Post on 10-Jul-2015
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fvxefzb dv wbxhdkïd é vab cákovb kèd cbpikb# `f dziofa `fxhdklfhi`b# avipd `igfzfkpf `bx zfxpbkpfx
cákovbx fvzd~fibx+
B hdkgcipvbci`b`f f va hfzpd ixdcbafkpd pía abzhb`d b f|ixpíkhib `fxpf ~dwd `fx`f lâ avipdx xéhvcdx+
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`b adkpbklb*+ , +++ )
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dziofa# xvzoizâ kd xéhvcd WII d ^zikhi~b`d `f ^ba~cdkb# dk`f dx âzbjfx hlfobzba kd bkd ?8:+ D pfz!
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hzibïèd `d ^bzpi`d Kbhidkbcixpb Jbxhd ,^KW)+ Xbjikd gvk`dv va kbhidkbcixad bcihfzïb`d kb i`fib `f
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kd pd`d fx~bkldc f kb ~zø~zib Hdavki`b`f Bvpøkdab Jbxhb+
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adwiafkpd xf~bzbpixpb+ Fa 29?9# Kbwbzzb# bpzbwéx `d zfgfzfk`d rvf ciodv bx pzíx ~zdwákhibx jbxhbx !
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B~fxbz `f pd`d fxpf ~fziodxd hdkmvkpd `f hizhvkxpêkhibx# d @bovfxpèd pfa!xf abkpi`d zfcbpiwbafkpf
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D Hâvhbxd `d Kdzpf# vab *`dz `f hbjfïb* ~bzb b Gf`fzbïèd Zvxxb
Dx ~zdhfxxdx ~dcápihdx kd Hâvhbxd `d Kdzpf kd ~fzád`d `f 2999!:>>> hdk`v}izba b vab ~zdgvk`b hzixf
`f xdjfzbkib kb zfoièd+ Bx ~zikhi~bix ik`ihbïöfx `fxpf gbhpd zfxi`fa kbx kdwbx gdzabx ,~dcápihbx# cfobix
f dzobki}bhidkbix) `f hdkgcipd fkpzf d hfkpzd gf`fzbc f d Hâvhbxd `d Kdzpf# d bvafkpd `d kýafzd `f
~bzpihi~bkpfx kd hdkgzdkpd phlfphlfkd f b cvpb fkpzf ozv~dx ~dcápihdx `f dziofa épkihb hda ikgcvíkhib kb
zfoièd+ Dx ~zdjcfabx ~dcápihdx abix bov`dx# zfxvcpbkpfx `f hdkpzb`iïöfx fkpzf d hfkpzd gf`fzbc f bx
zf~ýjcihbx kbhidkbix `d Kdzpf `d Hâvhbxd# fkhdkpzba!xf bodzb zfcbpiwbafkpf hizhvkxhzipdx î
Phlfphlékib+
Gdkpf= Cbzixxb Eld~fzxebib ! *Plf Kdzplfk Hbvhbxvx= gbhpdzx dg hdkgzdkpbpidk bk` ~zdx~fhpx gdz xpbjicipy*# +hb!h+dzo
B Hlfhlékib pfa xi`d ~bchd# kdx ýcpiadx bkdx# `f widcíkhib bxxvxpb`dzb+ D `fxafajzbafkpd `b VZXX#
fa 2992# gf} zfbwiwbz bkpiobx zfxixpíkhibx f cfwdv î bvpd~zdhcbabïèd `f ik`f~fk`íkhib ~dz ~bzpf `fxpb
zf~ýjcihb+ Xfoviv!xf vab ovfzzb hda b Zýxxib ,2990!2997)# xbik`d fxpb `fzzdpb`b+ Hdkpv`d# kdwd bpbrvf
zvxxd# fa 2999# ~zdcdkodv d hdkpzdcd `b Zýxxib kb zfoièd# kdafb`bafkpf hda fcfiïöfx dzobki}b`bx ~fcd
~d`fz hfkpzbc+
Phlfphlékib f kbhidkbcixad hbvhbxibkd
Bx bvpdzi`b`fx zvxxbx zfhvxba!xf b b`aipiz rvf d pfzzdzixad f d ixcbaixad hda rvf ldmf xf fkhdkpzba
hdkgzdkpb`bx kd Hâvhbxd xèd b~fkbx ikxpzvafkpdx# xfk`d d kbhidkbcixad d xfv ~zdjcfab ~zikhi~bc kfxpb
zfoièd+ @f pd`bx bx fkfzoibx ~dcápihbx# d kbhidkbcixad b~zfxfkpb!xf hdad b abix ~d`fzdxb f zfxixpfkpf+
, +++ ) Kb Phlfphlékib# ikhb~b}fx `f wfkhfz kd pfzzfkd# dx zvxxdx rvfzfa adxpzbz rvf kb`b xf ~d`f gb}fz
xfa fcfx fa pd`d d Hâvhbxd# f d fx~fhpzd `f va *xfovk`d Bgfobkixpèd* hdkpikvb b djhfhâ!cdx+ Vab
kdwb `fzzdpb aicipbz gbhf î kfjvcdxb ixcbaipb kb Phlfphlékib xfzib bik`b abix lvaiclbkpf ,dx
phlfphlfkdx xèd afkdx `f va aiclèd +++ ) f ~d`fzib ikhfk`ibz d jbzzic `f ~øcwdzb rvf é d Hâvhbxd#
pzb`v}ik`d!xf kva `fxafajzbafkpd pfzzipdzibc+ @bá b zfmfiïèd `f rvbixrvfz kfodhibïöfx# `f va
rvbcrvfz zfhdklfhiafkpd `d `izfipd î bvpd`fpfzaikbïèd+ F pbajéa b jzvpbci`b`f `f vab zf~zfxxèd rvf
fa pzdhb gdafkpb pfzzdzixpbx ~zdkpdx b pd`bx bx cdvhvzbx hziaikdxbx+
Gdkpf= Iokbhid Zbadkfp ! *D cbjizikpd hbvhbxibkd*# Cf Adk`f @i~cdabpirvf# Dvpvjzd `f :>>0
B ikxpbjici`b`f `fxpb wbxpb âzfb é vab zfbci`b`f rvf xf wbi avcpi~cihbk`d kva ~zdhfxxd rvf ~bzfhf
ikgik`âwfc+ Afxad kdx ~báxfx rvf xf pdzkbzba ik`f~fk`fkpfx kd ~øx!2992# f|ixpfa zfoiöfx rvf
zfiwik`ihba bvpdkdaib ‘ b Bjfhâxib f b Dxxépib xèd `ixxd f|fa~cd+ D ~fpzøcfd `d abz Hâx~id f dxdcfd`vpdx `b zfoièd hbvhbxibkb kèd `fi|ba ik`igfzfkpfx kfa zvxxdx kfa dhi`fkpbix# hdkpzijvik`d ~bzb d
bodki}bz dx ~zdjcfabx+
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Dx gvk`bafkpbcixadx
^dz gvk`bafkpbcixad fkpfk`f!xf pd`b f rvbcrvfz `dvpzikb dv ~zâpihb xdhibc# rvf jvxhb xfoviz
`fpfzaikb`dx gvk`bafkpdx pzb`ihidkbix# ofzbcafkpf jbxfb`dx fa bcova ciwzd xbozb`d dv ~zâpihbx
lbjipvbix+
D gvk`bafkpbcixad
Fa 292># kdx Fxpb dx Vki dx# pføcdodx ~zdpfxpbkpfx `f pzb`iïèd bkocd!xb|økihb hda~icbzba
`iwfzxdx bzpiodx# `f hbzbhpfzáxpihbx pfd`dvpzikâzibx# kvab hdcfhpê kfb rvf zfhfjfv b `fxiokbïèd
ofkézihb `f Gvk`bafkpbc+ Dx xfovi`dzfx f `fgfk xdzfx `fxpbx hdkgixxöfx `dvpzikâzibx ~bxxbzba b
xfz `fxiokb`dx `f Gvk`bafkpbcixpx+ @fgfk`iba d cipfzbcixad jájcihd f ~zdhvzbwba bgbxpbz i`fibx
kdwbx dv ikdwb`dzbx+
Gdkpf= Fvoékid Bcafi`b ,:>>8) ! Gvk`bafkpbcixad Ixcêaihd ! B i`fdcdoib f d Fxpb`d# Bvpdkdaib
Va gvk`bafkpbcixpb wiwf kb hdkwihïèd ~cfkb `f rvf b xvb `dvpzikb é b ýkihb wfz`b`fizb# `fxwbcdzi}bk`d
bx zfxpbkpfx+ D gvk`bafkpbcixad bxxvaf `iwfzxbx gbhfx# hvmd `fkdaikb`dz hdava é vab bjxdcvpi}bïèd
`d *fv* fa `fpziafkpd `d *dvpzd*+
Kd hdkpf|pd bhpvbc# bcovabx abkigfxpbïöfx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx dhv~ba va ~b~fc hfkpzbc# kdafb`bafkpf bx
zf~zfxfkpb`bx ~fcb ocdjbci}bïèd ia~fzbkpf f ~fcd gvk`bafkpbcixad xvihi`âzid+
Kbpvzbcafkpf# d gvk`bafkpbcixad xvihi`âzid# ~zfhdki}b`d ~fcdx zb`ihbix ixcêaihdx# ~dz zda~fz hda dx
abzhdx `b ocdjbci}bïèd ad`fzkb# pdzkdv!xf `fxikpfzfxxbkpf bd hb~ipbcixad f bxxia wbi xfk`d hdajbpi`d
pbajéa fcf hda widcíkhib ,kd Bgfobkixpèd# kd Izbrvf# kb Phlfphlékib f dk`f abix xf abkigfxpf)+
B ocdjbci}bïèd ia~fzbkpf ! vab a bkigfxpbïèd gvk`bafkpbcixpb4
Va hdkmvkpd `f bhdkpfhiafkpdx# `dx rvbix xf `fxpbhba d gikbc `d hdkgzdkpd FVB!VZXX# b rvf`b `d
Avzd `f Jfzcia f b ia~cdxèd `b Vkièd Xdwiépihb# rvfjzdv d xixpfab ji~dcbz `bx zfcbïöfx ikpfzkbhidkbix#
~fzaipik`d b fafzoíkhib f b zf`fgikiïèd `f vab kdwb bzrvipfhpvzb `d ~d`fz f `b dz`fa ikpfzkbhidkbc+
Fa hfzpb af`i`b# d hdkhfipd `b kdwb dz`fa *avcpi~dcbz* ~fz`f hdkxixpíkhib# b gbwdz `b hdkxdci`bïèd `dx
FVB hdad b *li~fz~dpíkhib*# xfa ziwbc fxpzbpéoihd+ Hda d djmfhpiwd `f zfgdzïbz d `igfzfkhibc `f ~d`fz
zfcbpiwbafkpf b dvpzbx ~dpíkhibx# dx FVB hizhvkxhzfwfa bx zfozbx f hdk`vpbx î xvb wdkpb`f ikpzákxfhb#
`fpfzaikbk`d dx ciaipfx fa gvkïèd `dx xfvx ~zø~zidx ikpfzfxxfx# afxad rvf vcpzb~bxxfa dx dzobkixadx
ikpfzkbhidkbix+
B lfofadkib `dx FVB bxxvaf `iwfzxbx gbhfx `d ~d`fz# fxpfk`fk`d!xf avipd ~bzb bcéa `d ~d`fzid
aicipbz# ~bzb âzfbx hdad b ~dcápihb# b fhdkdaib# b hiíkhib f b hvcpvzb+
B xipvbïèd `f hdkpzdcd f `f ~d`fz ~bzb `fhi`iz é hcbzbafkpf gbwdzfhi`b ~fcd ozbk`f hb~ipbc `f ikgcvíkhib f`f *~d`fz f bpzbhïèd*+
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B âzfb fa rvf abix xf `fxpbhb d fgfipd gvk`bafkpbcixpb é b káwfc aicipbz+ B bhpvbc `fwbxpbïèd `d Izbrvf
xdab`b bd cfkpd ofkdhá`id `dx ~bcfxpikibkdx# î hdcdki}bïèd `d Bgfobkixpèd f î ~fkfpzbïèd kbx zf~ýjcihbx
`d Hâvhbxd f Âxib Hfkpzbc xèd gbhfpbx `f va wbxpd ~zdozbab aicipbz ~bzb hdkpzdcbz d Aé`id Dzifkpf+
D hdajbpf `dx FVB hdkpzb dx xfvx ikiaiodx dv ~dpfkhibix bcwdx ~zdadwf b f|ixpíkhib# î
fxhbcb avk`ibc# f vab ovfzzb bxxiaépzihb+
B bxxiafpzib aicipbz
Fxpf hdkhfipd zfxi`f kb d~dxiïèd `f `dix b`wfzxâzidx rvf `ix~öfa `f afidx f
hb~bhi`b`fx pdpbcafkpf `fxfrvicijzb`dx# xfk`d rvf d abix gzbhd pfa `f zfhdzzfz b
dvpzdx ~zdhfxxdx# f|~dk`d b xvb `fxiovbc b`f# ~bzb f|~cdzbz pd`bx bx wvckfzb !
jici`b`fx `d b`wfzxâzid# b gia `f ~d`fz xfz hdkpvk`fkpf+
Gdkpf= Zfcbpøzid Qbkvx# :>>6
@f hfzpb gdzab# dx bpfkpb`dx `f 22 `f Xfpfajzd `f :>>2 gdzba b abkigfxpbïèd abix
f|~zfxxiwb d ~d`fz bxxiaépzihd+
B B`aikixpzbïèd kdzpf!bafzihbkb fa :> `f Xfpfajzd `f :>>: ~vjcihdv va `dhvafkpd
`fgiki`dz `b *kdwb fxpzbpéoib kbhidkbc `f xfovzbkïb*+ Fxxb fxpzbpéoib# bcihfzïb`b kb
f|ixpíkhib `f vab gdzïb aicipbz xfa hda~bzbïèd# ~zdadwf b bvpd`fgfxb# b pápvcd
~zfwfkpiwd+ B~øx b i`fkpigihbïèd `b bafbïb iaikfkpf# b Baézihb ikpfzwizâ bkpfx afxad
rvf b bafbïb xf hdkhzfpi}f+
B ovfzzb ~zfwfkpiwb
Xf# ~bzb bpbhbz# fx~fzbzadx rvf b bafbïb xfmb wfz`b`fizbafkpf ~dxpb fa f|fhvïèd#
fkpèd pfadx fx~fzb`d `fabxib`d pfa~d+ @fwfadx cfwbz d hba~d `f jbpbclb ~bzb d
pfzzfkd `d ikiaiod# bkpfhi~bz dx xfvx ~cbkdx f xv~ziaiz b bafbïb bkpfx rvf d ikiaiod
~dxxb ~ð!cb fa ~zâpihb+
Gdkpf= Zbadkfp Iokbhid ,:>>8) ! D ia~ézid hdkpzb d czbrvf
D 22 `f Xfpfajzd gdi d gbhpdz `fpdkb`dz# bd xfz fkhbzb`d hdad b mvxpigihbïèd ~bzb dx FVB
f|~bk`izfa d xfv ~d`fz+ B ~zø~zib f|~bkxèd bxxvaf!xf hdad va fcfafkpd zfwfcb`dz `d
~d`fz fgfhpiwd `dx FVB f `b `igihvc`b`f `f zfcbïöfx pzbkxbpcêkpihbx f ikpfzfvzd~fibx#
kdafb`bafkpf kb rvfxpèd izbrvibkb+
^bzbcfcbafkpf bd *gbhpdz `fpdkb`dz*# d ~fkxbafkpd ýkihd# ~zfhdki}b`d ~fcb ~zd`vïèd
hb~ipbcixpb# mvxpigihb d bcbzobafkpd `d ~d`fz bd Aé`id Dzifkpf# kd xfkpi`d `f obzbkpiz b
*cdhdadïèd* `b aârvikb fhdkøaihb+
D bcbzobafkpd aicipbz$fhdkøaihd bd Aé`id Dzifkpf# kdafb`bafkpf bdx ~báxfx `d Odcgd#
bxxdhib!xf bd gbhpdz fxpzvpvzbc `f zirvf}b f `f ~d`fz# rvf d `daákid `d afzhb`d avk`ibc
`f ~fpzøcfd f oâx kbpvzbc zf~zfxfkpb fx~fhibcafkpf rvbk`d xf `f~fk`f# fa pfzadx
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fkfzoépihdx# `d afxad+
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B pfkpbpiwb gvk`bafkpbcixpb f `daikbïèd d Aé`id Dzifkpf hdkgzdkpb!xf hda jbzzfizbx zfcbhidkb`bx hda
b ikhb~bhi`b`f ~bzb ~zfwfz b ba~cipv`f `b zfxixpíkhib+ Fxpb zfxixpíkhib# pbc hdad b rvf bhdkpfhfv kd
Izbrvf# hldhdv hda dx ikpfzfxxfx hb~ipbcixpbx rvf xf iba fxjdïbk`d+
Hdad zfx~dxpb î bhïèd hb~ipbcixpb f kfdcijfzbc# ~zdadwi`b ~fcdx FVB# f xfovi`b ~dz pd`dx dx ~fzigézihdx
ocdjbci}b`dx# dx bhpdzfx bxxiaépzihdx kèd fxpbpbix ~zdcigfzba# fx~fhibcafkpf bx zf`fx pfzzdzixpbx+ Bx xvbx
adpiwbïöfx zfxvcpba `f vab `fpvz~bïèd `d ixcbaixad rvf ~zdwdhb ø`id bdx *ikgiéix*+ Bd zfmfipbz bx
zfozbx épihbx f ~zfwixáwfix# fciaikba b gzdkpfizb fkpzf b adpiwbïèd i`fdcøoihd!~dcápihb f b bxxdhibïèd
hziaikbc+
Fa hdkhcvxèd# xèd `dix dx adwiafkpdx ofdfxpzbpéoihdx rvf abzhba d avk`d bhpvbc+ ^dz va cb`d# b
ovfzzb avk`ibc hdkpzb d pfzzdz5 ~dz dvpzd# d mdod `f bhïöfx `f pfzzdz hdad hdajbpf b fxxb ovfzzb f î
lfofadkib fhdkøaihd!hvcpvzbc `d Dhi`fkpf+
Gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd
^dz wf}fx d hdkhfipd `f gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd é i`fkpigihb`d hda d gvk`bafkpbcixad ixcêaihd# abx
d ~ziafizd kèd xf zfxpzikof bd xfovk`d+ B~fxbz `f d gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd# fkrvbkpd `dvpzikb# xf
hfkpzbz kvab hdcfhpêkfb `dx zb ihbcixpbx kdzpf!bafzihbkdx `f hdkgixxöfx ~zdpfxpbkpfx# fa pfzadx
lixpøzihdx b Ikrvixiïèd ~zbpihb`b ~fcdx hbpøcihdx kb I`b`f Aé`ib bxxvaiv!xf hdad vab ~ziafizb gdzab `fgvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd+
D gvk`bafkpbcixad bhda~bklb b ~zø~zib Lixpøzib `b Lvabki`b`f# `fx`f b Ozéhib f b Zdab bkpiobx bpé
bdx kdxxdx `ibx+ Hdkpv`d# wfzigihbzba!xf bcovabx bcpfzbïöfx# kdafb`bafkpf kdx bcwdx ~zfgfzfkhibix# kbx
adpiwbïöfx f kdx aépd`dx+ D f|bhfzjbz `d –fv‑# fxrvfhfk`d rvf d dvpzd é va dvpzd fv# ~dz wf}fx bxxvaf
hdkpdzkdx widcfkpdx# hda zfhvzxd xixpfaâpihd î `fxpzviïèd+
Kd bhpvbc hfkâzid avk`ibc# d gvk`bafkpbcixad `f dziofa ixcêaihb obklb f|~zfxxèd f kdpdzif`b`f ~fcd
ia~bhpd bx xvbx abkigfxpbïöfx# kdafb`bafkpf d hbxd f bhpdx pfzzdzixpbx+D gfkøafkd `d pfzzdzixad `fx~dcfpdv bx bpfkïöfx `dx odwfzkdx+ Bhpvbcafkpf é bcwd `f bkâcixfx ziodzdxbx
`fx`f d ~fzgic ~xihdcøoihd `dx ik`iwá`vdx# ~bxxbk`d ~fcbx hzfkïbx zfcioidxbx f i`fdcøoihbx `dx ozv~dx# bpé
bdx odwfzkdx dv ~báxfx rvf ~bpzdhikba# b~diba# pzfikba f ~zdpfofa dzobki}bïöfx pfzzdzixpbx+
D gvk`bafkpbcixad xvihi`âzid ~zbpihb`d ~dz avïvcabkdx ~bzpf `b hdkwihïèd `f rvf d xfv ikiaiod é d
Dhi`fkpf# ~dzrvf fxpf xf jbxfib kvab ~fzx~fhpiwb abpfzibcixpb f ia~fzibcixpb+
D pfzad Ixcèd xiokigihb *xvjaixxèd b @fvx*# fpiadcdoihbafkpf hda zbá}fx kb ~bcbwzb xbiba dv ~b}+ B
fxxíkhib `d Ixcbaixad bhbjb ~dz xfz `ixpdzhi`b ~fcdx zb`ihbix rvf ~zbpihba bhpdx lf`idk`dx fa kdaf `d
Ixcèd+
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Xdj b éoi`f `b Milb`# dv ovfzzb xbkpb# ozv~dx f|pzfaixpbx adxpzba!xf fa~fklb`dx kvab cvpb ocdjbc
hdkpzb d ikiaiod# d Dhi`fkpf# pi`d hdad hdzzv~pd f d~zfxxdz+
Kd hfkâzid avk`ibc# avipdx xèd dx ozv~dx rvf cbkïba d pfzzdz ~bzb gvk`bafkpbz d xfv rvfzfz# d xfv
bhzf`ipbz# kdzabcafkpf zb`ihb`dx fa ~báxfx hda ~zf`daikêkhib zfcioidxb avïvcabkb+ Bcovkx ozv~dx#avcpigbhfpb`dx# ~bzbcfcbafkpf bdx ~zdozbabx ~dcápihdx f xdhibix# ~zdcigfzba hda b widcíkhib+
@b bhïèd `fxpfx ozv~dx `fxpbhb!xf b pfkpbpiwb `f ia~dz b pfdhzbhib fa pfzzbx avïvcabkbx f fciaikbz bx
ikgcvíkhibx *ia~vzbx* `d Dhi`fkpf+ Xfovk`d b HIB# b gbhf abix wixáwfc f adzpágfzb `fxpf ~zdhf`fz b~bzfhf
bxxdhib`b b Jik Cb`fk f î Bc!Rbf`b# hda hécvcbx i`fkpigihb`bx dv xvx~fipbx fa 7< ~báxfx ,gio+ 7)+
Gio+ 7 ‘ ^báxfx hda hécvcbx `b Bc!Rbf`b i`fkpigihb`bx dv xvx~fipbx+
^bzb bcéa `b f|pfkxèd avk`ibc `b zf`f BI!Dbf`b# d hciab `f bafbïb hdkxpbkpf ~zdwdhb va xfkpiafkpd
`f ikxfovzbkïb ofkfzbci}b`d# `izfhpbafkpf ~zd~dzhidkbc î ikhfzpf}b `d bhdkpfhiafkpd# kèd xø pfa~dzbc
hdad fx~bhibc+
D ab~b `d pfzzdz bcbzob!xf î fxhbcb avk`ibc# abx xfa~zf gdhbci}b`d kd hdajbpf bdx ikpfzfxxfx dhi`fkpbix#
d rvf zfxvcpb kvab ovfzzb bjfzpb xfa hba~d `f jbpbclb fx~fhágihd ,gio+ ?)+
Fxpb ik`fpfzaikbïèd `d –dk`f‑ ~zdwdhb kd hi`b`èd hdava d zfhfid `dx pfzzdzixpbx gbkpbxabx rvf fxpèd
fa pd`d d cb`d f fa cb`d kfklva+ B dvxb`ib hzfxhfkpf f b hzvfc`b`f xfa ciaipfx `d pfzzdz xèd dx abidzfx
`fxbgidx fkgzfkpb`dx ~fcd avk`d hiwici}b`d+
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Gio+ ? ‘ Dx ~zikhi~bix bpbrvfx pfzzdzixpbx `fx`f 2996 bpé Xfpfajzd `f :>>6+
Dx bpbrvfx cfwb`dx b hbjd fa Ab`zi`# b 22 `f Abzïd `f :>>0# ~dz va ozv~d hda zfcbïöfx î zf`f
Bc!Dbf`b xèd va f|fa~cd `f abkigfxpbïèd `d gvk`bafkpbcixad bpzbwéx `f ~zâpihbx pfzzdzixpbx+ Bcovkx
fx~fhibcixpbx hdkxi`fzba rvf fxpfx bpbrvfx xf zfcbhidkba hda vab wikobkïb ~fcb `fpfkïèd `f `f}fkbx `f
xvx~fipdx `b Bc!Dbf`b kd zfxhbc`d `d 22 `f Xfpfajzd# jfa hdad ~fcb ~bzpihi~bïèd `b Fx~bklb kb ovfzzb
hdkpzb d Izbrvf+
B~fxbz `b ba~cipv`f f zf~fzhvxxöfx `d bpfkpb`d `f 22 `f Abzïd# bx zfbhïöfx xdvjfzba `ixpikoviz d bhpd
ixdcb`d `f va ozv~d `f zb`ihbcixpbx `dx avïvcabkdx# fa ofzbc# rvf lbjipba fa Fx~bklb+
B Bc!Dbf`b ~dxxvi va ~b~fc ~zf~dk`fzbkpf kbx ~zâpihbx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx `f hbzâhpfz widcfkpd#
fxpbjfcfhfk`d hdkpbhpdx fxpzfipdx `f hdcbjdzbïèd hda dvpzdx ozv~dx rvf xf `fxpbhba pbajéa ~fcb
widcíkhib f|fzhi`b+
Dx zfjfc`fx phlfphlfkdx# kb xvb cvpb xf~bzbpixpb# pía hdkhzfpi}b`d `iwfzxdx bpbrvfx# ik`f~fk`fkpfafkpf
`bx zf~fzhvxxöfx rvf dx xfvx bhpdx ~d`fzèd bchbkïbz ,pbc hdad d ~fz~fpzb`d ~dz pfzzdzixpbx ixcêaihdx
phlfphlfkdx f âzbjfx fa Jfxcbk# kb Zýxxib)+
Dx zfx~dkxâwfix ~fcd bpbrvf fzba kb xvb abidzib phlfphlfkdx# aicipbkpfx xf~bzbpixpbx f bcovkx pfzzdzixpbx
âzbjfx# d rvf ik`ihib b f|ixpíkhib `f vab hdkf|èd hda b Bc!Dbf`b# f|pzbwbxbk`d b xvb zbi} kbhidkbcixpb+
D gvk`bafkpbcixad zfcioidxd ,abkigfxpb`d fa bpbrvfx pfzzdzixpbx) vcpzb~bxxb dx ciaipfx `b zbhidkbc i`b`f
lvabkb+ Kfxpb zf`f ikpzikhb`b `f cfoipiabïöfx f mvxpigihbïöfx# b zfcioièd `fxfa~fklb va ~b~fc hfkpzbc+
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B hfkpzbci`b`f `b zfcioièd `fhdzzf `b xvb ia~dzpêkhib fkrvbkpd `iafkxèd b rvf dx ~dwdx xf *bobzzba*
~bzb hdkpzbzibzfa b vkigdzai}bïèd fhdkøaihb f hvcpvzbc+
B zfcioièd# gbhpdz `f i`fkpi`b`f
B zfcioièd é va zfxfzwbpøzid `f i`fkpi`b`f# bpfxpbk`d vab fx~fhigihi`b`f# vab lixpøzib f# ~dz ixxd# vab
afaøzib f vab xdci`bzif`b`f+ Xfz ~brvixpbkíx é xfz avïvcabkd# xfz pbicbk`íx é xfz jv`ixpb5 xfz
bxxázid!hbc`fv é xfz hzixpèd+
Gdkpf= Bpcbx `b ocdjbci}bïèd# :>>8
Zfhdklfhi`d f i`fkpigihb`d d ~d`fz `f zfbgizabïèd i`fkpipâzid `b zfcioièd# b fxgfzb ~dcápihb f|fzhf vab
pfkpbpiwb `f b ikxpzvafkpbci}bz+ Bx ovfzzbx `f zfcioièd xèd d fx~fcld `bx ovfzzbx ~dcápihbx+
Fkpzf d jbcbkïd f kdwbx f|~zfxxöfx
D bhpvbc hfkâzid avk`ibc é `daikb`d ~dz `dix *bhpdzfx*# rvf xf bxxvafa hdad hdajbpfkpfx `d fi|d `d
abc+ B ~zikhi~bc rvfxpèd é rvf hb`b va `fxxfx bhpdzfx zfiwik`ihb b ~zâpihb `d *jfa* ~bzb hdajbpfz d
dvpzd+
^dz va cb`d# dx FVB mvxpigihba bx xvbx ikpfzwfkïöfx hdad zfx~dxpb î bafbïb `d pfzzdzixad5 ~dz dvpzd# dx
adwiafkpdx zb`ihbix avïvcabkdx ~zbpihba bhpdx pfzzdzixpbx b gia `f fxpbkhbz d `daákid hb~ipbcixpb
~zdadwi`d ~fcdx FVB+ ^bzbcfcbafkpf bd gbhpd `f xf *bciafkpbzfa* zfhi~zdhbafkpf# fxpfx `dix pi~dx `f
gvk`bafkpbcixad `daikba bx bpfkïöfx avk`ibix+ Kfxpf af`ibpixad hdf|ixpfa avipbx dvpzbx
abkigfxpbïöfx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx+
D gvk`bafkpbcixad wfz`f bxxvaf!xf hdad va adwiafkpd `f `fxcfoipiabïèd# kb af`i`b fa rvf
rvfxpidkb b fwdcvïèd hiwici}bhidkbc# ~zdadwfk`d bcod dzioikâzid# fcfafkpbz+ D dzioikâzid kèd xèd bx zbïbx
lvabkbx# abx xia bx fx~éhifx kbpvzbix `b Pfzzb f bx xvbx hdk`iïöfx kbpvzbix `f xdjzfwiwíkhib+ Fxpf
adwiafkpd obklb gdzïb f kdpdzif`b`f# kb af i`b fa rvf d xixpfab hb~ipbcixpb ~öf fa hbvxb b
xvxpfkpbjici`b`f# bd `fozb`bz xvhfxxiwbafkpf bx hdk`iïöfx kbpvzbix `f wi`b+
Fa hdkhcvxèd# kb xdhif`b`f zfgcfhpfa!xf wâzibx abkigfxpbïöfx gvk`bafkpbcixpbx# fa `daákidx pèd
`iwfzxdx hdad b fhdkdaib# b zfcioièd f d bajifkpf+ B~fxbz `fxxb `iwfzxi`b`f# d xfv fi|d fxpzvpvzbkpf é
rvf pd`bx fcbx xf hdkxi`fzba ~dxxvi`dzbx `b wfz`b`f f `f cfoipiai`b`f# afxad rvf b ia~dxiïèd bd
dvpzd bxxvab va hbzâhpfz widcfkpd+
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Bx ovfzzbx `b âovb
Dx zfhvzxdx kbpvzbix pbajéa ~d`fa fxpbz kb dziofa `f hdkgcipvbci`b`fx+ Rvbk`d va zfhvzxd é wbcidxd
,~fpzøcfd# dvzd# `ibabkpfx# fph+) dv fxxfkhibc ~bzb b xdjzfwiwíkhib# b *cvpb* ~dz fcf ~d`f `fofkfzbz fa
hdkgcipdx+ B âovb é fxxfkhibc î xdjzfwiwíkhib f xiavcpbkfbafkpf fxhbxxb fa bcovabx âzfbx `d Ocdjd !
fxpèd# ~dix# hdkmvob`bx `vbx zb}öfx ~bzb rvf fxpf jfa ~dxxb xfz gdkpf `f `ixhøz`ib# `f pfkxèd dv afxad
`f ovfzzb+
B Pfzzb é d *~cbkfpb b}vc*# `daákid `b âovb+ Hdkpv`d# fxpb *~zfhidxb* xvjxpêkhib kèd fxpâ iovbcafkpf
zf~bzpi`b ~dz pd`d d Ocdjd# kfa pfa iovbc rvbci`b`f fa pd`bx bx cbpipv`fx f cdkoipv`fx# xfk`d afxad
avipd fxhbxxb ,fa rvbkpi`b`f f rvbci`b`f) fa wâzibx âzfbx `d ~cbkfpb+ F|ixpfa hdkgcipdx# rvfz kb ofxpèd
`bx âovbx xbcob`bx ,abzfx f dhfbkdx)# rvfz kd bhfxxd f kb ofx pèd `bx âovbx `dhfx ,ocbhibzfx# zidx# âovbx
xvjpfzzêkfbx)+ ^dzrvf fxpbx xèd bx abix `izfhpbafkpf zfrvfzi`bx ~fcd Ldafa f ~dzrvf f|ixpf fgfhpiwb
hbzíkhib fa bcovabx âzfbx# fxpèd kb dziofa `f wâzidx hdkgcipdx zfoidkbix+
Hdkgcipdx bxxdhib`dx î ~bzpiclb f ofxpèd `bx jbhibx li`zdozâgihbx
Kdx hdkgcipdx zfcbhidkb`dx hda bx âovbx xv~fzgihibix `fxpbhba!xf dx rvf dhdzzfa fa xipvbïöfx `f âovbx
~bzpiclb`bx f# ~zikhi~bcafkpf# rvbk`d b fxhbxxf}é
bhfkpvb`b+ Xèd avipd kvafzdxdx dx zidxikpfzkbhidkbix+
Kýafzdx ia~zfxxidkbkpfx
F|ixpfa bhpvbcafkpf :78 zidx rvf bpzbwfxxba dv `fabzhba bx gzdkpfizbx ~dcápihbx `f `dix dv abix
~báxfx+ Fa pfzadx ofdozâgihdx# b Fvzd~b ~dxxvi d abidz kýafzd `f jbhibx ikpfzkbhidkbix ,79)# xfovi`b
`f Âgzihb ,69)# Âxib ,6?)# Baézihb `d Kdzpf ,0>) f Baézihb `d Xvc ,:<)+ Bx :78 jbhibx li`zdozâgihbx
ikpfzkbhidkbix hdjzfa rvbxf afpb`f `b xv~fzgáhif pfzzfxpzf `d ~cbkfpb# bgfhpba hfzhb `f 0>& `b
~d~vcbïèd avk ibc f zf~zfxfkpba b~zd|iab`bafkpf 7>& `d hbv`bc ocdjbc `dx zidx+ , +++ ) Bx jbhibx
ikpfzkbhidkbix xèd ~bzpiclb`bx ~dz 206 kbïöfx+
Gdkpf= Xdzdafkld! Abzrvfx ,:>>8) ! D `fxbgid `b âovb kd xéhvcd \\I# ~+ 2<<
Dx zidx ikpfzkbhidkbix hdcdhba# ~dz wf}fx# ~zdjcfabx kb `fabzhbïèd gzdkpfiziïb= b gzdkpfizb fxpbjfcfhf!xf
xfovk`d b ciklb `d pbcwfovf dv xfovk`d bx abzofkx ,`izfipb f fxrvfz`b)4 Fa rvbcrvfz `dx hbxdx# hdad xf
gb} d vxvgzvpd `b âovb kvab rvbcrvfz xfhïèd `d zid ~fcbx zfoiöfx `bx abzofkx fxrvfz`b f `izfipb#zfx~fhpiwbafkpf4
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^dz dvpzd cb`d# xvzofa gzfrvfkpfafkpf xipvbïöfx pfkxbx dv afxad cipioidxbx# gzvpd `b zfcbïèd hda d rvf
xf ~bxxb b adkpbkpf `b gzdkpfizb ! rvfxpöfx `f zfpfkïèd f|hfxxiwb dv `f ~dcviïèd `bx âovbx ~d`fa pfz
zf~fzhvxxöfx kfgbxpbx kd,x) ~báx,fx) b mvxbkpf+
Xfa~zf rvf b ~bzpiclb `b âovb# pfk`d fa hdkpb b zfcbïèd fkpzf b ~zdhvzb f b dgfzpb ,fa rvbkpi`b`f f
rvbci`b`f)# é `fxgbwdzâwfc b vab `bx ~bzpfx# fxpèd hzib`bx hdk`iïöfx ~bzb xf ikxpbcbz va hdkgcipd ,gio+ <)+
Gio+ < ‘ B dziofa f b zfxdcvïèd `f hdkgcipdx lá`zihdx+
@dx wbzib`áxxiadx zidx ikpfzkbhidkbix# dx rvf hdcdhba# î ~bzpi b# abidzfx ~zdjcfabx xèd dx rvf
~fzhdzzfa âzfbx `f hfzpb bzi f} ! Bav`âzib f Xiz âzib ,g i o +9)# Kicd# Piozf f Fvgzbpfx# Mdz`èd# fph+ Kd
fkpbkpd# pbajéa dx rvf xf ikxfzfa fa âzfbx hda f|hfxxd `f ~zfhi~ipbhèd ,f hdkxfrvfkpfafkpf `f
hbv`bix) kvab é~dhb `d bkd ~d`fa xfz ofzb`dzfx `f pfkxöfx ,Obkofx f Jzbab~vpzb# fph+)+
Gio+ 9 ‘ Bx jbhibx `dx zidx Bav`âzib f Xiz`âzib+
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Xf bpfk`fzadx îx hbzbhpfzáxpihbx hciaâpihbx `fxpb zfoièd ,gio+2>)#bd wdcvaf `f âovb `ix~dkáwfc ~fz hb~ipb
f îx hbzbhpfzáxpihbx `b bozihvcpvzb izziob`b# gbhicafkpf xf hda~zffk`fzâ b ia~dzpêkhib hzvhibc rvf b âovb
bxxvaf kfxpb zfoièd+
Gio+ 2> ‘ Dx ~zdjcfabx bajifkpbix kdx ~báxfx `b Âxib Hfkpzbc+
^bzb vab afcldz hda~zffkxèd `b *rvfxpèd `b âovb* kbx jbhibx li`zdozâgihbx `dx zidx Bav`âzib f
Xiz`âzib xfzâ kfhfxxâzid pfz fa ciklb `f hdkpb bx~fhpdx `f kbpvzf}b ~dcápihb# fhdkøaihb f xdhibc+ Fxpbadx
~fzbkpf kdwdx fxpb`dx fafzofkpfx# kb Âxib Hfkpzbc# abzhb`dx ~dz pfkxöfx épkihbx# ~dz hzixfx ~dcápihbx f
xdhibix+ Fxpèd fa ~zdhfxxd `f pzbkxgdzabïèd ~bzb vab fhdkdaib `f afzhb`d# xfk`d b bozihvcpvzb va
xfhpdz gvk`bafkpbc dk`f xf zfhdzzf b xixpfabx `f izziobïèd fa ozbk`f fxhbcb+
B fxpfx `b`dx é kfhfxxâzid bhzfxhfkpbz dvpzdx bx~fhpdx `f kbpvzf}b bajifkpbc ,gio+ 2>)+
B gdzab hdad b âovb é vpici}b`b ~fcdx `igfzfkpfx fxpb`dx gdi# f hdkpikvb b xfz# b zb}èd `d hdkgcipd+
D Pbmirvixpèd# Fxpb`d xipvb`d b adkpbkpf# wbcdzi}dv b xvb ~zd`vïèd li`zdfcéhpzihb bpzbwéx `b hdkxpzvïèd
`b jbzzbofa `f Kvzfe# rvf bcpfzdv d zfoiaf `d zid Bav`âzib# dzioikbk`d vab hfzpb *~fkýzib* `f âovb kd
Wfzèd f hlfibx bzpigihibix kd Ikwfzkd+ Fxpb xipvbïèd hdcdhb fa ~fziod pd`b b ~zâpihb `b bozihvcpvzb izziob`b
kdx fxpb`dx xipvb`dx b mvxbkpf+
Afxad kdx ~báxfx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf b bozihvcpvzb izziob`b hdkpikvb b xfz vab gdkpf `f cipáoid `b`d rvf
fxpfx xfa~zf xf b~zfxfkpbzba hda vab gdzpf pzb`iïèd li`zâvcihb f ofzizba# b xfv gbwdz# b abidz ~bzpf `bxzfxfzwbx+ D rvf xdjzb ~bzb dx dvpzdx ~báxfx xèd hbv`bix hb`b wf} abix zf`v}i`dx f izzfovcbzfx+
B hvzpd ~zb}d# fxpb ~zâpihb ~d`fzâ ~ðz fa hbvxb dx ~fzáafpzdx izziob`dx b mvxbkpf `d zid Xfzbwxlbk f `d
hbkbc Ebzbedzba+ D gvkhidkbafkpd f b f|ixpíkhib `fxpfx *hbkbix* gcvwibix ~d`fzèd fxpbz afxad fa
~fziod# `b`d rvf d Pvzrvfafkixpèd f d Vxjfrvixpèd zffkwi`ihba va bvafkpd xv~cfafkpbz `dx hbv`bix
`dx zidx Bav`âzib f Xiz`âzib# ~dz gdzab b fcfwbz d káwfc `bx âovbx `d abz `f Bzbc+
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Kfxpb zfoièd b rvfxpèd ~dcápihb hdkpikvbzâ b abzhbz bx pfkxöfx xdjzf d vxd `b âovb+
Fkrvbkpd fxpb `v~cb jbhib fxpfwf xdj ofxpèd `b VZXX# b `ixpzijviïèd `bx âovbx gdi abix iovbcipâzib+
Bhpvbcafkpf# hda b ik`f~fk`íkhib `fxpfx fxpb`dx# dx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf ~bxxbzba b f|fzhfz abidz
hdkpzdcd xdjzf bx âovbx# hdcdhbk`d dx fxpb`dx `f mvxbkpf fa xipvbïèd `fxgbwdzâwfc+
Kd Foi~pd b *cvpb* ~fcb âovb bxxvaf vab ia~dzpêkhib wipbc `b`d rvf 9<& `d xfv pfzzipøzid é dhv~b`d
~fcd fxfzpd+
D Foi~pd# va `da `d Kicd+ Fxpb bxxdhibïèd `d Kicd bd Foi~pd é aicfkbz f b rvfxpèd `dx *`izfipdx
b`rvizi`dx* xdjzf d vxd `bx xvbx âovbx xø xf wfid b hdcdhbz kdx bkdx 8> `d xéhvcd ~bxxb`d+
D ~zdjcfab `b zf~bzpiïèd `bx âovbx `d Kicd xvzoiv b ~bzpiz `f 29:9# bcpvzb fa rvf dx ikocfxfx ikihibzba b
hvcpvzb `d bcod`èd kd Xv`èd f ia~vxfzba b xfovikpf `iwixèd `f âovb= 0 ea8
~bzb d Xv`èd f 0< ea8
~bzb dFoi~pd ,gio+ 22)+
Gio+ 22 ‘ B zf`f li`zdozâgihb `d zid Kicd+
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Fa 2969# hda b ik`f~fk`íkhib `d Xv`èd# gdi zfwixpb b bkpfzidz `iwixèd `b âovb# ~bxxbk`d b xfz `f 66#6
ea8 ~bzb d Foi~pd f 2<#6 ea8 ~bzb d Xv`èd+
Rvbc b ~dxiïèd dx dvpzdx fxpb`dx zijfizikldx4
Bx ~dxxáwfix djmfhïöfx `dx fxpb`dx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf kèd gdzba pi`bx fa hdkpb+ Gdi kfxpf hdkpf|pd rvf
b Fpiø~ib gf} xbjfz rvf hdkxi`fzbwb kvcd d *bhdz`d* `f 2969+ D hdkgcipd fxpbwb ikxpbcb`d+
D Foi~pd# ~fzbkpf fxpf hfkâzid# `fhi`iv hdkxpzviz b jbzzbofa `f Bxxvèd rvf clf ~fzaipizib kèd xø
xv~cbkpbz d `icfab `b gbcpb `f âovb hdad pbajéa hdkrvixpbz pfzzbx bd `fxfzpd+ Abx# bhiab `f pv`d# fzb
vab pfkpbpiwb ~bzb xf cijfzpbz `b hlbkpbofa f|fzhi`b ~fcdx ~báxfx xipvb`dx b adkpbkpf+
D Xv`èd# kvab xipvbïèd `f hda~zdaixxd hda d Foi~pd# hdkxpzviv b jbzzbofa `f Zdxfizfx ,gio+2:)+ Gdi
*~zdmfhpb`b* pbajéa b hdkxpzvïèd `d hbkbc `f Mdkocfi ,~zdmfhpd kèd hdkhcvá`d)# `fxpikb`d î izziobïèd f î
~zd`vïèd f fkfzoib li`zdfcéhpzihb ~bzb bajdx dx ~báxfx ,gio+2:)+
Hda b wbob `f ik`f~fk`íkhibx `dx bkdx 7># b cvpb ~fcb âovb pdzkdv!xf vab rvfxpèd `f xdjzfwiwíkhib f `f
`fxfkwdcwiafkpd= d zâ~i`d hzfxhiafkpd `fadozâgihd# b ~djzf}b f|pzfab# dx adwiafkpdx gdzïb`dx `b
~d~vcbïèd# bx xipvbïöfx `f ovfzzb hiwic# b ikxpbjici`b`f ~dcápihb f bx pfkxöfx épkihbx rvf xf wiwfa fa
bcovkx ~báxfx `b jbhib `d Kicd b~dkpba ~bzb zfcbïöfx `f ozbk`f hdkgcipd rvf ~d`fzèd xfz f|bhfzjb`bx xf
piwfzadx fa hdkpb dx ák`ihfx `f wvckfzbjici`b`f lá`zihb ,zfcbïèd dgfzpb$~zdhvzb# `ix~dkijici`b`f ~fz
hb~ipb f `f~fk`íkhib f|pfzkb) ,`df+2:)+
Gio+ 2: ‘ Bx~fhpdx lá`zihdx kdx ~báxfx `b jbhib `d Kicd fa :>>2+
D zid Obkofx kbxhf kdx Liabcbibx f `fxbovb kb jbáb `f Jfkobcb xdj b gdzab `f va f|pfkxd `fcpb+
Xf é wfz`b`f rvf b jbhib li`zdozâgihb `d zid Obkofx ,gio+ 28) é vab `bx abidzfx `d avk`d# kèd é `f
xdafkdx ia~dzpêkhib d gbhpd `f fcb xfz hdkxi`fzb`b vab `bx âzfbx hda abidz `fkxi`b`f `fadozâgihb bkáwfc avk`ibc+
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Gio+ 28 ‘ B jbhib `d Obkofx f `d Jbab~vpzb+
D zid bpzbwfxxb wbxpbx âzfbx vzjbkbx f ikpfkxbafkpf ~dwdb`bx+ Fxpf gbhpd zfwfxpf!xf `f ~bzpihvcbz
ia~dzpêkhib `b`d rvf vab jdb ~bzpf `fxpf *gdzaiovfizd lvabkd* `f~fk`f `bx âovbx `d zid Obkofx#
~dcvik`d!d f vab gdzab hbpbxpzøgihb+
Xf xf bpfk`fz b rvf xø b ák`ib zfoixpb# ~dz bkd# abix `f 2< aiclöfx `f kbxhiafkpdx# hda~zffk`fz!xf!â
afcldz hdad b cvpb ~fcb âovb# afxad fa zfoiöfx `f zfcbpiwb bjvk`êkhib# ~d`fzâ bciafkpbz hdkgcipdx+
B hzibïèd `f ob`d f b bozihvcpvzb fa~zfoba rvbxf <>& `d pdpbc `b ~d~vcbïèd fa bcovkx ~báxfx `b jbhib+
Lâ rvf bxxikbcbz bik`b d ozbk`f ~dpfkhibc li`zdfcéhpzihd `d zid Obkofx# rvf clf hdkgfzf vab fkdzaf
ia~dzpêkhib fhdkøaihb f é# bd afxad pfa~d# hbvxb `f `ixhøz`ib+
B ozbk`f gdkpf `f pfkxèd xvzoiv kd adafkpd fa rvf b ák`ib# fa 2972# `fhi`iv hdkxpzviz b jbzzbofa `f
Gbzbeeb# b adkpbkpf `b gzdkpfizb hda d Jbkocb`fxl+
B ~bzpiz `fxpb `bpb# d Jbkocb`fxl kèd hfxxdv `f ~zdpfxpbz ~dz hdkxi`fzbz rvf brvfcb djzb `f fkofklbzib
li`zâvcihb ~zdwdhbwb ozbwfx `bkdx kb bozihvcpvzb# kb ik`ýxpzib f kb fhdcdoib `d ~báx+D afxad ~zdmfhpd lá`zihd ikhcváb b hdkxpzvïèd `f va hbkbc `f 8< ea `f hda~ziafkpd rvf `fxwibzib b
âovb `b jbzzbofa `f Gbzbeeb ~bzb d zid Lddolcy # `fi|bk`d d Jbkocb`fxl xfa âovb xvgihifkpf kfa ~bzb
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