. ta]-d™ A\njvS ÿm\-ß-fn¬ sh®v 8˛mw `mhw F‰hpw A\n-

jvS-]-Z-am-Wv.

`mhm-[n-]≥ `mhw Imc-I≥ CXp-Iƒ°v 1. _e-an-√m-Xn-cn-bv°pI, 2. ]m]-a-≤y-ÿnXn hcn-I, 3. ]m]-∑m-cp-

tSbpw iXp-°-fp-tSbpw tbmK-Zr-jvSm-Zn-Iƒ D≠m-Ip-I, 4. ip`-∑m-cp-tSbpw _\v[p-°-fp-tSbpw tbmK-Zr-

jvSym-Zn-I-fn-√m-Xn-cn-bv°p-I, 5.- ]m-]-∑-cm-sc-√m-hcpw AXmXp-I-fpsS 4˛8-˛12 tem XntIm-W-ß-fntem

\n¬°pI CsX√mw `mh- -esØ \in-∏n-bv°p∂ e£-W-ß-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu ]d-™-Xn¬ ct≠m aqt∂m

e£-W-ß-fp-≠m-bm¬ Xo¿®-bmbpw `mhw \in-bv°p-I-Xs∂ sNøpw.

GXp`mhØnt‚bpw A[n]\pw ImcIKlhpw _ehm\mbn´v e·m¬ tIµw XntImWw

apXemb CjvSÿm\ßfn¬ BWv \n¬°∂sX¶n¬ B `mh^ew XnI®pw D≠mhpIbpw,

A\p`htbmKyamhpw sNøpsa∂Xv Xo¿®bmWv. CuKl߃ Xs∂ Zp¿_ecmbn´v 6˛8˛12 F∂o

`mhßfnemWv \n¬°p\v\sX¶n¬ B `mh^ew Xs∂ D≠mhpIbn√, A\p`hØns‚ IY ]ns∂

]dbm\pan√t√m.

`mhm[n]\pw ImcI\pw D®w aqeXntImWw apXemb CjvScminIfnemWv \n¬°p∂Xv, ]t£

B \n¬°p∂ cminIƒ 6˛8˛12 apXemb A\njvScminIfnemWv \n¬°p∂sX¶n¬ `mh^ew XnI®pw

D≠mIpsa¶nepw A\p`hnbv°phm≥ kwKXnbmIpIbn√. t\tcadn®v Cu Kl߃Xs∂ \oNmZn

cminIfn¬ \n¬°pIbm¬ _elo\∑mIpIbpw, Ah 11 apXemb CjvS`mhßfn¬ \n¬°pIbpw

sNbvXm¬ `mh ^eØn\v KpWhpw i‡nbpw hfsc Ipdbpsa¶nepw D≈Xv A\p`hnbv°m≥

CShcnIbpw sNøpw.

cmin kzcq]w. ( kmcmhen ˛ 3˛mw A≤ymbw)

BZyx kvartXm tajkam\aq¿Ønx

Imeky aq¿[mKZnXx ]pcmssWx

tkmPmhnImk©c IµcmZnx

kvtX\m·n [mXzmIc cXv\`qanx

BZytØXv (taSwcmin) BSn\p Xp√yamb BIrXnbp≈Xpw, Ime]pcpjs‚ aq¿[mhpamsW∂v

]pcmX\mNmcy∑m¿ ]dbp∂p. BSpIƒ k©cnbv°p∂ ÿew, KplIƒ, ]¿hXw, tamjWw, A·n,

J\n, cXv\`qan F∂o ÿm\߃ Cu cminbpambn _‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

hrjmIrXnkvXp IYntXm ZznXobx

k h‡IWvTmbX\w hn[mXpx

h\mZnkm\p Zz]tKmIpem\mw

Irjohem\ma[nhmk`qanx

c≠masØcminbv°v (CShw) ImfbpsS BIrXnbmWp≈Xv. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ hmbpw

IgpØpamWv. ImSv, aebpsS sImSpapSn, B\, tKmIpew, Irjn°mcpsS `qan Ch Cu cminbpambn

_‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

hoWmKZm`r∑nYp\w XnXobx

]Pm]tXx kvI‘`pPmw ktZti

]h¿ØImKmb\ inev]I kvXo

IoUmcXnZyqXhnlmc`qanx

aq∂masØ anYp\cmin hoWbpw KZbpw ssIønte¥nb kvXo˛]pcpj anYp\ßfmWv.

Ime]pcpjs‚ tXmfv, ssIøv, \rØÿew, ]mSp∂ ÿew, inev]w, kvXo, Ifnÿew, cXnÿew Ch

Cu cminbpambn _‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

I¿Io IpfocmIrXncw_pkwtÿm

h£]tZti hnlnX› [mXpx

tIZmchm]o]pfn\m\n Xky

tZhmwK\m cay hnlmc`qanx

I¿°nSIcminbv°v R≠ns‚ BIrXnbmWv D≈Xv CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ h£x]tZiamWv.

IrjnØSw, XSmIw, aW¬Øn´, tZhkvXoIƒ canbv°p∂ ÿew Ch Cu cminbpambn

_‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

knwlkvXp ssite lrZb]tZix

]Pm]tXx ]©aamlpcmcymx

XkymSho Zp¿K Kplmh\mZn

hym[mh\o Zp¿Kh\]tZix

Nnßw cmin Ime]pcpjs‚ lrZbamWv. ImSv, tIm´, Kpl, h\w, ]¿hXw, thS≥, D]Zhw

D≠mIp∂ ÿew, h\`qan Ch Cu cminbpambn _‘s∏´ncnbv°p∂p.

]Zo]nImw Krly ItcW I\ym

\uÿm Pte jjvTanXn _ph¥n

Imem¿[[ocm PTcw hn[mXpx

kimUzem kvXocXnNnX`qan.

ssIøn¬hnf°pta¥n tXmWnbn¬ Ccnbv°p∂ I\yIbmWv I∂ncmin. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚

hbdmWv. CXpambn _‘ap≈Xv ]p√v\nd™ÿehpw, kvXokwt`mKØn\pw in¬]Øn\pw

th≠`qanbpamWv.

hoYymw Xpem]Wy[tcm a\pjyx

ÿnXx k\m`oISn hkvXntZti

ip¢m¿∞ hoYym ]W ]´\m[z

km¿tYm hn[mtXmX\kky`qanx

hgnbn¬ Xmkpambn \n¬°p∂ hym]mcnbmWv Xpemcmin. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ \m`n, Acs°´v,

aqXmibw. ip¢w, ]Ww ssIImcywsNøp∂ I®hSsØcphv, bmX°m¿ Xmaknbv°p∂ ÿew,

kky߃ \nd™ ]tZiw. ChbmWv Cu cmin.

izt`jvStam hr›nI hnKlkvXp

t]m‡x ]t`mx taV KpZ]tZi

Kplm_nemiz` hnjmiva Kp]vXn

hmfloI InSmPKcmln`qanx

hr›nIcmin tXfns‚ BIrXnbp≈XmIp∂p. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ Kply]tZihpw KpZhpw

BWv. KplIƒ, s]mØpIƒ, shfpØ hnj°√v, Hfnbvt°≠ÿe߃, sam´°p∂pIƒ, ]p‰pIƒ,

]pgp, aeºmºv, ]mºv Chbncnbv°p∂ ÿeßsf Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

[\zo a\ptjym lb]›nam¿≤x

XamIpcqcq `ph\]tWXpx

kaÿnX hykvX kakvXhmPn

kpcmkvX`nZy⁄cYmiz`qanx

Acbv°papIfn¬ a\pjyt\bpw Acbv°pXmsg IpXnctbbpw t]msebpap≈ BIrXnbpw

ssIøn¬ hn√pambp≈ ]pcpj\mWv [\pcmin. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ XpSbmWv. \nc∏p≈Xv,

\nc∏n√mØXv, B\, tZhXIƒ, Bbp[[mcnIƒ, b⁄w, cYw, IpXncmebw Chsb Cu cmin

kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

arKm¿≤]q¿thm aIcm¿≤KmtXm

Pm\p]tZiw Xapi¥n [mXpx

\Zoh\mcWy ktcmZy\q]x

iz`mZnhmtkm Ziax ]ZnjvSx

apIƒ`mKw am\ns\t∏msebpw, Xmgv`mKw apXesbt∏msebpw D≈ P¥phmWv aIccmin. CXv

Ime]pcpjs‚ ap´v BWv. \ZnIƒ, h\߃, ImSpIƒ, XSmI߃, A\q]]tZiw (hr£eXmZnIfpw

XSmIßfpw D≈ ÿew) kz—ÿm\w Chsb Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

kvIt‘ Xp cn‡x ]pcpjkyIpwt`m

PwtLXw GImZiamlpcmcymx

ipjvtImZIm[mc Ipkky ]£n

kvXoiu≠ntam ZyqX\nhmk `qaox

Hgn™IpSw tXmfØv sh®n´p≈ ]pcpj\mWv Ipw`w. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ IW¶memWv.

hc≠Ipfw, hrØnsI´ sNSnIƒ, ]£nIfpw kvXoIfpw Iq´ambp≈ ÿew, NqXpIfnÿew Chsb

Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.

PteXp ao\Zzba¥ycminx

Imeky]mZu hnlnXu hcnjvTu

k ]pWy tZhZznPXo¿∞`qanx

\Zo kapZmw_pNbm[nhmkx

c≠p ao\pIfmWv ao\w cminbpsS ASbmfw. CXv Ime]pcpjs‚ c≠p ]mZßsf

kqNn∏nbv°p∂p. ]pWyÿm\w, tZhÿm\w, _m“W¿Xmaknbv°p∂ Xo¿∞ÿm\w, \ZnIƒ,

kapZw, Pew sI´n°nS°p∂ ÿew Chsb Cu cmin kqNn∏nbv°p∂p.