Post on 04-Jun-2018
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Luiz Antonio Pereira de Oliveira
C-MADE
Centre of Materials and Building Technologies
University of Beira Interior
Covilhã - Portugal
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Learn objectives
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Civil construction is a important consumer of natural resources
Construction materials consumption in UK is around6 tone/year.habitant.
Around the metropolitan cities, the sand
and natural aggregates begins to be
reduced, following the environmentalcontrol on the extraction of raw
materials.
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Civil Construction is an important generator of residues
Finland – demolition materials volume is the double of solid urban waste
International values 0.7 a 1 tonne/habitant .year .
Clandestine landfill: cause obstructions of water flows and drainage,
resulting in inundations
In some countries, it is responsible by the mosquitoes proliferations
acting as infection vectors
Debris
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lnternational Council for Building Research and Documentation (CIB)
European Construction Industry Federation
Civil Engineering Research Foundation (CERF)
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet
human needs while preserving the natural environment so that these needscan be met not only in the present, but in the indefinite future.
"meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs."[1]
Sustainability and civil construction
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Is the environment a preoccupation of the modern man?
The civil construction consume around 2/3 of
natural wood of our forests
Raw materials
copper and zinc reserves are
sufficient only for more 60 years.
66 % wood
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Enviroment: a precupation of the modern man?
Air pollution
cement industries generate CO21 tonne of cement clinker make more than 600kg of CO2
data on the major global sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by
country, from the beginning of the Industrial Revolution to the present
Is the environment a preoccupation of the modern man?
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a big potential consumer of wastes from other industries.
Fly ash (pictured) is a by-product of
burning coal.
Eco-friendly cement industry?
Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag
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Challenges for urban and industrial wastes management
Management of Urban and Industrial Wastes
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Unsustainable pract ice
The most knew wastes management in the world
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Sustainability and civil construction
Scheme of sustainable development: at the confluence of three constituent parts.
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proposed by Kibert and Languell
What you can do?
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Recycle & Sustainability
chance to transform a source of costs into source of business or to
reduce the deposition costs
the productive chain that recycle reduces the used volume of raw
materials, preserving the limited natural resources
Environmental impact Steel Glass Cement1
Energy 74 6 40
Raw material 90 54 50
Water 40 50 -
Atmospheric pollutants 86 22 <502
Water pollution 76 -
General wastes 105 54
Mineral wastes 97 79
Environmental impact reduction (in %) of wastes recycle in the production
of some constructions materials (KANAYAMA, 1997)
1 Replacement of 50% with blast furnace slag
2 CO2
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Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
Recycling of used tires
► The tires are cut and triturated, in some operations of separation
of the different materials
sprayed or granulated rubber
• in asphalt mixtures,
• in coverings of square and sports field
• in manufacture of automobile carpet
• adhesive, etc.
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Recycling of used tires
development of new technologies of reuse, recycled rubber
workmanships of containments in the edges of rivers to prevent collapses;
as artificial reefs, in the break-sea construction;
in the equipment construction for playgrounds;
in the control of erosion etc.
fuel in plants of cellulose and paper, cement ovens and thermoelectric
central
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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markets for utilization of rubber tiresenergy generation and asphalt mixtures.
2 at 6 tires/tonnes of asphalt mixture
HEITZMAN (1992) e ZANZOTTO & KENNEPOHL (1996)
asphalt mixtures: incorporation of the tires
wet process fine particles of rubber to the asphalt cement are added,
"asphalt-rubber"
dry process bigger rubber particles substitute part of stone aggregates
"bitumen modified with rubber addition"
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Requirements for the vulcanized rubber1. The rubber must be of 100% vulcanized tire.
2. It must be exempt of fabric, wire or of another contaminant material.
3. After the milling, must result a dry dust, not agglutinated, of granulatedmaterial with a specific gravity of 1.15±0.05 (ASTM D 797).
4. The rubber must be enough dries, not having a humidity superior of
2% in weight, so that it flows freely and it does not produce foam
problems when mixed with the hot bitumen.
ASTM D 6114: minimum incorporation of 18 - 20% of rubber, on the total binder weight
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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The physical characteristics of the bituminous binder afterincorporated the rubber and respected the period of
reaction of the rubber with the bitumen (minimum 45 min),
will have to be the following ones:
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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• reuse rubber of used tires as addition in mortars and concrete• rubber particles (1,2 mm and < 4 mm) treated with NaOH
solution – it improves adhesion
• 5 or 10% of rubber (Segre 1999)
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Significant improvement of the workability
Improvement of mortar cohesionImprovement of ductility
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Project
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Project
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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Use of aluminum present in
the milk packing and other
foods "long life", after-use, as
reflector of heat, to increase
the thermal comfort in the
constructions.
The aluminum reflect more
than 95% of the heat that
arrives through radiations, and
emits less than 5%, depending
on the burnishing state of itssurface.
Packings
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
this is waste?
or it is a construction material?
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Use forms:
A- Sub tiles under roofs, in the
form of BLANKETS made with the
petty cashes open and glue side byside.
B-REFLECTING the HEAT and the
INCIDENT SOLAR LIGHT, in the
form of BLINDS and CURTAINS.
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
Packing utilities
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Used in the fibres manufacture
Polyethylene of high density (RHDPE )
Fibres dimensions:
19.05 mm to 38.1 mm length, 1.6 mm width and 1 mm thickness
tensile strength 44.81 N/mm2
The Virginia Tech Polytechnic University
Plastic recycling
Milk bottles
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
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UBI Project
Recycling urban and industrial wastes in the civil construction
Plastic recycling
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
0 2 4 6 8
L[mm]
F [ N ]
1:1:6 (1.5%fibras)
1:1:6 (1%fibras)
load x deflection
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Recycling Wastes of Construction and Demolition
RCD
Debris processed in the recycle plant
metal, glass,
paper and plastic
are separate in
the line ofproduction in the
recycle plant.
debris composition
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Sample of fine fraction of debris
Sample of coarse fraction
w/c ratio is highceramic materials are
responsible by the high water
absorption
Recycling Wastes of Construction and Demolition
RCD
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Strength (MPa)
Samples
Proportions:
Recycling Wastes of Construction and Demolition
RCD
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Glass Recycling
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Glass recycling
ConGlassCrete
• alkali silica reaction potentiality
• aggregates with different colours and sizes
Pozzolanic reaction of glass powder 25 and 100 m.
-0.2
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Days in 1 N NaOH solution at 80oC
E x p a n s i o n ( % )
Normal Aggregates
Blue Agg. 3-6 mm
GGBS/Blue Agg. 3-6 mm
Green Pozz./Blue Agg. 3-6 mm
PFA/Blue Agg. 3-6 mm
Expansion reduction with the use of GBFS, GP and PFA
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Glass Recycling
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
0 30 60 90 120 150 180
Age (days)
C o m p r e s s i v e s t r e
n g t h ( M P a )
100%PC
90%PC+10%GP
75%PC+25%GP
100%PC+50%GP
Results from Tarmac-Group,
Technical Service
Influence of glass pozolan (GP) in the concrete strength development
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Glass Recycling
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Glass Recycling
Blocks pavement Masonry concrete blocks
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1- The evaluation of the use of alternative materials in the
roads constructions
Evaluation of recyclability of wastes in Portugal;
Data collection about of the material performance incorporating
wastes in roads constructions;
Proposition of recycling system and high value of wastes forroads pavements
Master Thesis
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2 - Composition of soil-cement mixtures for roads in
Castello Branco rural zone
Elaboration of state of art about the use and production of
soil-cement mixtures;
Definition of optimal conditions of soil-cement mix design and
its application;
Evaluation of PET fibbers reinforced soil-cement behaviour
Technical and economical viability of soil-cement used as
pavements of low traffic or rural zones.
Master Thesis
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3 - Contribution to design self compacting concrete
Wastes of rocks cuts - dust of granite – used as filler for cement
reduction and improves the concrete rheology.
4 - Development of Alkali Activated Binders from Alumino-Silicate Mineral Waste
The main objective will consist on the development of new binder
solutions using dust mud mineral waste (mainly constituted of
alumino-silicates) with following partial objectives:
a) Definition of optimal dust mud waste thermal treatment.
b) Study of alkaline activators and solutions.
c) Study of good mixing and placing conditions
PhD Thesis
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5 - The urban and industrial wastes recycled ascomponents for mortar and structural concretes.
i. Definition of the glass and ceramics waste types, disposed in
some regions of Portugal, appropriated to obtain pozzolanic
properties.
ii. Study of appropriates fineness through the classification by
specific area
iii. Determination of the physical and mechanical properties of
the mortars and concretes produced with recycled glass andceramic waste.
iv. Study of the durability of the concretes with powders
obtained from recycled glass and ceramic wastes.
Research project
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High alue use of wastes
"Nothing it's created,
nothing loses...everything
is changed” Lavoisier