20 Ingles

Inclusão para a Vida Inglês

PRÉ-VESTIBULAR DA UFSC 1

AULA 01

SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

O Simple Present Tense é usado para descrever ações habituais ou uma verdade em geral. Você não encontrará dificuldade neste tempo verbal, porque para todas as pessoas o verbo ficará igual , exceto na terceira pessoa do singular ( he , she , it ), onde o verbo receberá um “s”.

Exemplos: Nancy plays chess every night. Thieves always steal.

Pay Attention: - Se o verbo terminar em: s, ss, ch, sh , x , z ou o ,

acrescenta-se “es”. George does his homework every night. Leo watches TV every Saturday night. He never brushes his teeth.

- Se o verbo terminar em “y” precedido de uma consoante, tira-se o y e acrescenta-se “ies”.

Kate studies at night. Karen cries at the end of every romantic film.

- Se o “y” vier após uma vogal, acrescenta-se apenas o “s”. Patricia usually plays cards by herself. Everybody says that I am too short. - Expressões usadas com o Simple Present: day night afternoon Every week month year Sunday a day Once a year twice a week a month -Alguns advébios de frequëncia : always , never , sometimes , usually , seldom, rarely e outros. Interrogative and Negative forms ( affirmative form ) Technology protects people. They show some pictures to me. ( interrogative form ) Does technology protect people ? Do they show some pictures to me ? ( negative form ) Technology doesn’t protect people. They don’t show some pictures to me. Assim observamos que o auxiliar do Simple Present é “does” para a terceira pessoa do singular ( he, she, it ) e “do” para as demais pessoas ( I , you , we , they ).

Exercícios de Sala 1.Chose the best form of the verbs to complete the sentences: a- Mr. Martin __________________ downtown on foot every

afternoon. a- to go b- go c-gos d- goes b- James usually________________ black clothes on

Saturday night. a- wears b- is wearing c- wear d- to wear c- We _________ exactly what we __________. a- knows / want b- know / want c- know / wants d- knows / wants 2. Complete the questions with do or does : a-______________ Helen live in London ? b-______________ those girls work hard ? c-______________ Susan have two lovely sisters ? d-______________ you like to read books ? 3. Choose the best option to complete the following sentences: My uncle ___________ his new car. a-like b- likes c- liking d-is like 4. Teenagers __________ that new song. a-love b- loves c- loved d- NRA 5. Put the sentences below in the Interrogative and Negative forms: a) I drink milk once a week. I- _______________________________ N- _______________________________ b) She does the dishes three times a day. I- _______________________________ N- _______________________________ c)- She has breakfast early. I- _______________________________ N- _______________________________ d) Marcelo studies Physics every Monday. I- _______________________________ N- _______________________________ 6. Complete the spaces with the correct form of the Simple Present Tense: a- He ______________ (to plan) the crime. b- Susan ______________ (to Know) exactly what she

__________ (to want). c- Mary ____________ (to spend) hours walking. d- I ____________ (to drink) soft drinks.



Tarefa Mínima Text one:

The tree is a beautiful machine that works for the benefit of man. Most forms of life on Earth need oxigen. We do not get oxigen from industrial machines. We get it from the tree machine. The tree machine makes the oxigen that we need to take from the air. Industrial machines pollute the air. Trees do not pollute the air. On the contrary, they clean it. The industrial machines make a lot of noise. The tree machine does not make any noise. On the contrary, it filters noise. The tree machine does not need coal, oil, gas or electricity to work. Its fuel comes from water, sun light and carbon dioxide. When a tree dies, it helps new plants. The combination of water, insects, and micro-organisms in the soil causes the decomposition of a tree. When a tree dies, it gives nutrients to the soil for other trees use as fuel. So, the tree does not die, really. It recycles its substance for the benefit of all animal and plant life. Please remember: the tree is your friend. Do not destroy it. Vocabulary: Earth: Terra (planeta) To need: precisar (de) To clean: limpar Noise: barulho Coal: carvão Fuel: combustível To die: morrer To destroy: destruir Soil: solo

7. According to the text, choose the CORRECT alternative to complete the sentence:

Trees don’t cause pollution, they _______ the air. a) take b) come c) pollute d) clean e) get 8. Choose the CORRECT alternative, according to the

text above: a) Trees make a lot of noise. b) When a tree dies, it recycles its substances. c) Trees need electricity to work. d) Trees don’t need sunlight e) The soil is composed by coal, oil, and gas.

9. According to the text, the author compares a tree with: a) A machine b) The Earth c) A man d) Life e) Micro-organisms 10. According to the text, select the CORRECT answer

for the following question: Who does the tree help when it dies? a) The industries. b) Insects and micro-organisms. c) All animal and plant life. d) The oxygen in the air. e) The soil, the water, and the air.

11. Select the CORRECT answer for the following question, according to the text :

Does the tree machine need coal, gas or electricity to work? a) No, it doesn’t. b) Yes, it does. c) No, they don’t. d) Yes, they do. e) Yes, it needs 12. Select the CORRECT English translation for the

following sentence: Nós vivemos no planeta Terra. a) You live on the planet Earth. b) Live in the planet the Earth. c) We can live on the planet Earth d) We live on the planet Earth. e) You lived in the planet Earth.

13. Identify the sentences in which the underlined verb

forms are in the Simple Present Tense

1. The tree is a beautiful machine.

:

2. Trees don’t pollute3. Industrial machines

the air. are polluting

4. Water and insects the air.

caused5. The trees

decomposition. filter

Select the CORRECT, sequence from the top to the bottom: a) 1 – 3 - 4 b) 2 – 3 – 4 c) 2 – 4 – 5 d) 1 – 2 – 5 e) 1 – 2 – 3

the noise.

14. Select the alternative which presents the CORRECT affirmative form of the underlined verb in the sentence:

We don’t get

AULA 02

oxygen from industrial machines. a) are getting b) gets c) get d) have got e) got

Text two:

A DAY IN THE LIFE OF FRED LEWIS

Fred Lewis, a fashion designer from New York, talks to Margot Townsend: I get up every day at eleven o'clock. I don’t like getting up early. I never eat breakfast – I sometimes have a cup of tea. I eat nothing during the day. I just don’t feel hungry at all. I live about eight minutes from the office. I drive to the office every morning in my car – a black BMW. I love driving. I always wear black or navy blue. I don’t like bright colors. I work from about noon till seven in the evening. I don’t mind working late. Before a fashion show I usually work until eleven or twelve at night. I eat out in restaurants about six nights a week. I hate going to new restaurants. I usually go to a few old favorites.

I live with my daughter, who’s eighteen. The house is



always untidy. She hates cooking and cleaning the house and so do I! I don’t spend much time in my home.

I usually stay in New York at the weekend. I don’t mind that because I hate making plans. The traffic in New York is terrible but sometimes I just get in my car and drive. Vocabulary: Matter: problema Staircase: escadaria Meat: carne Noon: meio-dia Almost: quase Daughter: filha Until: até Can: poder To stay: ficar, permanecer To spend: passar To hate: odiar To mind: importar-se

Exercícios de Sala 15) About Fred’s daughter is NOT true that... (A) She’s eighteen. (B) She hates cleaning the house. (C) She likes driving her father’s car. (D) She lives with her father. (E) She dislikes cooking.

16) Mark the CORRECT proposition according to text two. (A) He dislikes driving. (B) He lives in a beautiful flat. (C) He never works till late at night. (D) Fred does not eat during the day. (E) Fred hates going to old restaurants. 17) Mark the CORRECT proposition according to text two. (A) Fred gets up at twelve o'clock. (B) Fred eats out almost every day. (C) Fred is a website designer. (D) Fred lives far from his work. (E) Fred likes cleaning the house. 18) Answer the question according to text two.

Does Fred live in an apartment? (A) No, he don’t. (B) Yes, he does. (C) No, he doesn’t. (D) Yes. he is (E) No, he isn’t. 19) Which question(s) CAN be answered according to text two: 01. Who does Fred live with? 02. When was the fashion show? 04. What is the traffic in New York city like? 08. Where does Fred live? 16. How old is Fred’s daughter?

20)Text two contains information about Fred’s... 01. daily routine 02. daughter 04. wife 08. occupation 16. habits

Text Three: The Mountains

The Himalayas are the best-known mountain range in the world and Mt Everest, with a height of 8,880 meters, is the highest mountain. Since Edmund Hillary made the first ascent in 1953, mountaineers from many countries have managed to climb to the peak. Normally they need to take oxygen cylinders to help them breathe and other special equipment including ropes to connect themselves to each other. It’s a dangerous sport and many people have lost their lives, not just in the way up but during the descent as well. Vocabulary: High: alto Height: altura Ascent: subida

Tarefa Complementar 21) Mark the CORRECT proposition according to the text. (A) The second person who climbed the Everest was Sir

Edmund Hillary. (B) Some climbers die when coming down the mountains. (C) It is an easy sport because the climbers use ropes and

other equipments. (D) The mountaineers never have to take oxygen

cylinders. (E) There are avalanches on the Everest. 22) Mark the CORRECT proposition according to the text. (A) The Everest is the highest mountain in Brazil. (B) There is no need of equipment to climb the Everest. (C) People from different nationalities have climbed

Mount Everest. (D) Edmund Hillary is a famous peak. (E) People go snowboarding on the Everest’s slopes. 23) Mark the CORRECT proposition according to the text. (A) During the climbing is not difficult to breathe because

there is much oxygen available. (B) Helmets are important equipment for the climbing. (C) In some parts of the climbing the mountaineers use

ropes to tie themselves to each other. (D) Mt Everest is almost eight hundred meters high. (E) Mountain-climbing is not a sport. 24) Which question CANNOT be answered, according to the text? (A) When did Edmund Hillary climb the Everest? (B) Why do climbers need to take oxygen cylinders? (C) How long is the ascent of Mount Everest? (D) What are the Himalayas? (E) How high is the Everest? 25) Answer the following question according to the text: Does a mountaineer need to take oxygen cylinders? (A) No, they don’t. (B) Yes, he does. (C) Yes, they do. (D) No, they didn’t. (E) Yes, they does.



A song: LET IT BE (The beatles) When I ___________(1)myself in time of trouble Mother Mary ___________(2)to me Speaking words of _____________(3, let it be... And in my hours of darkness She's standing right in front of me Speaking words of wisdom, let it be... And All the broken hearted people Living in the world ____________(4) There will be an answer, let it be... For though they may be parted There is still a chance that they ____(5)see There will be an answer let it be... Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be ____________(6)words of wisdom, let it be... And when the night ________(7)cloudy There's still a light that _____________(8) on me Shine until tomorrow, let it be... I wake up to the sound of music Mother Mary comes to me Speaking words of wisdom, let it be... Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be There will be an answer, let it be... Let it be, let it be, let it be, let it be Whisper words of wisdom, let it be...

AULA 03

SIMPLE PAST TENSE

O Passado Simples é usado para descrever ações acabadas num tempo determinado e para ações habituais no passado.

Também no Passado Simples, usamos uma única forma do verbo para todas as pessoas (exceto o verbo to be). Veja os exemplos: I taught / You taught / He taught / We taught / etc. -Expressões que geralmente aparecem com o Simple Past: week month last night year Saturday One hour Two days A week ago Two minutes Interrogative and Negative forms ( affirmative form ) Helen wrote a letter to me yesterday. ( interrogative form ) Did Helen write a letter to me yesterday ? ( negative form ) Helen didn’t write to me yesterday.

Assim observamos que o auxiliar do Simple Past é o “did” e usamos nas formas Interrogativa e Negativa. O verbo principal da oração fica no infinitivo sem o “to”. REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS Regular Verbs

Os verbos regulares em Inglês são reconhecidos pela terminação –ed tanto no simple past quanto no past participle.

Veja os exemplos : Infinitive Simple past Past participle To love ( amar ) loved loved To walk ( caminhar ) walked walked To work ( trabalhar ) worked worked

Há algumas particularidades que você precisa saber com relação aos verbos regulares: - Se o verbo terminar em “e” , acrescenta-se apenas o “d”. Infinitive Simple past Past participle To dance ( dançar ) danced danced To agree ( concordar ) agreed agreed - Se o verbo terminar em “y” e for precedido de vogal,

deixa-se o y e acrescenta-se “ed” Infinitive Simple past Past participle To play ( jogar , brincar ) played played To pray ( rezar ) prayed prayed - Se o verbo terminar em “y “ e for precedido de consoante,

tira-se o “y” e acrescenta-se “ied”. Infinitive Simple past Past participle To study ( estudar ) studied studied To try ( tentar ) tried tried - Se o verbo tiver uma sílaba e terminar em “consoante –

vogal – consoante” ( c-v-c), dobra-se a última consoante e acrescenta-se “ed” .

Infinitive Simple past Past participle To stop ( parar ) stopped stopped To plan ( planejar ) planned planned - Se o verbo tiver mais de uma sílaba e a última for tônica,

dobra-se a última sílaba e acrescenta-se “ed”. Infinitive Simple past Past participle To admit ( admitir ) admitted admitted To omit ( omitir ) omitted omitted Irregular Verbs Os verbos irregulares não apresentam regras para a formação do Simple past e Past participle ,ou seja, cada um tem uma forma própria de passado. Veja os exemplos: Infinitive Simple pastPast participle To tell ( contar) told told To keep ( guardar , armazenar ) kept kept To teach ( ensinar ) taught taught

Exercícios de Sala 26) U. E . de Londrina – PR : I ____________ to school everyday when I was a child. a- walk b- will walk c- have walked d- walked 27) U. de Fortaleza – CE : I’m terribly upset. My team ________ its third game this season.



a- lose b- loses c- losing d- lost 28) Choose the best option to complete the following sentences: I_________________ her six days ago. a- leave b- have left c- left d- leaved 29) They ________________ to learn Biology last month. a- begin b- began c- begun d-nra 30) Put the sentences below in the Interrogative and Negative forms: a-You bought a new car two years ago. I- __________________________________ N- __________________________________

b- I drank milk when I was a child. I- _______________________________ N- ________________________________ C- They watched the soccer game yesterday. I- _______________________________ N- _______________________________

Tarefa Mínima Text Four: An attractive young woman had just deplaned at Los Angeles International Airport, and stood at the gate waiting for someone in the crowd to greet her. After some time had passed, she approached a man who had not yet greeted anyone. “Are you waiting for a girl named Debbie?”, she asked cautiously. The man hesitated for a moment, then smiled broadly and gave her a bear-hug and a semi-passionate kiss. Finally he stepped back and, a little sheepishly, replied, “No, I’m not.” 31) Select the INCORRECT alternative, according to text: A) The man and Debbie didn’t know each other. B) They left the airport together. C) The girl asked the man if he was waiting for a person called

Debbie. D) The woman stood at the gate. E) The girl did not know the person who would pick her up at

the airport. 32) Which question(S) below CANNOT be answered, according to the text? 01. Who was the man waiting for? 02. Where did she land on? 04. What’s the girl’s name? 08. How did the man greet the girl? 16. When did she leave Los Angeles? 33) The text mentions: 01. The man’s name; 02. The gate number Debbie was waiting; 04. The type of kiss she received from the man; 08. Where she went when she left the airport ; 16. The airport’s name.

AULA 04 Text Five: When Charlie Chaplin was at the peak of his popularity, there was a “Charlie Chaplin Contest” in an american theater. They promised to give a silver cup to the person who made himself look exactly like Charlie. The great artist decided to enter the contest himself. He came second.

Exercícios de Sala 34) According to the text, mark the INCORRECT proposition: a) Many people knew Charlie Chaplin. b) The artist entered in the contest. c) The contest was in the USA. d) The prize was a silver cup. e) Chaplin was American. 35) The text is in the... a) Simple Past Tense; b) Simple Present Tense; c) Simple Future; d) Present Continuous Tense; e) Past Perfect Tense. 36) According to the text, the CORRECT answer for the following sentence is... Which contest did Charlie Chaplin participate? a) A contest for participating in a film. b) A contest for participating in a theater play. c) A sport contest. d) An imitation contest. e) A contest for the TV. 37) The INTERROGATIVE form of the sentence below is ... Charlie Chaplin was a great comedian. a) Was a great Charlie Chaplin comedian? b) Did he was a great comedian? c) Does he be a great comedian? d) Was he a great comedian? e) He wasn’t a great comedian? A Song: BANKROBBER (The Clash) My Daddy __________ (1) a bankrobber But he never _____________ (2) nobody He just loved to live that way And he loved to _____________ (3) your money Some is rich, and some is ____________ (4) That's the way the world is But I don't _____________ (5) in lying back Sayin' how bad your luck is So we _____________ (6) to jazz it up We never ______________ (7) a shovel Break your back to earn your pay An' don't _______________ (8) to grovel The old man _____________ (9) up in a bar Said I never been in prison A lifetime serving one _______________ (10) Is ten times worse than prison Imagine if all the boys in _____________ (11) Could get out now together Whadda you think they'd want to say to us? While we were being clever Someday you'll meet your rocking ________________(12) Cos that's where we're spinning



There's no point to wanna comb your hair When it's grey and thinning Run rabbit run Strike out boys, for the hills I can find that hole in the wall And I know that they never will Text Six:

Michael Schumacher Michael Schumacher was born in Hurt-Hermuhlheim, Germany, on 3 January 1969. When he was only four years old he was given a toy kart, and later a lawnmower engine was fitted to it. Schumacher´s parents thought he was not safe driving his kart on the pavements around their home so they arranged for him to use the local kart track. At the age of 15, he won his first major championship – the German Karting championship. When he was nineteen, he was driving racing cars and immediately began winning. At the age of 22, he took part in his first Grand Prix, driving a Jordan, but shortly after that he joined the Benneton team. From: Reading Plus – Mary underwood – Macmillian Publishers Lt. 1994.

Vocabulary Toy: brinquedo Lawnmower Engine: motor de máquina de cortar grama To fit: adaptar Safe: seguro Pavements: calçadas To arrange; providenciar Kart track: pista de Kart To win (past- won): vencer To turn on: voltar a atenção para Racing cars: carros de corrida To join: juntar-se Lecture: palestra Words: palavras

Tarefa Mínima 38) According to text one, choose the CORRECT alternative:

Michael Schumacher’s nationality is ... a) Swiss b) American c) Swedish d) Dutch e) German

39) According to the text, which question CANNOT be answered?

a) What kind of cars did he drive? b) When was he born? c) What did they fit to Schumacher’s toy kart? d) Where was he born? e) When did he win his first F-1 race?

40) Choose the alternative which contains a CORRECT English translation.

a) Ele começou sua carreira na equipe Benneton. He finished his career in the Benneton team.

b) Quem é o piloto mais jovem? Who is the newest pilot?

c) Ele tem quinze anos. He has fifteen years old.

d) Ele foi ferido em um acidente. He was hurt in an accident.

e) Ele é um dos melhores pilotos do mundo. He is one of the worst pilots in the world.

AULA 05

SIMPLE FUTURE AND CONDITIONAL

O Futuro Simples em Inglês é usado para expressar ações futuras, e quase sempre é usado para expressar pedidos, promessas e oferecimentos futuros.

O Futuro Simples é formado pelo auxiliar “will” (para todas as pessoas) e pelo verbo principal sem o “to” do infinitivo. Veja os exemplos: Solar energy will be an alternative kind of energy. We will be back soon. She will tell us about the computer. Você poderá abreviar o auxiliar do Futuro Simples da seguinte maneira: I’ll go to the beach tomorrow. Julie’ll travel to Europe. A forma interrogativa do Futuro Simples é feita colocando –se o auxiliar “will” antes do sujeito , ou seja , no início da oração. Will solar energy be an alternative kind of energy ? Will we be back soon ? Will she tell us about the computer ?

A forma negativa do Futuro Simples é feita acrescentando-se o “not “ ao auxiliar ( will + not = won’t ) . Solar energy will not ( won’t ) be an alternative kind of energy. We will not ( won’t ) be back soon. She will not ( won’t ) tell us about the computer.

Expressões usadas no Simple Future Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Tonight Soon week Next Month Year Monday Veja: He will come soon. She will be back next Saturday.

CONDITIONAL

O condicional é formado pelo auxiliar “would” + o infinitivodo verbo principal sem o “to”. Da mesma forma que o auxiliar do Futuro Simples , would é usado para todas as pessoas e segue as mesmas regras para a formação de Interrogações e Negações. Veja exemplos: ( affirmative form) : Helen would listen to music. Their friends would call them at 6:00. ( interrogative form) : Would Helen listen to music ? Would their friends call them at 6:00 ? ( negative form ): Helen would not ( wouldn’t ) listen to music. Their friends would not ( wouldn’t ) call them at 6:00



Lembrete: usamos “would” em oferecimentos . Would you like some tea ? Would you like a peace of cake ? Would you like to go to the beach ?

Tarefa Mínima 41) Put the sentences below in the Interrogative and Negative forms: a) I will drink a lot of milk. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ b) My friends will watch the game tonight. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ c) She would talk to Susan. _________________________________________ _________________________________________ A song: ALL MY LOVING(The Beatles) Close your eyes and I'll _______ you Tomorrow I'll ________ you Remember I'll always be true. And then while I'm _________ I'll write home every day And I'll _________ all my loving to you. I'll __________ that I'm kissing The lips I am missing And hope that my __________ will come true. And then while I'm away I'll ___________ home every day And I'll send all my loving to you. All my loving I will send to you. All my loving, darling I'll be true. Complete the gaps above with the words from the box. Write – kiss – miss – dreams – pretend – send - away

Tarefa Complementar 42) (UFSC) This is the description of a vegetable called onion. Make complete sentences by matching the part of the sentence on the left with the part on the right. 1. This is one of the... ( ) several layers surrounding

each other. 2. The ancient Greeks and Romans used...

( ) can be cooked or eaten.

3. They are round and made up of...

( ) oldest vegetables in history.

4. Their thin skin has to be removed before they...

( ) flavor to soups, sauces, and other dishes.

5. They have a very strong smell and are often used to give...

( ) to eat them raw for breakfast, with a little salt.

The CORRECT sequence(s) from the top to the bottom is (are):

01. 5 – 3 – 1 – 2 – 4 02. 3 – 2 – 5 – 4 – 1 04. 1 – 5 – 3 – 4 – 2 08. 3 – 4 – 1 – 5 – 2 16. 2 – 5 – 4 – 1 – 3

43) (UFPR) A questão abaixo é somatória, ou seja, a resposta a ser dada é a soma dos números das alternativas corretas.

According to the chart above:

01. The Northeast is the region which had the fewest executions in the United States.

02. There is no death penalty in the Northeast. 04. There were more executions in the Midwest than in

the West. 08. Texas is the state with the lowest number of

executions. 16. There were executions in five different regions. 32. Excluding the estate of Texas, the South is still the

region where there were the most executions in the United States.

Text Seven: (UFSC) Texto referente às questões de números 44, 45, 46 (questões somatórias).

FAST FOOD The American fast-food culture dates back to the period after the Second World War. During the War, the Americans had developed the production of dehydrated, tinned and powdered food on an industrial scale; most of this was sent abroad to feed troops at the front. When the War ended, the USA found itself with a massive production potential for this type of food but no starving soldiers to eat it – so the manufacturers began to market it to the general public. Housewives started baking cakes out of packets and made sure they kept up their stock of powdered milk. The present scenario is well known: American fast food and fizzy drinks like Coca-Cola and Pepsi are being successfully exported to countries around the world. (Adapted from: Speak Up – no 143. Abril 1999. Insert p. IV)

Read the following propositions. Some make sense and some don’t. 44) Select the one(s) that MAKES(MAKE) SENSE, according to the text.

01. As soon as the Second World War ended, the Americans sent their troops abroad.

02. Starving soldiers didn’t eat fast food because they were not sufficiently hungry.

04. Nowadays American fast food is sold all over the world.



08. Housewives refused to use powdered food, therefore they started baking cakes out of packets.

16. The producers of dehydrated, tinned and powdered food decided to market their products to people in general, when they realized that with the end of the War there would be no starving soldiers to eat that kind of food.

45) Identify the proposition(s) which contains (contain) the CORRECT explanation for the expressions from the text.

01. tinned food – food that has been preserved by being sealed in a can.

02. powdered milk – a product from which water has been eliminated through dehydration.

04. fizzy drinks – they are full of little bubbles of gas and make a hissing sound.

08. fast food – food that is already prepared and so is served quickly.

16. massive production – the process of making goods in small quantities.

32. industrial scale – a system in which products are made on a very restricted scale.

46) Read these short descriptions of certain kinds of food and choose the proposition(s) in which the name of the food CORRESPONDS to the description.

01. A food made from flour, water and usually yeast. The mixture is baked in an oven. It is often cut into slices and eaten with butter, jam, etc...

Food being described: corn. 02. They are eaten in many countries around the world. They

grow in the ground, are round and have a thin skin. They can be cooked in many different ways – boiled, fried or baked. Food being described: potatoes.

04. They are small, round and juicy, green or dark purple in color. You can eat them raw or use them to make wine. Food being described: grapes.

08. This is the seed of a plant grown in warm, wet places. You boil it in water and eat it usually with meat or vegetables. It is eaten everywhere in the world, but particularly in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. Food being described: rice.

16. They are really a fruit although many people regard them as a vegetable. They are soft, juicy, red and round. They have a lot of seeds and you can eat them raw in salads, or cooked as a vegetable or in sauces.

Food being described: apples.

AULA 06

IMMEDIATE FUTURE: GOING TO A forma “going to” é usada para expressar ações futuras que estão prestes a acontecer ou que tenham grandes chances de ocorrer. Neste tempo verbal o verbo to be funciona como auxiliar , e é seguido de um verbo no infinitivo sem o to.

EXPRESSÕES USADAS

Next week in a week Tomorrow

NEXT YEAR IN A MONTH TONIGHT Next month in a year

GOING TO

a- The movie_____________(begin) at 8 o’clock.

: INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORMS ( affirmative form) : She’s going to buy a car. They are going to wait for me. ( interrogative form ) : Is she going to buy a car ? Are they going to wait for me ? ( negative form ): She is not ( isn’t ) going to buy a car. They are not ( aren’t ) going to wait for me.

Exercícios de Sala 47. Supply the going to form of the verbs in parentheses .

b- Mr. Brown_____________ (leave) the office at 6:OO today.

c- What ________ they __________(do)with all those books. d- ________you __________ (send) her the messages ? e- I think I _____________ (swim) tomorrow morning . f- I’m sure Helen_________ (ask) you to help her with her

math .

“ Mother-in-law is the most common suggestion”, said Charles Tweedie, who creates custom-made scarecrows for English farmers, adding the face from any photo. 48. (UNIV. CAT. SALVADOR-BA) Segundo o texto: a) Tweedie se recusa a fazer espantalhos com cara de sogra,

embora esse seja o pedido mais comum. b) Os espantalhos de Tweedie costumam ser muito caros. c) A maioria dos espantalhos que Charlie Tweedie cria tem a

cara da sogra do cliente. d) As sogras são as maiores freguesas de Tweedie. e) As leis britânicas proibem espantalhos com cara de mãe. A song: Redemption Song (Bob Marley) Old pirates, yes, they rob I; Sold I to the merchant __________ (1), Minutes after they took I From the bottomless ____________ (2). But my hand was made ___________ (3) By the hand of the Almighty. We forward in this ____________ (4) Triumphantly. Won't you help to sing these songs of ____________ (5) 'Cause all I ever have: Redemption songs Redemption songs Emancipate ____________ (6) from mental slavery; None but ourselves can free our ______________ (7) Have no fear for atomic _____________ (8), 'Cause none of them can stop the time ___________ (9) shall they kill our ____________ (10), While we stand aside and look Oh! Some say it's just a part of it: We've got to fulfill the ____________ (11). Won't you help to sing these songs of ____________ (12) 'Cause all I ever have: Redemption songs

http://bob-marley.lyrics.com.br/�



AULA 07 PRESENT PERFECT TENSE - Formation: have/has + past participle Examples:

1. I have been ready since 8 o’ clock.

2. She has lived in California for three years

3. Have you already talked to the teacher

4. MARY: The Blooms have bought a new house.

TOM: Really? When did they buy it?

MARY: They bought it last week.

TOM: Have they moved yet?

MARY: No, they haven’t had time for that yet.

But their new furniture has already arrived.

5. Have you ever eaten crocodile meat? / Has she ever been to Europe?

6. The soccer match has just finished. / We’ve just arrived from our trip to Canada.

A song: I STILL HAVEN’T FOUND WHAT I’M LOOKING FOR - U2 I have climbed the highest ______________ (1) I have run through the ______________ (2) Only to be with you (x2) I have ____________ (3) I have crawled I have scaled these city _________ (4) (x2) Only to be with you [Chorus] But I still haven't ____________ (5) What I'm looking for But I still haven't found What I'm looking for I have __________ (6) honey lips Felt the healing in her fingertips It burned like _________ (7) This burning desire I have spoken with the tongue of angels I have held the ___________ (8) of the devil It was warm in the __________ (9) I was cold as a stone [Chorus] I believe in the Kingdom Come Then all the colours will _________ (10) into one (x2) But yes I'm still running You __________ (11) the bonds and you loosed the __________ (12) You carried the cross And my __________ (13) (x2) You know I believe it

49) Write the verbs from the parentheses in the Present Perfect Tense. A) I know that woman, but I _____________________ (forget)

her name.

B) Heitor _________________ (be) to Florida many times in his

vacations.

C) John and Lucas __________________ (go) to Europe in a

business trip. They’ll be back soon.

D) Hellen ___________________ (work) for a multinational

company.

E) They _________________ (sell) all the tickets for the show.

F) Sandra and Meg ________________ (live) in Canada since

1998.

50) Complete these sentences with the SIMPLE PAST or the PRESENT PERFECT Tense. a) - John isn’t here, is he? - No, he _______________ (leave) to Rio de Janeiro. b) Angela _________________ (buy) a nice dress at the market place yesterday. c) – Can you lend me some money? I’ll pay you back at the end of the month. - Sorry, I can’t. I ________________ (already / spend) all my money, and I’m completely broke too. d) My parents _______________ (arrive) from Europe last week. They loved the trip. e) Some of the students _______________ (study / not) for the test. We can see it from their grades. f) My husband _______________ (send) me a bunch of flowers on my birthday. It was so sweet of him. g) Tracy is so nervous because she ________________ (forget) to read the article about astronomy 51) Complete the sentences with ALREADY or YET. A) - Have you _______________ watched that film? - No, I haven’t watched it ________________. B) They have ______________ sailed for all five continents since January 2000. C) Has Peter been to Paris ________________? D) - Have you ____________ talked to Mary? - No, not ___________. I will do it tonight. E) The president has ______________been to many countries this year.

52) Write SINCE or FOR before these expressions of time.

a) __________________Wednesday

b) __________________ five hours.

c) __________________ the last world cup.

d) __________________ Many years.

e) __________________ the moment I saw you.

f) __________________ months and months.



AULA 08

MUCH / MANY / LITTLE / FEW MUCH ( muito, muita ) - usamos a palavra “much” antes de substantivos incontáveis. Veja os exemplos: I don’t drink much coffee. She drinks much wine at home. LITTLE ( pouco , pouca ) -usamos também a palavra “little” antes de substantivos incontáveis. Veja os exemplos: I have little money. We drink little milk. Pay –Attention : Little também poderá significar pequeno ( -inho ) . Veja: My little boy – meu pequeno garoto e / ou meu garotinho. MANY (muitos, muitas) – usamos a palavra “many” antes de substantivos contáveis. Veja os exemplos: I drink many milk-shakes in summer. Tom reads many books. FEW (poucos, poucas) – usamos também a palavra “few” antes de substantivos contáveis. Veja os exemplos: Robert wants few potatoes. Jane makes few mistakes. Veja as seguintes observações:

• Em interrogações e negações usamos much / many sem problemas; • Em afirmações much / many podem ser substituídos por: a lot of , lots of ou plenty of : muito ( s ) , muita ( s) .

Classroom Exercises 53- Rewrite the sentences using much or many :

a- Those families have lots of money. ________________________________

b- These men lived a lot of years in prison. ________________________________ 54- Complete with much / many :

a- __________ books on the table. b- __________ milk in the cartoon. c- __________ women at the restaurant. d- __________ wine in the botlle. e- __________ sugar in the coffee.

55- (U.E. da Bahia) Assinale a alternativa correta: There is ________ bread on the tray. a- not many b- not much c- a few d- many 56 - (Osec – SP) When they were introduced, electronic calculators were less powerful and cost _________ than they do now. a- very few b- many more c- very little d- much more

57- (Vunesp – SP) Do politicians work ________ and earn ________ money? a- little – many b- very – much c- much – few d- little – much 58 - (ITA-SP) Please , can you give us ________ bit more of that cake you baked yesterday? a- several b- little c-many d-a little 59 - (U.F. de Viçosa – MG) There are ________ dangerous drivers. a- a lot of b- a very many c- very lot of d- very many of

USO do GERÚNDIO

A) Usa-se o gerúndio geralmente no início de frases e após preposições ( without , for , in , before , etc. ) ;

Ex. Smoking is a bad habit. Surfing is a beautiful sport. They are tired of swimming.

B) Após os verbos: admit, avoid, appreciate, consider, delay, detest, deny, dislike, enjoy, escape, excuse, finish, keep , mention, miss, practice, resist, suggest, understand, quit

Ex. You dislike driving at night. John should avoid touching those things.

C) Após os verbos Go e Come indicando atividade física. Ex. Go walking! Go fishing!

USO do INFINITIVO A) Usa-se o infinitivo “sem to” após os verbos anômalos e os verbos make e let. Ex. I can drive. Let me dance.

Make him study. B) Usa-se infinitivo “sem to “ou “gerúndio “ após os verbos de percepção: Feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch. Ex. I hear her crying. The man saw the queen writing.

C) Usa-se infinitivo” com to “ou “gerúndio” após os verbos Advice, attempt, begin, start, continue, forget, hate, leave, like, love, mean, neglet, prefer, permit,remember, stop, study,try. Ex. He stopped to cry / crying Classroom Exercises 60. (PUC) Britons are used to ___________ terrible winters. a- to have b- have c- had d- having 61. (UFRS) – He was angry about ___________ failed the test. a- to have b- having c- have d- has

62. (F. Objetivo) – SP – Keep on _______________! a- try b- to try c- trying d- had tried

63. (Puc – RS) – They avoided________to the festival because of the crowds. a- to go b- go c- going d- goes



64. FC Chagas – SP – You can’t make an omelette without ________ eggs. a- to break b- break c- breaking d- breaks

65. ITA – SP - He denied__________ seen her before . a- having b- have c- to have d- has 66. FMU – SP – She made me _______ the bill before_________ . a- pay – traveling b- to pay – to travel c- to pay – traveling d- paying – to travel 67. (FC Chagas-BA) – After a long argument , we finally decided__________ to Aparecida on Christmas day. a- to go b- go c- going d- goes

A song: Wonderwall - Oasis Today is gonna be the day that they gonna throw it back to you, by now you should have somehow realized what you gotta do. I don't belive that anybody feels the way I do about you now… ….And all the roads we have to walk along are winding And all the lights that lead us there are blinding There are many things that I would like to say to you but I don't know how Because maybe.....You're gonna be the one that saves me And after all.......You're my wonderwall

AULA 09

MODAL VERBS CAN COULD SHOULD MAY MIGHT MUST MUSTN’T

PLURAL FORM OF NOUNS

Para formarmos o plural dos substantivos em Inglês precisamos conhecer as regras e saber usá-las corretamente.

Veja a seguir como devemos aplicá-las: Regra geral para a formação do plural é o acréscimo de um “s” ao substantivo:

Ex.: House – houses Egg – eggs Car – cars Cloud – clouds

2. Usa-se “es” aos substantivos terminados em ( s ), ( ss) , ( ch ), ( sh ), ( x ) e ( z ) : Ex.: Bus - buses Kiss – kisses Beach – beaches Topaz – topazes Dish – dishes Brush – brushes

Mas atenção : há alguns substantivos terminados em “ch”, com som de “k”, que receberão apenas “s” no plural. Veja: Epoch –epochs Monarch – monarchs Stomach – stomachs Patriarch – patriarchs

3. Aos substantivos terminados em ( Y ) , precedido de vogal , usa-se apenas “s”.

Ex.: Day – days Boy – boys Key –keys

Mas se o substantivo terminar em ( Y ) , precedido de consoante , trocaremos o ( Y ) por ( ies ) : Ex.: City – cities Baby – babies Enemy – enemies

Com nomes próprios : Kelly – Kellys Andy – Andys

4. Aos substantivos terminados em ( O ) , precedido de vogal , usa-se apenas “s”.

Ex.: Radio – radios Bamboo – bamboos Studio - studios

Mas se o substantivo terminar em ( O ) , precedido de consoante, acrescentaremos “es” . Ex.: Hero – heroes Potato – potatoes Volcano - volcanoes

Algumas palavras de origem grega e latina , recebem apenas “s” Ex.: Piano – pianos Photo – photos Kilo - kilos

5. Aos substantivos terminados em ( F ) ou ( Fe ) , trocamos por ( ves ) .

Ex. Leaf – leaves Loaf - loaves Knife – knives Wife – wives Shelf - shelves

Mas há outros que receberão apenas ( S ) . Ex.: Roof – roofs Proof – proofs Dwarf – dwarfs Cliff – cliffs



Reef – reefs Belief – beliefs Safe – safes

6. Há alguns substantivos em Inglês que não possuem regras de plural , ou seja , têm formas especiais de plural .

Ex.: Man – men Child – children Ox – oxen Goose – geese Foot – feet Mouse – mice Tooth – teeth

7. No caso das nacionalidades terminadas em “man” trocam para “men” no plural.

Frenchman – Frenchmen Englishman – Englishmen Irishman - Irishmen Mas, no caso de: German – Germans Roman – Romans Norman – Normans

8. Para a formação do plural dos substantivos compostos, forma-se pluralizando o principal elemento.

Ex.: Brother – in – law - brothers – in- law Mother – in- law - mothers – in- law Mas no caso dos substantivos compostos que não são separados por hífen, recebem “s” no plural. Ex.: Armchair - armchairs Bookcase – bookcases

9. Há alguns substantivos que não possuem plural em Inglês, portanto, o verbo que os acompanha é sempre usado no singular.

Ex.: Information Progress Furniture Advice Baggage / Luggage Knowledge Ex.: This furniture is very old. My luggage isn’t heavy.

10. No caso dos substantivos “news, mathematics, optics, physics”, são usados com o verbo no singular, embora pareçam estar no plural.

Ex.: There is a good news for you. Phisics is a very difficult subject.

11. Há alguns substantivos que não possuem singular em Inglês , assim o verbo é sempre usado no plural.

Ex.: Shorts Pants Scissors Trousers My scissors are on the desk. Your pants are nice.

12. Há alguns substantivos em Inglês que são escritos no singular , mas tem sentido plural , assim o verbo que os acompanha fica sempre no plural.

Ex.: Cattle Police People Peoples

The police are coming. There are more than thirty people here.

13. Os substantivos de nacionalidades terminados em “SE” ou “SS”, permanecem na mesma forma do singular.

Ex.: a Chinese - three Chinese a Swiss - two Swiss

14. Os substantivos de origem Grega e Latina, permanecem o plural de origem.

Ex: Agendum – agenda Crisis - crises Phenomenon – phenomena Datum - data Thesis – theses Classroom Exercises 68- (Cesgranrio) Mark the item in which all the nouns form their plural by adding an “s” , as year / years:

a- leaf – world – tooth – pace b- proof – object – problem – key c- roof – goose – man- day d- life – wife – knife – shelf

69- (UFBA) A palavra que forma o plural pelo simples acréscimo de “s”é : a- man b- woman c- crisis d- night 70- (Mackenzie – SP) Which of the following groups consists of nouns which do not form their plural in “ves”?

a- shelf – calf – thief b- loaf – wolf – half c- chief – reef – proof d-life – knife- leaf

71- (Fuvest –SP) Coloque no plural as palavras indicadas: I bought some ________ , _________ , ________ this morning. ( tomato ) ( cherry ) ( peach )

a- tomatos – cherries – peaches b- tomatoes – cherries – peaches c- tomatoes – cherrys – peachs d- tomatos – cherrys – peaches

72 - (FMU –SP) There are many _____ in those ____. a- thieves – citys b- thieves – cities c- thifs – cities d- thiefs – citys Text Eight: Suspect Thief Drowns

Sun Aug 18, 7:35 AM ET TULSA, Oklahoma (Reuters) - A suspected thief, weighed down with more than 50 pounds of stolen cameras and CDs, among other items, drowned as he attempted to evade police by swimming across the Arkansas River, officials said. The man, identified as Edward McBride, 37, was carrying a bag weighing 50 pounds that contained stolen items and was found Friday with stolen goods also stuffed in his pockets, said Tulsa police spokesman Lucky Lamons. He was being pursued by Tulsa police who suspected him of robbing a Tulsa home when he jumped into the muddy Arkansas River. "He got about 40 yards out and yelled for help," Lamons said. "The officers took off their shirts, shoes and belts and jumped into the river. By the time they reached him, he had gone under." Lamons said rescue workers retrieved McBride's body about an hour later from about 8 feet to 10 feet of water along with the bag containing stolen goods.



73) De acordo com o texto acima, é correto afirmar:

01. Ao fugir da polícia, McBride caiu involuntariamente no rio.

02. McBride tinha 37 anos e era suspeito de ter assaltado uma casa.

04. O peso dos objetos roubados que carregava consigo contribuiu para o afogamento de McBride.

08. McBride se especializava no roubo de jóias e quadros. 16. McBride foi retirado do rio ainda com vida, mas

morreu logo em seguida. 32. Os fatos narrados ocorreram no mês de agosto, em

Tulsa, no estado americano de Oklahoma. 74) The text contains information on

01. how McBride died. 02. why McBride died. 04. who rescued McBride, preventing him from dying. 08. when McBride's body was found. 16. how much McBride weighed when he died.

75) According to the text, the police

01. tried to help McBride before he drowned. 02. was able to reach McBride in time to arrest him. 04. shot and killed McBride. 08. pursued McBride. 16. found some evidence that McBride was a thief.

Text Nine: The development of a baby A fertilized egg is nourished and protected as it develops from an embryo to a fetus during 40 weeks of pregnancy. The placenta, a mass of blood vessels implanted into the uterus lining, delivers nourishment and oxygen, and removes waste through the umbilical cord. Meanwhile, the fetus lies snugly in its amniotic sac, a bag of fluid that protects it against any sudden jolts. In the last weeks of the pregnancy, the growing fetus turns head down: a baby ready to be born. 76. According to text one all propositions are correct, EXCEPT: (A) The word “development” has a suffix. (B) The text is in the present tense. (C) One of the functions of the placenta is to feed the fetus. (D) The fetus feels very uncomfortable inside the amniotic

sac. (E) There are three different words in the plural form. 77. According to text one, Which question CANNOT be answered? (A) How long does pregnancy last? (B) What does the placenta do? (C) What are the nutrients of the fetus’ nourishment? (D) What’s nourished in order to become a fetus? (E) How does the waste leave the fetus? 78. According to text one, mark the CORRECT proposition(S). 01. The amniotic sac protects the baby against violent

movements. 02. Oxygen is removed through the umbilical cord. 04. When the baby is about to be born, its head must be up. 08. First the fertilized egg turns into an embryo, then into a fetus. 16. The placenta is located in the uterus lining.

79. According to text one, Which words are NOT verbs?

01. turns; 02. vessels; 04. lies; 08. jolts; 16. removes; 32. protects.

80. According to text one, mark the WRONG propo-sition. (A) “it” (L. 1) refers to egg. (B) “its” refers to “fetus” (L. 4). (C) “it” (L. 4) refers to amniotic sac. (D) “Removes” refers to the placenta. (E) “develops” refers to fertilized egg.

Text Ten: EAT BETTER, FEEL BETTER

It is becoming more and more important to eat the right food. Experts say that the type of food you eat can damage your health. If you eat the right food, you will have a better chance of living a long and healthy life.

If you eat a lot of processed food, you will be more likely to have problems with your health. If people eat food

with a lot of fat in it, they will have a greater risk of getting heart disease. In some countries, people eat lees fat in their diet. Scientists have shown that fewer people get heart disease in these countries. In Spain and Italy, for example, most people have less fat in their diets than people in England. And in England, the rate of heart disease is double the rate in Spain or Italy. So if you eat less fatty food, you will live longer. You’ll feel better, feel fitter, and have more energy if you change to a simpler and healthier diet.

From: Break into English – Michael Carrier & Siman Haines – Hodder & Stoughton, 1987.

81. According to the text, what sort of food is BAD for you?

a) Italian food. b) Fruit and vegetables. c) Fatty food. d) Simple food. e) Diet food.

82. According to the text, what happens in countries where the diet is high

a) There are less sick people.

in fat?

b) The population has a better life. c) People are healthier. d) The rate of heart disease is big. e) People get fatter.

83. The text says that in Spain

a) More food.

people eat _____ than in England.

b) Much more fatty food. c) More energetic food. d) Less food. e) less fatty food.

84. In the sentence “... you will have a better chance of living a long and healthy life.”, the verb living

a) infinitive

is in the...

b) present continuous tense c) future tense d) gerund e) imperative form



AULAS 10 e 11 TEXT 11:

SOME EASY WAYS TO MAKE FRIENDS

1. It’s hard to make friends

if you stay home all the time. Get out of the house and do things that will put you in touch with other people. Join a club or play a sport. Attend meetings of neighborhood associations or other groups. It’s easier to make friends when you have similar interests.

2. Learn from people at

school or work who seem to have lots of friends. Observe how they make and keep friends. Don’t imitate all the things they do. But try to notice what they do. Then try some of those things yourself.

3. Don’t be afraid to show

people what you’re really good at. Talk about the things you like and do best. Don’t hide your strong points. People will be interested in you if there is something interesting about you.

4. Plan things to talk about

with people. Find out what’s in the newspaper headlines, listen to the top CDs, learn about what’s new with your favorite TV or movie star. The more you have to say, the more people will be interested in having a conversation with you.

5. Be a good listener. Let

people talk about themselves before talking about “me, me, me.” Ask lots of questions. Show an interest in their answers. This alone will make people want to be your friend.

6. Once you start to get to

know someone, don’t be friendly one day and then too shy to talk the next day. Be consistent. Consistency is something people look for in friends.

7. Have confidence in

yourself. Don’t be self-critical all the time. This will only make the process more difficult. Think of your good qualities. People are attracted to those with self-confidence.

8. Try to make friends with

the kind of people you really like, respect, and admire – not just with those who are easy to meet. Be friendly with a lot of people.

From: RICHARDS, J. C. &

ECKSTUT-DIDIER, S. Strategic Reading 1. CUP, 2003. (Adapted)

Exercícios de Sala

Questão 85 Select the CORRECT statement(s) about the text.

01. An important quality of friendship is consistency.

02. People who have many friends are more traditional. 04. It’s better to have a few good friends than to have many

friends. 08. Friends can be important when we are shy. 16. It will be more difficult to make friends if you judge yourself

too hard. 32. Paying attention to what people say is a good way to start a

friendship. Questão 86 According to the text, what advice can help these people? Select the proposition(s) in which the advice is CORRECTLY indicated. 01. Tony is never sure what to talk about when he meets people.

→ Advice 4 02. Abby doesn’t always say nice things about her new friend

James. → Advice 1 04. Rose wants to know why her classmate, Cindy, is so good at

making friends. → Advice 2 08. Benson is a terrific dancer, but he never tells anyone about

it. → Advice 3 16. Max talks to a girl in his history class on Monday, but on

Tuesday he’s afraid to say “Hi”. → Advice 6 32. Jill always talks about herself. → Advice 7 Questão 87

According to the text, what are some things you can do to make friends?

Select the CORRECT proposition(s).

01. Do exactly what people tell you to do, never disagree with them.

02. Read newspapers, watch TV and listen to music in order to be well-informed.

04. Be sociable, get involved in activities in the company of other persons.

08. Look for the most popular people in your group and try to become their friend. 16. Talk mostly about yourself, your problems and what is

happening in your life. 32. Let people know the good things about you. Questão 88 Considering the text, compare the meanings of each pair of sentences and select the proposition(s) in which the meanings of sentences A and B are similar. 01. A. People are attracted to those with self-confidence.

B. If you believe in yourself, you’ll have more people near you.

02. A. A good idea is to imitate people who seem to have lots of friends. B. Maybe you can copy the behavior of people who seem to have lots of friends.

04. A. Do things that will put you in touch with other people. B. Choose activities that will help other people.

08. A. You can learn the last facts about your favorite TV star. B. One possibility is to find out the news about your favorite

TV star. 16. A. This alone will make people want to be your friend. B. When you are lonely, people will see that you need a

friend.



Questão 89 Select the proposition(s) that can CORRECTLY go at the end of advice number 8.

01. For some people, friends have become more important than their family.

02. There are many things you can ask a friend to do for you.

04. That way, you’ll have a bigger group of people to choose your friends from.

08. Good friends do not always have to tell each other the truth. 16. Your chances of making friends will, therefore, be

greater. TEXT TWELVE:

BEST FRIENDS 1. Men and women share the exact same view of a best friend

− a person who is always there for you. Your best friend is someone you can depend on to share your happiness, suffer through your worries, or lessen your sorrow.

2. A great variety of factors play into the birth of a best friendship − the age and circumstances under which people meet, what first attracts them, why they remain close, and how they fill each other's needs. Yet I found the dominant themes that define a best friend were remarkably similar across the broadest range of experiences.

3. Safety was a word I heard over and over. A best friend is a safe harbor, a guaranteed comfort zone. You never have to explain yourself to best friends because they really, really know who you are. With best friends, you can be who you are. You can cry too hard or laugh too loud and never worry what they'll think of you because best friends are nonjudgmental. They will give you advice if you want it and a kick in the pants if you need it, but best friends will not judge you or make you ashamed of your behavior. A best friend gives you what you expect from a parent and don't always get: unconditional love.

4. Best friends are loyal and trustworthy. A best friend is a person to whom you can tell your most embarrassing, revealing, and damaging personal secrets with the full confidence they will never be repeated. Best friends can deliver brutally honest answers in the most gentle fashion.

5. Finally, best friends are the family you choose. They love you because they want to, not because they have to. And for many people, a best friend becomes the brother or sister they'd always wanted, but never had.

From: RICHARDS, J. C. & ECKSTUT-DIDIER, S. Strategic

Reading 1. CUP, 2003. (Adapted) Questão 90 Identify the CORRECT proposition(s) according to the text.

01. When your personal secrets are told to a best friend you can be sure he or she will not reveal them to anyone else.

02. People always call a good friend when they have a doubt.

04. To have best friends means to have people you can trust and by whom you can be advised.

08. Men and women depend on each other to solve their problems. 16. Friends, even best friends, can never replace your family. 32. Age is one of the aspects that influence the development of a

friendship.

Questão 91 According to the text, select the CORRECT answer(s) for the question below.

How can a best friend be described? 01. As a place where you are not in danger. 02. Someone who is usually embarrassing. 04. A best friend follows the fashion most of the time. 08. He or she never tells you the truth. 16. A best friend doesn't ask you for explanations. 32. As a person who is always there to judge you.

Questão 92 Choose the proposition(s) in which the definitions of the words below correspond to the meaning used in the text.

01. lessen (Paragraph 1) → if something lessens or is lessened, it becomes less strong.

02. sorrow (Paragraph 1) → a feeling of deep sadness or regret.

04. range (Paragraph 2) → a group of hills or mountains. 08. advice (Paragraph 3) → an opinion which someone offers you about what you should do in a particular situation. 16. kick (Paragraph 3) → a new interest, especially one that

does not last long. 32. ashamed (Paragraph 3) → to feel embarrassed or guilty because of something that you have done.

64. fashion (Paragraph 4) → a style that is popular at a particular time, especially in clothes, hair, make-up, etc.

Questão 93 Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain) CORRECT answers to the following questions, according to the text.

01. What does a best friend do for you?

Among many things, he or she shares our feelings.

02. Why does a best friend become the brother or sister you had always wanted, but never had?

Because it is easier to help a friend. 04. How many times did the author of this text hear the word

"safety"? A lot of times.

08. When do you have to give an explanation to a best friend? It becomes necessary when we are misunderstood.

16. What kind of judgment does a best friend make on your behavior? A best friend doesn't judge us.

32. Where can a best friend be found? In secret places.Questão 94

94. Select the proposition(s) which contains (contain) CORRECT references to the following words, underlined in the text. 01. who (Paragraph 1) → men 02. them (Paragraph 2) → people 04. which (Paragraph 2) → a best friendship 08. it (Paragraph 3) → a kick in the pants 16. whom (Paragraph 4) → you 32. they (Paragraph 4) → personal secrets



AULA 12 TEXT THIRTEEN:

The Mayas In 1841, a book was published which astonished1 the world. It was called Incidents of Travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan. The author, John Lloyd Stephens, had just returned from a long, difficult and dangerous journey through the thick rain forests of southern Mexico and Guatemala. He had gone there with Frederick Catherwood, an architect and artist, to search for the remains of a lost civilization known as the Mayas. Very little was known about the Mayas at that time but Catherwood's drawings2 in the book revealed incredible cities with temples, pyramids and other buildings as impressive as those of their northern neighbors, the Aztecs. These cities, however, were deserted. The inhabitants had vanished3 almost a thousand years before.

Since that time, far more has been learned about this remarkable4 civilization. The Mayas had a highly developed system of government and of agriculture, as well as an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. They were also wonderful engineers, capable of moving huge5 blocks of stone long distances and cutting them into precise shapes and sizes. And yet, although the Mayas knew about the wheel6, they never used it. Neither did they use metals other than7 copper. What is even8 more surprising is that they suddenly abandoned many of their cities and built new ones in the jungle9. Some time around AD 900, Mayan civilization collapsed10. By the year 1200, their last great capital, Chichen Itza, was deserted.

Who were these strange people and the even strange gods they worshipped? Why did they suddenly and mysteriously collapse? Some writers have tried to prove that the Mayas had contact with visitors from space and even that they themselves came from another planet. Some people believe that their civilization came to an end because the Mayas never developed a proper resistance to local germs and diseases. All we really know is that when the first Europeans appeared off their coast in 1517, this great and mysterious culture was only a memory.

Nas questões 95 à 98, assinale a(s) alternativa(s) que significa(m) o mesmo que o segmento em negrito extraído do texto “The Mayas”. 95) “...although the Mayas knew about the wheel, they never used it.”(lines23-24) a) The Mayas didn’t know about the wheel, therefore they never used it. b) The Mayas knew about the wheel, but they never used it. c) The Mayas never used the wheel, however they knew about it. d) In spite of the knowing about the wheel, the Mayas never used it. 96) “…Catherwood’s drawings revealed that the Mayas had incredible cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings as impressive as those of their northern neighbors, the Aztecs”(lines 10-13) a) Catherwood’s drawings showed that the Mayas had incredible cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings which made a deep impression exactly like of the Aztecs, who lived in the north. b) The cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings of the Mayan civilization did not cause a great impression as the ones from the Aztecs. c) The Aztecs lived south from the Mayas but both had impressive cities with temples, pyramids, and other buildings.

d) Catherwood’s drawings revealed that the Mayas’ incredible cities with temple, pyramids, and other buildings made a deep impression on the Aztecs, who inhabited another continent. 97) “The Mayas had a highly developed system of government as well as an incredibly accurate system of measuring time.”(lines 17-20) a) The Mayas had a highly developed system of government in addiction to an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. b) The Mayas had both a highly developed system of government and an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. c) The Mayas had not only a highly developed system of government but also an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. d) Besides having a highly developed system of government, the Mayas also had an incredibly accurate system of measuring time. 98) “…their civilization came to an end because the Mayas never developed a proper resistance to local germs and diseases.”(lines 36-38) a) Due to the fact that the Mayas never developed a proper resistance to local microbes and illnesses, their civilization disappeared. b) As the Mayas were unable to resist local germs and diseases in a proper way, their civilization ceased to exist. c) The Mayas never offered an adequate resistance to local microbes and diseases; for that reason their civilization came to an end. d) The Mayas were able to develop a proper resistance to local germs and diseases; that’s why their civilization never came to an end. Os exercícios abaixo se baseiam no vocabulário do texto “The Mayas”. Assinale apenas uma

a) deal

opção que é equivalente à(s) palavra(s) em negrito. 99) Mr Brown was on a business journey when he met his future wife

b) newspaper c) rush d) trip 100) The architect was interested in the remains of an ancient church. a) ruins b) rebuilding c) practical solutions d) drawings 101) Catherwood’s drawings revealed incredible cities. a) disrupted b) changed the order of c) showed d) question the existence of 102) In 1841 a book was published on the remarkable civilization. a) extraordinary b) lost c) mischievous d) menacing 103) What gods do your people worship? a) add to b) adorn c) adore d) erode



GABARITO: 1) a) d; b) a; c)b 2) a) Does; b)Do; c) Does; d) Do 3) b 4) a 5) Written on the board 6) a) plans; b) Knows/wants; c) spends; d)

drink 7) d 8) b 9) a 10) c 11) a 12) d 13) d 14) c 15) c 16) b 17) b 18) b 19) 01+04+08+16=29 20) 01+02+08+16=27 21) b 22) c 23) c 24) c 25) b 26) d 27) d 28) c 29) b 30) on the board 31) b 32) 01+16=17 33) 04+16=20 34) e 35) a 36) d 37) d 38) e 39) e 40) d 41) on the board 42) 08 43) 01+04+32=37 44) 04+16=20 45) 01+02+04+08=15 46) 02+04+08=14 47) On the board 48) C 49) On the board 50) On the board 51) On the board 52) Since; for; since; for; since; for 53) A) much; b) many 54) Many; much; many; much; much 55) b 56) d 57) d 58) d 59) a 60) d 61) b 62)c 63) c 64) c 65)a 67)c 68)b 69)d

70)c 71)b 72)b 73)2+4+32=38 74)1+2+8+16=27 75) 1+8+16=25 76) d 77)c 78) 1+8+16=25 79)2+8=10 80) c 81) c 82) d 83) e 84) d 85) 49 86) 29 87) 38 88) 11 89) 20 90) 37 91) 17 92) 43 93) 21 94) 42 95) b, c, d 96) a 97) a, b, c, d 98) a, b, c 99) d 100) a 101) c 102) a 103) c

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