A Cidade e o Urbanismo

7/21/2019 A Cidade e o Urbanismo

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IZJ@BG ZIJYCNUHG IDBHG NGZZI HCMGDEGCI

^UGEGBM@ NI KI@KUGFHG

G JHNGNI I YUEGCZHD@

Nhsjicti?

Jgitgc` Jgitgc`. C 7>

^urdg 17. 75. Jbgssi

N`jicti?nr. Zgduib G. ^hdgcg

Hcmgdegci, @utuer` ni 517:


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cnhji

7. Hctr`nu` ............................................................................................................................. :

5. G jhngni i ` uregchsd` ........................................................................................................ >

5.7 @ Zurkhdict` n` Yregchsd` i g f`rdg` n` siu j`cjiht` ............................................ >

5.5 @ j`cjiht` ni jhngni......................................................................................................... 9

5.: Jrhtrh`s ni nifhch` ni jhngni ....................................................................................... 9

5.> Iv`bu` ngs jhngnis ........................................................................................................ ;

5.9 ^gxg ni uregchzg` ......................................................................................................... 8

5.6 Gs prhcjhpghs fucis ngs jhngnis .................................................................................... 85.; G D`rf`b`khg ngs jhngnis? thp`s ni pbgctgs .................................................................... 77

5.;.7 Qbgctg hrrikubgr ù nis`rnicgng .............................................................................. 77

5.;.5 Qbgctg rgnh`j`cjctrhjg............................................................................................ 75

5.;.: Qbgctg `rt`k`cgb ....................................................................................................... 75

5.= Qrhcjhpghs rigs uregcgs c` ducn` ................................................................................ 75

5.8 Istruturg uregcg .............................................................................................................. 7:

5.8.7 Uibgis jgdp`/jhngni ........................................................................................... 79

5.71 G jbgsshfhjg` ni jhngni id D`gdehqui .................................................................. 79

5.77 Qrhcjhpghs prèbidgs uregc`s ....................................................................................... 79

5.77.7 Q`ssvihs dinhngs ni dhthkg` ni gbkucs prèbidgs uregc`s ............................. 7;

:. J`cjbus` ............................................................................................................................ 7=

>. Uifircjhgs ehebh`krfhjgs .................................................................................................. 78

9. Gcix`s .................................................................................................................................. 51


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7. Hctr`nu`

@ trgegbm` qui gk`rg si gprisicti priticni sir ud hcstrudict` thb, risubtgn` ngs

hcvisthkgis i ixpirhcjhgs vhvhngs, cistg j`dp`cicti s`jhgb qui c`s hcsirhd`s.

Cistg hcvisthkg`, niu-si j`d` pri`jupg` gbgrkgr ` jruzgdict` ni f`ctis pib` qui f`rgd

usgn`s dgcughs ng 75. jbgssi ni Ki`krgfhg i n` 8. i 77. gc` ng bhtirgturg p`rtukuisg.

Ibge`rgn` j`d ` tidg jictrgb i èoijthv` j`cmijir `s hcirictis g tidthjg jhngni i `

uregchsd`, gsshd j`d` sugs ispijhfhjhngnis. G istruturg n` trgegbm` gprisictg hdgkics pgrg

nispirtgr ` dt`n` ni èsirvg`. Mùvi ict` c` siu n` trgegbm`, ` jruzgdict` ni

nhfirictis hcf`rdgis eusjgcn` tgded g` dxhd`, j`cjiht`s prprh`s.

Ispijhfhjgdicti eusjg-si hnicthfhjgr gs itgpgs iv`buthvgs ngs jhngnis, pr`p`r j`cjiht`s g

pgrthr ni sius vrh`s jrhtrh`s ni jbgsshfhjg`, gprisictgr `s nhfirictis thp`s ni pbgctgsuregcgs qui ixhstid, gs fucis ispijfhjgs qui gs jhngnis riprisictgd, gs prhcjhpghs rigs

uregcgs c` ducn`, g ribg` jgdp`/jhngni i p`r bthdg hcstcjhg, disd` j`d g hdp`rtcjhg

riprisictgng, `s prèbidgs uregc`s i gdehictghs gnvirs`s qui nistgs j`cjictrgis risubtgd

@ j`cjiht` jhngni, pgrg gbd ni uregchsd` j`d` jhcjhg, iv`buhu nurgcti gc`s. Duhtgs

jhngnis ispibmgd gbkudgs vizis g trgoijtrhg mhstrhg qui gj`dpgcmù g prprhg iv`bu` i

sug j`cfhkurg`.

@ jhjb` qui duhtgs vizis fgz-si g` j`digr g ge`rngr ud tidg c` ni t`n` sukiciri c`j`digr j`d sius j`cjiht`s. Nisti d`n` cijissrh` gvgcgr qui nifhchr prhcjhpgbdicti

jhngni, c` tgrifg fjhb. Zi eusjgd vrh`s fgjt`ris ù jrhtrh`s, pgrthcn` ict` ng prprhg

j`coucturg s`jhgb i ij`cdhjg qui nitirdhcgng jhngni hcsirhssi.

Mòi id nhg, `s jictr`s uregc`s gbd ni riprisictgrid hdp`rtgctis jictr`s ni hctirgj`

jubturgb, ij`cdhjg i s`jhgb id kirgb, td kirgn` prèbidgs prhcjhpgbdicti cgquhb` qui g

sgni mudgcg i sèri ` dih` gdehicti qui ` jhrjucng. Q`rd, ` m`did j`d` sir gjthv`,

ticni i tid ni `rkgchzgr dinhngs i s`buis qui p`ssgd dhchdhzgr g` dxhd` t`n`s istisprèbidgs.


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5. G jhngni i ` uregchsd`

G jhngni thng j`d` ` prhcjhpgb èoijt` ni istun` n` uregchsd` (` qui rivibg ud nugbhsd`),

sicn` duht` dghs n` qui udg gkb`dirg` ni piss`gs i j`cstruis cud nitirdhcgn` ispg`

tirrht`rhgb.

5.7 @ Zurkhdict` n` Yregchsd` i g f`rdg` n` siu j`cjiht`

@ uregchsd` j`cshnirgn` j`d` udg jhcjhg qui cgsjiu c` fhcgb n` sjub` ]H], pgrg `

istun`, g `rkgchzg` i hctirvic` c` ispg` uregc`, j`d` prthjg ngs trgcsf`rdgis

cijissrhgs rigbhngni jgthjg ngs j`cnhis ni mgehtg` i sgbuerhngni id qui vhvhgd `s

mgehtgctis ni krgcnis jhngnis iur`pihgs, cg p`jg ng riv`bu` hcnustrhgb. (DGCZ@ i

VJ^@U, 5171? 765)

Ixhstid vrhgs virsis pgrg ` surkhdict` n` tird` uregchsd`, p`rd g dghs nhfucnhng ni

`rhkid frgcjisg. Zikucn` EGUNI^ (7881? 57) isti tird` surkhu p`r v`btg ni 7871, cg

Frgcg, c` Eubbithc ni bg Z`jhit Ki`krgpmhqui pgrg nic`dhcgr udg c`vg jhcjhg qui si

nhfiricjhgvg ngs grtis uregcgs gctirh`ris p`r siu jgrtir jrthj` i rifbixhv` i, pibg sug

pritics` jhictfhjg, sicn` iphstid`b`khjgdicti ` istun` ng jhngni (ureis, n` bgthd shkchfhjg

jhngni). Gbfrin Gkgjmi, ud grquhtijt` (ù grquhtijt`-uregchstg), si gut`-nic`dhcg j`d`jrhgn`r n` tird` (GKGJMI, 78:7), i j`cjihtug ` uregchsd` j`d`?

Ydg jhcjhg, i udg grti i, sèritun` udg fhb`s`fhg s`jhgb. Icticni-si p`r uregchsd`, `

j`couct` ni rikrgs gpbhjgngs g` dibm`rgdict` ngs inhfhjgis, n` grrugdict`, ng jhrjubg` i

n` nisj`ckisth`cgdict` ngs grtrhgs pebhjgs. g rid`nibg`, g ixtics` i `

ideibizgdict` ni udg jhngni, bivgn`s g ifiht`, dinhgcti ud istun` ditnhj` ng ki`krgfhg

mudgcg i ng t`p`krgfhg uregcg sid nisjurgr gs s`buis fhcgcjihrgs".

C` ictgct`, Zikucn` E@CI^ J@UUIG (78=8? :5) ` tird` Yregchsd` tirhg shn` jrhgn` id

7=6=, qugcn` Jirn isjriviu g î`rhg Kicirgb ni bg Yregchzgjhc. @ siu surkhdict` tirhg

gj`ctijhn` id 7871, qugcn` tirhg shn` gprisictgn` c` J`ckriss` ni B`cnris `cni si

riuchrgd vrh`s n`s istunh`s`s ph`cihr`s c` jgdp` n` Yregchsd`. Cisti gc` sirhg uthbhzgn`

pibg prhdihrg viz ` tird` uregchsd` i si rigbhzù g prhdihrg ixp`sh` sèri ` disd`, qui

tivi bukgr id Eirbhd, cg Gbidgcmg.


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Id kirgb hdp`rtg sgeir qui g uregchzg` ist gss`jhgn` g` dgu jrisjhdict` uregc`

(jrisjhdict` nis`rnicgn`)< g uregchfhjg` ist gss`jhgn` ri`rkgchzg` i riistruturg`

ngs jhngnis. Ni sgbhictgr qui cid t`n` cjbi` uregc` j`csthtuh jhngni.

5.5 @ j`cjiht` ni jhngni

@ tird` jhngni ni jirt` uthbhzgn` ni f`rdg j`dud c` c`ss` nhg-g-nhg. Q`rd c` tgrifg

fjhb ngr udg nifhch` ispijfhjg. Cg pr`jurg ni sgthsfg` uchvirsgb nisti j`cjiht` jhckhd`-

c`s ni jirtg j`dpbixhngni id trgt-b`, ng vrhgs nifhchis p`nid gprisictgr-si.

DGCZ@ i VHJ^@U (5171? 765) j`dpgrthbmgcn` ng hnihg ni D. Jgstibbs, nifhcid g jhngni

j`d` ` bukgr ki`krfhj` `cni si hcstgbg g supirstruturg p`bthjg gndhchstrgthvg ni udgs`jhingni. @ gut`r suprgjhtgn` fgz ghcng rifircjhg g Qhirri Kùrù qui rifiri qui udg

b`jgbhngni p`ni sir j`cshnirgng jhngni, qugcn` ibg judpri pib` dic`s udg ngs sikuhctis

j`cnhis? c` tir ù tir pùjgs gjthvhngnis gkrj`bgs, dgrjgs ni jrisjhdict`, nhvirshfhjg`

n`s eghrr`s sikucn` gs sugs gjthvhngnis.

GUGO@ (788;? 55) jhtg O. Udy i B. V`y qui nifhcid jhngni j`d` ` bukgr qui istruturg,

j``rnicg i `rkgchzg `s vrh`s jgdp`s ni gjthvhngni qui si icj`ctrgd c` hctirh`r ni shprprhg.

5.: Jrhtrh`s ni nifhch` ni jhngni

G jhngni ud pr`nut` s`jhgb, èrg n` M`did pgrg ` M`did. C` fjhb grrhsjgr ud

j`cjiht` uchvirsgbdicti vbhn` j`d` ficdic` s`jhgb, pib` qui ` siu j`cjiht` vgrhg c`

ispg` i c` tidp`. Ixhstid vrh`s jrhtrh`s pgrg ni nifhchr udg jhngni. (ÎDEI, 5171? =6)

Jrhtrh` nid`krfhj`

Q`pubg` Ges`butg (Cdir` t`tgb ni mgehtgctis)

C` tid`s nvhngs ni qui pgrg jmgdgr jhngni m ud jictr` p`pubgjh`cgb nivi gh rishnhr ud

cdir` dchd` ni mgehtgctis. Issi cdir` t` vgrhvib ni pgs pgrg pgs qui hdp`ssvib

jmikgr g ud j`csics`. Gsshd, viogd`s ` jrhtrh` id nhfirictis pgsis j`d` g Nhcgdgrjg qui

egstg 591 mgehtgctis j`cjictrgn`s pgrg si ètir ` istgtut` ni jhngni< Jgcgng qui 7111

mgehtgctis s` sufhjhictis< IYG j`d 5 911 mgehtgctis< ustrhg, 9111 mgehtgctis< Krjhg,


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71111 mgehtgctis< Ogp`, :1 111 mgehtgctis< Q`rtukgb, 71 111 mgehtgctis (g pgrthr ni 7861).

(JUY_, 7887? 51;)

Nicshngni Q`pubgjh`cgb (p`pubg` ribgthvg)

@ cdir` ni mgehtgctis p`r Ld5 ud jrhtrh` gjiht` pibg dgh`rhg n`s pgsis, c` ictgct` `

bhdhti dchd` vgrhvib i j`d krgcni nhspgrhngni. Gs jhngnis qui jrisjid id gbturg

gprisictgd udg nicshngni p`pubgjh`cgb duht` supirh`r gs jhngnis qui jrisjid id supirfjhi.

Icqugct` m jhngnis qui gprisictgd nicshngnis ni 911 dhb mgehtgctis/ld5, j`d` C`vg

H`rqui, D`sj`v` ù Z` Qgub`, ùtrgs c` ubtrgpgssgd 71 dhb ù disd` `s dhb

mgehtgctis/Ld5. C`s pgsis c`v`s j`d ispg` nhsp`cvib, gs jhngnis isticnid-si g v`ctgni

pibgs pirhfirhgs, prin`dhcgcn` vhvicngs uchfgdhbhgris ni ud s phs`. (JUY_, 7887? 51;)

Jrhtrh` fucjh`cgb

Gs jhngnis, p`r cgturizg, s` nitict`rgs ni qugsi t`ngs gs gjthvhngnis ij`cdhjgs

nhrijtgdicti bhkgngs g`s sijt`ris sijucnrh`s i tirjhrh`s. Gsshd sicn`, ud jictr`

p`pubgjh`cgb j`cshnirgn` jhngni g pgrthr n` d`dict` id qui g dgh`rhg ng sug p`pubg`

gjthvg rishnicti si `jupg ngs gjthvhngnis n`s sijt`ris sijucnrh`s i tirjhrh`s. (ÎDEI,

5171? =6)

Jrhtrh` d`rf`bkhj`

Egsihg-si c` fgjt` ni g jhngni gprisictgr, nhfirictidicti ni ud p`v`gn` ngs sugs rikhis

rurghs, prnh`s j`d vrh`s gcngris, rugs bgrkgs, gvichngs, krgcnis bògs, supirdirjgn`s ù

mhpirdirjgn`s, ud f`rti ù j`cshnirvib d`vhdict` ni piss`gs, trgcsp`rtis prhvgn`s i

j`bijthv`s, itj. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 779)

Jrhtrh` gndhchstrgthv`

Isti jrhtrh` egsign` qugcn` udg nitirdhcgng p`pubg` uregcg nisicv`bvi udg fuc`

p`bthjg i gndhchstrgthvg. Ixidpb`? gs jgphtghs pr`vcjhgs ni D`gdehqui.

J`cshnirg-si ni gj`rn` j`d g pirjictgkid ng p`pubg` i `s p`niris gndhchstrgthv`s, cud

ùtr` jrhtrh` dhst` ictri ` cudrhj` i gndhchstrgthv`, j`d` p`r ixidpb` g M`bgcng `cni

si j`cshnirg jhngni gs rikhis ni 5 111 ni mgehtgctis j`d` t`n`s `s duchjph`s. (ÎDEI,

5171? =6)


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5.> Iv`bu` ngs jhngnis

G jhngni, sicn` ud pr`nut` mudgc`, rifbijti g jubturg n` M`did, pgssgng i prisicti, p`hs

gj`dpgcmg g iv`bu` c` tidp` i c` ispg`. G jhngni frut` ng sug sinictgrhzg` i ng

vhng id j`duchngni.

Zikucn` g dgh`rhg n`s gut`ris g jhngni dghs gcthkg tirhg shn` Oirhj, cg Qgbisthcg (gjtugb

Hsrgib), g jirjg ni = dhb gc`s g.J. Q`r v`btg ni : 911 gc`s g.J., ixhsthgd vrh`s gkb`dirgn`s

uregc`s g` b`ck` n`s vgbis frtihs n` rh`s ^hkri i Iufrgtis (Dis`p`tdhg gjtugbdicti Zrhg

i Hrgqui) n` Chb`, c` Ikhpt` i n` Hcn`, cg cnhg.

@s sudrh`s ng Dis`p`tdhg p`ssugd id 5 911 gc`s g.J., jhngnis j`d dhbmgris ni

mgehtgctis? Yr, Bgkgsm, Irijm. G` b`ck` ng Hngni n` Er`czi nisicv`bviu-si udg

jhvhbhzg` c` Hcn`, gssicti c` j`drjh``rhkhcgcn` krgcnis jhngnis j`d` D`mico`-NgrìMgrgpp. (JUY_, 7887? 51=)

Gcthkuhngni

Krjhg Gcthkg

C` sjub` V g.J. cg Krjhg g jhngni ni Gticgs kgcmù krgcni vhshehbhngni. J`ctgvg j`d ud

ifijthv` p`pubgjh`cgb ictri 711.111 i 791.111 piss`gs. Ni ud d`n` kirgb, gs jhngnis-istgn`

krikgs p`ssugd inhfjh`s nisthcgn`s vhng pebhjg i g` j`drjh` ` cjbi` p`bthj`-gndhchstrgthv` i ij`cdhj`. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 776)

U`dg jbsshjg

C` jgs` ni U`dg, jgphtgb n` Hdprh` U`dgc`, gspijt` g nistgjgr, ictri ùtr`s, ` fgjt` ni

cg irg ni Gukust` tir kgcm` pristkh` j`d` jhngni-ducnhgb. G jhngni f`h dinhng i pbgcigng

ticn` id j`ctg g istruturg n`s eghrr`s, g bgrkurg ngs rugs, g gbturg n`s inhfjh`s, ` tgdgcm`

ngs prggs i `s bukgris sgkrgn`s i ni nhvirs`. Qr`jurgvg-si rigbhzgr trggn`s ki`dtrhj`s irikubgris. C` hdprh`, jgng jhngni thcmg ` siu k`virc` gutc`d` i g sug vhng p`bthjg b`jgb.

(KYIVGCI, 5171? 776)

Hngni Dnhg

Nivhn` g`s gtgquis eregr`s gs jhngnis pr`tikid-si irkuicn` durgbmgs. Nisti d`n` istg

fgsi dgrjgng pibg quing n` Hdprh` U`dgc` n` @jhnicti id >;6 i ` nijbch` ng

jhvhbhzg` uregcg id fgv`r ng ij`c`dhg rurgb n`s p`v`s eregr`s. (DGCZ@ i VHJ^@U,

5171? 76=)


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Cg hngni Dnhg hchjhù ud pr`jiss` ni rikriss` cgs jhngnis, p`hs o qui irg udg p`bthjg ni

gut`-sustictg`, `s mgehtgctis v`btgvgd g` jgdp` pgrg pr`nuzhrid ` siu prprh` sustict`, `

qui rinuzhu ` j`drjh` ni tr`jg ni dirjgn`rhgs i g hdp`rtcjhg ng uregchzg`, i risubtù c`

gegcn`c` ni jhngnis o ixhstictis i ngs qui istgvgd id pr`jiss` ni j`cstru`.

Irgd jhngnis jgstibiogs j`d prèbidgs ni ispg` ng qui gs rugs f`ssid istrihtgs j`d t`ngs

gs j`csiqucjhgs ng risubtgctis. C` hchjh` n` sjub` ]HHH, gs jhngnis f`rgd c`vgdicti

p`v`gngs, krggs rit`dgng n` j`drjh` i nijgncjhg jh` fiungbhsd`.

C` sjub` ]HV, c`vgs jhngnis f`rgd irkuhngs j`d krgcni hcticshngni. ` sjub` n` rphn`

jrisjhdict` ng ixtics` n` ispg` j`cstrun`. Nurgcti ` jgphtgbhsd`, gs jhngnis t`rcgrgd-si

jgng viz dghs hdp`rtgctis, o qui cibgs si j`cjictrgvgd ` j`drjh` qui vhsgvg g tr`jg ni

dirjgn`rhgs i ` gjdub` ni jgphtghs. Gs jhngnis tgded rit`dgrgd ` p`nir, qui cibgs siv`btù g jictrgbhzgr i, p`r isti fgjt`, ùtrgs c`vgs jhngnis surkhgd. Gbkudgs nibgs jrisjirgd

bictgdicti, irgd jhngnis gngptgngs g c`vgs jgrgjtirsthjgs ij`cdhjgs, s`jhghs i p`bthjgs.

Q`rd, ùtrgs cgsjirgd dirj ni ud pbgcigdict` hdpbhjgcn` g isj`bmg n` sth`, `

f`rcijhdict` ni kug, ` b`jgb ni durgbmgs, ng hkriog, n`s dirjgn`s, ni bgzir, itj.

(KYIVGCI, 5171? 776)

Uicgsjhdict`C`s sjub`s ]V i ]VH g jhngni ricgsjicthstg jgrgjtirhzg-si pib`s krgcnis pgbjh`s,

d`cudict`s i hkriogs i f`rtis durgbmgs. Gvichngs ki`dtrhjgs i bgrkgs pgrg isj`grid

jgrrugkics i jgvgbihr`s qui sgid n` jictr` pgrg g pirhfirhg n` `rhkid g jhngni rnh`-

j`cjctrhjg. (JUY_, 7887? 51=)

Gps g Uiv`bu` Hcnustrhgb

G jhngni gtrghu g hcnstrhg i istg gtrghu p`pubg` kirgcn` ùtrgs jhngnis. G j`cjictrg` nidghs pr`nu` id gbkucs bukgris nitirdhcù g b`jgbhzg` ngs ferhjgs.

G hcnstrhg pgssù g `rkgchzgr hctihrgdicti g pghsgkid uregcg, virhfhjgcn`-si ud gudict`

nis`rnicgn` ngs fgerhjgs i grdgzcs ud gudict` ni nicshngni ni `jupg` i g hcvgs` ni

pirhfirhgs ` qui j`ctrheuhu j`d ` ixjiss` ng d`-ni-èrg.

@ nisidprik` c`s jgdp`s i g iv`bu` n`s trgcsp`rtis fgjhbhtù hkugbdicti ` x`n` rurgb.

G sueuregchzg` gpgkù g nhj`t`dhg rurgb uregcg jgng viz dghs i g jhvhbhzg` uregcg

hcvgnhu rgphngdicti ` ispg` icv`bvicti qui bmi `firijhg eics prhdrh`s i bmi j`csudhg

pr`nut`s dgcufgjturihr`s. (ÎDEI, 5171? =8)


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5.9 ^gxg ni uregchzg`

G ribg` ictri g p`pubg` uregcg i g p`pubg` t`tgb ni ud nitirdhcgn` tirrhtrh` nhz-c`s g

tgxg ni uregchzg`. Id tird`s ni frdubg tid`s ` sikuhcti? ^gxg ni uregchzg` (û)

hkugb Q`pubg` uregcg (Qu) g nhvhnhr pibg Q`pubg` t`tgb (Qt) dubthpbhjgn`s p`r 711, hst` ?

^gxg ni uregchzg` 4 p`pubg` uregcg/p`pubg` t`tgb x 711.

Gs pròijis hcnhjgd qui c`s prxhd`s tidp`s, qugtr` quhct`s ngs dgh`ris jhngnis n`

ducn` ticnir` g b`jgbhzgr-si c`s pgsis id nisicv`bvhdict` (duhtgs nibgs dikgjhngnis

j`d dghs ni 9 dhbmis ni mgehtgctis), ` qui shkchfhjg qui g rphng uregchzg` si dgctir

hdp`rtgcti cg ixpirhcjhg nistis pgsis. J`ctun`, g tgxg ni uregchzg` jghr id t`n`s `s

bukgris ixjipt` cg frhjg Zuesggrhgcg i g dhkrg` rurgb-uregcg j`cthcugrg tgded

hdp`rtgcti. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 77=)

5.6 Gs prhcjhpghs fucis ngs jhngnis

@ ispg` uregc` ist b`cki ni sir m`d`kci`. J`d ifiht`, udg jhngni rivibg t`ng udg sirhi

ni pghsgkics nhfirictis qui v` n` jictr`, g rikurkhtgr ni kicti i ni vijub`s, g`s qugrtihris

pirhfrhj`s, dghs geirt`s i griogn`s. G jgusg issicjhgb nistg nhvirshngni rishni c`s trs

gspijt`s fucngdictghs ng fuc` uregcg? t`ng g jhngni p`ssuh ud j`couct` ni gjthvhngnistirjhrhgs (j`dirjh`, trgcsp`rtis, gndhchstrg`, itj.), ud j`couct` ni idprisgs hcnustrhghs i

ud sijt`r rishnicjhgb, sgbhictgcn` qui istgs s` gs rigs fucjh`cghs ngs jhngnis.

(GC^YCIZ, 7886? :17)

Gs fucis uregcgs nhzid rispiht` gs gjthvhngnis prhcjhpghs nisicv`bvhngs pibg p`pubg`,

ide`rg g dgh`rhg ngs jhngnis ixirgd t`ngs gs fucis, m udg gjthvhngni prip`cnirgcti qui

bivg g qui si j`cshniri tgb gjthvhngni j`d` ispijhgbhngni nistg ù ngquibg jhngni. Gs jhngnisp`nid nisidpicmgr fucis nhvirsgs. (DGCZ@ i VHJ^@U, 5171? 7;=)

Fucis ni nhrij` i j`dgcn`

Gs fucis ni nhrij` i j`dgcn` j`dpid-si p`r?

Fuc` p`bthjg ixprhdi-si pib`s p`niris n` Istgn` qui duhtgs jhngnis nitd, ngs

jhngnis jgphtghs ni Istgn` j`d krgcni cdir` ni gjthvhngnis pebhjgs j`d` [gsmhckt`c.

(DGCZ@ i VHJ^@U, 5171? 7;;)


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Fuc` ribhkh`sg

Q`r vizis gs jhngnis f`rgd i s` ` risubtgn` ni fgjt`ris ribhkh`s`s< tid-si j`d` ixidpb`s gs

jhngnis ni Oirusgbd, Dijg, Vgthjgc`, Fthdg, ictri ùtrgs Istgs surkhrgd id b`jghs ni

Gpgrhis ni icthngnis dsthjgs, ni hdp`rtgctis d`stihr`s, jgtinrghs, itj. Gtrgid dhbmgris ni

pirikrhcgs i n` `rhkid g rijihtgs ni d`ctgcti hdp`rtgcti nivhn` g`s sirvh`s (gbhdictgr,

gbògdict`, j`dirjhgb, itj.) qui ixhstid pgrg sup`rti g` pirikrhc`. (DGCZ@ i VHJ^@U,

5171? 7;=)

Fuc` tursthjg

Gpisgr ni ud nisicv`bvhdict` duht` rphn` s` jhngnis qui gssictgd cudg ij`c`dhg frkhb

ni tgb f`rdg qui si t`rcgd pùj` d`vhdictgngs cudg nitirdhcgng gbturg n` gc`. Gs jhngnisn` Dinhtirrci` (cg Jti-nGzur, Frgcg< J`stg Ergvg, Ispgcmg, Dhgdh, IYG) i gs istgjis

ni gbphchsd` c`s Gbpis frgcjisis i su`s, s` ixidpb`s i jhngnis j`d fucis tursthjgs.

(KYIVGCI, 5171? 751)

5.; G D`rf`b`khg ngs jhngnis? thp`s ni pbgctgs

G d`rf`b`khg nudg jhngni fgjhbdicti rivibgng p`r jgrtgs ni krgcni isjgbg nishkcgngs p`r

pbgctgsi qui c` s` dghs n` qui g riprisictg` isquidthjg ngs sugs rugs, prggs, ogrnhcs,jurs`s ni qui g gtrgvissgd, itj. Istis ibidict`s ngs pbgctgs j`cfirid g jgng jhngni udg

fhsh`c`dhg prprhg qui risp`cni, dghs ù dic`s, s cijisshngnis ng vhng uregcg.

Ide`rg, c` p`rdic`r, jgng jhngni gprisicti udg d`rf`b`khg prprhg, m jgrgjtirsthjgs

j`ducs g duhtgs nibgs, pib` qui `s thp`s fucngdictghs ni pbgctgs si risudid g trs?

hrrikubgr, rgnh`j`cjctrhjgi `rt`k`cgb. (GC^YCIZ, 7886? 589)

5.;.7 Qbgctg hrrikubgr ù nis`rnicgngGs jhngnis ni pbgctg hrrikubgr gprisictgd ud trggn` gcrquhj`, j`d gs jgsgs gphcmgngs, gs

rugs t`rtu`sgs i istrihtgs i duhtgs nibgs g tirdhcgr id eij`s i pth`s hctirh`ris. @s eghrr`s

nics`s, gs jgbgngs i gs isjgnhcmgs, qui hdpinid ù nhfhjubtgd g jhrjubg` d`nircg, s`

ùtr`s tgct`s trg`s ng d`rf`b`khg ngs jhngnis ni pbgctg hrrikubgr.

Cg Iur`pg, isti thp` ni pbgctg surki ghcng friquictidicti cgs jhngnis dinhivghs, sèritun`

c`s sius qugrtihris jictrghs gcthk`s, gthckhcn` g sug dxhdg ixpriss` c`s cjbi`s

prhdhthv`s ngs jhngnis `cni g hcfbucjhg duubdgcg f`h egstgcti gjictugng j`d id duht`s

jictr`s uregc`s n` Zub ng Qiccsubg Herhjg j`d` Bhse`g. @ bict` i nisj`ctcu` jrisjhdict`


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ngs jhngnis i g ict` guscjhg ni dih`s ni trgcsp`rti uregc`s s` fgjt`ris qui ixpbhjgd isti

thp` ni pbgctg. Dgs g pbgctg hrrikubgr surkhu tgded id pbic` sjub` ]H] j`d` risubtgn` ng

ixpgcs` hcnustrhgb. (GC^YCIZ, 7886? 586)

5.;.5 Qbgctg rgnh`j`cjctrhjg

Isti thp` ni pbgctg gprisictg ud cjbi` jictrgb, id v`btg n` qugb si nisicv`bvid grtrhgs

dghs ù dic`s jhrjubgris i hctirsijtgngs p`r vhgs prhcjhpghs ni gjiss` g` jictr`.

Isti thp` ni d`rf`b`khg uregcg c` , kirgbdicti, dghs n` qui ` risubtgn` ng iv`bu` ni

duhtgs jhngnis iur`pihgs, cg p`jg dinhivgb, id jurvgs ni cvib j`d fucis nificshvgs,

j`d bgrkg grtrhg i vhgs jhrjubgris qui, j`d gs grtrhgs ni gjiss` g` jictr`, f`rdgd g dgbmgrgnh`j`cjctrhjg j`d` gs jhngnis ni D`sj`v`, Vhicg i Dhb`. Cg Uicgsjicg, ` j`cjiht` ni

jhngni-hnigb si inhfhjg id jhngnis-f`rtgbizgs ki`dtrhjgs i rgnh`j`cjctrhjgs j`d` g jhngni

ni Qgbdg Cu`vg. (GC^YCIZ, 7886? 58=)

5.;.: Qbgctg `rt`k`cgb

N` p`ct` ni vhstg mhstrhj`, g jhngni tid fucngdict`s ribhkh`s`s i tgded istthj`s. Nip`hs

ni tir rijiehn` g dgrjg r`dgcg pgssù g` ricgsjhdict` i jhvhbhzg` d`nircg. jgrgjtirsthjg ngs jhngnis n`s j`b`c`s gckb`-sgxchj`s (IYG, Jgcgn, frhjg i Gustrbhg),

p`hs isti irg ` d`nib` dghs usgn` cgs hbmgs erhtchjgs< tgded jgrgjtirsthj` n`s suereh`s

rijictis ngs krgcnis jhngnis g Frgcg, Ebkhjg i Q`rtukgb tgded gn`ptgrgd ` disd`

d`nib` cgs sugs j`b`cgs c` j`cthcicti gfrhjgc`.

Gj`d`ng-si gs cijisshngnis n`s b`tigdict`s, `rkgchzg g jhngni id sijt`ris gndhchstrgthv`s,

m j`cstru` ni inhfjh`s id eb`j`s rikubgris itj. Ixidpb`s? C`vg H`rqui, Z` Frgcjhsj`,

Zhnciy i Dgput`. îd ` hcj`cvichicti ni `s pirjurs`s si gb`ckgrid i g vhshehbhngni sir dnivhn` g`s j`rtis ngs rugs id ckub`s rijt`s (`s j`ckisth`cgdict`s n` trgcsht` s`

friquictis), ` vict` jgcgbhzgn` pibgs rugs, itj. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 757)

5.= Qrhcjhpghs rigs uregcgs c` ducn`

Gs dgh`ris rigs uregchzgngs c` ducn` s` g J`stg Gtbcthjg ng Gdrhjg n` C`rti< Uikh`

n`s Krgcnis Bgk`s Gdirhjgc`s< J`stg ng Jgbhfrchg< J`stg Ergshbihrg n` Uh` ni Ogcihr` g

Q`rt` Gbikri< Isturh` n` rh` ng Qrgtg< Iur`pg @jhnictgb< Uikh` ni D`sj`v`< Qbgcjhi


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7:

Kgckthjg< Qbgcjhis ni Xgck-^s-Lbgcl i Mugck`, ni Lght` (Hbmg Ogp`cisg ni M`csmu)) ixtics` qugsi j`cthcug ni rigs

uregcgs i sueuregcgs nicsgdicti p`v`gngs qui si isticnid ni E`st`c g [gsmhckt`c c`s

IYG ` tird` kicirgbhzù-si i gpbhjg-si sèritun` pgrg hcnhjgr ` jrisjhdict` j`coukgn` i g

hctikrg` ni krgcnis gkb`dirgis uregcgs cudg istruturg uregcg ni `rnid dghs ibivgng ù

j`dpbixg. (QIUIHUG i QHC^@, 5118? 5;8)

5.8 Istruturg uregcg@ istun` ng istruturg uregcg c`s krgcnis jictr`s bivù j`cstru` ni nhvirs`s d`nib`s i

f`rdubg` ni ti`rhgs qui td shn` gpbhjgn`s g` nisicv`bvhdict` ngs jhngnis ni t`n` `

ducn`. Gcgbhsid-si gbkudgs nissgs ti`rhgs.

D`nib` ni Eurkiss

Eurkiss i sug iquhpg ni trgegbm` istgeibijirgd nhfiricgs s`jhìj`cdhjgs ictri gs rigs

rishnicjhghs i d`strgrgd g hdp`rtcjhg n`s pr`jiss`s ij`bkhj`s cg sug f`rdg` i istruturg.


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Gsshd ibge`rgng g ti`rhg n` d`nib` n`s jrjub`s j`cjctrhj`s. Id 7851 id Jmhjgk`,

nhsthckuhgd-si jhcj` z`cgs j`cjctrhjgs?

7. @ jictr` ni cikjh`s (JEN 4 Jictrgb Eushciss Nhstrhjt), rig ni j`drjh`, sirvh`s i

isjrhtrh`s.

5. G z`cg ni trgcsh` (g n`s c`v`s idhkrgctis i `jupgng pibgs ferhjgs gcthkgs).

:. G z`cg ni rishncjhg n`s `pirrh`s (`s qui nihxgrgd g z`cg 5).

>. G z`cg rishnicjhgb ngs jbgssis dnhgs (jgsgs hcnhvhnughs, ispg` nihxgn` p`r hcnhvnu`s

qui idhkrgrgd pgrg bukgris dghs nhstgctis ng jhngni i j`cstrurgd krgcnis jgsgs i ogrnhcs).

9. _`cg ngs jhngnis sgtbhtis (ixtics` ng jhngni id jrisjhdict`s).

@ d`nib` gssictg cg gsjics` s`jhgb n`s jhtgnhc`s, jgng krup` s`jhgb priticni hcstgbgr-si cg

z`cg sikuhcti p`rqui riprisictg udg gsjics` s`jhgb. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 75:)

D`nib` ni M`yt

M`yt usù `s disd`s prissup`st`s ni Eurkiss ixjipt` ` rispihtgcti g`s trgcsp`rtis. Qgrg ibi,

g jmgvi n`dhcgcti n` pgnr` ni j`cstru` cgs jhngnis g isj`bmg ng b`jgbhzg` ngs

rishncjhgs fihtg pib`s rhj`s. G b`jgbhzg` sijt`rhgb i g ixpgcs` ngs rigs ni ricngs gbtgs

ticnid g ribgjh`cgr-si j`d gs istrgngs ixhstictis, gkug c` uthbhzgng pibg hcnstrhg, tirrgs

gbtgs, ispg`s geirt`s, pr`xhdhngni n`s nhrhkictis ng j`duchngni. J`cshnirg qui gs rigs niricngs gbtgs i eghxgs ripibid-si dutugdicti. @ d`nib` ni M`yt nhzhg rispiht` istruturg i

jrisjhdict` ngs jhngnis, ticn`-si t`rcgn` eid j`cmijhn` ` siu d`nib` n`s sijt`ris, juo`

grrgco` p`ni vgrhgr ni jhngni pgrg jhngnis. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 75>)

D`nib` dubthcujbign` ni Mgrrhs i Ybbdgc

Ni gj`rn` j`d isti d`nib`, ` dirjgn` i g d`-ni-èrg s` dghs gjissvihs g pgrthr n`

jictr`, p`rqui g si j`cjictrgd `s prhcjhpghs shstidgs ni trgcsp`rtis pebhj`s i prhvgn`s.Mgrrhs i Ybbdgc, g` hctikrgrid `s d`nib`s ni Eurkiss i M`yt, gjrisjictgrgd g hnihg ni qui,

jhngnis c` td ud s jictr` dgs vrh`s, ngh ` siu jgrjtir p`bhcujbigr. ^ghs cjbi`s p`nid

sir gcthkgs gbnihgs hcj`rp`rgngs c` jrisjhdict` ng jhngni, ù p`nid sir cjbi`s ni `rhkid

dghs rijicti j`d`, p`r ixidpb`, c`vgs rigs hcnustrhghs qui fucjh`cgd j`d` f`j`s n`

nisicv`bvhdict` rishnicjhgb uregc`. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 75>)


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5.8.7 Uibgis jgdp`/jhngni

Gs ribgis ng jhngni j`d ` jgdp` s` vgrhgngs p`hs krgcni pirjictgkid ng p`pubg`

uregcg tid `rhkid c` jgdp`, risubtgcti n` x`n` rurgb. Gs nhfhjubngnis cgturghs p`nid sir

ubtrgpgssgngs si mùvir udg jgpgjhngni tjchjg dghs iv`bung. @utrgs dhkrgis tphjgs ngs

ribgis jgdp`-jhngni s` d`vhdict`s picnubgris gbhdictgn`s pibg p`pubg` rurgb qui vhvi

id bukgris prxhd`s i pib`s trgegbmgn`ris qui pr`jurgd jgsgs dghs egrgtgs c`s suereh`s.

Cgs jhngnis f`rtidicti j`ckisth`cgngs virhfhjg-si g pr`jurg ni ispg`s pgrg bgzir cg rig

icv`bvicti, pr`jurg issg isthdubgng pibg nhfus` ng hcf`rdg` i n` isthb` ni vhng uregc`. G

ribg` jgdp`-jhngni hcticshfhjg-si j`d ` gudict` ni tr`jg ni eics. (ÎDEI, 5171? 8:)

5.71 G jbgsshfhjg` ni jhngni id D`gdehquiC` jgs` ni D`gdehqui, g gn`p` ni udg jbgsshfhjg` ni uregc` tid j`d` jrhtrh`s g

`rkgchzg` gndhchstrgthvg (sikucn` g qugb sir uregcg t`ng g p`pubg` qui vhvi cgs jgphtghs

pr`vhcjhghs), ` cdir` ni mgehtgctis (gkb`dirgn`s j`d 71 111 i dghs rishnictis), g

ixhstcjhg ni hcfrg-istruturgs s`jhìj`cdhjgs (j`d` ni sirvh`s, hst` , sgni, icshc`,

gndhchstrg`, j`drjh`, j`cstru`, trgcsp`rtis i j`duchjgis, itj., fuc` ij`cdhjg

(shtugng dgh`rhtgrhgdicti f`rg n` sijt`r gkrrh`s), pgpib mhstrhj` nisidpicmgn` pib` jictr`

p`pubgjh`cgb i pirspijthvgs ni nisicv`bvhdict` n`s sijt`ris sijucnrh` i tirjhrh`.Q`rtgct`, s` uregc`s ` gkb`dirgn`s p`pubgjh`cghs j`d 71 111 i dghs mgehtgctis, juog

gjthvhngni fucngdictgb c` pirticg g` sijt`r gkrrh` c` sijt`r gkrrh` i j`d ud dchd` ni

hcfrg-istruturg s`jhìj`cdhjg i gndhchstrgthvg. (KYIVGCI, 5171? 758 gpun GUGO@,

788;)

5.77 Qrhcjhpghs prèbidgs uregc`s

Gs jhngnis gbd ni j`cjictrgr dubthnis, j`cjictrgd gjthvhngnis mudgcgs. Cissi j`ctixt`surkid prèbidgs uregc`s ni vgrhgng `rnid, nhfjihs ù gt hdp`ssvihs ni ris`bvir.

Qrèbidgs n` trcsht`

Ngs dhkrgis qu`thnhgcgs picnubgris risubtg c` j`ctcu` us` n` gut`dvib qui pi vrh`s

prèbidgs gbhgn` g hcsufhjhcjhg i d`r`shngni n`s trgcsp`rtis j`bijthv`s, sid j`ctgr j`d `

cdir` ni jgrkg qui id duht` gkrgvg g shtug` ni sèrijgrkg ni trcsht`, nrgdthjgs cg

m`rg ni p`ctg? ickgrrgfgdict`s, run`s, fud`s, kgsis, pr`tist`s i niskgsti ni tidp` i


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j`deustvib. @ jgcsg`, ` cirv`shsdì ` nischd`pr`v`jgn`s p`r b`ckgs ispirgs t`rcgd-

si c` krgcni hchdhk` ng sgni fshjg i psquhjgn`s jhngn`s.

Fhcgbdicti, gs supirfjhis ni istgjh`cgdict` s` isjgssgs `jupgngs p`r pgssih`s,

pgssgnihrgs pgrg piis, itj. G eibizg ng jhngni nisgpgriji jgdufbgng pib`s gut`dvihs.

(GC^YCIZ, 7886? :>;)

@s prèbidgs n` gegstijhdict`

Gs krgcnis gkb`dirgis uregcgs s` ic`rdis jictr`s ni j`csud` ni pr`nut`s ni vgrhgng

cgturizg, gbhdictgris, dgtrhg-prhdg, icirkthjgs i ùtr`s eics ni j`csud` i us`.

@ gegstijhdict` ni pr`nut`s gbhdictgris? g ixpgcs` ki`krfhjg vgh nhkirhcn` `

ispg` rurgb jhrjucngcti, f`rcijin`r ni duht`s pr`nut`s j`d` ` bihti, gs frutgs, `sbikudis, itj., j`d` p`rqui gs f`ctis f`rcijin`rgs s` jgng viz dghs b`ckcqugs, ` qui

`cirg `s pri`s.

@ gegstijhdict` ni icirkhg? gs ic`rdis cijisshngnis ng hcnstrhg si ouctgd jgng viz

dghs g fgbtg ni rijurs`s icirkthj`s ticn` qui rij`rrir g ùtrgs f`ctis. (GC^YCIZ, 7886?

:>8)

@ prèbidg ng p`buh`

Bhx`s i isk`t`s? `s bhx`s uregc`s gprisictgd ud nupb` prèbidg? rithrg-b`s ng vhg puebhjg

ni d`n` g dgctir gs rugs i prggs bhdpgs i ngr nisthc` gs jicticgs ni t`cibgngs

pr`nuzhngs nhgrhgdicti p`r udg jhngni. G p`buh` n`s s`b`s i ngs kugs, `s rhsj`s pgrg g

sgni pebhjg, s` udg j`csiqucjhg jgng viz dghs sicthng n`s bhx`s uregc`s.

Q`buh`? tgct` g p`buh` gtd`sfrhjg j`d` g s`c`rg s` n`hs tirrvihs prèbidgs qui g

jhngni n` c`ss` tidp` tid ni icfrictgr. Gs jmgdhcs ngs ferhjgs, `s isjgpis n`s

dhbmgris ni gut`dvihs i jgdhis i tgctgs ùtrgs f`ctis p`buictis ist` g t`rcgr ggtd`sfirg uregcg hrrisphrvib. G p`buh` s`c`rg -, `s run`s, - pr`v`jgng p`r jicticgs ni

gkictis, ist` g `rhkhcgr vgrhgngs nìcgs psquhjgs, g p`ct` ni bivgr g`s pgjhictis g

sgturg`. (JUY_, 7887? 5:;)

Isjgssiz ni bukgris virnis i ni bgzir - t`rcgd-si jgng vir isjgss`s `s bukgris ni bgzir i

`s ispg`s virnis cgs jhngnis nivhn` krgcni pr`jurg i `jupg` ni ispg`s pgrg g

j`cstru` ni mgehtgis, isj`bgs, m`sphtghs, hkriogs, idprisgs. (ÎDEI, 5171? 89)


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G sgturg` nid`krfhjg

@ prhdihr` ngn` ` idphbmgdict` mgehtgjh`cgb? j`cstru` id ispg`s piquic`s

nhsp`cvihs i, gjudubg` ni fgdbhgs id gpgrtgdict`s dhcsjub`s, surkhcn` gt disd` c`s

pgsis suenisicv`bvhn`s z`cgs gegrrgjgngs (eghrr`s ni bgtg i fgvibgs) sid cicmud thp` ni

sgcigdict` ù pbgcigdict` uregc`, sicn` j`cshnirgn`s jbgcnisthc`s. @s sirvh`s s`jhghs,

j`d` sgnii ng inujg`fhjgd sgturgn`s, ixhsthcn` tgded gbtgs tgxgs ni nisidprik`.

@ nisidprik`, ` sueidprik`, g dhsrhg i g pr`dhsjuhngni j`csthtuid pirturegis

fhsh`bkhjgs, pshj`bkhjgs i s`jhghs. Gs tgxgs gc`rdghs ni jrhdhcgbhngni i nibhcqucjhg

ouvichbs` dgbis pgrthjubgris ngs krgcnis gkb`dirgis uregcgs. (GC^YCIZ, 7886? :95)

5.77.7 Q`ssvihs dinhngs ni dhthkg` ni gbkucs prèbidgs uregc`sG ris`bu` ni duht`s prèbidgs uregc`s ud trgegbm` nhfjhb i id j`cstgcti gjtugbhzg`.

Q`r ud bgn` nivhn` g fgbtg ni ispg` cgs jhngnis, t`rcg-si nhfjhb grrgcogr s`buis, p`r ùtr`

bgn`, gbkudgs ngs dinhngs p`stgs id prthjg tid-si d`strgn` hcifhjgzis, pib` qui si t`rcg

cijissrh` grrgcogr ùtrgs pr`p`stgs i s`buis. Gbkudgs nibgs p`nir` sir?

Qbgcigdict` uregcsthj` `cni si ibge`rg ud istun` gpr`fucngn` ngs jhngnis,

istgeibijicn` nip`hs b`jgbhzgis ispijhfhjgs pgrg gs nhvirsgs rigs? ni bgzir, rishnicjhgb,

gndhchstrgthv`s, hcnustrhghs


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:. J`cjbus`

G jhngni thng j`d` ` prhcjhpgb èoijt` ni istun` n` uregchsd` (` qui rivibg ud nugbhsd`),

sicn` duht` dghs n` qui udg gkb`dirg` ni piss`gs i j`cstruis cud nitirdhcgn` ispg`

tirrht`rhgb. G jhngni, sicn` ud pr`nut` mudgc`, rifbijti g jubturg n` M`did, pgssgng i

prisicti, p`hs gj`dpgcmg g iv`bu` c` tidp` i c` ispg`. G jhngni frut` ng sug

sinictgrhzg` i ng vhng id j`duchngni.

Gps trgtgn`s t`n`s istis j`cjiht`s ngquhb` ` qui jhngni, g prhdihrg quist` g rissgbvgr,

tgbviz siog gquibg g qui ni pgrthng pirdhtg nisicv`bvir g j`dpriics` n` tidg, ` qui

jhngni0 Ngh rissgbtgr udg ge`rngkid qui eid p`ssg ixidpbhfhjgr. G jhngni ni Hcmgdegci n`

p`ct` ni vhstg cgjh`cgb thng j`d` udg jhngni, ngn` ict` g sug hdp`rtcjhg gndhchstrgthvg,id j``rnicg` j`d gquhb` qui sirhg g prprhg j`coucturg s`jhìj`cdhjg n` pgs. Dgs si

j`b`jssid`s isti ping` ni îrrg n` ùtr` bgn` n` ducn`, ihs ict` `s IYG, nivhn` gquhb`

qui siogd `s jrhtrh`s ixhstictis cisti pgs j`d gbt` krgu ni hcnustrhgbhzg`, g jhngni ni

Hcmgdegci b`k` pirnirhg, p`r ictri t`n`s jrhtrh`s istungn`s t`ng g sug hdp`rtcjhg j`d`

jhngni< p`rd nivi-si ghcng tir id j`ctg qui cisti jicrh` g jhngni c` tirhg tgbviz p`r jubpg

n` cdir` ni mgehtgctis i sugs dchdgs j`cnhis id ribg` gs ùtrgs jhngnis n` disd`

tirrhtrh` sug jbgsshfhjg`, g hdp`rtcjhg gndhchstrgthvg sirhg b`k` suprhdhng. Hst` gj`ctijitgded cg prprhg sibij` ngs dgh`ris jhngnis n` ducn` p`r c` sir p`ssvib id krgcni

gkb`dirgis uregcgs c` p`nir-si nhsthckuhr ù hcjbuhr-si ict` g rig ditr`p`bhtgcg g ttub`

ni ixidpb`. Id sudg b`k` p`nid`s nhzir qui ` tird` jhngni ni jirt` uthbhzgn` ni f`rdg

j`dud c` c`ss` nhg-g-nhg. Q`rd c` tgrifg fjhb ngr udg nifhch` ispijfhjg.

Gs fucis uregcgs nhzid rispiht` gs gjthvhngnis prhcjhpghs nisicv`bvhngs pibg p`pubg`,

ide`rg g dgh`rhg ngs jhngnis ixirgd t`ngs gs fucis, m udg gjthvhngni prip`cnirgcti quibivg g qui si j`cshniri tgb gjthvhngni j`d` ispijhgbhngni nistg ù ngquibg jhngni. @s thp`s

fucngdictghs ni pbgctgs si risudid g trs? hrrikubgr, rgnh`j`cjctrhjg i `rt`k`cgb. Gs

ribgis ng jhngni j`d ` jgdp` s` vgrhgngs p`hs krgcni pirjictgkid ng p`pubg` uregcg

tid `rhkid c` jgdp`, risubtgcti n` x`n` rurgb.

Gs jhngnis gbd ni j`cjictrgr dubthnis, j`cjictrgd gjthvhngnis mudgcgs. Cissi j`ctixt`

surkid prèbidgs uregc`s ni vgrhgng `rnid, nhfjihs ù gt hdp`ssvihs ni ris`bvir. Q`r

ùtr` bgn`, gbkudgs ngs dinhngs p`stgs id prthjg tid-si d`strgn` hcifhjgzis, pib` qui si

t`rcg cijissrh` grrgcogr ùtrgs pr`p`stgs i s`buis.


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78

>. Uifircjhgs ehebh`krfhjgs

GC^YCIZ, O``. Ki`krgfhg 77. Gc` ni Isj`bgrhngni. Bhse`g, Qbtgc` Inht`rg. 7886.

GUGO@, Dgcuib K. Dicnis ni. Ki`krgfhg n`s Q`v`gdict`s Ydg Gcbhsi n`s

Gssictgdict`s Mudgc`s Uurghs i Yregc`s. Dgput`. Bhvrgrhg Ychvirshtrhg? YID. 788;.

GUGO@, Dgcuib K. Dicnis ni. @s Ispg`s Yregc`s id D`gdehqui. Hc? KI@YZQ

Ispg` i îdp`. Z` Qgub`, c 7>, pp. 769 - 7=5. 511:

KYIVGCI, Bus. K75-Ki`krgfhg 75. Jbgssi. 7. in. Dgput`? îxt` Inht`ris. 5171. 761 pp.

DGCZ@, Frgcjhsj`. VHJ^@U, Uhck`. Qr-Ychvirshtrh` Ki`krgfhg 75. 7. in. Dgput`?

B`ckdgc D`gdehqui. 5171. 785 pp.

CGCO@B@, Bus G., Ki`krgfhg 8. Jbgssi, Dgput`, Nhcgdi, s/n, =1 pp.

QIUIHUG, Dgrhg Gur`rg, QHC^@, Dgcuibg, Dgjin`, Ydg îrrg vrh`s ducn`s - 8 Gc`

ni Isj`bgrhngni. 5 in., Inhis J`ctrgp`ct`, Q`rt`, 5118

ÎDEI, Krgzhibg, K8 Ki`krgfhg 8. Jbgssi, 7. in., Dgput`, îxt` Inht`ris, 5171, 775 pp.

[HLHQINHG, Jhngni/Yregchsd` \`cbhciT, grquhv` nhsp`cvib cg hctircit vhg YUB.[[[?

pt.whlhpinhg.`rk/whlh/jhngni gjissgn` id :7/1=/517:, 5:?17.


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51

9. Gcix`s

Fhk. 7. Krgcni jictr` uregc` Jhngni ni ^quh` (hctr`spijthvi.eb`ksp`t.j`d 17/71/517:)

Fhk. 5. Qrhcjhpghs jhngnis c` Ducn` (pr`fiss`rsb.eb`ksp`t.j`d 17/71/:17:)


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Fhk. :. Qbgctg rgnhgb jhngni ni Dhb` (gsldgps.j`d 17/71/517:)

Fhk. >. Vhgs j`ckisth`cgngs Qr`ebidg ngs krgcnis jhngnis (c`t7.j`d.er 17/71/517:)

A Cidade e o Urbanismo

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