Post on 08-Jan-2017
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1"'2#2/2-*(%*3/45#6)*(%*+,-*7)&0-'
Gestão e gerenciamento de resíduos químicos e aplicação da tecnologia de
destilação na recuperação de solventes orgânicos: estudo de caso da
reciclagem do xileno
8/0#)")*7&#'2#")*9%$)()
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São Carlos
2008
>#''%&2)D,-* )A&%'%"2)()* )-* 1"'2#2/2-* (%*3/45#6)*(%*+,-*7)&0-'E*()*!"#$%&'#()(%*(%* +,-* .)/0-* 6-5-* &%F/#'#2-* A)&)*-G2%"D,-*(-*242/0-*(%*@%'2&%*%5*7#H"6#)'*I3/45#6)*J")042#6)K?
#
Aprendi e Decidi
E assim, depois de muito esperar, num dia como outro qualquer, decidi triunfar... Decidi não esperar as oportunidades e sim, eu mesmo buscá-las.
Decidi ver cada problema como uma oportunidade de encontrar uma solução. Decidi ver cada deserto como uma possibilidade de encontrar um oásis.
Decidi ver cada noite como um mistério a resolver.
Decidi ver cada dia como uma nova oportunidade de ser feliz. Naquele dia descobri que meu único rival não era mais que minhas próprias
limitações e que enfrentá-las era a única e melhor forma de as superar. Naquele dia, descobri que eu não era o melhor e que talvez eu nunca tenha sido.
Deixei de me importar com quem ganha ou perde, agora, me importa
simplesmente saber melhor o que fazer. Aprendi que o difícil não é chegar lá em cima, e sim deixar de subir.
Aprendi que o melhor triunfo que posso ter, é ter o direito de chamar a alguém
de "Amigo". Descobri que o amor é mais que um simples estado de enamoramento, "o amor é
uma filosofia de vida".
Naquele dia, deixei de ser um reflexo dos meus escassos triunfos passados e passei a ser a minha própria tênue luz deste presente.
Aprendi que de nada serve ser luz se não vai iluminar o caminho dos demais.
Naquele dia, decidi trocar tantas coisas...
Naquele dia, aprendi que os sonhos são somente para fazer-se realidade. E desde aquele dia já não durmo para descansar...
Agora simplesmente durmo para sonhar...
Walt Disney
##
DEDICATÓRIA
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###
AGRADECIMENTOS
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RESUMO
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ABSTRACT
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F/)0#<#6)2#-"*-<*6-"'6#%"2#-/'*A&-<%''#-")0'E*/'%(*e#2N*6-&&%62*A&)62#6%'*-<*5)")P%5%"2*)"(*
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SUMÁRIO
Resumo ..................................................................................................................................iv
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................v
Lista de Figuras .....................................................................................................................vi
1 – INTRODUÇÃO ..................................................................................................................1
1.1 – Aspectos Gerais................................................................................................................1
1.2 - Solventes Orgânicos .........................................................................................................4
1.3 - Xileno.................................................................................................................................7
1.4 - Riscos Químicos em hospitais e laboratórios de anatomia patológica e histologia ....9
1.5 – Geração do Resíduo de Xileno......................................................................................11
1.6 - Gestão e Gerenciamento de Resíduos Químicos..........................................................12g?n?g*d*X%'2,-*%*X%&%"6#)5%"2-*(%*B%'4(/-'*%5*1"'2#2/#D^%'*(%*M"'#"-*%*.%'F/#') ??????????gk
1.7. Metodologia......................................................................................................................16g?h?g*d*.&-6%''-*(%*B%6#60)P%5*(-*q#0%"- ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????gng?h?i*O*>%'2#0)D,-??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????gog?h?m*d*>%'2#0)D,-*+#5A0%'*-/*>#<%&%"6#)0 ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????gpg?h?l*d*>%'2#0)D,-*_&)6#-")() ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ijg?h?k*d*M'A%62&-<-2-5%2&#)*(%*!WOW#' ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????iig?h?n*O*B%<&)2-5%2&#)?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ilg?h?h*d*7&-5)2-P&)<#)*X)'-') ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ikg?h?o*d*7&-5)2-P&)<#)*X)'-')*J6-A0)()*]*M'A%62&-5%2&#)*(%*@)'')' ????????????????????????????????ih
2 – OBJETIVOS .....................................................................................................................30
3 - PROCEDIMENTO EXPERIMENTAL..........................................................................31
3.1 – Destilação........................................................................................................................31
3.2 – Espectrofotometria de UV-Vis .....................................................................................33
3.3 – Refratometria.................................................................................................................33
3.4 – Cromatografia Gasosa ..................................................................................................34
3.5 – Cromatografia Gasosa Acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas ................................34
4 – RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO .....................................................................................36
4.1 – Espectrofotometria de UV-Vis .....................................................................................36
4.2 – Refratometria.................................................................................................................39
4.3 - Cromatografia Gasosa ...................................................................................................41
4.4 – Cromatografia Gasosa Acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas ................................45
5 – CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS...........................................................................................54
6 – REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS ...........................................................................56
1"2&-(/D,- O g
1 – INTRODUÇÃO
1.1 – Aspectos Gerais
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1.2 - Solventes Orgânicos
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1.3 - Xileno
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Prevenir a Geração
Modificar ProcessosSubstituir Matérias Primas
Minimizar a Geração
Otimizar ProcessoOtimizar Operação
Reciclar (Matérias Primas)Recuperar (Substâncias)Reutilizar (Matérias, Produtos)
Reaproveitar
QuímicosFísicos BiológicosTérmicos
Tratar
DisporAterrosMinasArmazéns
1"2&-(/D,- O gk
1.6.1 – Gestão e Gerenciamento de Resíduos em Instituições de Ensino e Pesquisa
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1.7. Metodologia
1.7.1 – Processo de Reciclagem do Xileno
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1.7.2 - Destilação
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1.7.3 – Destilação Simples ou Diferencial
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1.7.4 – Destilação Fracionada
a%'2%* 2#A-* (%* (%'2#0)D,-* )* '%A)&)D,-* (-'* 6-5A-"%"2%'* Z* &%)0#C)()* A-&* '/6%''#$)'*
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Condensador
Balão de Destilação
Balão Coletor
Termômetro
Manta de Aquecimento
1"2&-(/D,- O ig
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2 – OBJETIVOS
:*-GS%2#$-*(%'2%*2&)G)0N-*6-"'#'2%*%5*)A&%'%"2)&*-'*&%'/02)(-'*(%*2-(-*-*A&-6%''-*()*
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3 - PROCEDIMENTO EXPERIMENTAL
3.1 – Destilação
a%'2%*2&)G)0N-*-*&%'4(/-*(%*[#0%"-*/2#0#C)(-*<-#*P%&)(-*"-'*0)G-&)2\&#-'*(%*A)2-0-P#)*%*
6#2-0-P#)* (-* u-'A#2)0* !"#$%&'#2R&#-* (%* +,-* .)/0-* %* '/)* &%6/A%&)D,-* %* &%6#60)P%5 <-&)5
&%)0#C)()'*)2&)$Z'*(-*A&-6%''-*(%*(%'2#0)D,-*<&)6#-")()*"-*9)G-&)2\&#-*(%*B%'4(/-'*3/45#6-'*
()*!"#$%&'#()(%*(%* +,-* .)/0-E* 6)5A/'*+,-*7)&0-'?* _-#* /2#0#C)(-* /5* '#'2%5)*(%* (%'2#0)D,-*
6-"2%"(-* /5)* 5)"2)* (%* )F/%6#5%"2-E* /5* G)0,-* $-0/5Z2-* (%* (/)'* G-6)'* (%* gj9E* /5)*
6-0/")*$#P&%/[E*/5*G)0,-*6-0%2-&E*/5*6-"(%"')(-&*)6-A0)(-*)*/5*'#'2%5)*(%*&%<&#P%&)D,-*%*
&%6#&6/0)D,-*(%*RP/)*%*(-#'* 2%&5U5%2&-'* 0-6)0#C)(-'*")*A)&2%*'/A%&#-&*(-*G)0,-*%*()*6-0/")
I_#P/&)*nK?
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M5*6)()*(%'2#0)D,-*<-&)5*/2#0#C)(-'*)A&-[#5)()5%"2%*o9*(%*&%'4(/-*(%*[#0%"-E*-*F/)0*
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Processo de Destilação do Xileno
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3.2 – Espectrofotometria de UV-Vis
a%'2%* 2&)G)0N-* <-&)5* /2#0#C)()'* A)&)* )"R0#'%* %5* M'A%62&-<-2-5%2&#)* (%* !$OW#'* )'*
<&)D^%'* (%* [#0%"-* 6-0%2)()'* ")* (%'2#0)D,-* <&)6#-")()?* .)&)* -G2%"D,-* (%* A)&c5%2&-'* A)&)*
6-5A)&)D,-* (-'* &%'/02)(-'* <-&)5* )")0#')()'* 2)5GZ5* )5-'2&)'* (-* &%'4(/-* (%* [#0%"-* ",-*
2&)2)(-*%*(%*[#0%"-*A)(&,-?*:*[#0%"-*A)(&,-*/2#0#C)(-*A)&)*2-()'*)'*)"R0#'%'*<-#*A&-(/C#(-*A%0)*
+V"2N*%*)A&%'%"2)*P&)/*(%*A/&%C)*.?J?
:* %F/#A)5%"2-* /2#0#C)(-* <-#* /5* %'A%62&-<-2U5%2&-* () 5)&6)* 8)'6-* 5-(%0-* WOnmjE*
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6-5*6)5#"N-*\2#6-*(%*g*65*%*)*)G'-&D,-*<-#*5%(#()*%5*6-5A%"2-'*(%*-"()*%"2&%*gpj*%*
njj"5?
3.3 – Refratometria
J'* 5%'5)'* <&)D^%'* (%* [#0%"-* /2#0#C)()'* ")* %'A%62&-<-2-5%2&#)* (%* !WOW#'* <-&)5*
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)5-'2&)'*(-*[#0%"-*A)(&,-*%*-*&%'4(/-*(%*[#0%"-*",-*2&)2)(-?*J*5%(#()*(-*4"(#6%*(%*&%<&)D,-*
<-#*<%#2)*6-5*)'*)5-'2&)'*6-0%2)()'*")*(%'2#0)D,-*<&)6#-")()E*)A\'*&%'<&#)5%"2-E*/2#0#C)"(-O'%*
/5* &%<&)2U5%2&-* (#P#2)0* (%* G)"6)()* ()* 5)&6)* J2)P-E* 5-(%0-* B[* d! "###$%* (-2)(-* (%* /5*
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3.4 – Cromatografia Gasosa
a%'2%* 2&)G)0N-* )'* )5-'2&)'* )")0#')()'* A-&* 6&-5)2-P&)<#)* P)'-')* <-&)5* )'* <&)D^%'*
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ijgj* 6-5* (%2%62-&* (%* #-"#C)D,-* (%* 6N)5)* >17* -/* _1>* d I_0)5%* 1-"#C)2#-"* >%2%62-&KE*
)6-A0)(-*)*/5*#"S%2-&*)/2-5R2#6-*()*+N#5)(C/*5-(%0-*J:7*d*ij#?*J*6-0/")*/2#0#C)()*<-#*)*
BYq*d*k@+*I6-0/")*6)A#0)&*(%*'40#6)*</"(#()*(%*mj5*(%*6-5A%"2-E*jEik*55*(%*(#c5%2&-*
#"2%&"-*%*jEik$5*(%*%'A%''/&)*(%*<#05%K?*:*PR'*(%*)&&)'2%*/2#0#C)(-*<-#*-*N#(&-PH"#-E*6-5*/5*
<0/[-*(%*g59x5#"? :*A&-P&)5)*(%*2%5A%&)2/&)*/2#0#C)(-*<-#*/5)*&)5A)*(%*)F/%6#5%"2-*6-5*
2%5A%&)2/&)* #"#6#)0* (%* lj�7* A-&* i* 5#"/2-'* '%P/#()* (%* %0%$)D,-* (%* k�7x5#"* )2Z* )2#"P#&* )*
2%5A%&)2/&)* (%* gij�7?* :* 2%5A-* 2-2)0* ()* 6-&&#()* 6&-5)2-P&R<#6)* <-#* (%* go* 5#"/2-'?* J'*
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3.5 – Cromatografia Gasosa Acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas
a)'* (%2%&5#")D^%'* $#)* 6&-5)2-P&)<#)* P)'-')* )6-A0)()* ]* %'A%62&-5%2&#)* (%* 5)'')*
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%*R06--0*�*[#0%"-*%*[#0%"-*A)(&,-*%*&%'4(/-*(%*[#0%"-*",-*2&)2)(-K?*:*%F/#A)5%"2-*/2#0#C)(-*<-#*
/5*6&-5)2\P&)<-*)*PR'*)6-A0)(-*)*/5*%'A%62&U5%2&-*(%*5)'')*()*5)&6)*+N#5)(C/*5-(%0-*
X7*d*3.ijgj*.0/'*)6-A0)(-*)*/5*#"S%2-&*)/2-5R2#6-*()*+N#5)(C/*5-(%0-*J:7*d*kjjj?*J
6-0/")*/2#0#C)()*<-#*)*BYq*d*g*@+*I6-0/")*6)A#0)&*(%*'40#6)*</"(#()*(%*mj5*(%*6-5A%"2-E*
jEik*55 (%*(#c5%2&-*#"2%&"-*%*jEik$5*(%*%'A%''/&)*(%*<#05%K?*:*PR'*(%*)&&)'2%*/2#0#C)(-*<-#*-*
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lj�7* A-&* g* 5#"/2-* '%P/#()* (%* %0%$)D,-* (%* k�7x5#"* )2Z* )2#"P#&* )* 2%5A%&)2/&)* (%* nj�7* %*
%0%$)D,-*(%*gj�7x5#"*)2Z*)2#"P#&*)*2%5A%&)2/&)*(%*gij�7*")*F/)0*A%&5)"%6%/*A-&*k*5#"/2-'?**
:*2%5A-*2-2)0*()*6-&&#()*6&-5)2-P&R<#6)*<-#*(%*gn*5#"/2-'?*J*2%5A%&)2/&)*(-* #"S%2-&* <-#*(%*
ipj�7E*)*2%5A%&)2/&)*()*<-"2%*(%*4-"'*<-#*(%*ikj�7*%*)*2%5A%&)2/&)*()*#"2%&<)6%*<-#*(%*mjj�7?*
_-#*/2#0#C)(-*/5*(%2%62-&*(%*#5A)62-*(%*%0Z2&-"'*%*-*5-(-*(%*)"R0#'%*<-#*A-&*N%)('A)6%?*
B%'/02)(-'*%*>#'6/'',-*O mn
4 – RESULTADOS E DISCUSSÃO
7-5-*(#2-*)"2%&#-&5%"2%E*)'* <&)D^%'*6-0%2)()'*(/&)"2%* )*(%'2#0)D,-* <-&)5*)")0#')()'*
A-&*%'A%62&-<-2-5%2&#)*(%*/$O$#'E*&%<&)2-5%2&#)E*6&-5)2-P&)<#)*P)'-')*%*6&-5)2-P&)<#)*P)'-')*
)6-A0)()*]*%'A%62&-5%2&#)*(%*5)'')?
4.1 – Espectrofotometria de UV-Vis
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u!aYE*8?*.%2&-0%/5*X%-6N%5#'2&V*)"(*X%-0-PVE*i"(*M(#2#-"E*y?*u?*_&%%5)"*)"(*7-5A)"VE*gppnE*#"*7N)A2%&*mE*Petroleum and its Products?*>#'A-"4$%0*%5*;*�eee?6N%5%[A-?6-5x"%e'x.B:_19Mpojkgk?6<5�?J6%''-*%5;*io*<%$?*ijjo?
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8JB>1@E*y?_?*X%&%"6#)5%"2-*(%*&%'4(/-'*F/45#6-'*%5*0)G-&)2\&#-'*(%*%"'#"-*%*A%'F/#')?*Química. Nova,*+,-*.)/0-E*$?*igE*A?nhgOnhmE*gppo?
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