A evolução do videoclipe uma análise sobre a linguagem dos videoclipes de Michael Jackson e quais...

8/7/2019 A evolução do videoclipe uma análise sobre a linguagem dos videoclipes de Michael Jackson e quais aspectos modi…

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H mknvyh jo y hppfy ë zkjh gobo h bfwbh jf vb bkckwzyo jh knyfah, pokw flf zyèq vbh

bfcwhnfb phyh o pñilkgo xvf ë zyhcwbkzkjh jf bojo ifb wfbfldhczf, jh bfwbh moybh

xvf h knyfah zfb vb goyo, o y hppfy àw }fqfw zfb vb goyhl jf mvcjo# Jf hgoyjo gob

Efllcfy $9008+, ow fmfkzow wobèzkgow jo yhp wf yflhgkochb gob h gocavnhîço jf }oq,

bñwkgh, fwpfzègvlo, pfymoybhcgf f phyzkgkphîço#

O yhp ë vbh gvlzvyh bvkzo moyzf f bvkzo gocwzhczf ch wogkfjhjf jf ihkth glhwwf wogkhl,

gdfnhcjo h poczo jf wfy vbh gvlzvyh xvf }hk hlëb jh py÷pykh bñwkgh, wfcjo vb fwzklo

bvwkghl xvf zfb wvhw py÷pykhw yovphw, bo}kbfczow f ftpyfwwöfw# Fb vb wdo~ ow

y hppfyw bvkzhw }fqfw goc}kjhb o pñilkgo phyh jhcîhy, h bo}kbfczhy ow iyhîow, àw }fqfw

h fynvfy o iyhîo gob o pvcdo gfyyhjo ov h bowzyhy hzkzvjf jf jfwhmko ov wkbplfwbfczf h

phyzkgkphy jf hlnvb bojo jh pfymoybhcgf#



87

Jf mhzo o yhp hzhgh h gvlzvyh jh bâjkh, fb goczyhphyzkjh havjh co jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jf

vbh gvlzvyh hlzfychzk}h, pokw jf gfyzo bojo fwwf fwzklo bvwkghl yfgvwh wf wvibfzfy à

jobkchîço f à opyfwwço# Ovzyo mhzoy xvf ghyhgzfykqh fwwf nácfyo bvwkghl, jf hgoyjo gob

Efllcfy $9008+, ë xvf flf ftpyfwwh vb wfcwo ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jf lvnhy f zfbpo# Ow y hppfyw

wfbpyf fwglhyfgfb jf ocjf fwzço mhlhcjo f h jhzh jh yfhlkqhîço jo èlivb# H xvfwzço jhdoyh ë ovzyo mhzoy kbpyfnchjo co yhp# Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+, ow yhppfyw wfbpyf fwzço

pfynvczhcjo ·hw doyhwº f yfwpocjfcjo xvf ë ·doyh jf hgoyjhyº, wfbpyf ë zfbpo jf

mhqfy hlno, jf kcwzyvky woiyf o xvf fwzh hgoczfgfcjo, doyh jf mono, jf }kolácgkh, jf

ftployhîço vyihch, doyh jo hpoghlkpwf phyh o po}o cfnyo#

Phyh Efllcfy $9008+ ow yhppfyw pyoafzhb vb mvzvyo hpoghlâpzkgo, xvf ë xvhcjo h

}kolácgkh wf }olzh goczyh o py÷pyko cfnyo f jf gfyzh moybh gdfnhb h hgyfjkzhy xvf o

hpoghlkpwf ë o py÷pyko bobfczo fb xvf }k}fbow# Hlnvcw yhppfyw hgyfjkzhb, wfnvcjoEfllcfy $9008+, xvf o DK] f h HKJW wço wkbplfwbfczf vbh gocwpkyhîço jo no}fyco

goczyh flfw f xvf hw jyonhw wço kcgfczk}hjhw f pfybkzkjhw pflo no}fyco phyh jfwzyvky h

gobvckjhjf f h av}fczvjf cfnyh, pokw h fwzyvzvyh jf pojfy cço }á bhkw vzklkjhjf phyh o

cfnyo cvbh wogkfjhjf zfgcol÷nkgh#

Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy$9008+, o yhp zfb vbh zfcjácgkh phyh vbh moybh jf polâzkgh

kjfczkzèykh bfwbo xvf ftkwzh jkwgvwwço xvhczo how phyébfzyow jf kjfczkjhjf# O yhp wf

hmkybh gobo vbh lkcdh polâzkgh yhjkghl, hzhghcjo yfpfzkjhbfczf o ghpkzhlkwbo gobo

wkwzfbh fgocúbkgo# Ftkwzfb jvhw }fyzfczfw xvf pojfb wfy wfnvkjhw pflo yhp, h jf xvf

jf}f"wf wfnvky h yf}olvîço }kolfczh f h ovzyh wf yflhgkoch gob h bfyh woiyf}k}ácgkh#

Efllcfy $9008+ ftplkgh xvf gfyzow nyvpow jf yhppfyw vwh}hb phlh}yhw gobo ·nhcnwzhº f

ovzyhw bfzèmoyhw xvf jh}hb h fczfcjfy h moybhîço jf nhcnvfw, bhw ch bhkoykh jow

ghwow flfw wf yfmfykhb ho wfv py÷pyko nyvpo, pokw co yhp ftkwzf vbh kjfczkmkghîço nyvphl

wfcjo powwâ}fl fcgoczyhy h py÷pykh kjfczkjhjf ·jfczyo jf gobvckjhjfw bhkw hbplhwº#

Chw jëghjhw jf 8;>0 f 8;40 h gvlzvyh cfnyh vyihch jo dkp"dop jfwbfbiyov"wf fb

jk}fywhw moybhw jf gvlzvyh, wf ftpyfwwhcjo fb co}hw moybhw jf bñwkgh, jhcîh f ghczo,

hpyopykhjhw à ftpfykácgkh jh gvlzvyh cfnyh# Chwgfv, hwwkb, o ny h}kzf, o iyfhe , JAw jf

glvifw f o py÷pyko y hp#



8:

O JA wknckmkgh Jkwg"Aogef{# Flf ë vb opfyhjoy jf jkwgo xvf zfb h mvcîço jf mhqfy ihwf

f golhnfb yâzbkgh# Cow zfbpow hzvhkw o JA ë gocwkjfyhjo vb bñwkgo, pojfcjo fwzhy

gooyjfchcjo o wob fb ghwhw jf wdo~w ov gobpfzkcjo fb ihzhldhw#

O BG ë o Bfwzyf jh Gfykbúckh, vbh fwpëgkf jf ghczoy jo dkp"dop, bhw ghczhcjo jfvbh moybh mhlhjh, wfb gologhy bvkzh bflojkh ch }oq# O BG gykh jk}fywhw ykbhw ho }k}o

f nfyhlbfczf gobpfzf gob ovzyo BG, cvb f}fczo gdhbhjo ihzhldh jf BG½w# Co

gobfîo ow BGw bhcjh}hb yfghjow, bhw o dkp"dop f}olvkv h poczo jf zfy ghczoyfw

pyomkwwkochkw jf dkp"dop gobo, poy ftfbplo, co Iyhwkl, o hyzkwzh Nhiykfl o pfcwhjoy#

O Iyfhejhcgkcn fcnloih hw jhcîhw I"io{kcn, Poppkcn, Logekcn f Eyvpkcn, ftkwzfczfw

co Dkp"dop# Wço jhcîhw kcwpkyhjhw fb bo}kbfczow jf nvfyyh# O xvf jkmfyfcgkh hw

jhcîhw jo Dkp"dop wço hw kbpyo}kwhîöfw, gocdfgkjhw gobo M yffwz {lf, f o mhzo jowjhcîhykcow gobpfzkyfb fczyf wk# Fwwhw jhcîhw gobfîhyhb co kcâgko jow hcow 8;=0,

xvhcjo nhcnvfw jh ëpogh vwh}hb o Iyfhe phyh jkwpvzhy zfyykz÷yko# O Iyfhekcn, Poppkcn

f Logekcn moyhb jfwfc}ol}kjhw cow hcow 8;>0, gykhjow poy cfnyow lhzkco"hbfykghcow# Aè

o Eyvpkcn wvynkv cow hcow jf 8;;0, fb wviñyikow hmyo"hbfykghcow#

H hyzf jo nyhmkzf ë ovzyh moybh jf gvlzvyh pyfwfczf co Dkp"dop# O nyhmkzf ë jkmfyfczf jh

pkgdhîço, pokw yfñcf jfwfcdow, bfcwhnfcw woiyf jk}fywow hwwvczow f xvf wço mfkzhw

hzyh}ëw jf wpyh{, yolkcdo f hzë bfwbo pkcgfl# O nyhmkzf wfbpyf ë mfkzo fb phyfjfw f fb

bvyow jhw gkjhjfw# Fwwh hyzf ë vwhjh gobo moybh jf ftpyfwwço f jfcvcgkh#

Wfnvkcjo o pfcwhbfczo jf Efllcfy $9008+, o yhp gvlzk}h vbh gvlzvyh jf yfwkwzácgkh

goczyh h wvpyfbhgkh f h opyfwwço jow iyhcgow# H yfwkwzácgkh jow cfnyow cço w÷ hwwvbf h

moybh jf ftpyfwwço bvwkghl f gvlzvyhl, gobo pykcgkphlbfczf hw moybhw bñlzkplhw jf

yfwkwzácgkh co jkh h jkh# Fwwf pyogfwwo ë jhjo h phyzky jh lkcnvhnfb, jo bojo jf wfy, jhw

hzkzvjfw f jhw yflhîöfw wogkhkw# ·H ftpyfwwço hmyo"hbfykghch, jf pyojvîöfw gvlzvyhkw, ë

f}kjfczf chw moybhw jf gvlzvyh jh bâjkh, bhw zhbiëb wf fcgoczyh fb gocmknvyhîöfw

bhkw }hcnvhyjkwzhw jf gvlzvyhº $EFLLCFY 9008, p#9:4+#

Vbh oiwfy}hîço kbpoyzhczf fb yflhîço ho y hp cfnyo ë xvf hw pyojvîöfw xvf wço bhkw

gocwvbkjhw, bhkw }fcjkjhw wço hw pyojvîöfw yhjkghkw f fwwfw bfnh wvgfwwow jo y hp

bvkzhw }fqfw wço gocwvbkjow poy ao}fcw iyhcgow jf glhwwf bëjkh# Wf mkqfybow vbh



86

gobphyhîço fczyf bñwkgh f gkcfbh, jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+, h bñwkgh ftknf

bfcow ghpkzhl xvf o gkcfbh, zfcjo vb hlzo yfzoyco, o xvf powwkiklkzh pyojvqky bhkw f

}fcjfy yhpkjhbfczf# O gkcfbh f ovzyow zkpow jf gvlzvyh xvf cfgfwwkzhb jf bhkoy

}olvbf jf jkcdfkyo phyh wfyfb pyojvqkjow jkmkgvlzh}hb ow hgfwwow jow cfnyow h

kczfy}kyfb ch gvlzvyh jh bâjkh#

Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+ dè h xvfwzço jh goopzhîço jo y hp pflh gvlzvyh jf

gocwvbo# O y hp pojf wkbplfwbfczf wfy zyhcwmoybhjo fb vbh bfyghjoykh mfzkgdf f fb

vb bojo jf hwwkbklhîço# ·Hw wvhw zëgckghw záb wkjo vzklkqhjhw pflhw fbpyfwhw jf

pyophnhcjhw, poyëb o y hp"bfyghjoykh pojf jk}vlnhy bojow kyyf}fyfczfw jf hnky f

pfcwhy, jhcjo moyîh ch lvzh goczyh o wkwzfbh jf opyfwwçoº $EFLLCFY, 9008, p#9:4+# Ë

cfgfwwèyko fczfcjfy xvf hpfwhy jo y hp wfy goopzhjo phyh ow mkcw gkzhjow hgkbh flf

zhbiëb pojf wf yhjkghlkqhy f pyo}oghy gobpoyzhbfczow yfifljfw# Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+ h jkmfyfcîh }fcjf, poyëb flh pojf pyo}oghy fmfkzow jkmfyfczfw jow jh gvlzvyh

pyf}hlfgfczf, gobo h pyojvîço jf kjfczkjhjfw f pyèzkghw goczfwzhjoyhw#

Jovnlhw Efllcfy $9008+ gkzh o gkcfhwzh Wpkef Lff f mhq vbh gobphyhîço fczyf flf f o

y hp f zhbiëb yfzyhzh h wvh kbpoyzécgkh cfwwf nácfyo bvwkghl# O xvf lknh Wpkef Lff ho

y hp ë o chgkochlkwbo f h polâzkgh kjfczkzèykh xvf wço myfxvfczfw yfmfyácgkhw powkzk}hw jf

Lff co y hp# Pojfbow hmkybhy xvf zhczo o y hp xvhczo Lff zfcjfb phyh vbh moybh jf

polâzkgh kjfczkzèykh, fbioyh ftkwzh vbh jkwgvwwço xvhczo how phyébfzyow jf kjfczkjhjf#

Efllcfy $9008+ hmkybh xvf ch jëghjh jf 8;40, Doll{~ooj cfnlknfcgkov hw xvfwzöfw f ow

pyoilfbhw jow cfnyow xvf, jk}fywhw }fqfw, fyhb yfzyhzhjow jf moybh fwzfyfozkphjh,

wfahb fb gobëjkhw fwzyflhjhw poy Fjjkf Bvypd{ ov Ykgdhyj Py{oy# Cfwwf goczftzo, ow

mklbfw jf Wpkef Lff hioyjh}hb h pfywpfgzk}h yfwolvzhbfczf cfnyh, xvfwzöfw wftvhkw f

yhgkhkw, pyoilfbhw xvf fyhb hvwfczfw co gkcfbh jkyknkjo poy jkyfzoyfw iyhcgow# Wpkef

gobfîov h zfy wfvw mklbfw mkchcgkhjow poy Doll{~ooj h phyzky jo mklbf Lvzf pfl h gokwh

gfyz h, 8;44, xvf moghlkqov h }kjh jf cfnyow ch mhgvljhjf# Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy

$9008+, o wvgfwwo jf Wpkef Lff havjov co mkchcgkhbfczo jf jk}fywow ovzyow mklbfw jf

cfnyow bhkw ao}fcw, kwwo aè ch jëghjh jf 8;;0#



8=

9 H BÂJKH F WVH KCMLVÁCGKH CH GYKHÎÇO JF KJFCZKJHJF

H gvlzvyh jh bâjkh gykh vbh kjfolonkh co wfzoy gvlzvyhl, vb wkwzfbh jf gvlzvyh

oynhckqhjo, wfcjo xvf o bojflo jf pyojvîço kcjvwzykhl ë jk}kjo fb nácfyo gob wvhw

py÷pykhw yfnyhw, goc}fcîöfw f m÷ybvlhw, gobo h kcjñwzykh gkcfbhzonyèmkgh, xvf mhq hjk}kwço jf mklbfw jfwwfw nácfyow gobo zfyyoy, hîço, gobëjkh, jyhbh, wvwpfcwf,

bvwkghkw, nvfyyh, gob wvhw py÷pykhw goc}fcîöfw, moybhw f zfbhw#

Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+ ow pyojvzow jh gvlzvyh jh bâjkh wço cogk}ow, ov wfah, o

fczyfzfckbfczo omfyfgkjo cço ë kcogfczf, o pyojvzo jh gvlzvyh bkjkèzkgh zfb oiafzk}o

kjfol÷nkgo xvf wf }kcgvlh h pyonyhbhw, lvzhw f hîöfw polâzkghw# Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy

$9008+ ·fb }kwzh jf wfv wknckmkghjo polâzkgo f jf wfvw fmfkzow polâzkgow, ë kbpoyzhczf

hpyfcjfy h kczfypyfzhy h gvlzvyh jh bâjkh polkzkghbfczf h poczo jf jfgojkmkghy wvhwbfcwhnfcw f fmfkzow kjfol÷nkgowº $EFLLCFY, 9008, p#897+# Phyh wf kczfypyfzhy

polkzkghbfczf h gvlzvyh bkjkèzkgh ë cfgfwwèyko hbplkhy h gyâzkgh kjfol÷nkgh phyh hiyhcnfy

h kczfywfîço jf }èykow bfkow gobo kczfybëjko jf kjfkhw ov powkîöfw zf÷ykghw#

Phyh Efllcfy $9008+ ow zftzow pyojvqkjow pflh gvlzvyh jh bâjkh wfy}fb phyh kcgoypoyhy

jk}fywow jkwgvywow, powkîöfw kjfol÷nkghw, fwzyhzënkhw chyyhzk}hw, gocwzyvîço jf kbhnfcw f

fmfkzow xvf jkmkgklbfczf wf kczfnyhb cvbh powkîço kjfol÷nkgh pvyh f gofyfczf#

Ow zftzow zfczhb omfyfgfy hlno h zojow, hzyhky o bhkoy pñilkgo powwâ}fl f, poy kwwo,bvkzhw }fqfw kcgoypoyhb vb hbplo fwpfgzyo jf powkîöfw kjfol÷nkghw# Hlëb jkwwo,gfyzow zftzow jfwwh gvlzvyh pyopöfb poczow jf }kwzh kjfol÷nkgow fwpfgâmkgow xvfpojfbow }fykmkghy fwzhiflfgfcjo vbh yflhîço jflfw gob ow jkwgvywow f jfihzfwpolâzkgow jf wvh ëpogh, gob ovzyhw pyojvîöfw gvlzvyhkw yfmfyfczfw h zfbhwwfbfldhczfw f gob bozk}ow kjfol÷nkgow xvf, pyfwfczfw ch gvlzvyh, fwzfahb fb hîçofb jfzfybkchjo zftzo# $EFLLCFY, 9008, p#897+

Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+ h bâjkh pojf gocwzyvky h kjfczkjhjf jf hlnvbhw pfwwohw, pokw

flh kcwfyf ch popvlhîço kcmoybhîöfw yfwzykzhw, ov wfah, hpfchw o xvf hgdh cfgfwwèyko jf

hgoyjo gob o wfv poczo jf }kwzh# Fb zftzow gykhjow pflh bâjkh ftkwzf o xvf Efllcfy $9008+ jfcobkch gobo bfghckwbo jf kcjvîço, xvf mhq gob xvf o kcjk}âjvo wf

kjfczkmkxvf gob hlnvcw zkpow jf opkckço f hzë bfwbo hzkzvjfw# Poyëb phyh o hvzoy hw

pfwwohw pojfb pyojvqky wfvw py÷pykow wknckmkghjow gob ow zftzow }fkgvlhjow pflow

bfkow jf gobvckghîço, pokw h bâjkh pfybkzf h powwkiklkjhjf jf hw pfwwohw hgfkzhyfb ov

cço ow jkwgvywow phyh h moybhîço jf wvh kjfczkjhjf#



8>

Efllcfy $9008+ hmkybh xvf o bojflo gyâzkgo kjfhl ë o bfko zfybo fczyf yfgocdfgfy h

moyîh jh fbkwwço f jh lkifyjhjf ch yfgfpîço, kwwo poy ghvwh jo mfzkgdkwbo xvf pojf jhy

ácmhwf ch kbpoyzécgkh jh yfwkwzácgkh ov jh yfgfpîço f jh gocwzyvîço jf wknckmkghjo poy

phyzf jo pñilkgo#

Phyh hchlkwhy ow zftzow xvf gkygvlhb cow pyojvzow gvlzvyhkw, o hvzoy fbpyfnh o gocgfkzo

jh hyzkgvlhîço jf Wzvhyz Dhll# Fwzf gocgfkzo jf hyzkgvlhîço kcjkgh h bhcfkyh gobo ow

gobpocfczfw wogkhkw wf oynhckqhb ch pyojvîço jf vb zftzo, bowzyhcjo h hcèlkwf jhw

yflhîöfw f kcwzkzvkîöfw wogkhkw, ocjf ow zftzow wço pyojvqkjow f gocwvbkjow#

H Fwgolh jf Myhcemvyz ch Hlfbhcdh mok vbh jhw kcwzkzvkîöfw xvf hchlkwh}h h ·pyojvîço

jf gvlzvyh jf bhwwh co goczftzo jh pyojvîço kcjvwzykhlº $EFLLCFY, 9008, p#::+, ovwfah, Efllcfy $9008+ hmkybh xvf ow pyojvzow jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl goczkcdhb hw bfwbhw

ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jow ovzyow pyojvzow mhiykghjow fb bhwwh gobo h zyhcwmoybhîço fb

bfyghjoykhw, phjyockqhîço f bhwwkmkghîço# Flf zhbiëb fcmhzkqh xvf hw oiwfy}hîöfw

mfkzhw pflh Fwgolh jf Myhcemvyz moyhb o bhygo phyh hw yfmlftöfw jhw pfwxvkwhw woiyf

gvlzvyh ch gobvckghîço# Phyh o hvzoy, vbh jhw mvcîöfw jow pyojvzow jhw kcjñwzykhw

gvlzvyhkw fyh lfnkzkbhy kjfolonkghbfczf hw wogkfjhjfw ghpkzhlkwzhw ftkwzfczfw f kczfnyhy ow

kcjk}âjvow cow xvhjyow jh gvlzvyh jf bhwwh f jh wogkfjhjf#

O fwzvjo gyâzkgo jh gobvckghîço, mfkzo pflh Fwgolh jf Myhcemvyz, zf}f o wfv kcâgko fb8;70, gobikchcjo fgocobkh polâzkgh jow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, hcèlkwf gvlzvyhljow zftzow f fwzvjow jf yfgfpîço pflo pñilkgo jow fmfkzow wogkhkw f kjfol÷nkgow jhgvlzvyh f jhw gobvckghîöfw jf bhwwh# Wfvw pyopocfczfw gvcdhyhb h ftpyfwwço·kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhlº phyh kcjkghy o pyogfwwo jf kcjvwzykhlkqhîço jh gvlzvyh pyojvqkjhphyh h bhwwh f ow kbpfyhzk}ow gobfygkhw xvf kbpflkhb o wkwzfbh# $EFLLCFY,9008, p# ::+

Hw zfoykhw jh Fwgolh jf Myhcemvyz moyhb hw pykbfkyhw h hchlkwhy f pfygfify h kbpoyzécgkh

jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl# Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+ h gvlzvyh f h gobvckghîço jf bhwwh

wço flfbfczow pykcgkphkw fb hzk}kjhjfw jf lhqfy, hlëb jf wfyfb kbpoyzhczfw hnfczfw jf

wogkhlkqhîço f bfjkhjoyhw jh yfhlkjhjf polâzkgh#

Efllcfy $9008+ ftplkgh xvf ftkwzfb wëykhw jfmkgkácgkhw co pyonyhbh oyknkchl jh zfoykh

gyâzkgh xvf ftknf vbh yfgocwzyvîço zozhl co bojflo glèwwkgo jf kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl#

H wvpfyhîço jf wvhw lkbkzhîöfw gobpyffcjfykh1 hcèlkwf bhkw gocgyfzh jh fgocobkhpolâzkgh jh bâjkh f jow pyogfwwow jf pyojvîço jh gvlzvyh5 kc}fwzknhîço bhkw fbpâykghf dkwz÷ykgh jh gocwzyvîço jh kcjñwzykh jh bâjkh f jf wvh kczfyhîço gob ovzyhw



84

kcwzkzvkîöfw wogkhkw5 bhkw fwzvjow jf yfgfpîço poy phyzf jo pñilkgo f jow fmfkzow jhbâjkh5 f kcgoypoyhîço jf co}hw zfoykhw f bëzojow gvlzvyhkw cvbh zfoykh gyâzkghyfgocwzyvâjh jh gvlzvyh f jh bâjkh# $EFLLCFY, 9008, p# :6+

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy, h yflhîço xvf h fwgolh jf Myhcemvyz mhq fczyf h gvlzvyh wvpfykoy f h

kcmfykoy ë pyoilfbèzkgh f jf}f dh}fy vb ovzyo bojflo xvf fcmhzkqf h gvlzvyh gobo vb

·fwpfgzyo f hplkxvf wfbfldhczfw bëzojow gyâzkgow h zojhw hw pyojvîöfw gvlzvyhkw xvf }ço

jfwjf h ÷pfyh hzë h bñwkgh popvlhy, jfwjf h lkzfyhzvyh bojfyckwzh hzë hw co}flhwº

$EFLLCFY, 9008, p#:6+# Záb xvf wfy hchlkwhjow ow bobfczow gyâzkgow f kjfol÷nkgow

fb zojo o fwpfgzyo jh gvlzvyh f cço lkbkzhy ow bobfczow gyâzkgow à gvlzvyh wvpfykoy,

kjfczkmkghcjo gobo kjfol÷nkgow zojow ow jh gvlzvyh kcmfykoy#

Efllcfy $9008+ gkzh jokw zkpow jf fwzvjow xvf wf pojfb zfy woiyf h bâjkh, vb fwzvjo

bvlzkgvlzvyhl f bvlzkpfywpfgzâ}kgo# Phyh wf zfy vb fwzvjo bvlzkgvlzvyhl ë cfgfwwèyko

jfwfc}ol}fy vbh }kwço gvlzvyhl gyâzkgh xvf moghlkqf hw moybhw jf opyfwwço f jobkchîço#

Zfy vbh pfywpfgzk}h gyâzkgh ftknf vbh kczfypyfzhîço jh gvlzvyh f jh wogkfjhjf jhcjo

ácmhwf ho pojfy, jobkchîço f yfwkwzácgkh, hchlkwhcjo pykcgkphlbfczf hw moybhw jf

opyfwwço woiyf vbh wogkfjhjf#

Jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy phyh gykhy vbh zfoykh gyâzkgh jh wogkfjhjf hlëb jf vb fwzvjo

gyâzkgo jh gvlzvyh jh bâjkh, ë cfgfwwèyko jfwfc}ol}fy powzvyhw coybhzk}hw xvf

}khiklkqhyço hioyjhy gykzkghbfczf zftzow gvlzvyhkw# Phyh kwwo hgoczfgfy jf}f"wf bowzyhy hlnvcw }hloyfw f }hlkjè"low fb goczftzow gocgyfzow#

Jovnlhw Efllcfy $9008+ moghlkqh o fwzvjo gvlzvyhl gyâzkgo, xvf hjozh coybhw f }hloyfw

phyh gykzkghy zftzow, pyojvîöfw f gocjkîöfw xvf powwhb pyobo}fy opyfwwço f jobkchîço,

poyëb, o fwzvjo gyâzkgo jh gvlzvyh jh bâjkh zfb gobo oiafzk}o yflhgkochy wvhw zfoykhw

gob h pyèzkgh f hwwkb jfwfc}ol}fy vbh polâzkgh jf goczfwzhîço }kwhcjo wfnvky vb yvbo

pyonyfwwkwzh à gvlzvyh f à wogkfjhjf goczfbpoyécfh# Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+ o fwzvjo

gyâzkgo jh gvlzvyh f jh wogkfjhjf zfb xvf fwzhy wfbpyf yf}fcjo wfvw py÷pykow bëzojow,powkîöfw, pyfwwvpowzow f kczfy}fcîöfw jf bojo xvf fwzfah wfbpyf mlftâ}fl f hifyzo#

O hvzoy mykwh xvf ·phyh bhczfy vbh pfywpfgzk}h gyâzkgh zhbiëb ë pyfgkwo jfwfc}ol}fy

vbh zfoykh gyâzkgh jh wogkfjhjf ch xvhl wf powwh mvcjhbfczhy h hcèlkwf f h gyâzkgh

gvlzvyhl#º $EFLLCFY 9008, p# 89=+# Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+ h zfoykh



8;

gyâzkgh jh wogkfjhjf mhq vbh hcèlkwf gyâzkgh jow wkwzfbhw ftkwzfczfw jf jobkchîço,

hpyfwfczhcjo moyîhw jf yfwkwzácgkhw f powwkiklkjhjf jf zyhcwmoybhîço wogkhl yhjkghl#

Phyh Jovnlhw Efllcfy $9008+ o zfybo bvlzkgvlzvyhl ë vb gocgfkzo nfyhl phyh }èykhw

kczfy}fcîöfw yflhgkochjhw h fwzvjow gvlzvyhkw xvf fthbkchb gvkjhjowhbfczf f cowbâckbow jfzhldfw yfpyfwfczhîöfw jf }èykow mfcúbfcow xvf wço fwxvfgkjow ov

wkbplfwbfczf kncoyhjow# Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+, pojf"wf jkqfy xvf hw

hioyjhnfcw bvlzkgvlzvyhl gyâzkgh wço hcèlkwfw jhw yflhîöfw jf jobkchîço f opyfwwço, vbh

pfywpfgzk}h xvf fcghyh h gocavcîço jf mfcúbfcow gobo glhwwf, yhîh, fzckh, wfto,

wftvhlkjhjf f mhzoyfw xvf gobpöf h kjfczkjhjf jf vb kcjk}âjvo, gobo kbpoyzhczfw

gobpocfczfw gvlzvyhkw xvf jf}fb wfy fthbkchjow f hchlkwhjow jflkghjhbfczf#

O pyoafzo bvlzkgvlzvyhl hchlkwh gobo }èlkjhw hw goczykivkîöfw powkzk}hw jowgobpocfczfw jf kjfczkjhjf f nyvpow wogkhkw phyh h gvlzvyh f h wogkfjhjf# ·Gob

myfxüácgkh wf cozov xvf o zyhihldo bhkw kczfyfwwhczf jow ñlzkbow hcow zf}f oyknfb chw

zfoykhw mfbkckwzhw f chw zfoykhw bvlzkgvlzvyhlkwzhwº $EFLLCFY 9008, p# 89>+#

O bvlzkgvlzvyhlkwbo, hchlkwhjo poy Efllcfy $9008+ yfnkwzyh hw yflhîöfw jf jfwknvhljhjf f

opyfwwço, wfcjo xvf fwwfw mhzoyfw nfyhb lvzh# O xvf o hvzoy gdhbh jf bvlzkgvlzvyhlkwbo

kcwvynfczf hp÷kh hw lvzhw jow opykbkjow goczyh h jobkchîço f h wvioyjkchîço, gologhcjo

jf myfczf ow xvf lvzhb goczyh h jfwknvhljhjf, kcavwzkîh f opyfwwço#

Ftkwzf zhbiëb vb fwzvjo bvlzk"pfywpfgzâ}kgo, gocgfkzo nfyhjo h phyzky jow pfcwhbfczow

jf Ckfzqwgdf, pyfnhcjo xvf zojh kczfypyfzhîço ë bfjkjh pflh pfywpfgzk}h jf xvfb h mhq,

zyhqfcjo gocwkno pyfwwvpowzow, }hloyfw, pyfgocgfkzow f lkbkzhîöfw# Jf hgoyjo gob

Efllcfy $9008+, phyh Ckfzqwgdf ·w÷ dè }kwço fb pfywpfgzk}h, w÷ ¶whify½ fb pfywpfgzk}h5 f

xvhczo bhkw wfczkbfczow jfkthybow xvf mhlfb woiyf vbh gokwh, bhkw gobplfzo wfyè o

cowwo ¶gocgfkzo½ jfwwh gokwh f h cowwh oiafzk}kjhjfº $EFLLCFY, 9008, p# 89;+#

Pojf"wf hmkybhy, jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+, xvf xvhczo bhkw pfywpfgzk}hw jf

kczfypyfzhîço moyfb vzklkqhjhw cvbh pyojvîço gvlzvyhl, bhkw hiyhcnfczf f yoivwzh wfyè h

lfkzvyh f phyh wf ghpzhy hw jkbfcwöfw polâzkghw f kjfol÷nkghw jow zftzow jh gvlzvyh jh

bâjkh ë cfgfwwèyko }á"low h phyzky jhw pfywpfgzk}hw jf wfto, yhîh f glhwwf#



90

H lfkzvyh jf vb zftzo ë wkbplfwbfczf vbh lfkzvyh h phyzky jf vb poczo jf }kwzh gyâzkgo#

Efllcfy $9008+ ftplkgh xvf ftkwzf vbh lknhîço fczyf gojkmkghîço zftzvhl f jfwgojkmkghîço

poy phyzf jo pñilkgo, pojfcjo zfy h powwkiklkjhjf jf vbh bvlzkplkgkjhjf jf lfkzvyhw f

fmfkzow jf hlnvcw zftzow# O fwzvjo fzconyèmkgo jf Efllcfy $9008+ f Y{hc ë vbh moybh jf

whify o bojo gobo o pñilkgo lá ow zftzow, bhw cço dè gfyzfqhw xvhczo ho bojo gobo owzftzow kczfymfyfb chw gyfcîhw f gobpoyzhbfczo jfwwf pñilkgo#

H hioyjhnfb jo fwzvjo gvlzvyhl bvlzk"pfywpfgzâ}kgo bvlzkplkgh hw pfywpfgzk}hw zf÷ykghw

f h py÷pykh pfywpfgzk}h fb wk h phyzky jow mfcúbfcow gvlzvyhkw }kwzow f kczfypyfzhjow#

Efllcfy $9008+ hmkybh xvf ghjh zfoykh f pfywpfgzk}h wço o yfwvlzhjo jf vbh lvzh wogkhl f

pojfb wfy gocwkjfyhjhw vbh hybh jh gyâzkgh ch lvzh poy vbh wogkfjhjf bfldoy#

Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+, ow mklbfw f ovzyow zkpow jf gvlzvyh jh bâjkh záb xvfy wfy hchlkwhjow gobo zftzow kjfol÷nkgow fb goczftzo f yflhîço#

Vb fwzvjo gvlzvyhl goczftzvhlkwzh lá ow zftzow gvlzvyhkw fb zfybow jf lvzhw yfhkwjfczyo jh gvlzvyh f jh wogkfjhjf goczfbpoyécfh, wkzvhcjo h hcèlkwf kjfol÷nkgh fbbfko how jfihzfw f gocmlkzow wogkopolâzkgow ftkwzfczfw, f cço hpfchw fb yflhîço hhlnvbh kjfolonkh jobkchczf wvpowzhbfczf bocolâzkgh ov h hlnvb bojflo jf gvlzvyhjf bhwwh wkbplfwbfczf fxvkphyhjh à bhckpvlhîço kjfol÷nkgh ov à jobkchîço pfy

wfy $EFLCCFY, 9008, p# 876+#

Efllcfy $9008+ ftplkgh xvf vbh moybh jf jflkcfhy hw kjfolonkhw jh gvlzvyh bkjkèzkgh ë

hchlkwhy wvh pyojvîço fb yfl hîço, gobo oynhckqhy ow mklbfw jfczyo jf wfv nácfyo, gkglo

f wfv goczftzo dkwz÷ykgo, wogkopolâzkgo f fgocúbkgo# Hchlkwhy ow mklbfw fb goczftzo ë

}fykmkghy h bhcfkyh xvf flfw wf yflhgkochb gob ovzyow mklbfw jo gocavczo f h moybh

gobo ow nácfyow zyhcwgojkmkghb powkîöfw kjfol÷nkghw# Xvhcjo wf yflhgkoch hlnvcw

mklbfw gob ovzyow xvf wfnvfb o bfwbo nácfyo h kjfolonkh pojf wfy fwzvjhjh fb

·zfybow jhw moyîhw f zfcwöfw h xvf fwzè yfhnkcjo, fcxvhczo ow pyoafzow jf jobkchîço

kjfol÷nkgh pojfb wfy gocgfkzvhjow fb zfybow jf yfwkwzácgkh yfhgkocèykh h lvzhw

popvlhyfw goczyh }hloyfw f kcwzkzvkîöfw gocwfy}hjoyfw ov lkifyhkw zyhjkgkochkwº$EFLLCFY 9008, p# 87>+#

Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+ h gvlzvyh jh bâjkh hyzkgvlh vb gocavczo gobplfto jf

bfjkhîöfw, flh gocwfnvf zyhcwgojkmkghy jkwgvywow, gobo h goczyhgvlzvyh f o mfbkckwbo

jow hcow 8;=0, jh bfwbh moybh xvf ow jkwgvywow lkifyhkw ov gocwfy}hjoyfw jobkchczfw



98

h flfw opowzow# Ow zftzow jh gvlzvyh bkjkèzkgh xvf yf}flhb kbhnfcw powkzk}hw jf

bvldfyfw zyhcwgojkmkghb jkwgvywow mfbkckwzhw, aè hw mknvyhw f jkwgvywow hczkmfbkckwzhw

xvf yfzoychyhb cow hcow 8;;0 hyzkgvlhb ow jkwgvywow f h yflhîço goczyh o mfbkckwbo#

Jh bfwbh moybh xvf ow jkwgvywow, h gvlzvyh jh bâjkh zhbiëb gocwfnvf hyzkgvlhy ftpfykácgkhw, mknvyhw, f}fczow f pyèzkghw wogkhkw# Efllcfy $9008+ hmkybh xvf h bojh, o

}kwvhl f ow hyzfmhzow goczfbpoyécfow wvzvyhb ov gowzvyhb o pñilkgo cow zftzow

gkcfbhzonyèmkgow, ov wfah, h gvlzvyh jh bâjkh cfgfwwkzh yfpfygvzky h ftpfykácgkh wogkhl,

mhqfy phyzf jh }kjh wogkhl jo pñilkgo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+ ow mklbfw, o yoge f h goczyhgvlzvyh jow hcow 8;=0 zkcdhb

wfvw fmfkzow mknvyhkw f jkwgvywk}ow, ·jkwwfbkchcjo kbhnfcw f kjfolonkhw goczyh"gvlzvyhkw

à bfjkjh xvf o pñilkgo hjozh}h kbhnfcw, fwzklo, bojh f hzkzvjfw poy flfw jkmvcjkjowº$EFLLCFY, 9008, p#87;+#

Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+ hlnvbhw mknvyhw popvlhyfw gobo Bhjocch, Yhbio f ovzyow,

gocwfnvfb nfyhy fmfkzow jkyfzow f moyzfw jf moybh xvf kcmlvfcgkhb hw pfwwohw, poyëb ë

jkmâgkl xvf mklbfw, bñwkghw popvlhyfw f pyonyhbhw jf zflf}kwço, f ovzyow zkpow jf gvlzvyh,

kcmlvfcgkfb o pñilkgo jf bojo jkyfzo# Phyh Efllcfy $9008+ hlnvcw ftfbplow jo xvf flf

gdhbh jf popvlhy nloihl ë vb moyzf hnfczf kcmlvfcgkhjoy jkyfzo jf pfcwhbfczow f

gobpoyzhbfczow pflo mhzo jf pyojvqky bojflow jf wftvhlkjhjf, fwzklo ov hîço# ·Kbhnfcw

pojfyowhw wço kbkzhjhw fb zojo o bvcjo f bvkzhw }fqfw hmfzhb jkyfzhbfczf wfv

pñilkgoº $EFLLCFY, 9008, p# 8:8+#

Efllcfy $9008+ ftplkgh xvf ow fwzvjow gvlzvyhkw gyâzkgow wço moghjow fb hcèlkwfw jf

hlnvbhw kbhnfcw yfwwochczfw, ch }fyjhjf, kcwzyvbfczo xvf bowzyh fmfkzow jh bâjkh#

Wfnvcjo flf hlnvbhw kbhnfcw yfwwohb fb cowwhw ftpfykácgkhw f wço hwwkbklhjhw pflh

bfczf dvbhch, lf}hcjo hw pfwwohw h gfyzow pfcwhbfczow f hîöfw, ov wfah, hw mknvyhw

popvlhyfw gobo Bhjocch, Ifhzlfw, Yhbio, wço xvhwf gobplfzhbfczf yfwwochczfw xvf

boiklkqhb gobpoyzhbfczow, bhcfkyh jf pfcwhy ho poczo jf ftkwzky pfwwohw xvf phwwhb

h xvfyfy wfy vb jfwwfw hyzkwzhw ov hzë bfwbo vb pfywochnfb jf vb mklbf, kbkzhcjo o

bojo jf }fwzky, mhlhy, yky, gobpoyzhy, hnky fzg#

Cow hcow 8;60, hw kbhnfcw yfwwochczfw jf yfifljfw f bozoxvfkyow kcgocmoybhjowgobo Bhyloc Iyhcjo, Fl}kw Pyfwlf{, Ahbfw Jfhc, ftfygfyhb moyzf kcmlvfcgkh,



99

bojflhcjo fwzklow, pfcwhbfczow f gobpoyzhbfczow5 cow hcow 8;=0, hw kbhnfcwyfwwochczfw moyhb hw jhw mknvyhw goczyhgvlzvyhkw# F}fczvhlbfczf, vbh kbhnfbyfwwochczf pojf wfy jfw}kcgvlhjh, fb zfybow jf fmfkzo f bfb÷ykh, jf wvh fwzyvzvyhchyyhzk}h, f, fbioyh h bfcwhnfb jo zftzo mowwf ·o gykbf cço gobpfcwhº, ë hlfbiyhcîh jo gykbf xvf mkgh ch bfb÷ykh, xvf kcmlvfcgkh pfcwhbfczow fgobpoyzhbfczow $EFLLCFY, 9008, p# 8:8+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+ ftkwzfb hw gfchw phlfowwkbi÷lkghw, xvf wço vbh fwpëgkf

jf wkbiolkwbo pykboyjkhl ov wkbiolkwbo wvizfyyécfo# Fwwf zkpo jf gfch zfb gobo

ghyhgzfyâwzkgh fwzhy wfbpyf ghyyfnhjh jf jyhbh f fboîço, pojfcjo kcmlvfcgkhy h

pfygfpîço jhw pfwwohw f gocmoybhy gobpoyzhbfczow f hzë bfwbo fwzklow wftvhkw# Vb

ftfbplo ë h yfpyfwfczhîço xvf h bâjkh mhq jow cfnyow# Ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw o cfnyo

yfpyfwfczh vb phpfl }kolfczo f hbfhîhjoy, fb mklbfw, wfykhjow, phwwhcjo phyh o pñilkgo

vbh kbhnfb cfnhzk}h# Fwwhw kbhnfcw wço phwwhjhw fb gfchw jf jyhbh f wvwpfcwf,

mhqfcjo gob xvf o fwpfgzhjoy, ch yfhlkjhjf, hgyfjkzf xvf ow cfnyow wço, fb wvh bhkoykh,

pfyknowow#

Pojfbow hmkybhy, gob ihwf cow fwzvjow jf Efllcfy $9008+ f o ftfbplo gkzhjo hgkbh,

xvf h gvlzvyh bkjkèzkgh jk}vlnh kbhnfcw f gfchw bvkzo moyzfw f gob ihwzhczf pojfy jf

kcmlvácgkh, fb zfybow jf kjfczkmkghîço, kcjvqkcjo jkyfzhbfczf vb zkpo jf

gobpoyzhbfczo, gykhcjo bojflow jf hîço, bojh f fwzklo# Wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+ cço

wf pojf pfcwhy xvf h gvlzvyh jh bâjkh kcmlvfcgkh h wogkfjhjf poyxvf fwzh ë kcogfczf ov

kcghphq jf pfcwhy poy wk py÷pykh, pokw h wogkfjhjf zhbiëb kczfymfyf chw jfgkwöfw jh

bâjkh f }kgf"}fywh#

Phyh Efllcfy $9008+, jf hgoyjo gob ow fwzvjow gvlzvyhkw iykzéckgow ow zftzow jh gvlzvyh

jh bâjkh pojfb wfy gojkmkghjow jf }èykhw moybhw wfcjo nyowwfkyow, kjfol÷nkgow f ihchkw,

poyëb o pñilkgo pojf pyojvqky wfvw py÷pykow wknckmkghjow f pyhqfyfw gob fwwf bhzfykhl#

Jf zojh moybh ow fwzvjow jow fmfkzow jh gvlzvyh jh bâjkh wço gobplftow f bfjkhjow,

jf}fcjo wfy fwzvjhjo jfwjf wvh oyknfb f jh pyojvîço jf wfvw zftzow, hzë h jkwzykivkîço

f h yfgfpîço jfwzfw pflo pñilkgo f ow bojow gobo hw pfwwohw vwhb phyh gocwzyvky

wknckmkghjow, jkwgvywow f kjfczkjhjfw#

Efllcfy $9008+ ftplkgh xvf ow zftzow popvlhyfw xvf h bâjkh gykh fwzço yflhgkochjow gob

hw yfhlkjhjfw wogkhkw jf wvh ëpogh, gob kwwo, h kczfypyfzhîço powwkiklkzh h gobpyffcwço

jo xvf jf mhzo fwzè hgoczfgfcjo fb vbh gfyzh wogkfjhjf# Gob kwwo h kjfolonkh jh



97

gvlzvyh jh bâjkh zfb xvf wfy fwzvjhjh co goczftzo jh lvzh wogkhl f jo jfihzf polâzkgo,

wfcjo xvf h gyâzkgh jh kjfolonkh jf}f pyogvyhy bobfczow jf gyâzkgh wogkhl f jf

goczfwzhîço fb zojow ow zftzow kjfol÷nkgow#

Efllcfy $9008+ gkzh, zhbiëb, h vzopkh jkqfcjo xvf ow bobfczow vz÷pkgow chw pyojvîöfwgvlzvyhkw, jf moybh bhkw kjfol÷nkgh, gocwzkzvk bobfczow fbhcgkphz÷ykow xvf

jfbocwzyhb }kwöfw jf vbh }kjh bfldoy xvf pyopoygkoch h oynhckqhîço f h fwzyvzvyh jh

}kjh co ghpkzhlkwbo# Jo poczo jf }kwzh jf Jovnlhw Efllcfy $9008+ h gvlzvyh jf bhwwh

hyzkgvlh gocmlkzow wogkhkw, bfjow f fwpfyhcîhw vz÷pkghw jow cowwow jkhw, zfczhcjo goczá"

low f nhyhczky zyhcxüklkjhjf poy }khw kjfol÷nkghw#

H bhkoy fwpfgkhlkjhjf jh gvlzvyh jh bâjkh ë gocwfnvky kcjvqky hw pfwwohw h gfyzow zkpow

jf kjfczkjhjf, flh gocwfnvf kwwo hzyh}ëw jf wvhw gyâzkghw ov, wkbplfwbfczf, jhcjofcmoxvf h hyzkwzhw xvf gocwfnvfb bvkzh popvlhykjhjf# Bhjocch mok vbh pfywochlkjhjf

bhyghjh ch jëghjh jf 8;40, zhczo poy wvhw bñwkghw xvhczo pflo wfv bojo jf hnky, vbh

popwzhy xvf zf}f wvh kbhnfb jf bojh f kjfczkjhjf mhgklbfczf pfygfikjh f zyhcwbkzkjh

pflh bâjkh# Bhjocch ë h bhkw }fcjkjh f jkwgvzkjh jhw ghczoyhw popvlhyfw, jf hgoyjo

gob Efllcfy $9008+, ·flh ë vbh jhw fwzyflhw bhkw pyofbkcfczfw jo }kjfoglkpf f

hwpkyhczf h hzykq jf gkcfbhº $EFLLCFY, 9008, p#776+#

Bhjocch gykov kbhnfcw xvf fwglhyfgfyhb o ghyèzfy jf gocwzyvzo wogkhl jh kjfczkjhjf, jh

bojh f jh wftvhlkjhjf, wfnvcjo Efllcfy $9008+# Flh jfwzyvkv hw ihyyfkyhw xvf moyhb

kbpowzhw pflow g÷jknow jobkchczfw jf wfto, wftvhlkjhjf f bojh, kcgfczk}hcjo h

ftpfykbfczhîço, h bvjhcîh f h pyojvîço jh kjfczkjhjf kcjk}kjvhl# Efllcfy $9008+

ftplkgh xvf xvhcjo Bhjocch pyk}klfnkov h kbhnfb, hphyácgkh, bojh f o fwzklo ch

pyojvîço jf kjfczkjhjf, flh yfmoyîov h gykhîço jf vb co}o ·fv"bfyghjoykhº hzyh}ëw jo

gocwvbo f jow pyojvzow jh kcjñwzykh jh bojh#

Bhjocch jfwpfyzh o kczfyfwwf jow fwzvjow gvlzvyhkw poyxvf wvh oiyh, wvh

popvlhykjhjf f wvh kcmlvácgkh yf}flhb kbpoyzhczfw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh chzvyfqh f jhmvcîço jh bojh f jh kjfczkjhjf co bvcjo goczfbpoyécfo# H bojh omfyfgf bojflowf bhzfykhl phyh h gocwzyvîço jh kjfczkjhjf# Hw wogkfjhjfw zyhjkgkochkw zkcdhb phpëkwwogkhkw f g÷jknow wvczvèykow yflhzk}hbfczf h glhwwf wogkhl, h pyomkwwço f o wz hzvw jhpfwwoh# $EFLLCFY 9008, p 77=+

Jf hgoyjo gob Efllcfy $9008+ h bojfyckjhjf omfyfgfv co}hw moybhw jf gocwzyvîço jh

kjfczkjhjf, wfcjo xvf hw wogkfjhjfw pfybkzkhb ho kcjk}kjvo h lkifyjhjf jf gykhy wvh



9:

py÷pykh kjfczkjhjf f hzë bfwbo phwwhy poy vbh gykwf jf kjfczkjhjf# Pojf"wf jkqfy xvf h

bojh havjh h jfzfybkchy o bojo gobo h pfwwoh }hk wfy pfygfikjh f hgfkzh ch wogkfjhjf#

H bojh powwkiklkzh ho gkjhjço h fwgoldfy hw yovphw, fwzklow f kbhnfcw, wfcjo xvf hzyh}ëw

jfwwh kbhnfb ë xvf wfyè powwâ}fl h gocwzyvîço jf vbh kjfczkjhjf kcjk}kjvhl#

Pojfbow gocglvky xvf h bâjkh gocwzy÷k f kcmlvfcgkh jkyfzhbfczf ch kjfczkjhjf jf vbh

wogkfjhjf# Flh kc}ogh h bojh, h bñwkgh, gykh pfcwhbfczow, gocwzy÷k hyzkwzhw xvf

kcmlvfcgkh h bhcfkyh jf xvfyfy wfy jf vbh pfwwoh, ho bfwbo zfbpo fb xvf h py÷pykh

wogkfjhjf vwh h gvlzvyh jh bâjkh f fwgoldf, bvkzhw }fqfw, fb xvfyfy ov cço xvfyfy wfy

kcmlvfcgkhjo poy flh#

9#8 H lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh

Phyh fczfcjfybow o }kjfoglkpf jf}fbow, pykbfkyhbfczf, gocdfgfy gobo flf wvynkv#

Hczfw bfwbo jow mklbfw bvwkghkw, ov jow wkbplfw gvyzhw"bfzyhnfcw jf}fbow gocdfgfy

h fwwácgkh jo xvf yfhlbfczf ë o gkcfbh# Zhczo o }kjfoglkpf xvhcjo o py÷pyko gkcfbh

wço jvhw hyzfw xvf wf yflhgkochb, pokw hlëb jo gkcfbh kcmlvfcgkhy zhbiëb mok o

pyfgvywoy jo }kjfoglkpf# Zvjo gobfîov co hco jf 84;6 xvhcjo ow kybçow Lvbkëyf

mkqfyhb vbh jfbocwzyhîço fb pñilkgo woiyf h wvh co}h kc}fcîço1 o gkcfbhz÷ny hmo, vb

hphyfldo poyzèzkl xvf mvcgkoch}h gobo wf mowwfb zyáw hphyfldow wfcjo fwzf vbh bèxvkch

jf mklbhy, yf}flhy f pyoafzhy#

Mknvyh 81 Gkcfbhz÷nyhmo

Moczf1 <dzzp1//cogkcfbhgobkno#ilonw#whpo#pz/:49#dzbl3



96

O pykbfkyo mklbf ftkikjo pflo gkcfbhz÷nyhmo mok ·L.Hyyk}ëf j.vc zy hkc fc n hyf jf Lh

Gkoz hzº, ov H gdfn hj h jo zyfb ch fwz hîço# Fyh vb gvyzh"bfzyhnfb gob jvyhîço jf

hpfchw 60 wfnvcjow, ftkikjo fb Phykw, xvf bowzyh}h o bobfczo fb xvf o zyfb gdfnov

à fwzhîço# Hp÷w fwzf, ovzyow gvyzh"bfzyhnfb moyhb gykhjow, gobo o mklbf ·]khaf h l h

lvchº, ]khnfb à lvh, jf Nfoynf Bëlkfw#

Ihwfhjo ch oiyh jf Bhygfl Bhyzkc $8;=7+, hvzoy jo lk}yo H lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh,

h kbhnfb ë h bhzëykh"pykbh jo gkcfbh, ë flh o pyojvzo jh hzk}kjhjf hvzobèzkgh jf vb

hphyfldo xvf yfpyojvq h yfhlkjhjf xvf ldf ë hpyfwfczhjh# Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+

h kbhnfb jf gkcfbh ë vbh yfhlkjhjf fb bo}kbfczo f fwzf flfbfczo ë o xvf gocwzkzvk h

fwzëzkgh jh kbhnfb fb vbh zflh#

Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+ o }kjfoglkpf fc}ol}f zvjo hxvklo xvf o gkcfbh pojf pyopoygkochy,jf hgoyjo gob wvh f}olvîço jfwjf 8;=0 hzë ow jkhw hzvhkw, ov wfah, o }kjfoglkpf

hgobphcdh o h}hcîo zfgcol÷nkgo f h ·hzvhlkqhîçoº xvf o gkcfbh womyfv jvyhczf hw

jëghjhw phwwhjhw hzë doaf#

Wfnvcjo Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ftkwzf o locnh"bfzyhnfb f o gvyzh"bfzyhnfb, wfcjo xvf o

locnh"bfzyhnfb wço mklbhnfcw jf locnh jvyhîço f o gvyzh"bfzyhnfb wço mklbhnfcw xvf

hpyfwfczhb povgo zfbpo# Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf o }kjfoglkpf wf fcxvhjyh co gvyzh"

bfzyhnfb, pokw ch bhkoykh jhw }fqfw ë vbh mklbhnfb jf bvkzo povgo zfbpo,

nfyhlbfczf záb h jvyhîço jh bñwkgh#

Co kcâgko, o gkcfbh ftkikh mklbhnfcw wkbplfw, cço wf zkcdh èvjko, cço ftkwzkh bvkzh

bo}kbfczhîço jf gébfyh f h pykcgkphl ghyhgzfyâwzkgh cow pykbfkyow mklbfw fyh h kbhnfb

fb pyfzo f iyhcgo# Jfwjf o kckgko ow kc}fczoyfw f pyojvzoyfw jf mklbf ivwgh}hb vbh

moybh jf mhqfy h avcîço fczyf kbhnfb f wob, zfczhcjo h hbplkmkghîço f wkcgyockh fczyf

ow jokw, bhw hzë h jëghjh jf 8;90 zojhw hw zfczhzk}hw mfkzhw cço zk}fyhb wvgfwwo# H

fbpyfwh jf mklbfw ^hycfy Iyozdfyw, gob o mklbf ·Zdf A hqq Wkcnfy º, ftkikjo fb 8;9>,

cow FVH, mok h pykbfkyh fb gocwfnvky mhqfy h wkcgyockh jh kbhnfb f wob#

Fb hlnvbhw gfchw jow pykbfkyow mklbfw cço wf zkcdh èvjko, h phyzky jfwwf locnh"

bfzyhnfb, ·Zdf A hqq Wkcnfy º, phwwov"wf h zfy, pokw flf hpyfwfczov, avczo à gfch, o wob

jo hbikfczf, ov wfah, mok xvhcjo jfktov jf wfy gkcfbh bvjo# Kwwo hgoczfgfv jf}kjo à



9=

kczyojvîço jo ·wkwzfbh jf wob ]kzdhpdocfº vbh zëgckgh xvf gocwkwzkh fb nyh}hy o wob

fb vb jkwgo f wkcgyockqhy gob h kbhnfb#

Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, o pñilkgo hgfkzov gob bvkzo iob hnyhjo fwwf co}o

nácfyo jf mklbfw, hlnvbhw pfywochlkjhjfw jo gkcfbh hzë ftpyfwwh}hb wfv gfzkgkwbo ov

h wvh dowzklkjhjf# Phyh Gdhylfw Gdhplkc, o gkcfbh gob wob jfw}kyzvh}h h hyzf jhphczobkbh, xvf ë vb zkpo jf zfhzyo nfwzvhl xvf mhq o bfcoy vwo powwâ}fl jf phlh}yhw f

bhkoy vwo jf nfwzow#

Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, kckgkhlbfczf, h kbhnfb mâlbkgh zfb jk}fywhw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw f

hphyácgkhw jh yfhlkjhjf, pokw o bo}kbfczo jf vbh pfwwoh, ov o }fczo ihzfcjo ch èy}oyf

f hw moldhw }ohcjo, mok o pykbfkyo hwpfgzo xvf fcghczov f ghvwov fwphczo hjbkyhzk}o

cow pykbfkyow fwpfgzhjoyfw# Ovzyo flfbfczo xvf ghyhgzfykqh h kbhnfb mâlbkgh ë o wob,

poy ghvwh jh jkbfcwço xvf flf hgyfwgfczh à gfch# Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf ·o ghbpo

hvjkzk}o fcnloih h zozhlkjhjf jo fwphîo xvf cow gfygh, f xvf o oldhy cço ldf pojfhiyhcnfy, ho bfwbo zfbpo, wfcço wfwwfczh nyhvw f bfwbo hpfchw zykczh nyhvw gob

hzfcîço#º $BHYZKC, 8;=7, p#84+#

Hzë 8;9> o èvjko zyhcwbkzkjo cow pykbfkyow gvyzhw"bfzyhnfcw fyhb bñwkghw zoghjhw poy

pkhco f, jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+1

H bñwkgh gocwzkzvk h goczykivkîço jo wocoyo# Cço poyxvf zfcdhb wkjo fwgykzhw

phyzkzvyhw bvwkghkw phyh mklbfw bvjow, Whkcz"Whfcw gobpúw vbh phyh L½Hwwh

wwkch

z Jv Jvf jf Nvkwf, Dfcyk Yhihvj phyh Lf Bky hglf jáw Lovpw, U###R# Bhw hâ wf zyhzh}hjf bñwkgh fwgykzh phyh hgobphcdhy mklbfw f cço jf bñwkgh jf mklbf co wfczkjo fthzojo zfybo# O pykcgkpko jh goyyfwpocjácgkh yknoyowh kbhnfb"wob cço fyh hkcjhyfhlkqhjo zfgckghbfczf f cfb yfgocdfgkjo fwzfzkghbfczf# Fwwhw phyzkzvyhwfwpfgkhlbfczf phyh mklbfw wço ftgfpgkochkw f xvf ow yfhlkqhjoyfw wf hiwoy}fyhbkcgocwgkfczfbfczf, poy fwzhyfb kbpowwkiklkzhjow jf vwhy h bñwkgh# $BHZKC, 8;=7,p# 807+#

9#9 Flfbfczow jh kbhnfb

Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ·vbh phyzkzvyh bvwkghl hjfxvhjh f kczflknfczfbfczf flhioyhjh hnf,hpfchw, woiyf ow wfczkjow jf vbh jfzfybkchjh hbikácgkh pwkgol÷nkgh py÷pykh h jvplkghy

h yfgfpzk}kjhjf jo fwpfgzhjoy, gologhcjo"o fb fwzhjo jf nyhîhº $BHZKC, 8;=7, p#

807+#

Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf ow mfcúbfcow wocoyow pojfb wfy jk}kjkjow fb jk}fywhw

ghzfnoykhw, kckgkhlbfczf gobfîhyfbow gob ow yvâjow chzvyhkw f yvâjow dvbhcow# Yvâjow



9>

chzvy hkw wço ow mfcúbfcow wocoyow pfygfpzâ}fkw ch chzvyfqh }kynfb, ov wfah, o yvâjo jo

}fczo, jh zfbpfwzhjf, gdv}h, ocjhw, nykzow jf hckbhkw, fzg# Ow yvâjow dvbhcow wço

wvijk}kjkjow fb yvâjow bfgéckgow, phlh}yhw"yvâjow f bñwkgh"yvâjo# Ow yvâjow

bfgéckgow wço ihyvldow jf bhxvkchw, hvzob÷}fkw, h}köfw, yvâjow jf yvhw, mhiykghw, jf

poyzhw, fzg# Hw phl h}y hw"yvâjow wço wkbplfwbfczf o mvcjo wocoyo dvbhco# Bñwkgh"yvâjo ë vb wkbplfw mvcjo wocoyo gobo h bvwkgh jf mklbfw bvwkghkw ov wob jf vb yèjko

zoghcjo#

Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf ow yvâjow pojfb wfy vzklkqhjow jf moybh yfhlkwzh, ocjf wf

ov}f wocw pyojvqkjow poy wfyfw ov gokwhw pyfwfczfw ch zflh# Ftkwzf zhbiëb, jf hgoyjo

gob o hvzoy, vbh vzklkqhîço ·cço"yfhlkwzhº jo wob, ov wfah, fb cço gokcgkjácgkh gob h

kbhnfb, o wob zfb o phpfl jf vb ·goczyhpoczoº#

Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, vb mhzoy xvf bowzyh}h jk}fywow pyoilfbhw phyh o gkcfbh

fyh h goy, poyxvf hpyfwfczh}h kbpfymfkîöfw jf bhcfkyh xvf pyfavjkgh}h h gyfjkiklkjhjf

jo jyhbh f jkwpfywh}h h hzfcîço jo fwpfgzhjoy#

Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ·h kbhnfb ë vb jhjo gkfczâmkgo, o pyojvzo jh hîço jf yhkow

lvbkcowow woiyf vbh wvpfymâgkf xvâbkgh wfcwâ}fl poy kczfybëjko jf vb wkwzfbh ÷pzkgo

gdhbhjo jf oiafzk}hº $BHYZKC, 8;=7, p# 98+# Wfnvcjo Bhyzkc $8;=7+ h pykcgkphl

jkmfyfcîh fczyf h kbhnfb f jf vbh mozo ë xvf h kbhnfb ë o yfgoyzf jh yfhlkjhjf fbbo}kbfczo Poy fwwf bozk}o flh ë o mhzoy xvf ghyhgzfykqh hw bâjkhw xvf vwhb h

mklbhnfb, gobo h Z], o gkcfbh f o py÷pyko }kjfoglkpf#

Wfnvcjo Bhyzkc $8;=7+, h kbhnfb fb bo}kbfczo lf}h ho fwpfgzhjoy vb yfgoyzf, vbh

hphyácgkh jh yfhlkjhjf bhkoy jo xvf h mozo# H kbhnfb, jfwjf o mkb jo gkcfbh bvjo,

}fb hnyfnhjh gob o wob, f avwzhbfczf h bkwzvyh jow jokw ë o xvf zoych h gfch yfhl#

Jf hgoyjo gob h oiyh jf Bhyzkc $8;=7+ gob h kbhnfb pojf"wf pfygfify vbh

ghyhgzfyâwzkgh bvkzo vwhjh cow }kjfoglkpfw f co gkcfbh xvf ë o powkgkochbfczo jhw

gébfyhw# Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf ftkwzfb1 zy h}fllkcn, phcoyébkgh, zy hafz÷ykh, q oob

kc, q oob ovz # Phyh o hvzoy co locnh"bfzyhnfb, gvyzh"bfzyhnfb f zflf}kwço, xvhcjo

hphyfgf vbh gfch fb bo}kbfczo ë câzkjo h ftkwzácgkh jfwwfw mhzoyfw, wfah fb xvhlxvfy

oyjfb#



94

O zy h}fllkcn ë o bobfczo fb xvf h gébfyh wfnvf o pfywochnfb# H phyzky jfwwf fmfkzo

zfb"wf o bo}kbfczo phcoyébkgo xvf, jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, wfykh h yozhîço xvf h

gébfyh zfb fb zoyco jo wfv fkto }fyzkghl ov doykqoczhl# O zy h}fllkcn }fyzkghl ë yhyo f

bvkzhw }fqfw cço zfb wfcço h mvcîço jf hgobphcdhy vb pfywochnfb fb bo}kbfczo# Aèo zy h}fllkcn lhzfyhl zfb vb phpfl jfwgykzk}o# Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ftkwzf o

zy h}fllkcn phyh zyèw, xvf pojf zfy }èykow wfczkjow gobo h gocglvwço, o hmhwzhbfczo co

fwphîo, hgobphcdhbfczo jf vb pfywochnfb xvf h}hcîh, jfwpyfcjkbfczo boyhl f h

kbpyfwwço jf hihzkbfczo f jf kbpozácgkh#

Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ë pyfgkwo ·fwzvjhy vb povgo bhkw jfboyhjhbfczf o zy h}fllkcn phyh

myfczf xvf ë o bhkw chzvyhl1 goyyfwpocjf, gob fmfkzo, ho poczo jf }kwh jf vb

pfywochnfb xvf h}hcîh ov fczço à pyoafîço jf vb oldhy phyh vb ghczo jf kczfyfwwfº$BHYZKC, 8;=7, p#7>+#

O hvzoy gkzh gkcgo mvcîöfw ftpyfwwk}hw jo zy h}flkcn phyh myfczf# Flf zfb h kczyojvîço,

xvf ë vb bo}kbfczo xvf kcwfyf o fwpfgzhjoy co bvcjo ocjf }hk wfy jfwfc}ol}kjh h

hîço, h jfwgykîço jf vb fwphîo jkfnëzkgo, o jfwz hxvf jf vb flfbfczo kbpoyz hczf, xvf

wfy}f phyh h goczkcvkjhjf jh hîço f phwwhnfb à kczfykoykj hjf, ë h kczyojvîço jh

yfpyfwfczhîço oiafzk}h jo wocdo ov lfbiyhcîh# Bhyzkc $8;=7+ hpoczh xvf o zy h}fllkcn

phyh myfczf ftpykbf, oiafzk}kqh f bhzfykhlkqh h zfcwço bfczhl jf vb pfywochnfb#

Wfnvcjo o hvzoy pojf wf jkwzkcnvky zyáw vzklkqhîöfw jkmfyfczfw jo zy h}fllkcn cfwwh

pfywpfgzk}h1 O zyhzhbfczo oiafzk}o, zyhzhbfczo wviafzk}o f o zyhzhbfczo wviafzk}o cço"

yfhlkwz h#

O zy hz hbfczo oiafzk}o wknckmkgh xvf h gébfyh cço hjozh o poczo jf }kwzh jo pfywochnfb,

bhw wkb o poczo jf }kwzh }kyzvhl jo fwpfgzhjoy# O zy hz hbfczo wviafzk}o ë xvhcjo h

gébfyh wviwzkzvk fthzhbfczf o oldhy jo pfywochnfb# Aè o zy hz hbfczo wviafzk}o cço"

yfhlkwz h ë o zy h}fllkcn xvf, gob o pfywochnfb"wvafkzo phyhjo, ftpykbf jf xvhlxvfy

bojo h ·pyoafîçoº jo oldhy#

Jf hgoyjo gob h oiyh jf Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ftkwzf zhbiëb h mklbhnfb phcoyébkgh, xvf ë

vbh yozhîço jh gébfyh fb zoyco jf wfv fkto }fyzkghl ov doykqoczhl wfb xvf dhah o



9;

jfwloghbfczo jo hphyfldo# Wfnvcjo Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ftkwzfb zyáw zkpow jf phcoyébkghw,

hw phcoyébkghw jfwgykzk}hw, phcoyébkghw ftpyfwwk}hw f phcoyébkghw jy hbèzkghw#

Hw phcoyébkghw jfwgykzk}hw záb gobo oiafzk}o h ftployhîço jf vb fwphîo, pojfcjo zfy

vb phpfl kczyojvz÷yko ov gocglvwk}o# Hw phcoyébkghw ftpyfwwk}hw jfwzkchb hw gébfyhwh wvnfyky vbh kbpyfwwço ov kjfkh# Aè hw phcoyébkghw jyhbèzkghw gocwzkzvfb vb phpfl

jkyfzo ch chyyhzk}h# O oiafzk}o jh gébfyh phcoyébkgh jyhbèzkgh ë fwzhiflfgfy yflhîöfw

fwphgkhkw, wfah jf vbh pfwwoh xvf oldh f hgfch ov o oiafzo oldhjo, f fwzf bo}kbfczo

zyhcwphyfgf vbh kbpyfwwço jf hbfhîh, dowzklkjhjf phyh hxvflfw fb xvf h gébfyh wf

jkyknf fb wfnvcjo lvnhy#

Wfnvcjo Bhyzkc $8;=7+, h gébfyh zyhafz÷ykh ë wkbplfwbfczf h avcîço kcjfzfybkchjh jf

zy h}fllkcn f phcoyébkgh, mfkzh gob o hvtâlko jf vbh nyvh!# H zyhafz÷ykh ë vb bo}kbfczobvkzo yhyo f povgo chzvyhl# H zyhafz÷ykh nfyhlbfczf ë gologhjh co kcâgko jf vb mklbf

gob o oiafzk}o jf kczyojvqky o ftpfgzhjoy co xvf o hvzoy gdhbh jf vck}fywo jkfnëzkgo#

Ow q oob½w pfybkzfb hchlkwhy hw moybhw jf fcxvhjyhbfczo xvf vbh gfch womyf# O q oob

kc, ë xvhcjo h gébfyh wf hpyotkbh jo pfywochnfb f o q oob ovz ë xvhcjo h gébfyh wf

hmhwzh jo pfywochnfb#

Bhyzkc $8;=7+ gkzh fb wvh oiyh xvf ow fcxvhjyhbfczow wço ow plhcow, xvf wço fwzyvzvyhw

pfxvfchw jf vb }âjfo ov mklbf# Ftkwzf o plhco nfyhl, o plhco gocavczo, o plhco hifyzo,

o plhco hbfykghco, o plhco bëjko, o plhco py÷tkbo, pykbfkyo plhco, pykbfkyâwwkbo

plhco f poy ñlzkbo o plhco jfzhldf#

O pl hco nfy hl fc}ol}f zojo o lvnhy jh gfch, o pl hco gocavczo wfykh o fcxvhjyhbfczo jf

vb gfcèyko, zfcjo h }kwkiklkjhjf jo pfywochnfb, pojfcjo kjfczkmkgè"lo gob yhpkjfq5 o

pl hco hifyzo ë xvhcjo wf fctfynh hpfchw o pfywochnfb $kczfkyo+5 o pl hco hbfykghco

fcxvhjyh o pfywochnfb jo aofldo pyh gkbh5 o pl hco bëjko fcxvhjyh o pfywochnfb jh

gkczvyh pyh gkbh5 o pl hco py÷tkbo ë hxvflf xvf fcxvhjyh o pfywochnfb jo pfkzo pyh

gkbh5 o pykbfkyo pl hco fcxvhjyh o pfywochnfb jow obiyow pyh gkbh5 pykbfkyâwwkbo

pl hco wkbplfwbfczf fcxvhjyh o yowzo jo pfywochnfb f poy ñlzkbo o pl hco jfz hldf, xvf

jfzhldh xvhlxvfy phyzf jo pfywochnfb, nfyhlbfczf o yowzo#



70

Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, h fwgoldh jf ghjh plhco jfpfcjfyè jh glhyfqh jh

chyyhzk}h, pokw jf}f dh}fy hjfxvhîço fczyf o zhbhcdo jo plhco f wfv goczfñjo bhzfykhl#

Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, h jkbfcwço jo plhco jfzfybkch nfyhlbfczf wvh jvyhîço lono, vb

plhco nfyhl ë bhkw locno xvf o pykbfkyo plhco, poyëb vb pykbfkyo plhco pojf wfy locno

ov bvkzo locno wf o yfhlkqhjoy xvkwfy ftpykbky vbh kjfkh pyfgkwh# ·H bhkoy phyzf jowzkpow jf plhco cço zfb ovzyh yhqço jf wfy wfcço h jh gobojkjhjf jh pfygfpîço f h jh

glhyfqh jh chyyhzk}hº $BHYZKC, 8;=7, p#:9+#

Bhyzkc $8;=7+ glhwwkmkgh zhbiëb ow jk}fywow écnvlow xvf h kbhnfb pojf zfy# Ftkwzf o

goczy h"plocnëf f o plocnëf# Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf co goczy h"plocnëf o pfywochnfb

ë mozonyhmhjo jf ihkto phyh gkbh, fwzhcjo h oiafzk}h hihkto jo câ}fl coybhl jo oldhy#

Nfyhlbfczf o goczy h"plocnëf jè vbh kbpyfwwço jf wvpfykoykjhjf, jf fthlzhîço f zyvcmo,

pokw xvhcjo h oiafzk}h jh gébfyh fwzè hihkto, jfkth o pfywochnfb bhkoy, fcnyhcjfgf okcjk}âjvo f zfcjf h fchlzfgá"lo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, o plocnëf zfb mvcîço jf bkckbkqhy o pfywochnfb, h

oiafzk}h mkgh hgkbh jo câ}fl coybhl jo oldhy, f fwzf zkpo jf écnvlo mhq gob xvf o

kcjk}âjvo mkxvf pfxvfco fb yflhîço ho wfczkbfczo, wfykh gobo wf o pfywochnfb mowwf

wfy fwbhnhjo boyhlbfczf, hihkthcjo"o h câ}fl jo wolo, mhqfcjo jflf vb aonvfzf jh

mhzhlkjhjf, ftplkgh Bhyzkc $8;=7+#

Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ftkwzf o fcxvhjyhbfczo kcglkchjo, xvf fwzè ch

ghzfnoykh jow écnvlow# Fcxvhjyhbfczo kcglkchjo ë xvhcjo h gébfyh ihlhcîh fb zoyco

jf wfv fkto ÷pzkgo f cço fb wfv fkto zyhcw}fywhl# Fwwf zkpo jf écnvlo ë fbpyfnhjo

wviafzk}hbfczf f jè ho fwpfgzhjoy vb poczo jf }kwzh jf hlnvëb xvf cço wf fcgoczyh fb

fwzhjo }fyzkghl# Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, o fcxvhjyhbfczo kcglkchjo ·pojf }kwhy h

bhzfykhlkqhîço how oldow jo fwpfgzhjoy jf vbh kbpyfwwço wfczkjh poy vb pfywochnfb

fb ogoyyácgkh, ov gob vbh pyfogvphîço, vb jfwfxvklâiyko boyhlº $BHYZKC, 8;=7,

p#:=+# Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf zhbiëb ftkwzf o fcxvhjyhbfczo jfwoyjfchjo, ë

xvhcjo h gébfyh ë whgvjkjh fb zojow ow wfczkjow#

Jf hgoyjo gob o hvzoy, hp÷w o zyhihldo jh gébfyh, h klvbkchîço ë o flfbfczo gykhjoy jh

ftpyfwwk}kjhjf jh kbhnfb, wvh mvcîço ë goczykivky phyh gykhy h ·hzbowmfyhº# Phyh Bhyzkc



78

$8;=7+, h mozonfckh jh lvq ë vb yfgvywo mfgvcjo f lfnâzkbo, jf pyfwzânko hyzâwzkgo phyh o

mklbf, poyëb h lvq cço ë vzklkqhjh gobo mhzoy jf jyhbhzkqhîço hyzkmkgkhl#

Ë ch klvbkchîço jhw gfchw jf kczfykoyfw xvf o opfyhjoy jkwpöf jf bhkoy lkifyjhjf jfgykhîço# Fwzf nácfyo jf klvbkchîço xvhcjo cço ë gobhcjhjo pflhw lfkw chzvyhkw$xvfy jkqfy1 wvibfzkjhw ho jfzfybkckwbo jh chzvyfqh+ cfcdvb lkbkzf jf}fyowwkbkldhcîh }fb pyhzkghbfczf pfyzvyihy h kbhnkchîço jo gykhjoy# ·H

klvbkchîçoº5 fwgyf}f Fycfwz Lkcjnyfc, wfy}f phyh jfmkcky f boljhy ow goczoycow f owplhcow jow oiafzk}ow, phyh gykhy h kbpyfwwço jf pyomvcjkjhjf fwphgkhl phyh pyojvqky vbh hzbowmfyh fbogkochl f bfwbo gfyzow fmfkzow jyhbèzkgow $BHYZKC, 8;=7,p#60+#

Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ow fmfkzow pojfb wfy gykhjow pflh vzklkqhîço jf moczfw lvbkcowhw

hcoybhkw ov ftgfpgkochkw# H vzklkqhîço jf wobiyhw wknckmkghzk}hw mok knvhlbfczf powzh

fb bojh pflo ftpyfwwkockwbo ocjf yfpyfwfczh}hb h kbhnfb jo jfwzkco, jf hgoyjo gob

Bhyzkc $8;=7+#

Bhyzkc $8;=7+ gkzh ow pyogfwwow jf hyzkgvlhîço jh chyyhîço, ov wfah, hw lknhîöfw jow

plhcow fczyf wk# O hvzoy ftplkgh xvf o mklbf ë gocwzkzvâjo jf }èykow myhnbfczow

yfnkwzyhjow fb jk}fywow lvnhyfw, gob vbh oyjfb hlfhz÷ykh, ov wfah, wfb vbh yflhîço

gob h goczkcvkjhjf coybhl jow hgoczfgkbfczow# Bhyzkc $8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf ftkwzf vb

fmfkzo gdhbhjo bvj hcîh jf pl hco oyjkcèyko poy goyzf wfgo, xvf ë h wviwzkzvkîço yèpkjh

jf vbh kbhnfb poy vbh ovzyh, ë h zyhcwkîço ocjf vbh gfch phyh ovzyh cço ë goyzhjh poy

vbh pflâgvlh, ftkikjh co gkcfbh bvjo, f wkb wviwzkzvâjh iyvzhlbfczf poy vbh ovzyh

gfch# O goyzf wfgo wf fbpyfnh xvhcjo h zyhcwkîço cço zfb }hloy wknckmkghzk}o, ogoyyf

xvhcjo hgoczfgf h bvjhcîh jf poczo jf }kwzh ov vbh wvgfwwço jf pfygfpîço#

Bhyzkc $8;=7+ hmkybh xvf hp÷w o goyzf wfgo ftkwzf h hifyzvy h f mvwço f o zëybkco fb

mvwço, ·xvf wfphyh hw wfxvácgkhw fczyf wk f wfy}fb phyh bhyghy vbh kbpoyzhczf bvjhcîh

jf hîço wfgvcjèykh ov vb jfgoyyfy jf zfbpo ov hkcjh vbh zyhcwmfyácgkh jf lvnhyº

$BHYZKC, 8;=7, p# >0+# Wfnvcjo Bhyzkc $8;=7+, h avwzkmkghîço jhw zyhcwkîöfw ë xvf

pojf wfy jf oyjfb fwzëzkgh f pwkgol÷nkgh f, phyh ghjh vb jfwzfw zfybow, fb jokw câ}fkw

jkwzkczow wfcjo o jh oiyh jf hyzf f wvh ftkwzácgkh fcxvhczo hnky gobo zyhcwkîço#

Ovzyo zkpo jf zyhcwkîço xvf ftkwzf ë h hchlonkh jo goczfñjo fwzyvzvy hl xvf, jf hgoyjo

gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, jfzfybkch vb wvinyvpo xvf wf zyhzh jh gobpowkîço kczfych jh

kbhnfb fczfcjkjh cvb wfczkjo fwzèzkgo# Ovzyow jokw zkpow jf zyhcwkîço wço hchlonkh jf

goczfñjo jkcébkgo f hchlonkh jf goczfñjo kjfol÷nkgo# H hchlonkh jf goczfñjo

jkcébkgo ë ihwfhjh fb bo}kbfczow kjáczkgow jf pfywochnfcw f oiafzow, wvhw zyhcwkîöfw



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wço myfxvfczfw f jfmkckjhw co ·bo}kbfczoº, jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, wknckmkgh xvf

ow jokw plhcow wço yflhgkochjow, wfah poy jfwloghbfczo wkbklhy jf jokw b÷}fkw jkmfyfczfw

ov fb vb bo}kbfczo xvf wf kckgkh co mkb jf vb plhco f zfybkch co kcâgko jo plhco

wfnvkczf# H hchlonkh jf goczfñjo kjfol÷nkgo ë o pfcwhbfczo jf vb pfywochnfb ov jo

fwpfgzhjoy xvf fwzhiflfgf h yflhîço fczyf ow jokw plhcow, jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, h boczhnfb gocwzkzvk o bhkw fwpfgâmkgo mvcjhbfczo jh

lkcnvhnfb mâlbkgh# Phyh o hvzoy, boczhnfb ë h oynhckqhîço jow plhcow jf vb mklbf fb

gfyzhw gocjkîöfw jf oyjfb f zfbpo# Ftkwzf h bocz hnfb"chyy hzk}h f bocz hnfb"

ftpyfwwço# H boczhnfb"chyyhzk}h ë h boczhnfb"zftzo f zfb h mvcîço jf yflhzhy vbh

hîço, jfwfcyolhy vbh wfxvácgkh jf hgoczfgkbfczow# Fwwf zkpo jf boczhnfb wf jè

hzyh}ëw jf lknhîöfw jf gfch h gfch, gobo ftplkgh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ov jf wfxvácgkh h

wfxvácgkh, lf}hcjo"cow h gocwkjfyhy o mklbf gobo vbh zozhlkjhjf wknckmkghzk}h#

Ftkwzfb xvhzyo zkpow jf boczhnfb chyyhzk}h àw xvhkw phyfgf xvf ow bhkw jk}fywowzkpow jf zftzow vwhjow pojfb gocjvqky5 wço jfmkckjhw gob yfmfyácgkh ho gykzëykomvcjhbfczhl jo zftzo mâlbkgo, jf xvhlxvfy zftzo1 o zfbpo, kwzo ë, h oyjfb j hw

wvgfwwöfw, h powkîço yflhzk}h jow hgoczfgkbfczow fb wvh gocwfxüácgkh ghvwhl chzvyhlwfb mkthîço jf jhzh phyh ghjh vb jflfw# H boczhnfb lkcfhy , xvf jfwknch hoynhckqhîço jf vb mklbf gobpoyzhcjo h hîço ñckgh ftpowzh cvbh wfxüácgkh jfgfchw gologhjhw fb oyjfb l÷nkgh f gyocol÷nkgh# Boczhnfb kc}fyzkjh xvf yf}kyhb hoyjfb gyocol÷nkgh fb pyo}fkzo jf vbh zfbpoyhlkjhjf kczfkyhbfczf wviafzk}h ffbkcfczfbfczf jyhbèzkgh# Boczhnfb phy hlfl h xvf wf jè hzyh}ëw jh pfywkwzácgkh jhkbpyfwwço, vbh boczhnfb xvf wf ghyhgzfykqh poy wvh kcjkmfyfcîh ho zfbpo, pokw flh

gocwkwzf fb hpyotkbhy hgoczfgkbfczow xvf pojfb fwzhy bvkzow jkwzhczfw co zfbpo#F poy mkb h boczhnfb hlzfychj h xvf ë vbh boczhnfb poy phyhlflkwbo mvcjhjowoiyf h goczfbpoyhcfkjhjf fwzykzh jf jvhw hîöfw xvf wf avczhb co mkb jo mklbf#

H boczhnfb"ftpyfwwço zfb o oiafzk}o jf pyojvqky vb fmfkzo jkyfzo f pyfgkwo pflo

gdoxvf jf jvhw kbhnfcw, fwwh boczhnfb }kwh ftpykbky vb wfczkbfczo ov vbh kjfkh#

Bhyzkc $8;=7+ hpoczh zhbiëb h bocz hnfb yâzbkgh xvf ë vbh boczhnfb gob hwpfgzo

bëzykgo, xvf fwzè lknhjo ho gobpykbfczo jow plhcow jfzfybkchjo pflo nyhv jf kczfyfwwf

pwkgol÷nkgo xvf wf fcgoczyh co goczfñjo# Jf hgoyjo gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+, o fcgoczyo jh

jvyhîço jf ghjh plhco gob ow bo}kbfczow jf hzfcîço xvf flf wvwgkzh f whzkwmhq zfb o

cobf jf ykzbo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo# Hlëb jo hwpfgzo bëzykgo Bhyzkc $8;=7+ hmkybh xvf

ftkwzfb ow gobpocfczfw plèwzkgow xvf ë h lhynh jkbfcwço jo plhco lknhjh ho wfv

gobpykbfczo# Wfnvcjo Bhyzkc $8;=7+, ·h phwwhnfb jkyfzh jf vb plhco nfyhl h vb



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pykbfkyo plhco ftpykbf vbh iyvwgh wvikjh jh zfcwço pwkgol÷nkghº $BHYZKC, 8;=7,

p#89;+#

Hlëb jf zojow ow hwpfgzow zëgckgow }kwzow hgkbh, ftkwzf zhbiëb h boczhnfb

kjfol÷nkgh# Phyh Bhyzkc $8;=7+, cfwwf zkpo jf boczhnfb pojfbow hchlkwhy o hwpfgzoyfl hgkochl jh boczhnfb, xvf wço lknhîöfw jf hchlonkh jf ghyèzfy pwkgol÷nkgo fczyf

goczfñjow bfczhkw poy kczfybëjko jo oldhy, jh phlh}yh ov jo pfcwhbfczo# Bhyzkc

$8;=7+ ftplkgh xvf h boczhnfb yfpyfwfczh vb phpfl kczflfgzvhl f xvf flh yfpyfwfczh fwzf

phpfl kczflfgzvhl xvhcjo gykh ov gologh fb f}kjácgkh lknhîöfw gob hgoczfgkbfczow,

oiafzow ov pfywochnfcw# Fwwhw lknhîöfw pojfb wfy jfwgykzhw gobo gkcgo zkpow, jf hgoyjo

gob Bhyzkc $8;=7+ wço1 zfbpo, lvnhy, ghvwh, gocwfxvácgkh f phyhlflkwbo#

Hlëb jfwwfw hwpfgzow zëgckgow, gkzhjow hgkbh, ftkwzfb zhbiëb ow zkpow jf gkcfbh# Jfhgoyjo gob o lk}yo ·Nácfyow gkcfbhzonyèmkgowº jf Lvâw Convfkyh, ftkwzfb jk}fywow

nácfyow gobo hîço, gobëjkh, jyhbh, mhczèwzkgo, mkgîço gkfczâmkgh, mklb coky , bvwkghl,

zfyyoy, zdykllfy , ~fwzfyc# Cfwzf zyhihldo }hbow mhlhy jow nácfyow jf hîço, gobëjkh,

jyhbh, mkgîço gkfczkmkgh, bvwkghl ~fwzfyc f zfyyoy poy wfyfb ow bhkw gobvcw phyh h

wogkfjhjf#

Jf hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+, ow mklbfw jf hîço wço ow xvf záb bhkoy popvlhykjhjf f

wço ow jf bhkoy wvgfwwo gobfygkhl# O hvzoy hmkybh xvf fwzf zkpo jf mklbf pyk}klfnkh ow

}hloyfw jf pyojvîço, ov wfah, wço locnhw"bfzyhnfcw xvf hzyhfb poy wk w÷ vb nyhcjf f

mkfl pñilkgo, womkwzkghjow fmfkzow fwpfgkhkw xvf ghvwhb hzyhîço mhwgkchczf, záb jk}fywow

zkpow jf gfcèykow wfahb flfw ft÷zkgow, wvczvowow, nyhcjkowow, xvf jf gfyzh moybh

mh}oyfgfb o fcghczhbfczo f o fwghpkwbo#

Phyh Convfkyh $9080+ o nácfyo jf hîço, hzyh}ëw jf vb poczo jf }kwzh chyyhzk}o, zfb vbh

nhbh jf wkzvhîöfw goczhjhw hzyh}ëw jf ·gfchw f wfxvácgkh jf bvkzh hîço xvf goczhb

pfywfnvkîöfw }fyzknkcowhw, ihzhldhw nyhcjkowhw, jvflow goczvcjfczfw ov ftplowöfw

ftvifyhczfwº $CONVFKYH, 9080, p# 84+# Jf hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+ dfy÷kw f

}klöfw wço ghyhgzfykqhjow f goczyhpowzow wfcjo xvf fwzfw yfgoyyfb h wolvîöfw jf mègkl

jfwgojkmkghîço wfbk÷zkgh#



7:

Fb yflhîço ho poczo jf }kwzh fwzëzkgo, Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf o wkbplkwbo f o

bhckxvfâwbo záb h zfcjácgkh jf pyf}hlfgfy, mhqfcjo gob xvf ftkwzh povgo fwphîo phyh

vbh ghyhgzfykqhîço jfcwh, hbiânvh ov gobplfth jow pfywochnfcw# Poy fwwf bozk}o

Convfkyh $9080+ hmkybh xvf ow pfywochnfcw zfcjfb h fwzhy ho wfy}kîo jh hîço#

Wfnvcjo Convfkyh $9080+ o nácfyo hîço zyhq mklbfw xvf hwwvbfb h powzvyh jf

fczyfzfckbfczo, ov wfah, cço }kwh gologhy fb jkwgvwwço zfbhw goczyo}fywow ov

pyoilfbhzkqhy wkzvhîöfw hbiânvhw# ·O oiafzk}o ë, poyzhczo, pyopoygkochy ho fwpfgzhjoy

vbh ftpfykácgkh jf nyhcjf dfjockwbo# Ow mklbfw zfcjfb, jfwwf bojo, h fwnozhy o wfv

pozfcgkhl dfybfcávzkgo bvkzo yhpkjhbfczfº $CONVFKYH, 9080, p# 84+#

Convfkyh $9080+ hmkybh xvf fwzf nácfyo wf kczkzvlov gobo hîço h phyzky jow hcow jf

8;40, wf yf}flhcjo gob mhbklkhykjhjfw zfbèzkghw, fwzklâwzkghw, chyyhzk}hw f jyhbèzkghwgob ovzyow nácfyow#

Fb yflhîço ho nácfyo Gobëjkh, Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf fwzf ë vb nácfyo xvf zfb

o oiafzk}o jf mhqfy o fwpfgzhjoy yky, pokw fwzf zkpo jf mklbf wf yflhgkoch jkyfzhbfczf gob

o dfjockwbo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo# Wfnvcjo Convfkyh $9080+, h gobëjkh wfnvf h zfcjácgkh

jf yfwwhlzhy hw myhnklkjhjfw jo dobfb gobo o }âgko, cfnlknácgkh, pyfwvcîço ov

kcwfcwhzfq, poy kwwo fwwf nácfyo ë ihwzhczf jfpyfgkhjo, fthzhbfczf pflh mhlzh, ov vb

povgo jf ghyácgkh, jf wfykfjhjf, gobëjkh ë vb zkpo jf mklbf xvf zfb h mhgklkjhjf jf

jfwgoiyky, fb xvhlxvfy zfbh ov pfywochnfb, o pyfzftzo phyh o ykwo f o fwgèycko#

Phyh Convfkyh $9080+, hw pykcgkphkw ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jh gobëjkh wço1 o fthnfyo xvf wfnvf

h kjfolonkh jh dkpëyiolf f zfcjf h jfwpfyzhy co fwpfgzhjoy o wfczkjo jf kcgyfjvlkjhjf5 o

fxvâ}ogo, xvf zfb oiafzk}o jf jk}fynky h kczfypyfzhîço fczyf ow phyzkgkphczfw ov

kczfylogvzoy jf vb bfwbo mhzo5 o hiwvyjo xvf hgfczvh h }vlcfyhiklkjhjf jh l÷nkgh

ghvwhl jow hgoczfgkbfczow5 kcw÷lkzo xvf ë ocjf wf cfnh xvhlxvfy jfwmfgdo }kwlvbiyhjo

ov pyf}kwâ}fl phyh vbh wkzvhîço5 o fwghzol÷nkgo wfcjo h pyo}oghîço jflkifyhjh jo

fwpfgzhjoy, wf jhcjo hzyh}ëw jo hivwo jo bhv nowzo f jh hmyoczh ho jfgoyo, gdfnhcjo,

àw }fqfw, à cèvwfh5 o hchgyúckgo xvf gologh fb yflhîço jokw vck}fywow xvf

gyocolonkghbfczf f hczolonkghbfczf wfykhb kcgobphzâ}fkw5 o hny h}hbfczo ocjf hw

pfykpëgkhw wf wvgfjfb cvbh l÷nkgh jf jfw"gocgfyzhîço gyfwgfczf5 o yfgyvjfwgkbfczo

xvf wf ogoyyf xvhcjo zojow ow gocmlkzow phyfgfb zozhlbfczf whchjow5 h



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jfwgoczftzvhlkqhîço xvf zfcjf h yfzkyhy kjfkhw ov mhzow jo goczftzo phyh ftpoy co}ow

wknckmkghjow f poy mkb o kbpyf}kwzo xvf pojf jfwklvjky ov goczyhykhy hw ftpfgzhzk}hw

gykhjhw phyh vbh wkzvhîço# H gobëjkh pojf knvhlbfczf jfwjoiyhy"wf fb }èykhw bojhlkjhjfw, jfpfcjfcjo jozob ov jo pyop÷wkzo gob xvf o dvboy ë vzklkqhjo# Zfbow, hwwkb1 h phy÷jkh, xvf

gocwkwzf fb zobhy vbh wkzvhîço ov pfywochnfb phyh jfw}flhy hw wvhw goczyhjkîöfw hphyzky jhw py÷pykhw pyfbkwwhw5 h wèzkyh, hzyh}ëw jh xvhl wf pyojvq vb jkwgvywo gyâzkgohlzhbfczf goczvcjfczf, xvf pojf bfwbo gocjvqky à dvbkldhîço5 h kyockh, hzyh}ëw jhxvhl wf mhq jk}fynky o wfczkjo lkzfyhl f o wfczkjo mknvyhjo, hmkybhcjo hlno phyhkcwkcvhy o wfv goczyèyko5 o fwgèycko, xvf gocwkwzf fb zyoîhy jf vbh pfywochnfbhzyh}ëw jf vb jkwzhcgkhbfczo xvf pojf gdfnhy à hnyfwwk}kjhjf5 o whyghwbo, co xvhlh boyjhgkjhjf ë o flfbfczo mvcjhbfczhl, xvf pyogvyh jfkthy h }âzkbh kcjfmfwh fwfb yëplkgh powwâ}fl5 o ykjâgvlo, xvf yflf}h h kcwknckmkgécgkh jf gfyzow }hloyfw ovwvilkcdh h dkpogykwkh jf gfyzhw goc}fcîöfw5 o gèvwzkgo, xvf pyogvyh mfyky goczvcjfczfbfczf h }âzkbh5 o fwpkykzvowo, xvf gocwkwzf ch vzklkqhîço bhkw flfnhczfjo dvboy, hlkhcjo whifjoykh, kyockh, wvizklfqh f pfywpkgègkh5 o noqo, xvf gocwkwzfcvbh myvkîço âczkbh f hbfch jo dvboy5 h ghykghzvyh, xvf gocwkwzf fb yflf}hy zyhîowmvlgyhkw jf vbh pfywochlkjhjf5 o nyhgfao, xvf pojfbow glhwwkmkghy gobo o nyhv bhkwkcomfcwk}o, f poy kwwo bhkw gñbplkgf, jo dvboy Hpyfwfczhcjo"wf gobo vb zfyykz÷yko

jf bñlzkplhw bhckmfwzhîöfw, pojfb wfy kjfczkmkghjow jk}fywow wvinëcfyow $CONVFKYH, 9080, p# 84+#

Convfkyh $9080+ yflhgkoch h gobëjkh gob ow gdhbhjow wvinácfyow, gobo h gobëjkh

yobéczkgh, gobëjkh jyhbèzkgh, gobëjkh cfnyh, gobëjkh }fyihl f gobëjkh wlhpwzkge# H

gobëjkh yobéczkgh wf ihwfkh, kckgkhlbfczf, fb vbh f}fczvhl yvpzvyh jf vb ghwhl f vb

bobfczo jf hpyotkbhîço f yfgocgklkhîço mkchl jfwwf ghwhl# H gobëjkh jy hbèzkgh zfb o

oiafzk}o jf gocgklkhy o zob jf lknfkyfqh jh gobëjkh gob h nyh}kjhjf jh hioyjhnfb jo

jyhbh, h poczo jf gykhy vbh hlzfycécgkh jf yfnkwzyow jkwgvywk}ow mhqfcjo gob xvf h

wfykfjhjf jhw wkzvhîöfw f jow pfywochnfcw bowzyf o wfv yf}fywo kyockghbfczf#

Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf h gobëjkh cfnyh zfb o phpfl jf kc}fyzfy pyomvcjhbfczf ow

}hloyfw }knfczfw, mhqfcjo gob xvf fwzfah à bowzyh o wfv hiwvyjo jf moybh goczvcjfczf#

H gobfjkh }fy ihl hphyfgf fb wfczkjow ogvlzow, wfcjo hwwkb kbpoyzhczf phyh h xvhlkjhjf

jh fwgykzh jow jkèlonow# Aè h gobëjkh wl hpzkge hwwfczh cvbh bhkoy mkwkghlkjhjf jo

dvboy, cfwwf zkpo jf gobëjkh o goypo ë h hlbh jo mklbf, pokw h bâbkgh ë zyhihldhjh

gocwzhczfbfczf# Chw gfchw wf zfb yfpyfwfczhîöfw fthnfyhjhw jh }kolácgkh wfb

gocwfxvácgkhw, hgobphcdhjhw jf wocw kyyfhlkwzhw, hmkybh Convfkyh $9080+#

Ovzyo nácfyo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo xvf Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh ë o jy hbh# Fwzf nácfyo wf

yflhgkoch bhkw gob h wfykfjhjf jow mhzow, zfcjo o dobfb fb wkzvhîöfw xvozkjkhchw, bhw

jf bhcfkyh gobplfth f wfbpyf gob kbplkghîöfw hmfzk}hw ov ghvwhjoyhw jf ·kcfwghpè}fl

polábkgh wogkhlº#



7=

Cfwzf zkpo jf mklbf ow pfywochnfcw nhcdhb goczoyco fwpfgkhl jf gobplftkjhjf,

Convfkyh $9080+ hmkybh xvf, jo poczo jf }kwzh chyyhzk}o, o bhkw kbpoyzhczf wço hw

gocwfxüácgkhw jow gocmlkzow woiyf hxvflfw xvf ow }k}fb# ·Pojfbow mhlhy fb zfcwço

jyhbèzkgh, kwzo ë, cow fmfkzow xvf ow hgoczfgkbfczow pyo}oghb woiyf hxvflfw xvf wfgocmyoczhb gob wkzvhîöfw jf hj}fywkjhjfº $CONVFKYH, 9080, p#9:+#

Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf ftkwzfb jk}fywow wvizâzvlow jf jyhbh, gobo jyhbh wogkhl,

iëlkgo, pwkgol÷nkgo, jyhbh yobéczkgo, mhbklkhy, ikopkg, f jyhbh polâzkgo, xvf wço

wvinácfyow xvf glhwwkmkghb hw wkzvhîöfw jf hj}fywkjhjf jf jk}fywhw chzvyfqhw#

Ch dkwz÷ykh jo gkcfbh, vb wvinácfyo jyhbèzkgo ghyhgzfyâwzkgo jo pfyâojo glèwwkgo jfDoll{~ooj nhcdh fwpfgkhl yflf}écgkh# Zyhzh"wf jo bflojyhbh# Fb zfybow moybhkw f

chyyhzk}ow pojfbow jkqfy xvf gocwzkzvk o ftfbplo bhkw jfpvyhjo jh gojkmkghîçojkwgvywk}h jo jyhbhzkwbo# Jh bñwkgh à mozonyhmkh, jh chyyhzk}h à gfconyhmkh, jowhzoyfw ho gyobhzkwbo, zojow ow flfbfczow wço kczfnyhjow gob vb pyop÷wkzo ifbfwpfgâmkgo1 h bhkw hyyhwhjoyh goboîço jo fwpfgzhjoy# $CONVFKYH, 9080, P# 96+

Jf hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+ o jyhbh ë o nácfyo bhkw hiyhcnfczf f ch bhkoykh jhw

}fqfw, ihwzhczf gobplfto jf wf jfmkcky, pokw ghifb hw bhkw jk}fywhw oiyhw f wf gyvqh

gob ow bhkw }hykhjow nácfyow#

Ovzyo nácfyo gkcfbhzonyèmkgo ihwzhczf ftployhjo ë h mkgîço gkfczâmkgh# Convfkyh $9080+

ftplkgh xvf fwzf nácfyo kcwkcvh kbfjkhzhbfczf vbh fwpëgkf jf phyhjoto ·fczyf o yknoy

mhgzvhl, ghvwhl f vck}fywhl jo jkwgvywo f jo whify gkfczâmkgo f h lkifyjhjf jf fmhivlhîço f

kbhnkchîço zâpkgh jh mkgîçoº $CONVFKYH, 9080, p#94+#

Phyh Convfkyh $9080+, h mkgîço gykhjh zobh gobo kchlkfcè}fkw hw pyfbkwwhw jo whify

gkfczâmkgo }knfczf ov ftpfgzè}fl woiyf vb jfzfybkchjo mhzo ov mfcúbfco, f wf pyoafzh h

phyzky jflhw hw wvhw gocwfxvácgkhw ov jfwfc}ol}kbfczo fb vb bobfczo mvzvyo# Jf

hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+ h mkgîço gkfczâmkgh pojf wfy gocwkjfyhjh gobo vb yflhzoxvf fmhivlh ov fwpfgvlh woiyf bvcjow f hgoczfgkbfczow powwâ}fkw h phyzky jf dkp÷zfwfw

lonkghbfczf }fyowwâbfkw# Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf h gocwfxvácgkh jf vb

gocdfgkbfczo xvf zfb ch wvh cfgfwwkjhjf ghvwhl f wvh hynvbfczhîço yhgkochl wço ow

mvcjhbfczow jf xvhlxvfy fwpfgvlhîço gykhzk}h#



7>

Nfyhlbfczf ow mklbfw jf mkgîço gkfczâmkgh záb bvkzh fwpfgvlhîço gob o mvzvyo, bhw kwwo

cço kbpfjf xvf o mogo wfah hlnvcw hgoczfgkbfczow phwwhjow# Wfnvcjo Convfkyh $9080+,

o gykzëyko xvf jf}f wfy hchlkwhjo ë h wvwzfczhiklkjhjf yhgkochl jhw dkp÷zfwfw chyyhzk}hw

jfwfc}ol}kjhw, ov wfah, wf ftkwzf vbh moybh jf hczfgkphy ov fwpfgvlhy hlno yflhgkochjo

ho mvzvyo f, woiyfzvjo, ho hpflo jhxvklo xvf hkcjh cço ë gocdfgkjo f jh wvhkczflknkiklkjhjf#

H mkgîço gkfczâmkgh pyogvyh, fczço, pyoafzhy o mvzvyo jh dvbhckjhjf chw wvhw bhkwjk}fywhw jkbfcwöfw1 ow gfcèykow $gkifycëzkgow, bfzyopolkzhcow, fwphgkhkw ovhpoghlâpzkgow+, ow oiafzow $pojfcjo bfwbo mhlhy"wf jf vb jfwknc mvzvykwzh, kcjo jowzyhcwpoyzfw ho boiklkèyko ov how kczfymhgfw gobvckghgkochkw+ f hw pfywochnfcw$hlkfcw, yoiozw, g{ioynw f hcjy÷kjfw jh bhkw }hykhjh fwpëgkf+ goczhb"wf fczyf owflfbfczow xvf bhkoy hzfcîço gykhzk}h wvwgkzhb# Jo bfwbo bojo, hw moybhw jfoynhckqhîço wogkhl ov polâzkgh wço zfbhw jfzfybkchczfw, yfzyhzhjhw bvkzhw }fqfwchxvklo xvf gobvbfczf wf jfwknch poy jkwzopkhw, kwzo ë, vbh }kwço pfwwkbkwzh fhnyfwwk}h jhxvklo xvf fwpfyh h dvbhckjhjf, wfah fwwh hnyfwwk}kjhjf gocwfxüácgkh jhyf}olzh jf yoiozw ov hcjy÷kjfw, jf fczkjhjfw ftzyhzfyyfchw kc}hwoyhw, jh polvkîço, jowoiyfhxvfgkbfczo ov jh woiyfpopvlhîço $CONVFKYH, 9080, p# 70+#

Jf hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+, o nácfyo jf mkgîço gkfczâmkgh wvynkv jfwjf o kcâgko jo

gkcfbh, zhczo xvf zf}f o mklbf ·]khnfb à Lvhº jf Bëlkëw ftkikjo co hco jf 8;09,

poyëb h jëghjh jf 8;60 ë zkjh gobo h kjhjf jf ovyo jh mkgîço gkfczâmkgh#

Convfkyh $9080+ hmkybh xvf o nácfyo ~fwzfyc ë o zkpo jf mklbf glèwwkgo jo gkcfbh, pokw

jfwjf h gykhîço jo gkcfbh hzë doaf o ~fwzfyc ë vb wkcúckbo jf ftpfykácgkh

gkcfbhzonyèmkgh poyxvf h wvh kgoconyhmkh, gfcèykow f pfywochnfcw fyhb bhyghczfw f

wfbpyf mok o nácfyo xvf hnyhjh}h gob bhkw yhpkjfq ho fwpfgzhjoy#

Jf hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+, vbh ghyhgzfyâwzkgh xvf jkmfyfcgkh o ~fwzfyc jf ovzyow

nácfyow gkcfbhzonyèmkgow ë xvf fwzf zkpo jf locnh"bfzyhnfb ë vbh gykhîço ftplâgkzh jo

gkcfbh# Convfkyh $9080+ hmkybh xvf o ~fwzfyc wf kbpúw ch gvlzvyh popvlhy, pokw flf

havjov h gykhy vbh kjfczkjhjf hbfykghch xvf, ch yfhlkjhjf, fwzè locnf jf goyyfwpocjfy à

wvh }fyjhjf dkwz÷ykgh, phyh ovzyow phâwfw#

Wfnvcjo Convfkyh $9080+, o ~fwzfyc ë hpfchw vb ·vb yfzyhzo fmhivlhjo jo Ofwzfhbfykghco, jh ftphcwço jh myoczfkyh jh gk}klkqhîço, jh kcwzhvyhîço jh lfk f jh oyjfb,

bvkzhw }fqfw à gvwzh jhw popvlhîöfw kcjânfchw, zhczhw }fqfw jfzvyphjhbfczf yfzyhzhjhwº

$CONVFKYH 9080,p#:9+# Jf hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+, fwzf nácfyo yf}flh vb hpflo

chyyhzk}o povgo yfgvwè}fl phyh ow fwpfgzhjoyfw, xvf poy wvh }fq pyogvyhb bvkzo vbh

ioh pyojvîço gkcfbhzonyèmkgh#



74

O dfy÷k kbpolvzo, kcjobè}fl f kbplhgè}fl gocdfgfv co ~fwzfyc h wvh bhkw mflkqfcghychîço cow zfbpow bojfycow# Jf mègkl yfgocdfgkbfczo f fbphzkh, o go~io{ghzk}ov jf knvhl bojo pñilkgo vyihcow f yvyhl, ao}fb f }fldo# Gobo hj}fywèykow,wvynkhb ow âcjkow ov, gobo o polkzkghbfczf goyyfzo }fko h fbfcjhy, ow chzk}f"hbfykghcw# Wf vbh gocwfxüácgkh ëzkgh f polkzkghbfczf cfmhwzh wf pojf hpoczhy ho~fwzfyc ë, wfb jñ}kjh, o pyfgocgfkzo golockhlkwzh gob xvf oldov hw popvlhîöfwkcjânfchw f h moybh gobo iyvzhlkqov f }klkpfcjkov h wvh kbhnfb# Fwwh kbhnfb

dh}fykh jf, h phyzky jh jëghjh jf 8;=0, woiyfzvjo, wfy yfh}hlkhjh f yfjfwfcdhjh,hpyotkbhcjo bhkw f bhkw hw chyyhzk}hw f hw pfywochnfcw jh wvh }fyjhjf dkwz÷ykgh#$CONVFKYH 9080, p#:9+

Phyh Convfkyh $9080+, o ~fwzfyc wf wvwzfczh jf flfbfczow jf pfgvlkhykjhjf f

mhbklkhykjhjf# Fb zfybow chyyhzk}ow ftkwzfb hw ihzhldhw fb ghbpow hifyzow ov chw yvhw

jh gkjhjf, zhbiëb wf zfb ow jvflow fb whlooc ov ch yvh gfczyhl f ñckgh jo po}ohjo# Jf

hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+, o jvflo ë o bobfczo bhkoy f bhkw hnvhyjhjo jfwzf zkpo

jf mklbf# Fb yflhîço h kgoconyhmkh, Convfkyh $9080+ gobfczh xvf wf zfb o gh}hlfkyo

wolkzèyko, yovph jf }hxvfkyo, iozhw poczkhnvjhw f o lfcîo ho pfwgoîo, vb gdhpëv jf

govyo, pkwzolhw f ow ghczkw, wço fwwfw ow mhzoyfw xvf zoychb o gh}hlfkyo vb go~io{,

fwzfzkghbfczf mhlhcjo# Hlëb jfwwf flfbfczo ftkwzf zhbiëb h kcjvbfczèykh f

bhxvkhnfb xvf wço ghyhgzfyâwzkghw jhw zykiow kcjânfchw, gobo ow nykzow jf nvfyyh f hw

hybhw, o hygo f h mfgdh#

Fb yflhîço ho nácfyo jf zfyyoy , Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf h pyogvyh f o mhwgâcko phyh

o fwpfgzhjoy wf jè woiyf o kcgúbojo f jfwgocmoyzo xvf pyo}ogh fb wfv pñilkgo, gobo

wf o fwpfgzhjoy fcgoczyhwwf o wfv pyhqfy, pyfgkwhbfczf, co wfv womykbfczo# Phyh

Convfkyh $9080+, co mklbf jf zfyyoy o fwpfgzhjoy zfb h wfcwhîço jf womykbfczo jf moybh

jflfnhjh, xvf wf jè pflo womykbfczo f jkmkgvljhjfw jow pfywochnfcw#

Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf, nfyhlbfczf, ow pfywochnfcw jfwzf zkpo jf mklbf pojfb wfy

loikwobfb, qvbikw, wfykhl Ekllfy, jfbúckow, mhczhwbhw, fczyf ovzyow f o oiafzk}o jfwwf

nácfyo ë ghvwhy fwphczo co fwpfgzhjoy, vwhcjo vbh zkpolonkh jf fmfkzow ihwzhczf jfcwh

gobo o bfjo, o zfyyoy, h yfpvlwh, o gdoxvf, o doyyoy, h hiafîço#

Convfkyh $9080+ gocglvk xvf cvb mklbf jf zfyyoy ftkwzfb jokw hwpfgzow kbpoyzhczfw1 h

gfczyhlkjhjf chyyhzk}h f jyhbèzkgh jh }âzkbh, co xvhl o fwpfgzhjoy pojf wf kjfczkmkghy

gob fwzh }âzkbh, wfcjo xvf ë cfwwf bobfczo xvf o fwpfgzhjoy phyzkldh gob h }âzkbh o

hvnf jf wfv bfjo5 h zfcjácgkh jo fthnfyo fb fmfkzow mâwkgow f pwâxvkgow, xvf zfcjf h

gykhy co fwpfgzhjoy h yfpvlwh ov o doyyoy# Convfkyh $9080+ hmkybh xvf o nácfyo jf zfyyoy



7;

wfnvf vbh l÷nkgh fmfzk}h f hmfzk}h fb xvhlxvfy gkygvcwzécgkh f nyhv, ch ftpfykácgkh

cfnhzk}h, poyëb jkwzhczf, jo fwpfgzhjoy hzyh}ëw jh pfcñykh ov hzyogkjhjf }k}kjh pflh

}âzkbh#

Hlëb jf zojow fwzfw nácfyow aè gkzhjow, Convfkyh $9080+ jfzhldh zhbiëb o nácfyo

bvwkghl , xvf ë vb jow pykcgkphkw nácfyow xvf wf pojf yflhgkochy gob o }kjfoglkpf# Jf

hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+, o bvwkghl cço zfb bvkzh yflhîço gob ow jfbhkw nácfyow

gkcfbhzonyèmkgow, h bñwkgh ë hwwvbkjh cço w÷ gobo gobplfbfczo jyhbèzkgo, bhw

zhbiëb, f pykcgkphlbfczf, gobo jkwpowkzk}o chyyhzk}o fb wk bfwbo, ov wfah, ·h bñwkgh

cço wf woiyfpöf à zyhbh h phyzky jo wfv ftzfykoy, bhw wvynf h phyzky jh py÷pykh }k}ácgkh

jhw pfywochnfcw f jfzfybkch ow wfvw gobpoyzhbfczow, o xvf wknckmkgh xvf h py÷pykh

bñwkgh jfzëb vb phpfl wkcnvlhy ch boymolonkh jh chyyhzk}hº $CONVFKYH, 9080, p#

7:+#Jf hgoyjo gob Convfkyh $9080+, o jkmfyfcgkhl jo nácfyo bvwkghl phyh ow jfbhkw

nácfyow ë h vzklkqhîço xvf mhq h ihcjh wocoyh, pokw h bhcfkyh gobo h bñwkgh ë vzklkqhjh

wf kczfnyh co py÷pyko vck}fywo jkfnëzkgo, h poczo jf jfwhmkhy h }fyowwkbkldhcîh jh

dkwz÷ykh xvf wf goczh xvhcjo ow pfywochnfcw gobfîhb h ghczhy f jhcîhy jf bojo

fwpoczécfo#

Hlnvbhw yfmfyácgkhw }kcjhw jh dkwz÷ykh jo gkcfbh1 hw wvbpzvowhw f kcknvhlhjhwgoyfonyhmkhw jf Ifyelf{ fb, poy ftfbplo, ¶Nolj Jknnfyw om 8;77½ ov ¶:9cj wzyffz½,hw mhczhwkhw fbogkochkw jf ¶^kqhyj om Oq½, o yobhcgf f h mhbâlkh fb ¶Bffz bf kc

Wz# Lovkw½, h lovgh bhnkh jo gkcfbh fb ¶Wkcnkc½ kc zdf Yhkc½, h womkwzkghîço jf ¶HWzhy kw ioyc½, ¶B{ mhky Lhj{½ ov ¶^fwz Wkjf Wzoy{½, f hw hgzvhlkqhîöfw jf ¶BovlkcYovnf½, ¶Hgyoww zdf Vck}fywf½ ov ¶Jhcgfy kc zdf Jhye½# Hpfwhy jh iyf}kjhjf jhlkwzh, flh pfybkzf"cow pfygfify h plvyhlkjhjf jf hioyjhnfcw jf xvf o bvwkghl mokoiafgzo ¸ vb nácfyo cfb wfbpyf ifb hbhjo fczyf ow gkcëmklow#$CONVFKYH 9080,p#7=+

Convfkyh $9080+ hpoczh o mklbf Wkcnkc½ kc zdf y hkc gobo vb jow bfldoyfw bvwkghkw aè

mfkzow# G hcz hcjo ch gdv}h ë vb mklbf xvf zfb yflf}écgkh phyh o gkcfbh, pokw

hgyfwgfczov vbh zfgcolonkh jfgkwk}h phyh o wvynkbfczo jo bvwkghl, xvf mok o wob

wâcgyoco# Convfkyh $9080+ ftplkgh xvf o pfyâojopop wviwzkzvkv h fwzëzkgh bvwkghl f

glèwwkgh f xvf, bvkzhw }fqfw, hwwvbkv gfcèykow vyihcow f chzvyhkw jf moybh plfch goboco bvwkghl Bovlkc Yovnf#



:0

Mknvyh 91 Gfch jo mklbf Wkcnkc½ kc zdf y hkc Moczf1 <dzzp1// ilonkwhiflhqb#ilonwpoz#gob/3

Hykhcf Jkckq f Bhykljo Cfygolkck $900;+ fwgyf}fyhb o hyzkno ]kjfoglkpf1 fb zfbpow jf

yfgocmknvy hîço, f ftplkghb xvf jfwjf o wvynkbfczo jh zflf}kwço ow mklbfw bvwkghkw

fyhb ow bhkw }fkgvlhjow, fyh vbh moybh jf fczyfzfckbfczo xvf gdfnh}h yhpkjhbfczfphyh hw pfwwohw f ghâhb co nowzo popvlhy# O bvwkghl mok o pyfgvywoy jo }kjfoglkpf, pokw

hw gfchw goczkcdhb h dkwz÷ykh, jkèlonow xvf xvhlxvfy mklbf zfykh, poyëb ow jkèlonow

wfbpyf lf}h}hb phyh jhcîh ov wkbplfwbfczf jh}h o fcmoxvf phyh o pfywochnfb ghczhy

f jhcîhy#

Jf hgoyjo gob Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+, hw pykbfkyhw kbhnfcw xvf wf zkcdhb phyh

yflhgkochy o kcâgko jo }kjfoglkpf fyhb kbhnfcw gob fwzyvzvyh wkbplfw, mfkzhw gob plhcow

fwzèzkgow co moybhzo ·ho }k}oº xvf fyhb gfchw jf ihcjhw fb wdo~w ov fb phlgow,wfcjo xvf h gébfyh moghlkqh}h o }oghlkwzh, h nvkzhyyh ov hpfchw o yowzo jo ghczoy# Jkckq

f Cfygolkck $900;+ ftplkghb xvf hw boczhnfcw jow glkpfw fyhb ihwkghbfczf h jfwgykîço

jf pfxvfchw hîöfw xvf wvpfy}hloykqh}hb h iflfqh ov o zhlfczo jo }oghlkwzh f

wfgvcjhykhbfczf o zhlfczo jh ihcjh#



:8

Wfnvcjo Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+, h bñwkgh gobfîov h zfy vb jfwzhxvf bhkoy ch

zflf}kwço co kcâgko jh jëghjh jf 8;=0# Ow jfwzhxvfw bhkoyfw moyhb Fl}kw Pyfwlf{ xvf

gocwhnyov o yoge½c½yoll f ow Ifhzlfw, xvf gobfîh}hb h mhqfy wvgfwwo# Jf hgoyjo gob

Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+, ow ao}fcw kcnlfwfw f hbfykghcow jh ëpogh wf fcgoczyh}hb fb

nyhcjf gdoxvf f yf}olzh goczyh ow phyébfzyow wogkhkw jf gobpoyzhbfczo, o bojkwbo fyhzfy o fwzklo yfifljf#

Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+ hmkybhb xvf fcxvhczo Fl}kw Pyfwlf{ mhqkh mklbfw, ov wfah,

kc}fwzkh fb wvh co}h ghyyfkyh gobo hzoy, mhqfcjo jk}fywow bvwkghkw gobo Lo}f bf

Zfcjfy , o nyvpo iykzéckgo, ow Ifhzlfw, fwzh}hb fb jk}fywhw fbkwwoyhw hpyfwfczhcjo

cñbfyow bvwkghkw# Phyh Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+, co ghwo jfwwfw hyzkwzhw, hw kbhnfcw

jow bñwkgow yfmoyîh}hb lhîow kjfczkzèykow fczyf h av}fczvjf f ow hyzkwzhw, o xvf havjov h

moybhy vb co}o zkpo jf hvjkácgkh, ow m çw# Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+ ftplkghb xvf owmklbfw xvf ow Ifhzlfw fwzyflhyhb zkcdhb kcwfyîöfw bvwkghkw xvf wf hwwfbfldh}hb à

mvzvyh fwzyvzvyh jo }kjfoglkpf, poyëb fwwfw cñbfyow bvwkghkw cço fyhb mfkzow phyh

}fcjfy vb wkcnlf fwpfgâmkgo f wkb phyh mhqfy h pyophnhcjh jh ihcjh jf bhcfkyh nfyhl#

Ow Ifhzlfw nyh}hyhb o wfv pykbfkyo locnh"bfzyhnfb fb 8;=:, o mklbf H D hyj Jh{½w

Ckndz , f co bfwbo hco lhcîov hw bñwkghw zoghjhw co }âjfo co moybhzo jf jkwgo xvf

lf}ov o bfwbo cobf jo bvwkghl# H dhyj j h{½w ckndz mok vb locnh"bfzyhnfb jkyknkjo

pflo gkcfhwzh Ykgdhyj Lfwzfy# Jf hgoyjo gob h yf}kwzh Bvcjo Fwzy hcdo, fwzf mklbf mok

vb jow pykcgkphkw pyfgvywoyfw jo }kjfoglkpf, pokw ow Ifhzlfw, avczo jo jkyfzoy Lfwzfy,

kckgkhyhb hw nyh}hîöfw jf bñwkghw f moghlkqh}hb zojo o nyvpo xvhcjo gdfnh}h h doyh

jf zoghy f ghczhy#

Mknvyh 71 Gfch jo mklbf H dhyj j h{½w ckndz

Moczf1 <dzzp1// oczdkwjh{kcmhwdkoc#gob/?p29:8: /3



:9

Jf hgoyjo gob Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+, o }kjfoglkpf wvynkv ch jëghjh jf 8;>0, f zf}f

gobo wfv bhygo kckgkhl h ghcîço Iodfbkhc Ydhcpwoj {, vbh bñwkgh jo nyvpo Xvffc,

pyojvqkjo fb 8;>6 f jkyknkjo poy Iyvgf No~fyw f Aoc Yowfbhc# Phyh Jkckq f Cfygolkck

$900;+, o xvf jkmfyfcgkh fwwf }kjfoglkpf ë o mhzo jf Flf wfy jfwfc}ol}kjo phyh lhcîhy h

bñwkgh cow bfkow jf gobvckghîço, fyh o gdhbhjo }âjfo pyobogkochl, xvf bowzyh}hfmfkzow fwpfgkhkw, yozfkyo jfmkckjo f vbh zfczhzk}h, ch ëpogh kco}hjoyh, jf gobikchy

kbhnfcw gob hw pykcgkphkw ihzkjhw jh bñwkgh, h poczo jf pyo}oghy jk}fywhw wfcwhîöfw

wkcfwzëwkghw#

Wfnvcjo Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+, hlëb jo }kjfoglkpf Iodfbkhc Ydhcpwoj { zfy wkjo o

pykbfkyo phyh xvf ovzyhw ihcjhw kc}fwzkwwfb fb pyojvîöfw jo bfwbo zkpo, flf mok

kbpoyzhczâwwkbo phyh o wvynkbfczo jh BZ] coyzf"hbfykghch# Hwwkb, o }kjfoglkpf wf

gocwolkjov gobo vb pyojvzo wknckmkghzk}o jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl#

Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+ ftplkghb xvf co mkb jow hcow 8;>0 f kcâgko jow hcow 8;40

ovzyow moybhzow jf bñwkgh wvynkyhb gobo o pvce yoge, cf~ pop f h j hcgf bvwkg# O

wvynkbfczo jfwwfw zyáw nácfyow bvwkghkw moyzhlfgfv h BZ]# Jf hgoyjo gob Jkckq f

Cfygolkck $900;+, o fwzklo j hcgf bvwkg, aè cow hcow 8;40, vwhcjo h zfgcolonkh phyh gykhy

wocoykjhjfw, yfmoyîov bhkw vb kbpoyzhczf flfbfczo co }kjfoglkpf, h pfymoybhcgf ch

bñwkgh pop, xvf wf zoycov vbh ftpfykácgkh }kwvhl# Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+ hmkybhb

xvf mok hwwkb xvf h zflf}kwço mktov h lkcnvhnfb jo }kjfoglkpf hjhpzhcjo o }kjfoglkpf h

nyhjfw jf pyonyhbhîço f h vbh l÷nkgh fwzyvzvyhl xvf wf ihwfov ch kjfkh jf mlvto f jfwwh

moybh h nyh}hîço bvwkghl wf mktov ch goyyfczf pykcgkphl jh gobvckghîço jf bhwwh,

bvjhcjo hwwkb h l÷nkgh jf pyojvîço f gocwvbo jh bñwkgh#

Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+ ftplkghb xvf h phyzky jo bobfczo fb xvf o }kjfoglkpf wf

zoycov h pyophnhcjh jf vb nyvpo bvwkghl, cço ihwzh}hb hw ihcjhw wkbplfwbfczf

lhcîhyfb vb jkwgo, gob hw bñwkghw jf zyhihldo f jo wkcnlf pykcgkphl, fyh kbpoyzhczf

pfcwhy, zhbiëb, ch phyzf }kwvhl jhw ghcîöfw# Jkckq f Cfygolkck $900;+ hmkybhb xvf h

zflf}kwço f, pykcgkphlbfczf, h BZ], wvynkjh fb 8;48, mok h pykcgkphl hyzkgvlhjoyh jo

}kjfoglkpf co gfcèyko jh kcjñwzykh gvlzvyhl jvyhczf hw jëghjhw jf 8;40 f 8;;0#



:7

9#7 H BZ] f wvh kbpoyzécgkh

Aowë Hvnvwzo $900=+ ftplkgh xvf h BZ]" Bvwkg Zflf}kwkoc wvynkv fb hnowzo jf 8;48

cow Fwzhjow Vckjow# Jf hgoyjo gob Hvnvwzo $900=+, o wvynkbfczo jh BZ] zf}f

ihwzhczf kbpoyzécgkh fb yflhîço ho jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jo bfyghjo moconyèmkgo, bhwzhbiëb zf}f vb ·gocwfxüfczf jfwfc}ol}kbfczo jh yfjf xvf wf jfjkgh}h xvhwf xvf

ftglvwk}hbfczf fb }fkgvlhy }kjfoglkpfwº $HVNVWZO, 900=, p# 60+#

Phyh Hvnvwzo $900=+, phyh wf ftphcjky, gobo ë cow jkhw hzvhkw, h BZ] zf}f xvf phwwhy

poy zyáw jkmfyfczfw mhwfw jf jfwfc}ol}kbfczo wfnvkcjo o bfyghjo moconyèmkgo# Fb wvh

pykbfkyh mhwf, co pfyâojo jf 8;48 h 8;47, h BZ] zkcdh vbh pyfogvphîço jf wf

jkmfyfcgkhy jf ovzyhw fbkwwoyhw, ov wfah, gykhy vbh kjfczkjhjf# Hwwkb, h fbkwwoyh

jk}vlnh}h }kjfoglkpfw jf bfldoy xvhlkjhjf, bhkw zyhihldhjow o xvf h lf}ov h jk}vlnhy }kjfoglkpfw iykzéckgow, xvf fyhb }kjfoglkpfw jf nácfyo bvwkghl gocdfgkjo gobo Cf~

Pop iykzéckgo, h poczo jf wfy hgvwhjh jf yhgkwbo poy cço zflf}kwkochy }kjfoglkpfw jf

hyzkwzhw cfnyow, vbh }fq xvf nyhcjf phyzf jhw ihcjhw iykzéckghw, wf cço zojhw, fyhb jf

hyzkwzhw iyhcgow#

Hvnvwzo $900=+ ftplkgh xvf h BZ] mvcgkoch}h gobo vb zkpo jf yèjko }kwvhl, zfcjo wvh

pyonyhbhîço xvhwf xvf zozhlbfczf }olzhjh phyh }kjfoglkpfw, poyëb gob hlnvcw povgow

pyonyhbhw jf fczyf}kwzhw f mklbfw yflhgkochjow à bñwkgh# Jf hgoyjo gob Hvnvwzo

$900=+, h wfnvcjh mhwf jh BZ] wf jfv co pfyâojo jf 8;47 h 8;46, ocjf h BZ] gobfîh

h wf ftphcjky phyh ovzyhw gkjhjfw jow Fwzhjow Vckjow, o xvf lf}ov h fbkwwoyh h

hpyfwfczhy nácfyow bvwkghkw bhkw }hykhjow gobo o dfh}{ bfz hl # Jf hgoyjo gob

Hvnvwzo $900=+, o pykcgkphl hgoczfgkbfczo jfwzh wfnvcjh mhwf jh BZ] mok o mhzo jf flh

zfy hwwkchjo vb goczyhzo gob hw wfkw bhkoyfw nyh}hjoyhw bvcjkhkw, o xvf mfq h BZ]

nhcdhy jh gocgoyyácgkh, ov wfah, ·xvhwf h zozhlkjhjf jh pyojvîço jf }kjfoglkpfw hnoyh

w÷ pojfykh wfy }fkgvlhjh pflh Bvwkg Zflf}kwkocº $CONVFKYH, 900=, p#69+# Hvnvwzo

$900=+ ftplkgh xvf cfwzh mhwf zhbiëb wf zf}f vb jkwgyfzo hvbfczo jf }hykfjhjfw ch

pyonyhbhîço, bhw hkcjh fyh vbh fbkwwoyh xvf jfjkgh}h h bhkoy phyzf jo zfbpo phyh o

}kjfoglkpf#

Jf hgoyjo gob Hvnvwzo $900=+, h zfygfkyh mhwf jh BZ], xvf }fb jfwjf 8;4= hzë ow

jkhw hzvhkw, zfb gobo pykcgkphl bvjhcîh o mhzo jh fbpyfwh wfy }fcjkjh phyh h ]khgob,



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z gobo py k gkphl bvjhcîh h jk ywk kghîço jf fwzklo# Hvnvwzo $900=+ ftplkgh xvf

hczfw h fbpyfwh ftk kh }kjfoglkpfw jf Dfh}{ Bfz hl , hnoyh gob h co}h hjbkckwzyhîço

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Dfh}{ Bfz hl # Hvnvwzo $900=+ hm kybh xvf fwzh mok h wolvîço xvf h fbpyfwh hplkgov phyh

yfwol}fy h mhbh jf yhgkwzh xvf h fbkwwoyh zkcdh# Wfnvcjo Hvnvwzo $900=+ h B

zhbiëb goczyhzov ]A½w cfnyow f gy kov pyonyhbhw xvf jk}vlnhb h gvlzvyh cfnyh, gobo o

pyonyhbh [ o BZ] Yhpw½#

Jf hgoyjo gob h oiyh jf Hvnvwzo $900=+,Kwz o cço ë Z] ë BZ] , hnoyh h fbkwwoyh zkcdh

vbh nyhjf jf pyonyhbhîço gobplfzh, ov wfah, h yfjf cço fyh }olzhjh, hpfchw, phyh ow

}kjfoglkpfw, bhw zhbiëb ftkikh pyonyhbhw gob co}ow moybhzow gobo Zhl Wdo~w,

Aoychlkwbo, fwpoy zf, f wfphyov h wvh pyonyhbhîço bvwkghl, zfcjo, h ghjh jkh jh wfbhch,

vb nácfyo bvwkghl#

Mknvyh :1 Lonozkpo jh BZ]

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7 BKGDHFL AHGE WOC F HBÑWKGH POP

Phyh hzkcnky o oiafzk}o jfwzf zyhihldo, xvf ë hchlkwhy f fczfcjfy o }kjfoglkpf Zdykllfy,ë

cfgfwwèyko gocdfgfy h }kjh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc# Whify hzë xvf poczo fwwf hyzkwzh mok vb

nácko jh bñwkgh f gobo flf f Aodc Lhcjkw gykhyhb vb }kjfoglkpf xvf wf zoycov

yfmfyácgkh phyh ow jfbhkw }kjfoglkpfw#

7#8 H dkwz÷ykh jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc

Bkgdhfl Aowfpd Ahgewoc ë o cobf gobplfzo jf vb jow bhkoyfw hyzkwzhw xvf h bñwkgh

pop aè zf}f# Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc chwgfv ch gkjhjf jf Nhy{, Kcjkhch, Fwzhjow Vckjow, co jkh

9; jf Hnowzo jf 8;64# Bkgdhfl fyh mkldo jf Aowfpd ^hlzfy Ahgewoc f Ehzdfykcf Fwzdfy

Wgyvwf# Hlëb jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, o ghwhl Ahgewoc zf}f okzo mkldow, Bhvyffc, Ahgekf,

Zkzo, Afybhkcf, LhZo{h [}occf, Bhyloc, Wzf}fc Yhcjhll f Ahcf#

How gkcgo hcow jf kjhjf, Bkgdhfl mfq vbh hpyfwfczhîço ch fwgolh Nhycfzz Flfbfczhy{ f

aè fyh }kwzo gobo vb nhyozo pyobkwwoy co bvcjo jh bñwkgh# H mhbâlkh boczov vbh

ihcjh, gob o cobf Zdf A hgewoc Iyozdfyw, xvf jfpokw phwwov h gdhbhy"wf Ahgewoc Mk}f#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+

Mknvyh 61 A hgewoc M k}f

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H ihcjh Ahgewoc Mk}f fyh moybhjh poy Zkzo, xvf zogh}h nvkzhyyh, Afybhkcf fyh o

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fyh o }oghlkwzh pykcgkphl jh ihcjh# O nyvpo zkcdh bhkw jokw kczfnyhczfw1 o zfglhjkwzh

Yocc{ Yhcgkmfy f Aodcc{ Ahgewoc ch ihzfykh# Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+#

Wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, hp÷w hw hpyfwfczhîöfw jh ihcjh, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc

gowzvbh}h }fy hw hpyfwfczhîöfw jf ovzyow nyvpow bvwkghkw h mkb jf oiwfy}hy owbo}kbfczow xvf ow hyzkwzhw mhqkhb co phlgo# Flf hpyfcjkh yhpkjhbfczf ow phwwow jf

ovzyow hyzkwzhw f, chw hpyfwfczhîöfw jow Ahgewoc Mk}f, kbkzh}h ow phwwow hpyfcjkjow,

jfkthcjo o pñilkgo jfwlvbiyhjo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, Bkgdhfl jobkch}h o phlgo gob wvh jhcîh f wvh

}oq# Flf hpyfcjfv fwwhw zëgckghw }fcjo hyzkwzhw pflh zflf}kwço, gobo Ahgekf ^klwoc,

ghczoy jf bñwkgh wovl# Hlkèw, mok gob ^klwoc xvf Bkgdhfl hpyfcjfv h ghky jyhwzkghbfczf

woiyf vb aofldo# Bhw, jf mhzo, o ghczoy xvf bhkw kcmlvfcgkov Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mok AhbfwIyo~# ·}fy Bkgdhfl fb hîço fyh gobo oiwfy}hy vb cozè}fl hlvco jf ·Ahbfw Iyo~c

808º# $ZHYHIOYYFLLK, 900;, p# >=+#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ ftplkgh xvf, fb avldo jf 8;=4, o nyvpo hwwkcov goczyhzo jf vb hco

gob h nyh}hjoyh Bozo~c, xvf fyh vbh jhw bhkoyfw f bfldoyfw nyh}hjoyhw jh ëpogh#

Fb ovzviyo jf 8;=;, h ghcîço K ~hcz {ov ihge ndfnov ho pykbfkyo lvnhy chw yèjkow#

Wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, o jkh 84 jf ovzviyo jf 8;=; mok vb bobfczo fwpfgkhl

phyh h ghyyfkyh jo nyvpo Ahgewoc Mk}f1 h ihcjh wf hpyfwfczov fb yfjf chgkochl jf

zflf}kwço, co pyonyhbh Doll {~ooj P hl hgf, xvf fyh hpyfwfczhjo pflh hyzkwzh Jkhch Yoww#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ ftplkgh xvf Jkhch Yoww zf}f moyzf kcmlvácgkh ch ihcjh Ahgewoc Mk}f,

gdfnhcjo h hgobphcdhy o nyvpo fb hlnvbhw nyh}hîöfw, hlëb jf jfkthy xvf Bkgdhfl

Ahgewoc boyhwwf gob flh poy hlnvb zfbpo, vbh bhcoiyh jh nyh}hjoyh Bozo~c, pflo

mhzo jf xvf flh pojfykh kcmlvfcgkhy jf moybh powkzk}h, o hkcjh nhyozo Bkgdhfl, jf hpfchw

ocqf hcow#

Jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, fb jfqfbiyo jf 8;=;, h Bozo~c Yfgoyjw lhîov o

pykbfkyo Locn Plh{ $LP+ jow kybçow gdhbhjo Jkhch Yoww Pyfwfczw Zdf A hgewoc M k}f#

Hlëb jf zfy wkjo vb lhcîhbfczo jf bvkzo wvgfwwo, ch Nyç"Iyfzhcdh, o LP hlghcîov h

jëgkbh wftzh powkîço fczyf ow 800 pykbfkyow lvnhyfw jvyhczf vb báw#



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Wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, fb 8;>0 o èlivb HIG mok lhcîhjo f h ghcîço hlghcîov

kbfjkhzhbfczf o pykbfkyo lvnhy jh lkwzh jh Iklliohyj fb hpfchw wfkw wfbhchw jf

jk}vlnhîço jo gobphgzo, wvpfyhcjo kcglvwk}f Lfz kz if jow Ifhzlfw# Hp÷w fwzf dk,z fb

bhko jo bfwbo hco o nyvpo lhcîov vbh co}h bñwkgh gdhbhjh Zdf Lo}fª ov W h}f,

vbh bñwkgh xvf zf}f vb nyhcjf hpflo av}fckl#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ ftplkgh xvf h ihcjh mfq wfv pykbfkyo wdo~ co gfczyo jf goc}fcîöfw

jh Mklhjëlmkh co jkh jokw jf bhko jf 8;>0# Bhkw jf 7#600 mçw lozhyhb o hfyopoyzo

kczfychgkochl jh gkjhjf phyh }fy o nyvpo# Fb avldo jf 8;>0, h ihcjh aè dh}kh xvfiyhjo

ow yfgoyjfw jf pñilkgo co Low Hcnflfw Moyvb, hlghcîhcjo h bhygh jf 84#=>6 phnhczfw#

Vb báw hp÷w o wdo~ o Ahgewoc Mk}f lhcîov wvh pykbfkyh ihlhjh gdhbhjh K½ll if zdfyf,

vbh ghcîço xvf ogvpov o pykbfkyo lvnhy poy gkcgo wfbhchw cow FVH, }fcjfcjo 9,6

bkldöfw jf g÷pkhw fb zojo o bvcjo#

Wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, fb ahcfkyo jf 8;>8 o nyvpo lhcîh o B hbh½w Pfhyl f fwzf

gobphgzo gdfnov ho wfnvcjo lvnhy ch lkwzhnfb jh Iklliohyj# Aè fb bhyîo jf 8;>8,

lhcîhb bhkw vb jkwgo, o Cf}f ghc wh{ nooj i{f, xvf gdfnov ho wfnvcjo lvnhy hp÷w o

pykbfkyo báw jo lhcîhbfczo# Fb avcdo jf 8;>8, ovzyo gobphgzo mok lhcîhjo1 B h{if

zoboyyo~# Hkcjh fb 8;>8, h Bozo~c lhcîov o pykbfkyo dkz wolo jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc,

gdhbhjo Noz Zo if Zdfyf# H ghcîço gdfnov h }fcjfy 8#647#460 g÷pkhw#

Jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, fb avldo, o nyvpo nyh}ov zhbiëb o pykbfkyo

fwpfgkhl phyh h zflf}kwço, Nokc½ Ihge zo Kcjkhch, zyhcwbkzkjo fb wfzfbiyo pflh yfjf

HIG# O nyvpo zf}f vbh hckbhîço jh ihcjh phyh hw gykhcîhw, hvbfczhcjo hkcjh bhkw

wvh popvlhykjhjf#



:4

Mknvyh =1 A hgewoc M k}f jfwfcdo

Moczf1 < dzzp1//oe{log{glo#ilonwpoz#gob/900;/0=/bkgdhfl"ahgewoc#dzbl3

Jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, Aowfpd, o phk jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc, fyh zhbiëb o

fbpyfwèyko jow Ahgewoc Mk}f, f zf}f h kjfkh jf nyh}hy vb jkwgo wolo jf Bkgdhfl hp÷w h

nyh}hjoyh h BNB Yfgoyjw lhcîhy vb jkwgo wolo jo hyzkwzh Jocc{ Owbocj, xvf fyh

kczfnyhczf jh ihcjh Owbocj Iyozdfyw# Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ hmkybh xvf, ho mhqfy kwwo,

Aowfpd kykh ghvwhy h wfphyhîço fczyf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc f ow kybçow#

Wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, h Bozo~c cço jh}h lkifyjhjf phyh xvf ow hyzkwzhw

mkqfwwfb ghcîöfw py÷pykhw, o xvf yfwvlzh}h co fcykxvfgkbfczo bhkoy jh fbpyfwh, vbh

}fq xvf h py÷pykh nyh}hjoyh zkcdh ow wfvw gobpowkzoyfw# Hp÷w ow pykbfkyow èlivcw oAhgewoc Mk}f, jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, cço gocwfnvkyhb hzkcnky o wvgfwwo

co}hbfczf f fwzh}hb wfcjo fwxvfgkjow pflo pñilkgo# Hkcjh jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk

$900;+, jfpokw jf locnhw zfczhzk}hw jf hgoyjo gob h Bozo~c, ow Ahgewoc, wfb h

pyfwfcîh jf Afybhkcf xvf fwzh}h ghwhjo gob h mkldh jo joco jh Bozo~c, hwwkchyhb

gob vbh co}h nyh}hjoyh fb 8;>6, h GIW#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ ftplkgh xvf co kcâgko o Ahgewoc Mk}f nyh}h}h hpfchw ghcîöfw mfkzhw

pflow gobpowkzoyfw jh GIW f hpfchw vbh jf hvzoykh py÷pykh# O kiopf jo nyvpo chwphyhjhw jf wvgfwwo cço fyh o bfwbo, f h nyh}hjoyh fwzh}h h poczo jf fcgfyyhy o

goczyhzo gob h ihcjh, pokw cço fwzh}hb jhcjo o yfzoyco fwpfyhjo# Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+

hmkybh xvf hp÷w vbh goc}fywh jf Bkgdhfl gob ow pyojvzoyfw jh GIW fwzh}h ch doyh jf

flf mhqfy vb co}o jkwgo wolo f gob hw py÷pykhw gobpowkîöfw, o xvf mok hgfkzo jf

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bfldoy gob wvhw py÷pykhw ghcîöfw, fcgfyyhy o goczyhzo gob flfw wfykh bhkw mègkl f bfcow

joloykjo phyh hbihw hw phyzfw#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ ftplkgh xvf Bkgdhfl gobfîov h mhqfy o wfv jkwgo wolo f fwzh}hgobpocjo hw ghcîöfw avczo gob Xvkcg{ Aocfw# Flfw pyojvqkyhb o jkwgo Omm Zdf ^hll ,

fb 8;>;# Fwwf jkwgo fyh zozhlbfczf jkmfyfczf jow jkwgow aè nyh}hjow poy flf fb gocavczo

gob ow Ahgewoc Mk}f#

Mkchlbfczf, hp÷w ov}ky gfczfchw jf ghcîöfw, Bkgdhfl f Xvkcg{ fwgoldfyhb oyfpfyz÷yko# Fczyf flhw zyáw gobpowkîöfw jf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc1 ·Joc½z Wzop Zkll [ovNfz Fcovndº, ·^oyekcn Jh{ hcj Ckndzº f vbh go"hvzoykh gob Lovkw Aodcwoc,ihktkwzh jo Iyozdfy Aodcwoc, ·Nfz oc zdf Mlooyº# Xvkcg{ pfcwov fb fxvklkiyhy hbkwzvyh jf bñwkghw gob ihlhjhw popbhkw bfl÷jkghw, gobo h fbozk}h f wkcmúckgh·Wdf½w ovz om b{ lkmfº, hpyfwfczhjh pflo gobpowkzoy f hyyhcahjoy Zob Ihdlfy5 ·Kz½wMhllkcn kc Lo}fº, vbh gobpowkîço lvbkcowh f wfczkbfczhl, fwgykzh poy Jh}kj Mowzfy

f Ghyolf Ih{fy Whnfy5 h hîvghyhjh f iockzkcdh ghcîço jf Phvl BgGhyzcf{ kczkzvlhjh·NkylMykfcjº, f, pykcgkphlbfczf ·Yoge ^kzd [ovº, jf hcjhbfczo bhkw wfcwvhl f zobyobéczkgo, avcgo gob h fbpolnhczf ·Ivyc Zdkw Jkwgo Ovzº f h pojfyowh ·Omm zdf^hllº, xvf hghihykh wfcjo fwgoldkjh h mhkth"zâzvlo jo èlivb, zojhw fwwhw jh hvzoykhjf Yoj Zfbpfyzoc, o pykcgkphl gobpowkzoy f zfglhjkwzh jh Dfhz~h}f, vbh ihcjhiykzhcgkh jf pop"Y-I# $ZHYYHIOYFLLK, 900;, p#84=+

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ch ghyyfkyh wolo jf Bkgdhfl, wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+#

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bowzyh}h Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc }fwzkcjo vb wboekcn pyfzo f gob vb woyykwo flfnhczf#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ hmkybh xvf o wboekcn mok vbh fwzyhzënkh jf bhyefzkcn, pokw Bkgdhfl

zkcdh h kbhnfb jf nhyozkcdo, pflo mhzo jf zfy gobfîhjo h wf hpyfwfczhy, zhczo fb phlgow

gobo ch zflf}kwço, bvkzo co}o f fyh cfgfwwèyko jfbocwzyhy vbh kbhnfb jf dobfb, f

cço bhkw jf vb nhyozo#

Jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, hlëb jh Bñwkgh Joc½z Wzop Zkll ¦ ov Nfz Fcovndz ,

ovzyow dkzw jo èlivb Omm Zdf ^hll , moyhb hw bñwkghw Yoge ̂ kzd¦

ov, Wdf½w Ovz om B {

Lkmf, hbihw gdfnhyhb hzë h jëgkbh powkîço, hlëb jh py÷pykh bñwkgh Omm Zdf ^hll , xvf

lf}ov o cobf jo jkwgo zhbiëb mfq bvkzo wvgfwwo# Gob kwwo, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc wf zoycov

o pykbfkyo hyzkwzh wolo h gocwfnvky zfy xvhzyo gobphgzow wkbplfw fczyf hw jfq bhkw,

wfcjo zojhw flhw jf vb ñckgo jkwgo, cow Fwzhjow Vckjow#



60

Mknvyh >1 G hph jo jkwgo Omm Zdf ^hll

Moczf1 < dzzp1//bkgdhflahgewocwfbpyf}k}o#ilonwpoz#gob/9080/80/mozow"jh"fyh"omm"~hll#dzbl3

Fb 8;49, Xvkcg{ Aocfw f Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc gobfîhyhb h zyhihldhy co co}o èlivb xvf

wf gdhbhykh Zdykllfy # Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ ftplkgh xvf o oyîhbfczo jo èlivb nkyh}h fb

zoyco jf >60 bkl j÷lhyfw phyh h pyojvîço# Ftkwzkhb 700 bñwkghw phyh wfyfb

wflfgkochjhw fczyf hw co}f ghcîöfw xvf gobpoykhb o jkwgo#

7#9 O wvynkbfczo jf Zdykllfy

Jf hgoyjo gob Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, fb co}fbiyo jf 8;49, h GIW lhcîov o gobphgzo

wkbplfw jf Zdykllfy f bvkzow gyâzkgow pfcwhyhb xvf o jkwgo wfykh vbh jfgfpîço# Co jkh

pykbfkyo jf jfqfbiyo jf 8;49, Zdykllfy mok lhcîhjo co bfyghjo f, jf hgoyjo gob

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, ckcnvëb co bvcjo jo wdo~ ivwkcfw kbhnkch}h xvf o pñilkgo

yfhnkykh gob zhczh fbpolnhîço f wfjvîço gob fwwf jkwgo#

Wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+, o èlivb Zdykllfy fyh vbh gobikchîço jf mhkthw ifb

fcnyfchjhw jf pop, wovl f mvce , gob h pyofqh jf xvf wfv iykldo bvwkghl gocwfnvkv

hnyhjhy pyhzkghbfczf h zojow xvf o ov}khb# Moyhb }fcjkjhw gfygh jf 600 bkl g÷pkhw jo

èlivb poy wfbhch, jf hgoyjo gob yflhzow jh nyh}hjoyh GIW#

Pfyzo jo mkchl jf 8;47, Zdykllfy aè zkcdh }fcjkjo o ftgfpgkochl cñbfyo jf 87bkldöfw jf g÷pkhw cow Fwzhjow Vckjow, f xvhwf 99 bkldöfw, co bvcjo zojo# Hzë fwwhëpogh, o jkwgo jf bhkoy }fcjhnfb jf zojow ow zfbpow zkcdh wkjo h zykldh wocoyhoyknkchl jf W hzvyj h{ Ckndz M f}fy, gvahw }fcjhw bvcjkhkw hlghcîhyhb 96 bkldöfw jfg÷pkhw jfwjf 8;>>, hco jo wfv lhcîhbfczo# Fb povgo zfbpo, Bkgdhfl wvpfyhykh fwwh



68

bhygh# Vb mfkzo kcëjkzo flf aè dh}kh gocwfnvkjo1 hzë fczço, cfcdvb ovzyo èlivbwolo zkcdh }fcjkjo bhkw jf 89 bkldöfw jf g÷pkhw $ZHYYHIOYFLLK, 900;, P# 996+#

Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ hmkybh xvf Zdykllfy }fcjfv bhkw jf 60 bkldöfw jf g÷pkhw f jvyhczf

7> wfbhchw gdfnov h ogvphy o pykbfkyo lvnhy ch lkwzh jh Ikll iohyj , cow Fwzhjow Vckjow

f zhbiëb hzkcnkv, ch Nyç" Iyfzhcdh, o zopo jh lkwzh jhw phyhjhw jf wvgfwwo,pfybhcfgfcjo fb jfwzhxvf poy 8=4 wfbhchw#

Ch ghph jo jkwgo hphyfgkh Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc gob vb wboekcn iyhcgo f vbh hphyácgkh

wëykh, bowzyhcjo vb Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc bhkw bhjvyo f bvkzo flfnhczf#

Mknvyh 41 G hph jo jkwgo Zdykllfy

Moczf1 < dzzp1//pkghwh~fi#noonlf#gob/ld/pdozo/6

yKcTkfn^k9E44plYP9Hy~3

Wfnvcjo Zhyyhioyfllk $900;+ Zdykllfy fyh vb jkwgo pfymfkzo, pokw zojhw hw bñwkghw wf

zoychyhb ftfbplow gocwvbhjow jh pyojvîço bvwkghl pop, fb xvf ·ghjh hyyhcao f ghjh

cozh zkcdhb wkjo gologhjow jh bhcfkyh bhkw pyfgkwh, o xvf zoycov Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc

bhkw xvf vb dfy÷k, h poczo jh kcjñwzykh moconyèmkgh o pyobo}fy ho phzhbhy bhkw

flf}hjo, xvf ifkyh}h h whczkmkghîçoº $ZHYYHIOYFLLK, 900;, p#89=+#

7#7 Hcèlkwf jo }kjfoglkpf Zdykllfy

O }kjfoglkpf Zdykllfy mok jkyknkjo pflo gkcfhwzh Aodc Lhcjkw, xvf mok o jkyfzoy jo mklbf

Vb loikwobfb hbfykghco fb Locjyfw# Zdykllfy mok flfkzo o bfldoy }kjfoglkpf jo wëgvlo

90, h poczo jf zfy wkjo kbkzhjo ch Âcjkh pflo pfymoybèzkgo Nolkbhy# Jf hgoyjo gob

Lfk}hw $9080+, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ·yfgfifv 89 kcjkghîöfw phyh o Nyhbb{ H~hyjw, f



69

ihzfv co}ow yfgoyjfw, nhcdhcjo okzo Nyhbb{, wfcjo wfzf poy Zdykllfy f vb pflo

hvjkoiooe jo mklbf FZº $LFK]HW, 9080, p# 8;+#

Wfnvcjo Lfk}hw $9080+, Lhcjkw fyh vb gkcfhwzh popvlhy f mok goczyhzhjo poy Bkgdhfl

Ahgewoc h mkb jf gykhy vb }kjfoglkpf xvf whkykh jo phjyço gobvb, fb xvf o ghczoy hphyfgf ghczhcjo f jhcîhcjo fb vb zfbpo f fwphîo gobo o }kjfoglkpf Yoge ̂ kzd

ov,

jo èlivb Omm Zdf ^hll #

Jf hgoyjo gob Lfk}hw $9080+, Lhcjkw xvfykh mhqfy hlno bojfyco f jf zfyyoy# Fczço, phyh

o }kjfoglkpf mok goc}kjhjo o hwzyo jf pyojvîöfw jf zfyyoy hczknhw, ]kcgfcz Pykgf# Ovzyh

pfwwoh xvf kykh gobpoy o nyvpo fyh Nfoynf Yobfyo, gkcfhwzh xvf yfkc}fczov o gkcfbh

jf zfyyoy, hgyfwgfczhcjo gyâzkgh wogkhl f gykhcjo bocwzyow ghyckgfkyow gobo ow qvbikw#

Lfk}hw $9080+ hmkybh xvf Lhcjkw xvfykh mhqfy vb }kjfoglkpf xvf mowwf hlëb jf vbh

wkbplfw pyophnhcjh phyh o hyzkwzh, flf xvfykh kbpyfwwkochy f mhqfy, lkzfyhlbfczf, vb

gvyzh"bfzyhnfb, aè xvf zkcdh h bñwkgh f o hyzkwzh gfyzo phyh h oghwkço# O oiafzk}o jo

gkcfhwzh fyh vzklkqhy ow fmfkzow fwpfgkhkw vwhjo fb wfv mklbf# Flf jk}kjkv o }kjfoglkpf fb

phyzfw1 h pykbfkyh wfykh vb mklbf jfczyo jf vb ·mklbfº, ov wfah, gobo Zdykllfy goczh

vbh dkwz÷ykh jf vbh cokzf jf zfyyoy, Lhcjkw kckgkh o }kjfoglkpf gob Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc

phwwfhcjo gob wvh chboyhjh, kczfypyfzhjh pflh hzykq Olh Yh{, f kykh yf}flhy h flh vb

wfnyfjo, jf xvf flf fyh vb loikwobfb# Bhw cço jè zfbpo jf flf goczhy kwwo h flh, xvf

}á poy xvf flf fyh jkmfyfczf jf ovzyow yhphqfw, xvhcjo wf zyhcwmoybh fb loikwobfb#

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vb wkbplfw phwwfko jf vb ghwhl jf chboyhjow hwwkwzkcjo h vb mklbf co gkcfbh#

Fwwh gfch wfykh hpfchw vb goczyhzfbpo fczyf o gkcfbh, h dkwz÷ykh jo loikwobfb, xvf

fyh o mklbf jf Lhcjkw, f h dkwz÷ykh jh bñwkgh xvf gobfîh lono xvf o ghwhl jf chboyhjow

whk jo gkcfbh f mhq o ghbkcdo jf }olzh pyh ghwh# Gob kwwo pojfbow gocglvky xvf o

mklbf, Vb loikwobfb hbfykghco fb Locjyfw, fwzè goczkjo jfczyo jo }kjfoglkpf

Zdykllfy , bhw hpfchw gobo vbh dkwz÷ykh phyhlflh ho }kjfoglkpf#



67

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pfymfkîço xvf phyfgf zfy wkjo pyojvqkjo gob h zfgcolonkh hzvhl#

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woqkcdow#

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O pl hco hifyzo f o pl hco py÷tkbo wfnvfb poy zojh h ftzfcwço xvhcjo Bkgdhfl f h

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6:

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chboyhjh jf Bkgdhfl wf }kv co phpfl jh bogkcdh xvf fwzh}h yfpyfwfczhcjo h chboyhjh

jo loikwobfb co locnh"bfzyhnfb#

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h }oq jf ]kcgfcz Pykgf, vbh }oq hzfyyoykqhczf xvf, poy wk w÷ aè pyfbfjkzh}h xvf o pkoy

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wfnvkjh, hzyh}ëw jh kcmlvácgkh jo pyojvzoy Nfoynf Yobfy, xvf gologov ow qvbikw co

glkpf, flfw gobfîhb h whky jhw go}hw f h pfywfnvkyfb Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc#

Ow fmfkzow xvf wf zfb xvhcjo ow qvbikw fwzço whkcjo jo gdço ë jf mvbhîh, ho bfwbozfbpo fb xvf ]kcgfcz Pykgf ftplkgh, gob h }oq hwwvwzhjoyh, o xvf ow qvbikw fwzh}hb à

pyogvyh#

Hw zyf}hw ghfb poy woiyf h zfyyh# Ow poczfkyow fwzço pfyzo jh bfkh cokzf# Gykhzvyhwyhwzfahb fb ivwgh jf whcnvf phyh hzfyyoykqhy zojh h }kqkcdhcîh# F xvfb xvfy xvfhkcjh wf hgdf fb }kjh, wfb h hlbh cfgfwwèykh phyh h jfwgkjh, jf}f fynvfy"wf jkhczfjow gçfw jo kcmfyco f hpojyfgfy jfczyo jvb kc}÷lvgyo fzfyco# O bhv gdfkyo wffwphldh co hy, vb mfjoy hgvbvlhjo fb xvhyfczh bkl hcow, f jf zojhw hw gykpzhw, owfwpfgzyow hwwhwwkcow }áb wf hpyotkbhcjo phyh wflhy o wfv jfwzkco# F hpfwhy jf hkcjhlvhyfw phyh woiyf}k}fy, zfv goypo zyfbf ho zfyyoy xvf o kc}hjf, pokw cfcdvb bfyoboyzhl ë ghphq jf yfwkwzky à wkckwzyh f bhlëmkgh gyv fljhjf# $LFK]HW, 9080, p# 98+#

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66

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hzë o bobfczo fb xvf h hzykq oldh zvjo h wfv yfjoy f, phyhcjo o oldhy woiyf Bkgdhfl

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ovzyow bocwzyow mhqfb vbh goyfonyhmkh#

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64

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=0

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]ogá wfczf vbh bço mykhF pfcwh wf hkcjh }hk }fy o wol]ogá mfgdh ow oldowF fwpfyh xvf wfah zvjo kbhnkchîçoNhyozh, fcxvhczo kwwo]ogá fwgvzh h gykhzvyh yhwzfahcjo hzyèw]ogá fwzh wfb zfbpoFlfw fwzço lè moyh phyh zf pfnhy Dè jfbúckow gdfnhcjo poy zojo lhjoFlfw }ço zf powwvky H cço wfy xvf }ogf zyoxvf o cvbfyo jh wvh lknhîçoFwwh ë h doyhPhyh c÷w mkghybow avczow hiyhîhjowPoy zojh h cokzf

Fv }ov zf whl}hy jo zfyyoy ch zflh]ov mhqfy }ogá }fy H fwgvykjço ghk woiyf h zfyyhH bfkh cokzf fwzè py÷tkbhGykhzvyhw yhwzfahb fb ivwgh jf whcnvfPhyh hzfyyoykqhy h }kqkcdhcîhF zojow xvf moyfb hgdhjowWfb h hlbh co goypoJf}f mkghy f fcmyfczhy ow gçfw jo kcmfycoF hpojyfgfy jfczyo jf vbh ghwgh jf ghjè}fy O gdfkyo bhkw wvao fwzè co hy O ojoy jf xvhyfczh bkl hcowF whyg÷mhnow }fldow jf ghjh zñbvloFwzço wf mfgdhcjo phyh wflhy wfv jfwzkco

F hpfwhy jf }ogá lvzhy phyh pfybhcfgfy }k}oWfv goypo gobfîh h zyfbfy Cfcdvb bfyo boyzhl pojf yfwkwzky o bhl jo zfyyoy Xvf kwwo ë zfyyoy Cokzf jf zfyyoy Poyxvf fv powwo zf hwwvwzhy bhkwJo xvf vb mhczhwbh ovwhykh zfczhy $Zfyyoy+$Cokzf jf zfyyoy+Fczço jfktf fv zf hiyhîhy moyzfF jk}kjky vbh$Hwwhwwkco, hyyfpkhczf+$Zfyyoy hxvk hnoyh+Poyxvf kwwo ë zfyyoy Cokzf jf zfyyoy Nhyozh, fv powwo zf hwwvwzhy bhkwJo xvf vb mhczhwbh ovwhykh zfczhy $Zfyyoy+$Cokzf jf zfyyoy+Fczço jfktf fv zf hiyhîhy moyzfF jk}kjky vbh$hwwhwwkco, hzfyyoykqhczf+]ov zf hzfyyoykqhy fwzh cokzf



=8

GOCGLVWÇO

H gvlzvyh jf bhwwh gykov jk}fywow fwzklow bvwkghkw, gobo h bñwkgh pop, xvf }fb jf vbh

gvlzvyh popvlhy f hiyhcnf jk}fywhw ovzyhw gobo h bñwkgh wovl , o mvce f o y hp# O yhp mok

vb bo}kbfczo gvlzvyhl zço bhgkîo xvf gykov wfv py÷pyko zkpo jf yovph, co}hw ihzkjhw f

ykzbow, ov wfah, ovzyo afkzo jf wf mhqfy bñwkghw, gob lfzyhw xvf yfmlfzkhb h yfhlkjhjf jh

popvlhîço xvf }k}kh co wviñyiko hbfykghco, gykhcjo ow Bg½w, hw ihzhldh jf Bg½w f

mhqfcjo zhbiëb wfv py÷pyko zkpo jf jfwfcdo, jfwknchjo nyhmkzf# Mok vbh gvlzvyh gdfnov

h wf ftphcjky poy zojo o bvcjo f, hzë co Iyhwkl, ftkwzfb pfwwohw xvf wfnvfb o yhp

gobo wf mowwf vbh yflknkço#

Jf mhzo, h bâjkh zfb pojfy jf gykhy vbh kjfczkmkghîço, pokw flh jk}vlnh f kbpöf phyh hwogkfjhjf o xvf ë iob ov yvkb, o xvf jf}f ov cço wfy vwhjo, gobo wf }fwzky ov wf

hlkbfczhy, f hzë bfwbo gobo c÷w jf}fbow }k}fy#

H f}olvîço jhw mklbhnfcw mok wvynkcjo ho locno jow hcow, gobo ow fmfkzow jf zy h}fllkcn ,

o q oob kc f o q oob ovz , f hzë bfwbo ow zkpow jf fcxvhjyhbfczow# Zojow fwwfw fmfkzow

wço kbpoyzhczfw wfah ch mklbhnfb jf vb gvyzh"bfzyhnfb ov vb locnh"bfzyhnfb, pokw

flhw yfmlfzfb pykcgkphlbfczf h moybh gob xvf o jkyfzoy }á o mklbf, ov wfah, gobo ë h

dkwz÷ykh xvf flf kbhnkcov#

Pojfbow hmkybhy xvf Zdykllfy mok o nyhcjf bhygo phyh xvf dov}fwwf vbh bojkmkghîço

fb wf mhqfy }kjfoglkpf# Co kcâgko h yfmfyácgkh xvf h bñwkgh zkcdh gob h kbhnfb moyhb

ow mklbfw jo nácfyo bvwkghl, cço dh}kh, chxvflh ëpogh, h pyfogvphîço jo hyzkwzh mhqfy

vbh mklbhnfb woiyf h dkwz÷ykh xvf chyyh}h h bñwkgh, w÷ ftkwzkhb }kjfoglkpfw hw ghcîöfw

xvf fyhb zoghjhw cow mklbfw bvwkghkw, avwzhbfczf poy mhqfy phyzf jhw mklbhnfcw jo

mklbf# Hzoyfw gobo Fvnfcf Gvyyhc Efll{ xvf mfq o mklbf G hcz hcjo ch gdv}h Myfj

Hwzhkyf xvf mfq jk}fywow bvwkghkw gob Nkcnfy Yonfyw moyhb ow pkocfkyow, bfwbo xvfwvpfymkgkhlbfczf, jo }kjfoglkpf#

Xvhcjo ow Ifhzlfw mkqfyhb o locnh"bfzyhnfb H dhyj j h{w ckndz , mok vbh mklbhnfb

bhkw hpyotkbhjh jo phjyço jhxvklo xvf fczfcjfbow gobo }kjfoglkpf, xvf wfykh

bowzyhcjo vbh ihcjh zoghcjo, f cço bhkw ow pfywochnfcw kczfypyfzhjow pflow hzoyfw



=9

gkzhjow hgkbh, ghczhcjo ghcîöfw xvf wf yflhgkoch}hb gob h dkwz÷ykh jo mklbf# H dhyj

j h{½w ckndz phwwh h kbpyfwwço jf xvf dh}kh jokw bobfczow co mklbf, o bobfczo jh }kjh

pyk}hjh jow hyzkwzhw, f o bobfczo jh ihcjh zoghcjo co fwzñjko jf zflf}kwço ov mhqfcjo

vb wdo~ ho }k}o phyh h plhzëkh# O wfnvcjo bobfczo wfykh o bojflo kckgkhl jf

}kjfoglkpf f xvf wf phjyockqhykh hzë o Zdykllfy , zfcjo hzë fczço zojhw hw ovzyhw ihcjhwnyh}hcjo jf moybh wkbplfw gobo wf wkbplfwbfczf fwzk}fwwfb hpyfwfczhcjo vb wdo~

phyh vb jfzfybkchjo pñilkgo#

Xvhcjo Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mfq Zdykllfy flf aè dh}kh mfkzo ow }kjfoglkpfw Yoge ̂ kzd ® ov f

Joc½z Wzop Zkll ® ov Nfz Fcovndz , xvf wfnvkh ow bojflow phjyöfw jf }kjfoglkpf,

bowzyhcjo hpfchw Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc ghczhcjo f jhcîhcjo hw bñwkghw, poyëb wobfczf flf

poy wfy vb hyzkwzh wolo# Fwwfw }kjfoglkpfw bowzyh}hb hlnvcw fmfkzow fwpfgkhkw gobo mok

bowzyhjo fb Joc½z Wzop Zkll ® ov Nfz Fcovnd fb xvf hphyfgfb zyáw Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc chzflh, hlëb jo gfcèyko xvf bowzyh}h jk}fywow bvyow, xvf jfbocwzyh}h, bfzhmoykghbfczf,

xvf h bñwkgh fwzh}h goczkjh co èlivb Omm Zdf ^hll , xvf fb wvh zyhjvîço wknckmkgh M oy h

jo Bvyo#

O }kjfoglkpf Zdykllfy mok zozhlbfczf kco}hjoy co wfczkjo jf gfcèyko, jf goyfonyhmkh,

bhxvkhnfb, kjfkh f bo}kbfczhîço jf gébfyh# O glkpf mok jkyknkjo poy vb gkcfhwzh, Aodc

Lhcjkw, xvf mfq o mklbf Hc hbfykghc ~hyf~olm kc Locjoc, Vb loikwobfb hbfykghco fb

Locjyfw, f vwov h bfwbh zëgckgh phyh zyhcwmoybhy Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc fb Loikwobfb# W÷

poy vb }kjfoglkpf wfy jkyknkjo poy vb gkcfhwzh aè zkcdh vb mvzvyo pyobkwwoy jf xvf

zkcdh zvjo phyh wfy vb wvgfwwo, f gobo jf mhzo mok#

]èykow hwpfgzow mkqfyhb jf Zdykllfy vb jow bfldoyfw }kjfoglkpfw aè pyojvqkjow#

Kckgkhlbfczf Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc zyhcwmoybov wfv }kjfoglkpf fb vb gvyzh"bfzyhnfb, ov

wfah, fyh vb pfxvfco ·mklbfº xvf zkcdh h dkwz÷ykh jf vb loikwobfb, bowzyhjh co mklbf

jf Aodc Lhcjkw, wkczockqhcjo, hwwkb, h kjfkh jf vb mklbf jfczyo jo mklbf, poyëb mok vb

mklbf jfczyo jf vb }kjfoglkpf#

H fwgoldh jf ]kcgfcz Pykgf, hzoy jf mklbfw jf zfyyoy, phyh mhqfy h }oq bhghiyh jhcjo h

wkczockh jf bfjo, f pflo wkbplfw mhzo jf wfy vbh }oq bvkzo gocdfgkjh pflo pñilkgo jh

ëpogh, mhqkh o fwpfgzhjoy fwxvfgfy jf xvf Zdykllfy fyh vb }kjfoglkpf# H ·yfhlkjhjfº f h

mkgîço fwzh}hb avczhw o zfbpo zojo# Xvhcjo Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc whk jo gkcfbh, flf bowzyh



=7

phyh o fwpfgzhjoy jf xvf, whkv phyh jk}fyzky gob h chboyhjh, f mok hwwkwzky h vb mklbf

jfwzf hzoy, pokw fwzh}h fwgykzo fb lfzyhw jf cfoc ch fczyhjh jo fwzhiflfgkbfczo jf xvf o

mklbf wf gdhbh}h Zdykllfy f fwzh}h fwzyflhcjo ]kcgfcz Pykgf, wfcjo xvf co ghyzhq zkcdh

vbh mozo jflf# Fczço wf gocglvk xvf ch }fyjhjf Zdykllfy cço zkcdh vb pyop÷wkzo jf wfy

vb }kjfoglkpf f wkb vb mklbf, xvf wfykh fwzyflhjo poy ]kcgfcz#

O xvf bhygh h f}olvîço jf Zdykllfy fb yflhîço how jfbhkw glkpfw ë xvf cfcdvb

}kjfoglkpf hczfykoy vzklkqov ow fmfkzow fwpfgkhkw vzklkqhjow co gkcfbh f phwwov kwwo phyh

vb }kjfoglkpf, ov bfldoy, jkqfcjo, cfcdvb hyzkwzh bvwkghl pfcwov fb zyhcwmoybhy vb

}kjfoglkpf cvb gvyzh"bfzyhnfb# Gob kwwo Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc mfq gob xvf o }kjfoglkpf

mowwf h pyophnhcjh kckgkhl jo èlivb, ov wfah, hw pfwwohw kykhb pyogvyhy ov}ky o jkwgo jf

jk}fywow hyzkwzhw hzyh}ëw jow }kjfoglkpfw mfkzow poy fwwfw hyzkwzhw# Wf o }kjfoglkpf moy

iob ë wkchl jf xvf o èlivb jfwwh yfwpfgzk}h ihcjh ov hyzkwzh wolo, zhbiëb ë iob#

O aono jf gébfyhw, écnvlow f fcxvhjyhbfczow, moyhb ovzyow hwpfgzow xvf

yf}olvgkochyhb, pokw gobo hczfw wf zkcdh hpfchw h hpyfwfczhîço jh ihcjh zoghcjo fb

vb phlgo, bvkzhw }fqfw vb wkbplfw plhco nfyhl, ov plhco bëjko, wvpykh hw cfgfwwkjhjfw

jfwwf }kjfoglkpf# Hnoyh gob o Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc f ow hyzkwzhw fc}ol}kjow fb Zdykllfy ,

flfw fwzh}hb fcgfchcjo f fyh cfgfwwèyko goc}fcgfy o fwpfgzhjoy jf xvf h dkwz÷ykh xvf

hgoczfgkh fyh yfhl, zkcdh xvf dh}fy fboîço phwwhjh pflo hyzkwzh, f ow fmfkzow jf gébfyh,

jow écnvlow f jow fcxvhjyhbfczow, yfmoyîh}hb f bowzyh}hb jkyfzhbfczf h fboîço, wfah

o bfjo, fwphczo, wvypyfwh, gobo ë bowzyhjo gob ow bo}kbfczow jfZy h}fllkcn #

Ow fmfkzow jf bhxvkhnfb vwhjow cow qvbikw f ch zyhcwmoybhîço jf Bkgdhfl moyhb ow

bfwbo vzklkqhjow fb mklbfw jf zfyyoy, f phyfgkhb wfy yfhkw, o xvf ë vb mhzoy powkzk}o

cfwzf }kjfoglkpf# Zdykllfy poy zfy wkjo kco}hjoy, mok gocwkjfyhjo o }kjfoglkpf bhkw ifb

mfkzo ch dkwz÷ykh, zhczo xvf h kcjñwzykh jf iykcxvfjo mfq iocfgow jo Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc,

chw }fywöfw gobo o Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc jo kcâgko jo }kjfoglkpf, co moybhzo jf loikwobfb

f ch moybh jf Qvbik, yf}olvgkochcjo bhkw vbh }fq, pokw cfcdvb ovzyo }kjfoglkpf ch

dkwz÷ykh pyopoygkocov xvf dov}fwwf iykcxvfjow jo py÷pyko }kjfoglkpf#



=:

Mknvyh 8:1 Bkgdhfl A hgewoc iykcxvfjo

Moczf1 < dzzpw1//qvbikqq#~oyjpyfww#gob/9080/07/88/bkgdhfl"ahgewoc"jf"}kckl"gob"bhwghyh"jf"qvbik"f"

loikwobfb/3



=6

YFMFYÁCGKHW IKILKONYÈMKGHW

DOLQIHGE, Hykhcf Jkckq5 CFYGOLKCK, Bhykljo Aowë# ]kjfoglkpf1 fb zfbpow jf

yfgocmknvyhîço# Whl}hjoy1 Mhgvljhjf jf Gobvckghîço/VMIh#

EFLLCFY, Jovnlhw# H gvlzvyh jh bâ jkh" fwzvjow gvlzvhkw1 kjfczkjhjf f polâzkgh fczyf

o bojfyco f o p÷w"bojfyco# Zyhjvîço jf K}ocf Ghwzkldo Ifcfjfzzk# Ihvyv# WP1

FJVWG, 9008#

LFK]HW, Hczfyo, Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc" vbh dkwz÷ykh wfb mkb# Wço Phvlo5 Fjkzoyh Fwghlh#

9080#

BHYZKC, Bhygfl# H lkcnvhnfb gkcfbhzonyèmkgh# Zyhjvîço jf Mlè}ko Pkczo ]kfkyh,

Zfyfwkcdh Hl}fw Pfyfkyh5 Iflo Doykqoczf1 Kzhzkhkh, 8;=7# CONVFKYH, Lvkw# Bhcvhkw jf Gkcfbh KK" Nácfyow gkcfbhzonyèmkgow5 Lhigob Iooew9080# YFKW, Aowë Hvnvwzo Chwgkbfczo# Kwzo cço ë Z], ë BZ]1 lkcnvhnfb jh BZ] iyhwklfkyh

Wço Phvlo1 Vck}fywkjhjf Bfzojkwzh jf Wço Phvlo, 900= ZHYHIOYYFLLK, A# Yhcj{# Bkgdhfl Ahgewoc" h bhnkh f h lovgvyh# Wço Phvlo5

Fjkzoyh Nloio, 900;#

A evolução do videoclipe uma análise sobre a linguagem dos videoclipes de Michael Jackson e quais...

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