Formação e Formação e Independência dos Independência dos Estados Unidos da Estados Unidos da

AméricaAméricaReniê Ávila

Treze colônias Treze colônias Inglaterra de Jaime I – Perseguidor dos Inglaterra de Jaime I – Perseguidor dos

puritanos – sec. XVIIpuritanos – sec. XVII Viagem do Mayflower 1620Viagem do Mayflower 1620 Primeiros colonos – “Primeiros colonos – “Pilgrim fathers”Pilgrim fathers” Política do Política do selfself governmentgovernment – –

administração local pelos próprios administração local pelos próprios colonos, que estabeleciam suas colonos, que estabeleciam suas próprias leis, normas. Com a mínima próprias leis, normas. Com a mínima interferência da metrópole (Inglaterra)interferência da metrópole (Inglaterra)

PactoPacto ColonialColonial menos rígido. menos rígido.

Modelos de colôniasModelos de colônias Colônia deColônia de povoamentopovoamento, ao , ao nortenorte: :

MinifúndioMinifúndio

Trabalho livre – assalariadoTrabalho livre – assalariado

PoliculturasPoliculturas

Produção para o mercado interno Produção para o mercado interno (nascente industrialização) (nascente industrialização)

ColôniasColônias dede exploraçãoexploração, ao , ao sulsul::

Latifúndio – grande propriedade ruralLatifúndio – grande propriedade rural

Monocultura Monocultura

Produção voltada para exportaçãoProdução voltada para exportação

Mão-de-obra escrava Mão-de-obra escrava

Crise econômica inglesa provocada Crise econômica inglesa provocada pela guerra entre França e Inglaterra pela guerra entre França e Inglaterra – Guerra dos Sete Anos (1756-1763)– Guerra dos Sete Anos (1756-1763)

Endurecimento do pacto colonialEndurecimento do pacto colonial

Aumento da exploração da coroa Aumento da exploração da coroa inglesa sobre os colonos na América inglesa sobre os colonos na América

Criação de novas leis inglesas = Criação de novas leis inglesas = aumento dos impostosaumento dos impostos

LeiLei dodo açúcaraçúcar - cobrança de - cobrança de impostos sobre o açúcar não impostos sobre o açúcar não produzido pelas colônias inglesasproduzido pelas colônias inglesas

Lei do seloLei do selo – todos os impresso – todos os impresso deveriam ser selados com selos deveriam ser selados com selos vendidos pela coletoria metropolitana vendidos pela coletoria metropolitana – livros, jornais panfletos, documentos – livros, jornais panfletos, documentos etc.etc.

LeiLei do aquartelamentodo aquartelamento – obrigação – obrigação de fornecer alojamento para as de fornecer alojamento para as tropas inglesastropas inglesas

LeiLei dodo cháchá – controle da importação – controle da importação do chá pela coroa inglesa.do chá pela coroa inglesa.

IluminismoIluminismo defendia o liberalismo defendia o liberalismo político e econômico – contra os político e econômico – contra os abusos do Antigo Regimeabusos do Antigo Regime

Revolução Americana Revolução Americana – – movimento burguêsmovimento burguês

King James I

Landing of the Pilgrim Father Engraved by W H Simmons after a picture by Charles Lucy.

The Departure of The Pilgrim Fathers from Plymouth 1620

http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/History/voyage3.php

http://www.mayflowerhistory.com/History/voyage3.php

Mayflower replica

Protestant pilgrims are shown on the deck of the ship Speedwell before their departure for the New World from Delft Haven, Holland, on July 22, 1620. William Brewster, holding the Bible, and pastor John Robinson lead Governor Carver, William Bradford, Miles Standish, and their families in prayer. Robert W. Weir (1803–1890) had studied art in Italy and taught art at the military academy at West Point.

Year Population

1625 1,980

1641 50,000

1688 200,000

1702 270,000

1715 434,600

1749 1,046,000

1754 1,485,634

1765 2,240,000

1775 2,418,000

http://sdpb.sd.gov/EducationalServicesGuide/etvprograms/pdf/18thMaps/02%20Orig%2013%20British%20Colonies.jpg

The Indian “Towne of Pomeiock.” Watercolor drawing by John White, 1585.

Algonquin: village of Pomeiock

Hand-colored version of Theodor de Bry’s engraving of the American Indian town of Pomeiooc. De Bry’s engraving, “The Towne of Pomeiooc,” was originally published as an illustration in Thomas Hariot’s 1588 book A Briefe and True Report of the New Found Land of Virginia.

American Indian Tribes

PocahontasGravura de:Simon Van de Pass, 1616

Painting depicting the marriage ceremony of British colonist John Rolfe (1585 - 1622) to Native American Pocahontas (1595 - 1617), the daughter of Chief Powhatan of the Algonquian tribe, in 1614. After a painting by Henry Brueckner, circa 1855. (Kean Collection/Getty Images)

POCAHONTAS, POWHATAN AND OPECHANCANOUGH, Three Indian Lives Changed by JamestownAuthor: Helen C. Rountree

Relates the story of early seventeenth-century Virginia from the point of view of the Native Americans. Powhatan and his daughter are better known in history than his younger brother(or half-brother) who captured John Smith. The story only lightly touches on the fact that Opechancanough and possibly Powhatan were part Spanish. The author does not mention that Openchancanough, whose Indian name meant " He who has a white man's soul" might have been educated by the Jesuits from a nearby Spanish mission named Ajacan and educated in Spain and Mexico. This requires further study but,nontheless, the book sheds more light on this highly influential and interesting Native American family. Illustrated. Charlottsville, 2005 University of Virginia Press 1st Ed., 6 x 9, 292 Pgs., HB.

Pocahontas by Unknown after an unidentified artist, English School, after the 1616 engraving by

Simon van de Passe (1595 ca.-1647)

Pocahontas memorial, Gravesend (cidade inglesa onde morreu em 1617).Pocahontas, esposa do inglês John Rolfe

http://fredmarkers.umwblogs.org/2008/03/12/kidnapping-of-pocahontas-e-48

/

"The First Thanksgiving at Plymouth" By Jennie A. Brownscombe. (1914)

Jamestown - Virginia 1650

Primeiros anos na colônia

Valley Forge National Historical Park

A classic saltbox type house, outside of Concord, MA

Colonial Williamsburg  www.history.org/almanack/places/hb/hbpal.cfm

Os colonos ingleses da América Os colonos ingleses da América defendiam o seguinte princípio: defendiam o seguinte princípio:

““Sem representação não deve Sem representação não deve haver taxação”haver taxação”

Leis editadas por Charles Townshend Leis editadas por Charles Townshend em 1767 acirram a crise entre em 1767 acirram a crise entre metrópole e colôniametrópole e colônia

Festa do CháFesta do Chá de Bostonde Boston – ataque – ataque da carga de chá importado e da carga de chá importado e tributado pela coroa inglesa. Os tributado pela coroa inglesa. Os colonos destroem a carga do navio colonos destroem a carga do navio ancorado no porto de Bostonancorado no porto de Boston

Congressos da Filadélfia 1774 e 1775 – Congressos da Filadélfia 1774 e 1775 – reunião dos colonos em busca de reunião dos colonos em busca de solução contra os abusos do rei da solução contra os abusos do rei da Inglaterra.Inglaterra.

A solução encontrada pelos colonos foi A solução encontrada pelos colonos foi a separação da colônia = a separação da colônia = Independência – 4 de julho de 1776Independência – 4 de julho de 1776

Guerra com a Inglaterra até 1781 , Guerra com a Inglaterra até 1781 , quando há o reconhecimento da quando há o reconhecimento da independência por parte da Inglaterra independência por parte da Inglaterra (1783)(1783)

Surgimento dos Estados Unidos da Surgimento dos Estados Unidos da AméricaAmérica

This  iconic 1846 lithograph by Nathaniel Currier was entitled "The Destruction of Tea at Boston Harbor"; the phrase "Boston Tea Party" had not yet become standard. Contrary to Currier's depiction, few of the men dumping the tea were actually disguised as American Indians.

W.D. Cooper. "Boston Tea Party.", The History of North America. London: E. Newberry, 1789.

Prayer at the Continental Congress - Jacob Duche’ was born JANUARY 31, 1738. Chaplain Jacob Duch leads the first prayer at the First Continental Congress in Carpenters’ Hall, Philadelphia, in September 1774

Infantry of the Continental Army.

“Washington at Valley Forge”. Painting by Edward P. Moran

 "The Prayer at Valley Forge" by Arnold Friberg, 1775

Valley Forge National Historical Park

Cannons in Valley Forge

George Washington By Charles Willson Peale Oil on canvas, 915/8" x 583/8", 1779

Soldiers marching at Mount Vernon on Independence Day

Yorktown Battlefield, Colonial National Historic Park, Virginia

Yorktown Battlefield, Colonial National Historic Park, Virginia

Surrender (rendição inglesa) at Yorktown -With French Assistance

Marquis de Lafayette

The British Surrender at Yorktown 19th October 1781

Map of the Battle of Yorktown

Surrender of Cornwallis at Yorktownby John Trumbull, depicting the British surrendering to French (left) and American (right) troops. Oil on canvas, 1820.

Washington, Lafayette & Tilghman at Yorktown

Charles Willson Peale (1741-1827) 1784 Oil on canvas Signed lower left: "C.W.Peale pinxt 1782"

King George III by Sir William Beechey

National Portrait Gallery, London

John Trumbull’s painting Surrender of General Burgoyne was commissioned in 1817. The painting depicts the surrender of British General Burgoyne to the Continental Army at Saratoga, New York, in 1777

http://publiusthegeek.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/thomas_paine.jpg

Thomas Paine, autor do panfleto “Senso comum” que incentivava a separação das colônias inglesas na América, da Inglaterra.

Congress Voting Independence, a depiction of the Second Continental Congress voting on the United States Declaration of Independence. Oil on canvas. 1776 -"Edward Savage and/or Robert Edge Pine" - Historical Society of Pennsylvania

Drafted by Thomas Jefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776, as authorized by the Continental Congress, July 2, 1776 with minor revisions and released publicly on July 4, 1776.

This is a high-resolution image of the United States Declaration of Independence (article | text). This image is a version of the 1823 William Stone facsimile — Stone may well have used a wet pressing process (that removed ink from the original document onto a contact sheet for the purpose of making the engraving).

Thomas JeffersonTh. Jefferson, photomechanical print, created/published [between 1890 and 1940(?)]. Library of Congress, Prints and Photographs Division, Presidential File. Reproduction Number: LC-USZC4-2474. This print is a reproduction of the 1805 Rembrandt Peale painting of Thomas Jefferson held by

the New-York Historical Society.

Thomas Jefferson, the principal author of the Declaration, argued that Parliament was a foreign legislature that was unconstitutionally trying to extend its sovereignty into the colonies.

Johannes Adam Simon Oertel. Pulling Down the Statue of King George III, N.Y.C., ca. 1859. The painting is a romantic version of events painted decades after the fact, and includes a number of historical inaccuracies, including portraying the subject of the sculpture in contemporary garb, as well as placing women and children at the scene.

Declaração de Independência dos Estados unidos da America. f

...”Consideramos estas verdades como evidentes por si mesmas, que todos os homens foram criados iguais, foram dotados pelo Criador de certos direitos inalienáveis, que entre estes estão a vida, a liberdade e a busca da felicidade.

Que a fim de assegurar esses direitos, governos são instituídos entre os homens, derivando seus justos poderes do consentimento dos governados; que, sempre que qualquer forma de governo se torne destrutiva de tais fins, cabe ao povo o direito de alterá-la ou aboli-la e instituir novo governo, baseando-o em tais princípios e organizando-lhe os poderes pela forma que lhe pareça mais conveniente para realizar-lhe a segurança e a felicidade”...

http://www.embaixada-americana.org.br/index.php?action=materia&id=645&submenu=106&itemmenu=110

Signing the Preliminary Treaty of Peace at Paris, November 30, 1782. John Jay and Benjamin Franklin standing at the left.

Tratado de Paris 1783 Reconhecimento dos EUA pela Inglaterra

Washington Resigning His Commission, 1783

After the Treaty of Paris, General George Washington presented his resignation to Congress, meeting in Annapolis, Maryland on December 23, 1783. This is rough engraving, not the more famous painting by John Trumbull that is displayed in the Rotunda of the U.S. Capitol.

1783 George Washington's resignation as commander in chief at the State House in Annapolis – 1858 Artist: Edwin White (1817-1877)

This is a wonderful illustration showing Betsy Ross and two girls presenting the first American Flag to George Washington. This flag has 13 stripes, and 13 stars, arranged in a circular pattern. This is a lovely image of this important point in American History.

Ex-colônia – uma grande Ex-colônia – uma grande nação nação

Constituição de 1787 – Republicanismo federalista

Federalismo- separação entre Estados e União (EUA como país). Os estados (unidades da Federação) possuem algumas leis que são somente estaduais; Possuindo uma relativa independência

A Constituição americana está fundamentada em princípios que respeitam e valorizam a liberdade do indivíduo.

Imigração – Terra da liberdade “Dai-me os seus fatigados, os seus

pobres,As suas massas encurraladas ansiosas por respirar liberdadeO miserável refugo das suas costas apinhadas.Mandai-me os sem abrigo, os arremessados pelas tempestades,Pois eu ergo o meu farol junto ao portal dourado...” Emma Lazarus

Marcha para o Oeste – expansionismo Fatores do expansionismo: *Descoberta do ouro na Califórnia;*Tomada terras dos índios à oeste do

Mississipi *Chegada de imigrantes – Incentivo a

imigração*Investimento em ferrovias. Destino Manifesto – Deus escolheu os

americanos para ocupar e civilizar a América

Wasp - White Anglo-Saxon Protestant

Mecanismos de incorporação de terras:

Guerra- expropriação (tomada pela força) – compra – diplomacia

Ver mapa pág.74 Terras dos índios – ISHI – último índio selvagem

americano “Enterrem meu coração na curva do

rio” – Dee Brown

April 1, 1789 George Washington is elected President of the United States and John Adams elected Vice President

Scene at the Signing the Constitution of the United States by Howard Chandler Christy

George WashingtonAuthor : GILBERT STUARTDate :1795Technique :Oil on canvas, 77 64 cmType :portrait

Form :paintingLocation :Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York

Gilbert Stuart (American, 1755-1828). George Washington, after 1796. Oil on canvas. 29 1/4 × 24 in. (74.3 x 61 cm). Bequest of Mrs. Benjamin Ogle Tayloe.

Amir Mohammed Taqi Ajam

  George Washington delivering his inaugural address before members of the Congress. Washington delivered this inaugural address April 1789, in the old city hall, New York.

Benjamin Franklin, Governor of Pa., 1785-1788. Courtesy of Capitol Preservation Committee http://cpc.state.pa.us and John Rudy Photography http://www.johnrudy.com

Amir Mohammed Taqi Ajam

http://explorepahistory.com/displayimage.php?imgId=3344

Miners hoping to strike it rich during the California Gold Rush at Auburn Ravine in 1852. (Credit: California State Library)

Stampeders near Sheep Camp on the Chilkoot trail. 1897.

Miners thawing frozen ground with steam in an underground gold mine lit by candlelight, Gold Hill, Yukon Territory, ca. 1898 - Alaska

Emma Lazarus - American Poet and Essayist who wrote "The New Colossus" to aid the Pedestal Fund Campaign. Her poem was cast in a bronze plate placed on the inner wall of the Pedestal. " Give me your tired, your poor...".

LAZARUS, Emma, poet, born in New York City, 22 July, 1849; died there, 19 November, 1887.

Pieces uncrated on Liberty Island, 1885.

Structural frame and copper skin, ready for the last part - the right arm and torch - outside the Paris Workshop of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie, ca.1884. 

BARTHOLDI'S GREAT STATUE OF "LIBERTY."DRIVING THE FIRST RIVETScientific American, December 31, 1881

Structural frame outside the Paris Workshop of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie, ca.1880, Number 25, Chazelles Street.

La tête creuse de la statue monumentale de la Liberté de Frédéric-Auguste Bartholdi, qui sera offerte aux Etats-unis en 1886, peut se visiter, pour 5 centimes ce qui fait dire aux persifleurs que « la liberté n’a pas de cervelle ». Voir la statue exposée pour l'exposition universelle de 1900

www.expositions-universelles.fr

Le bras de la statue de la Liberté dans les ateliers de Bartholdi, dans le 17ème arrondissement de Paris, peut-êre en 1875 ou début 1876.

www.expositions-universelles.fr

Paris Workshop of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie, ca.1878. 35 workmen among the forms, parts and pieces of the statue during construction. Bartholdi stated that during the course of the fabrication of Liberty, more than 300,000 people visited the shop, including General Ulysses S. Grant (in 1877

Paris Workshop of Gaget, Gauthier et Cie, ca.1878. Well published photo shows Bartholdi at center inspecting the lath forms. Sequence of construction: Wood frame, lath, plaster to dimensions of finished surface, then a negative wooden mold was built into which the copper surfaces were pressed, formed, and hammered. Copper pieces were then riveted to each other, attached to the wrought iron supports, and hung on the structural iron frame.

Le 28 octobre 1885, en présence de Bartholdi, de Lesseps et du Président des États-unis Grover Cleveland, le monument fut inauguré sous le nom de Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World (La Liberté éclairant le Monde). Plus d'un million de personnes assistaient à la cérémonie.

http://www.new-york-decouverte.com/downtown/statue-de-la-liberte.html  

En vue rapprochée, l'assemblage des plaques de cuivre représentant le manteau drapant la Statue de la Liberté.

http://lh6.ggpht.com/_b0XkSTO8-e8/RlyoYTOYt8I/AAAAAAAAAzM/_bF_bo9ma5w/liberty+book.JPG

http://lh5.ggpht.com/_qA-8xuhBdJg/Ro8TpT6gi7I/AAAAAAAAARc/yO1kUoBFUOk/Trip_+468.jpg

Sa situation, à l'entrée du port de New York fit d'elle le symbole du Nouveau Monde, non seulement pour les touristes fortunés qui se rendaient en voyage en Amérique, mais surtout pour les milliers d'immigrants qui accostaient sur cette Terre Promise.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/auburnnewyork/3709222667/sizes/l/

http://i.pbase.com/g4/53/688553/2/64834929.YF1O1fDQ.jpg

http://www.flickr.com/photos/axiepics/2932889567/sizes/l/

Liberty torch

http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/840909.jpg

http://mappery.com/maps/Statue-of-Liberty-National-Monument-Map.mediumthumb.jpg

Statue of Liberty National Monument Map

http://photocompetition.upclive.com/original/554257/liberty_island__ellis_island___manhatten/statue_of_liberty_liberty_island_ellis_island_manhatten_new_york.jpg

Immigrant luggage -Ellis Island Museum

Immigrants waiting to be transferred, Ellis Island, October 30, 1912

English family at Ellis Island (Photograph by Augustus Sherman) http://www.dnalc.org/view/11489-English-family-at-Ellis-Island-Photograph-by-Augustus-Sherman-.html

Slovenian Gypsy family arriving at Ellis Island, by Augustus Sherman, 1910

This 1926 photograph shows a young Italian immigrant at Ellis Island. http://www.inamericabooks.com/igdetail.php?contentid=126&type=PHOT&ig=1

New immigrants arriving at Ellis Island. At Ellis they will be "processed" before they are allowed to continue their journey to find a new home

Awaiting examination, Ellis Island

http://academic.evergreen.edu/curricular/summerwork/images/Hine,%20Lewis/

http://maxkade.blogspot.com/

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/96185/Ellis-Island

Ellis Island

As 13 colônias e os primeiros territórios conquistados no oeste.

Expansão americana rumo ao oeste.

http://picturinghistory.gc.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/boone-kentucky1.jpg

William Ranney, Daniel Boone's First View of Kentucky, 1849

George Caleb Bingham, Daniel Boone Escorting Settlers Through the Cumberland Gap, 1851

Thomas Moran, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, 1872, oil on canvas. Smithsonian American Art Museum

W.H.D. Koerner, "The Madonna of the Prairie" 1921

John Gast, "American Progress" (1872).

Esta pintura (cerca 1872) de John Gast chamada Progresso Americano é uma representação alegórica do Destino Manifesto. Na cena, uma mulher angelical, algumas vezes identificada como Colúmbia, (uma personificação dos Estados Unidos do século XIX) carregando a luz da "civilização" juntamente a colonizadores americanos, prendendo cabos telégrafo por onde passa. Há também Índios Americanos e animais selvagens do oeste "oficialmente" sendo afugentados pela personagem.

Destino Manifesto: "A expansão dos Estados Unidos sobre o continente americano, desde o Ártico até a América do Sul, é o destino de nossa raça (...) e nada pode detê-la". Presidente James Buchanan, no discurso de sua posse em 1857

Albert Bierstadt, "Emigrants Crossing the Plains" (1867).

Yahi translator Sam Batwai, Alfred L. Kroeber, and Ishi, photographed at Parnassus in 1911. Image courtesy of UC Berkeley, Phoebe Hearst Museum of Anthropology.

Ishi in Two Worlds - A Biography of the Last Wild Indian in North America, Theodora Kroeber

http://cimcc.mediabend.com/assets/movie/image_ishi_suit.jpg

Ishi - Circa. 1914

http://cimcc.mediabend.com/assets/movie/image_15-5782.jpg

http://cimcc.mediabend.com/assets/movie/image_15-5841a.jpg

http://cimcc.mediabend.com/assets/movie/image_15-5706.jpg

http://cimcc.mediabend.com/assets/movie/image_15-5399.jpg

União Ameaçada

Diferenças econômicas e políticas entre o Sul e o Norte

Sul= Agrícola, exportador (para a Europa) e escravocrata e conservador (Partido Democrata)

Norte=Industrial, com produção voltada para o mercado interno = Proteção alfandegária (protecionista). Abolicionistas - a escravidão deveria ser combatida.

Ao Sul interessava as baixas tarifas alfandegárias para importar os produtos industriais europeus e servir como mercado de seus produtos agrícolas. A manutenção da escravidão era essencial para esta economia.

Ao Norte interessava as altas tarifas alfandegárias. Para forçar o Sul a ser consumidor dos produtos industriais do Norte.

Eleição de Abraham Lincoln (republicano) em 1861

Dois fatores causadores da divisão entre o Norte e o Sul: Tarifas alfandegárias e escravidão(?).

Guerra da Secessão – separação, independência (do Sul) por não concordar com o Norte.

Confederados (Sul) X União (Norte) Conseqüências: 600mil mortos –

Sentimento racista Ku Klux Klan – defesa da supremacia

branca

Abraham Lincoln

http://www.shmoop.com/media/players/Hist00030/Hist00030_Abraham_Lincoln02.jpg

Lincoln's funeral on Pennsylvania Ave.

Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA

Map of the United States in 1864, showing the division during the Civil War.   Union states, including those admitted during the war   Union states that permitted slavery   Confederate States   Territories

Color lithograph from 1896 showing four versions of the flag of the Confederate States of America. Standing at the center are Stonewall Jackson, P. G. T. Beauregard, and Robert E. Lee, surrounded by bust portraits of Jefferson Davis and Confederate Army officers. Clockwise from upper-left corner: Gen. Braxton Bragg, Gen. P. T. Beauregard, Jefferson Davis, Alexander H. Stephens, Lt. Gen. T.J. Jackson, Gen S. Price, Lt. Gen Polk, Lt. Gen Hardee, Gen J.E.B. Stuart, Gen J.E. Johnston, Lt. Gen Kirby Smith, John H. Morgan, Albert Sidney Johnston, Gen. Wade Hampton, Gen John B. Gordon, Lt. Gen Longstreet, Gen A.P. Hill, Gen Hood.

Heróis Confederadose bandeiras

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America

http://www.archives.gov/research/civil-war/photos/images/civil-war-035.jpg

Union infantry posing for unit photograph

http://www.general-anaesthesia.com/images/civil-war.jpg

American Civil War (1861-65)

http://www.semp.us/images/Biot640PhotoB.jpg

Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. Three Confederate prisoners.1863 julyReference: Civil War photographs, 1861-1865 / compiled by Hirst D. Milhollen and Donald H. Mugridge, Washington, D.C. : Library of Congress, 1977. No. 0207 

Union troops in parade formation

http://www.redbadgeofcourage.org/formation2.jpg

Petersburg, Va. Company H, 114th Pennsylvania Infantry (Zouaves). Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, the siege of Petersburg, June 1864-April 1865.

 www.armchairgeneral.com/american-civil-war

The Peninsula, Va. A 12-pdr. howitzer gun captured by Butterfield’s Brigade near Hanover Court House, May 27, 1862. Photograph from the main eastern theater of war, the Peninsular Campaign, May-August 1862. Photograph of a gun captured by 12th Maine and 17th New York Infantry

 www.armchairgeneral.com/american-civil-war

americancivilwar.com/statepic

Black refugees

http://49thvirginiainfantry.com/Log%20hut%20company%20kitchen.jpg

http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/Antietam/dead-soldier-antietam.jpg

http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/soldiers.jpg

Sharpsburg, Maryland (1862) captured by photographer Alexander Gardner

Gettysburg, Pa. Dead Confederate soldiers in "the devil's den." LOC Digital Ref#: (LC-B811-0277A) Gardner, Alexander, 1821-1882, photographer.

Amputation U.S. field hospital

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Dead Soldiers in the Wheatfield Near Emmittsburg Road - Gettysburg PA, July 1863

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Bodies of Confederate Dead Gathered for Burial - Antietam, MD, September 1862

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Washington, D.C., vicinity. 17th New York Battery, with horses harnessed to guns.

 www.armchairgeneral.com/american-civil-war

Brandy Station, Va., vicinity. Camp of 18th Pennsylvania Cavalry, 3d Division, Cavalry Corps.

 www.armchairgeneral.com/american-civil-war

April 1865. Ruins of the State Arsenal at Richmond showing stacked and scattered ammunition. From photographs of the main Eastern theater of war after the fall of Richmond, compiled by Hirst Milhollen and Donald Mugridge.

http://www.old-picture.com/civil-war/pictures/Ordnance-Civil-War.jpg

Broadway Landing, Appomattox River, Virginia. 1865

Yorktown, Virginia Federal artillery park. It was made between 1860 and 1865.

Six officers of the 17th New York Battery.  www.armchairgeneral.com/american-civil-war

http://www.libraryjournal.com/articles/blog/1100000310/20080514/LincMcClel01132v.jpg

Mount Rushmore, Black Hills of South Dakota - Sculptor Gutzon Borglum

"Colored" Water Cooler, 1939Man drinking from a segregated water cooler in an Oklahoma City street car terminal. Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, July 1939. Photograph by Russell Lee. Copyprint. Farm Security Administration/Office of War Information Collection, 

http://en.epochtimes.com/news_images/2005-1-16-mlk.jpg

Civil rights demonstrator being attacked by police dogs, May 3, 1963, Birmingham, Ala. Bill Hudson/AP

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan

A Ku Klux Klan march on East Main Street in Ashland in the 1920s. Part of the Klan philosophy of "100 percent Americanism" rested on the belief in the superiority of native-born, English-speaking Americans. Under the Klan's influence, the Oregon Legislature passed an Alien Property Act in 1923, a measure directed at immigrant Japanese in Portland and the Hood River Valley, which prohibited immigrants from owning or leasing land. The same Legislature also petitioned Congress to restrict Asian immigration to the U.S.

Rosa Parks is fingerprinted by Deputy Sheriff D.H. Lackey in Montgomery, Ala., during her indictment for organizing a boycott, Feb. 22, 1956. Mrs. Parks' act of civil disobedience and refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger in Dec. 1955 sparked the Montgomery bus boycott.

[img]http://www.princeton.edu/~bsu/New%20Pictures/Rosa%20Parks.jpg[/img]

http://top20search.biz/pictures/24-rosa-parks-pictures.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/97/Rosaparks_1964.jpg

Fim

Anúncios nos EUA revelando racismo

Klondike, Sheep Camp, Alaska. c. 1898 stereograph.

Courtney’s Store and Post Office at Sheep Camp on the Chilkoot Trail in Alaska, circa 1898.

The Treaty of Penn with the Indians- Benjamin West 1771 – Pennsylvania Academy of Fine Arts, Philadelphia

United States map of 1861, show affiliation of states and territories regarding the Secession War (Civil War.) Legend:   States that seceded before April 15, 1861   States that seceded after April 15, 1861   Union states that permitted slavery   Union states that forbade slavery   Territories, unaffiliated

The Union: blue, yellow (slave); The Confederacy: brown*territories in light shades; control of Confederate territories disputed

 George Washington Carver (front row, center) poses with fellow staff members at the Tuskegee Institute. State of Alabama. 1902

http://www.omurtlak.com/resim.php?resim=http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/ppmsca/05600/05633v.jpg

http://www.americanlynching.com/images/28482.jpg

Below is a picture of a lynching that took place in Duluth back in the 1920s The three dead Black men were innocent to the charges of raping a White woman. The court system treated the White men lightly for the crime. Read more about the Duluth lynchings.

A Ku Klux Klan initiation ceremony, 1920s.© Jack Benton—Hulton Archive/Getty Images

http://www.britannica.com/bps/image/324086/92182/A-Ku-Klux-Klan-initiation-ceremony-1920s

Rush Gold

[Washington, D.C. Adjusting the ropes for hanging the conspirators] Abe Lincoln -

Gold Rush California

East of California’s Sierra Nevada, north of Mono Lake lies the abandoned mining town of Bodie, California. Bodie boomed after the discovery of gold ore in the 1870s, by 1920 the town was in a steep and never-reversed decline.

Native American - Morning Vigil